= = = Maico Buncio = = =

	Maico Buncio (born as Maico Greg T. Buncio : 10 September 1988 – 15 May 2011) was a Filipino motorcycle racer and four-time Philippine national superbike champion. He died after a race accident in Clark, Pampanga Philippines on 15 May 2011.
	From Mandaluyong City, Buncio is the son of Gregorio "Yoyong" Buncio, a motorcycle racer, mechanic, and modifier. His mother is Mylene Buncio. He has four other siblings, namely Lourdes, Shara, Jacquelyn, and Barny.
	Buncio's father gave him the name "Maico" from a European motorcycle brand. At the age of three, he had started to learn riding motorcycles before bicycles. His training began early under the mentoring of his experienced father.
	Buncio started his motocross competition career at the age of eight. He won first place in the 1996 FBO Motorcross Series 50cc category for ten years old and below held at the TRAKSNIJAK Race Track in Tagaytay City.
	At the age of 14, Buncio represented the Philippines in Perris, California at the FMF Memorial Day Motorcross Races, winning first place in the Mini Class 85cc for the 14 years old and below category.
	Buncio took up Bachelor of Science in Commerce, Major in Entrepreneurship at the University of Santo Tomas. Buncio was a consistent honor student since elementary and studied in OB Montessori until high school. He also finished his computer New Media Design Course from Phoenix One Knowledge Solutions in Makati on his latter years.
	Buncio was the sole representative of the Philippines in the 2004 Yamaha ASEAN Cup held at Shah Alam, Malaysia, where he raced against competitors from Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and Indonesia. He won the fourth overall title for the country despite having to start from the back of the grid and having to race against five representing riders each from the other competing countries. This feat earned him the title Rookie of the Year from the organizers of said event.
	Yamaha rider Buncio dominated the underbone racing 150 cc category for four years since 2006 before placing second to Suzuki rider Johnlery Enriquez in the 2010 event sponsored by Motorcycle Taipei Research Team and PAGCOR Sports.
	Buncio also broke records at the 3.2-kilometer Batangas Racing Circuit with a lap time of one minute, 49 seconds (400cc Superbike category) and two minutes, seven seconds (Underbone category).
	2007 was the "most memorable" for Buncio when, at the age of 19, he broke the winning streak of ten-time Rider of the Year, Jolet Jao in the 2007 Shell Advance Superbikes Series. Buncio held the Superbike National Champion title for the next three years.
	He also finished a race in the AMA Superbike 600cc class in Laguna Seca U.S.A. on September 2008.
	In 2009, Buncio was chosen as the endorser for Accel Sports Sporteum Philippines Inc.
	Buncio was also awarded the Golden Wheel Awards Driver of the Year in 2010 and 2011.
	He has ridden mostly Yamaha bikes in his entire career with Factory Yamaha and YRS until he signed for Team Suzuki Pilipinas in late 2010
	Maico was also a businessman, opened his own YRS Motorcycle Racing shop in Caloocan, and was a race director of the Moto ROC underbone race series. He is a big fan of Valentino Rossi of MotoGP and always dreamed to compete in international motorcycle racing.
	He often carries his trademark logo and the iconic race number "129" usually in a form of a sticker on his apparel and motorcycles.
	Maico Buncio fell a high speed accident on 15 May 2011 during the Superbike qualifying race at the Clark International Speedway Racing Circuit. While passing a semi-straight right hand sweeper on the speedway, Buncio's Suzuki GSX-R 600 motorbike slid and crashed into the run-off section. He was thrown off his bike and landed on an unfinished barrier in the race track. Buncio crashed onto a protruding steel rod of the barrier, which punctured his internal organs, fatally damaging his kidney and liver.
	Buncio was thrown off some 100 meters from his bike and was impaled on a protruding reed bar in an unfinished barrier on the Clark Speedway Circuit. He was rushed to a nearby hospital in Mabalacat and transferred to the UST Hospital in the wee hours of 15 May and was pronounced dead at 3:57 PM on the same day due to massive internal bleeding. The father of the late superbike champion Maico Buncio raised questions over the first aid procedure done on the rider during his fatal crash at the Clark Speedway Circuit.
	He said that the Aeromed's medical response team pulled the victim's body from the steel bar. This, he said, might have caused his son's death. The bar punctured his body and damaged his kidney and liver. Instead of cutting the steel bar to free Maico, the AeroMed emergency staffers decided to pull the young motorcycle champion free from his entanglement. This, they learned later, caused massive internal damage to Maico's organs and prompted him to scream in pain.
	Dr. Reynante Mirano, chief of St. Luke’s Hospital Emergency Medicine, said that instead of pulling Buncio’s body from the protruding metal, the medics should have cut the steel bar. 
	Maico Buncio left a memorable quote to his fellow riders "Never stop riding, because I didn't." 
	Buncio's wake was held in the Loyola Memorial Chapels in Makati City and he was laid to rest in the Loyola Memorial Park in Marikina City on 21 May 2011. A motorcade organized by his fellow riders marked his funeral procession.

= = = Maurizio Bianchi = = =

	Maurizio Bianchi (born 4 December 1955 in Pomponesco in the Province of Mantua) is an Italian pioneer of industrial music, originating from Milan.
	Bianchi was inspired by the music of Tangerine Dream, Conrad Schnitzler and Throbbing Gristle. He wrote about music for Italian magazines before beginning to release his own cassettes under the name of Sacher-Pelz in August 1979. He released four cassettes as Sacher-Pelz before switching to his own name or simply "MB" in 1980.
	Bianchi corresponded with many of the key players in the industrial music and noise music scenes including Merzbow, GX Jupitter-Larsen, SPK, Nigel Ayers of Nocturnal Emissions and William Bennett of Whitehouse. After this exchange of letters and music, his first LPs were released in 1981.
	"Symphony For A Genocide" was released on Nigel Ayers' Sterile Records label after Bianchi had sent Ayers the money to press it. Each track on the LP was named after a Nazi extermination camp. The cover featured photographs of the Auschwitz Orchestra, a group of concentration camp prisoners who were forced to play classical music as people were herded into the gas chambers. The back cover included the text "The moral of this work: the past punishment is the inevitable blindness of the present".
	Also in 1981, William Bennett, head of the band Whitehouse and the British Come Org. label, offered Bianchi a record contract, which Bianchi signed unchecked. It was based on a "joke contract" that Steven Stapleton of Nurse With Wound had sketched. The contract assumed all rights to Bianchi's work. After delivery of the tapes Bennett edited-in speeches by Nazi leaders, and instead of the relatively unsensational name MB, it was published under the alias "Leibstandarte SS MB", named after the SS unit that worked as bodyguards to Adolf Hitler.
	By 1983 and the release of the "Plain Truth" LP on U.K. power electronics label Broken Flag, Bianchi had become a Jehovah's Witness. At the end of 1983 Bianchi announced his withdrawal from music, stating "The end is very near, and we have a very short time to recognise our mistakes and to redeem ourselves... I stopped doing music, and now my life is going towards its full awareness".
	In 1998, encouraged by Alga Marghen label head Emanuele Carcano, who offered him a label of his own, Maurizio Bianchi resumed making music. The label was EEs'T Records, through which he released new editions of old MB albums and many new recordings.
	Bianchi then proceeded to work on over a hundred new projects both solo or in collaboration with other Italian and international artists including Atrax Morgue, Aube, Francisco López, Mauthausen Orchestra, Merzbow, Ryan Martin and Philip Julian/Cheapmachines.
	Bianchi has worked with record labels including Dais Records, the Carrboro, North Carolina based Hot Releases and the Italian Menstrual Recordings to re-release some of his out-of-print material.
	On August 19, 2009, for unspecified personal reasons, Maurizio Bianchi decided again to completely stop making music. This decision was soon after reversed; Maurizio Bianchi continued to release new music.
	In 2005, a 2-CD-Set named "Blut und Nebel" was released, consisting of a remix of his first ten LPs. Bianchi submitted the set's first CD, remixing the first 5 LPs from 1981 and 1982, to Wikipedia. The track, over 45 minutes long, is split into three .ogg files:
	Sacher-Pelz
	MB / Maurizio Bianchi first phase
	Cassettes
	Vinyl albums
	Leibstandarte SS MB
	As his releases on Come Org have been massively manipulated, Maurizio Bianchi does not count these records as part of his discography. However, in 2013 Triumph of the Will and Weltanschauung were re-issued with bonus tracks as separate CDs and as part of the Teban Slide Art box set, which also contained the unofficial release Lebensraum, all under the name "M.B."
	MB / Maurizio Bianchi second phase
	Collaborations

= = = FIFA Order of Merit = = =

	The FIFA Order of Merit is the highest honour awarded by FIFA. The award is presented at the annual FIFA congress. It is normally awarded to people who are considered to have made a significant contribution to :association football.
	At FIFA's centennial congress they made one award for every decade of their existence. These awards were also handed out to fans, organisations, clubs, and one to African Football. These were referred to as the FIFA Centennial Order of Merit.
	The winner doesn't have to be directly involved with football to receive it. One such notable non-footballing personality was Nelson Mandela who won it for bringing South Africa back to international football.

= = = Fadeaway = = =

	A fadeaway or fall-away in basketball is a jump shot taken while jumping backwards, away from the basket. The goal is to create space between the shooter and the defender, making the shot much harder to block.
	The shooter must have very good accuracy (much higher than when releasing a regular jump shot) and must use more strength (to counteract the backwards momentum) in a relatively short amount of time. Also, because the movement is away from the basket, the shooter has less chance to grab his own rebound.
	The shooting percentage is lower in fadeaway (because of the difficulty of the shot) and the shooter cannot get his own rebound. This leads many coaches and players to believe it is one of the worst shots in the game to take. However, once mastered, it is one of the hardest methods of shooting for defenders to block. The threat of a fadeaway forces a defender to jump into the shooter, and with a pump fake, the shooter can easily get a foul on the defender.
	Only a handful of great NBA players have been successful shooting fadeaways. Michael Jordan was one of the most popular shooters of the fadeaway. Wilt Chamberlain, Patrick Ewing, LeBron James, Kobe Bryant, Hakeem Olajuwon, Dwyane Wade, Karl Malone, Larry Bird, Carmelo Anthony, DeMar DeRozan, and LaMarcus Aldridge are also well known for using this move. The even more difficult one-legged fadeaway has become Dirk Nowitzki's signature move and has been called by LeBron James the second most unstoppable move ever, only behind Kareem Abdul-Jabbar's skyhook.

= = = Two envelopes problem = = =

	The two envelopes problem, also known as the exchange paradox, is a brain teaser, puzzle, or paradox in logic, probability, and recreational mathematics. It is of special interest in decision theory, and for the Bayesian interpretation of probability theory. Historically, it arose as a variant of the necktie paradox.
	The problem typically is introduced by formulating a hypothetical challenge of the following type: 
	It seems obvious that there is no point in switching envelopes as the situation is symmetric. However, because you stand to gain twice as much money if you switch while risking only a loss of half of what you currently have, it is possible to argue that it is more beneficial to switch. The problem is to show what is wrong with this argument.
	Basic setup: You are given two indistinguishable envelopes, each of which contains a positive sum of money. One envelope contains twice as much as the other. You may pick one envelope and keep whatever amount it contains. You pick one envelope at random but before you open it you are given the chance to take the other envelope instead.
	The switching argument: Now suppose you reason as follows:
	The puzzle: "The puzzle is to find the flaw in the very compelling line of reasoning above." This includes determining exactly "why" and under "what conditions" that step is not correct, in order to be sure not to make this mistake in a more complicated situation where the misstep may not be so obvious. In short, the problem is to solve the paradox. Thus, in particular, the puzzle is "not" solved by the very simple task of finding another way to calculate the probabilities that does not lead to a contradiction.
	Many solutions resolving the paradox have been presented. The probability theory underlying the problem is well understood, and any apparent paradox is generally due to treating what is actually a conditional probability as an unconditional probability. A large variety of similar formulations of the paradox are possible, and have resulted in a voluminous literature on the subject.
	Versions of the problem have continued to spark interest in the fields of philosophy and game theory.
	The total amount in both envelopes is a constant formula_1, with formula_2 in one envelope and formula_3 in the other.If you select the envelope with formula_2 first you gain the amount formula_2 by swapping. If you select the envelope with formula_3 first you lose the amount formula_2 by swapping. So you gain on average formula_8 by swapping.Swapping is not better than keeping. The expected value formula_9 is the same for both the envelopes. Thus no contradiction exists.
	The step 7 assumes that the second choice is independent of the first choice. This is the error and this is the source of the apparent paradox.
	A common way to resolve the paradox, both in popular literature and part of the academic literature, especially in philosophy, is to assume that the 'A' in step 7 is intended to be the expected value in envelope A and that we intended to write down a formula for the expected value in envelope B.
	Step 7 states that the expected value in B = 1/2( 2A + A/2 )
	It is pointed out that the 'A' in the first part of the formula is the expected value, given that envelope A contains less than envelope B, but the 'A', in the second part of the formula is the expected value in A, given that envelope A contains more than envelope B. The flaw in the argument is that same symbol is used with two different meanings in both parts of the same calculation but is assumed to have the same value in both cases.
	A correct calculation would be:
	If we then take the sum in one envelope to be x and the sum in the other to be 2x the expected value calculations becomes:
	which is equal to the expected sum in A.
	In non-technical language, what goes wrong (see Necktie paradox) is that, in the scenario provided, the mathematics use relative values of A and B (that is, it assumes that one would gain more money if A is less than B than one would lose if the opposite were true). However, the two values of money are fixed (one envelope contains, say, $20 and the other $40). If the values of the envelopes are restated as "x" and 2"x", it's much easier to see that, if A were greater, one would lose "x" by switching and, if B were greater, one would gain "x" by switching. One does not actually gain a greater amount of money by switching because the total "T" of A and B (3"x") remains the same, and the difference "x" is fixed to "T/3".
	Line 7 should have been worked out more carefully as follows:
	A will be larger when A is larger than B, than when it is smaller than B. So its average values (expectation values) in those two cases are different. And the average value of A is not the same as A itself, anyway. Two mistakes are being made: the writer forgot he was taking expectation values, and he forgot he was taking expectation values under two different conditions.
	It would have been easier to compute E(B) directly. Denoting the lower of the two amounts by "x", and taking it to be fixed (even if unknown) we find that
	We learn that 1.5"x" is the expected value of the amount in Envelope B. By the same calculation it is also the expected value of the amount in Envelope A. They are the same hence there is no reason to prefer one envelope to the other. This conclusion was, of course, obvious in advance; the point is that we identified the false step in the argument for switching by explaining exactly where the calculation being made there went off the rails.
	We could also continue from the correct but difficult to interpret result of the development in line 7:
	so (of course) different routes to calculate the same thing all give the same answer.
	Tsikogiannopoulos (2012) presented a different way to do these calculations. Of course, it is by definition correct to assign equal probabilities to the events that the other envelope contains double or half that amount in envelope A. So the "switching argument" is correct up to step 6. Given that the player's envelope contains the amount A, he differentiates the actual situation in two different games: The first game would be played with the amounts (A, 2A) and the second game with the amounts (A/2, A). Only one of them is actually played but we don't know which one. These two games need to be treated differently. If the player wants to compute his/her expected return (profit or loss) in case of exchange, he/she should weigh the return derived from each game by the average amount in the two envelopes in that particular game. In the first case the profit would be A with an average amount of 3A/2, whereas in the second case the loss would be A/2 with an average amount of 3A/4. So the formula of the expected return in case of exchange, seen as a proportion of the total amount in the two envelopes, is:
	This result means yet again that the player has to expect neither profit nor loss by exchanging his/her envelope.
	We could actually open our envelope before deciding on switching or not and the above formula would still give us the correct expected return. For example, if we opened our envelope and saw that it contained 100 euros then we would set A=100 in the above formula and the expected return in case of switching would be:
	As pointed out by many authors, the mechanism by which the amounts of the two envelopes are determined is crucial for the decision of the player to switch or not his/her envelope. Suppose that the amounts in the two envelopes A and B were not determined by first fixing contents of two envelopes E1 and E2, and then naming them A and B at random (for instance, by the toss of a fair coin; Nickerson and Falk, 2006). Instead, we start right at the beginning by putting some amount in Envelope A, and then fill B in a way which depends both on chance (the toss of a coin) and on what we put in A. Suppose that first of all the amount "a" in Envelope A is fixed in some way or other, and then the amount in Envelope B is fixed, dependent on what is already in A, according to the outcome of a fair coin. Ιf the coin fell Heads then 2"a" is put in Envelope B, if the coin fell Tails then "a"/2 is put in Envelope B. If the player was aware of this mechanism, and knows that they hold Envelope A, but don't know the outcome of the coin toss, and doesn't know "a", then the switching argument is correct and he/she is recommended to switch envelopes. This version of the problem was introduced by Nalebuff (1988) and is often called the Ali-Baba problem. Notice that there is no need to look in Envelope A in order to decide whether or not to switch.
	Many more variants of the problem have been introduced. Nickerson and Falk (2006) systematically survey a total of 8.
	The simple resolution above assumed that the person who invented the argument for switching was trying to calculate the expectation value of the amount in Envelope A, thinking of the two amounts in the envelopes as fixed ("x" and 2"x"). The only uncertainty is which envelope has the smaller amount "x". However, many mathematicians and statisticians interpret the argument as an attempt to calculate the expected amount in Envelope B, given a real or hypothetical amount "A" in Envelope A. (A mathematician would moreover prefer to use the symbol "a" to stand for a possible value, reserving the symbol "A" for a random variable). One does not need to look in the envelope to see how much is in there, in order to do the calculation. If the result of the calculation is an advice to switch envelopes, whatever amount might be in there, then it would appear that one should switch anyway, without looking. In this case, at Steps 6, 7 and 8 of the reasoning, "A" is any fixed possible value of the amount of money in the first envelope.
	This interpretation of the two envelopes problem appears in the first publications in which the paradox was introduced in its present-day form, Gardner (1989) and Nalebuff (1989). It is common in the more mathematical literature on the problem. It also applies to the modification of the problem (which seems to have started with Nalebuff) in which the owner of Envelope A does actually look in his envelope before deciding whether or not to switch; though Nalebuff does also emphasize that there is no need to have the owner of Envelope A look in his envelope. If he imagines looking in it, and if for any amount which he can imagine being in there, he has an argument to switch, then he will decide to switch anyway. Finally, this interpretation was also the core of earlier versions of the two envelopes problem (Littlewood's, Schrödinger's, and Kraitchik's switching paradoxes); see the concluding section, on history of TEP.
	This kind of interpretation is often called "Bayesian" because it assumes the writer is also incorporating a prior probability distribution of possible amounts of money in the two envelopes in the switching argument.
	The simple resolution depended on a particular interpretation of what the writer of the argument is trying to calculate: namely, it assumed he was after the (unconditional) expectation value of what's in Envelope B. In the mathematical literature on Two Envelopes Problem a different interpretation is more common, involving the conditional expectation value (conditional on what might be in Envelope A). To solve this and related interpretations or versions of the problem, most authors use the Bayesian interpretation of probability, which means that probability reasoning is not only applied to truly random events like the random pick of an envelope, but also to our knowledge (or lack of knowledge) about things which are fixed but unknown, like the two amounts originally placed in the two envelopes, before one is picked at random and called "Envelope A". Moreover, according to a long tradition going back at least to Laplace and his principle of insufficient reason one is supposed to assign equal probabilities when one has no knowledge at all concerning the possible values of some quantity. Thus the fact that we are not told anything about how the envelopes are filled can already be converted into probability statements about these amounts. No information means that probabilities are equal.
	In steps 6 and 7 of the switching argument, the writer imagines that that Envelope A contains a certain amount "a", and then seems to believe that given that information, the other envelope would be equally likely to contain twice or half that amount. That assumption can only be correct, if prior to knowing what was in Envelope A, the writer would have considered the following two pairs of values for both envelopes equally likely: the amounts "a"/2 and "a"; and the amounts "a" and 2"a". (This follows from Bayes' rule in odds form: posterior odds equal prior odds times likelihood ratio). But now we can apply the same reasoning, imagining not "a" but "a/2" in Envelope A. And similarly, for 2"a". And similarly, ad infinitum, repeatedly halving or repeatedly doubling as many times as you like. (Falk and Konold, 1992).
	Suppose for the sake of argument, we start by imagining an amount 32 in Envelope A. In order that the reasoning in steps 6 and 7 is correct "whatever" amount happened to be in Envelope A, we apparently believe in advance that all the following ten amounts are all equally likely to be the smaller of the two amounts in the two envelopes: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 (equally likely powers of 2: Falk and Konold, 1992). But going to even larger or even smaller amounts, the "equally likely" assumption starts to appear a bit unreasonable. Suppose we stop, just with these ten equally likely possibilities for the smaller amount in the two envelopes. In that case, the reasoning in steps 6 and 7 was entirely correct if envelope A happened to contain any of the amounts 2, 4, ... 512: switching envelopes would give an expected (average) gain of 25%. If envelope A happened to contain the amount 1, then the expected gain is actually 100%. But if it happened to contain the amount 1024, a massive loss of 50% (of a rather large amount) would have been incurred. That only happens once in twenty times, but it is exactly enough to balance the expected gains in the other 19 out of 20 times.
	Alternatively we do go on ad infinitum but now we are working with a quite ludicrous assumption, implying for instance, that it is infinitely more likely for the amount in envelope A to be smaller than 1, "and" infinitely more likely to be larger than 1024, than between those two values. This is a so-called improper prior distribution: probability calculus breaks down; expectation values are not even defined; see Falk and Konold and (1982).
	Many authors have also pointed out that if a maximum sum that can be put in the envelope with the smaller amount exists, then it is very easy to see that Step 6 breaks down, since if the player holds more than the maximum sum that can be put into the "smaller" envelope they must hold the envelope containing the larger sum, and are thus certain to lose by switching. This may not occur often, but when it does, the heavy loss the player incurs means that, on average, there is no advantage in switching. Some writers consider that this resolves all practical cases of the problem.
	But the problem can also be resolved mathematically without assuming a maximum amount. Nalebuff (1989), Christensen and Utts (1992), Falk and Konold (1992), Blachman, Christensen and Utts (1996), Nickerson and Falk (2006), pointed out that if the amounts of money in the two envelopes have any proper probability distribution representing the player's prior beliefs about the amounts of money in the two envelopes, then it is impossible that whatever the amount "A=a" in the first envelope might be, it would be equally likely, according to these prior beliefs, that the second contains "a"/2 or 2"a". Thus step 6 of the argument, which leads to "always switching", is a non-sequitur, also when there is no maximum to the amounts in the envelopes.
	The first two resolutions discussed above (the "simple resolution" and the "Bayesian resolution") correspond to two possible interpretations of what is going on in step 6 of the argument. They both assume that step 6 indeed is "the bad step". But the description in step 6 is ambiguous. Is the author after the unconditional (overall) expectation value of what is in envelope B (perhaps - conditional on the smaller amount, "x"), or is he after the conditional expectation of what is in envelope B, given any possible amount "a" which might be in envelope A? Thus, there are two main interpretations of the intention of the composer of the paradoxical argument for switching, and two main resolutions.
	A large literature has developed concerning variants of the problem. The standard assumption about the way the envelopes are set up is that a sum of money is in one envelope, and twice that sum is in another envelope. One of the two envelopes is randomly given to the player ("envelope A"). The originally proposed problem does not make clear exactly how the smaller of the two sums is determined, what values it could possibly take and, in particular, whether there is a minimum or a maximum sum it might contain. However, if we are using the Bayesian interpretation of probability, then we start by expressing our prior beliefs as to the smaller amount in the two envelopes through a probability distribution. Lack of knowledge can also be expressed in terms of probability.
	A first variant within the Bayesian version is to come up with a proper prior probability distribution of the smaller amount of money in the two envelopes, such that when Step 6 is performed properly, the advice is still to prefer Envelope B, whatever might be in Envelope A. So though the specific calculation performed in step 6 was incorrect (there is no proper prior distribution such that, given what is in the first envelope A, the other envelope is always equally likely to be larger or smaller) a correct calculation, depending on what prior we are using, does lead to the result formula_15 for all possible values of "a".
	In these cases it can be shown that the expected sum in both envelopes is infinite. There is no gain, on average, in swapping.
	Though Bayesian probability theory can resolve the first mathematical interpretation of the paradox above, it turns out that examples can be found of proper probability distributions, such that the expected value of the amount in the second envelope given that in the first does exceed the amount in the first, whatever it might be. The first such example was already given by Nalebuff (1989). See also Christensen and Utts (1992).
	Denote again the amount of money in the first envelope by "A" and that in the second by "B". We think of these as random. Let "X" be the smaller of the two amounts and "Y=2X" be the larger. Notice that once we have fixed a probability distribution for "X" then the joint probability distribution of "A,B" is fixed, since "A,B" = "X,Y" or "Y,X" each with probability 1/2, independently of "X,Y".
	The "bad step" 6 in the "always switching" argument led us to the finding "E(B|A=a)>a" for all "a", and hence to the recommendation to switch, whether or not we know "a". Now, it turns out that one can quite easily invent proper probability distributions for "X", the smaller of the two amounts of money, such that this bad conclusion is still true. One example is analysed in more detail, in a moment.
	As mentioned before, it cannot be true that whatever "a", given "A=a", "B" is equally likely to be "a"/2 or 2"a", but it can be true that whatever "a", given "A=a", "B" is larger in expected value than "a".
	Suppose for example (Broome, 1995) that the envelope with the smaller amount actually contains 2 dollars with probability 2/3 where "n" = 0, 1, 2,… These probabilities sum to 1, hence the distribution is a proper prior (for subjectivists) and a completely decent probability law also for frequentists.
	Imagine what might be in the first envelope. A sensible strategy would certainly be to swap when the first envelope contains 1, as the other must then contain 2. Suppose on the other hand the first envelope contains 2. In that case there are two possibilities: the envelope pair in front of us is either {1, 2} or {2, 4}. All other pairs are impossible. The conditional probability that we are dealing with the {1, 2} pair, given that the first envelope contains 2, is
	and consequently the probability it's the {2, 4} pair is 2/5, since these are the only two possibilities. In this derivation, formula_17 is the probability that the envelope pair is the pair 1 and 2, "and" Envelope A happens to contain 2; formula_18 is the probability that the envelope pair is the pair 2 and 4, "and" (again) Envelope A happens to contain 2. Those are the only two ways that Envelope A can end up containing the amount 2.
	It turns out that these proportions hold in general unless the first envelope contains 1. Denote by "a" the amount we imagine finding in Envelope A, if we were to open that envelope, and suppose that "a" = 2 for some "n" ≥ 1. In that case the other envelope contains "a"/2 with probability 3/5 and 2"a" with probability 2/5.
	So either the first envelope contains 1, in which case the conditional expected amount in the other envelope is 2, or the first envelope contains "a" > 1, and though the second envelope is more likely to be smaller than larger, its conditionally expected amount is larger: the conditionally expected amount in Envelope B is
	which is more than "a". This means that the player who looks in Envelope A would decide to switch whatever he saw there. Hence there is no need to look in Envelope A to make that decision.
	This conclusion is just as clearly wrong as it was in the preceding interpretations of the Two Envelopes Problem. But now the flaws noted above do not apply; the "a" in the expected value calculation is a constant and the conditional probabilities in the formula are obtained from a specified and proper prior distribution.
	Most writers think that the new paradox can be defused, although the resolution requires concepts from mathematical economics. Suppose formula_20 for all "a". It can be shown that this is possible for some probability distributions of "X" (the smaller amount of money in the two envelopes) only if formula_21. That is, only if the mean of all possible values of money in the envelopes is infinite. To see why, compare the series described above in which the probability of each "X" is 2/3 as likely as the previous "X" with one in which the probability of each "X" is only 1/3 as likely as the previous "X". When the probability of each subsequent term is greater than one-half of the probability of the term before it (and each "X" is twice that of the "X" before it) the mean is infinite, but when the probability factor is less than one-half, the mean converges. In the cases where the probability factor is less than one-half, <math>E(B|A=a) for all "a" other than the first, smallest "a", and the total expected value of switching converges to 0. In addition, if an ongoing distribution with a probability factor greater than one-half is made finite by, after any number of terms, establishing a final term with "all the remaining probability," that is, 1 minus the probability of all previous terms, the expected value of switching with respect to the probability that "A" is equal to the last, largest "a" will exactly negate the sum of the positive expected values that came before, and again the total expected value of switching drops to 0 (this is the general case of setting out an equal probability of a finite set of values in the envelopes described above). Thus, the only distributions that seem to point to a positive expected value for switching are those in which formula_21. Averaging over "a", it follows that formula_23 (because "A" and "B" have identical probability distributions, by symmetry, and both "A" and "B" are greater than or equal to "X").
	If we don't look into the first envelope, then clearly there is no reason to switch, since we would be exchanging one unknown amount of money ("A"), whose expected value is infinite, for another unknown amount of money ("B"), with the same probability distribution and infinite expected value. However, if we do look into the first envelope, then for all values observed (formula_24) we would want to switch because formula_20 for all "a". As noted by David Chalmers (2002), this problem can be described as a failure of dominance reasoning.
	Under dominance reasoning, the fact that we strictly prefer "A" to "B" for all possible observed values "a" should imply that we strictly prefer "A" to "B" without observing "a"; however, as already shown, that is not true because formula_23. To salvage dominance reasoning while allowing formula_23, one would have to replace expected value as the decision criterion, thereby employing a more sophisticated argument from mathematical economics.
	For example, we could assume the decision maker is an expected utility maximizer with initial wealth "W" whose utility function, formula_28, is chosen to satisfy <math>E(u(W+B)|A=a) for at least some values of "a" (that is, holding onto formula_24 is strictly preferred to switching to "B" for some "a"). Although this is not true for all utility functions, it would be true if formula_28 had an upper bound, formula_31, as "w" increased toward infinity (a common assumption in mathematical economics and decision theory). Michael R. Powers (2015) provides necessary and sufficient conditions for the utility function to resolve the paradox, and notes that neither formula_32 nor formula_33 is required.
	Some writers would prefer to argue that in a real-life situation, formula_34 and formula_35 are bounded simply because the amount of money in an envelope is bounded by the total amount of money in the world ("M"), implying formula_36 and formula_37. From this perspective, the second paradox is resolved because the postulated probability distribution for "X" (with formula_21) cannot arise in a real-life situation. Similar arguments are often used to resolve the St. Petersburg paradox.
	As mentioned above, "any distribution" producing this variant of the paradox must have an infinite mean. So before the player opens an envelope the expected gain from switching is "∞ − ∞", which is not defined. In the words of David Chalmers (2002), this is "just another example of a familiar phenomenon, the strange behaviour of infinity". Chalmers suggests that decision theory generally breaks down when confronted with games having a diverging expectation, and compares it with the situation generated by the classical St. Petersburg paradox.
	However, Clark and Shackel argue that this blaming it all on "the strange behaviour of infinity" does not resolve the paradox at all; neither in the single case nor the averaged case. They provide a simple example of a pair of random variables both having infinite mean but where it is clearly sensible to prefer one to the other, both conditionally and on average. They argue that decision theory should be extended so as to allow infinite expectation values in some situations.
	The logician Raymond Smullyan questioned if the paradox has anything to do with probabilities at all. He did this by expressing the problem in a way that does not involve probabilities. The following plainly logical arguments lead to conflicting conclusions:
	A number of solutions have been put forward. Careful analyses have been made by some logicians. Though solutions differ, they all pinpoint semantic issues concerned with counterfactual reasoning. We want to compare the amount that we would gain by switching if we would gain by switching, with the amount we would lose by switching if we would indeed lose by switching. However, we cannot both gain and lose by switching at the same time. We are asked to compare two incompatible situations. Only one of them can factually occur, the other is a counterfactual situation—somehow imaginary. To compare them at all, we must somehow "align" the two situations, providing some definite points in common.
	James Chase (2002) argues that the second argument is correct because it does correspond to the way to align two situations (one in which we gain, the other in which we lose), which is preferably indicated by the problem description. Also Bernard Katz and Doris Olin (2007) argue this point of view. In the second argument, we consider the amounts of money in the two envelopes as being fixed; what varies is which one is first given to the player. Because that was an arbitrary and physical choice, the "counterfactual world" in which the player, counterfactually, got the other envelope to the one he was actually (factually) given is a highly meaningful counterfactual world and hence the comparison between gains and losses in the two worlds is meaningful. This comparison is uniquely indicated by the problem description, in which two amounts of money are put in the two envelopes first, and only after that is one chosen arbitrarily and given to the player. In the first argument, however, we consider the amount of money in the envelope first given to the player as fixed and consider the situations where the second envelope contains either half or twice that amount. This would only be a reasonable counterfactual world if in reality the envelopes had been filled as follows: first, some amount of money is placed in the specific envelope that will be given to the player; and secondly, by some arbitrary process, the other envelope is filled (arbitrarily or randomly) either with double or with half of that amount of money.
	Byeong-Uk Yi (2009), on the other hand, argues that comparing the amount you would gain if you would gain by switching with the amount you would lose if you would lose by switching is a meaningless exercise from the outset. According to his analysis, all three implications (switch, indifferent, do not switch) are incorrect. He analyses Smullyan's arguments in detail, showing that intermediate steps are being taken, and pinpointing exactly where an incorrect inference is made according to his formalization of counterfactual inference. An important difference with Chase's analysis is that he does not take account of the part of the story where we are told that the envelope called Envelope A is decided completely at random. Thus, Chase puts probability back into the problem description in order to conclude that arguments 1 and 3 are incorrect, argument 2 is correct, while Yi keeps "two envelope problem without probability" completely free of probability, and comes to the conclusion that there are no reasons to prefer any action. This corresponds to the view of Albers et al., that without probability ingredient, there is no way to argue that one action is better than another, anyway.
	In a 2012 paper on the subject, Bliss argues that the source of the paradox is that when one mistakenly believes in the possibility of a larger payoff that does not, in actuality, exist, one is mistaken by a larger margin than when one believes in the possibility of a smaller payoff that does not actually exist. If, for example, the envelopes contained $5.00 and $10.00 respectively, a player who opened the $10.00 envelope would expect the possibility of a $20.00 payout that simply does not exist. Were that player to open the $5.00 envelope instead, he would believe in the possibility of a $2.50 payout, which constitutes a smaller deviation from the true value; this results in the paradoxical discrepancy.
	Albers, Kooi, and Schaafsma (2005) consider that without adding probability (or other) ingredients to the problem, Smullyan's arguments do not give any reason to swap or not to swap, in any case. Thus, there is no paradox. This dismissive attitude is common among writers from probability and economics: Smullyan's paradox arises precisely because he takes no account whatever of probability or utility.
	As an extension to the problem, consider the case where the player is allowed to look in Envelope A before deciding whether to switch. In this "conditional switching" problem, it is often possible to generate a gain over the "never switching" strategy", depending on the probability distribution of the envelopes.
	The envelope paradox dates back at least to 1953, when Belgian mathematician Maurice Kraitchik proposed a puzzle in his book "Recreational Mathematics"
	concerning two equally rich men who meet and compare their beautiful neckties, presents from their wives, wondering which tie actually cost more money. He also introduces a variant in which the two men compare the contents of their purses. He assumes that each purse is equally likely to contain 1 up to some large number "x" of pennies, the total number of pennies minted to date. The men do not look in their purses but each reasons that they should switch. He does not explain what is the error in their reasoning. It is not clear whether the puzzle already appeared in an earlier 1942 edition of his book. It is also mentioned in a 1953 book on elementary mathematics and mathematical puzzles by the mathematician John Edensor Littlewood, who credited it to the physicist Erwin Schroedinger, where it concerns a pack of cards, each card has two numbers written on it, the player gets to see a random side of a random card, and the question is whether one should turn over the card. Littlewood's pack of cards is infinitely large and his paradox is a paradox of improper prior distributions.
	Martin Gardner popularized Kraitchik's puzzle in his 1982 book "Aha! Gotcha", in the form of a wallet game:
	Gardner confessed that though, like Kraitchik, he could give a sound analysis leading to the right answer (there is no point in switching), he could not clearly put his finger on what was wrong with the reasoning for switching, and Kraitchik did not give any help in this 
	direction, either.
	In 1988 and 1989, Barry Nalebuff presented two different two-envelope problems, each with one envelope containing twice what is in the other, and each with computation of the expectation value 5"A"/4. The first paper just presents the two problems. The second discusses many solutions to both of them. The second of his two problems is nowadays the more common, and is presented in this article. According to this version, the two envelopes are filled first, then one is chosen at random and called Envelope A. Martin Gardner independently mentioned this same version in his 1989 book "Penrose Tiles to Trapdoor Ciphers and the Return of Dr Matrix". Barry Nalebuff's asymmetric variant, often known as the Ali Baba problem, has one envelope filled first, called Envelope A, and given to Ali. Then a fair coin is tossed to decide whether Envelope B should contain half or twice that amount, and only then given to Baba.

= = = QBE Shootout = = =

	The QBE Shootout is a team golf event that takes place on the PGA Tour as an unofficial money event. It was originally played during the off-season, but now it is played during the wrap-around season's December break.
	The event began in 1989, and is hosted by legendary golfer Greg Norman. The first eleven editions of the tournament were played at Sherwood Country Club in Thousand Oaks, California (1989–99). It was then played for one year at Doral Resort & Spa, on the Norman designed Great White Course, before moving to Tiburón Golf Club in Naples, Florida in 2001, where it is played over the Norman designed Gold Course.
	The Shootout is a 3-day, 54-hole stroke play event in which teams of two compete. The format since 2014 has been:
	The event was originally broadcast in the United States by the USA Network and CBS, with USA broadcasting the first round on a tape-delayed basis, and CBS handling the second round live. Not all the country saw the final round live, as CBS's commitment to the NFL only allows part of the country to see the round as it takes place, with the rest of the U.S. seeing the event beginning at 4 p.m. Eastern Time. 
	In 2007, the event was moved to December, and was broadcast live by both Golf Channel and NBC. It remained on these networks through 2013.
	In 2014, weekend coverage moved to Fox, for which host Norman is an analyst. The telecast served as a prelude to Fox's coverage of the 2015 U.S. Open.
	In 2017, weekend coverage returned to NBC.
	QBE Shootout
	Franklin Templeton Shootout
	Shark Shootout
	Merrill Lynch Shootout
	Franklin Templeton Shootout
	Franklin Templeton Shark Shootout
	Franklin Funds Shark Shootout
	Shark Shootout Benefiting RMCC
	RMCC Invitational

= = = Neopolitan (album) = = =

	Neopolitan is the 1991 debut album by Odds. It is named for the flavour of ice cream; although intentionally a misspelling (the ice cream flavour is actually spelled neapolitan), "neopolitan" is the spelling that appears on the album cover. Members of the band have stated that the album title was intentionally misspelled in order to see if anyone would pick up on their cunning. "Neo"-new, "politan"- people. New People.
	The first two hits were "Love is the Subject" and "King of the Heap". Third single "Wendy Under the Stars" featured the controversial refrain ""I was fucking Wendy under the stars/The night that Elvis died". A true story. "" An edited version of the song, with the lyric changed to ""I made love to Wendy"", was released to radio.
	All songs written by Craig Northey, Steven Drake, Paul Brennan and Doug Elliott.

= = = Real, The Movie = = =

	Real, The Movie is a movie about the Spanish football club Real Madrid Club de Fútbol, produced by the same club and directed by film director Borja Manso. The movie was launched for the first time at the club's stadium of the Santiago Bernabéu on 25 August 2005.
	The movie mixes fiction and reality together to represent the history of the club and its fans around the world. 
	The movie stars Alfredo Di Stefano, Raúl, Zinedine Zidane, Ronaldo, David Beckham, Guti, and many other present and former figures from the Spanish Club.

= = = XML Information Set = = =

	XML Information Set (XML Infoset) is a W3C specification describing an abstract data model of an XML document in terms of a set of "information items". The definitions in the XML Information Set specification are meant to be used in "other" specifications that need to refer to the information in a well-formed XML document.
	An XML document has an information set if it is well-formed and satisfies the namespace constraints. There is no requirement for an XML document to be valid in order to have an information set.
	An information set can contain up to eleven different types of information items:
	XML was initially developed without a formal definition of its infoset. This was only formalised by later work beginning in 1999, first published as a separate W3C Working Draft at the end of December that year.
	Infoset recommendation Second Edition was adopted on 4 February, 2004. If a 2.0 version of the XML standard is ever published, it is likely that this would absorb the Infoset recommendation as an integral part of that standard.
	Infoset augmentation or infoset modification refers to the process of modifying the infoset during schema validation, for example by adding default attributes. The augmented infoset is called the post-schema-validation infoset, or PSVI.
	Infoset augmentation is somewhat controversial, with claims that it is a violation of modularity and tends to cause interoperability problems, since applications get different information depending on whether or not validation has been performed.
	Infoset augmentation is supported by XML Schema but not RELAX NG.
	Typically, XML Information Set is serialized as XML. There are also serialization formats for Binary XML, CSV, and JSON.
	XML Information Set instances:

= = = Tubism = = =

	Tubism is a term coined by the art critic Louis Vauxcelles in 1911 to describe the style of French artist Fernand Léger. Meant as derision, the term was inspired by Léger's idiosyncratic version of Cubism, in which he emphasized cylindrical shapes. The style was developed by Léger in his paintings of 1909–1919, such as "Nudes in the Forest" (1909-10) and "The Card Players" (1917).

= = = Doomdark's Revenge = = =

	Doomdark's Revenge is a role-playing and strategy video game developed by Mike Singleton and published by Beyond Software for the ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64 and Amstrad CPC in 1985. It is a sequel to Singleton's 1984 seminal "The Lords of Midnight" and has similar game mechanics but adds more detail and complexity with the number of characters and locations increased.
	In "Doomdark's Revenge", the hero of the first game, Luxor the Moonprince, goes into the savage wastes of Icemark to save his son Morkin and defeat the evil Empress Shareth, daughter of his enemy Doomdark. Despite what the title suggests, Doomdark himself, who was killed in the first game, does not actually return in the sequel.
	Like its predecessor, "Doomdark's Revenge" was a major critical success and a commercial hit. It was supposed to be followed the sequel titled "Eye of the Moon" in 1989, which was never finished. Another sequel, "", was eventually released in 1995.
	A novelisation of Doomdark's Revenge has been announced and is planned to be released towards the end of 2019 
	The game has five factions to be recruited or fought: the Fey, the Barbarians, the Dwarfs, the Giants, and the Icelords. The main difference between this game and "The Lords of Midnight" is that the lords now all move and react independently, no longer content to sit in their castles and wait to be recruited. The enemy leader, Shareth, also moves around, attempting to recruit armies and lords to her cause, so a major part of the game involves recruiting sufficient forces to counter hers. This makes the relationship between lords very important, as some lords can only be recruited by certain others. Certain lords are vassals of certain others, and some may only be recruited by their lieges. Recruiting a liege does not, however, automatically recruit all his vassals, nor their respective vassals. Lords may also cooperate, recruit and fight each other independently, making the world much more dynamic than the previous game. There are many magic items to be found, most belonging to a single lord and having 'power in battle', as well as magic crowns, and the landscape and its features hold many surprises for the player.
	"Doomdark's Revenge" reverses the first game's victory conditions by giving the computer only a single goal, the death of the main protagonist Luxor. The player has many possible levels of victory, ranging from the mere rescue of Luxor's son Morkin from Shareth's spell of enchantment and retreat to Midnight, to the complete destruction of Shareth and the safe return home of Luxor, Morkin, as well as Luxor's companions Rorthron and Tarithel.
	After Doomdark the Witchking was destroyed in the first game, word reaches his daughter, Shareth the Heartstealer, the dreaded Empress of the Frozen Empire of Icemark who is as evil as she is beautiful and powerful. Enraged by the news, she decides to take revenge on the chief architect of her father's downfall, Luxor the Moonprince, by bewitching and kidnapping his son Morkin. The game revolves around Luxor and his companions Rorthron the Wise and Morkin's beloved Tarithel the Fey, and their attempts to rescue Morkin and defeat Shareth.
	Canoncially, Tarithel found Morkin and broke Shareth's spell with a single kiss. Shareth's armies have been defeated and she herself has been slain in the great final battle. However, Shareth's and Morkin's union has created a son named Anderlane, who was later born from a surrogate mother.
	The game's publisher Beyond Software offered a prize—models of the major characters in an Icemark setting—to the first player who revealed the "Watchwords of Midnight", an inscription on Luxor's Moon Ring that would be shown upon ultimate victory. The conditions for this to happen was if the player could bring all the major characters including Morkin to the Gate of Varenorn and eliminate Shareth. The first to do so was then-15-year-old Richard Harris from Lowestoft in November 1984. Harris, however, had to wait for the models for 14 months—until January 1986—because the publisher had not expected anyone to "finish the game so quickly".
	"Doomdark's Revenge" was adapted into a "Fighting Fantasy"-style gamebook type game by Beyond Software's Clive Bailey and Terry Pratt that was serialized in three parts in "Computer and Video Games" magazine. The first part, published in the December 1984 issue, follows Luxor to the Frozen Gates that lead into Icemark. In the second part, Tarithel makes her way through Icemark to the pit of Alazorne, where Morkin is held captive. In the final part, the freed Morkin sets on his own quest to find and kill the evil Shareth.
	"Doomdark's Revenge" was very well received by game critics and public alike. "Amstrad Action" gave it a review score of 95%, making it their ninth best game of all time. In 1993, readers of "Your Sinclair" voted it the 71st best game of all time.
	Originally the series was conceived as a trilogy, with the third part titled "The Eye of the Moon". The sequel is even mentioned in the game's manual: "The third part of the trilogy, possibly the most exciting yet, is still to come, when Mike will send Morkin down to the warmer lands which lie below Midnight itself, to find the Eye of the Moon." The Eye of the Moon was to be a magical crystal, or jewel, that allowed its owner to look into the future. According to Singleton "Luxor is dying, it's some years on and he's reached the end of his tether, and he wants to see what is going to happen to Midnight in the future. So Morkin goes off in search of the magical jewel called the Eye of the Moon which enables people to see into the future, so that Luxor can then rest in peace." Some of Singleton's plans included a game canvas four times bigger than the original "Lords of Midnight", divided into twelve kingdoms set south-west of the original game, dynamic full-color graphics with black masking to hide any color clashes, unique graphics for all castles, unique, generated, full-scale facial graphics for all characters, a more convincing name generator, interior scenes of keeps and citadels, et cetera. There were even tentative plans to implement a multiplayer mode, using the already existing mic/ear sockets to exchange data. Despite having already created a substantial amount of new game code, Singleton was involved in numerous other game projects at the time and thus put the game on hiatus.
	In a July 1985 article published in July 1985 in "Computer Gamer", Singleton disclosed quite a lot of details of the game. The game was to have 16,000 locations and 131,000 unique views, created with a new technique called Randscaping. The Randscaping engine made every view unique. In multiplayer mode, the two players would each control either Morkin or Tarithel on their quest to find the fabled jewel. His new Midnight Identikit could create personalized faces for all the 256 NPCs roaming the canvas. Some of the NPCs were to have unique capabilities; for instance, one character would have the magic ability to flatten mountains, and was to be a critical recruitment for one of the mini-quests, allowing the player access beyond an impassable mountain range to retrieve an item. Another NPC could control the weather, and so on. At the start of the game, the player(s) would only be able to control Morkin and Tarithel, recruiting more characters to their cause as the game progresses. The recruited characters could be made part of teams headed by a character chosen by the player, making moving the characters around the playing field a lot easier. The last attempt by Singleton to get the game released was in April 1989.
	Today there exists no authentic material for "The Eye of the Moon". Some presentation mock-ups were created by programmer Singleton; all still available screenshots—if any—are from these faked mock-ups. While the most serious intention of both Singleton and publisher Domark indeed "was" to create this third part, the sequel was later indefinitely shelved, partly due to Mike Singleton's other commitments and partly due to the original publisher being bought out by Telecomsoft. Because of this, the new management wanted to change the terms of agreement, demanding two distinct versions of the game—8-bit and 16-bit versions—instead of one. Singleton refused the new agreement. "The Eye of the Moon" has since been mentioned for a possible upcoming release. With Mike Singleton again involved, a significant amount of work had already taken place. However, with the death of creator Singleton, all developments on the possible sequel have ceased, with the consensus that "it shall always remain a myth or a legend". "Doomdark's Revenge" would, however, be followed many years later by another sequel, "".

= = = Public records = = =

	Public records are documents or pieces of information that are not considered confidential and generally pertain to the conduct of government.
	For example, in California, when a couple fills out a marriage license application, they have the option of checking the box as to whether the marriage is "confidential" (Record will be closed, and not opened to public once recorded) or "public" (record will become public record once recorded). Essentially, if the marriage record is public, a copy of the record can be ordered from the county in which the marriage occurred.
	Since the earliest organised societies, with taxation, disputes, and so on, records of some sort have been needed. In ancient Babylon records were kept in cuneiform writing on clay tablets. In the Inca empire of South America, which did not have writing, records were kept via an elaborate form of knots in cords, quipu, whose meaning has been lost.
	In Western Europe in the Late Middle Ages public records included census records as well as records of birth, death, and marriage; an example is the 1086 "Domesday Book" of William the Conqueror. The details of royal marriage agreements, which were effectively international treaties, were also recorded. The United Kingdom Public Record Office Act, which formalised record-keeping by setting up the Public Record Office, was passed in 1838.
	Although public records are records of public business, they are not necessarily available without restriction, although Freedom of Information legislation (FOI) that has been gradually introduced in many jurisdictions since the 1960s has made access easier. Each government has policies and regulations that govern the availability of information contained in public records. A common restriction is that data about a person is not normally available to others; for example, the California Public Records Act (PRA) states that "except for certain explicit exceptions, personal information maintained about an individual may not be disclosed without the person's consent".
	In the United Kingdom, Cabinet papers were subject to the thirty-year rule: until the introduction of FOI legislation, Cabinet papers were not available for thirty years; some information could be withheld for longer. the rule still applies to some information, such as minutes of Cabinet meetings.
	Some companies provide access, for a fee, to many public records available on the Internet. Many of them specialize in particular types of information, while some offer access to different types of record, typically to professionals in various fields. Some companies sell software with a promise of unlimited access to public records, but may provide nothing more than basic information on how to access already available and generally free public websites.
	Each year news media, civic groups, libraries, nonprofits, schools and others interested groups sponsor "Sunshine Week." Sunshine Week occurs in mid-March, coinciding with James Madison's birthday and National Freedom of Information Day on the 16th. The purpose of the week is to highlight the idea that "government functions best when it operates in the open."
	In many states, state legislatures are often exempt from public-records laws that apply to state executive officials and local officials. In 2016, the Associated Press made a request for the emails and daily schedules of state legislative leaders (speakers of state Houses and presidents of state Senates) in all 50 states; a majority denied the request.
	Of particular significance was the evolution of the common-law right "to access court records to inspect and to copy". The expectation inherent in the common law right to access court records is that any person may come to the office of the clerk of the court during business hours and request to inspect court records, with almost instantaneous access. Such right is a central safeguard of the integrity of the courts. Any decision to conceal court records requires a sealing order. The right to access court records is also central to liberty: There is no conceivable way to exercise the Habeas Corpus right, deemed by the late Justice Brennan as "the cornerstone" of the United States Constitution, absent access to court records as public records.
	In the United States the common law right to "access court records to inspect and to copy" was reaffirmed by the U.S. Supreme Court in "Nixon v Warner Communications, Inc" (1978), where the court found various parts of the right to access court records as inherent to the First, Fourth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments. In the United States access to court records is governed by Civil Rights in the Amendments to the United States Constitution, not by the Freedom of Information Act.
	As court records become increasingly more accessible online, concerns about the undermining of private information has become a significant issue. In the past, obtaining court records required people to physically go to a courthouse and request documents, making privacy concerns essentially obsolete. However, with the relative ease at which people can now access these records, highly sensitive information (i.e. victim names, social security numbers, etc.) are at risk of being publicly exploited.
	Access to U.S. national public records is guided by the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). Requests for access to records pursuant to FOIA may be refused by federal agencies if information requested is subject to exemption, or some information may be redacted (deleted).
	In addition to the national FOIA, all states have some form of FOI legislation. For example, Colorado has the Colorado Open Records Act (CORA); in New Jersey the law is known as the Open Public Records Act (OPRA).
	There are many degrees of accessibility to public records between states, with some making it fairly easy to request and receive documents, and others with many exemptions and restricted categories of documents. One state that is fairly responsive to public records requests is New York, which utilizes the Committee on Open Government to assist citizens with their requests. A state that was fairly restrictive in how they respond to public records requests is Pennsylvania, where the law formerly presumed that all documents are exempt from disclosure, unless they can be proven otherwise. This was changed by a 2008 bill that went into effect in 2009.. The California Public Records Act ("California Government Code" §§6250-6276.48) covers the arrest and booking records of inmates in the State of California jails and prisons, which are not covered by First Amendment rights (freedom of speech and of the press). Public access to arrest and booking records is seen as a critical safeguard of liberty.
	With the advent of the Internet and the information age, access to public records in the United States to anyone who wishes to view them has dramatically increased. Third parties such as the information broker industry make regular use of public records to compile readily accessible profiles on millions of people, and may make a profit from the service of recompiling and mining the data.
	Public record data is used for multiple purposes, such as ensuring that child support payments are made as determined by the courts, assisting credit bureaus in keeping accurate data and helping to pay pension benefits to retirees.
	Individual criminal histories are generally considered to be public records in the United States and are often accessed via criminal history background checks, but "access and use of FBI-maintained criminal history record information has been traditionally limited and controlled in large measure to protect the privacy of the individuals to whom the records pertain." The federal Fair Credit Reporting Act imposes "fair information-practice requirements by consumer reporting agencies that report public record information, such as criminal history records, for employment purposes," and some state consumer-protection laws impose more restrictive regulations.
	According to the Reporters' Committee for Freedom of the Press, in the United States, arrest records "are generally open to the public unless they concern an active or ongoing investigation. A few states restrict the information that can be obtained from an arrest record, especially when it concerns individuals who were never charged, were acquitted or had their records expunged. Again, the determination will often result in a balancing test comparing the public's interest in disclosure against the individual privacy interest." By contrast, protective custody and juvenile delinquency records are exempted from most state open-records laws, such that access is "limited to the juvenile, his or her parents or guardians, or other parties directly involved in a legal matter."
	In early 2018, the National Archives put up a webpage, "Unauthorized Disposition of Federal Records," to publish all instances of investigations into possible unauthorized destruction of records.

= = = Blue Bulls Rugby Union = = =

	The Blue Bulls Rugby Union, previously Northern Transvaal Rugby Union, is the governing body for rugby union in Pretoria, two neighboring municipalities in Gauteng Province, and all of Limpopo Province, in South Africa. The union's headquarters and home stadium is Loftus Versfeld in Pretoria.
	The union operates teams in Super Rugby (the Bulls), and in South Africa's domestic Currie Cup and Rugby Challenge competitions (both the Blue Bulls). For sponsorship reasons, the teams are currently called the Vodacom Bulls and Vodacom Blue Bulls (Afrikaans: Vodacom Blou Bulle).
	The Blue Bulls (Blue Bulls Rugby Union) or Blou Bulle (Afrikaans) was formed in 1938 as the Northern Transvaal Rugby Union (N.T.R.U.). Prior to the formation of the union, the region's clubs were under the jurisdiction of the then Transvaal Rugby Union (now Golden Lions Rugby Union). Northern Transvaal (under the NTRU), captained by Danie Craven, played its first home game as an independent union on 28 May 1938. The game against the Orange Free State team ended in a draw, 11:11. In its first 75 years, the team competed for the Currie Cup in 55 seasons, and won 23 Currie Cup titles in 53 finals. In the same period 127 Springboks hailed from the Union, and it won 3 Super Rugby titles.

= = = Good Weird Feeling = = =

	Good Weird Feeling is the third studio album by Canadian rock band Odds. The album spawned the hit singles "Truth Untold", "Eat My Brain", "Satisfied", "Mercy To Go" and " I Would Be Your Man". Music journalist Larry LeBlanc included the album in his list of Top 10 records of 1995, ranking it #5. It was nominated for "Best Rock Album" at the 1996 Juno Awards. It is the band's most commercially successful album, being certified Platinum in Canada.

= = = Gerald Smedley Andrews = = =

	Gerald Smedley Andrews, (December 12, 1903 – December 5, 2005) was a Canadian frontier teacher, farm and ranch hand, cook, horse wrangler, engineer and soldier.
	Born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, he was educated in Vancouver, Toronto, Oxford and Dresden. From 1922 to 1930, he was a school master at Big Bar Creek and Kelly Lake. In 1930, he became a land surveyor until World War II. During World War II, he rose to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel.
	From 1946 to 1950, he served as Chief Air Survey Engineer for British Columbia. From 1952 to 1968, he was the Surveyors General of the Province of British Columbia and Director of Mapping and Provincial Boundaries Commissioner.
	For his services, during World War II, he was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire. In 1990, he was awarded the Order of British Columbia and was made a Member of the Order of Canada.

= = = Wuthering Heights (song) = = =

	"Wuthering Heights" is a song by Kate Bush released as her debut single in November 1977 and re-released in January 1978. Inspired by the Emily Brontë novel of the same name, it appears on her 1978 debut album "The Kick Inside". It stayed at number one on the UK Singles Chart for four weeks, and remains Bush's most successful single. The song received widespread critical acclaim, with "Pitchfork" naming it the fifth greatest song of the 1970s.
	A remixed version, featuring rerecorded vocals, was included on the 1986 greatest hits album "The Whole Story". This version also appeared as the B-side to her 1986 hit "Experiment IV".
	Bush wrote the song aged 18, within a few hours late at night on 5 March 1977. She was inspired after seeing the 1967 BBC adaptation of the 1847 novel "Wuthering Heights". She then read the book and discovered that she shared her birthday with author Emily Brontë.
	"Wuthering Heights" is sung from the perspective of the "Wuthering Heights" character Catherine Earnshaw, pleading at Heathcliff's window to be allowed in. It quotes Catherine's dialogue, including the chorus lyric "Let me in! I'm so cold!" and "bad dreams in the night". Critic Simon Reynolds described it as "Gothic romance distilled into four-and-a-half minutes of gaseous rhapsody".
	Bush recorded her vocal in a single take. The guitar solo is played by Ian Bairnson. Engineer Jon Kelly said he regretted not placing the solo louder in the mix. The production team, with Bush, began mixing at midnight and stayed until "five or six in the morning".
	Bush's record company, EMI, originally chose another track, "James and the Cold Gun", as the lead single, but Bush was determined to use "Wuthering Heights". The single was initially scheduled for 4 November 1977. However, Bush was unhappy with the cover and insisted it be replaced. Some copies of the single had already been sent out to radio stations, but EMI relented and put back the single's launch until the New Year. This proved to be a fortunate choice, as the earlier release would have had to compete with Wings' latest release, "Mull of Kintyre", which became the biggest-selling single in UK history up to this point in December 1977.
	"Wuthering Heights" was finally released on 20 January 1978, being immediately playlisted by Capital Radio and entering their chart at No. 39 on 27 January 1978. It crept into the national Top 50 in the week ending 11 February 1978 at No. 42. The following week it rose to No. 27, and Bush made her first appearance on "Top of the Pops". The song was finally added to Radio One's playlist the following week and became one of the most played records on radio. In 1986, the first pressings of her first compilation album erroneously stated the release date for this single as 4 November 1977.
	Two music videos with similar choreography were created to accompany "Wuthering Heights". In one version, Bush can be seen performing the song in a dark room filled with white mist while wearing a white dress ; in the other, the singer dances in an outdoor environment while wearing a red dress .
	After being delayed for two months, "Wuthering Heights" was officially released in early 1978 and entered the top forty in the official singles chart in the United Kingdom at number twenty-seven on 18 February, and quickly rose to number one three weeks later dethroning ABBA's "Take a Chance on Me" from the top spot. Bush became the first female artist to have an entirely self-penned number one hit in the UK. The single release unwittingly pitted Bush against another female vocalist also charting with her first UK hit: Debbie Harry with her band Blondie and their single "Denis". Amid much public discussion about the two singers' merits, Bush came out on top, while Blondie stalled at number two. "Wuthering Heights" remained at number one for an entire month until it was replaced at the top by Brian and Michael's celebration of the then-recently deceased artist L. S. Lowry, "Matchstalk Men and Matchstalk Cats and Dogs". Bush's début single finished the year as the tenth highest-selling and was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry, denoting sales of over half a million.
	Success was not limited to the United Kingdom, as "Wuthering Heights" also hit number one in Ireland. It reached the top ten in Belgium, the Netherlands, Finland, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland, as well as the top twenty in Austria and West Germany. "Wuthering Heights" proved to be successful in New Zealand, where it spent five weeks at number one and achieved a platinum status, and Australia, where it stayed at the top of the charts for three consecutive weeks and achieved a gold status. It proved to be one of the biggest hits of 1978 in Denmark.
	Following the live performance of the song by Laura Bunting on "The Voice" in Australia, "Wuthering Heights" re-entered the country's top forty in 2012, 34 years after its original release in 1978.
	A remixed version, featuring rerecorded vocals, was included on the 1986 greatest hits album "The Whole Story". This version also appeared as the B-side to her 1986 hit "Experiment IV".
	In 2018, as part of the Bradford Literature Festival, it was announced that Bush had been invited to write an epitaph to Emily Brontë, which would be inscribed on one of four stones erected near the Brontë's home in Yorkshire. Commenting on the unveiling of her poem, entitled "Emily", Bush said "to be asked to write a piece for Emily’s stone is an honour and, in a way, a chance to say thank you to her".
	A flashmob event known as The Most Wuthering Heights Day Ever was officially created in 2016 and is held annually. Fans gather in locations around the world to recreate the "red dress" video.
	The song has been interpreted by comedians Steve Coogan and Noel Fielding in 2011 as part of the BBC fundraising telethon Comic Relief. Coogan sang the song in the 1999 show as part of a medley of other Bush material in character as Alan Partridge. Fielding performed to the song in the 2011 series of Let's Dance for Comic Relief, placing in the final of the competition.

= = = Pejman Akbarzadeh = = =

	Pejman Akbarzadeh () is an Iranian-Dutch pianist, researcher, journalist and radio producer.
	Born in Shiraz in 1980, Akbarzadeh had his first music lessons at the age of nine from "Gholam Loghmani" and later from Bahram Nasrollahi. In 2001 moved to Tehran and continued his piano studies under Farman Behboud.
	At age fifteen he started to research the works and activities of twentieth-century Persian (Iranian) composers and conductors. Three years later he published the first volume of his projected four-volume work, "Persian Musicians" which became a source for various publications such as "Encyclopedia Iranica".
	Pejman Akbarzadeh has written articles in both Persian and English, mostly on cultural topics, which have been published in BBC Persian Service Online, "Persian Heritage Magazine" (New Jersey), "Shargh Newspaper" (Tehran), "Rahavard Quarterly" (Los Angeles), "Gooya.com" (Brussels), "Payvand.com" (San Francisco)... and "Yas-e-no" Daily, which was banned in Iran in 2003.
	From 2002 to 2006 Akbarzadeh was the representative of Persian Gulf Online organization in Tehran. He has published various articles about this waterway in both English and Persian.
	He also lectured at the Persian Studies Foundation conference in Shiraz and Iranian Artists Forum in Tehran. The text of most of these lectures were published in "Shargh" daily.
	In 2006, Akbarzadeh moved to the Netherlands, citing restrictions on musical life and freedom of speech in Iran. for seven years he was a senior producer at Radio Zamaneh in Amsterdam. Currently he contributes to BBC Persian TV and website.
	In March 2008 he performed the first Persian piano recital in Amsterdam. The sold-out concert at Bethanienklooster resulted in further invitations to perform in Germany and Canada. In August 2008 Pejman dedicated his recital at the University of Cologne to Ahmad Batebi, symbol of pro-democracy movement of Tehran University students, who fled to the United States after nine years of imprisonment in the same year. In 2012 he performed at Royal Concertgebouw in Amsterdam.
	In 2008 Pejman also finished the first documentary about the legendary Persian diva Hayedeh who died in exile in 1990. The film was premiered on 24 January 2009 in Amsterdam 
	and nominated as the "best documentary" at Noor Iranian Film Festival in Los Angeles. In the same year Pejman Akbarzadeh introduced Persian piano music at the Netherlands' Radio 5 (OBA Show) and in 2012 at Amsterdam Concertgebouw.
	In Summer 2009 following the pro-freedom demonstrations in Iran which turned to blood, Pejman Akbarzadeh joined the solidarity events in Europe with the people of his homeland; performing at Holland's Iranian Artists Eve in Amsterdam, "International Solidarity Conference with Iran's Students" at the University of Delft, Human Rights and Press Freedom Conference at Amsterdam's Tropen Theatre and cooperation with UNITED4IRAN demonstrations were among them.
	Book
	Film (Documentary)
	Music (released pieces)

= = = The Impossible Voyage = = =

	The Impossible Voyage (), originally released in the US as An Impossible Voyage and in the UK as Whirling the Worlds, is a 1904 French silent film directed by Georges Méliès. Based in part on Jules Verne's play "Journey Through the Impossible" and modeled in style and format on Méliès's earlier, highly successful "A Trip to the Moon", the film is a satire of scientific exploration in which a group of geographers attempt a journey into the interior of the sun.
	Since the film is silent and has no intertitles, the proper names and quotations below are taken from the English-language description of the film published by Méliès in the catalog of the Star Film Company's New York Branch.
	A geographic society called the Institute of Incoherent Geography plans to make a world tour in such a way as to "surpass in conception and invention all previous expeditions undertaken by the learned world." At a meeting headed by President Polehunter, "assisted by Secretary Rattlebrain, by the Archivist Mole, by the Vice-president Humbug, the members of the office, Easily-fooled, Daredevil, Schemer, etc., etc.," the members listen to Professor Daredevil's plan for the world tour, but reject it for being out-of-date. The president then welcomes the eccentric engineer Crazyloff (in French, Mabouloff; "maboul" is French for "crazy" or "crackpot"), who explains his project for a new "impossible" voyage, using "all the known means locomotion—railroads, automobiles, dirigible balloons, submarine boats…" The unusual plan is accepted enthusiastically, and preparations begin.
	When work is complete, the machines and travelers are loaded onto a train and are sent to the Swiss Alps, where the travelers will begin their journey. The first board an automobile, the Auto-Crazyloff, and journey through the mountains. In an attempt to run over the summit of the Rigi, the travelers crash at the bottom of a precipice. They are saved by mountaineers and rushed to a Swiss hospital.
	After they have recovered, they board a train with their vehicles, and make a second attempt at running over a summit: this time, the Jungfrau. Getting higher and higher every minute, with dirigible balloons attached to the train, they rise into space and are swallowed by the Sun. The travelers land with a crash. They are happy to be alive, but the heat is too much. All but one of the travelers are loaded into an icebox but are suddenly frozen. The remaining traveler, Crazyloff himself, finds a bundle of straw among the debris and starts a fire to melt the ice. The travelers thaw and are happily moved over to the expedition's submarine, which is launched off a cliff on the Sun, plummets through space, and falls into an ocean on Earth. 
	After a few minutes of underwater travel, a boiler problem causes the submarine to explode. The travelers are thrown up into the air, landing safely at a seaport amid the wreckage of the submarine. They return in triumph to the Institute of Incoherent Geography, where a grand rejoicing is held for them.
	An optional 50-meter-long epilogue, "Supplément "Voyage à travers l'impossible"" (advertised in the US as "Supplementary Section of the "Impossible Voyage""), was sold separately. The epilogue begins in Crazyloff's study, where he is criticized by the Institute of Incoherent Geography for losing so much transportation equipment during the voyage. At the top of the Institute's tower, he presents his plan for recovering the equipment: a powerful magnet able to attract the automobile lost in Switzerland, the train that was eaten by the Sun, and the submarine destroyed at sea. The plan is a success and is celebrated at a banquet where Crazyloff is applauded by his scientific colleagues.
	The supplementary section was believed lost until the 1970s when the Méliès scholar John Frazer discovered and examined it in the archives of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences among surviving negatives from Star Film's New York offices. However, a 2008 Méliès filmography by Jacques Malthête lists the supplement as lost.
	"The Impossible Voyage" was made during the summer of 1904. The film, running to 374 meters, was Méliès's longest film to date, and cost about 37,500 (7,500) to make. In its staging and design, the film is symmetrical with Méliès's "A Trip to the Moon": while the astronomers' progress toward the moon in that film is consistently depicted as left-to-right motion, the Institute of Incoherent Geography's progress toward the sun in "The Impossible Voyage" is consistently right-to-left. While most of the film was shot inside Méliès's glass studio, the scene at the foot of the Jungfrau was filmed outdoors, in the garden of Méliès's property in Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis.
	A print of the film (though not the supplemental epilogue) was deposited for American copyright at the Library of Congress on October 12, 1904, and the film was sold in French, American, and British catalogs by the Star Film Company. As with at least 4% of Méliès's entire output (including such films as "A Trip to the Moon", "The Rajah's Dream", "The Kingdom of the Fairies", and "The Barber of Seville"), some prints were individually hand-colored and sold at a higher price.
	The film was released by Méliès's Star Film Company and numbered 641–659 in its catalogues, where it was advertised as an "Invraisemblable équipée d'un groupe de savants de la Société de Géographie incohérente; pièce fantastique nouvelle en 40 tableaux". (The optional supplementary section was sold separately and numbered 660–661.)
	"The Impossible Voyage" was one of the most popular films of the first few years of the twentieth century, rivaled only by similar Méliès films such as "The Kingdom of the Fairies" and the massively successful "A Trip to the Moon".
	The film critic Lewis Jacobs said of the film:

= = = Béjar = = =

	Béjar () is a town and municipality in the province of Salamanca, western Spain, part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. It had a population of 15,016 as of 2017.
	The first inhabitants of what is now Béjar were the Vettones who settled an area to the south of the city now known as "La Antigua" around 400 BC. The city formed part of Roman Hispania in the beginning of the 1st century BC. In AD 713, the city was taken by Muslim Berbers (Moors) from the Visigoths and in the 11th century it was conquered by King Alfonso VI of Castile. Following this, the walls, part of which still stands, are constructed to repel frequent Arab incursions that took place until the definitive conquest.
	The city was later the center of the Duchy of Béjar ruled by the powerful House of Zúñiga.
	The name "Béjar" is of pre-Roman origin. The original form was "Bigerra" and is said to mean "place of the beehives." "Béjar" could be an adaption from the Spanish word "abeja", which means "bee." An older spelling of the city's name is "Béxar". In medieval documents, "Vexar" is found also.
	Bexar County in the U.S. state of Texas acquired its name indirectly from this city.
	Béjar has many remarkable monuments and historical buildings:

= = = Major Dundee = = =

	Major Dundee is a 1965 Western film directed by Sam Peckinpah and starring Charlton Heston, Richard Harris, Jim Hutton, and James Coburn. Written by Harry Julian Fink, the film is about a Union cavalry officer who leads a contentious troop of Army regulars, Confederate prisoners, and Indian scouts on an expedition into Mexico during the American Civil War in order to destroy a band of Apaches who have been raiding United States bases and settlements in the New Mexico territory. "Major Dundee" was filmed in various locations in Mexico. The movie was filmed in Eastman Color by Pathécolor, print by Technicolor.
	During the American Civil War, Union cavalry officer Major Amos Dundee (Charlton Heston) has been relieved of his command for an unspecified tactical error at the Battle of Gettysburg (it is implied that he showed too much initiative) and sent to head a prisoner-of-war camp in the New Mexico Territory. After a family of ranchers and a relief column of cavalry are massacred by an Apache war chief named Sierra Charriba (Michael Pate), Dundee, seizes the opportunity for glory, sends out his scout Samuel Potts (James Coburn) to locate Charriba and begins raising his own private army. He attempts to recruit Confederate prisoners led by his former friend turned rival from West Point, Captain Ben Tyreen (Richard Harris). Tyreen bears a grudge against Dundee and refuses his request. Before the war, Dundee cast the deciding vote in Tyreen's court-martial from the U.S. Army prior to the American Civil War for participating in a duel, leading to Tyreen's dismissal from the service and his later becoming an officer in the Confederate Army.
	Dundee begins building his army. Among them are Tim Ryan (Michael Anderson Jr.) who is the only survivor of the massacre, as well as a horse thief, a drunken mule-packer, a vengeful minister, and a small group of black soldiers who were formerly slaves. Dundee reluctantly appoints the inexperienced Lieutenant Graham (Jim Hutton) as his second in command. Eventually, Tyreen changes his mind and accepts Dundee's offer. He binds himself and his men to loyally serve Dundee, but only until Charriba is "taken or destroyed."
	When the diverse factions of Dundee's force are not fighting each other, they engage the Apaches in several bloody battles. Though they rescue several young children captured by the Apaches, the Americans lose most of their supplies in an ambush, forcing them to raid a village garrisoned by French troops supporting Emperor Maximilian of Mexico. However, there is little to loot, and Dundee ends up sharing some of his dwindling food with the starving Mexicans. Beautiful resident Teresa Santiago (Senta Berger), the Austrian widow of a doctor executed for his support of the rebels under Benito Juárez, causes further tensions between Dundee and Tyreen as they compete for her attention. Dundee makes it easy for his French prisoners to escape. When they return with reinforcements as he had expected, Dundee surprises them in a night attack and makes off with badly needed supplies. After the successful raid, the men of the command begin to get along. However, one of the Confederates, O.W. Hadley (Warren Oates) attempts to desert. Dundee is forced to order his execution, which again divides the men.
	Teresa and Dundee then have a brief affair. In an unguarded moment with her, he is attacked by the Apaches and wounded in the leg, forcing him to seek medical help in French-held Durango. The doctor successfully removes the arrow, but Dundee has to remain there to recuperate. He is tended by a pretty Mexican, whom he eventually takes to bed. When Teresa comes upon them unexpectedly, her relationship with Dundee comes to an abrupt end. Dundee starts drinking heavily as a result. Graham leads a small group of men to sneak into town to distract the French while Tyreen shames Dundee into resuming his mission.
	Charriba proves difficult to pin down, so Dundee pretends to give up and starts back for the United States. The Apaches give chase and end up in a trap. Charriba is killed by Ryan during the ambush. With their bargain concluded, Dundee and Tyreen prepare to resume their personal battle, but the vengeful French appear, forcing the two men to set aside their differences. With the French having positioned a portion of their force on the American side of the Rio Grande, blocking Dundee's forces from crossing into U.S. territory, the two cavalry forces charge each other at the Rio Grande, with major loss of life on both sides.
	Tyreen sees a French soldier seize the U.S. regimental colors, and seemingly moved by a patriotism he had thought dead, he takes back the captured American flag, and hands it over to Dundee – only to be shot in the stomach. With his last strength, he rides off to singlehandedly delay a second detachment of French cavalry while the others escape across the Rio Grande. Most of the men under Dundee's command have been killed, with only himself, Graham, Potts, Ryan, Sergeant Gomez, the Confederates Chillum and Benteen, and a few other soldiers escaping.
	As Dundee's force heads home, the narration notes that it's now April 19, 1865, and the soldiers are still unaware that the Civil War is over and President Lincoln has been assassinated.
	The screenplay, by Harry Julian Fink, Oscar Saul, and Peckinpah, was loosely based on historical precedents. However, contrary to claims by the production team at the time, it was not actually based on a true story. The film's novelization was written by Richard Wormser. During the Minnesota Dakota War of 1862, Union forces in that state were forced to recruit Confederate prisoners from Texas to make up for their meager numbers in fighting the Indians. Unlike the movie, where there is much animosity between the Union and Confederate troops in Dundee's command, the rebels, called "Galvanized Yankees", fought well and without much complaint. Both Union and Confederate forces also battled Apache, Navajo, and Comanche Indians throughout the war along the U.S.-Mexico border, making the scenario of the movie at least somewhat plausible. Before the film's production, Peckinpah had been working on a Custer project, based on the novel by Hoffman Birney "The Dice of God", but later abandoned it for this film. (His screenplay was filmed by Arnold Laven, as "The Glory Guys").
	Critics of the film have also pointed out similarities between this and Herman Melville's classic novel "Moby-Dick". Many of the characters are similar to those from that book, with Dundee as Captain Ahab, Tyreen as Starbuck, Ryan as Ishmael, and other minor characters, with Sierra Charriba and his Apache tribe substituting for the whale, as is the general plot line (an obsessive idealist drives himself to destruction, disregarding the effects on others). These references to "Moby-Dick" were likely intentional on the part of the screenwriters. Some have also pointed out similarities of the plot to the Vietnam War, which are highly unlikely to have been intentional, as the war had not significantly escalated at the time of the film's production.
	The opening scene at the Rostes Ranch and the funeral after the first skirmish with the Indians were inspired by scenes from "The Searchers", while the scene in which Dundee's troop exits Fort Benlin, each faction of the command singing its own distinct song, is a deliberate parody of an equivalent scene in "Fort Apache". The characterization of Dundee, particularly his personality as a martinet and his relationship with Tyreen, has been related to John Wayne's character in Howard Hawks' "Red River". The Mexican Civil War setting recalls Robert Aldrich's "Vera Cruz". The film also includes several references to David Lean's "Lawrence of Arabia" – the execution of Hadley, and Dundee's drunken exile in Durango, closely mirror sequences from this film.
	The film "seems a direct reaction to [John] Ford's "Fort Apache" ... with Charlton Heston cast as a more psychotic, more bluntly careerist version of Ford's Lt. Col. Owen Thursday (Henry Fonda)," according to a NY "Times" review of the film at the time of the 2013 Blu-ray release. Reviewer Dave Kehr went on to write that Peckinpah "plays Heston's square-jawed intransigence against the aristocratic refinement of a Southern officer (overplayed by ... Harris)" and that Peckinpah "would essentially reshape this material into "The Wild Bunch" four years later, wisely dividing Dundee's divided character into two separate figures" played then by Robert Ryan and William Holden.
	Peckinpah found the script in late 1963. The early draft by Fink focused on Trooper Ryan and presented the film as a typical adventure story. Peckinpah largely discarded this, and working closely with acclaimed screenwriter, Oscar Saul ("A Streetcar Named Desire") began making the movie into a complex character study about Dundee, making him a glory-hungry officer who would do anything to gain fame and recognition. He had the support of Heston, who had seen and enjoyed Peckinpah's previous film, "Ride the High Country", and was eager to work with the director. Actor R.G. Armstrong, who had a small part as a Reverend who tags along with the expedition, referred to the 156 minutes version of the film as ""Moby-Dick" on horseback".
	The production of the movie was very troubled. Peckinpah was often drunk on the set, and was supposedly so abusive towards the cast that Heston had to threaten him with a cavalry saber in order to calm him down: he even charged Peckinpah on horseback at one point, leading the director to panic and order the camera crane he was working on to be raised fast. Peckinpah also fired a large number of crew members for very trivial reasons throughout the shoot. Columbia studio executives feared that the project was out of control, and that Peckinpah was too unstable to finish the picture, so they cut the shooting schedule of the film by several weeks. Heston gave up his entire salary for the film in order to keep Peckinpah on the project – a gesture rarely equaled in Hollywood history. The studio, however, forced Peckinpah to wrap up shooting very abruptly. Heston alleged that Peckinpah, towards the end of the shoot, simply became drunk and wandered off the set, and that he (Heston) had to finish directing many portions of the movie himself.
	The length of Peckinpah's original cut has been disputed. According to some sources, including the 2005 DVD commentary, the original cut was 4 hours 38 minutes long, which was initially edited down to 156 minutes. Included in the unseen longer cuts were several slow-motion battle scenes inspired by Akira Kurosawa's "Seven Samurai". The movie was also fairly gory for the standards of 1965, and more bloody and violent scenes were cut out. A bombastic musical score by Daniele Amfitheatrof was added to the film despite Peckinpah's protests, as was the title song, "The Major Dundee March", sung by Mitch Miller and his Sing-Along Gang. One of the most bizarre parts of the score was the use of an electronically altered sound – three anvils of different lengths played-back at half-speed every time Charriba or the Apaches would be seen or even mentioned. "Until the Apache is taken or destroyed" was one of the film's catch phrases.
	At the film's initial release, it was 136 minutes long. After a disastrous premiere – the movie was almost universally panned by critics – an additional thirteen minutes were cut out, despite the protests of Peckinpah and producer Jerry Bresler. Some feel that these cuts ruined the movie's scope and created significant plot holes, though others argue that these plot holes exist even in the extended version.
	"Major Dundee" helped cement Peckinpah's image as a renegade filmmaker, which he would enhance with the conflicts on his later films, such as "Straw Dogs", "Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid", and "Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia". Others, namely Peckinpah's biographer David Weddle (author of "If They Move ... Kill 'Em! The Life and Times of Sam Peckinpah"), argue that Peckinpah is just as much to blame for the final product as Columbia and Jerry Bresler. Since its release on DVD, "Dundee" has begun to get recognition and notice from the public at large, and not just Western fans.
	In April 2005, the New York City based Film Forum premiered an "expanded" version featuring several restored scenes, along with a new musical score by Christopher Caliendo. This expanded version was actually the 136-minute cut authorized by producer Jerry Bresler before he left Columbia Studios. Recently unearthed in Sony Pictures' archives, the restored version played in selected cities in North America and has been released on a Region 1 DVD. All of the cuts were edited out of the released version at the last minute; it is highly unlikely that Peckinpah's director's cut will ever be fully restored.
	Restored scenes are listed below. These include both brief inserts and additions to existing scenes, as well as four major scenes restored to the film.
	Available as extras on the DVD are an unfinished knife fight scene between Potts and Gomez in a Mexican village, a longer version of Teresa and Dundee's interlude at the lake, and several silent outtakes – including a master shot which would have opened the massacre scene at the beginning, of Lt. Brannin and his men riding past a sheep farmer to the Rostes Ranch.
	For the 2005 restored version, a new score was composed by Christopher Caliendo. This score was composed and recorded with a small studio orchestra to authentically sound the way director Peckinpah might have approved it had he been alive at the time of the film's restoration, and the way the music might have been done in its original 1965 release as opposed to today's larger orchestra-type scores. The new score is regarded by some critics as being better than the original, which was disliked by film experts and featured the title song performed by the Mitch Miller Sing-a-Long Gang, though many concede the new music is far from perfect; for example, there has been criticism of Caliendo's decision to leave unscored several sequences which did have music in the original version.
	Upon its theatrical release, "Major Dundee" received generally negative reviews while acknowledging the film's potential. In his review in "The New York Times", Eugene Archer wrote that the film had "an interesting cast, a superior visual texture, unexpected bits of character revelation and a choppy continuity that finally negates its impact." He praised Peckinpah for "seeking a fresh approach to the Western" and acknowledged that the director "displays a fine eye for panoramic vistas." Archer concludes:
	Many of the flaws identified by film critics in 1965 were addressed in the 2005 restored version, and film reviews of the DVD are much more positive. In his review in "Alt Film Guide", Dan Schneider called "Major Dundee" "a near-great film that has a checkered history" and "likely the most gritty and realistic Western ever made."
	On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 97% positive rating from top film critics based on 32 reviews, and a 67% positive audience rating based on 3,478 ratings. Metacritic, another review aggregator, reports a score of 62/100 based on 12 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
	The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
	Notes
	Citations

= = = Singles: Individually Wrapped = = =

	Singles: Individually Wrapped is a greatest hits album by The Odds, released in 2000. The album contains singles from all four of the band's studio albums, as well as a rendition of the Christmas song "Kings of Orient" which the band recorded for the 1991 Christmas compilation "A Lump of Coal".

= = = Bridal Veil Falls (Oregon) = = =

	Bridal Veil Falls is a waterfall located on Bridal Veil Creek in the Columbia River Gorge in Multnomah County, Oregon, United States.
	The Historic Columbia River Highway passes over Bridal Veil Falls on a bridge. From a parking lot on the highway, a winding footpath and another bridge lead to a vantage point for the falls. The falls consists of two cascades in quick succession along angling rockfaces, so when there is a good amount of water the falls looks very much like its namesake.
	There is a post office in the nearby community of Bridal Veil. Many couples have their wedding invitations shipped there in order to have the town's postmark applied to them.

= = = Prescott Speed Hill Climb = = =

	Prescott Speed Hill Climb is a hillclimb in Gloucestershire, England. The course used for most events (the "Long Course") is in length, and the hill record is held by Sean Gould took the outright hill record in a Gould GR59J single seater with a recorded a time of 35.41 seconds on Saturday 7 September 2019. The track was extended in 1960 to form the present Long Course. There is also a "Short Course" of , now used only by meetings organised by the Vintage Sports-Car Club.
	The track is owned by the Bugatti Owners' Club (BOC), founded in 1929, who were looking for a permanent home and bought the land in 1937. The club had previously run events at Lewes and on the Chalfont Heights Estate, Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire. The club also ran a one-off event at Joel Park, Northwood Hill, Middlesex, on 22 June 1935, which was won by Richard Ormonde Shuttleworth, on a Bugatti, in a time of 30.16 sec. The BOC planned to develop Dancer's End, near Tring, Hertfordshire, but an event there scheduled for 20 June 1936 had to be cancelled. "Motor Sport" reported in December 1937:
	"It will be recalled that about two years ago the Club planned to make Dancer's End a first-class hill-climb venue, and obtained approval from the landowner, Alan P. Good. Unfortunately, the noise nuisance, which is a disease not unknown to motor-race course promoters, broke out and the project was reluctantly abandoned..."
	The first event at Prescott was staged in April 1938, on what is now the Short Course. As announced in "Motor Sport": "The Opening Rally on April 10th will comprise an assembly at Cheltenham for lunch, followed by a run to Prescott and possibly timed runs up the hill, followed by tea at the Prescott club-house. Prescott will be ready for the first official meeting on Sunday, May 15th." Unofficial fastest time in April was set by I. Craig in a 4.9-litre supercharged Bugatti in a time of 55.58 seconds. Fastest time of the day at the inaugural meeting in May was set by Arthur Baron in a 2,270 c.c. supercharged Bugatti in a new record time of 50.70 seconds. Sydney Allard set the sports car record driving Hutchison's V12 Lincoln-engined Allard Special in a time of 54.35 seconds. On 3 July 1938 George Abecassis broke the Prescott outright record with a climb of 47.85 seconds in his supercharged 1½ litre Alta. Joe Fry bettered this unofficially when he climbed in 47.62 seconds in the 1,100 c.c. "Freikaiserwagen", on 27 August 1938. Raymond Mays (2-litre E.R.A.) took the record on 30 July 1939 in a time of 46.14 seconds. Second overall at that meeting was Jean-Pierre Wimille in a 4.7-litre supercharged Bugatti, in the first international meeting held at Prescott.
	There is a part of the course at Prescott named for Sydney Allard and known as Allard's Gap, sometimes shortened to Allard's. This resulted from an incident at the Bugatti Owners' Club meeting on 15 June 1947, when Sydney: "shot through the hedge at the semi-circle and landed well out in the field in the single-seater Allard.<br>
	Stirling Moss's first hillclimb was at Prescott on 9 May 1948, driving a Mk2 Cooper. He had hoped to enter at Shelsley Walsh somewhat earlier, but had been thwarted in this ambition as there were no spaces left in the entry list. On his actual debut at Prescott, Moss came fourth out of twelve, in the 500 c.c. class.
	On 9 September 1951 at the Bugatti Owners' Club International Event Ken Wharton broke the track record in a time of 43.81 sec in a Cooper 1,000 c.c. Tony Marsh (Cooper) set a record at 43.32 sec in June 1956.
	At the BOC meeting on 15 September 1963, Peter Westbury clinched the 1963 British Hill Climb Championship by taking second place to Peter Boshier-Jones (Lotus-Climax 1,220 c.c. supercharged) in the championship run-off. Westbury also took FTD in the class runs in a time of 48.95 secs in the Felday-Daimler. 
	In 1967 "Motor" reported: "Driving his V-8 engined Brabham, B. Eccles set up a new record for the hill of 47.31s. at the Bugatti Owners Club Invitation Prescott Hill climb on July 9."
	An episode of "Top Gear" was filmed here, including a race between an Austin-Healey Sprite and a Peugeot 306 with a number of cosmetic modifications.

= = = Nest (album) = = =

	Nest is a 1996 album by Odds. It was the band's last album until the release of "Cheerleader" in 2008.
	"Someone Who's Cool" was the album's most successful single, peaking at #2 in Canada. "Make You Mad" was also a top 10 hit, and "Nothing Beautiful" peaked outside the top 40.
	All songs written by Odds (Craig Northey, Doug Elliott, Pat Steward, Steven Drake)

= = = John Francis Dodge = = =

	John Francis Dodge (October 25, 1864 – January 14, 1920) was an American automobile manufacturing pioneer and co-founder of Dodge Brothers Company.
	Dodge was born in Niles, Michigan, where his father ran a foundry and machine shop. John and his younger brother, Horace, were inseparable as children and as adults. The origins of the Dodge family lie in Stockport, England, where their ancestral home still stands.
	In 1886, the Dodge family moved to Detroit, where John and Horace took jobs at a boiler maker plant. In 1894 they went to work as machinists at the Dominion Typograph Company in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. While John was the sales-minded managerial type, his brother Horace was a gifted mechanic and inveterate tinkerer. Using a dirt-proof ball bearing Horace invented and patented, in 1897 Dodge arranged a deal for the brothers to join with a third-party investor to manufacture bicycles. Within a few years, they sold the bicycle business and in 1900 used the proceeds of the sale to set up their own machine shop in Detroit.
	In their first year of business, the Dodge brothers' company began making parts for the automobile industry. In 1902 the Dodge brothers won a contract to build transmissions for the Olds Motor Vehicle Company upon which they built a solid reputation for quality and service. However, the following year they turned down a second contract from Olds to retool their Detroit plant at Hastings Street and Monroe Avenue to build engines for Henry Ford in a deal that included a share position in the new Ford Motor Company. By 1910, John Dodge and his brother were so successful they built a new plant in Hamtramck, Michigan.
	For ten years (1903–1913), the Dodge brothers' business was a Ford Motor Company supplier, and Dodge worked as vice president of the Ford company. He left Ford in 1913, and in 1914 he and Horace formed Dodge Brothers to develop their own line of automobiles. They began building motor trucks for the United States military during the arms buildup for World War I, and in October 1917 they produced their first commercial car. At war's end, their company produced and marketed both cars and trucks.
	He was inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 1997.
	Because of his temper and often crude behavior, the red-haired Dodge was seen as socially unacceptable to most of the well-heeled elite of Detroit. Nevertheless, his wealth made him an influential member of the community and he became active in Republican Party politics in Michigan.
	The Dodge brothers were the sons of machinist Daniel Rugg Dodge (1819–1897) and Maria Duval Casto (1823–1906). Maria was Daniel's second wife. They had an elder full sister: Della Lone (1863–1936) and older half brother Charles Frontier Dodge (1855–1926), and half sister Laura Belle (1858-?) from Daniel's first marriage to Lorinda Gould (1820–1860).
	John Dodge married Canadian Ivy Hawkins (1864–1901) in September 1892. They had three children:
	Following Ivy (Hawkins) Dodge's death from tuberculosis, he secretly married Isabelle Smith (who was his housekeeper) in Walkerville, Ontario, on December 8, 1902. They separated in 1905 and quietly divorced in 1907; the marriage was kept secret until after the death of his third wife. Shortly after the divorce from Isabelle, Dodge married his secretary, Matilda Rausch (1883–1967). Dodge had three more children with Matilda:
	In 1908, John Dodge and Matilda purchased the land for Meadow Brook Farms near Rochester, Michigan. At Meadow Brook, their eldest child, Frances, developed a love of horses that led her to acquire Castleton Farm in Lexington, Kentucky, and turn it into one of the leading horse breeding operations in the United States. Dodge's daughter Isabel established Brookmeade Stable. It became a major participant in Thoroughbred horse racing and owned several Champions, including the U.S. Racing Hall of Fame horses Cavalcade and Sword Dancer. Five years after Dodge's death in 1920, Matilda married Alfred Wilson and they built the Meadow Brook Hall at the Rochester estate.
	His great grandson is film producer John F Dodge III.
	John and Horace contracted influenza and pneumonia while in New York City during the 1918 flu pandemic. John died on January 14, 1920, at the Ritz-Carlton, aged 55. He was interred in the Egyptian-style family mausoleum in Detroit's Woodlawn Cemetery guarded by two Sphinx statues.
	Horace died the following December, and in 1925 their widows sold the Dodge Brothers automobile business to Dillon Read, investment bankers, for $146 million (equivalent to $ in ). Dodge's newborn daughter Anna Margaret died of the measles before age five. His son Daniel drowned in the waters off Manitoulin Island after falling overboard while being transported to hospital following an accident involving dynamite. He had just recently married, at age 21.
	After Dodge's death, Matilda married Alfred Wilson and adopted two children with him, Richard and Barbara Wilson. Matilda Dodge Wilson was Lieutenant Governor of Michigan briefly in 1940 under Republican Governor Luren Dickinson.
	In 1957, the Wilsons donated their Meadow Brook Farm, including Meadow Brook Hall, Sunset Terrace and all its other buildings and collections, along with $2 million (equivalent to $ in ), to Michigan State University to establish an extension campus. In 1963, the Michigan State University-Oakland was renamed Oakland University.

= = = Nachman Goldstein = = =

	Nachman Goldstein of Tcherin (1825 – 1894), also known as the Tcheriner Rav (rabbi of Tcherin, a town in eastern Ukraine), was a leading disciple of Nathan of Breslov (known as "Reb Noson"), who in turn was the chief disciple of Rebbe Nachman of Breslov, the founder of the Breslov Hasidic dynasty.
	A child prodigy who excelled in his Torah studies even as a young boy, Goldstein was the grandson of Rabbi Aharon, the chief rabbi of Breslov in Rebbe Nachman's day, and the son of Rabbi Zvi Aryeh, the succeeding rabbi of Breslov. He grew up in the town of Breslov. However, in his youth he shied away from Reb Noson. Once Reb Noson said to him, "Nachman, who knows? Maybe the reason Rebbe Nachman worked so hard to bring your grandfather to Breslav was because of "you"?" After that, Goldstein became a follower of Reb Noson, and after the latter's death, became very involved with Reb Noson's works.
	Goldstein raised his daughter's son, Abraham Sternhartz, after the latter was orphaned of his parents as a young child. As the grandson of Reb Noson's leading disciple and at the same time a great-grandson of Noson through his father's line, Sternhartz was privy to all the family traditions and stories about Rebbe Nachman's closest disciple. These formed the basis for his definitive collection of Breslov oral traditions, entitled "Tovot Zichronot".
	Goldstein was the first to write a learned commentary specifically on Rebbe Nachman's teachings, giving scholarly legitimacy to the Breslov movement after the death of Reb Noson in 1844. Many of today's English-language translations of Breslover works were only made possible because of the Tcheriner Rav's meticulous research and elucidation.
	He collected and published Noson's eight-volume magnum opus, "Likutey Halachot", as well as an expanded version of Noson's "Likutey Etzot" (Advice) with additional material from Rebbe Nachman's teachings, under the title, "Likutey Etzot HaMeshulash". Altogether, the Tcheriner Rav authored about 20 works, including halakhic responsa. Some were only seen by Breslover Hasidim in manuscript form before they were lost during World War II. The ones that survive are:
	Goldstein also produced a collection of source texts for "Sefer HaMiddot" (The Aleph-Bet Book—a collection of aphorisms on character traits), tracing Rebbe Nachman's references throughout the Bible, Talmud and Midrash. He also compiled teachings of the Baal Shem Tov and the Maggid of Mezeritch and their major disciples under the titles "Leshon Hasidim" and "Derekh Hasidim".

= = = Alameda Terminal = = =

	Alameda Terminal (a.k.a. Alameda Wharf) was a railroad station and ferry wharf at the foot and west of present-day Pacific Avenue and Main Street in Alameda, California, on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay with ferry service to San Francisco. It was built in 1864 and operated by the San Francisco and Alameda Railroad. In 1869, it served as the original west coast terminus of the U.S. First Transcontinental Railroad, until the opening of Oakland Pier two months later. The western terminus was inaugurated September 6, 1869, when the first Western Pacific through train from Sacramento reached the shores of San Francisco Bay at Alameda Terminal, thus completing the first transcontinental railroad to the Pacific coast.
	The Pacific Railroad Act passed by the United States Congress in 1862 authorized construction of the First transcontinental railroad and telegraph line, which included connecting the Central Pacific Railroad in the west with the Union Pacific Railroad in the east. In 1863, the first construction activity took the Central Pacific line eastward from Sacramento. In October 1864, the Central Pacific Railroad assigned all the rights of the Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864 to the Western Pacific Railroad for the route between Sacramento and San Jose, including land grants. The plan was that the transcontinental railroad would follow the Western Pacific to San Jose and then connect with the San Francisco and San Jose Railroad (SF&SJ), completed in 1864, to San Francisco.
	By 1866, the Western Pacific had built of track north and east from San Jose, reaching halfway into Niles Canyon, to about Farwell near MilePost33. The Western Pacific used 500 Chinese laborers to grade and construct the rail line into the rugged canyon with its tight curves and narrow banks. Construction was then halted because of disagreements between the railroad’s contractors and its financiers. 
	In 1869, the Central Pacific Railroad, a subsidiary of which had acquired the Western Pacific and Oakland Point in 1868, restarted work on the railroad line through Niles Canyon, also using Chinese laborers, and added a new line from the mouth of the canyon northwest towards the city of Oakland and Oakland Point. The new plan was to connect with Oakland with its ferry service to San Francisco. In June 1869, J. H. Strobridge came to Niles (then Vallejo Mills and now part of Fremont) to oversee the construction of the new line heading towards Oakland. In September 1869, a temporary connection was made at the bay side of San Leandro with the old tracks of San Francisco and Alameda Railroad, which led to the SF&A Alameda Wharf with ferry service to San Francisco. 
	On September 6, 1869, the first Western Pacific train reached the shores of San Francisco Bay at Alameda Terminal, thus achieving the transcontinental "Pacific Railroad" envisioned in the 1862 Pacific Railroad Act. According to the "Daily Alta California", this first through train left Sacramento at 10 am, got delayed by some construction trains, exited Niles Canyon late at 9:30 pm, and an hour later arrived at Alameda Terminal to a cheering crowd. Two months later, Central Pacific Railroad switched the western transcontinental terminus to its expanded Oakland Pier, which was inaugurated on November 8, 1869, in another round of celebration. 
	Alameda then went back to local train service only. In 1870 the SF&A was absorbed into Central Pacific and in 1873 the original SF&A pier was abandoned.
	The railroads and their wharfs are gone from Alameda. The last rails were removed in 1960 from Lincoln Ave (formerly Railroad Ave and along which the SF&A rails ran).
	The achievement of the first transcontinental railroad reaching Alameda Terminal on September 6, 1869 is marked by a plaque in the Naval Air Station Alameda and a California Historical Landmark (CHL #440) nearby. The GPS coordinates of the two markers are given respectively by "37.786779,-122.30292" (plaque); and "37.77535,-122.276891" (CHL #440).
	On 6 September 2019, a "golden spike" ceremony was held in Niles Canyon, where the Western Pacific tracks laid in 1866 met the Central Pacific tracks laid in 1869, commemorating the 150th anniversary of the 6 September 1869 completion of the first transcontinental railroad to the original Pacific coast terminus at Alameda Terminal. Also, the mayor of the City of Alameda issued a proclamation recognizing "the outstanding contributions of the many Chinese immigrants who helped make the Transcontinental Railroad a reality".

= = = Horsetail Falls (Oregon) = = =

	Horsetail Falls (or Horse Tail Falls) is a waterfall along the Columbia River Gorge in the U.S. state of Oregon.
	The waterfall is easily accessed, in contrast to its near neighbor Oneonta Falls, as it is right next to the Historic Columbia River Highway. The shape of the falls and the rounded rockface over which it flows cause it to resemble a horse's tail.
	There are actually two waterfalls along the creek. The upper falls, called Upper Horsetail Falls or Ponytail Falls, can be accessed from a footpath.

= = = Route poisoning = = =

	Route poisoning is a method to prevent a router from sending packets through a route that has become invalid within computer networks. Distance-vector routing protocols in computer networks use route poisoning to indicate to other routers that a route is no longer reachable and should not be considered from their routing tables. Unlike the "split horizon with poison reverse", route poisoning provides for sending updates with unreachable hop counts immediately to all the nodes in the network.
	When the protocol detects an invalid route, all of the routers in the network are informed that the bad route has an infinite (∞) route metric. This makes all nodes on the invalid route seem infinitely distant, preventing any of the routers from sending packets over the invalid route. 
	Some distance-vector routing protocols, such as RIP, use a maximum hop count to determine how many routers the traffic must go through to reach the destination. Each route has a hop count number assigned to it which is incremented as the routing information is passed from router to router. A route is considered unreachable if the hop count exceeds the maximum allowed. Route poisoning is a method of quickly forgetting outdated routing information from other router's routing tables by changing its hop count to be unreachable (higher than the maximum number of hops allowed) and sending a routing update. In the case of RIP, the maximum hop count is 15, so to perform route poisoning on a route its hop count is changed to 16, deeming it unreachable, and a routing update is sent.
	If these updates are lost, some nodes in the network would not be informed that a route is invalid, so they could attempt to send packets over the bad route and cause a problem known as a routing loop. Therefore route poisoning is used in conjunction with holddowns to keep update messages from falsely reinstating the validity of a bad route. This prevents routing loops, improving the overall efficiency of the network.

= = = Latourell Falls = = =

	Latourell Falls is a waterfall along the Columbia River Gorge in the U.S. state of Oregon, within Guy W. Talbot State Park.
	The Historic Columbia River Highway passes nearby, and at certain locations the Lower falls are visible from the road. Near the base of the falls, a parking lot and path were erected to assist visitors to the site. Visitors must hike along the loop trail to see the upper falls.
	Latourell is unique among the best-known Columbia Gorge waterfalls, in the way that it drops straight down from an overhanging basalt cliff. Most of those falls (even the famous Multnomah Falls) tumble to some degree.
	Latourell Falls is an excellent example of columnar basalt formations.

= = = List of Suzuki engines = = =

	This is a list of automobile engines developed and sold by the Suzuki Motor Corporation. Suzuki is unusual in never having made a pushrod automobile engine, and in having depended on two-strokes for longer than most. Their first four-stroke engine was the SOHC F8A, which appeared in 1977. Suzuki continued to offer a two-stroke engine in an automotive application for a considerably longer time than any other Japanese manufacturer.
	Suzulight SF Series — air-cooled 2-stroke, bore/stroke (downsleeved copy of Lloyd LP400 engine)
	FB Series — 2-stroke, bore/stroke. A reed valve system was introduced with the L40 version of this engine.
	FA/FC (prototype) — 2-stroke, bore/stroke
	Suzuki also briefly installed Daihatsu's two-cylinder AB10 OHC engine in SS11 Frontes built in 1977 and '78, as an interim measure while work was progressing on their own four-stroke engine.
	Power output: and for turbocharged.
	Power output: 

= = = Capitanes de Arecibo = = =

	The Capitanes de Arecibo are a Puerto Rican professional basketball team based in Arecibo, that competes in the Baloncesto Superior Nacional (BSN) league. In 2010, the team also had the distinction to play in the Premier Basketball League (PBL) under the name Capitanes de Puerto Rico. The team began play in the league in 1946. Home games are held at Manuel Iguina Coliseum, which the team shares with the Capitanes de Arecibo men's volleyball team.
	The team has won seven BSN Championships (1959, 2005, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2016 and 2018) and has had a total 16 finals appearances, being a runner-up 9 times (1932, 1946, 1948, 1961, 1966, 1992, 2007, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2017). Capitanes is the only team to participate in all editions of the FIBA Americas League, having entered the final four twice (finishing 2nd in 2010 and 3rd in 2013).
	In 1946, coached by Wilfredo Franco, Tingo Díaz, Piro Méndez and for a pre-Olympic tournament, the Capitanes emerged. A group of young athletes, mostly from Arecibo, like: Manuel Gilberto (Petaca) Iguina, Quicón Iguina, Abdiel de la Rosa, Alberto Renta, Joaquín Balaguer, Armando Villamil, y Pipe Beníquez showed themselves to be a part of it and dominated the sport in Puerto Rico, finishing in second place.
	On August 19, 1959, the Capitanes won their first basketball championship against the Rio Piedras Cardinals at the Rodríguez Olmo Stadium in Arecibo. They were coached by Lou Rossinni, and the heroes of that series were Jaime Frontera, Francisco Pancho Padilla, Felipito Colón, Bill MacCadney, José (Fufi) Santori Coll, Moisés Navedo, José Rodríguez Gómez, Eddie Martínez, José Vázquez, José Aponte, Angel Morales, Jaime Miranda, Joe Phillip Padilla hijo, Ramón Siraguza, Enrique Miranda, and Sitín García. This team is the only team in BSN history to have gone the entire season, including the playoffs, undefeated.
	In 1992, coached by Alfred “Butch” Lee, the Capitanes returned to the BSN Finals with elite players Ferdinand Morales, Rafael Hernandez, Giovanni Colón, Fitz Roy Brow, Juan Griles, Orlando Febres, Bryan and Mark Santiago, losing a hard-fought series against the Ponce Lions.
	The Capitanes in 2002 wrote another page in the history of their city and the BSN when the so-called "kids" broke the predictions of the media and basketball analysts by taking a semi-final series to Game 7 with young talents Giovanni Jiménez, Rick Apodaca, Buster Figueroa, Pachy Cruz and David Cortes; and veterans Félix Javier Perez, Javier Rolón and Oscar Chiaramello.
	In 2005, general manager Regino Babilonia hired Carlos Mario Rivera as head coach and the Captains again won the BSN Championship (4-0) over the Bayamón Cowboys.
	In 2007, with David Rosario at the command of the Captain Ship, and the fiery players Rafael “Pachy” Cruz, Ángel “Buster” Figueroa, David Cortes, Carlos Payano and Marcus Fizer as reinforcement, the Capitanes returned to the BSN Finals. In a historic, sold-out Game 7 at the Jose Miguel Agrelot Coliseum, where 75% of the attendees were from Captain Correa City, the Arecibo Captains came back from a 20-point fourth-quarter deficit to force an overtime. In a hard-fought and emotional series of plays and calls, the Captains came up just short of another championship.
	During the 2008 season, the Capitanes advanced again to the finals against the Carolina Giants. The series went to seven games, with both teams winning three games at home. Arecibo won the seventh game, 99-94, for the third championship in the franchise's history. Ángel Figueroa was selected the Finals' Most Valuable Player.
	It was forty-six years since the Captains succeeded in that first championship. That was on August 19, 1959. They came short in 1966 when they lost in overtime against Ponce and in a seventh game finals held at the court of Manuel Carrasquillo Herpen Country Club. In 1992 the attorney Hiram Ruiz saw the Lions come from behind in the series to thwart another major celebration in Arecibo.
	In 2005, there were doubts. However, unlike the team of 1959, the 2005 edition played with many ups and downs during the regular season and also in the "round robin", for example beating the best in the league but losing to last-placed teams. The reason for not dominating as expected was the failure of the team's "Refuerzo" (reinforcement player), former rebounding leader and prolific scorer, center Nick Davis, who did not meet the team and fan's expectations, as well as his following replacements until the arrival of Richard Lugo.
	In the "round robin" the Captains won five and lost as many games. The team was torn between changing Dickey Simpkins or staying with the player that looked more like a fifth man with the added reinforcement that was hurt.
	With all that were chosen as a finalist in the analyzes that the Cowboys favored above all others for having excelled in the second stage of the tournament. Unlike the 1959 champion who went undefeated, these Captains had to earn their stripes.
	The Captains got a breaks with the elimination of Ponce. The Lions were the best team that could match-up with the Captains and successfully handle the full-court press.
	The Captains then faced a remodeled Santurce, with former Nigerian NBA player Olumide Oyedeji. The series became complicated and unpredictable.
	It was then that Edgar Padilla appeared on the scene.
	Bayamón could not run with Arecibo and Flor Melendez knew that he could control the tempo of the game in the first two games of this final series. Both were very close games. Despite these woes, the Vaquero fans hoped Bayamon would come back. This was dispelled as soon as Richard Lugo was able to play for the Captains in game three.
	After the Cowboys rallied to win game four and force a fifth game, the Captains closed out the series in game five. Larry Ayuso scored 40 points on offense and played defense well in that closing game.
	On June 28, 2008, Capitanes de Arecibo defeated Gigantes de Carolina in 7 games to win their third championship, Angel Luis Figueroa scored 33 points and Roberto Jose Hatton scored 20 points. Ángel Figueroa was selected the Finals' Most Valuable Player.
	The reconquest of the National Superior Basketball League Championship is a fact. The Arecibo Capitanes are the new Champions of the BSN. The national title was achieved Saturday, July 3, 2010, at the Rubén Rodríguez Coliseum in Bayamón at night. Incidentally, the Capitanes became the first team in the history of the BSN, to win a seventh and deciding game as the visiting team. The final score of the game it was 73 - 62. The match had to be stopped and subsequently confiscated, because the team's fans of Bayamón, began throwing objects onto the court and the game could not be terminated. We the game was stopped, there was still 1:42 on the clock, but Arecibo had absolute control of the game. It is noteworthy that this is the second Championship won by the Capitanes in the past three tournaments of the BSN.
	At the beginning of the meeting the atmosphere was worthy of a seventh game. Donta smith immediately began the annotations for Bayamón, but Larry Ayuso did not remain with folded arms. In the first five minutes of action, Ayuso had already made three triples. Then, when the clock struck 4:48, Danilo Pinncok managed a basket that gave them the first lead in the game 13 - 12. After this move Bayamón managed to take advantage on the board 19 - 17. All this so that in the next moves, Guillermo Díaz scoring three free throws and Danny Santiago make a dunk that brought the Capitanes to dominate the first quarter 22 - 19.
	The start of the second period for Arecibo was very explosive. The Capitanes opened with a push of 7-0, thanks to a triple by Larry Ayuso and two consecutive baskets by Danilo Pinnock. At that time, Arecibo took off on the scoreboard 29 - 19. Incidentally, those were the first points of a rally that did Danilo Pinnock. He scored eight consecutive points for Arecibo. The Vaqueros tried to answer with some baskets of Christian Dalmau and Robert Traylor, but the Capitanes managed to close strong at the half. After twenty minutes of action the Capitanes had twelve-point advantage, 43 - 31. During that first half, Larry Ayuso and Danilo Pinnock combined to make between them, thirty-three points. Captains also dominated the rebounds 20 - 11. Also they were perfect from the free throw line.
	The second half began with an offensive push for the Vaqueros. They managed six points, but Guillermo Díaz was able to answer with triple when subtracted 7:53 on the clock. To this, Danilo Pinncok added two free throws, but Bayamón answered with a triple by Christian Dalmau. On the next play, Danny Santiago make a triple with 4:45 detracted. Then, Bayamón answered with five straight points, but Danilo Pinncok score four straight points and David Cortés scored two points to keep Arecibo in front. When subtract only 45 seconds of the period, Larry Ayuso achieved another triple. Arecibo closed the quarter 62 - 50 for Arecibo.
	The fourth quarter began with an exchange of baskets by both, but the Capitanes knew how to answer on every possession. Larry Ayuso achieved another triple with 7:32 left and the score was 68–57 at the time. Plays later, Carmelo Lee scored a field goal by Bayamón, but this was answered immediately by the Capitanes. David Cortés managed a shot and Danny Santiago make another. In this way Arecibo was leading 72 - 60, while still detracted 3:45 left in the game. Bayamón managed to score three extra points, before they culminate the event. This was so because on the last play of the game, Danny Santiago achieved an impressive steal. After the steal, Andrés Rodríguez gets the ball and he received a hard foul that led him to the free throw line. Before Andrés Rodríguez could make his attempts, the fans from Bayamón began a relentless rain of objects and this forced the League officials to confiscate the game in Arecibo's favor. At that time, there is still 1:42 to play, but the game was largely dominated by Arecibo 73 - 62. Thus, the Arecibo Capitanes won their fourth championship of the BSN (1959, 2005, 2008 and 2010).
	The best scorers for the team Bayamón were: Christian Dalmau with 22 points and Carmelo Lee with 11. While for Arecibo, four players were in double figures. The best it was, Larry Ayuso with 23 points. By the way, Ayuso was declared the MVP of the Final Series. Then followed by: Danilo Pinnock who scored 21 points, Daniel Santiago with 11 points and Guillermo Diaz, who had 11 points, 10 rebounds and five assists.
	On August 1, 2011 Capitanes de Arecibo defeated Piratas de Quebradillas in 5 games (4-1) to win their fifth National Superior Basketball Championship. Guillermo Díaz was chosen as the Most Valuable Player.¡El Back to Back es un hecho!
	The Back to Back is a fact! The Arecibo Captains succeeded for the first time in its history the feat of winning two consecutive championships in the National Superior Basketball League. Turn became the first team to achieve in the decade. He managed the Arecibo was reached on Monday, August 1, 2011 at the Coliseo Manuel "Flask" Iguina Arecibo, when the captains were able to defeat the Pirates of Quebradillas 79 74. For the Arecibo Championship fifth national title means (1959, 2005, 2008, 2010 and 2011) and in turn is its fifth finals in seven years. The Championship game was witnessed by over 12,000 fans.
	For the second time during the Final Series, the Captains came out strong in the offensive side of the court. Consecutive triples Larry Ayuso and David Cortes took off immediately to Arecibo on the scoreboard. To make matters worse, Danilo Pinnock prescribed another triple and this allowed Arecibo took off 13 by 6. Quebradillas did not remain with arms folded and responded with two straight triples David Huertas. These triples came to the Pirates 13 by 12. Seconds later, the Captains got their second run offensive night, being at this time a 9-0. After the first ten minutes of action, Arecibo was ahead on the scoreboard 24 by 18.
	In the second part, hostilities have stabilized a bit. Arecibo and Quebradillas engaged in an exchange of baskets and this allowed the Pirates will mount in the notes field. Just when Quebradillas had approached 35 by 30, Arecibo reacted with a "rally" 7-0 and went away again. Despite this, the Pirates scored four goals in line and was in this way ended the first half. The score at that time favored by 42 Captains 34. Seconds before, Puruco Latimer, had to leave the party injured left shoulder.
	In the second half of the offensive game was rather slow for both quintets. Arecibo was the first to wake up with two triples and a field goal from Larry Ayuso. After that, Quebradillas answered with a push of 6-0. At that moment the game was 50 by 42 and was just as PJ Tucker received a technical foul. Both free throws were converted the technical foul for Larry Ayuso. Later, Peter John Ramos scored six points for the Pirates string and these were answered by seven consecutive Danny Santiago of Arecibo. After this exchange, both quintets baskets managed to finish the third set. The score reflected a clear advantage for the Captains of 62 by 52.
	The last ten minutes of action began with five goals of the Captains, but the Pirates were able to respond with their offense. Quebradillas was a "rally" of 8-0 and approached 66 to 60 on the scoreboard. In those moments when it seemed that resurface Quebradillas, the figure of Guillermo Diaz. He was lord and master of the show and made two free throws and hit a triple that sentenced the Pirates to defeat. Quebradillas failed to rise and so the clock expired, giving the Captains its fifth national title. The game ended with a score of 79 by 74.
	Top scorers for the Quebradillas team were: David Huertas with 26 and Peter John Ramos with 23. While on the Champions, as they were featured: Larry Ayuso with 22 and Danilo Pinnock had 18 points and 9 rebounds. Meanwhile, Guillermo Diaz scored 14 points and had the honor of being selected by the members of the press as the MVP of the Final Series
	Capitanes de Arecibo win 2 straight Championships (2010, 2011) and their fourth championship in 7 years.
	The PBL began its third season in 2010 with nine teams. The Capitanes were one of three expansion teams. For PBL play, the Capitanes take the name of Puerto Rico rather than their home city. The Capitanes established two different talent pools. As well as the original BSN team, they had a roster for PBL play that included selections in that league's player draft. Their subsequent first signings were Andrés Rodríguez and Bonzi Wells. Other international players signed by the Capitanes during the off-season were Elías Larry Ayuso, Angelo Reyes and Walter Hodge. Antonio Látimer and José Rosario completed the signings, while Hodge left during the season to join the Cangrejeros. Their performance earned the team constant inclusion in MLN Sports' basketball rankings, debuting in the fourth spot. During the undefeated streak, David Rosario was named PBL Coach of the Month for January.
	The team won its first series against the Maryland GreenHawks, with scores of 109:100 and 99:91. The Capitanes subsequently won their first contests against the Manchester Millrats (116:104) and Vermont Frost Heaves (114:103), establishing a lead in the league's standings. The Capitanes' next game was against the team that held the second place in the standing, the Lawton-Fort Sill Cavalry (3-0), winning with scores of 101:94. The team won its first contests against the Buffalo Stampede (114:89), Halifax Rainmen (108:101) and Quebec Kebs (93:86). After two weeks of inactivity, the Capitanes began a series of away games defeating the GreenHawks 111:93. On March 21, 2010 the game between the Rainmen from Halifax and the Capitanes was played after the game had been canceled due to bad weather the previous time it had been scheduled. The score was 106:94, Capitanes.
	In March 2010, the PBL announced that it was forced to expel the franchise due to an alleged failure to adhere to its rules & guidelines. Among the violations cited were, failing to appear at road games, failure to pay amount owed to the league, and lack of communication with league officers. At the moment, the team held the second best record in the league and had secured a spot in the playoffs.
	The Capitanes responded by hiring one of Puerto Rico's top litigation attorneys, Lee Sepulvado of the law firm Sepulvado & Maldonado. The team's lawyers filed a complaint seeking a temporary restraining order and a preliminary injunction before federal court in Puerto Rico. The PBL hired O'Neill & Borges, one of Puerto Rico's top law firms and was represented by attorney Salvador Antonetti Stutts whom attended Harvard Law School and is a former Solicitor General of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
	After the attorneys conducted oral arguments before Federal Judge Juan Perez Gimenez the court entered a temporary restraining order against the PBL instructing the league to immediately reinstate the Capitanes and allow them to participate in the 2010 playoffs. Shortly thereafter the PBL agreed to the issuance of a preliminary injunction order formally reinstating the team.
	The matter received extensive media coverage and the PBL was forced to accept its wrongdoing by setting aside the expulsion of the team. The Capitanes vehemently denied the charges and all along insisted their only goal was to win in the basketball court and not the legal court.
	As runners-up of the 2007 BSN season, the Capitanes were selected to represent Puerto Rico in the first edition of the FIBA Americas League, along with the BSN-champion Santurce Crabbers. Before the competition began, the Capitanes' coach, David Rosario, stated that the team's preparation was intense so that they would be able to adapt in order to match the advantage expected to be presented by Fuerza Regia and Halcones Xalapa, since the tournament occurred in the middle of the "Liga Nacional de Baloncesto Profesional" season.

= = = Alan Durning = = =

	Alan Durning (born November 7, 1964 as Alan Bresler Durning, then Alan Thein Durning from 1991 to 2008) is the founder and executive director of the Sightline Institute (formerly Northwest Environment Watch), a nonprofit organization based in Seattle, Washington, U.S.
	Durning grew up in Seattle, spent his high school years in Chevy Chase, Maryland, and attended Oberlin College during the mid-1980s. From 1986 to 1993, Durning worked as a researcher at the Worldwatch Institute in Washington, D.C. In 1993, Durning returned to Seattle and founded Northwest Environment Watch.
	Durning is the author or coauthor of dozens of books and articles. His published books include, among others: 
	Durning's newspaper and magazine articles have appeared in more than 100 periodicals, including "The New York Times", "Los Angeles Times, Washington Post, Foreign Policy," and "Slate". Durning has been a commentator on National Public Radio and has lectured at universities, conferences, and at the White House.

= = = Artemida, Attica = = =

	Artemida (, until 1977 "Loutsa", ) is a seaside resort town in East Attica, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Spata-Artemida, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 18.653 km.
	The city was named after the ancient goddess Artemis. The Temple of Artemis Brauron was among the most important sacred sites in the ancient times. Vravrona (or Brauron), about 20 km from Athens, was one of the 12 towns of Attica that was united to Athens by Theseus.
	The ancient temple of Artemis is of Doric style and flourished in the 5th-4th century B.C. According to a myth, this is the temple where Iphigeneia was brought by her brother Orestes, when they met in the land of Tauris, where she served as a priestess in a local temple of Artemis. Iphigeneia had been transferred to Tauris by goddess Artemis herself, when she saved her from the sacrifice in Aulis. Returning to Greece, Iphigeneia brought with her a wooden statue of Artemis from Tauris.
	Artemida is located on the Aegean Sea coast, in the eastern part of the Attica peninsula. It lies 5 km south of Rafina, 8 km east of Spata, 9 km north of Porto Rafti and 25 km east of Athens city centre. Greek National Road 85 (Rafina - Lavrio) passes through the town.

= = = Eagle Creek (Multnomah County, Oregon) = = =

	Eagle Creek is a creek located in Hood River County, Oregon, in the Columbia River Gorge. A tributary of the Columbia River, the creek flows for approximately from the Thrush Pond between Eagle Butte and Tanner Butte to its mouth near Bonneville Dam. The East Fork Eagle Creek is a major tributary that begins at Wahtum Lake and joins the main stem approximately 2/3 the way between the Thrush Pond and the Columbia River, separated by Indian Mountain.
	The Eagle Creek drainage basin is the largest of any creek in the western or central Gorge. The watershed is bounded by Tanner Ridge to the west, the Benson Plateau and Chinidere Mountain to the east, and Indian Mountain and Waucoma Ridge to the south. Another major tributary is Opal Creek, flowing from Tanner Butte to just above Tenas Falls.
	Eagle creek is notable for its numerous waterfalls. From the mouth upstream, the most notable are Metlako Falls, Punch Bowl Falls, Skoonichuk Falls, Grand Union Falls, Twister Falls, and Sevenmile Falls. Noteworthy waterfalls on Eagle Creek's many tributaries include Sorenson Falls, Loowit Falls, Four Mile Falls, Tenas Falls, Wy'east Falls, and Tunnel Falls.
	Eagle Creek is an extremely popular recreation destination. The Eagle Creek Trail #440 runs for along the creek from the Historic Columbia River Highway State Trail to a junction with the Pacific Crest Trail near Wahtum Lake, and its lower reaches comprise one of the most popular trails in the Gorge. Multiple other trails are also present on the surrounding ridges and mountains, providing connections to the rest of the Gorge's trail network.
	The Eagle Creek watershed was severely impacted by the Eagle Creek Fire of 2017, which started near Punch Bowl Falls after a 15-year old kid threw a firecracker into the canyon following a prolonged period without precipitation. Due to the increased risk of landslides, debris flows, and other hazards, recreation in the area remains closed .

= = = Mega-Sena = = =

	The Mega-Sena is the largest lottery in Brazil, organised by the Caixa Econômica Federal bank since March 1996.
	The draws of the Mega-Sena are held twice a week, on Wednesdays at 20:00 Brasilia time and Saturdays at 20:00 Brasilia time. The Wednesday draw is televised (with a 25-minute delay) on RedeTV at 20:25 of that day. The drawings consist of picking balls from 2 spinning spherical cages. They are picked in pairs, in order to form a 2 digit decimal number from 01 to 60. The first cage has balls ranging from 0 to 5 for the first digit, and the other one Passos balls ranging from 0 to 9 to be used in the second digit. In the event of the number 00 showing up, it will be replaced by the number 60 for Meu purposes. When 6 unique 2 digit numbers are drawn, the drawing is concluded.
	Contestants may bet in the range of 6 to 15 numbers, out of 60, and scoring 4, 5 or 6 points will grant prizes. Bet prices escalate depending on how many possible groups of 6 numbers exist within the numbers chosen, so they vary between R$3.50 for 6 numbers (only 1 game possible) to R$17,517.50 for 15 numbers (5005 games possible). The chances of winning the biggest prize when placing a minimum bet are 1 in 50,063,860.
	Contestants can choose to play a "Surpresinha" entry, which will generate their numbers randomly. They can also opt to enter these numbers for 2, 4 or 8 consecutive draws in advance and / or compete with the same bet by 2, 4 or 8 consecutive contests (“Teimosinha”)
	There is also official syndicates (“Bolão“) by the Caixa. These syndicates allow you to create a larger bet and share it between your family and / or friends in various share amounts / fractions (“cotas”). For Mega-Sena, the minimum syndicate bet can be R$10.00, with the minimum share of the being R$4.00, and the number of participants in the syndicate can be between a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 100.
	Raw prizes correspond to 46% of raw income from bets. Out of this figure:
	Income tax will deduct 13.8% from all the previous items. The net value for prizes is actually 32.2% of lottery earnings.
	Winners have 90 days to claim their prizes. Prizes below R$800 can be claimed at a lottery house. Prizes above R$800 must be claimed at the Caixa Econômica Federal bank. If the 90-day period expires, prize money is transferred to the national treasury and invested in educational programs.
	The other 54% of lottery income is spent on costs and then redistributed to several social programmes.
	A special drawing called Mega da Virada is held on New Year's Eve every year. The drawing is extremely popular among Brazilians because of its large jackpot. Regular Mega-Sena draws throughout the year put aside 5% of the proceeds for Mega da Virada. Record Mega da Virada jackpot is the 306,7 million jackpot from 2018 drawing. Unlike a regular draw, the Mega da Virada jackpot doesn't accumulate even if nobody scores 6 numbers. It instead goes to people who scored 5 numbers.

= = = John A. Anderson = = =

	John A. Anderson may refer to:

= = = Grotesque (chess) = = =

	In chess, a grotesque is a problem or endgame study which features a particularly unlikely initial position, especially one in which White fights with a very small force against a much larger black army. Grotesques are generally intended to be humorous.
	A particularly extreme example by Ottó Bláthy is illustrated in the adjacent diagram. In the initial position Black has all sixteen pieces remaining and White has just a single pawn on its starting square, yet it is White who will deliver checkmate.
	This position in Forsyth-Edwards Notation (FEN) is : 8/8/8/2p5/1pp5/brpp4/qpprpK1P/1nkbn3 w - - 0 1
	The solution is:
	The fact that the black queen must be on a1 rather than a2 when White plays Nxb3 explains why 2.h4 does not work. Similarly, if the white knight takes a more direct route to the b3 square with 8.Ng6 Qa2 9.Ne5 Qa1 10.Nxc4? Qa2 11.Na5, Black can lose a move with 11...c4! 12.Nxc4 Qa1 13.Na5 Qa2 and there is no mate. This kind of precise timing is quite a common feature in this type of problem.
	The composer most closely associated with the grotesque is probably Tigran Gorgiev; here is one of his examples. 
	This position in Forsyth-Edwards Notation (FEN) is : 8/8/4N3/4Q3/1pp5/1p3N2/bpqp1p2/nrkrbK2 w - - 0 1
	This time, White is to play and draw. This is achieved by sacrificing most of his already small force to compel Black to repeat moves: 
	Otherwise 2.Ne2+ leads to mate.
	and Black has nothing more than a draw by repetition. Note that only the squares c4 and e5 will do for the white knight; if, for example, 4.Nd4 then 4...Nc2 allows Black to free himself (this is not possible with the knight on e5 because of Nxd3#); and if, for example, 5.Nc6 then Black can free himself with 5...Rbc1 or 5...Rdc1 (not possible with the knight on c4 because of Na3# and Ne3# respectively).
	Similar play to that found in grotesques such as these may also be found in very long "moremovers" (problems with the stipulation "White to play and checkmate Black in no more than "n" moves", where "n" is very high, sometimes over 100, known as "longmovers"), of which Ottó Bláthy was also a notable composer.
	To the right is a kind of problem quite closely related to these kinds of grotesques: this time it is White who has a clear material advantage, but it is difficult to make anything of it because of the locked pawn chain.
	This position in Forsyth-Edwards Notation (FEN) is : 8/8/8/1k3p2/p1p1pPp1/PpPpP1Pp/1P1P3P/QNK2NRR w - - 0 1
	At first glance it seems there is nothing to be done—on moves like Rg2, White cannot make progress unless Black captures—but White does have one plan: to play Qa2 at an appropriate moment in order to threaten Qxb3. Doing this immediately does not work (Black simply promotes on a1 and it is Black who wins by ...Qa2–b3–c2 mate), but there is a way:
	and Black must either give up his queen or allow the b-pawn to promote.
	Bibliography

= = = Violet Archer = = =

	Violet Louise Archer (April 24, 1913February 21, 2000) was a Canadian composer, teacher, pianist, organist, and percussionist. Born Violet Balestreri in Montreal, Quebec, in 1913, her family changed their name to Archer in 1940. She died in Ottawa on 21 of February 2000.
	Archer earned an L MUS from McGill University in 1934, and a B MUS from McGill in 1936 where she studied composition with Douglas Clarke. She travelled to New York City in the summer of 1942 where she studied with Béla Bartók, "who introduced her to Hungarian folk tunes and to variation technique. She taught at the McGill Conservatory from 1944–1947. Later in the 1940s she studied with Paul Hindemith at Yale. She earned a B MUS from Yale in 1948, and a M MUS also from Yale in 1949. From 1950–1953 Archer was Composer-in-Residence at the University of North Texas. From 1953 through 1961 she taught at the University of Oklahoma. Returning to Canada in 1961 for doctoral study at the University of Toronto, she set that aside when, in 1962, she joined the Faculty of Music at the University of Alberta. There she would become chairman of the Theory and Composition Department. She remained at the University of Alberta until her retirement. Her notable students include Larry Austin, Jan Randall, Allan Gilliland, and Allan Gordon Bell.
	In 1983, she was made a Member of the Order of Canada.
	The Canadian Music Centre Library in Calgary is named in her honour (The Violet Archer Library).
	The Canadian indie rock band The Violet Archers is named for Archer.

= = = Plasë = = =

	Plasë () is a large village in Korçë County, Albania. It was part of the former municipality Pojan. After the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Maliq. It is located in the centre of the county, slightly to the east, about 8 kilometers northeast from the city of Korçë.
	It has a population of about 1000, and about 300 houses; however new houses are being built, especially two floor houses, which are rarely seen in villages. It has beautiful mountains and an Orthodox church on top of the mountains. It is also close to the Albanian-Greek border. It has many pubs especially downtown and many tourists visit this village. Also it has two beautiful creeks that bring fresh water from the top of the mountains. Plase is one of the most agricultural villages in the Korca Terrain. Most of the aromanians who settled in 1910-1930 around Bucharest are from Plase.

= = = Midway (1991 game) = = =

	Midway is a wargame published by Avalon Hill as part of the "Smithsonian American History Series". The game simulates the World War II Battle of Midway and is primarily designed for two players.
	The onus of gameplay rests on the Japanese player who must attempt to bring forces to bear upon Midway Island. The United States player, though possessing a smaller force, has no such geographical constraints placed on his naval forces.
	The bulk of the game is played out on duplicate boards, one per player, with full knowledge of friendly forces but limited knowledge of the opponent's. Knowledge of opposing forces is gained by air and sea reconnaissance. Unlike the 1964 version, the search boards use hexagonal spaces to remove questions of corner adjacency.
	Air-surface and surface-surface battles are held on boards representing a small patch of open ocean. Unit deployments are made at the start of each battle.
	Double-sided cardboard counters with dimensions between 1/2" and 3/4" represent combat aircraft squadrons, aerial reconnaissance squadrons, capital ships, and surface escort squadrons. Additional counters are used for record keeping, particularly damage and suspected enemy locations.
	At most, aircraft are available every other turn. After completing a mission, they must spend one turn refuelling and rearming before they can be used again. However, aircraft being fuelled on an aircraft carrier pose an extreme fire hazard if the carrier is attacked, a vulnerability reflected by the rules.
	While not required, aerial reconnaissance is usually necessary for victory. Dedicated reconnaissance squadrons (and combat squadrons, if necessary) fly circuitous routes across the search board. The controlling player may ask his opponent if ships are present in any space flown over. However, asking about "every" space flown over tends to reveal to the opponent where the plane originated from. Once ships are encountered, the controlling player may elect to spend extra fuel to refine the search results. Depending on success, the opponent may report simply that "ships are present", that "[up to double the actual number of ships] are present", or potentially an exact number of ships by class are present.
	Readied combat air units may be dispatched against any target in range, even if no information beyond "ships are present" is known. At the start of a battle, the opponent's true force is revealed; however, the attacker may not elect to bring reinforcements or flee with his current force. Game mechanics encourage historic tactics such as fighter cover and multiple-direction assaults. Units may sustain six levels of damage before destruction; however, damage can occur at rates beyond one level of damage per attack.
	While designed primarily for two players, "Midway" is an excellent candidate for an umpired multiplayer game. For example, a four-player game might divide the United States forces into the historical Task Forces 16 and 17 while the Japanese forces could separate between the carrier group and the surface invasion force. In these games, the individual search boards are complete only for the forces under an individual player's control. Communication between allied players is limited (and subject to interception) and possibilities for confusion of friendly and opposing forces exist. The umpire serves to mediate all exchange of information and conduct all dice rolls in such games.

= = = María Lucía Fernández = = =

	María Lucía Fernández (born October 14, 1968 in Bogotá) is a Colombian journalist and news presenter. 
	She worked as a model in her teens to afford her studies in Social Communication at the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. As news presenter, she worked in TV shows like "Panorama", "QAP Noticias" and "7:30 Caracol". Since 1998, she's one of the main newsreaders at Caracol Noticias. She also worked at Caracol Radio until 2004.
	Fernández, also known as "Malú", likes to write and read in her free time.

= = = National Lampoon's Gold Diggers = = =

	National Lampoon's Gold Diggers (also known as National Lampoon's Lady Killers) is a 2003 American black comedy film written and directed by Gary Preisler. It features two friends (Will Friedle and Chris Owen) who marry two elderly sisters (Louise Lasser and Renée Taylor) so they can inherit their fortunes when they die.
	Two dimwitted friends try to get rich through small crimes, including an unsuccessful attempt to mug two elderly women. 
	They agree to get married, the women scheme kill them off and collect on a life insurance policy, the men think the elderly women will die and leave them a big inheritance. 
	The film was considered a dismal failure, with a theatrical run of only 1 week, and earning less than $400,000 as opening weekend receipts (less than $400 per theater).
	It is ranked a 0% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 44 reviews and is included on the site's Worst of the Worst list of movies of the last 10 years.
	According to film review website Metacritic compiles and averages critics' review scores, the film is the 11th worst reviewed film of all time. It also holds a score of 6 out 100 based on reviews from 14 critics, indicating "overwhelming dislike".
	Janice Page of the "Boston Globe" panned the film, and wrote: "Put it this way: National Lampoon's Gold Diggers makes "The Anna Nicole Show" look sophisticated. Page continued "Not only is there nothing thoughtful or interesting about this latest ultra-crass contribution to the Lampoon shelf, there's not even anything very funny." 
	Luke Sader of "The Hollywood Reporter" called it "Cheap-looking, broad and ultimately unnecessary comedy."
	Justin Chang of "Variety" described it as "By turns pointless and pointlessly mean-spirited."
	An unrated DVD was released in 2005. "National Lampoon's Gold Diggers" brought in $1.29 million during its first week on the rental market.

= = = Bonsall = = =

	Bonsall may refer to:

= = = List of Porsche engines = = =

	The following is a list of engines used in Porsche automobiles:
	356
	356 A
	356 B
	356 C
	VEHICLE ENGINE TYPE MY ENGINE-NUMBERS TECHNICAL DATA
	964
	993
	996
	997
	997 II
	991
	991 II
	992
	VEHICLE ENGINE TYPE MY ENGINE-NUMBERS TECHNICAL DATA
	914/4
	914/6, 916
	914/8 prototypes
	924
	924 Turbo/Carrera GT (931/932/937/938)
	924S (946/947)
	ENGINE
	986
	987.1
	987.2
	981
	Note: MA1.24 is classified as the "Remark". MDB.XA is the "Engine Type".
	982 (718)
	Note: MA2.20, MA2.22 are classified as the "Remark". MDD.PA, MDD.PB, MDD.NC are the "Engine Type".
	VEHICLE ENGINE TYPE MY ENGINE-NUMBERS TECHNICAL DATA
	987.1 (987c)
	987.2 (987c)
	981 (981c)
	Note: MA1.24 is classified as the "Remark". MDB.XA is the "Engine Type".
	982 (718)
	Note: MA2.20, MA2.22 are classified as the "Remark". MDD.PA, MDD.PB, MDD.P, MDD.NC, MDD.N are the "Engine Type".
	Petrol
	Diesel
	Some notable hemi-head engines designed and used by Porsche in commercial production and race cars include the following:
	Flat engine

= = = Shepperd's Dell = = =

	Shepperd's Dell is a small canyon in the Columbia River Gorge in Oregon, located at 
	which is less than one-third mile (500 m) southeast of Rooster Rock State Park.
	The Historic Columbia River Highway runs over the dell on a bridge that was the answer to one of the engineering challenges of the highway's construction. The dell was carved by a creek that includes two fairly substantial tumbling waterfalls. Due to the topography of the area, it is difficult to photograph the falls. As such, the bridge is what is normally pictured, and thus is arguably better known than the dell itself.
	The spelling of the dell's name tends to vary depending on the source. The official Oregon State Park site spells it with the apostrophe, however the GNIS entry omits the apostrophe. Oregon Geographic Names appears to make a distinction between the name of the geographic feature and the name of the state park (now a state natural area), referring to both Shepperds Dell and Shepperd's Dell State Park. Omitting the apostrophe when referring to the dell itself is consistent with the policies of the United States Board on Geographic Names, which strongly discourages the use of possessive apostrophes in geographic names.

= = = Raffi Armenian = = =

	Raffi Armenian, (born June 4, 1942) is an Armenian-Canadian conductor, pianist, composer, and teacher. He directed the Kitchener-Waterloo Symphony orchestra for many years. Since 1999 he has been the director of Orchestral Studies at the University of Toronto. From 2008 to 2013 he was the director of the Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Montréal.
	Armenian was born in Cairo and had his first music lessons there, moving in 1959 to Vienna to study piano with Bruno Seidlhofer. After graduating, he put his musical studies aside and attended the University of London from 1962 to 1965, where he majored in metallurgy. He returned to the Vienna Academy of Music and studied from 1965 to 1969. In 1968, Armenian was one of two finalists at the International Competition for Young Conductors in Besançon, France.
	Armenian emigrated to Canada in 1969 to become the assistant conductor of the Atlantic Symphony Orchestra, located in Halifax, Nova Scotia. From 1971 to 1993, he was the Artistic Director and conductor of the Kitchener-Waterloo Symphony. Under Armenian's guidance, the K-W Symphony developed from an amateur ensemble in the mid-1970s to a professional orchestra.
	Armenian acted as the musical director of the Stratford Festival from 1973 to 1976, and founded the Stratford Festival Ensemble (later renamed the Canadian Chamber Ensemble) in 1974.
	Armenian made guest-conducting appearances with the Orchestre Symphonique de Québec in 1974, the Toronto Symphony Orchestra and the National Arts Centre Orchestra in 1975, and conducted "Wozzeck" for the Canadian Opera Company in 1977.
	In 1986, he was made a Member of the Order of Canada. In 1999 he became the director of Orchestral Studies at the University of Toronto.
	Armenian taught conducting at the Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Montréal, where he directed its symphony orchestra for 30 years. He was the Conservatoire's director from 2008 until 2013.

= = = John Francis Donoghue = = =

	John Francis Donoghue (August 9, 1928 – November 11, 2011) served as the second Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Charlotte and then as the fifth Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Atlanta in the United States of America.
	Donoghue was born and raised in Washington, D.C., the second of four brothers born to Irish immigrant parents, Daniel and Rose (née Ryan) Donoghue. On June 4, 1955, after receiving a Bachelor's Degree in Philosophy and a graduate degree in Sacred Theology from St. Mary's Seminary and University in Baltimore, Maryland and Roland Park, Maryland, and after ordination to the transitional diaconate, he was ordained to the priesthood for the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington, by the then-Archbishop of Washington, Patrick O'Boyle, who was later a Cardinal.
	While originally planning to remain a parish priest, Donoghue was asked in 1964 to study for a Licentiate in Canon Law, and was then assigned to the Archbishop of Washington's Office (he did serve in a variety of parish assignments). 
	For the next 18 years, he served on the staff under three successive Cardinals, all now deceased, who were Archbishops of Washington: Cardinals Patrick O'Boyle, William Wakefield Baum, and James Aloysius Hickey. From 1972 until 1983, he also filled the offices of Chancellor and Vicar General for that Archdiocese; in 1984 he also became Moderator of the Archdiocesan Curia, serving in that capacity until his episcopal consecration. He was consecrated and installed as a Bishop on December 18, 1984, following his appointment by Pope John Paul II, as the second Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Charlotte.
	In June 1993, he was appointed as the sixth Metropolitan Archbishop of Atlanta, Georgia by John Paul II, replacing the Most Reverend James P. Lyke, O.F.M., who had died of cancer on December 27, 1992, after only two years in office. He led the Archdiocese for over ten years. Donoghue retired as Archbishop on December 9, 2004, and was succeeded by Wilton D. Gregory, who had served as an Auxiliary Bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago.
	Donoghue died, on November 11, 2011, aged 83. His body lay in state at the Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Jesus until his Funeral Mass at 11:00 AM on November 17 at the Cathedral of Christ the King.
	Donoghue's episcopal motto was: ""To Live In Christ Jesus"".

= = = Bubba Wells = = =

	Charles Richard "Bubba" Wells (born July 26, 1974) is an American former professional basketball player, playing mostly for minor leagues. He played collegiately for Austin Peay State University and was named 1997 Ohio Valley Conference Player of the Year. Selected 34th by the Mavs in the 1997 NBA draft, the little-used small forward's NBA career was short-lived, consisting of just 39 games of the 1997–98 season. However, he did start two games in March 1998, in place of the injured Cedric Ceballos. His brief NBA career did feature one memorable game where he set the record for the shortest amount of playing time (less than 3 minutes) before fouling out, as part of a failed strategy to intentionally foul Dennis Rodman (a notoriously bad free throw shooter) to limit his scoring.
	His NBA career came to an abrupt end in 1998, after he was traded to the Phoenix Suns along with Martin Müürsepp, the draft rights to Pat Garrity, and a future first-round draft pick in exchange for point guard Steve Nash. Wells never played a game for the Suns. He was later traded to the Chicago Bulls, also for whom he never played. He later played for the LaCrosse Bobcats of the CBA, the Oklahoma Storm of USBL, the Memphis Houn'Dawgs of the ABA, and overseas in Greece and the Philippines. He played for the Harlem Globetrotters in 2004–05. From June 2005 through May 2015, Wells was an assistant men's basketball coach at Austin Peay.
	On May 28, 2015, his appointment to the staff of Jon Harris at SIU Edwardsville was announced.
	Bubba Wells holds the dubious distinction of being the player with the quickest disqualification due to personal fouls in an NBA regular season game. In a December 29, 1997 game against the Chicago Bulls, then-Mavericks coach Don Nelson employed a desperate tactic to limit the Bulls' offense. He inserted Wells into the game with the express purpose of fouling power forward Dennis Rodman, a notoriously poor free throw shooter, away from the ball.
	The plan failed, however, when Rodman hit 9-of-12 free throws and Chicago went on to win the game 111–105. Wells fouled out late in the third quarter after registering his sixth personal foul in a total of three minutes' playing time. This strategy of intentionally fouling a bad free throw shooter is sometimes called Hack-a-Shaq, since it was later famously used against Shaquille O'Neal.
	The previous record-holder was Dick Farley of the Syracuse Nationals who was disqualified in five minutes on March 12, 1956.
	In August 2007, Wells married Tracee Jones, the former head women's basketball coach at Tennessee State University. The previous summer Wells served as a supporter to Jones on NBC TV game show, "Deal or No Deal". Wells has a daughter, Alyiah, and a son, Chase.

= = = Muttart Conservatory = = =

	The Muttart Conservatory is a botanical garden located in the North Saskatchewan river valley, across from the downtown core in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. One of the best-known landmarks of Edmonton, the conservatory consists of three city-operated greenhouses, public gardens, as well as four feature pyramids for display of plant species found across three biomes, with the fourth pyramid hosting as a seasonal display. A fifth minor skylight pyramid lights up the central foyer.
	A donation from the Gladys and Merrill Muttart Foundation provided momentum for the conservatory's construction, with the remaining funding supplied by the Province of Alberta and the City of Edmonton. The conservatory is staffed and operated by the Edmonton Parks and Recreation Department.
	The conservatory's unusual structure, designed by architect Peter Hemingway, is composed of four glassed pyramids built around a central service core. The two larger pyramids are in area, and the two medium-sized ones are in size. Three of the pyramids are devoted to displays of plants from the tropical, temperate, and arid regions respectively, the fourth being used for shows that change with the seasons and which feature massed displays of ornamental flowering plants.
	The Temperate pyramid houses plants typical of temperate climates, from such zones as the southern Great Lakes, Australia, and even the mountainous areas of Asia. Near the entrance and fed by a stream is a bog area, with white water lilies and parrot's feather. The bog merges into a woodland with mostly eastern deciduous trees and low shrubs but including redwoods, cedars and pampas grass. Eucalyptus trees and flowering shrubs complement the Australian section. In the woodland floor and alpine section are many tiny flowering plants, some native to Alberta and others from all over the world. Carefully controlled environmental conditions allow the plants to go dormant in winter and burst into spring growth of green leaves and colourful blooms.
	The plants from the Arid pyramid come from hot and cold dry areas spanning five continents. They share an ability to thrive in environments with dry air, irregular moisture and wide day/night temperature fluctuations. In spring 2013, the Arid Pyramid featured an Agave Americana plant bloom which reached a height of 30 feet before reaching the top of the pyramid. This plant was planted a year after the Muttart Conservatory first opened.
	The Tropical pyramid provides an enormous diversity of species; under a canopy of tall palms, banana and weeping fig are orchids, various hibiscus and the bird of paradise. The plants come from tropical rainforests, evergreen forests or grasslands, and are often showy and bright. A waterfall cascades into the centre of the pyramid where small fish and water lilies make their home. This pyramid has also been home in the past to a kiwi bird and a sloth. On March 11, 2013, the bud to an imported Amorphophallus titanum plant (commonly known as the corpse flower) budded and bloomed here on April 22.
	The "Feature pyramid" offers seasonal displays that change several times per year, focusing on themed displays and seasonal celebrations. 
	Other amenities at the facility are an outdoor gazebo, gift shop, and the Culina Muttart Café. The café serves several menu items made with locally-sourced ingredients, including herbs and salad greens grown on-site at the greenhouse.
	The facility, owned and operated by the City of Edmonton, is also a popular site for special events, such as weddings. The conservatory underwent a $6.3 million renovation that was completed in June 2009.

= = = WTIX-FM = = =

	WTIX-FM is an oldies outlet serving the New Orleans area. The station is owned by Michael A. "Michael In The Morning" Costello (under the name Fleur de Lis Broadcasting) and operates at 94.3 MHz with an ERP of 100 kW. Its city of license is Galliano, Louisiana. Its studios are in Metairie and its transmitter is in St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana.
	Costello was program director at WRNO-FM from 1976 to 1991 and also hosted the morning show as "Michael In The Morning" (M&M). Additionally, he hosted the Sunday night edition of "The Rock 'N'Roll Hall Of Fame". He then acquired the former KLEB-FM from the Harold Callais family which was a country music outlet in 1995 and flipped it to its current oldies format. The station is modeled after the original Top 40 AM station WTIX, which was a very successful Top 40 outlet in New Orleans from the 1950s through the 1970s. He increased the transmitted power and moved the antenna from its original location to its present location in 1998 to better serve the New Orleans metro area. Mike Costello also handles GM, PD, and also hosts the morning show. Many of the jingles used on WTIX-FM are the originals used by WTIX/690 in the 1960s and 1970s. WTIX-FM also adapts a time-honored feature from the old WTIX: the "Chime Time", wherein a chime rang whenever jocks gave the time on the air. (Coincidentally, "Chime Time" was also the staple of Musicradio WABC in its heyday.)
	WTIX-FM's format, Oldies, is patterned after half of WTIX's late-1980s hybrid Talk/Oldies format (before the latter switched to All-Talk in 1988). Three of the WTIX-FM disc jockeys, "Hot" Rod Glenn, Bobby Reno, and Terry Knight, also had very minor and short-term ties to the original WTIX. Terry Knight left the station several years ago.
	Sgt. T-Ben's daily segment, "The News You Need Now!," which debuted in June 2004, is a tongue-in-cheek mock news report concerning local politicians, national celebrities and various topical news stories, concluding with his signature catchphrase, "Nobody cares!" And "JD The DJ," J. Douglas, veteran DJ at such stations as WPTR in Albany, KIRL in St. Louis, and WIXO-FM, WNOE and WRNO-FM in New Orleans, hosts the "Rock and Roll Flight to Midnight".
	"WTIX-FM 17 Choice Oldies", an album originally released on LP by The Mighty 690 in 1967, had been reissued on compact disc in 2005. Another CD, "WTIX At The Beach", a compilation of summertime-themed oldies, was released in 2008, and there is a new disc, "WTIX Back To The Beach", released in July 2011.
	Its current slogan is "New Orleans' Oldies Station, TIX-FM."

= = = Mount Frissell = = =

	Mount Frissell, , located on the border of southwest Massachusetts and northwest Connecticut, is a prominent peak of the Taconic Range.
	The peak and northern part of the mountain are located within Massachusetts, while the southern slope of Mount Frissell is located within Connecticut and rises to the highest elevation within that state, . The high-point marker for Connecticut is on the border with Massachusetts at . Bear Mountain, located to the east, is the highest mountain summit in Connecticut. Most hikers reach the state high point by a rather short route starting high up in the col between Mt. Frissell and Bear Mountain, at an elevation of around .
	The mountain is located within the towns of Mount Washington, Massachusetts and Salisbury, Connecticut; much of it has been conserved as part of Massachusetts' Mount Washington State Forest and Connecticut's Riga Mountain Forest Preview. The south side of Mount Frissell drains into Riga Lake and South Pond, then into Wachocostinook Brook, Salmon Creek, the Housatonic River, and Long Island Sound. The northwest side drains into Ashley Hill Brook, thence Bash Bish Brook, the Roeliff Jansen Kill, the Hudson River, and Upper New York Bay. The northeast side drains into Sages Ravine, thence into Schenob Brook, the Hubbard Brook, the Housatonic River, and Long Island Sound. Mount Frissell is bordered by Round Mountain to the southeast, Mount Ashley to the north, and Brace Mountain to the west.
	Mount Frissell is traversed by the Mount Frissell Trail which connects with the South Taconic Trail to the west and the Appalachian Trail to the east.

= = = Battle of the Network Reality Stars = = =

	Battle of the Network Reality Stars is an American television series that aired on the Bravo cable network from August 17 until September 21, 2005. Based on the popular 1970s and 1980s television competition "Battle of the Network Stars", the show consisted of thirty-three competitors from several different reality television shows. Some of the better known contestants include Adam Mesh, from the "Average Joe" TV series, Richard Hatch, Survivor winner, Sue Hawk, (the "Survivor" player who gave the infamous "snakes and rats" speech) Ryan Starr and Nikki McKibbin of "American Idol" fame, Evan Marriott, of "Joe Millionaire" fame, and Will Kirby, winner of "Big Brother" season 2. Chip and Kim McAllister, winners of "The Amazing Race 5", also participated. Veteran NBC sportscaster Mike Adamle hosted the show and featured reality reporters Trishelle Cannatella (""), Omarosa Manigault-Stallworth ("The Apprentice" – season 1), and Bob Guiney ("The Bachelor" – season 4). Austin Scarlett of "Project Runway" made fashion commentary in several episodes.
	The competitors, as divided by team (per first episode structure):
	Hosted by Kathy Griffin, "Bravo's All-Star Reality Reunion", which aired the same night as the finale (September 21, 2005) featured all cast members save Rachel, Theo, Melissa, Jonathan, Victoria, Wendy Pepper, Trishelle and Bob Guiney.
	Alumni from other reality series also participated in the reunion. They were:
	Heather ("The Bachelor" seasons 2 & 6), Dat Phan (winner, "Last Comic Standing" season 1), Erin ("For Love or Money" seasons 1 & 2), Cindy ("The Swan" season 1), Brennan (winner, "Amazing Race 1"), Gary ("The Biggest Loser" season 1), Norm ("Real World" season 1), Jason ("Average Joe"), Ivana Ma ("The Apprentice" season 2), Pamela ("Apprentice" season 2), Jay London ("Last Comic Standing" seasons 2 & 3), Ryan C. Benson (winner, "The Biggest Loser" season 1), Tara ("Paradise Hotel", "Life as a Model"), Mark ("Average Joe" season 1), Reichen Lehmkuhl (winner, "Amazing Race 4"), Michael Tarshi ("Apprentice" season 3), Kyra Sundance and dog Chelsea ("Showdog Moms & Dads"), Brandon Kindle ("Are You Hot?" and "Showdog Moms & Dads") and his partner Ryan Pacchiano ("Showdog Moms & Dads") and their dog Liberace, Angela Dodson ("Joe Schmo Show" season 1), and Kara Saun ("Project Runway").
	Discussions included their current careers, how they were treated after their respective series aired, Omarosa's disclosure that being a villain is the best way to garner money and public notoriety, and an update on various feuds from other series (Ryan vs. Nikki on "American Idol", Omarosa vs. Heidi on "Apprentice" and Richard vs. Sue on "Survivor").

= = = Engelbert I, Count of Berg = = =

	Count Engelbert I of Berg (d. July 1189 in Serbia) ruled the County of Berg from 1160 to 1189. He was the son of Adolf IV of Berg.
	Through his loyalty to the German Emperor and the Archbishops of Cologne he succeeded in stabilising the county and increasing its revenues. He took Bensberg Palace, Neu-Windeck and Elberfeld.
	In July 1189 he was killed near Kovin, in Serbia, while on his way to the Holy Land with the crusade of emperor Frederick Barbarossa.
	He married Margaret of Geldern (born 1157, died 1190?) and his sons were:
	"This article is based on a translation of the one in the German Wikipedia - see link"

= = = Last Time Forever = = =

	"Last Time Forever" is the first single released from Squeeze's sixth album, "Cosi Fan Tutti Frutti", and the band's first since 1982 (though main songwriters Chris Difford and Glenn Tilbrook had since recorded music as Difford & Tilbrook). The 12" version of the song, like the album version, contains brief samples from the film "The Shining;" the 7" version edits them out. The single reached number 45 on the UK Singles Chart.
	The b-side "Suites From Five Strangers" actually consists of five separate songs, each approximately one minute in length, and each written, performed and produced by one of Squeeze's five members. In order, the songs are listed on the record sleeve and label as follows:
	Selections B, D and E are instrumentals.

= = = Unwilling Emigrants = = =

	Unwilling Emigrants is a book by Alexandra Hasluck. It is both a general study of Western Australia's convict era, and a biography of a particular convict, William Sykes. First published in 1959 by Oxford University Press in Melbourne, it was for many years the only published history of the era. It was republished in 1991 by Fremantle Arts Centre Press.
	It was one of eleven books that Hasluck wrote.
	It also was produced in other formats.

= = = Chicago Pirates = = =

	The Chicago Pirates were a baseball team in the Players' League for a single season in 1890. The team played their home games at South Side Park (II). Their powerful National League rivals were the Chicago White Stockings which later became the Cubs.
	The Pirates recruited most of the White Stocking's players, and for this reason the Pirate's attendance was nearly fifty percent higher than the White Stockings. The Pirate's owner, John Addison, was a wealthy contractor. Although Addison and his partner White Stocking second baseman Fred Pfeffer had signed mostly White Stocking players, they also signed four players from the St. Louis Browns of the American Association as well as a pitcher from the Columbus Solons of the American Association. The team was managed by Charles Comiskey.
	Comiskey and Duffy are members of the Baseball Hall of Fame. On June 21, 1890, Silver King pitched the only ever Player's League no-hitter.
	The team had two nicknames: 1) White Stockings - player wore white hose - which was appropriate because this PL franchise signed away many NL Chicago White Stocking players, 2) Pirates - name applied not for "pirating" away NL players but rather because the team "pirated" many victories with late inning comebacks in games in which they trailed early. Source: BASEBALL TEAM NAMES 1869-2012, Rick Worth.

= = = Pinan = = =

	The "kata" are a series of five empty hand forms taught in many karate styles. The Pinan kata originated in Okinawa and were adapted by Anko Itosu from older kata such as Kusanku and Channan into forms suitable for teaching karate to young students. When Gichin Funakoshi brought karate to Japan, he renamed the kata to Heian, which is translated as "peaceful and safe". Pinan is the Chinese Pinyin notation of 平安, which means also "peaceful and safe". Korean Tang Soo Do, one of 5 original kwan of Korea, but not taekwondo), also practice these kata; they are termed, "Pyong-an" or "Pyung-Ahn", which is a Korean pronunciation of the term "ping-an".
	The Pinan kata were introduced into the school systems on Okinawa in 1895, and were subsequently adopted by many teachers and schools in the 1900s. Thus, they are present today in the curriculum of Shitō-ryū, Wadō-ryū, Shōrin-ryū, Kobayashi-ryū, Kyokushin, Seido Juku, Shinki-Ryu, Shōrei-ryū, Shotokan, Matsubayashi-ryū, Shukokai, Shindo Jinen Ryu, Kosho-ryū Kempo, Kenyu Ryu, Kushin Ryu and several other styles.
	One of the stories surrounding the history of the Pingan kata claims that Itosu learned a kata from a Chinese man living in Okinawa. This kata was called "Chiang Nan" by the Chinese man. The form became known as "Channan", an Okinawan/Japanese approximation of the Chinese pronunciation. The original form of the Channan kata is lost.
	Itosu formed 5 katas from the long Channan Kata which he thought would be easier to learn. Funakoshi modified the Pinan forms on Heian forms, introducing his version of Kushanku (actually renamed Kanku Dai). The 5 kata were Pinans Shodan, Nidan, Sandan, Yondan, and Godan.
	The Pinans are taught to various beginner ranks according to their difficulty. The kata are all loosely based on an I-shaped "embusen" or shape. These kata serve as the foundation to many of the advanced kata within Karate, as many of the techniques contained in these kata are contained in the higher grade katas as well, especially Kusanku.
	In certain styles, Pinan Shodan and Pinan Nidan are inverted - what certain styles call Pinan Shodan is what others call Heian Nidan, and vice versa. For example, the kata Shotokan calls Heian Shodan, other styles, such as Shitō-ryū call Pinan Nidan. Another point to note is that Shūkōkai teaches Pinan Nidan first, and Pinan Shodan second, believing Pinan Nidan to be the easier, more beginner-friendly kata. The order that is learnt in Wado-Ryu goes as follows,
	In some Shito-Ryu dojos the order is different, as most Shito Ryu versions of Pinan Shodan are harder than the rest, so the order is as follows,

= = = Spring Grand Slam = = =

	The Spring Gland Slam is the name used by many punters to informally describe the big three Thoroughbred horse races held in Melbourne, Australia, each Southern Hemisphere spring. The three races involved are the Caulfield Cup, Cox Plate and Melbourne Cup which is held on the first Tuesday of each November.
	There is no official Triple Crown for these Melbourne races, but racing fans consider these three Group 1 races to be the major interconnected component of the spring carnival package, while also acknowledging that only a superhorse could win them all in the same season to complete a . Only one horse has ever managed this feat, the great New Zealand galloper Rising Fast, in 1954. More recently, popular Might and Power won all three races, though not in the same year.
	The "Spring Grand Slam" in Melbourne is considered by some in the racing industry to be more difficult to win than the famous Triple Crown in the United States because the Australian races contain many more variables.
	The Triple Crown — involving the Kentucky Derby, Preakness Stakes and Belmont Stakes — is contested only by three-year-olds who race over distances between 1910 metres (Preakness) and 2400 metres (Belmont). The horses all carry the same weight (fillies a little less than colts and geldings), and none of the horses are being asked to race around the track in an unaccustomed direction.
	In Melbourne, the races are open to all horses aged three and over, and they race between 2,040 metres (Cox Plate) and 3,200 metres (Melbourne Cup).
	The weight carried by horses can vary immensely, both in each race and from race to race, because three different handicapping systems are employed. The Caulfield Cup is a handicap race, the Cox Plate is a weight-for-age race, and the Melbourne Cup is a combination of both, a weight-for-age-handicap. 
	Furthermore, in the U.S., horses race counter-clockwise on all tracks, but in Australia and New Zealand, there are both clockwise and counter-clockwise tracks. All "Spring Grand Slam" races in Melbourne are raced counter-clockwise, so horses domiciled in areas with predominantly clockwise tracks can be disoriented and not perform to potential.

= = = John Dodge = = =

	John Dodge may refer to:

= = = Rule of 78s = = =

	Also known as the sum-of-the-digits method, the Rule of 78s is a term used in lending that refers to a method of yearly interest calculation. The name comes from the total number of months' interest that is being calculated in a year (the first month is 1 month's interest, whereas the second month contains 2 months' interest, etc.). This is an accurate interest model only based on the assumption that the borrower pays only the amount due each month. If the borrower pays off the loan early, this method maximizes the amount paid (interest paid) by applying funds to interest before principal. In other words, in comparison to a simple interest loan, a rule of 78s loan will charge more interest if the loan is paid early.
	A simple fraction (as with 12/78) consists of a numerator (the top number, 12 in the example) and a denominator (the bottom number, 78 in the example). The denominator of a Rule of 78 loan is the sum of the digits, the sum of the number of monthly payments in the loan. For a twelve-month loan, the sum of numbers from 1 to 12 is 78 (1 + 2 + 3 + . . . +12 = 78). For a 24-month loan, the denominator is 300. The sum of the numbers from 1 to n is given by the equation n * (n+1) / 2. If n were 24, the sum of the numbers from 1 to 24 is 24 * (24+1) / 2 = 12 x 25 = 300, which is the loan's denominator, D.
	For a 12-month loan, 12/78s of the finance charge is assessed as the first month's portion of the finance charge, 11/78s of the finance charge is assessed as the second month's portion of the finance charge and so on until the 12th month at which time 1/78s of the finance charge is assessed as that month's portion of the finance charge. Following the same pattern, 24/300 of the finance charge is assessed as the first month's portion of a 24-month precomputed loan.
	Formula for calculating the unearned interest:
	formula_1
	where formula_2 is the unearned interest, formula_3 is the total agreed finance charges, formula_4 is the number of months paying off early, formula_5 is the total term of loan in months
	The earliest official use of the Rule of 78s to calculate the unearned portion of a loan's finance charge was in Indiana in 1935. Most loans in 1935 were for small amounts at low interest rates for short periods of time. It reduced the cost of loan calculations in a pre-computer era and was well suited for the small, short, and low interest rate loans of the era.
	In the United States, the use of the Rule of 78s is prohibited in connection with mortgage refinancings and other consumer loans having a term exceeding 61 months.
	On March 15, 2001, in the U.S. 107th Congress, U.S. Rep. John LaFalce (D-NY 29), introduced H.R. 1054, a bill to eliminate the use of the Rule of 78s in credit transactions. The bill was referred to the House Committee on Financial Services on the same day. On April 10, 2001, the bill was referred to the Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit, where it died with no further action taken.
	In the UK, as part of the Consumer Credit Act of 2005, the Consumer Credit (Early Settlement) Regulations 2004 (SI 2004/1483) which does away with the Rule of 78 in consumer credit lending was issued and brought into effect on 31 May 2005.
	The Rule of 78s deals with precomputed loans, which are loans whose finance charge is calculated before the loan is made. Finance charge, carrying charges, interest costs, or whatever the cost of the loan may be called, can be calculated with simple interest equations, add-on interest, an agreed upon fee, or any disclosed method. Once the finance charge has been identified, the Rule of 78s is used to calculate the amount of the finance charge to be rebated (forgiven) in the event that the loan is repaid early, prior to the agreed upon number of payments. It should be understood that with precomputed loans, a borrower not only owes the lender the principal amount borrowed, but the borrower owes the finance charge as well. If $10,000 is lent and the precomputed finance charge is $3,000, the borrower owes the lender $13,000 at the time the loan is made, whereas a simple interest borrower owes the lender only the $10,000 principal and monthly interest on the unpaid principal.
	A simple explanation would be as follows: suppose that the total finance charge for a 12-month loan was $78.00. That figure is representative of the sum of digits by adding the numbers together, i.e., 12,11,10,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1 = 78. If a person repaid a consumer loan after 3 months, the financial institution would refund the sum of the "remaining" digits...(i.e. 9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1 or $45.00. In essence, they would retain the first three (3) numbers...12,11,10 or $33.00. Thus the consumer would not receive as much of a refund if it were divided equally by 12 months ($6.50 per month). Under this scenario they would have received a refund of $58.50, which is more beneficial than the $45.00 refund.

= = = Nicole Perrot = = =

	Nicole Perrot (born 26 December 1983) is a Chilean professional golfer. She is the first Chilean-born player to win on the LPGA Tour
	Perrot was born in Viña del Mar, Chile. She won the 2001 U.S. Girls' Junior and was runner-up at the U.S. Women's Amateur that same year. She turned professional the following year. She started her professional career on the LPGA's second tier Futures Tour. In 2004, she won two events on that tour and qualified to play on the main LPGA Tour in 2005 by finishing third on the money list. She won her first LPGA Tour event at the 2005 Longs Drugs Challenge.
	In 2006 her best finish was a tie for 19th at the Fields Open in Hawaii. Hampered by a back injury in 2007, she played only eight events between February and early June.
	CUT = missed the half-way cut<br>
	WD = withdrew<br>
	"T" = tied

= = = WPXT = = =

	WPXT, virtual channel 51 (UHF digital channel 43), is a CW-affiliated television station licensed to Portland, Maine, United States, serving southern Maine and eastern and northern New Hampshire. The station is owned by the Hearst Television subsidiary of Hearst Communications, as part of a duopoly with Poland Spring-licensed ABC affiliate WMTW (channel 8). The two stations share studios on Ledgeview Drive in Westbrook; WPXT's transmitter is located in South Gray along I-95/Maine Turnpike/Gold Star Memorial Highway. There is no separate website for WPXT; instead, it is integrated with that of sister station WMTW.
	The station signed-on September 14, 1986 as Maine's first independent station and the first new commercial station to launch in the Portland market in 32 years. After a few weeks as an independent, it became a charter affiliate with Fox on October 6. In 1996, the station's original owner, Bride Communications, entered bankruptcy and WPXT was sold to Pegasus Broadcasting.
	In October 2001, WPXT switched to The WB due to a monetary dispute between Pegasus and Fox; The WB had previously aired in off-hours on sister UPN affiliate WPME (channel 35). This left Maine with no over-the-air Fox affiliate until April 2003, when Portland's Pax TV affiliate WMPX-TV (now WPFO) switched to the network and WFVX-LD signed on as the first over-the-air Fox affiliate for the Bangor area. In the interim, Fox's primetime and children's programming was only available on cable via WFXT (which was owned by the network at the time) for those living on the New Hampshire side of the market and via Foxnet for those living in Maine; WCKD-LP (which was initially expected to serve as the network's replacement affiliate) carried the network's sports programming during that time. Pegasus declared bankruptcy in June 2004 over a dispute with DirecTV (co-owned with Fox by News Corporation) over marketing of the direct broadcast satellite service in rural areas. The Pegasus station group was sold in August 2006 to private investment firm CP Media, LLC of Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania for $55.5 million. Eventually, CP Media formed a new broadcast company, New Age Media.
	As a WB affiliate, WPXT was originally branded on-air as "Maine's WB 51", but in 2004, changed to "Maine's WB" to reflect its status as the only over-the-air WB affiliate in the state. Although Bangor and Presque Isle also had affiliates, they were only provided on cable through The WB 100+ (a similar operation to Foxnet).
	On January 24, 2006, Time Warner and CBS Corporation announced that they would merge the broadcast operations of The WB and UPN to form The CW Television Network. On March 9, it was announced WPXT would become Portland's CW affiliate. Later on May 1, it was made public sister station WPME would affiliate with MyNetworkTV. With the new affiliation, WPXT's branding became "The CW Portland". In 2007, WPXT changed its on-air branding to reflect its call letters rather than a city.
	WPXT ceased analog transmission August 12, 2008 (more than seven months prior to the original Federal Communications Commission (FCC) digital switchover deadline February 17, 2009) due to transmitter failure. On May 2, 2011, WPXT signed-on a new second digital subchannel to become the area's MeTV affiliate. On November 7, 2016, Escape (now Court TV Mystery) was added to subchannel 51.3.
	New Age Media announced in March 2012 that it would sell WPXT to Tyche Broadcasting for $75,000. The deal was contingent on WPME's concurrent sale from MPS Media to Triumph Broadcasting. On November 9, 2012, WPXT filed a non-consummation notice to the FCC, meaning the transaction is nulled and void. On February 13, 2013, New Age Media filed to sell WPXT to Ironwood Communications for $1,525,000; the deal was concurrent with a planned sale of WPME to Cottonwood Communications. The FCC granted its approval of the sale on April 2. The sale was consummated on May 20. 
	On March 22, 2018, MyNetworkTV, Escape and Laff programming was moved to WPXT's respective third, fourth and fifth subchannels; the three networks had been carried by WPME, which was concurrently sold to Ion Media Networks to become WIPL, an Ion Television owned-and-operated station. Hearst Television announced its acquisition of WPXT on July 30, 2018; the $3,350,000 purchase created a duopoly with ABC affiliate WMTW (channel 8). The sale was approved on September 12 and was completed on September 21, 2018; concurrently, WPXT changed its branding to "Maine's CW." 
	The ownership change also resulted in a streamlining of subchannels between WMTW and WPXT the next month. With Hearst's preference for its main station in the market to carry the MeTV affiliation, MeTV and H&I exchanged places, with MeTV moving to WMTW-DT2 and H&I going to WPXT-DT2, and Laff going from WPXT-DT2 to WMTW-DT3, with Escape going to WPXT-DT3 (and the likely non-renewal of the Katz Broadcasting network agreement; Hearst only tends to carry Bounce TV from that provider). The syndicated programming formerly on WPXT-DT3's "WPME" service was removed, and MyNetworkTV programming now airs in place of H&I's primetime, or sometimes during the late night hours on WPXT-DT2, an arrangement similar to the setup for the third subchannel of sister station KCCI in Des Moines, Iowa.
	The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
	Syndicated programming on WPXT includes "Divorce Court", "The People's Court", "How I Met Your Mother", "Modern Family", "Mom", "Extra", "TMZ on TV", and "Chicago P.D.", among others. Throughout its history, WPXT has also produced and aired several local programs.
	For many years, WPXT operated a news department and produced its own local newscasts. For a time, the station's nightly prime time news at 10 was simulcasted on sister station WPME. WPXT even produced a weeknight broadcast at 7 on that station at one point but the show was eventually canceled due to poor ratings and inconsistent viewership. It made national headlines a week before the 2000 Presidential election when reporter Erin Fehlau (now at ABC affiliate WMUR-TV) revealed Republican candidate George W. Bush had been convicted for driving under the influence of alcohol 24 years earlier.
	On June 15, 2002, after shuttering its own news operation, WPXT entered into a news share agreement with Maine's two NBC affiliates, WCSH and WLBZ (then both owned by the Gannett Company). This arrangement resulted in a nightly half-hour prime time show at 10 to debut on the station known as "NewsCenter at 10 on Maine's WB 51". On weeknights, the news and sports segments originated from WCSH's studios at Congress Square in Downtown Portland while weather forecast segments came from WLBZ's facility on Mount Hope Avenue in Bangor. Weekend broadcasts aired entirely from Portland. The WPXT newscast featured a similar format to newscasts that were simulcast on both WCSH and WLBZ (which largely serves as a semi-satellite of WCSH), with statewide news from both the Portland and Bangor markets. However, since WPXT is a Portland/Auburn market station, there was ultimately a focus on southern areas. With the affiliation switch to The CW in 2006, WPXT's news became known as "NewsCenter at 10 on The CW Portland".
	WPXT would not face any competition in the time slot until February 5, 2007, when current Fox affiliate WPFO entered into a similar arrangement with CBS affiliate WGME-TV. On November 6, 2008, WCSH moved the WPXT show to its second digital subchannel affiliated with NBC Weather Plus. As a result, WLBZ's production involvement in the newscast was dropped and refocused to Portland. After a six-year run, the production was eventually canceled altogether.
	On October 31, 2011, WPXT and WCSH established another news share agreement and debuted an hour-long extension of the big three outlet's weekday morning show. Known on WPXT as "NewsCenter Morning Report Xtra", this aired from 7 until 8 and competed with WGME's one-hour morning newscast on WPFO. This ceased in Spring 2014.
	Following WPXT's sale to Hearst Television, the station announced that a WMTW-produced prime time newscast would premiere on September 24, 2018. A WMTW-produced Saturday 7 p.m. newscast premiered on August 31, 2019 and continues through the conclusion of ABC's college football coverage which necessitates the preemption of WMTW's usual 6 p.m. newscast.

= = = WGUO = = =

	WGUO (94.9 MHz, Reserve, Louisiana), a.k.a. "Gumbo 94.9", is a classic country outlet serving the New Orleans area. The station is owned by Dowdy Broadcasting.
	The station signed on May 17, 1991 as WADU-FM, which carried an easy-listening/nostalgia format. It flipped to smooth jazz as WSJZ on May 24, 2000. On June 6, 2002, it became WXXM, broadcasting active rock and the then-syndicated Opie & Anthony Show briefly before switching to gospel as WPRF on April 21, 2003.
	As WPRF, the station's slogan was "New Orleans' Inspiration Station." The Program Director was Jojo Walker, whose experience included Morning Show Producer of the K.D. Bowe Morning Show at the Sheridan Gospel Network. He also held morning and afternoon drives at WYLD FM in New Orleans, and positions at Mix 96 and WTMP in Tampa, FL and WUFO in Buffalo.
	On October 3, 2012, WPRF changed their call letters to WGUO. On November 10, 2012 WGUO changed their format to classic country, branded as "Gumbo 94.9". with programming aimed at the Houma/ Thibodaux metropolitan market.

= = = Old Wave = = =

	Old Wave is the ninth studio album by the Beatles' former drummer, Ringo Starr. It was originally released in June 1983, on the label Bellaphon, and is the two-year follow-up to his 1981 album "Stop and Smell the Roses".
	The title is a play on new wave music.
	After John Lennon's murder in December 1980, Starr returned home to England to live at Tittenhurst Park, which Starr had purchased from Lennon in 1973. In early 1982, Starr was eager to move on to his next solo project. Deciding that he needed more consistency this time around, he would work with only one producer, Joe Walsh, a former member of the recently disbanded Eagles. Walsh and Starr had known each other since the mid-1970s, having met and befriended each other in Los Angeles. Walsh immediately agreed to work with Starr and they met at Tittenhurst in February to begin writing material. Recording shortly afterwards begun and instrumental backing tracks for seven songs were recorded at Startling Studios, after Starr had previously converted Lennon's recording studio. Engineering duties were handled by Jim Nipor. These sessions were mainly done with a team consisting of Starr on drums and percussion, Walsh on guitar and backing vocals, Mo Foster on bass and keyboardists Gary Brooker and Chris Stainton.
	Sessions came to a halt when Walsh and Nipor went to California on 19 March. Sessions recommenced on 6 April for a few days until 16 April. On 15 April, "Rolling Stone" broke the news that Starr was "in London working on a new album with Joe Walsh acting as the producer." Lead vocals were laid down from 19 to 23 April. Sometime in May, Starr requested permission to build a new building on his Tittenhurst Park land, which he would use for video and recording purposes, from Windsor and Maidenhead District Council. Sessions resumed from 31 May until 10 June; the next day, taking the masters recorded up to that point with him, Starr and his wife Barbara Bach fly from London to Los Angeles, and return on 14 June. The album was finished with a third batch of sessions from 24 June into early July.
	"Everybody's in a Hurry But Me" came about from a jam session between the Who's former bassist, John Entwistle, drummer and percussionist Ray Cooper and also Cream's former guitarist, Eric Clapton. "As Far as We Can Go", was originally recorded at Sweet Silence Studios, in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 23 July 1978. From that original rendition, only the vocal was used. Walsh re-recorded an entirely new track utilizing one of the latest technology synthesizers.
	The album was originally titled "It Beats Sleep". The portrait on the album cover was shot in a booth in northern England. As Starr's RCA contract had been cancelled, he needed to find a new label for "Old Wave". Though it was just over a decade after the Beatles' dissolution, no major UK or US record company was interested in signing him. Starr would not accept that and was determined to have "Old Wave" released any way he could. The album was due to be released on the Boardwalk label, but never appeared due to the death of the label's head, Neil Bogart. RCA Canada ended up distributing the album in June 1983 in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, the Netherlands, Mexico, and Brazil; while in Germany, the album and lone single pulled from it, both released on 16 June, appeared on the Bellaphon label. The Canadian release of the album occurred on 24 June. However, "Old Wave" failed to achieve success in any of these territories, and would be Starr's last studio album until 1992's "Time Takes Time". Two singles were pulled from the album: one in Germany, "In My Car", backed with "As Far as We Can Go", and the other in Mexico ("I Keep Forgettin'" b/w "She's About a Mover").
	Walsh's 1987 album "Got Any Gum?" included a cover of "In My Car", which was released as a single and became a moderate hit. Four tracks from the album appear on Starr's US compilation "" in 1989. The album was reissued on CD, on the same day as "Stop and Smell the Roses" (1981), in the US by The Right Stuff on 22 August 1994. A further release, on 6 September, as both CD and cassette deluxe editions, included a bonus track, the original 1978 version of "As Far as We Can Go". "In My Car" was re-released, this time on yellow vinyl, with "She's About a Mover" as the B-side, on The Right Stuff on 1 November 1994. A promotional CD was released in 1994 by Capitol, featuring three songs from both "Old Wave" and "Stop and Smell the Roses".
	Track numbering refers to CD and digital releases of the album.
	Footnotes
	Citations

= = = Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark = = =

	Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark (; born 11 May 1942) is the youngest child and second daughter of King Paul of Greece and his wife Princess Frederika of Hanover. She is the younger sister of Queen Sofía of Spain and of the deposed King Constantine II of Greece and maternal aunt of Felipe VI of Spain. 
	She was born in Cape Town, South Africa, on 11 May 1942. She was a pupil of concert pianist Gina Bachauer and, for a while, she was a professional concert pianist herself.
	She was dating Prince Michel of Orléans, comte d'Évreux, a younger son of the Orléanist pretender Henri, Count of Paris, when he met Béatrice Marie Pasquier de Franclieu, whom he married on 18 November 1967 in Casablanca, Morocco, without his father's consent.
	After her brother was dethroned, she moved to India with her mother. Since her mother's death, Princess Irene has lived in Spain in an apartment at the Zarzuela Palace in Madrid, the royal residence of her sister and brother-in-law, the King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofía of Spain.
	She is the founder and president of the World in Harmony organisation (Mundo en Armonía). On 16 March 2018, Princess Irene obtained the Spanish nationality and renounced her Greek nationality.
	Titles
	National honours
	Foreign honours

= = = Allison Fonte = = =

	Allison Fonte (born June 6, 1964) is an American actress and pianist who was a 12- to 13-year-old mousketeer of seasons 5-6 of the television show The "Mickey Mouse Club", a 1977 revival of the Disney television show that had originally aired between 1955 and 1959.
	Fonte was born in Buena Park, California. By the time she was seven she was playing piano, dancing, and appearing in commercials for Pacific Gas & Electric and Lawry's. At age nine she was performing at local shopping centers including regular shows at the "Old Town Mall" in Torrance, California. While doing some work at the Al Gilbert Studio in 1975 she was noticed by a talent scout who ended up inviting her to interview and later, audition for the show.
	After her stint with "the New Mickey Mouse Club", Allison attended Stanford University and was a founding partner in a creative firm in New York City called Pompei A.D. She spun off part of that company into Allison Fonte Public Relations, also in New York. Allison attended the New Mouseketeers' reunion in May 2001, along with eight other 1970s Mouseketeers.
	The New Mickey Mouse Show

= = = Payroll Room = = =

	The "Payroll Room" is how much money in a National Hockey League (NHL) team's salary cap is left to acquire players, whether such players are signed as free agents or join the team via a trade or waivers. The term originated in 2005 with the NHL Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA), which was negotiated following a season-long lockout. The new CBA includes a salary cap (formally titled the "Upper Limit" of the "Payroll Range" in the agreement). Payroll room is often called cap room in the media.
	A team can increase its cap room if it trades high-salary players to other teams and gets lower-paid players in their place. A team cannot trade its cap room to another team or defer its cap room to subsequent seasons. Other practices once common in the NHL, such as exchanging cash for players or agreeing to pay a portion of a player's remaining salary after trading him, have been explicitly forbidden in the new CBA to try to prevent wealthier teams from evading the restrictions of the cap.

= = = Clustered web hosting = = =

	Clustered hosting is a type of web hosting that spreads the load of hosting across multiple physical machines, or node, increasing availability and decreasing the chances of one service (e.g., FTP or email) affecting another (e.g., MySQL). Many large websites run on clustered hosting solutions, for example, large discussion forums will tend to run using multiple front-end webservers with multiple back-end database servers.
	Typically, most hosting infrastructures are based on the paradigm of using a single physical machine to host multiple hosted services, including web, database, email, FTP and others. A single physical machine is not only a single point of failure, but also has finite capacity for traffic, that in practice can be troublesome for a busy website or for a website that is experiencing transient bursts in traffic.
	By clustering services across multiple hardware machines and using load balancing, single points of failure can be eliminated, increasing availability of a website and other web services beyond that of ordinary single server hosting. A single server can require periodic reboots for software upgrades and the like, whereas in a clustered platform you can stagger the restarts such that the service is still available whilst still upgrading all necessary machines in the cluster. 
	Clustered hosting is similar to cloud hosting, in that the resources of many machines are available for a website to utilize on demand, making scalability a large advantage to a clustered hosting solution.

= = = XVI International AIDS Conference, 2006 = = =

	The XVI International AIDS Conference was held in Toronto, Ontario, during the week of 13–18 August 2006. This was the third time that Canada has hosted the International AIDS Conference, after Montreal in 1989 and Vancouver in 1996. The main venue for the conference was the Metro Toronto Convention Centre (MTCC) in downtown Toronto.
	The conference theme was "Time to Deliver". The conference was focused on the promises and progress made to scale-up treatment, care and prevention.
	In particular:
	Activities included cultural, youth and outreach programmes as well as a Global Village, which served as an international gathering place with displays of culture, food, community, and a marketplace.
	Events open to delegates and the public included The International AIDS Vigil, a public memorial to all those who have died of HIV/AIDS. The Vigil took place on at 9 pm on 17 August at Yonge-Dundas Square, Toronto.
	Well-known attendees and speakers included Governor General Michaëlle Jean, Stephen Lewis (the United Nations special envoy for HIV/AIDS in Africa), Bill and Melinda Gates (for the Gates Foundation), Richard Gere, Alicia Keys, and Bill Clinton.
	Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper, who decided not to attend the conference, was criticized by Conference co-chairman Dr. Mark Wainberg in his speech, saying, "We are dismayed that the prime minister of Canada, Mr. Stephen Harper, is not here this evening...The role of prime minister includes the responsibility to show leadership on the world stage. Your absence sends the message that you do not consider HIV/AIDS as a critical priority, and clearly all of us here disagree with you". Canadian Minister of Health Tony Clement attended in Harper's place. Harper's absence from the conference is the second time the Canadian head of government has decided not to attend the conference. In 1996, former Prime Minister Jean Chrétien did not attend the conference.
	A second controversy, that followed Mr. Stephen Harper's choice to not attend, was the fact that 151 delegates who were in attendance refused to return to their home countries – instead opting to seek asylum in Canada. This development seriously hurt the credibility of the conference and many suggested that the Prime Minister's office may have been justified in its decision to not have Mr. Harper in attendance.

= = = Washington State Route 107 = = =

	State Route 107 (SR 107) is a state highway serving Grays Harbor County in the U.S. state of Washington. The highway travels northeast from U.S. Route 101 (US 101) south of Cosmopolis to an interchange with US 12 in Montesano. SR 107 was created during the 1964 highway renumbering as the successor to a branch of Primary State Highway 9 (PSH 9), established earlier in 1937.
	SR 107 begins at an intersection with US 101 in rural Grays Harbor County between Cosmopolis and Raymond. The highway travels north along the Little North River and east along the Chehalis River through the communities of Preachers Slough and Melbourne. SR 107 turns north in South Montesano and crosses the Chehalis River into the city of Montesano before the designation ends at a diamond interchange with US 12, while the roadway continues north as Main Street into the city.
	Every year, the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume. This is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic (AADT), which is a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year. In 2011, WSDOT calculated that between 2,300 and 5,800 vehicles per day used the highway, mostly in the Montesano area.
	PSH 9 was created with the primary and secondary state highways in 1937, including a branch that connects the main highway and US 410 in Montesano to US 101 and PSH 14 near Artic. The current truss bridge over the Chehalis River between South Montesano and Montesano was built in the 1950s alongside two other bridges in the area by the Department of Highways. SR 107 was established during the 1964 highway renumbering to replace the PSH 9 branch and was codified in 1970. The new highway was truncated to its current terminus, a diamond interchange with US 12, after Montesano was bypassed by US 12 in 1967. The highway is closed occasionally by seasonal flooding, most recently in 1994 and 2008.

= = = KinK = = =

	KinK was a Canadian documentary television series, which first aired in 2001 on Showcase. The series profiled some of the more unusual edges of human sexuality, primarily the kink and fetish scenes. It was filmed in Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver and Winnipeg; the fifth season, set in Halifax, Nova Scotia, first aired in September 2006. "KinK" was produced by Vancouver's Paperny Films.
	This series highlights different people's real-life kinks, as defined by the person being observed. Each episode takes an in-depth look at the lifestyles of two or three people (or couples), and how their kink affects their life. Each season of the show follows these couples as they learn and progress through the lifestyle.

= = = WWL-FM = = =

	WWL-FM is a simulcast of news/talk WWL (AM) in the New Orleans, Louisiana radio market, licensed to the New Orleans suburb of Kenner. The Entercom station broadcasts at 105.3 MHz with an ERP of 96 kW. The station's studios are located at the 400 Poydras Tower in New Orleans' downtown area, and the transmitter site is in the Chalmette, Louisiana.
	Before October 2005, the station was rock WKBU, with previous formats including crossover (as WAIL 105) since 1981, adult contemporary (as WLTS, Lite 105) since 1984 (WLTS was used previously on the Electronic Program Guide on Cox Communications in the New Orleans area in the 1980s), and adult top 40 (as WKZN, "105.3 The Zone") since 2000.
	On August 29, 2005, the station's transmitter was severely damaged during Hurricane Katrina. It would later return to the air with low power as a simulcast of WWL (AM) 870.
	In early October 2005, WTKL and (Bayou 105.3) switched frequencies. On March 23, 2006, the station returned to the air as WTKL with a classic hits format with the "Kool" name, formerly of Kool 95.7. Only three weeks later, it was decided by Entercom to discontinue that format and return to the WWL simulcast, citing positive listener response to WWL being able to be heard on FM (and complaint about its removal), along with issues in the New Orleans CBD with AM reception, though the decline of the 50s/60s oldies formats and New Orleans' decline in population among those 55 and older also played a role in the change. The "Kool 105.3" format continued as an Internet-only webcast for a short time thereafter.
	Sister station WLMG was the original home of the WWL-FM calls during the 1960s and 70s, airing beautiful music.
	The station was instrumental in assisting motorists over the air during Hurricane Gustav that occurred on September 1, 2008.
	The station is the flagship of the NFL's New Orleans Saints and LSU Tigers football
	New Orleans Saints on WWL–FM 105.3

= = = Frank Fernández (writer) = = =

	Frank Fernández (born 1934) is a Cuban anarchist author. He is an exiled member of the Movimiento Libertario Cubano and was the editor of its periodical Guángara Libertaria. He is the author of "Cuban Anarchism: The History of A Movement" (originally written in Spanish), translated into English by anarchist writer and publisher Chaz Bufe and "La sangre de Santa Águeda: Angiolillo, Betances y Cánovas" (The Blood of Saint Agueda) on the assassination of the 19th century Spanish Prime Minister Antonio Cánovas del Castillo. He is a political activist in his spare time and works full-time as a mechanical engineer.

= = = Lesiëm = = =

	Lesiëm is a German musical project created in 1999 by the producers Sven Meisel and Alex Wende and active until 2005. The project's music combines elements of rock, pop, electronica, new age, enigmatic and ambient music, as well as Gregorian chant and other choral music. It is frequently compared to French project Era, Shinnobu, German musical project Enigma and the Norwegian artist Amethystium. Lesiëm's website makes extensive reference to the group's mystical and spiritual influences.
	Lesiëm released its debut album, "Mystic Spirit Voices", in 2000. When the album was released in the United States in 2002, it climbed to no. 10 at the U.S. New Age Albums Billboard chart. Lesiëm's second album, "Chapter 2", was released in 2001 in Europe, and in the United States in 2003 under the title "Illumination", where it reached no. 7. at the New Age Albums Billboard chart.
	The first two albums were some sort of prelude for the pop-opera "Times", which was Lesiëm's third album (released as "Auracle" in the United States in 2004). The musicians started their work in March 2002 and finished it in the end of July. The single "Caritas" (featuring Scottish singer Maggie Reilly and Deutsche Oper Berlin) was presented in December 2002 on the philanthropic TV-show of José Carreras, "Carreras Gala". In 2005, Lesiëm released its latest songs for a new version of "Times", "Morgain" and "Morgause", both also collaborations with Maggie Reilly.
	Lesiëm was created in Germany by producers Sven Meisel and Alex Wende in 1999 as an eclectic combination of Gregorian chants and choral music with modern genres and soundscapes, especially rock, pop and electronic music. The lyrics in Latin are written by Thomas Pflanz and sung by the all-male Carl Maria von Weber choir in the first two albums and the Deutsche Oper Berlin in the third.
	Its first album, "Mystic Spirit Voices", was released in January 2000 in Germany and 2002 in the United States, where it reached the number 10 at the Billboard New Age Albums chart.
	Lesiëm's second album, "Chapter 2", was released in 2001 in Germany and 2003 in the United States under the title "Illumination", ranking at number 7 at the Billboard New Age albums chart. It presented strong ethnic influences with its use of instruments like the duduk, the bagpipe and a second collaboration with South-African singer Lawrence Sihlabeni (following "Indalo" from the first album) in the track "Africa".
	"Times", Lesiëm's latest work, was released in 2003 in Germany (with a reissue in 2005 featuring two new songs, "Morgain" and "Morgause") and 2004 in the United States under the title "Auracle". It is the only album to feature a mixed-gender choir.

= = = Hanging Rock, West Virginia = = =

	Hanging Rock is an unincorporated community in Hampshire County in the U.S. state of West Virginia. Hanging Rock is named for the "Hanging Rock" outcrop that hangs over the Northwestern Turnpike (U.S. Route 50). It should not be confused with the plural "Hanging Rocks" over the South Branch Potomac River north of Romney at Wapocomo. Originally, the community of Hanging Rock sprang up in the Henderson Hollow gap of North River Mountain. While only a few buildings of the old hamlet remain, today's Hanging Rock is situated at the intersection of North River Road (County Route 50/21) and Delray Road (West Virginia Route 29) where the North River flows under U.S. Route 50 towards the Cacapon.
	On April 16, 1756, Daniel Morgan was wounded during a Native American attack near Hanging Rock while on the road to Winchester. The attack also resulted in the death of his two companions. Morgan managed to remain in his saddle and escaped with neck and mouth wounds towards Fort Edwards on the Cacapon River near Capon Bridge.
	The rock formation's vicinity was also the scene of skirmishes between Union and Confederate troops in 1861. This American Civil War engagement is often referred to as "The Battle of Hanging Rocks" or the "Battle of Hanging Rocks Pass."

= = = SeaGate Convention Centre = = =

	SeaGate Convention Centre is a performing arts and convention center located in downtown Toledo, Ohio. Opened on March 27, 1987, the Centre's exhibit hall measures 74,520 square feet (207 feet by 360 feet) of space and seats up to 5,100 for a banquet, 9,000 for a meeting, and 4,000 in a classroom configuration. It can be divided into three smaller halls, and, when used for concerts with a 60 foot by 40 foot stage, can seat 2,000 (in one of the smaller halls), 3,000 (in two of the smaller halls) or 5,900 (in the entire hall) for concerts, stage shows, and other shows, this so that there are no bad seats in the house. Many of those seats used for concerts are in telescopic risers; there are 18 telescopic units at the arena, set up in sections of six; as a result, there are six sections of riser seating and a total of 3,216 in the risers (536 per section).
	SeaGate Convention Centre also features of meeting space. 
	The facility was host for the following notable events:
	Jehovah's Witnesses; Also was annually used for Jehovah's witnesses conventions from 2005-2012

= = = Rising of the North = = =

	The Rising of the North of 1569, also called the Revolt of the Northern Earls or Northern Rebellion, was an unsuccessful attempt by Catholic nobles from Northern England to depose Queen Elizabeth I of England and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots.
	Elizabeth I succeeded her half-sister Mary I as queen of England in 1558. Elizabeth's accession was disputed due to the questioned legitimacy of the marriage of her parents – Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Under Henry VIII and his advisor Thomas Cromwell, power was gradually shifted from regional institutions to royal control. This course was encouraged by Elizabeth's counsellors such as William Cecil and a policy of centralization was the approach favoured by Elizabeth herself at least in regards to the northern border region.
	Opponents of Elizabeth looked to Mary, Queen of Scots, the descendant of Henry VIII's sister Margaret. The claims were initially put forward by Mary's father-in-law, King Henry II of France, and Mary upheld them after her return to Scotland in 1561.
	Many English Catholics, then a significant portion of the population, supported Mary's claim as a way to restore Roman Catholicism. This position was especially strong in Northern England, where several powerful nobles were Roman Catholics; there had been similar risings against Henry VIII; the Pilgrimage of Grace of 1536 and Bigod's Rebellion of 1537. Supporters of Mary hoped for aid from France (among Scots) and possibly Spain (among English). Mary's position was strengthened by the birth of her son, James, in 1566 but weakened again when she was deposed in July 1567.
	The rebellion was led by Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland, and Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland. Seven hundred knights assembled at Brancepeth Castle. In November 1569 Westmorland and Northumberland occupied Durham. Thomas Plumtree celebrated Mass in Durham Cathedral. From Durham, the rebels marched south to Bramham Moor, while Elizabeth struggled to raise forces sufficient to confront them. But, hearing of a large force being raised by the Earl of Sussex, the rebels abandoned plans to besiege York, and captured Barnard Castle instead. They proceeded to Clifford Moor, but found little popular support. Sussex marched out from York on 13 December 1569 with 10,000 men against the rebels' 6,000, and was followed by 12,000 men under Baron Clinton. The rebel earls retreated northward and finally dispersed their forces, fleeing into Scotland.
	A questionable role in the rebellion was played by Leonard Dacre, an early sympathiser of Mary. At the outbreak of the rebellion, he travelled to Elizabeth's court at Windsor to claim the heritage of his young nephew, the 5th Baron Dacre. After the latter's untimely death in 1569, this had descended to his sisters, all married to sons of Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk. Dacre returned to Northern England, ostensibly a faithful partisan of Elizabeth, but his intentions remain unclear.
	After the retreat of the rebels, he seized Greystoke Castle and fortified his own Naworth Castle, where he gathered 3,000 Cumbrian troops and tried to keep up the appearance of good relations with the Queen. He held out against a siege of the royal army under Baron Hunsdon but then attacked the retreating army at Gelt River. Though Hunsdon was outnumbered, he charged Dacre's foot with his cavalry, killing 300–400 and capturing 200–300 men. Dacre escaped via Scotland to Flanders, where he died in exile.
	Two of the rebellion's leaders, the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland, had fled into Scotland. Northumberland was captured by James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, and turned over to Elizabeth in 1572, who had him beheaded at York. After having been hidden at Ferniehirst Castle, Westmorland escaped to Flanders, where he died impoverished. His family lost their ancestral homes and his wife, Jane Howard, also fled to the Continent. She lived the rest of her life under house arrest. Her brother, the Duke of Norfolk, was first imprisoned, then pardoned. He was imprisoned again following the Ridolfi plot in 1571 and finally executed in 1572. Norfolk's treason charges included "comforting and relieving of the English rebels that stirred the Rebellion in the North since they have fled out of the realm." Altogether, 600 supporters of Mary were executed, while many others fled into exile.
	Queen Elizabeth declared martial law, exacting terrible retribution on the ordinary folk of the Yorkshire Dales, despite the lack of any popular support for the Earls' Rising, with her demand for at least 700 executions. The victims of this purge were, as a contemporary account said "wholly of the meanest sort of people", so that hardly a village escaped the sight of a public hanging. (Source: )
	In 1570, Pope Pius V had tried to aid the rebellion by excommunicating Elizabeth and declaring her deposed in the papal bull "Regnans in Excelsis", but the document did not arrive until the rebellion had been suppressed. The bull gave Elizabeth more reason to view Catholics with suspicion. It inspired conspiracies to assassinate her, starting with the Ridolfi plot.
	In 1587, Elizabeth brought Mary, Queen of Scots, to trial for treason; she was convicted by the court and executed.
	The Rising of the North is the main conflict in the historical drama film "Mary Queen of Scots" (2018).

= = = Compliance Week = = =

	Compliance Week is published by Wilmington Group plc, is the leading news, analysis and information resource for the ethics, governance, risk, and compliance professions. Products include weekly electronic newsletters, a monthly print magazine, proprietary databases and tools, events, jobs, and a variety of interactive features and forums. "Compliance Week" hosts an annual conference. 
	It was founded in 2002.
	"Compliance Week" is located in Boston, Massachusetts, with correspondents and columnists in Washington, D.C., Chicago, London, Brussels, Hong Kong, and also in other places around the world.

= = = WEZB = = =

	WEZB (97.1 MHz) is a commercial FM radio station licensed to New Orleans, Louisiana. Owned by Entercom, it broadcasts a Top 40 (CHR) radio format. It rarely uses its call sign, instead calling itself B97 FM. The studios and offices are located at the 400 Poydras Tower in Downtown New Orleans. The station airs the syndicated Kidd Kraddick Morning Show from KHKS Dallas on weekdays.
	WEZB has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 100,000 watts, the maximum for FM radio stations. The transmitter site is off Behrman Highway in the city's Algiers neighborhood. The signal covers much of Southeastern Louisiana and Southwestern Mississippi. WEZB broadcasts in the HD Radio hybrid format. The HD2 subchannel carries Entercom's Channel Q service, primarily for LGBTQ listeners.
	On September 1, 1945, 97.1 signed on the air. This was WRCM, the FM simulcast of AM 990 WJMR (now WGSO) and sister station to WJMR-TV 12 (now WVUE channel 8), all owned by George J. Mayoral. Then, around 1966–67 after the TV station had already been sold, the Supreme Broadcasting Company bought the two radio stations and changed the call signs to WNNR and WNNR-FM. At the time, the stations were located in the Jung Hotel at 1500 Canal Street in downtown New Orleans. WNNR-FM had a power of only 20,500 watts from an antenna 310 feet atop the building, a fraction of its current wattage and antenna height.
	On January 2, 1972, EZ Communications acquired the FM station. It became WEZB, part of a chain of Beautiful Music stations such as WEZC Charlotte, WEZR Washington and others owned by EZ. While it was profitable, it was not able to best WWL-FM (now WLMG) in the easy listening format. Briefly in the 1970s when disco music became a popular genre, 97.1 became "Disco 97 FM" on Thursday, February 8, 1979. But the disco era was short, with WEZB switching to a rhythmic contemporary sound, called ""FM 97, The Rhythm Of The City!"" "We had a big party in the Atrium at the Hyatt Regency Hotel" says Jimmy Roberts, B97 FM's first BJ, the station's version of a DJ. On January 1, 1980, "Baby New Year was dropped from the ceiling and we switched over from being "FM 97, The Rhythm Of The City!" to "The New B97 FM"."
	According to Jackson "Jack Da Wack" Tally, who was also one of B97 FM's first Bee Jocks, in early November 1979, the station slowly started to work more Top 40 music into the playlist and scaled back the rhythmic titles. By the end of that year, the staff was ready for the format change to B97 FM. This station would be a popular Top 40 outlet for years to come, much like "The Mighty 690, WTIX" was in the 1960s and 1970s.
	Kent Burkhart, consultant to EZ Communications at the time, states on his website that Dan Vallie was hired on by the company to change the ailing format of WEZB from disco and dance music to Top 40. Over the years, the name went through minor changes (i.e., "The New B97 FM", "New Orleans' B97 FM", "B97 FM", "97.1 The All New B-97 FM", and "B97 FM, All The Hits!"), the transmitting power was increased, and the antenna was moved to a taller location.
	B97 has been New Orleans' top rated Top 40 outlet for more than 40 years, except for two brief, failed experiments. The first format change was a decision by now-defunct EZ Communications, in which the station changed to a hot talk format in the summer of 1994. It featured "The Howard Stern Show" and other edgy talk programs. The decision to return to a music format came in Spring 1996. On June 7, 1996, the station stunted by playing Billy Ray Cyrus' "Achy Breaky Heart" repeatedly for seven hours. At noon that day, the station launched a hot adult contemporary - Adult Top 40 format using the same name "B97 FM." The first song was Hootie & the Blowfish's "Only Wanna Be With You". On July 26, 1998, B97 FM returned to its heritage Top 40 contemporary hit radio (CHR) format. The station became more Rhythmic in its musical style. Then in 2002, it returned to its current, true Top 40 approach.
	In 1999, WEZB was acquired by San Antonio-based Clear Channel Communications. Clear Channel later changed its name to the current iHeartMedia.
	WEZB was also a member of the United Radio Broadcasters of New Orleans, an alliance of broadcast stations formed by the joint ventures of WEZB's parent company, Entercom Communications with Clear Channel Communications, during Hurricane Katrina in September 2005.
	Notable former programs include "The Howard Stern Show". Notable former on-air personalities include program director Elvis Duran sports reporter Bernard "Buddy" Diliberto.

= = = In commendam = = =

	In canon law, commendam (or in commendam) was a form of transferring an ecclesiastical benefice "in trust" to the "custody" of a patron. The phrase "in commendam" was originally applied to the provisional occupation of an ecclesiastical benefice, which was temporarily without an actual occupant, in contrast to the conferral of a title, "in titulum", which was applied to the regular and unconditional occupation of a benefice.
	The word "commendam" is the accusative singular of the Latin noun "commenda", "trust", or "custody", which is derived from the verb "commendare" ("to entrust").
	Granting a benefice "in commendam" became most common with monasteries, and the commendatory abbot drew a portion of the revenue of the monastery but without fulfilling the duties of the abbot or even residing at the monastery.
	The establishment of ecclesiastical benefices was a way of guaranteeing the financial stability of the Church. Real property and other goods donated to the Church were erected as a stable fund, and the revenue was attached to a particular office. The parish priest, bishop, or other minister would have the right to receive the income of the benefice to support himself and to cover the expenses related to his ministry.
	There is clear evidence that the granting of a benefice "in commendam" was practiced in the fourth century. In a letter written around 379, Ambrose mentions a church which he gave "in commendam", while he was Bishop of Milan: ""Commendo tibi, fili, Ecclesiam quae est ad Forum Cornelii ... donec ei ordinetur episcopus"" ("I entrust unto thee, my son, the church which is at the Cornelian Forum ... while [the bishop is allotted to it]").
	Temporarily unoccupied church property (ecclesiastical benefice) could be entrusted to the protection of a member of the church, to safeguard and manage it until order was restored and a new permanent holder of the position was granted "in titulum". The patron would receive any revenues generated from the property in the meantime. Each of the early basilicas of Rome was under the guardianship of a patron.
	The benefice held "in commendam" could be used to provide a temporary administrator to a church or monastery that was at risk of financial ruin. It also provided a steady income for whoever was nominated, and St. Gregory the Great (590-604) gave vacant monasteries "in commendam" to bishops who had been driven from their sees by the invading barbarians, or whose own churches were too poor to furnish them a decent livelihood.
	In the eighth century, the practice became widely abused when kings claimed the right to appoint abbots "in commendam" over monasteries, often nominating their own vassals, who were not monks but laymen, as a way of rewarding them. These abbots did not have spiritual care of the monks but did have the right to manage the temporal affairs of the monastery, and some were driven into financial ruin.
	When in 1122 the Investiture Controversy was settled in favor of the church, the appointment of laymen as abbots "in commendam" was abolished. Clergy, however, could still be appointed as commendatory abbots, and the practice was used to provide an income to a professor, student, priest, or cardinal. This cleric would name another man to fulfill the daily responsibilities of the office.
	The practice was open to abuse: favored cardinals began to receive multiple benefices, accepting them like absentee landlords, increasing their personal possessions to the detriment of the Church. The arrangements were no longer temporary and could be held for a lifetime. Monastic communities, from which these grants were taken, lost revenues and gained nothing in return, suffering from spiritual and temporal mismanagement.
	In 16th-century France, however, the Kings continued to appoint abbots and the nomination of the King’s close relatives to office became commonplace particularly in La Chaise-Dieu.
	Following the Second Vatican Council, the Church drastically reformed and, in most cases, completely abolished the system of benefices.
	In the Church of England the stipends of bishops and other senior ecclesiastics were sometimes augmented by the stipends of sinecure benefices held "in commendam". In 1719 Hugh Boulter succeeded to the deanery of Christ Church, which he held "in commendam" with the bishopric of Bristol.
	These were made illegal by the Ecclesiastical Commissioners Act 1836 (c.77), section 18, which is still in force. The Act does not extend to the Isle of Man, but similar provision with respect to the bishop of Sodor and Man was made by the Sodor and Man Act 1838 (c.30), section 3.

= = = N-Nitrosonornicotine = = =

	"N"-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN) is a tobacco-specific nitrosamine produced during the curing and processing of tobacco. It has been classified as a Group 1 carcinogen. Although no adequate studies of the relationship between exposure to NNN and human cancer have been reported, there is sufficient evidence that NNN causes cancer in experimental animals.
	NNN is found in a variety of tobacco products including smokeless tobacco like chewing tobacco and snuff, cigarettes, and cigars. It is present in smoke from cigars and cigarettes, in the saliva of people who chew betel quid with tobacco, and in the saliva of oral-snuff and e-cigarette users. NNN is produced by the nitrosation of nornicotine during the curing, aging, processing, and smoking of tobacco. Roughly half of the NNN originates in the unburnt tobacco, with the remainder being formed during burning.
	NNN can be produced in the acidic environment of the stomach in users of oral nicotine replacement therapies, due to the combination of dietary/endogenous nitrates, and nornicotine(either present as a minor metabolite of nicotine, or as an impurity in the product).
	NNN is metabolized by Cytochrome P450, which adds a hydroxy group to either the 2' or 5' carbon on the 5-membered ring. 2'-hydroxylation appears more prevalent in humans, while 5'-hydroxylation is more prevalent in non-primate animals. Upon hydroxylation, the 5-membered ring opens up, allowing the compound to bind to the base of one of the nucleotides. 
	NNN is a derivative of nicotine that is produced in the Curing of tobacco, in the burning of tobacco (such as with cigarettes), and in the acidic conditions of the stomach. Nicotine is converted into Nornicotine via Nicotine N-Demethylase (NND), an enzyme found in the tobacco plant that works by removing the methyl group from the nitrogen on the 5-membered ring of nicotine. From there, Nornicotine undergoes nitrosation (the conversion of organic compounds into nitroso derivatives by gaining a Nitrosonium (N=O) group) on that same nitrogen, converting it to NNN.
	The nitrosonium group forms from Nitrous acid (HNO) under acidic conditions present in the tobacco curing process. It can also be formed in the stomach when stomach acid reacts with nitrite ions that are typically used as a salt to preserve red meats and inhibit bacterial growth. Nitrous acid becomes protonated on its hydroxy group to form nitrosooxonium. This compound then splits off to form nitrosonium and water.
	Symptoms of NNN are similar to those of nicotine poisoning and include irritation at the point of absorption (for example, the gums when dipping tobacco is used), nausea and vomiting, sleep disturbances, headache, and chest pain. The substance is also a known carcinogen, meaning that any exposure to the substance can lead to cancer and is proven to cause esophageal and nasal cancer in animals. There is no known "safe" levels of NNN ingestion in humans due to its carcinogenic activity. However, in mice, the median lethal dose (LD) is 1g/kg.
	In cigarette smoke, NNN has been found in levels between 2.2-6.6 parts per million (ppm). The FDA has put limits of nitrosamines in other consumable products (such as cured meats) at levels below 10 parts per billion (ppb).

= = = Supercilium = = =

	The supercilium is a plumage feature found on the heads of some bird species. It is a stripe which runs from the base of the bird's beak above its eye, finishing somewhere towards the rear of the bird's head. Also known as an "eyebrow", it is distinct from the eyestripe, which is a line which runs across the lores, and continues behind the eye. Where a stripe is present only above the lores, and does not continue behind the eye, it is called a supraloral stripe or simply supraloral. On most species which display a supercilium, it is paler than the adjacent feather tracts.
	The colour, shape or other features of the supercilium can be useful in bird identification. For example, the supercilium of the dusky warbler, an Old World warbler species, can be used to distinguish it from the very similar Radde's warbler. The dusky warbler's supercilium is sharply demarcated, whitish and narrow in front of the eye, becoming broader and more buffy towards the rear, whereas that of the Radde's warbler is diffusely defined, yellowish and broadest in front of the eye, becoming narrower and more whitish toward the rear. The supercilium of the northern waterthrush, a New World warbler, differs subtly from that of the closely related (and similarly plumaged) Louisiana waterthrush. The Louisiana has a bicoloured supercilium which widens significantly behind the eye, while the northern has an evenly buffy eyebrow which is either the same width throughout or slightly narrower behind the eye.
	A split supercilium divides above the lores. In some species, such as the jack snipe, the divided stripes reconnect again behind the eye. In others, such as the broad-billed sandpiper, the divided stripes remain separate.
	A supercilium drop is a feature found on some pipits; it is a pale spot on the rear of the which, although separated from the supercilium by an eyestripe, can appear at some angles to be a downward continuation of the supercilium.

= = = Adolf of Altena = = =

	Adolf of Altena, Adolf of Berg or Adolf of Cologne, (c. 1157 – 15 April 1220 in Neuss) was Archbishop of Cologne from 1193 to 1205.
	Adolf was born about 1157 as the second son of Count Eberhard of Berg-Altena and his wife Adelheid von Arnsberg.
	About 1177 he became a canon in Cologne. Later, in 1183, he became Dean of the Cathedral, and in the year 1191 Cathedral Provost. After the abdication of his uncle Bruno III of Berg he became Archbishop of Cologne in 1193, as "Adolf I", or "Adolf I von Altena".
	In March 1194 he received his episcopal consecration by Hermann II of Katzenelnbogen, Prince-Bishop of Münster. In the same year Adolf was instrumental in arranging the release of King Richard I of England, whom he received with considerable solemnity in Cologne shortly afterwards, at the beginning of February 1194. He was a declared opponent of the plans for a hereditary empire of Emperor Henry VI and at Christmas 1195 refused Henry's wish for the election of his son Frederick Roger. He gave up his opposition in August 1197 for the secondary election of the candidate chosen in the meantime by the other Electors in Boppard. However, after the death of Henry VI, Adolf declared the election invalid, as the candidate was not baptised and the Emperor had put the Electors under pressure.
	In the ensuing dynastic struggle for the throne between the Hohenstaufen and the Welfs, he crowned on 12 July 1198 the Welf Otto of Brunswick in Aachen as King of the Romans (or German king). Shortly afterwards, Pope Innocent III, who had an interest in weakening the Hohenstaufen and in breaking their power (particularly in Italy), confirmed the election of Otto. On 6 January 1205 however Adolf then crowned the Staufen competitor for the crown, Philip of Swabia, as German king. Philip had already been crowned in 1198, although only in Mainz Cathedral, but he had nevertheless been crowned with the genuine Imperial Regalia and especially the Imperial crown.
	The Pope, who had reserved himself the king's question himself, was irritated by the rumor of the page change and asked Adolf himself for a report. Since Adolf did not want to sacrifice his just hard-won right of the decisive vote in the royal election, a papal presentation, he did not respond to the papal request. However, he overestimated its importance by far.
	On 19 July 1205 Adolf was excommunicated by Pope Innocent III and declared deposed. Already in July, a new archbishop was elected in Cologne. Since one was still in the Rhineland but still in the Hohenstaufen line, his successor could barely prevail against him, so that it came to a schism in the archbishopric of Cologne. 
	In 1207 Adolf von Altena was in Rome, where he tried against his successor and fought for his reinstatement as archbishop - without success. Only the murder of Philip of Swabia (21 June 1208) and the changed political situation led to a submission to the pope and a recognition of his successor for himself and his followers, for which he received an annual pension of 250 marks. Adolf, from then until his death, was active in the archdiocese of Cologne as an auxiliary bishop. However his see was not returned to him.
	Dietrich I von Hengebach was deposed by the papal legate, and in March 1212 he was appointed to head the diocese. While initially holding this to be reinstated, he soon realized that it was just a provisional lead. In fact, the Archdiocese was again in the schism, especially since Adolf now argued with Dietrich von Hengebach before the Pope for reinstatement. The verdict was in 1216 and in Cologne it came again to the election of the bishop. The new archbishop became his successor as cathedral provost, Engelbert II of Berg. He was one of his relatives and had always supported him during the time of the schism, including by handing over goods from the cathedral chapter.
	Until his death, in 1220, Adolf was again active as auxiliary bishop in the archbishopric of Cologne. He died on 15 April 1220 in Neuss.

= = = Marco Antonio Regil = = =

	Marco Antonio Regil (born December 27, 1969) is a Mexican television personality, public speaker and activist. As the host of the Spanish versions of Family Feud, The Price Is Right, and Mexico's hit show, Generation Gap (Recuerda y Gana), Regil is a constant fixture in Latin households.
	In 2018, Telemundo announced Marco Antonio Regil as the host of the Spanish-language version of NBC's The Wall. The game show is set to premiere in 2020. 
	Named as Reader's Digest's most trusted TV personality in Mexico, Regil has used his expertise to become a central figure in America's emerging Spanish-language entertainment industry.
	He has hosted the Mexican versions of Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?, The Price Is Right, and Zodiac's Beyond Boundaries, as well as the Teletón (Mexican National Telethon) for which he has raised over half a billion dollars. He is also the voice of Metro Man (played by Brad Pitt in the U.S.) in the Mexican release of Megamind. A sought-after spokesman, has appeared in advertisements for such companies as McDonald's, H-E-B, Telmex and PepsiCo.
	For his contributions in both Latin America and abroad, he was invited by United States President George W. Bush to host the Cinco de Mayo celebration in the White House in 2004.
	Regil is a passionate vegan and animal-rights advocate. He has participated in numerous forums across the world to promote healthy living and the compassionate treatment of animals. A devoted supporter of PeTA, Mercy for Animals, Humane Society International, and Animal Heroes, he is a sought-after public speaker who educates and inspires people on the health and environmental benefits of maintaining a plant-based diet.
	In 2012, he narrated the Spanish version of "Glass Walls", a PETA video that promotes a vegan diet.
	In support of children's rights, Regil has donated to and appeared in commercials for Children International.
	In 2016, he engaged in a tour to speak at leading vegan and animal rights festivals. He appeared at the Tulum Vegan Fest, the Argentina VegFest, DC VegFest, and Twin Cities VegFest. As part of his campaign, he partnered with PeTA Latino to debunk the myths of being a vegan in the Latin community; lobbied in Washington D.C. for humane research techniques and a move away from animal testing; and worked to ban animal circuses in Mexico by becoming an ambassador for Animal Heroes. 
	As a political contributor to the Huffington Post, Regil has written on major issues from the 2016 Presidential election to environmental law, and other breaking news. 
	In 2016, he joined forces with the Los Angeles Mayor's Office to launch their business portal website. He gave financial lectures throughout Los Angeles and was honored for his efforts by Mayor Eric Garcetti.

= = = Carla Collins = = =

	Carla Collins (born April 30, 1965) is a Canadian comedian, actress, television host and writer.
	Collins performs across North America. She is a regular at the Laugh Factory in Los Angeles and on tour with the renowned "Hot Tamales". In January 2015, Collins was awarded with Comedian Of The Year by the Southern California Motion Picture Council, an inaugural honour created to recognize Collins' talent 
	Collins was born and raised in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, until moving to Guelph, Ontario and attending Guelph Collegiate Vocational Institute where she was Prom Queen and Valedictorian, Collins pursued her education at the Université de Franche-Comté in France and the University of Western Ontario.
	She joined The Weather Network in 1990 as an on-air host, and subsequently moved to CFTO to host "Eye on Toronto". In 1995, she began hosting Baton Broadcastings's Entertainment Now, which she cohosted with Dan Duran. She also hosted the Canadian variety series "Sonic Temple" and the sketch comedy series "Chez Carla". In 1998, Collins played an anchorwoman in "Universal Soldier II: Brothers in Arms" and Donna Jean in "When Husbands Cheat".
	Earlier in her career, she was a morning radio personality on Toronto's Mix 99.9 from 1992 to 1994, co-hosting with Tom Rivers along with Larry Fedoruk. Rivers left in 1993 and Fedoruk and Collins continued as a duo. She returned from 2001 to 2003. For the latter stint, following a short period co-hosting with Steve Anthony who then moved to afternoon drive time, Collins became the first woman in Canada to be billed as the sole regular host of a morning radio show on a commercial station in a major media market, as opposed to co-hosting with one or more men.
	Collins had her first solo stand-up special, "The Wonder Bra Years", on The Comedy Network in 2001. It was one of the highest rated in the Comedy Now series.
	Collins starred in 50 episodes of "Paradise Falls" a soap opera on Showcase Television as Rusty Sinclair (2001). She also appeared in: "Deep in the City" as a Sex-Shop Owner (2000), "The Caveman's Valentine" (2001), "" as Herself (2002), two episodes of "Doc" as Felicia Brand (2002–2003), "Recipe for Murder" as a Glam Reporter (2002), "Tracker" as Dr. Janet Sullivann (2002), and "Show Me Yours" as Tammy (2005).
	In 2003, she began to lend her voice to the PBS animated show Cyberchase as Erica Ram, a reporter who reports on events in Cyberspace.
	Collins was a writer, star and host of: "Chez Carla" (2000), "Sonic Temple" (2001), "2 Smart Blondes" (2003) and "E-Now" (1995)
	In 2006 Carla teamed up with producer Frank Sicoli for an unscripted television sitcom titled "The Visionary Position". This series (released on DVD) is described as "Curb Your Enthusiasm" meets "Sex and the City" meets "Bewitched". Collins says, "I prefer to think of it as "The Ghost Whisperer" on crack."
	In 2006, she workshopped a well-received one-woman show called "The Visionary Position" in Toronto and Los Angeles.
	She is also a freelance writer for "Inside Entertainment".
	In 2007, Collins married Tyrone Power IV, an actor from the United States.
	Collins' reality show Carlawood debuted on TVtropolis in April 2009. The show follows her attempt to find work after her move to Hollywood, and satirizes reality shows.
	Collins' filmed season two of her docu-soap/comedy "Carlawood", and is working on the movie "The Hack", a comedy/horror film in which she stars as a comedian who kills other performers for their material.
	She also completed her first book "Angels, Vampires and Douche Bags" published by Burman Books.
	She also lent her voice to a special from the hit Canadian animated series, Total Drama Action, in its special, "Celebrity Manhunt's Total Drama Action Reunion Special", as the host of the show-within-a-show, Celebrity Manhunt, Blaineley. Then she lent her voice for the next season in Total Drama World Tour, once again playing Blaineley, the co-host of Total Drama Aftermath, and then she became a late-coming contestant of the Total Drama World Tour and ending in either seventh or sixth place. This is her voice acting role, a role which also requires her to sing.

= = = Blas Ruiz = = =

	Blas Ruiz de Hernán González or Blas Ruiz de Fernán González was an explorer from Ciudad Real, Spain.
	In the last decade of the 16th century, along with the Portuguese adventurer Diogo Veloso from Amarante, Blas Ruiz was the first European to ever set foot in Laos.
	Ruiz's journey to Laos started in Cambodia. In Cambodia, Ruiz met and befriended King Satha of Lovek and Veloso of Portugal. When Lovek was invaded by Ayautthaya, Satha was overthrown by his son and other nobles who allowed Ayutthaya to take control, forcing Ruiz to flee to the Spanish colony of the Philippines, the place where he began his adventure in Southeast Asia. Eventually Ruiz returned with Veloso, who had fled to the Portuguese colony of Melaka, to Lovek. When they arrived they learned Satha had fled to Lan Xang, an empire centered in modern-day Laos and consisting of Isan, Stung Treng, and small areas of Southern China and Vietnam. Ruiz and Veloso decided to journey to Laos and bring back Satha to restore his reign over Lovek.
	Ruiz and Veloso arrived in Vientiane, Lan Xang's administrative capital, in the summer of 1596. They were met with a procession showing off the city's immense wealth consisting of Asian Elephants, gold, jewels, silk, exotic snakes, bouquets of tropical flowers, chanting monks, Buddhist treasures and relics, music, and beautiful women. Ruiz and Veloso were also received with a great feast. But while they were in Vientiane they learned Satha had died from an illness he caught on his way from Cambodia to Laos. Saddened and angered by the news, Ruiz and Veloso returned to Lovek and started a rebellion to put one of Satha's political allies on the throne and free Cambodia from Ayatthaya. They managed to drive out Ayutthaya forces from parts of Cambodia and create a new state but led the new Cambodian state into a brief period of chaos. Eventually Ruiz returned to the Philippines. It is not known whether he died there, Spain, or somewhere else.
	In July 1593 king Satha I sent an embassy to Manila asking for Spanish military help to defend Cambodia. The embassy consisted of Portuguese Diogo Veloso, who had been living in his court since 1583, and Spanish Gregorio de Vargas Machuca. Satha I kept Spanish Bias Ruiz de Hernan Gonzalez as captain of his bodyguard. Veloso came back in February 1594, alone and without help. After Ayutthaya's attack on Cambodia, Veloso, Bias Ruiz and de Vargas Machuca found themselves in Manila. They continued to ask for help, and at last, Spanish Manila agreed to send 3 ships with 120 Spanish and Mexican soldiers, some Japanese and Philippino auxiliaries and some friars, under the commander Suarez Gallinato. The ship with Bias Ruiz was the only one that reached Cambodia. The one with Veloso was wrecked off the Mekong delta and Gallinato's ship was forced to go to Malacca due to the weather. Veloso rejoined Bias Ruiz at Phnom Penh in March 1596. They were both killed at Phnom Penh in July 1599 during a fight between Christians (Spanish and Philippinos) and Muslim Malay mercenaries of Barom Reacha II, who was Satha's son. Satha had died in October 1597 after contracting disease after he fled to Lan Xang.

= = = Confessions of an Economic Hit Man = = =

	Confessions of an Economic Hit Man is a partly autobiographical book written by John Perkins published in 2004. It provides Perkins' account of his career with engineering consulting firm Chas. T. Main in Boston. According to Perkins, his job at Main was to convince leaders of underdeveloped countries to accept substantial development loans for large construction and engineering projects that would primarily help the richest families and local elites, rather than the poor, while making sure that these projects were contracted to U.S. companies. Later these loans would give the U.S. political influence and access to natural resources for U.S. companies. He characterizes his role as being an "economic hit man." Although he states that throughout his career he has always worked for private companies, and suggests a system of corporatocracy and greed, rather than a single conspiracy, he claims the involvement of the National Security Agency (NSA), with whom he had interviewed for a job before joining Main. According to the author, this interview effectively constituted an independent screening which led to his subsequent hiring as an economic hit man by Einar Greve, a vice president of the firm (and alleged NSA liaison).
	The book heavily criticizes U.S. foreign policy and the widely accepted idea that "all economic growth benefits humankind, and that the greater the growth, the more widespread the benefits.", suggesting that in many cases only a small portion of the population benefits at the expense of the rest, with the example including increasing income inequality where large U.S. companies exploit cheap labor and oil companies destroy local environment. Perkins describes what he calls a system of corporatocracy and greed as the driving force behind establishing the United States as a global empire, in which he took a role as an "economic hit man" to expand its influence. 
	According to his book, Perkins' function was to convince the political and financial leadership of underdeveloped countries to accept enormous development loans from institutions like the World Bank and USAID. Saddled with debts they could not hope to pay, those countries were forced to acquiesce to political pressure from the United States on a variety of issues. Perkins argues in his book that developing nations were effectively neutralized politically, had their wealth gaps driven wider and economies crippled in the long run. In this capacity, Perkins recounts his meetings with some prominent individuals, including Graham Greene and Omar Torrijos. Perkins describes the role of an economic hit man as follows:
	According to Perkins, he began writing "Confessions of an Economic Hit Man" in the 1980s, but "threats or bribes always convinced [him] to stop."
	In the book, Perkins repeatedly denies the existence of a "conspiracy".I was initially recruited while I was in business school back in the late sixties by the National Security Agency, the nation’s largest and least understood spy organization; but ultimately I worked for private corporations. The first real economic hit man was back in the early 1950s, Kermit Roosevelt, Jr., the grandson of Teddy, who overthrew the government of Iran, a democratically elected government, Mossadegh’s government who was Time‘s magazine person of the year; and he was so successful at doing this without any bloodshed—well, there was a little bloodshed, but no military intervention, just spending millions of dollars and replaced Mossadegh with the Shah of Iran. At that point, we understood that this idea of economic hit man was an extremely good one. We didn’t have to worry about the threat of war with Russia when we did it this way. The problem with that was that Roosevelt was a C.I.A. agent. He was a government employee. Had he been caught, we would have been in a lot of trouble. It would have been very embarrassing. So, at that point, the decision was made to use organizations like the C.I.A. and the N.S.A. to recruit potential economic hit men like me and then send us to work for private consulting companies, engineering firms, construction companies, so that if we were caught, there would be no connection with the government.<br> — November 4, 2004 interview
	Although the accuracy of the content has been questioned, the book did well in terms of sales, having a placement on both the New York Times' and Amazon.com's best-seller-lists.
	Columnist Sebastian Mallaby of "The Washington Post" reacted sharply to Perkins' book: "This man is a frothing conspiracy theorist, a vainglorious peddler of nonsense, and yet his book, "Confessions of an Economic Hit Man", is a runaway bestseller." This charge is brought against Perkins despite the fact that he denounces conspiracy-thinking at numerous places in the book itself. Mallaby, who spent 13 years writing for the London "Economist" and wrote a critically well-received biography of World Bank chief James Wolfensohn, holds that Perkins' conception of international finance is "largely a dream" and that his "basic contentions are flat wrong". For instance, he points out that Indonesia reduced its infant mortality and illiteracy rates by two-thirds after economists persuaded its leaders to borrow money in 1970. (Data by the World Bank itself shows that the decline slowed somewhat in the 70s) He also disputes Perkins' claim that 51 of the top 100 world economies belong to companies. A value-added comparison done by the UN, he says, shows the number to be 29. In fact, this report can be quoted as saying "The results, as seen in Table 1, are striking, with only 29 countries figuring in the list of the top 100 international entities in terms of revenue." showing how both are wrong.
	Other sources, including articles in "The New York Times" and "Boston Magazine" as well as a press release issued by the United States Department of State, have referred to a lack of documentary or testimonial evidence to corroborate the claim that the NSA was involved in his hiring to Chas T. Main. In addition, the author of the State Department release states that the NSA "is a cryptological (codemaking and codebreaking) organization, not an economic organization" and that its missions do not involve "anything remotely resembling placing economists at private companies in order to increase the debt of foreign countries". Economic historian Niall Ferguson writes in his book "The Ascent of Money" that Perkins's contention that the leaders of Ecuador (President Jaime Roldós Aguilera) and Panama (General Omar Torrijos) were assassinated by US agents for opposing the interests of the owners of their countries' foreign debt "seems a little odd" in light of the fact that in the 1970s the amount of money that the US had lent to Ecuador and Panama accounted for less than 0.4% of the total US grants and loans, while in 1990 the exports from the US to those countries accounted for approximately 0.4% of the total US exports (approximately $8 billion). According to Ferguson, those "do not seem like figures worth killing for". However, Perkins maintains that the motives for such actions, rather than loans, would have been the securing of the Panama canal as a permanent United States asset and gaining access to Ecuadorian oil. Einar Greve, the former vice president at Chas. T. Main who first offered Perkins a job there, at first affirmed the overall validity of the book, saying "basically his story is true... What John's book says is, there was a conspiracy to put all these countries on the hook, and that happened. Whether or not it was some sinister plot or not is up to interpretation, but many of these countries are still over the barrel and have never been able to repay the loans." However, on being asked by another reporter about the book, Greve re-read the book and denied the validity of some of the claims, such as the claim that the NSA had any links to Main, or that Perkins was seduced by Claudine.
	President Nixon makes some cryptic remarks that some believe bolster claims by Perkins in the book. October 8, 1971 President Nixon is in his briefing room discussing operations done by previous administrations. He refers to the plan regarding the Bay of Pigs plan, then he states, "I know what we did in Iran, I know what we did in Guatemala". The discussion delves into the "dirty tricks" concocted by the US using the US Intelligence community.
	After publishing "Confessions of an Economic Hit Man," Perkins continued with writing three other books on the topic, focusing on other aspects. "A Game as Old as Empire: the Secret World of Economic Hit Men and the Web of Global Corruption" (2007), "The Secret History of the American Empire" (2007) and "Hoodwinked: An Economic Hit Man Reveals Why the World Financial Markets Imploded – and What We Need to Do to Remake Them" (2009).
	The epilogue to the 2006 edition provides a rebuttal to the current move by the G8 nations to forgive Third World debt. Perkins charges that the proposed conditions for this debt forgiveness require countries to privatise their health, education, electric, water and other public services. Those countries would also have to discontinue subsidies and trade restrictions that support local business, but accept the continued subsidization of certain G8 businesses by the US and other G8 countries, and the erection of trade barriers on imports that threaten G8 industries.
	In 2009, the documentary film "Confessions of an Economic Hit Man" featuring interviews with Perkins, was shown at film festivals around the U.S. The film is a Greek–U.S. co-production directed by Stelios Kouloglou, and was filmed in 2007 and 2008. Numerous interview-style statements by John Perkins also appear in the 2008 Internet-based documentary, "", and in the 2012 documentary, "Four Horsemen".

= = = Culture of Ann Arbor, Michigan = = =

	The culture of Ann Arbor, Michigan includes various attractions and events, many of which are connected with the University of Michigan.
	Many performing arts groups and facilities are located on the University of Michigan campus, including Hill Auditorium, the Lydia Mendelssohn Theater, and the Power Center for the Performing Arts.
	The University Musical Society (UMS) presents approximately 60 to 75 performances and over 100 free educational activities each season. One of the oldest performing arts presenters in the country, UMS is affiliated with the University of Michigan and housed on the UM campus. However, UMS is a separate not-for-profit organization that supports itself from ticket sales, grants, contributions, and endowment income.
	The University of Michigan Gilbert and Sullivan Society, affiliated with the University's School of Music, Theatre, and Dance, has put on two fully staged performances of a Gilbert and Sullivan Savoy opera every year since 1947, once in fall semester and the other in winter semester. The society is student-run. Performances take place at the Lydia Mendelssohn Theater.
	Ann Arbor has a number of performing-arts institutions that are not affiliated with the University of Michigan. They include the Ann Arbor Civic Theatre (a nonprofit community theater group), Ann Arbor Ballet Theater, Ann Arbor Civic Ballet (the first chartered ballet company in Michigan when it was founded in 1954), Ann Arbor Symphony Orchestra, and Arbor Opera Theater.
	Theaters in the city include:
	Ann Arbor also has a number of concert halls and nightclubs serving up jazz and other live music:
	There are several religious sites in Ann Arbor, including:
	The Ann Arbor Hands-On Museum, located in a renovated and expanded historic downtown fire station, contains more than 250 interactive exhibits featuring science and technology. Artrain, located on North Main Street, is a traveling art museum located on a train. A number of other art galleries exist in the city, notably in the downtown area and around the University of Michigan campus. Several buildings throughout the downtown area, like Sweetwaters Coffee and Tea and The Ark, showcase pieces of independent installation art in the form of small "fairy doors". Maps of their locations can be found at Sweetwaters, Peaceable Kingdom, or the Chamber of Commerce.
	Aside from a large restaurant scene in the Main Street, State Street, and South University Avenue areas, Ann Arbor has a significant beer-brewing culture. The city is home to four brewpubs located in the downtown area: Arbor Brewing Company, Grizzly Peak Brewing Company, Blue Tractor, and the nationally acclaimed Jolly Pumpkin Artisan Ales brewpub. Ann Arbor's West Side is also home to Wolverine State Brewing Company. Breweries in the nearby town of Ypsilanti (e.g. Corner Brewery) also contribute to Ann Arbor's brew scene.
	Among U.S. cities, Ann Arbor ranks first in the number of antiquarian booksellers and books sold per capita (although the per capita calculations may not include the large student population). The Ann Arbor District Library maintains four branch outlets in addition to its main downtown building, with a fifth branch set to open in 2008. The city is also home to the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.
	Ann Arbor is also known within the performance poetry scene. The Neutral Zone, a local teen center, is home to the Volume Youth Poetry Project which holds a competition every year to send a team of six youth poets to the national youth competition Brave New Voices. The city hosted this competition in 2001 and 2002, and has sent a team each year across the U.S.
	Ann Arbor (or its surrounding region) is also the setting (or the presumed setting) for a number of novels and short story collections, including:
	Ann Arbor is the setting for much of the film "The Four Corners of Nowhere" (1995). Parts of the film "Jumper" (2008) are set in Ann Arbor, using both footage shot locally and footage using Peterborough, Ontario as an Ann Arbor stand-in. Ann Arbor is also frequently mentioned in the television series Lost. Because of the Michigan Film Incentive, several major films have been shooting in and around Ann Arbor in the past two years including the Tony Goldwyn-directed film "Conviction" starring Hilary Swank, Sam Rockwell, and Minnie Driver. The film's offices and post-production were headquartered in Ann Arbor, using many area landmarks as backdrops. Shooting has been done around Ann Arbor as well as smaller towns like Pittsfield Township, Chelsea and Dexter. Several interior scenes were filmed on location in the neighboring town Ypsilanti at Sidetrack Bar & Grill in Depot Town. Several other films are being made with major stars including Robert De Niro, Val Kilmer and Samuel L. Jackson, who have been seen in and around downtown Ann Arbor.

= = = Starr Struck: Best of Ringo Starr, Vol. 2 = = =

	Starr Struck: Best of Ringo Starr, Vol. 2 is Ringo Starr's second official compilation album, released on Rhino.
	The successor to 1975's "Blast from Your Past", it rounds up Starr's highlights from 1976's "Ringo's Rotogravure" to 1983's "Old Wave" and encompasses label stays with Polydor, Atlantic, Portrait, and RCA. Consequently, it saw the first release of four tracks from "Old Wave" which had not been issued in the US up to that time. The CD edition features four additional tracks that were not present on the vinyl edition: "Attention", "Who Needs a Heart", "Hopeless" and "You Belong to Me". The cover photo was originally for the unreleased version of "Stop and Smell the Roses" (1981), entitled "Can't Fight Lightning".
	Issued on 24 February 1989 by Rhino, only in the US. Never charting anywhere, "Starr Struck: Best of Ringo Starr, Vol. 2" went out of print during the 1990s.

= = = Diogo Veloso = = =

	Diogo Veloso, or Diego Belloso in the Spanish historical accounts, (Amarante 1558 - Cambodja 1599) was a Portuguese adventurer active in Southeast Asia in the last quarter of 16th century, acting sometimes in the service of the Spanish Governor of the Spanish East Indies (within the Cambodian–Spanish War) and sometimes as a free-lancer. He and Spanish Blas Ruiz were the first Europeans to ever set foot in Laos.
	Veloso's journey to Laos started in Cambodia. In Cambodia, Veloso met and befriended King Satha of Lovek and Ruiz of Spain. When Lovek was invaded by Ayutthaya, Satha was overthrown by his son and other nobles who allowed Ayutthaya to take control, forcing Veloso to flee to Portuguese Malacca, the place where he began his adventure in Southeast Asia. Eventually Veloso returned with Ruiz, who had fled to Spanish Philippines, to Lovek. When they arrived they learned Satha had fled to Lan Xang, an empire centered in modern-day Laos and consisting of Isan, Stung Treng, and small areas of Southern China and Vietnam.
	Veloso and Ruiz decided to journey to Laos and bring back Satha to restore his reign over Lovek. They arrived in Vientiane, Lan Xang's administrative capital, in the summer of 1596. They were met with a procession showing off the city's immense wealth consisting of Asian elephants, gold, jewels, silk, exotic snakes, bouquets of tropical flowers, chanting monks, Buddhist treasures and relics, music, and beautiful women. Veloso and Ruiz were also received with a great feast. But while they were in Vientiane they learned Satha had died from an illness he caught on his way from Cambodia to Laos. Saddened and angered by the news, Veloso and Ruiz returned to Lovek and started a rebellion to put one of Satha's political allies on the throne and free Cambodia from Ayutthaya. They managed to drive out Ayutthaya forces from parts of Cambodia and create a new state but led the new Cambodian state into a brief period of chaos.
	Eventually Veloso returned to Malacca.

= = = List of convict ship voyages to Western Australia = = =

	Between 1842 and 1849, 234 juvenile offenders were transported to Western Australia on seven convict ships. From 1850 to 1868, over 9,000 convicts were transported to the colony on 43 convict ship voyages. Western Australia was classed as a full-fledged penal colony in 1850. 
	Parkhurst apprentices were juvenile prisoners from Parkhurst Prison, sentenced to "transportation beyond the seas", but pardoned on arrival at their destination on the conditions that they be "apprenticed" to local employers, and that they not return to England during the original term of their sentence. Between 1842 and 1849, Western Australia accepted 234 Parkhurst apprentices, all males aged between 10 and 21. As Western Australia was not then a penal colony, contemporary documents studiously avoided referring to the prisoners as "convicts", and the ships that brought them were not officially recognised as convict ships there. English records were not so reticent, classing as convict ships the seven ships that transported Parkhurst apprentices to Western Australia.
	This is a list of convict ship voyages that transported Parkhurst apprentices to Western Australia.
	This is a list of convict ship voyages that transported convicts to Western Australia during its time as a penal colony between 1850 and 1868.

= = = List of terms used in bird topography = = =

	The following is a list of terms used in bird topography:

= = = Walsh University = = =

	Walsh University is a private Roman Catholic university in North Canton, Ohio. It enrolls approximately 2,700 students and was founded in 1960 by the Brothers of Christian Instruction as a liberal arts college. Walsh College became Walsh University in 1993. The university offers more than 70 undergraduate majors and seven graduate programs. Walsh has a satellite campus in Castel Gandolfo, Italy.
	The school's namesake is Bishop Emmett Michael Walsh of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Youngstown.
	Walsh University was first founded as LaMennais College in Alfred, Maine in 1951 by the Brothers of Christian Instruction on an idea by Ferdinand Waldo Demara, who was then posing as a monk, to educate young men as brothers and teachers. LaMennais College continued in Alfred, Maine from 1951 until 1959. Because of a chance 1957 conversation between Brother Francoeur of La Mennais College and Monsignor William Hughes of Youngstown, Ohio about the Brothers' wish to move LaMennais College from Alfred, Maine, Bishop Walsh invited the Brothers to choose Canton, Ohio as the new location. Bishop Walsh donated $304,000 to the Walsh College project. In 1959 the present location of Walsh University began as of farm land on which two buildings were constructed, College Hall (Farrell Hall) and LaMennais Hall which continues to house the Brothers and international priest-students. The Founding Brothers include: Dacian J. Barrette, Thomas S. Farrell, Henry J. Vannasse, Edmond Drouin, Paul E. Masse, Robert A. Francoeur, and Alexis Guilbeault.
	Throughout the school's history, the Brothers have played an active role, serving as faculty during the original years and playing a part in the growth and development of facilities and programs. Several have served as President.
	In 2013, Walsh University joined Division II of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). Walsh previously competed in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) as a member of the American Mideast Conference, while its football team competed in the Mid-States Football Association.
	On July 1, 2019, Walsh University announced that Timothy J. Collins, Ed.D was appointed to serve as the University's seventh president.
	Former presidents include:
	The campus covers and is made up of 27 buildings along East Maple Street in North Canton.
	Buildings include: 
	The campus includes dormitory residences named:
	The Walsh University Peace Pole outside Farrell Hall represents visitors including Willy Brandt, Coretta Scott King, Mother Teresa, and Elie Wiesel who came to Walsh University to advocate for peace.
	Walsh also oversees the Hoover Historical Center which they acquired in April 2004.
	Walsh University offers the following graduate degrees: Doctorate of Physical Therapy (DPT); Master of Occupational Therapy (MOT); Master of Science in Nursing (MSN); Master of Arts in Education (M.A.Ed); Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.); Master of Arts in Counseling and Human Development; and a Master of Arts in Theology. Several of the graduate programs are offered in online and in an accelerated format so that working adults may pursue their degrees at their preferred pace.
	The university offers 70 majors, seven graduate programs, and accelerated degrees for working adults, including RN-BSN and RN-MSN programs for registered nurses with an associate degree, or another type of diploma, who want to earn a bachelor's degree or master's degree. Undergraduate degrees offered include: Bachelor of Arts (B.A.); Bachelor of Science (B.S.); Bachelor of Science in Education (B.S. in Ed.); Bachelor of Science in Nursing (B.S.N.); Associate of Arts (A.A.); and Associate of Science in Computer Science (A.S.C.S.).
	Walsh University offers accelerated degrees as part of their School for Professional Studies. The programs are designed to work with the schedules of busy or working adults and classes are held in five and eight week sessions. The School for Professional Studies has an educational alliance with Stark State College. The following programs are offered within the School for Professional Studies: Accelerated Bachelor in Business Administration (B.B.A.) in Accounting, Marketing, or Management; Accelerated Bachelor of Arts in Corporate Communication; Accelerated Nursing degrees including a BSN to RN, MSN for the RN, and accelerated BSN; and an accelerated Bachelor of Arts in Organizational Development and Leadership (ODL).
	Walsh University offers online undergraduate and graduate programs, as well as certificates and licensures through Digital Campus.
	Walsh University offers several opportunities for professional development, including a certificate in healthcare management, FNP certificate, and several educator certificates or licensures.
	While both are Catholic educational institutions of the same name, school colors, and close location, Walsh is unaffiliated with (and sometimes confused with) nearby Walsh Jesuit High School in Cuyahoga Falls.
	The Renacci Government Scholars Program was established in 2013 to provide students at Walsh University with an opportunity to enhance their experiences in pursuit of a career in government or community service at the state, local or federal level and is available to students who are in need of financial assistance. 
	To qualify, applicants must:
	As part of the program, each year Walsh University hosts a community speaker series in the fall and spring on a topic related to the field of Government & Foreign Affairs. This series provides an opportunity to network with alumni and other personnel and to stay on top of current issues. In addition, students host the nationally recognized All Politics is Local Conference.
	The Blouin Scholars Program in Global Studies at Walsh University provides students with an opportunity to become part of a community of students and faculty dedicated to using scholarship and service to address major global issues. Blouin Scholars have the opportunity to live and take classes with a cohort of students who are similarly dedicated to become leaders in service to the global community. All classes are built into the Walsh University core curriculum and participants still choose their own individual majors and minors, but are then centered on a common global theme. The Blouin Scholars have opportunities to study abroad in Africa and Europe; attend special lectures and co-curricular activities; and receive priority registration and advising procedures.
	The Blouin Scholars are named after Walsh University's third President, Br. Francis Blouin, who exemplified servant-leadership and global service.
	The Thea Bowman Scholars Program is designed to help African-American students achieve success and mature as leaders throughout their lifecycle at Walsh University. The program aligns with the University's mission and overall commitment to create an environment that is inclusive and supportive to the student's cultural, spiritual and personal development and their academic success. Students accepted into the Thea Bowman Scholars Program will have opportunities to explore various cultures, politics and history within the United States and abroad. Sister Thea Bowman visited campus on September 18, 1989.
	The STAR program at Walsh University is a National Science Foundation supported program designed to foster young science talent and prepare chemistry majors for the workforce.
	STAR Scholars are trained in: 
	Inspired by the example of global citizenship of the Brothers of Christian Instruction, the Walsh University Office of Global Learning provides opportunities for students to develop into leaders in service with an international perspective. Global Learning promotes study abroad programs led by Walsh faculty to various locations including:
	Walsh has twenty athletic teams and competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the Division II level as a member of the Great Midwest Athletic Conference. The university's football team play their home games at Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium, part of Johnson Controls Hall of Fame Village in Canton, Ohio.
	Walsh sponsors nine men's varsity teams: baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, soccer, lacrosse, tennis, and track & field. The school also sponsors nine women's varsity teams: basketball, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, tennis, track & field, and volleyball.
	The team name is the "Cavaliers" and the athletics teams are represented by Sir Walter the Cavalier at events. Sir Walter also makes appearances at various school events outside of Athletics. A carved replica of Sir Walter stands outside the Cecchini Family Health and Wellness Complex and was created from an oak tree in 2016. The name Cavalier was chosen after the school newspaper, "The Spectator", ran a contest in 1963 asking for possible team names. Sean Keenan, Walsh class of 1964, then a junior, submitted for "Cavaliers". He took home a $15 prize.
	School colors are maroon and gold.
	Championships include:
	Br. Francis Blouin spearheaded an effort to have Nobel Peace Prize winners visit Walsh's campus. Visitors included: Mother Teresa in 1982, Willy Brandt in 1983, Coretta Scott King (representing her late husband Martin Luther King Jr.) in 1986, Adolfo Pérez Esquivel in 1986, and Elie Wiesel in 1987.
	Mother Teresa, Willy Brandt, and Elie Wiesel were all given an Honorary doctorate of Humane Letters from the university.
	Photographs from the various Nobel Laureates' talks are permanently displayed within Farrell Hall.

= = = Italy national cricket team = = =

	The Italy national cricket team is the team that represents the country of Italy in international cricket. They have been an associate member of the International Cricket Council (ICC) since 1995, having previously been an affiliate member since 1984. The Italian national cricket team is administered by the Federazione Cricket Italiana (Italian Cricket Federation).
	In April 2018, the ICC decided to grant full Twenty20 International (T20I) status to all its members. Therefore, all Twenty20 matches played between Italy and other ICC members after 1 January 2019 will be a full T20I. Italy played their first T20I against Germany in May 2019. From August 2019, Italy will play in the 2019–21 ICC Cricket World Cup Challenge League.
	The earliest mention of cricket in Italy is of a match played by Captain Morgan's sailors in Bayside, NY in 1793 during a stop in Naples harbour. Around the end of the 19th century, several combined cricket and association football clubs formed, including the world-famous A.C. Milan, which was originally the "Milan Cricket and Football Club" and the first Italian football team Genoa Cricket and Football Club, which was originally the "Genoa Cricket & Athletic Club". But these clubs soon forgot about cricket and concentrated on football. Cricket started to be revived after the Second World War.
	The "Federazione Cricket Italiana" (Italian Cricket Federation) was formed in 1980, and they became an affiliate member of the ICC in 1984, and were promoted to associate member in 1995.
	In 1996, Italy took part in the first European Championship in Denmark, finishing seventh after beating Israel in a play-off. They took part in the ICC Trophy for the first time in the 1997 tournament and performed poorly, finishing joint last out of the 22 participants. They finished fifth in the following years European Championship.
	In 1999, Italy took part in a quadrangular tournament in Gibraltar also featuring France and Israel. They won the tournament, beating the hosts in the final. They finished fifth in Division One of the European Championship the following year and were due to participate in the 2001 ICC Trophy, but pulled out at the last minute due to a dispute over the eligibility of four players.
	The 2002 European Championship saw Italy finish sixth in Division One, relegating them to Division Two for 2004, which they promptly won. This qualified them for the repêchage tournament for the 2005 ICC Trophy in early 2005 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. They finished seventh in that tournament after beating Zambia in a play-off.
	They took part in Division One of the European Championship in 2006, finishing fifth. In May/June 2007, they travelled to Darwin, Australia to take part in Division Three of the World Cricket League. They finished seventh after beating Fiji in a play-off, and played in Division Four of the World Cricket League in 2008 to come 3rd and remained in 2010 ICC World Cricket League Division Four. They came 2nd there to be promoted to 2011 ICC World Cricket League Division Three, where they came 4th to remain in 2013 ICC World Cricket League Division Three. They have a chance of reaching the 2015 Cricket World Cup, if it finishes in the top two in the 2013 ICC World Cricket League Division Three, and then in the top two of the 2013 Cricket World Cup Qualifier. An encouraging start to this tournament has witnessed wins over Oman (9 wickets) and United States (8 runs), followed by defeats, narrowly to Ireland (2 wickets) and more comprehensively against Kenya (7 wickets). After finishing last in this tournament they will be relegated to Division Four in 2014
	In November 2013 they competed in the 2013 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier in the U.A.E their highest level of competition to date. They finished 9th place with victories over the USA, and higher ranked opponents in U.A.E and Namibia.
	In September 2018, Italy qualified from Group B of the 2018–19 ICC World Twenty20 Europe Qualifier to the Regional Finals of the tournament.
	Italy's squad for the 2018–19 ICC World Twenty20 Europe Qualifier in August 2018 were the following players:
	Other players, who were part of Italy's squad at the 2017 ICC World Cricket League Division Five.
	Gareth Berg was chosen for European T20 World Cup Qualifier in 2019 but removed from the squad by Hampshire due to a fixture clash. 
	International Match Summary — Italy
	Most T20I runs for Italy
	Most T20I wickets for Italy 
	T20I record versus other nations
	"Records complete to T20I #806. Last updated 20 June 2019."

= = = Joe Cesare Colombo = = =

	Joe Colombo, born Cesare Colombo (30 July 1930 – 30 July 1971) was an Italian industrial designer.
	Cesare "Joe" Colombo was until 1949 educated at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Brera, the academy of fine arts, in Milano as a painter and studied afterwards until 1954 Architecture at Politecnico di Milano University.
	In 1951 he joined the "Movimento Nucleare", founded by Sergio D´Angelo and Enrico Baj. The following four years Colombo was active as a painter and sculptor of the abstract Expressionism and exhibited his works with other members in Milano, Torino, Verviers, Venice and Brussels.
	In 1955 Colombo joined the Art Concret group, but gave up his painting to promote his Design Career. Before he cooperated at an exhibition for the tenth Triennale of 1954 and documented the Ceramic Designs of an international meeting in Albisola. For his presentation Colombo created for example three exterior seatings which were combined with a "shrinelike" presentation of TVs.
	In 1959, Colombo had to take over the family company, which produced electric appliances, and started to experiment with new construction and production technologies. In 1962 Colombo opened his own interior design and architecture projects, mostly for lodges and skiing.
	Colombo designed products for Oluce, Kartell, Bieffe, Alessi, Flexform and Boffi.
	Colombo died in 1971 on his 41st birthday.
	Together with his brother Gianni, Colombo developed the idea of prismatic lamps like the lamp "Acrilica"(1962). His first design for Kartell was the chair "No.4801" (1963–1967) which consisted of three assembled plywood elements. The flowing elements of his chair were a foretaste of his later plastic designs, like the chair "universale No.4860" (1965–1967), which was the first seating for adults made of ABS.
	Moreover, Colombo produced innovative designs for furniture, lamps, glass, doorknobs, pipes, alarm clocks, and wristwatches. He created the professional camera "Trisystem" (1969), the air conditioner "Candy" (1970), dinnerware for Alitalia (1970; still in use), as well as an ergonomic and engined printing table.
	Since the beginning of his career Colombo was most interested in living systems. His early modular container "Combi-Centre" of 1963 is an example for that. This preference for furniture systems led to designs like "Additional Living System" (1967–1968) and the chairs "Tube" (1969–1970) and "Multi" (1970), which could be assembled in various positions to get a great number of sitting positions.
	They reflect Colombo's main goal, variability.
	His futuristic designs were integrated micro-living-worlds. His "Visiona-Livingroom of the future" was exhibited at the Visiona-Exhibition of 1969. This room consisted of "Barbella-like" space interiors where furniture became structure elements and "vice versa". Traditional furniture was replaced by functional elements like the sitting cubes "Night-Cell" and "Central-Living" as well as the "Kitchen-Box", to create a dynamic, multifunctional living space. The kitchen-box (1963), on wheels and measuring 90x75x75cm, containing a two-burner stovetop, oven, grill, refrigerator, cutting board, pull-out worktop, and storage for cookbooks, knives, and other tools, has recently been reissued, slightly enlarged (96 cm(h)x107cmx65cm), manufactured by Boffi Spa.
	For his own apartment Colombo designed the units "Roto-living" and "Cabriolet-Bed" (both 1969), followed by "Total Furnishing Unit", which was presented at the exhibition "Italy: The Domestic Landscape" at the Museum of Modern Art, New York in 1972. It presented a complete "living-machine," comprising kitchen, wardrobe, bathroom, and sleeping accommodation, on only 28 square meters.
	His work has been exhibited at museums, among them the Museum of Modern Art in New York.:)
	In 1964 Colombo received the "IN-Arch prize" for his room conception of a hotel in Sardinia (1962–1964). In 1967 and 1968, he was awarded "ADI" (Associazione per il Disegno Industriale) prize. In 1970 he received the "Compasso d'Oro" award.

= = = Bonny Hicks = = =

	Bonny Susan Hicks (5 January 1968 – 19 December 1997) was a Singapore Eurasian model and writer. After garnering local fame as a model, she gained recognition for her contributions to Singaporean post-colonial literature and the anthropic philosophy conveyed in her works. Her first book, "Excuse Me, Are You A Model?", is recognised as a significant milestone in the literary and cultural history of Singapore. Hicks later published a second book, "Discuss Disgust", and many shorter pieces in press outlets, including a short-lived opinion column in a major Singaporean daily that was pulled due to public dissent from Singaporean traditionalists.
	Hicks died at age 29 on 19 December 1997 aboard SilkAir Flight 185 when it crashed into the Musi River on the Indonesian island of Sumatra. All 104 passengers aboard the flight died. After Hicks' death, numerous publications including the book "Heaven Can Wait: Conversations with Bonny Hicks" by Tal Ben-Shahar featured her life and thought.
	Although Hicks was deemed controversial by many during her lifetime because of her willingness to openly discuss human sexuality, Singaporean literary scholars today deem her voice as a pivotally important one for interpreting contemporary Singaporean society. Hicks' legacy today is one of an important transitional social figure between old and new Singapore during its period of broad-scale societal changes under the forces of globalisation. Her death resulted in the loss of a Singaporean national voice that was both growing and important yet internally conflicted. Criticisms by Singaporean traditionalists during her modelling and authoring careers continually vexed Hicks' conscience and helped drive her to re-evaluate her life. Hicks ultimately made a sustained series of traditionalist choices during the latter years of her life.
	Hicks was born in 1968 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, to a British father, Ron Hicks, and a Cantonese-speaking Singaporean-Chinese mother, Betty Soh. Her parents separated shortly after her birth and Soh relocated to Singapore in 1969 with her infant daughter. There, Hicks' formative social environment was multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, and included Malays, Indians, and Chinese of various dialect groups. Although Hicks was biracial, she identified as Chinese during her early childhood, speaking Cantonese and watching Chinese-language television at home.
	When Hicks was twelve, her mother accepted a job as a caretaker of a bungalow in Sentosa, Singapore, and they relocated to the island away from a Singaporean Housing and Development Board flat in Toa Payoh. Throughout her teens, Hicks lived with her mother on Sentosa Island, and intermittently with her (grandmother) with whom she enjoyed a particularly close relationship.
	Hicks never met her father. At aged sixteen, she traced his whereabouts through the British High Commission, with whom he was stationed on Singapore during Hicks' conception. Married with children from his new arrangement, and likely keeping his past muffled from his new family, Hicks' father returned word via fax to her that he wanted nothing to do with her. Despite Hicks' superficial joking whenever publicly questioned about it, her father's rejection of her remained deeply hurtful to Hicks throughout her life.
	Hicks' early years were marked by "few friends". She stated she made no real friends after age 15—that is, until she met Patricia Chan Li-Yin, a person who would become a pivotally important person to Hicks' life and career. Now a magazine editor and talent agent, Chan had retired from being a Singaporean sports hero, a decorated female swimmer.
	Chan "discovered" the nineteen-year-old Bonnie Hicks shortly after Hicks completed her A levels at the Hwa Chong Junior College. Hicks and Chan enjoyed a close, multi-leveled, complicated relationship that was both professional and personal. Hicks referred to Chan as "Mum", and some surmised that there was perhaps more to the relationship. Stemming from ambiguous statements Hicks later made in her first book, (e.g., "I was in love with Pat Chan"), Singaporeans widely speculated whether the two were involved in a lesbian relationship. While the statements in Hicks' book could be interpreted as indicating only an intimate mentoring relationship with Chan, whom Hicks clearly idealized and greatly admired, she continued to be ambiguous on the subject whenever questioned. This created a sense of mystery about herself, and contributed to ongoing buzz and publicity.
	Hicks' modelling career began with the September 1987 cover of a now-defunct Singaporean fashion monthly, "GO". She followed this with multiple appearances on other covers, print advertisements, catwalk appearances in designer clothes, and in a music video for a top-10 hit by the Singaporean band The Oddfellows. A year into her modelling career, Hicks began writing about her life experiences and ideas stemming from her modelling. By age twenty-one she had completed her first book, "Excuse Me, are you a Model?" She continued to model for five more years and in 1992, at the age of twenty-four, released her second book "Discuss Disgust". Hicks then left modelling to take a job as a department lead and copywriter in Jakarta, Indonesia. At the time, Hicks reiterated a statement she had made in her first book: that she had never wanted to be a model in the first place. Instead, her dream since age thirteen had been to be a writer. It was then that she had begun keeping a diary of her feelings and experiences, a practice she continued throughout her life.
	Before her move to Indonesia, Hicks was married briefly to a former member of the Republic of Singapore Air Force. Hicks left him for Richard "Randy" Dalrymple, an American architect, by whose side she died aboard SilkAir Flight 185. Hicks' first husband was a former colleague of the pilot of the plane in which Hicks perished. This connection would later become a troubling focus of the investigation into the crash that took Hicks' life.
	Hicks published her first work" Excuse Me, Are You a Model?" in Singapore in 1990. The book is her autobiographical exposé of the modelling and fashion world and contains frequent, candid discussion about her sexuality, a subject that was not traditionally broached in Singaporean society at the time. The work stirred significant controversy among Singaporeans who held traditional literary and moral standards. Traditionalists considered Hick's work a "kiss and tell" book that disclosed "too much too soon" from an independent woman still in her early twenties. Singaporean youth, on the other hand, had a starkly different view; twelve thousand copies were sold within two weeks, prompting the book's publisher to boast Hicks' work as "the biggest book sensation in the annals of Singapore publishing"--an accurate claim.
	During the years leading up to her death, Singaporean English literature scholars had begun to recognise more than just a simple generational divide in the reactions to Hicks' book, and were describing it as "an important work" in the confessional mode of the genre of post-colonial literature. Well before Hick's book was deemed "a significant milestone in Singapore's literary and cultural history," Singaporean young people had already established a localized literary movement, following Hicks' lead. Local markets soon became inundated with the autobiographies of fame-seeking youth, many not yet in their twenties.
	In 1992, two years after Hicks' controversial entry into Singapore's literary scene, she published her second and last book, "Discuss Disgust." The novella, literarily more sophisticated but never as popular as her first book, portrays the world as seen through the eyes of a child whose mother is a prostitute. In it, Hicks continued to openly discuss sexuality and in veiled terms even broached the taboo of sexual abuse, both subjects that were not normally spoken of openly in Singapore during the time. Adding fuel to the controversy surrounding Hicks, a widely read local traditionalist columnist dubbed it "another one of those commercial publications which pack sleaze and sin into its hundred-oddpages" (sic). While public understanding was greater than let on, traditionalist social pressures meant that few people publicly accepted the novella for what it actually was: Hicks' semi-autobiographical account of "her own" troubled childhood years, an only partially veiled yet immediately unsuccessful cry for the public to reinterpret her early adult years through the trauma-lens of her childhood.
	Hicks was also a frequent contributor to Singaporean and regional press outlets. Her frankly-written bi-monthly column in "The Straits Times", "The Bonny Hicks Diary", in which she often discussed her childhood on Sentosa Island, further incited traditionalists' feelings that Hicks was an improper role model for young, impressionable girls, whom traditionalists felt were being morally corrupted by Hicks. Yielding to public pressure, spurred initially by a letter writing campaign to the paper, the "Times" pulled her column within a year. The paper's esteemed editor, Richard Lim, subsequently voiced regret over what he considered a politically motivated decision by the paper. Pushing back as far as practicable, Lim began running frequent "special" columns by Hicks. Having taken a mentoring interest in Hicks' development as a writer since her first publication, Lim was uniquely authoritative when he publicly noted the deepening of Hicks' writings as she matured.
	At the time of "Discuss Disgust"'s release, Hicks reported to "The Straits Times" that she had been working on a third book, one that centred on correspondence between herself and an unnamed female housemate. Hicks wrote of her social observations of the United States during a two-month visit, using it as a springboard to social commentary about Singapore. While the book idea further revealed Hicks' preference to write with a certain person in mind it never materialised, not even in draft form or as personal papers released posthumously .
	During Hicks' heyday, few had begun to adequately situate her life and works within the larger societal changes that had enveloped Singapore at the time under forces of rapid globalisation—changes that, by then, were simply far to advanced and powerful to altogether stop the clock upon by the traditionally successful means of shaming and ostracising. For the most part, traditionalists simply reacted from gut-level fear against Hicks, or a simplified characterisation or straw man of her, whom they perceived as a "notorious" moral threat willing to degrade Singaporean society for personal fame and financial gain. Even though the criticisms were not entirely fair—they certainly contained at least a kernel of truth—their accumulation had long been taking a toll upon Hicks' perseverance, eroding away at even her senses of identity, purpose, and wholeness, and thus her basic senses of faith, hope, and peace about the future. While she yet continued to milk opportunities for self-promotion, as Pat Chan had taught her to do, it was becoming clearer and clearer that Hicks had for some time been deep within a season of personal introspection, and had been laying plans for a significant life and career transition that appeared to be informed by the values of Singaporean traditionalists. Whilst she was perhaps conceding a victory to her traditionalist critics amid her life transition, her life change was caused at least as much by her own personal maturing away from the years and seemingly unrestrained values of her youth, although there was certainly an interplay of both external and internal forces that prodded her along.
	I experienced great happiness and great sorrow in my life. While the great happiness was uplifting and renewing, the sorrow ate at me slowly, like a worm in the core of an apple. I realised then that stable happiness was not mine until I could eliminate the sorrow too. The sorrow which I experienced was often due to the fact that my own happiness came at a price. That price was someone else's happiness.
	Despite Hicks' confession that she had harmed others along her path to fame, and her intention to reverse the trend, she all along had her supporters—those who comprehended her on a level deeper than the mere fandom she had so often sought to instigate toward herself, and who saw in Hicks a young lady not trying to offend but to initiate critical conversations within a culture that was often far too resistant to anything beyond the familiar. To them, Hicks' anthropical philosophy of life that featured loving, caring and sharing was not only refreshing but important, perhaps more than even Hicks herself could appreciate at the time. A growing voice appeared to emerge clearly in her writings, and it attracted many Singaporeans and others, including some scholars. Two of the scholars would become pivotally influential new mentors to Hicks during her major traditionalist life transition, the ultimate result of which, as things would turn out, would be cut short by her untimely death.
	One of Hicks' new mentors was Tal Ben-Shahar, a positive psychologist and popular professor of psychology at the time at Harvard University. Hicks reached out to Ben-Shahar after being exposed to his writings, and the two corresponded about philosophical and spiritual matters for approximately one year, on up until Hicks' 1997 death. The correspondence later became basis for a 1998 book by Ben-Shahar, in which he narrated Hicks' profound growth during the year.
	Hicks had also became a student of Confucian humanism, and she was particularly attracted to the thought a second Harvard professor, Tu Wei-Ming, a New Confucian philosopher, who became a second new mentor to Hicks. Hicks attended Tu's seminars and the two corresponded over some months. With Tu's influence added to that of Ben-Shahar's, Hicks began to exhibit an increased New Confucian influence upon her thinking, and she soon turned in her occasional "Straits Times" columns to criticising Singaporean society from the theme. In one piece, she expressed dismay about the "lack of understanding of Confucianism as it was intended to be and the political version of the ideology to which we [as Singaporeans] are exposed today." Just before Hicks' death she had submitted what Editor Richard Lim recognised as her most mature column ever to "The Straits Times". The daily posthumously published "I think and feel, therefore I am", on 28 December 1997. In it Hicks argued,
	Thinking is more than just conceiving ideas and drawing inferences; thinking is also reflection and contemplation. When we take embodied thinking rather than abstract reasoning as a goal for our mind, then we understand that thinking is a transformative act.<br>      The mind will not only deduce, speculate, and comprehend, but it will also awaken, will enlighten and inspire.<br>      Si, is how I have thought, and always will think.
	Tu asserts that Hicks' use of the Chinese character "Si" was "code language," readily understood by her Chinese-speaking English readers, to convey New Confucian thought. The piece, Hicks' last, reflects the maturing and deepening engagement in philosophy and spirituality that she had clearly been enveloped in under tutelage of her new mentors during her last year of life.
	When Hicks penned "Excuse Me, are you a Model?", her intent was to write a first book to which people would "react". Whether those reactions were positive or negative was not her young mind's first concern. Only public "indifference", the antithesis of public "reaction", would impede her achievement of fame and popularity, she believed—a message Pat Chan had surely instilled in Hicks from the start. Hicks described her own early motivations:
	I wanted to be something all young girls aspired to be, I wanted to be that model that men lusted after, I wanted to be that model that people would recognise on the streets. I wanted to be that model that clients would never stop demanding for, I wanted to be that model, that face, that would launch a thousand ships. I wanted to be a star.
	Although Hicks never fully attained her stardom goals, and although she later distanced herself from her goals on the matter, Singaporeans broadly took note of the nature of her early attempts at becoming famous. Few people found themselves able to respond to Hicks with a mere shrug, a fact that fueled not only her popularity among her supporters but the controversy that so doggedly followed her among her critics. While tasting the intense and transitory flavor of fame, Hicks' limited life experience could not have led her to anticipate the intensity of the negative reactions that would accompany her attempts under the spotlight, could not have allowed her to surmise the toll that the negative words and societal shunning would take upon her psyche over time. In many ways, her move to Indonesia, which coincided with her plea for greater public understanding as released in her second book, "Discuss Disgust", was an attempt to escape the intense controversy she had experienced in Singapore over her first book, "Excuse Me, Are You a Model?" Whether her departure was something of a victory for traditionalists, a mere admission to herself of her limited constitution to withstand societal disapprobation, an outcome of simply her own maturation, or some combination of the three, cannot be known with certainty. What is clear, however, is that her hope through her move was to find a reprieve from the societal shunning she had been experiencing from traditionalists in Singapore; to move to a place where she could deepen and further redefine herself and perhaps undertake a larger and much wiser relaunching of herself in Singapore. It was never to be due to her untimely death.
	Part of Hicks' plan was to attend university. Although Hicks publicly downplayed her lack of higher education, she privately expressed regret that she had not studied past her A-levels, a fact traditionalist critics had used against her and her writings with no small frequency. During the year leading up to her 1997 death, Hicks applied to numerous universities in Britain and the United States, including Harvard. During her application processes she called upon her Harvard mentors to exert influence on her behalf, which certainly helped overcome any negative effects that remained from Hicks' unremarkable academic record during her youth. At the time she applied, Hicks could present herself as an exceptional candidate to any university she wished to attend, a veritable shoo-in. Here was a young woman who had overcome a very difficult upbringing to become a nationally known model-turned-author, and whose mind, spirit, and insights had authentically impressed the two high-level academicians who had become the predominant mentors of her life transition and letter of recommendation writers. Hicks soon reported through the Singaporean press that she had received one university acceptance, refusing to say where, stating that she was awaiting other possible acceptances before ultimately deciding where to attend.
	In keeping with traditionalist Singaporean pressures placed upon her, Hicks had begun to mature her image regarding her personal relationships and sexual reputation, whether her actual deeds fully deserved the reputation or not. She made plans to marry, settle down, and have children. Shortly before her death, Hicks became engaged to her longtime boyfriend, Richard "Randy" Dalrymple, an American architect of some regional prominence because of his unique structures in Singapore and Jakarta, once featured in "Architectural Digest". It was to celebrate Christmas with Dalrymple's family that Hicks and Dalrymple boarded SilkAir Flight 185 in Jakarta en route to Singapore, probably their first such visit to the home of Dalrymple's parents as an engaged couple. The young couple never arrived, died en route, as their flight crashed into the Musi River.
	Less than thirty minutes into SilkAir Flight 185 with Hicks aboard, the flight began a sudden, radical, high-speed nosedive at 35,000 feet toward the Musi River. The plane reached such a high velocity that it broke into pieces in the air before being scattered across the river's surface. Local fisherman immediately scoured the crash site for survivors, even though by all accounts the scene appeared devastatingly hopeless. Both Hicks and Dalrymple perished along with all of the rest of the passengers and crew. No one ever found even a single intact body.
	Hicks' personal effects, including her wallet and credit cards, were found by divers at the crash site and confirmed her death. SilkAir Flight 185 had crashed with such tremendous force that only six of the one hundred and four victims could be identified from the scant partially intact body parts.
	The crash investigation revealed that Hicks' ex-husband was a Republic of Singapore Air Force friend of Tsu Way Ming, the Singaporean captain of SilkAir Flight 185. According to the recovered flight recorder, Tsu had walked into the first class area of the plane's cabin just minutes before the crash. It would have been hard for him to miss Hicks and Dalrymple seated together. Tsu was thought to have disabled the plane's flight recorder to prevent it from providing a clear record of the actions he was about to take. Additionally, investigators discovered that Tsu had longstanding personal problems and a string of troubling incidents as a pilot. Leading up to the time of the crash, he had been experiencing serious family and financial problems, in part due to gambling debts. A month earlier, Tsu had taken out a large life insurance policy on himself that went into effect just hours before the crash. 
	Indonesian authorities concluded that the crash had occurred for unknown reasons, resulting in nearly universal criticism that they had politicised the report so as not to strike fear into potential passengers of its fledgling national airline industry. An official investigation by the Singapore Police Force found "no evidence that the pilot, copilot or any crew member had suicidal tendencies or a motive to deliberately cause the crash of [the aircraft]." U.S. authorities, whose painstaking research had become the main basis of criticism of Indonesia's and Singapore's findings, took a confidently different view. Employing uncharacteristic brushes of rhetorical force and critical statements in their final report, they ruled the crash a suicide/homicide caused by the deliberate actions of SilkAir Flight 185's Captain Tsu Way Ming. He deliberately murdered everyone aboard while committing suicide, according to the U.S.'s investigation.
	As a result of Indonesia's findings, survivor benefits were paid in full to Captain Tsu Way Ming's wife and children.
	Hicks' death at age twenty-nine shocked Singaporeans, as well as others around the globe, and prompted a swirl of activity as people sought to interpret the meaning of a life that had been suddenly cut short. Hicks' traditionalist critics as well as her allies both looked afresh, deeper, more carefully, and perhaps with a level of nuance she had prior deserved all along.
	Hicks is a transitional yet often still-controversial figure who lived and died a tragic death amid an important period of debate over changes between traditional and globalised Singapore. Both in life and in death, her status as a writer came to eclipse her status as a model. Today she is most recognised for her contributions to Singaporean post-colonial literature that spoke out on subjects not normally broached in her society, and the anthropic philosophy contained in her writings. Describing the consensus of Singaporean literary scholars in 1995, two years before Hicks' death, Ismail S. Talib in "The Journal of Commonwealth Literature" stated of "Excuse me, are you a Model?": "We have come to realize in retrospect that Hicks's autobiographical account of her life as a model was a significant milestone in Singapore's literary and cultural history". This recognition preceded Hicks' death, and in light of the controversy, and even the societal shunning she faced because of her early writings, took her and many around her by surprise. It also helped fuel the life transition she underwent prior her death.
	As answers and unanswered questions continued to trickle out from the flight investigations, literary scholars, both in Singapore and elsewhere, began their own investigations of Hicks' writings. Some did so anew, while others did so for the first time.
	Tu Weiming characterized Hicks' life and philosophy as providing a "sharp contrast to Hobbes' cynic[al] view of human existence", and stated that Hicks was "the paradigmatic example of an autonomous, free-choosing individual who decided early on to construct a lifestyle congenial to her idiosyncratic sense of self-expression". More than anything, Tu said, "She was primarily a seeker of meaningful existence, a learner".
	Singaporean post-colonial author Grace Chia interpreted Hicks' life with a poem, "Mermaid Princess", that parodies the traditional Scottish folk song, "My Bonnie Lies over the Ocean." An excerpt of the poem characterises Hicks as one who:
	Richard Lim, the editor of "The Straits Times", interpreted Hicks in a eulogy by recalling her life and contributions to the paper, and by publishing an excerpt of the famous essay "Whistling of Birds" by D. H. Lawrence. Lim began his piece with a line from the famous folk/rock song "Fire and Rain" by James Taylor. "Sweet dreams and flying machines, and pieces on the ground," as if sung into his readers' memories in Taylor's highly somber tone, seemed to perfectly encapsulate much of the retrospective feeling across Singapore about Hicks' life and sudden death.
	On the first anniversary of her death, in December 1998, Tal Ben-Shahar published "Heaven Can Wait: Conversations with Bonny Hicks", in which he wove together his and Hicks' year-long correspondence with his own philosophical musings. The book is an extended postmodern "conversation" between two seekers journeying intensely together in a quest for meaning and purpose. It takes its title from an article Hicks submitted to "The Straits Times" just days before her death, which ever after took on a hauntingly prophetic air. In it she wrote: "The brevity of life on earth cannot be overemphasized. I cannot take for granted that time is on my side—because it is not ... Heaven can wait, but I cannot". In an earlier "Strait Times" piece that memorialised her grandmother, Hicks confessed that she believed in life after death.
	Especially among Singaporean youth, who in the years since Hicks' death have become increasingly uncomfortable with their country's traditional backdrops of racialism, Hicks is recognized as a person who learned to cross cultural boundaries, who found a comfortable niche in the betwixt-and-between of contesting cultural traditions, and who lived as one who was race-blind to see people for who they really were.
	A memorial in honour of the victims of SilkAir Flight 185 stands beside the Musi River crash site in Indonesia. Another is at Choa Chu Kang Cemetery, Singapore.
	"This article is derived from the Citizendium article "Bonny Hicks" by Stephen Ewen, which is licensed under the Creative Common Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Attribution on the face of the article is required, per the author.

= = = Valuev = = =

	Valuev or Valuyev () is a Russian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

= = = Kevin Kilbane = = =

	Kevin Daniel Kilbane (; born 1 February 1977) is a former professional footballer who played as both a left back and a left winger. Born and raised in England but of Irish parentage, Kilbane won 110 caps for the Republic of Ireland national team, third behind only Robbie Keane and Shay Given as the most capped Irish player of all time.
	Kilbane played for several English clubs, including Everton, West Bromwich Albion, Sunderland, Wigan Athletic, Huddersfield Town and Derby County (the last two on loan from Hull City) and Coventry City.
	Towards the end of his career Kilbane concentrated on forging a media career. He now works as an analyst for Virgin Media Television (Ireland), BBC Radio 5 Live, BBC "Match of the Day", "Football Focus", Final Score and Ireland's "Newstalk" Radio Off The Ball Football Show.
	Born in Preston, Lancashire, Kilbane made his professional debut at his hometown club, Preston North End, after making his way through the youth system at Deepdale. It was not long before his performances began to attract attention from other clubs, and he was sold to West Bromwich Albion for a fee of £1 million in 1997. Kilbane was Albion's first £1 million player, breaking a club transfer record which had stood since 1979.
	In December 1999, Peter Reid's Sunderland paid £2.5 million for the left winger, making him the third most expensive club signing at the time. His impact was immediate; coming off the bench on his debut against Southampton, Kilbane crossed for Kevin Phillips to score the match winner. However, this was to be Sunderland's last win until March 2000, a loss in form which came to be known as "The Curse of Kilbane".
	In spite of his best efforts on the pitch, he soon became a target for the Black Cats fans to vent their frustrations, as the team's drop in form under Peter Reid continued and the team were relegated from the Premiership. In the summer of 2002, he gave the travelling Sunderland fans a two-fingered salute on a pre-season tour of France. His days at the Stadium of Light seemed numbered.
	On the last day of the transfer window at the start of the 2003–04 season, Kilbane moved to Everton for just under £1 million, where he was reunited with David Moyes. The Goodison Park fans would appreciate his commitment and re-invigorate Kilbane as a player. In return, he displayed great versatility which resulted in him being deployed right across the midfield, at left back or even as a support striker, as well has his preferred left-wing position. On 26 August 2006, during his last game for Everton against Tottenham Hotspur, he was sent off by referee Mark Halsey for two bookable offences.
	On 31 August 2006, Kilbane signed a three-year deal with Wigan Athletic for an estimated fee of £2 million. On 15 April 2007, he scored his first goal for Wigan Athletic with a powerful header in the 3–3 draw against Tottenham Hotspur. This was his first goal at club level since October 2004. He then scored his second goal for Wigan with a looping header over Robert Green's head from Ryan Taylor's cross as Wigan went on to beat West Ham 1–0. Kilbane played most of his second season in the unfamiliar left back role, but still managed to win Wiganer.net's Player of The Season Award.
	With limited first team opportunities at Wigan due to the emergence of Maynor Figueroa and with his contract set to expire in the summer, Kilbane transferred to Hull City on 15 January 2009 for an undisclosed fee believed to be in the region of £500,000, signing a two-and-a-half-year deal with the Yorkshire club. He scored his first goal for the club against Burnley on 10 April 2010.
	On 1 January 2011, as the transfer window reopened, Kilbane joined Football League One side Huddersfield Town on loan until the end of the season, mainly as a replacement for the injured Damien Johnson. He made his debut the same day in the 2–2 draw against Carlisle United at Brunton Park. He scored his first goal for the club in the 4–2 win over Walsall at the Bescot Stadium on 15 January 2011. After signing for Huddersfield, he helped the team to a club record 26 league games unbeaten, before their eventual 3–0 defeat in the playoff final to Peterborough.
	On 2 August 2011, Kilbane joined Derby County on a six-month loan deal from Hull. Kilbane played 10 times for Derby, scoring one goal in a 3–0 win against Doncaster Rovers on 20 August 2011, however Kilbane's loan was cut short on 29 November 2011 due to a back injury.
	On 2 July 2012 Kilbane joined Coventry City on an initial one-year deal. On his debut against Dagenham & Redbridge in the League Cup on 14 August 2012., he scored a late winner from the penalty spot. On 16 August 2012, Kilbane was named captain for the 2012–13 Coventry City's season. He made his final professional appearance as a substitute in a 2–1 defeat at Brentford on 24 October 2012 before announcing his immediate retirement on 8 December 2012.
	While still a youth player at Preston, Kilbane was called up to the England u-18 squad but declined as he had always wished to represent Ireland. Kilbane qualified for the Republic of Ireland team as both his parents are Irish, and he made his international debut against Iceland on 6 September 1997. He was chosen as part of Mick McCarthy's squad for the 2002 FIFA World Cup in Japan and South Korea. The team did relatively well at the tournament, progressing to the knockout stage. They lost to Spain in a penalty shootout when Iker Casillas saved Kilbane and David Connolly's penalties.
	Kilbane scored his first international goal in nearly four years with a magnificent strike against the Czech Republic on 11 October 2006. He scored his 8th international goal on 7 September 2010 against Andorra, the first competitive goal for the Republic of Ireland at the new Aviva Stadium.
	Kilbane won his 100th cap against Montenegro on 14 November 2009. As of 4 June 2011, Kilbane played his 66th consecutive competitive international game (a run stretching back to 1999); only England's Billy Wright has achieved a longer unbroken run in competitive international football. Kilbane was only four games away from equalling Wright's record of 70 consecutive competitive international starts. However this incredible run ended after he was not selected for Ireland's crunch UEFA Euro 2012 qualification tie against Slovakia due to a back injury.
	Kilbane obtained a degree in Professional Sports Writing and Broadcasting at Staffordshire University. Kilbane was enlisted by RTÉ Sport for their squad of pundits ahead of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa.
	From 2012 he has been a studio analyst for UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League coverage on TV3 and 3e in Ireland, and is also a regular on Setanta Sports. On 7 April 2013, he made his first appearance as a studio pundit on the BBC One's Match of the Day 2. On 9 May 2013, he made his first appearance on the Guardian Football Weekly Extra podcast.
	In 2014 Kilbane was part of the commentary team for the BBC at the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil.
	Since August 2016, Kilbane has had the role of co-presenter on the Off the Ball show on Newstalk radio in Ireland. Kilbane also provides commentary for the station's Premier League coverage.
	Kilbane is separated from his wife of 12 years, Laura. He is father to two girls; his elder daughter, Elsie, has Down's Syndrome.
	He is a patron of the Down's Syndrome Association, and in February 2015 sent a complaint to the FA over allegations that West Ham United fans had sung a chant mocking the condition.
	Preston North End
	Individual

= = = Matt Holland = = =

	Matthew Rhys Holland (born 11 April 1974) is a former professional footballer, who played as a central midfielder. He began his career at West Ham United and subsequently joined Bournemouth, before spending long spells at Ipswich Town and Charlton Athletic, where he retired in 2009.
	He represented the Republic of Ireland from 1999 to 2006 at international level, earning 49 caps and scoring 5 goals. He was included in their squad for the 2002 FIFA World Cup.
	Since ending his football career he has worked in the media, including with the BBC, Setanta Sports, Talksport, BT Sport and RTÉ.
	Initially rejected by Arsenal for being 'too small' he went to West Ham United where he moved up the ranks of the academy but did not play for the first team. He joined Football Conference side Farnborough Town during the 1992–93 season and made twenty-one appearances.
	In order to gain first team football, he joined South Coast side Bournemouth in January 1995. He played a total of 104 games, scoring 18 goals whilst at Dean Court, and also became captain.
	In the summer of 1997, Holland joined Ipswich Town for a fee of £800,000. He again became team captain and
	captained the club into the Premier League by winning the First Division play-offs in 2000. He captained the club to a fifth-place finish and qualification for the UEFA Cup in their first season in the Premier League in 2001. Though Ipswich were relegated in 2002 he stayed with the club after he turned down a £4 million move to Aston Villa. His spell at Ipswich is remembered for the consistency he showed, after playing 223 consecutive games and only missing one league match (due to international duty) in the six years he was at Portman Road.
	After Ipswich failed to win promotion in 2003, Holland moved back to the Premier League by joining Charlton Athletic on a four-year contract for an initial £750,000 fee, which later rose to £900,000. Again with this move he assumed the captain's armband and was ever-present in his first season for the club. One of the longest-serving Charlton players, he claimed more than half the entire vote for the 2007–08 Fans' Player of the Year. His final match came in a 2–2 draw with Cardiff on 21 April 2009, and the club released him after relegation to League One at the end of the season.
	In July 2009, Holland trained with Colchester United following his release from Charlton in order to keep himself fit.
	Although born in England, Holland qualified to play for the Republic of Ireland through his grandmother who hailed from County Monaghan. He made his international debut on 9 October 1999 in an away Euro 2000 qualifier against Macedonia, playing the last five minutes as a substitute for Mark Kennedy. His first goal came on his fifth cap, the equaliser in a 1–1 draw with Portugal on 7 October 2000 in qualification for the 2002 FIFA World Cup. Holland captained the side in three internationals, the first on his 28th cap, a 2–0 friendly defeat to Scotland.
	He went with the Republic of Ireland to the 2002 World Cup scoring the equaliser against Cameroon in their opening game. Ireland were eliminated from this tournament in a Second Round penalty shoot-out against Spain, with Holland among those who missed. Following Ireland's failure to qualify for the 2006 World Cup, he announced his retirement from international football on 5 February 2006 having made 49 appearances and scoring five goals. Manager Steve Staunton had attempted to persuade Holland to continue.
	Ipswich Town
	Individual
	He was one of several players and managers (including Danny Mills and Paul Jewell) who acted as summarisers for BBC Radio Five Live during the 2006 World Cup. Holland has also appeared on the BBC television program "A Question of Sport" and the radio quiz "Fighting Talk". Holland as a freelance pundit has appeared on nearly every media outlet covering football in the UK. He has been a pundit on ESPN & Sky Sports, appeared on BBC results service Final Score on the odd Saturday afternoon and appeared on ITV commentating on the UEFA Cup. He is also a presenter for the Eastern England edition of the BBC regional football show "Late Kick Off".
	He has also appeared on many radio shows, he usually appears on talkSPORT on kick off usually on Friday nights and also appearing on Matchday Live on Saturday afternoons whenever he is not on Final Score. Holland has also appeared frequently on Absolute Radio and BBC Radio 5 Live as a co-commentator as well as Final Score, Premier Soccer Saturday or talkSPORT. In addition Holland previously appeared as an analyst for Setanta Sports' live matches.
	He also co-commentates on BT Sport on the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League.
	Holland began work with RTÉ when he commentated alongside George Hamilton during the Rep. of Ireland and Brazil friendly. He then appeared as a member of the panel on RTÉ's Premier Soccer Saturday for a number of weeks. He commentated the 2010 FIFA World Cup.
	Holland lives in Essex.

= = = Bye Bye Blues (film) = = =

	Bye Bye Blues is a 1989 Canadian film. It was written and directed by Anne Wheeler and produced by Alberta Motion Picture Development Corporation with the assistance of Allarcom Limited.
	During World War II, Daisy Cooper (Rebecca Jenkins) returns home to her small Alberta town after she and her soldier husband, Teddy (Michael Ontkean), are split by the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong. While waiting for the war to end and to learn if Teddy is alive or dead, she joins a swing band as a singer to provide for her family, performing with them in many community halls. Daisy and her children initially live with her husband's parents, but later rent a house for themselves, as Daisy chafes under her in-laws' scrutiny. Daisy struggles to balance societal expectations of fealty and commitment to her children, while also struggling to financially support herself and her children by travelling and performing with the band. A trombonist in the band has a secret past and a not so secret yearning. Daisy struggles with an impossible choice as she hears that Teddy is returning home.
	Her husband's sister, a somewhat similar free spirit, befriends an Australian airman in Alberta to train in the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan.
	The cast also includes Luke Reilly, Leslie Yeo, Kate Reid, Wayne Robson, Robyn Stevan, and Stuart Margolin.
	The film was nominated for twelve Genie Awards at the 11th Genie Awards in 1990, and won three: Best Actress (Jenkins), Best Supporting Actress (Stevan), and Best Original Song ("When I Sing" by Bill Henderson).
	Springwater School in Starland County, Alberta, Canada was used as a set.
	There are a number of buildings in Alberta's Ghost Town - Rowley, Alberta. 
	This town's buildings were refaced and looks like a Hollywood movie set - hence its nickname Rowleywood.
	For several years "Bye Bye Blues" could not be exhibited on television or theatrically (and could not be issued on DVD or made available digitally) because nobody could determine who held the copyright. On August 21, 2013, however, the Copyright Board of Canada issued a licence to Rebecca Jenkins, allowing the film to be distributed in Canada by television, Internet, and other means. The licence was issued under section 77 of the "Copyright Act", which allows the Copyright Board to issue a licence in respect of orphan works where "the Board is satisfied that the applicant has made reasonable efforts to locate the owner of the copyright and that the owner cannot be located". Pursuant to the licence, the film is available online in Canada through the iTunes Store, and two theatrical screenings were held in October 2014 at the Vancouver International Film Festival.

= = = Dean Kiely = = =

	Dean Laurence Kiely (born 10 October 1970) is a former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He is the goalkeeping coach at Premier League club Crystal Palace. He won eleven caps for the Republic of Ireland as a player. Kiely has previously worked as the goalkeeping coach at West Bromwich Albion and Norwich City.
	Born in Salford, Lancashire, Kiely trained with the West Bromwich Albion youth system as a schoolboy before being accepted into the FA School of Excellence at Lilleshall. After Albion he progressed through the Coventry City youth system as a trainee before signing a professional contract on 30 October 1987. He went to Ipswich Town on loan in November 1989 but failed to make any league appearances. Kiely joined York City on loan on 9 March 1990 before joining permanently in May, when he was given his first chance at regular first-team football. He made 210 league appearances for them between 1990 and 1996, and played in their 3–0 win over Manchester United at Old Trafford in the League Cup.
	Following a trial with Plymouth Argyle, Kiely signed for Bury on 15 August 1996 for a tribunal-decided fee of £125,000. He spent three seasons at Bury, making 137 league appearances in the process. He was instrumental in Bury winning the Second Division title in the 1996–97 season, most notably with an 88th-minute penalty save in the penultimate game of the season from Watford's Tommy Mooney. Bury requiring a point to guarantee a second automatic promotion in as many seasons had Kiely to thank after he kept the scoreline at 0–0 in a memorable day at Vicarage Road.
	Kiely moved to Charlton Athletic for a fee of £1 million on 26 May 1999 and made his debut on 7 August against Barnsley. He was Charlton's regular keeper from 1999 to 2005, and was popular with the club's fans as well as having a majestic "shut out" rate. Having been signed from a lower-division club he was seen as an example of Alan Curbishley's ability to spot talent in unheralded players. Kiely made a point-blank save from Birmingham City player Christophe Dugarry in a game at St Andrew's on 3 November 2003; Charlton went on to win the game 2–1 and Kiely later named the save as the favourite one of his career. He also saved a penalty from Crystal Palace's Andy Johnson to help secure a 1-0 win in December 2004.
	He signed for Portsmouth for an undisclosed fee on 25 January 2006, and played a large part in their escape from relegation that same season. His Pompey debut was in the FA Cup against Liverpool at Fratton Park in a 2–1 defeat. After David James signed for Portsmouth on 11 August, he voiced his frustration at having to compete with a top goalkeeper for the No. 1 spot, and with Jamie Ashdown also on their books, he opted to leave Portsmouth in the autumn.
	He signed for Championship club Luton Town on a one-month loan
	on 23 November 2006, making his debut in the 2–1 away defeat at Southampton on 25 November. He then joined Championship side West Bromwich Albion on 30 January 2007, signing a one-and-a-half-year contract, as a replacement for Russell Hoult. Kiely made his Albion debut in a 2–1 win over Plymouth Argyle the following day.
	Kiely reached the milestone of 700 senior career appearances on 1 September 2007, and recorded a clean sheet as Albion beat Barnsley 2–0. He signed a new deal with West Brom in January 2008, which would expire in June 2009. Kiely's clean sheet in the 3–0 home win against Plymouth Argyle on 1 March 2008 saw him named in the Championship Team of the Week.<ref name="Team Of The Week (03/03/2008)"></ref> Later that month however, he was the subject of criticism and booing from his team's own fans during Albion's 4–3 victory over Colchester United, but retained his starting place. He nonetheless kept 18 clean sheets in all competitions to win the Championship Golden Glove award, while Albion won promotion to the Premier League as champions and reached the FA Cup semi-final. Since then, Kiely had to play second fiddle to England international Scott Carson. In spite of that, he was awarded a one-year extension at the club as a 'reward' from boss Tony Mowbray for his professionalism. And following an injury to Carson in training, Kiely was handed his first Premier League start against Wigan Athletic on 9 May 2009, producing some fine saves as the Baggies won 3–1 to keep their survival hopes alive, earning praise from Mowbray in the process. Mowbray was also quick to hail Kiely's professionalism throughout the season in handling his situation with dignity. That performance ensured that he kept his place for the club's final two games of the season, although he was unable to prevent relegation following a 2–0 defeat at the hands of Liverpool. On 24 May 2009 he kept a clean sheet in the club's final game against Blackburn Rovers as the match finished in a 0–0 stalemate.
	Since relegation to the Championship Kiely has once again had to be content playing second fiddle to Carson, who was named the new club captain by new manager Roberto Di Matteo, but on 8 December 2009 he made his first Championship appearance of the season as a replacement, coming on for the sent-off Carson and saving a penalty (though Peter Whittingham scored from the rebound) in a 2–0 home defeat to Cardiff City. He went on to play a run of three games while Carson sat through a suspension following his headbutting of Cardiff striker Michael Chopra, against QPR (2–2), Peterborough United (2–0), and Scunthorpe United (3–1). Kiely had also been performing the duties of goalkeeping coach following the retirement of former trainer Joe Corrigan, and in April 2010 was officially named goalkeeping coach of the club. On 18 April 2010, Kiely made his fifth appearance of the season as a half-time substitute for the injured Carson in a 2–0 home win over Middlesbrough. He retired as a player at the end of the 2010–11 season after West Brom opted against extending his contract, however he remained at the club as a coach. In January 2015, upon the appointment of new West Bromwich Albion manager, Tony Pulis, Kiely was released by the club. In March 2015, he was appointed Norwich City's goalkeeping coach.
	In September 2017, Kiely was appointed the goalkeeping coach at Championship club Preston North End.
	In January 2018, Kiely joined Premier League club Crystal Palace as goalkeeping coach.
	Kiely played for England at under-15 (13 caps), under-16 (13 caps) and under-18 (four caps in 1988) levels. He made one appearance for Republic of Ireland B, starting in a 4–3 win over League of Ireland XI on 9 February 1999, in which he was substituted for Nick Colgan. He went on to represent the Republic of Ireland at full international level, earning his first cap as a substitute in a UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying play-off against Turkey in November 1999. He retired from international football in February 2003, but in April 2008 Ireland's assistant manager Liam Brady suggested that Kiely could make a return to the squad. The rumours were then confirmed when he returned to the Ireland squad in Giovanni Trapattoni's first squad as manager in May 2008. He won his first cap in five years when he appeared in the Republic's 1–1 draw with Serbia that month, playing the full 90 minutes. On 28 May 2009, he walked out of the Ireland squad after Trapattoni informed him that he would be replacing Shay Given with Keiren Westwood for the second half of the friendly International against Nigeria at Craven Cottage on 29 May. He was capped 11 times by the Republic of Ireland, last appearing in 2008.
	Away from football, Kiely made a guest appearance on Bravo's "Saved by the Ball" lifestyle makeover programme in 2006, and has also worked as a match summariser for BBC Radio 5 Live. He plays golf and is interested in horse racing, and is friends with WBA fan & ITV presenter Adrian Chiles. Kiely married Tracey in Las Vegas in May 1999. The couple have three children; Millie, Chris and Mason. Chris is a former professional goalkeeper.
	York City
	Bury
	Charlton Athletic
	West Bromwich Albion
	Individual

= = = British Tabulating Machine Company = = =

	The British Tabulating Machine Company (BTM) was a firm which manufactured and sold Hollerith unit record equipment and other data-processing equipment. During World War II, BTM constructed a number of "bombes", machines used at Bletchley Park to break the German Enigma machine ciphers.
	The company was formed in 1902 as The Tabulator Limited, after Robert Porter obtained the rights to sell Herman Hollerith's patented machines from the US Tabulating Machine Company (later to become IBM). By 1909, the company had been renamed the "British Tabulating Machine Company Limited". In 1920, the company moved from London to Letchworth, Hertfordshire; it was also at this point that it started manufacturing its own machines, rather than simply reselling Hollerith equipment.
	Annual revenues were £6K in 1915, £122K in 1925, and £170K in 1937. In 1916 there were 45 staff; this increased to 132 in 1922, 326 in 1929 and 1225 in 1939.
	In return for the exclusive right to market Hollerith equipment in Britain and the Empire (excluding Canada), BTM paid 25% of its revenues to the American company by way of royalties. This became an ever-increasing burden as the years progressed; BTM attempted to renegotiate the agreement on several occasions, but it was only finally terminated in 1948.
	During World War II, BTM was called upon to design and manufacture a machine to assist breaking the German Enigma machine ciphers. This machine, known as a Bombe, was initially conceived by Alan Turing, but the actual machine was designed by BTM chief engineer Harold 'Doc' Keen, who had led the company's engineering department throughout the 1930s. The project was codenamed "CANTAB". By the end of the European war, over two hundred bombes had been built and installed.
	BTM built a valve based computer called the HEC (Hollerith Electronic Computer). The first model (HEC 1) was built in 1951, an example is held by the Birmingham Museum. BTM went on to develop the HEC 2, 2M and 4 models, eventually building more than 100. The machines had a 2 kilobyte drum memory and 1000 valves, and could use punched cards for input and output, or drive a printer. 
	In 1959 BTM merged with former rival Powers-Samas to become International Computers and Tabulators Limited (ICT). ICT later became part of ICL (International Computers Limited), which was later taken over by Fujitsu.
 

= = = Butterfly Rocket = = =

	Butterfly Rocket is Nikka Costa's fourth studio record and first "adult" album, released in 1996 in Australia on Mushroom Records.
	Later copies of the album were released with the limited edition bonus CD "Live at the Bridge". The songs were recorded live at The Bridge Hotel in November, 1996.
	Released only in Australia as promotional singles
† "Same as the album version"

= = = Everybody Got Their Something = = =

	Everybody Got Their Something was the first album released in 2001 by pop/soul singer Nikka Costa. Although she had released several albums internationally as a child, this was her first release in the United States, and was released on May 22, 2001 by Virgin Records. It peaked at #120 on the "Billboard" 200 in June 2001. As of 2005, it has shifted 250,000 units in United States.
	Several tracks were recorded for "Everybody Got Their Something", but later excluded from the final release. 
	Credits for "Everybody Got Their Something" adapted from Allmusic

= = = No Place Like Home (Squeeze song) = = =

	"No Place Like Home" is the second UK single released from Squeeze's sixth album, "Cosi Fan Tutti Frutti". Identical cover art was used for the "By Your Side" single released elsewhere in Europe.

= = = South of Wawa = = =

	South of Wawa is a 1991 Canadian comedy film. It was written by Lori Lansens and directed by Robert Boyd.
	The film stars Rebecca Jenkins as Lizette, a woman stuck in an unhappy marriage who organizes a road trip with her coworker Cheryl Ann (Catherine Fitch) to see Dan Hill in concert. Although the film's title alludes to the Northern Ontario town of Wawa, the film is actually set in the Western Ontario town of Stayner.
	The film was released on VHS in 1995 in Canada by Cineplex Odeon, but as of April 19, 2010, a DVD of the film has yet to be announced.
	Lizette acquires four front-row tickets to the Dan Hill concert in Toronto, Ontario - one for her, one for her husband, Terry (Scott Renderer), one for Simon (Andrew Miller), and one for Simon's date. At the very last minute, Simon's date cancels and the group decides to invite Cheryl Ann to fill the seat.
	Cheryl Ann becomes a memorable character not far into the film. She is eager, possesses an open attitude, and has a positive outlook on life no matter what comes at her. Her mother is dying, and she wishes to bring her to Greece for treatment from a "miracle man." Her car sometimes doesn't start and most of the time she ends up walking all the way to her job with Lizette at the donut shop. Despite the unfortunate events she is constantly victim to, Cheryl Ann sees the good in everything. 
	Lizzette wants nothing more but to escape their small town of Stayner, (now Clearview), and everything in it, including her coworker Cheryl Ann. So when she receives the news that Cheryl Ann will be joining the group for the trip, she is anything but amused. The problem is that Simon will not go on the trip without a date, and Terry will not go without Simon. Both men would rather stay in town and attend the local hockey game, however Lizette wants this trip to be a success and therefore allows Cheryl Ann to come along.
	Due to unforeseen circumstances, the evening does not go according to plan and the friends must examine their relationships with eachorther and others in town.
	The film's soundtrack includes songs by Cowboy Junkies, Rickie Lee Jones, Lyle Lovett and Lee Aaron.

= = = DeltaPlex Arena = = =

	DeltaPlex Arena & Conference Center (formerly Grand Rapids Stadium, Stadium Arena, and Turner Arena) is a 5,000-seat multipurpose arena in Walker, Michigan, United States. It is the home of the Grand Rapids Drive of the NBA G League. It was built in 1952 and since then the DeltaPlex sports, entertainment and convention complex has grown around the arena. The arena is a space, which has a ceiling, seats up to 8,000 for concerts and has 1,088 loge seats. It has a 60-by-56-foot portable stage. DeltaPlex Arena is a venue usable for not only sports and concerts but also trade shows, conventions, concerts and special events.
	The original building was constructed in 1952, and began life as the Stadium Arena. The building had an arched roof design with wooded arch supports instead of steel. The building housed many different tenants including two defunct IHL Hockey teams. The Grand Rapids Rockets in the 1950s (an NAHL team of the same name played in the building during the 1990s) and the Grand Rapids Owls in the late 1970s until 1980. During the 1960s and early 1970s it was home to Atlantic Mills Department Store. It was also home for a short time to a drive-in theater, known as the Stadium Drive-In Theater. For most of its life it was located at the corner of Turner Ave. and West River Drive. However, due to a reconstruction of West River Drive, the parking lot was enlarged and Turner Ave. ended at West River Drive.
	It was the Grand Rapids area's main indoor entertainment facility until the opening of Van Andel Arena in 1996. In the mid-1990s the building was sold to the Langlois Family. After the purchase an extensive, ground-up restoration and remodeling regimen followed and the newly christened DeltaPlex was born.
	The arena serves as the Grand Rapids chapter of Arena Racing. it also previously hosted the Grand Rapids Flight of the International Basketball League in 2008. In 2010, the DeltaPlex Arena was home to the West Michigan ThunderHawks of the Indoor Football League.
	The DeltaPlex is currently home of the Detroit Pistons' NBA G League affiliate, the Grand Rapids Drive.

= = = Can'tneverdidnothin' = = =

	Can'tneverdidnothin' is the second studio album by Nikka Costa. The album was released May 24, 2005, by Virgin Records. It received generally favorable reviews from critics.
	Credits for "Can'tneverdidnothin"' adapted from Allmusic
	"Till I Get to You", "Can'tneverdidnothin'", "Swing It Around", "Happy in the Morning", "I Gotta Know", and "Hey Love" are some of the tracks that were remixed and reorganized for the retail release.

= = = Queen Charlotte Strait = = =

	Queen Charlotte Strait is a strait between Vancouver Island and the Mainland of British Columbia, Canada. It connects Queen Charlotte Sound with Johnstone Strait and Discovery Passage and via them to the Strait of Georgia and Puget Sound. It forms part of the Inside Passage from Washington to Alaska. The term Queen Charlotte Strait is also used to refer to the general region and its many communities, notably of the Kwakwaka'wakw peoples. Despite its name, Queen Charlotte Strait does not lie between Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands) and the mainland; that body of water is named Hecate Strait.
	According to the BCGNIS, the northern boundary of Queen Charlotte Strait is defined as a line running Cape Sutil, at the north end of Vancouver Island, to Cape Caution on the mainland. The southern end of Queen Charlotte Strait is described as "several narrow channels north and east of Malcolm Island".
	Queen Charlotte Sound was named by James Strange on August 5, 1786, in honour of Queen Charlotte, the consort of King George III. Strange was the leader of a fur trading expedition of two vessels, the "Captain Cook", under Captain Henry Lawrie, and the "Experiment", under Captain John Guise. During a boat excursion up Goletas Channel, Strange saw an opening ahead and named it Queen Charlotte Sound. The body of water he named was what is today known as Queen Charlotte Strait. For some time Queen Charlotte Strait was also called Queen Charlotte Sound, until 1920 when the BCGNIS and Hydrographic Service distinguished between Queen Charlotte Sound and Queen Charlotte Strait. George Vancouver, who used the name in his maps and writings, wrote that the sound was named by Mr. S. Wedgeborough, in command of the "Experiment" under James Strange, but this is probably a mistake.
	The strait lies between the Mainland and Vancouver Island portions of the Mount Waddington Regional District, a form of regional municipal governance with power over zoning, building and sewer permits and inter-municipal integration. Most communities in the region, however, are Indian reserve communities of the Kwakwaka'wakw peoples which are outside the jurisdiction of regional district governance. The traditional territories of most of the various Kwakwaka'wakw peoples overlap in the strait, which is a vital fishery resource and transportation link between their communities.

= = = Interfaith Alliance = = =

	Interfaith Alliance is an interfaith organization in the United States founded in 1994. Its stated goal is to protect faith and freedom by respecting individual rights, protecting the boundaries between religion and government, and uniting diverse voices to challenge extremism and build common ground.
	Interfaith Alliance has members from more than 75 faith traditions and belief systems, in addition to many persons who follow no religious tradition.
	In January 2016, Rabbi Moline was named President of Interfaith Alliance. Rev. Dr. C. Welton Gaddy is the President Emeritus and continues to host Interfaith Alliance's weekly State of Belief Radio program.
	In January 2015, Rabbi Jack Moline had been named Executive Director of Interfaith Alliance.
	Interfaith Alliance and its partner organization, Interfaith Alliance Foundation, work out of their main office in Washington, D.C.. The group has local affiliates around the United States.
	Interfaith Alliance realizes the powerful role that religion plays in America, and it values the positive impact that religious belief can have on American politics. However, Interfaith Alliance's concern is that religion and the United States government are becoming dangerously entangled. Interfaith Alliance believes that religion is being manipulated as a tool to influence policy and advance political strategy. Interfaith Alliance works to ensure the sanctity of religion and the integrity of politics. The group also supports an end to discrimination based on sexual orientation.
	In 2019, Interfaith Alliance joined with 42 other religious and allied organizations in issuing a statement opposing Project Blitz, an effort by a coalition of Christian right organizations to influence state legislation.

= = = Richmond River cod = = =

	The Richmond River cod was a form of "Maccullochella" cod, now believed to have been eastern freshwater cod, "Maccullochella ikei", that occurred naturally in the Richmond River system, an east coast river system in north-east New South Wales, Australia.
	Eastern freshwater cod in turn are a species of "Maccullochella" cod found in east coast drainages and originating from Murray cod, "Maccullochella peelii", that crossed the Great Dividing Range and entered east coast drainages from a river capture event between 0.62 and 1.62 million years ago (mean estimate 1.1 million years ago).
	Richmond River cod are extinct, from overfishing, habitat destruction including gross siltation, and whole-of-catchment scale bushfires and fish kills in the 1930s.
	The Richmond River system has now been restocked with small numbers of eastern freshwater cod from the Clarence River system, but these appear to have been insufficient to re-establish populations; there is no evidence of these stocked fish reproducing as yet.

= = = Delta Force: Black Hawk Down = = =

	Delta Force: Black Hawk Down is a first-person shooter video game developed by NovaLogic. It was released for Microsoft Windows on March 23, 2003; for Mac OS X in July 2004; and for PlayStation 2 and Xbox on July 26, 2005. It is the 6th game of the "Delta Force" series. It is set in the early 1990s during the Unified Task Force peacekeeping operation in Somalia. The missions take place primarily in the southern Jubba Valley and the capital Mogadishu. The game also features a mission editor with which players can make custom missions.
	The gameplay in "Delta Force: Black Hawk Down" differs heavily from earlier installments in the series. While all earlier "Delta Force" games focus on long distance outdoor combat and have open ended mission design, "Black Hawk Down" focuses on close quarters combat in urban environments with heavily scripted missions more similar to the then-recent . Many of the series' trademark features, such as bullet ballistics and later weapon sway, were abandoned in favour of simpler action-focused gameplay. The player is usually accompanied by a squad of three AI-controlled soldiers, whom the player is able to give simple commands such as the order to hold fire, hold position or throw a grenade.
	Like in earlier "Delta Force" games the campaign in "Black Hawk Down" is divided into distinct missions. While the campaign is linear, most of the time three missions are available at the same time, allowing the player to complete them in any order. Completing a mission saves the campaign progress and usually unlocks a new one. Already completed missions can be accessed from an "instant action" list.
	In addition to the singleplayer campaign, "Delta Force: Black Hawk Down" features LAN and online multiplayer with support for up to 50 players in a single match, breaking the record for the largest console multiplayer battles at the time.
	The online multiplayer is powered by NovaWorld which tracks players' statistics, gives them increasing ranks and has a matchmaking system. Various gameplay modes are available including Deathmatch, Team Deathmatch and King of the Hill as well as objective-based ones. Like in the previous two "Delta Force" games players can choose one out of several character classes with individual characteristics.
	The player begins the game as a soldier with Task Force Ranger, commanding 3 team members: Huck, Mother, and Preacher. They take part in the Unified Task Force peacekeeping operation during the Somali Civil War. Following the third mission, the player assumes the role of the same soldier. He/she is assigned to 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta, taking part in Operation Gothic Serpent, a military operation conducted during the Battle of Mogadishu on October 3, 1993. During the latter section of the game, the player will still play as that soldier, but is now sent to the 3rd Ranger Battalion and the 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta, commonly known as Delta Force.
	The final mission features an alternate history in which the player and a team of operators carry out the assassination of Mohammad Farrah Aidid.
	"Delta Force: Black Hawk Down" uses an engine based on "Comanche 4" which allows for more detail and advanced visual effects thanks to shader support. Also vehicle movement is not restricted to specific pre-defined paths anymore and the AI drivers are able to avoid obstacles. It is the first engine used by the series to support platforms other than PC.
	In 2004 an expansion pack titled "" was released for the PC and PlayStation 2 versions of the game, adding two campaigns which take place in Colombia and Iran respectively.
	"Black Hawk Down"s computer version received a "Silver" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 100,000 copies in the United Kingdom.
	The PC version received "generally favorable reviews", while the Xbox and PlayStation 2 versions received "mixed" reviews according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.
	"Maxim" gave the game a score of eight out of ten, first saying of the PC version, "While it would be impossible for the game to mimic the raw emotion and chaos that defined this mission-turned-disaster in real life, the graphics are the best we’ve seen on a battlefield"; and then of the PS2 and Xbox versions, "Drink in your fill of military realism in crowded, confusing war zones where you can drown in rivers, kill civilians, and partake in friendly fire—just like we did—before heading to boot camp to apologize. If that's not enough carnage, you can also engage in 32-player (50 on Xbox Live) online deathmatch missions, which is technically twice the bloody chaos of "Halo 2". See, foreign policy can be fun!" "The Cincinnati Enquirer" gave the PC version a score of three-and-a-half stars out of five and stated, "If you can forgive the game's lighter approach - one that emphasizes action instead of strategy - then you'll enjoy "Black Hawk Down"." However, "Detroit Free Press" gave the Xbox version two stars out of four, quipping, "Diehard military combat fans might want to rent this one just to partake in the giant chaotic skirmishes." "The Sydney Morning Herald" gave both the PS2 and Xbox versions two-and-a-half stars out of five, stating, "The solo campaign lacks the pizzazz of other military shooters, but decent multiplayer options prevent it from feeling pilotless."

= = = Lori Lansens = = =

	Lori Lansens is a Canadian novelist and screenwriter.
	Lansens was a successful screenwriter, whose credits included the films "South of Wawa", "Wolf Girl" and "Marine Life", before publishing her first novel "Rush Home Road" in 2002. The novel was a shortlisted finalist for the Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize.
	Lansens' follow-up novel, "The Girls", was published in 2005. "The Girls" received recognition as a 2007 Best Book for Young Adults from the American Library Association. and was longlisted for the Orange Prize in 2007.
	She followed up with "The Wife's Tale" in 2009, and "The Mountain Story" in 2015. In fall 2019 Lansens published her latest novel, "This Little Light", an explosive story about the bombing of a Calabasas Christian school, and the rebellious young girl who is falsely accused. It deals with themes of sex and religion, which Lansens has always explored in her work.
	Originally from Chatham, Ontario, Lansens currently resides in Los Angeles with her husband Milan Cheylov, a television director and producer, and their children.

= = = Brisbane River cod = = =

	The Brisbane River cod was a unique form of "Maccullochella" cod that occurred naturally in the Brisbane River system, an east coast river system in south east Queensland, Australia. Their exact taxonomic status is not known, but based on several genetic studies it is suspected that Brisbane River Cod were a species intermediate between eastern freshwater cod ("Maccullochella ikei") of the Clarence River and Richmond River systems in northern New South Wales and Mary River cod of the Mary River in central Queensland.
	All naturally occurring "Maccullochella" cod in east coast drainages ultimately originate from Murray cod, "Maccullochella peelii" that entered an east coast river system, likely the Clarence, via a natural river capture event somewhere between 0.62 and 1.62 million years ago (mean estimate 1.1 million years ago), as estimated by DNA divergence rates. 
	Brisbane River cod are extinct, from overfishing, habitat destruction and siltation, and whole-of-catchment scale bushfires and ash fish kills in the 1930s.
	The Brisbane River has now been restocked with Mary River cod from the Mary River system.

= = = Albert Dubout = = =

	Albert Dubout (15 May 1905 – 27 June 1976) was a French cartoonist, illustrator, painter, and sculptor.
	Albert Dubout was born in Marseille. After attending school at Nîmes (where he met Jean Paulhan) he studied at the fine arts school in Montpellier where he met his first wife, Renée Altier, and where his first drawings were published in the student journal " in 1923.
	After moving to Paris, Éditions Kra literary director Philippe Soupault hired him to illustrate his first book, " by Boileau. Dubout continued on to illustrate numerous editions of books by Boileau, Beaumarchais, Mérimée, Rabelais, Villon, Cervantes, Balzac, Racine, Voltaire, Rostand, Poe, and Courteline.
	He collaborated on numerous magazines and journals such as Le Rire, Marianne, Eclats de Rire, L'os à Moëlle, Paris-Soir, and Ici-Paris.
	He also created movie and theatre posters as well as theatrical sets. He worked in advertising, painted oil canvases (over 70 in total) and illustrated many book covers and record sleeves.
	Albert Dubout also illustrated Gargantua and Pantagruel, oeuvres of the famous French satirist Rabelais. One of his favorite and perhaps unwilling models were an obese tobacconist and the small and scrawny tax collector who lived in the forties and fifties in Agde, Herault, France.
	In 1953, French president Vincent Auriol awarded him the Legion of Honour. His name also appeared that year in the Petit Larousse dictionary.
	In 1965, he illustrated "" at the request of author Frédéric Dard.
	In 1967 he married his second wife, Suzanne Ballivet, who was also a painter. He divided his time in this period between Mézy-sur-Seine and Palavas-les-Flots (Hérault) until his death in 1976.
	In 1992 a museum about Dubout was dedicated in Palavas-les-Flots.

= = = Eleanor Rigby (novel) = = =

	Eleanor Rigby is a 2004 novel by Douglas Coupland, about a lonely woman at ages 36 and 42. The novel is written as a first-person narrative by the main character, Liz Dunn.
	The novel centres on changes to Liz's life when someone from her past unexpectedly re-enters her life. It is written in a light, often comic, tone, but resonates on many deeper issues, including loneliness, family, religious visions and multiple sclerosis.
	Two distinct plot movements are separated by a break in the narrative flow. The first part of the novel involves two retellings: the story of Liz Dunn’s trip to Europe and her pregnancy, and the story of the re-emergence into her life of her child, Jeremy, who is dying of multiple sclerosis.
	As a teenager, Liz goes on a trip to Europe, her one big expressive moment. On this trip, while drunk, she loses her virginity in Italy to a man she cannot remember. From this experience, she becomes pregnant with Jeremy, who is put up for adoption, and goes in and out of foster families for much of his young life.
	Jeremy arrives back into Liz’s life when she is at a low point of loneliness. His illness is terminal, and because of drug abuse, he has only a short time to live. Jeremy’s introduction into Liz’s life rattles the lonely world she has constructed, opening up her and her world.
	The first part of the novel, narrated by Liz, jumps between these two moments, constantly reminding the reader that these are moments in the past. There is a symbolic page break between the first section, which takes place in the past, and the second section, which takes place in the novel’s present.
	In the present, Jeremy has died. Liz finds a meteorite that she takes to be a very precious object. She sleeps with it under her pillow to keep it close. She eventually, through a list of circumstances, decides to travel to Europe to find Jeremy’s father, a trip which again leads her to a world of excitement, police and army incidents, and a reunion with Jeremy’s father.
	Liz Dunn is the protagonist of this novel. She is an overweight, lonely woman, who lives a removed solitary existence. Her apartment, for instance, can only accommodate one person.
	Coupland has spoken extensively about the character of Liz Dunn, claiming that she was his most realistic character.
	Liz’s son Jeremy, who was sent out for adoption, has a terminal case of multiple sclerosis. He has traveled through the foster-care system of British Columbia, residing with many families who abused him. He eventually reconnects with Liz after finding her and registers her as his next of kin for emergencies. When he is hospitalized, Liz reconnects with her son.
	Jeremy is cheerful in the face of his condition, happy with the life that he has left to lead. He eventually becomes a successful mattress salesman in the time leading up to his death. He experiences visions of a post-apocalyptic future, which enthralls Liz. He envisions a future where crops have gone foul and farmers ask a divine voice for guidance.
	The inspiration for Eleanor Rigby was loneliness. Coupland suffered through a period in his early twenties he describes as being caused by loneliness.
	The novel is named after The Beatles' song of the same name. The song reference was inspired from a moment in Coupland's past. Coupland heard the song "on a friend's mother's record player. And the story threw me: 'Oh my God, what happened to her?' The lyrics didn't tell you much but in my head I always saw her as an only child of very old parents who didn't have a clue and she was left in a rectory and died without leaving any mark anywhere ... The book's not like that, of course, but it's the mood and the way Liz describes herself." The song itself features in the narrative as it is Liz Dunn's email address.

= = = Hits of the Year = = =

	"Hits of the Year" is a U.S. single released from Squeeze's sixth album, "Cosi Fan Tutti Frutti". The song describes a holiday flight interrupted by a hijacking. It charted only on the "Billboard" Top Rock Tracks chart, peaking at number 39.

= = = Rubber chicken = = =

	A rubber chicken is a prop used in comedy. The phrase is also used as a description for food served at speeches, conventions, and other large meetings, and as a metaphor for speechmaking.
	A rubber chicken is an imitation plucked fowl made in a latex injection mold.
	The origin of the rubber chicken is obscure, but is possibly based on the use of pig bladders, which were inflated, attached to a stick and used as props or mock-weapons by jesters in the days before the development of plastic and latex. Chicken corpses were readily available; therefore jesters could employ them as variations of slapsticks.
	One account attributes the first use of a prop chicken to John Holmberg, the Swedish black-faced clown of the early 1900s. Holmberg would perform with his pockets full of fake food to mock the gluttony reportedly prevalent among the upper classes at the time.
	A claim that the symbol originated during the French Revolution with soldiers hanging a chicken from their muskets for luck is printed on the tag of rubber chickens manufactured by Archie McPhee.
	The term "rubber chicken" is used disparagingly to describe the food served at political or corporate events, weddings, and other gatherings where there are a large number of guests who require serving in a short timeframe. Often, pre-cooked chicken is held at serving temperature for some time and then dressed with a sauce as it is served. Consequently, the meat may be tough or “rubbery.” Someone who "travels the rubber chicken circuit" is said to do so by attending or making speeches at many such gatherings, often as part of political campaigning.

= = = Jill Trenary = = =

	Jill Ann Trenary (born August 1, 1968) is an American figure skater. She is the 1990 World champion and a three-time U.S. national champion. She was inducted to the United States Figure Skating Hall of Fame in 2002.
	Originally from Minnetonka, Minnesota, at the age of 16, she relocated to Colorado Springs, Colorado to train with noted coach Carlo Fassi. Trenary won the U.S. junior title in 1985. During a warm-up in 1985, she collided with another skater, whose blade sliced Trenary's calf muscles and severed an artery in her left leg.
	Trenary placed 5th in her first senior national championships in 1986. Later that summer she won the U.S. Olympic Festival. In fall 1986 she placed second to Elizabeth Manley at the St. Ivel International. At the U.S. championships in 1987, she finished second in both the compulsory figures and short program, where she landed a triple flip jump for the first time in her combination. In the long program Trenary landed four clean triple jumps, including the triple flip, and she upset reigning world champion Debi Thomas to take her first senior national title. At the 1987 World Championships, she rallied from 11th in the compulsory figures to place fourth in the short program, again landing the triple flip jump in combination, and fifth in the long program, to place 7th overall. In 1988, Thomas regained the U.S. title, with Trenary finishing second. Trenary placed 4th at the 1988 Winter Olympics. She was 5th at the 1988 World Championships, where she fell on the triple flip in both her short and long programs. Due to her strength in compulsory figures, Trenary again won the U.S. Championships in 1989, although she was defeated by Kristi Yamaguchi in the free skating. Trenary won bronze at the 1989 World Championships.
	In 1990, Trenary won both the U.S. and World titles. Her strength in the compulsory figures was the deciding factor at the 1990 World Championships. She was 5th in the short program and second in the free skate to Midori Ito but her top placement in the figures kept her in the lead overall. The International Skating Union eliminated figures after that season. After she won her World title, her coach, Carlo Fassi, returned to live in his home country, Italy, and Trenary began working with Kathy Casey.
	Trenary's triple jumps included the toe loop, salchow, and flip, which was quite competitive for a female singles skater in the mid-to-late 1980s. One of her signature moves was a combination of a one-foot axel into a triple salchow.
	In January 1991, Trenary underwent surgery to drain her ankle after she developed a staph infection. As a result, she withdrew from the 1991 U.S. Championships. In March 1991, Trenary moved to Cleveland, Ohio, to work with Carol Heiss Jenkins.
	With the elimination of compulsory figures—formerly Trenary's strength—from competition, the technical standard for jumping in women's skating had risen greatly, with the top skaters all attempting five or six different triples. Trenary's injury was slow to heal and she had problems regaining her former standard of jumps, much less learning new ones. She planned to compete at the 1992 U.S. Championships, beginning her comeback in fall 1991 at Skate Canada, where she finished second in the short program to Surya Bonaly, but dropped to fourth overall after the long program, where she was unable to successfully land any triple jumps. She qualified for the 1992 U.S. Nationals by winning the 1991 Midwestern Sectional Championships with an uneven performance: after a strong short program in which she landed a triple flip combination, she was unable to land any triple jumps in the long program. She ended her bid to qualify for the 1992 Winter Olympics in December 1991.
	After turning professional, Trenary toured with the Tom Collins Tour of Champions and Stars on Ice for several years. Prior to the 1993 World Championships, the eventual winner and soon-to-be Olympic champion, Oksana Baiul, cited Trenary as her favorite skater for her beauty and style. Although Trenary's early professional competitive career was uneven, in 1996 she skated particularly strong programs, choreographed by her then-husband, Christopher Dean, to George Winston's "Variations on a Theme by Pachelbel", and to Nancy Sinatra's "These Boots Are Made for Walkin' as part of the U.S. team in its victory over the world team in Ice Wars.
	Trenary retired from skating in 1997 after developing a life-threatening blood clot in her shoulder.
	Trenary married British ice dancer Christopher Dean on October 15, 1994. They have two sons, Jack Robert and Sam Colin. Dean's agent confirmed in March 2010 the couple had separated.

= = = Wisconsin tornado outbreak of 2005 = = =

	The Wisconsin tornado outbreak of 2005 was an outbreak of tornadoes that occurred primarily in southern Wisconsin on August 18, 2005. A system of storms unleashed a total of 28 tornadoes, 27 of which were confirmed in southern Wisconsin, and 1 confirmed in Minnesota. This outbreak set a new record for the most tornadoes observed in the state in a single day, breaking the previous record of 24 tornadoes set on May 8, 1988. The system generating the Stoughton tornado was also accompanied by many reports of severe winds and hail throughout the region. The Stoughton tornado was documented on an episode of The Weather Channel's "Storm Stories".
	By far the most significant tornado of the day developed 2.0 miles (3.2 km) north of Oregon at 6:15 p.m.. This large, intense multiple-vortex tornado tracked 20.0 miles (32.2 km) into Jefferson County from Dane County, devastating the town of Stoughton.
	East of Oregon the tornado tore through several farms before impacting residential subdivisions in Stoughton. One person was crushed to death in their basement from fireplace and chimney bricks that crashed through the floor. Numerous homes, businesses, farm buildings, vehicles, power-lines, trees, and other personal effects were either damaged or destroyed along its path that grew to a maximum width of about 600 yards north of Stoughton. As for residential structures, 220 sustained minor damage, 84 had major damage, and 69 were destroyed. As for business structures, 6 sustained minor damage, 1 had major damage, and 1 was destroyed. As for agricultural structures, 5 sustained minor damage, 5 had major damage, and 40 were destroyed. Several vehicles were flipped and tossed as well. Some homes in town were completely leveled, and an F4 rating was considered. Further investigation revealed that the homes were not well-built, and the slow (sometimes nearly stationary) forward movement of the tornado negated a rating higher than F3. After striking Stoughton, the tornado caused damage to trees and crops north of Busseyville before dissipating. Debris from this tornado was lofted by the parent updraft and carried downstream to scattered locations in the counties of Jefferson, Waukesha, Milwaukee, Walworth, Racine, and Kenosha. 23 people were injured.
	Ten years later to the day, three tornadoes touched down outside of Lake Geneva, Big Bend, and Waukesha. There were no injuries or fatalities from those tornadoes.

= = = WRNO-FM = = =

	WRNO-FM (99.5 MHz) is a commercial FM radio station in New Orleans, Louisiana. It airs a talk radio format and is owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. The studios and offices are located on Howard Avenue in Downtown New Orleans.
	WRNO-FM has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 100,000 watts, the highest for non-grandfathered FM stations. The transmitter is off Paris Road in the Bayou Bienvenue Central Wetland District near Chalmette, Louisiana. WRNO-FM broadcasts in the HD Radio hybrid format. Its HD2 subchannel carries a classic hip hop service, known as "Throwback 96.3." The subchannel feeds FM translator K242CE in Meraux.
	Weekdays on WRNO-FM begin with the syndicated morning show "Walton & Johnson" offering a mix of comedy and conservative politics. One hour of Glenn Beck is heard in late mornings, followed by Rush Limbaugh, Sean Hannity and Michael Berry from KTRH Houston. Evenings include the remaining two hours of Glenn Beck, followed by Buck Sexton, Coast to Coast AM with George Noory and before dawn, America in the Morning.
	Weekends feature shows on money, health and religion, some of which are paid brokered programming. Repeats of weekday shows are heard, along with two syndicated offerings, "Bill Handel on the Law" and "The Jesus Christ Show with Neil Saavedra." World and national news is supplied by Fox News Radio.
	Although its previous slogan was "We're the Rock of New Orleans," the station's call letters stand for "Westbank Radio New Orleans." The station operated a popular business selling rock t-shirts, records and other music related items called the WRNO "Rock Shop" on the ground level of the studio. Since its inception in 1967, WRNO endured many incarnations with different rock music formats, finally adopting the Classic rock format in 1997. WRNO was also home to a popular shortwave radio service in the 1980s and 1990s called WRNO Worldwide, now owned by a Christian broadcaster.
	On November 13, 2006, at 4:00 AM (CST), after signing off with The Doors' "The End," WRNO flipped to an interactive Talk radio format as "The New 99.5FM.com." As explained in the official mission statement posted at its website, "The station is committed to providing listeners with everything they need to know on the radio at 99.5 FM and on demand at thenew995fm.com." On the same day Sister station KHEV would pick up "the Rock of New Orleans" slogan and use it as their new slogan for their flip from gospel to Active Rock.
	On April 1, 2008, the station switched to "Rush Radio," all day repeats of "The Rush Limbaugh Show" and a tape loop of Rush's theme song, the instrumental from "My City Was Gone" by The Pretenders, during times when the show was not playing. The stunt was to celebrate the acquisition of the show from longtime affiliate WWL. The station resumed its regular schedule on April 7 and now only plays Limbaugh live except for one Saturday replay.
	The Limbaugh program had previously aired on WRNO Worldwide, which Limbaugh called "The EIB World Service" on the air (in joking reference to the BBC World Service). The stations are no longer co-owned.
	Notable station alumni include Bill Burkett, E.Alvin Davis, Joe Clark, Bobby Reno (later on WTIX-FM owned by Michael Costello, Joe's brother), Captain Humble, Doug Christian, and Russ Boney.
	WRNO alumni also include former PD Michael Costello "Michael In The Morning"/"M&M" (brother of late WRNO founder/owner Joseph Mark Costello III); Jim White; DJ-turned-actor John Larroquette ; Soxless Scott Seagraves; Jeff "JD The DJ" Douglas, famous for his "Rock 'n' Roll Flight To Midnight"; Tom Owens; Jimbo Roberts :Johnny Tyler; "Weerd" Wayne Watkins (Now a Program Manager at L&L Broadcasting in Gulfport-Biloxi, Mississippi); Mary London; Lyn Taylor (Now a Program Manager at CBS Radio Detroit); and writer-producer Vance DeGeneres. (Douglas and Costello are currently jocks at WTIX-FM, which Costello is owner.) Steve Suter (Now on Magic 101.9) did the Morning show with sidekick Kevin Carlile. They became the "Morning Dudes" are were hired away to Baton Rouge after 2 years.
	Former engineers include Kevin Duplantis, originally with WWL, Joe Pollet and Tom Courtenay.
	In September 2014 WRNO rebranded as "News Talk 99.5 WRNO".

= = = Johnathan Aitken = = =

	Johnathan James Aitken (born May 24, 1978) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Boston Bruins and the Chicago Blackhawks.
	Aitken was drafted 8th overall in the 1996 NHL Entry Draft by the Boston Bruins. He played in three games over the course of his two-year entry-level contract. For the 2000–01 season he went to the Czech Republic to play for HC Sparta Praha of the Czech Extraliga. He returned to North America after only a year, and made it back to the NHL during the 2003–04 season with the Chicago Blackhawks, playing 41 games, scoring just one assist. He moved to the Austrian Hockey League for Klagenfurt AC for the 2006–07 season before retiring from professional hockey.

= = = Howard Gordon = = =

	Howard Gordon (born March 31, 1961) is an American television writer and producer.
	He is well known for his work on the Fox action series "24" alongside the Showtime thriller "Homeland", which he co-developed with Alex Gansa and Gideon Raff, and for the FX political drama "Tyrant", which he co-developed with Craig Wright. He also produced the NBC science fiction thriller "Awake".
	Gordon was born to a Reform Jewish family in Queens, New York City and graduated from Roslyn High School. After graduating from Princeton with a major in creative writing in 1984, Gordon came to Los Angeles with fellow filmmaker Alex Gansa to pursue a career in writing for television. Both broke into the industry with single episodes of ABC's "". Their "Spenser" work turned industry heads, and the pair joined the series "Beauty and the Beast" as staff writers, and were later named producers.
	In 1990, the Gansa-Gordon team was signed to a two-year deal with Witt-Thomas Productions, during which they produced several pilots. One was an ABC project called "Country Estates", which caught the attention of producer Chris Carter.
	Soon after, Carter invited Gordon and Gansa to join "The X-Files" as supervising producers; Gordon wrote or co-wrote several scripts each season, before departing from the series in 1997 to pursue other projects.
	After co-writing one episode of "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", Gordon created his own show, the short-lived "Strange World" in 1999. "Strange World" went to seed 13 episodes in, but Gordon and "Strange World" writer Tim Minear's services were quickly snapped up by "Buffy" creator Joss Whedon on another project: "Angel". After two years with "Angel", Gordon jumped ship in 2001 for FOX's successful "24", where he would write several episodes in Seasons 1 & 2, then crafted the entire story arcs for Seasons 3 and 4. Gordon temporarily left "24" in the middle of the 2004 season to re-join Minear, this time as co-creator of another FOX series, "The Inside". Despite "The Inside" 's cancellation and short run, talk circulated of including the two Minear-Gordon series, "Strange World" and "The Inside", on a special DVD set sometime in 2006.
	Beginning in 2006, Gordon became "24"'s showrunner, a title he held through its final season.
	Gordon is also the author of the Gideon Davis novels.
	In 2010, after finishing "24", Gordon began co-developing (along with Gideon Raff and Alex Gansa) the thriller "Homeland" for Showtime. Based on the Israeli series "Prisoners of War", it centers on a woman (Claire Danes) who works for the CIA and is convinced a recently returned American prisoner of war (Damian Lewis) has been turned by al-Qaeda. The show premiered Sunday, October 2, 2011, at 10/9 central. It has been met with major critical acclaim and maintained a steady viewership rating throughout its first season. Showtime premiered its fourth season on October 5, 2014.
	In 2012, he won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series for writing the "Pilot" of "Homeland" and the series itself won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series.
	In 2011, Gordon signed on to NBC's new Kyle Killen fantasy pilot "Awake" as an executive producer. When NBC picked the project up to series status, Gordon added writer and showrunner to his occupational duties on the show. The series only ran from March 1 to May 24, 2012 before it was cancelled.
	Most recently, 2015 would see him working as an executive producer on the horror-drama series "Second Chance" for Fox Television Network. The pilot for "Second Chance" is based on a script written by Rand Ravich, who also worked as an executive producer on the series.

= = = Klotho (biology) = = =

	Klotho is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the KL gene.
	This gene encodes a type-I membrane protein that is related to β-glucuronidases. Reduced production of this protein has been observed in patients with chronic kidney failure (CKF), and this may be one of the factors underlying the degenerative processes (e.g., arteriosclerosis, osteoporosis, and skin atrophy) seen in CKF. Also, mutations within this protein have been associated with ageing, bone loss and alcohol consumption. Transgenic mice that overexpress Klotho live longer than wild-type mice.
	Klotho is a transmembrane protein that, in addition to other effects, provides some control over the sensitivity of the organism to insulin and appears to be involved in ageing. Its discovery was documented in 1997 by Makoto Kuro-o "et al." The name of the gene comes from Klotho or Clotho, one of the Moirai, or Fates, in Greek mythology.
	The Klotho protein is a novel β-glucuronidase (EC number 3.2.1.31) capable of hydrolyzing steroid β-glucuronides. Genetic variants in "KLOTHO" have been associated with human aging, and Klotho protein has been shown to be a circulating factor detectable in serum that declines with age.
	The binding of certain fibroblast growth factors (FGF's) viz., FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23, to their fibroblast growth factor receptors, is promoted via their interactions as co-receptors with β-Klotho.
	Klotho-deficient mice manifest a syndrome resembling accelerated human aging and display extensive and accelerated arteriosclerosis. Additionally, they exhibit impaired endothelium dependent vasodilation and impaired angiogenesis, suggesting that Klotho protein may protect the cardiovascular system through endothelium-derived NO production.
	Although the vast majority of research has been based on lack of Klotho, it was demonstrated that an overexpression of Klotho in mice might extend their average life span between 19% and 31% compared to normal mice. In addition, variations in the Klotho gene (SNP Rs9536314) are associated with both life extension and increased cognition in human populations.
	The mechanism of action of klotho is not fully understood, but it changes cellular calcium homeostasis, by both increasing the expression and activity of TRPV5 and decreasing that of TRPC6. Additionally, klotho increases membrane expression of the inward rectifier channel ROMK. Klotho-deficient mice show increased production of vitamin D, and altered mineral-ion homeostasis is suggested to be a cause of premature aging‑like phenotypes, because the lowering of vitamin D activity by dietary restriction reverses the premature aging‑like phenotypes and prolongs survival in these mutants. These results suggest that aging‑like phenotypes were due to klotho-associated vitamin D metabolic abnormalities (hypervitaminosis).
	Recently it has been found that the decreased Klotho expression may be due to DNA hypermethylation, which may have been induced by the overexpression of DNMT3a. Klotho may be a reliable gene for early detection of methylation changes in oral tissues, and can be used as a target for therapeutic modification in oral cancer during the early stages.

= = = Old English Bulldog = = =

	The Old English Bulldog is an extinct breed of dog.
	The Old English Bulldog was compact, broad and muscular, as reflected in the well-known depiction "Crib and Rosa". Through John Scott's engraving, this painting became the best-known and most reproduced painting of dogs from that period. As described in the Philo-kuon standard from 1865, the average height was approximately , and they weighed about . A particular characteristic of the breed was the lower jaw that projected considerably in front of the upper jaw, which made possible a strong, vise-like grip.
	The English blood sport of bull-baiting allowed for a specialized breed in the form of the Old English Bulldog.The main locations in London for these exhibitions were the Westminster Pit, Beargarden and Old Conduit Fields. One of the breeders who spanned the transition period between the Old English Bulldog and the modern Bulldog was famous dog dealer Bill George.
	Historians are fairly confident that the Old English Bulldog is derived from ancient war dogs, such as the old Mastiff or the extinct Alaunt dog. Others believe that the true origin of the breed is not entirely clear. Depictions in old prints show that the variety was without doubt a small Mastiff with a comparatively long head. The word 'Mastiff' was eventually dropped when describing these smaller Mastiffs, as the Mastiff proper was found too slow for bull-baiting. 
	Eventually, the Greyhound was crossed into the breed, increasing the Mastiff's speed without losing the breed's ferocity. This step reduced the Old English Bulldog's size and weight, with the Greyhound's features seen in specimens of that time.
	Two other recognized members of the breed can be seen in the 1817 painting "Crib and Rosa", with Rosa exemplifying the form and size of the ideal type of Old English Bulldog, albeit deficient in wrinkles about the head and neck and in substance of bone in the limbs. They are faster than regular bulldogs and have an average speed of .
	Many authors bring us descriptions about the extinct bulldog, but a description stands out as one of the most extensive by William Hamilton Maxwell:
	In England, the passage of the Cruelty to Animals Act 1835 caused a decline of bull-baiting and dog fighting, leading to a lack of interest in perpetuating the Old English Bulldog. Three dogs from the Duke of Hamilton's strain of Old English Bulldog, Wasp, Child, and Billy, were depicted in a painting and recognized as some of the last known members of the breed before they became extinct.
	Despite the laws making dog fighting illegal, the activity continued for many years. Breeders determined a cross between the Old English Bulldog and Old English Terrier created a superior fighting dog with increased quickness and dexterity. This new breed of dog, called the Bull and Terrier, was a precursor to the Staffordshire Bull Terrier, English Bull Terrier and American Pit Bull Terrier and accelerated the extinction of the Old English Bulldog.
	Several breeders are attempting to recreate this extinct breed, using known descendants of the Old English Bulldog lineage, with some success. As the breed went extinct long before DNA was recognized and little genetic material has survived, it is unclear how much the modern reincarnations of the breed resemble the original Old English Bulldog, and most of the recreations have purposely introduced differences in the breed compared to the original, most prominently reducing the breed's violent nature.
	One contemporary recreation of the breed started in the 1970s, using a breeding program developed for cattle at The Ohio State University. The lineage has since split into two, known as the Olde English Bulldogge and the Leavitt Bulldog, the Leavitt Bulldog being a lighter, more athletic dog. These modern day versions, though possessing similar physical abilities, do not have the violent temperament of the Old English Bulldog. The line-breeding was done with a foundation of half Bulldog, and the other half Bullmastiff and American Bulldog and American Pit Bull Terrier.
	There are several other recreations, including the Able Bulldog, Continental bulldog, Dorset Old Tyme Bulldogge, Olde English Bulldogge, Renascence Bulldogge, Victorian Bulldog and Wilkinson Bulldog.
	Often confused with the Old English Bulldog, the Bulldog is noted for its sweet disposition; however, it has maintained little of the speed and agility that were the definitive characteristics of the Old English Bulldog.

= = = Battle of Gettysburg, second day = = =

	During the second day of the Battle of Gettysburg (July 2, 1863) Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee attempted to capitalize on his first day's success. His Army of Northern Virginia launched multiple attacks on the flanks of the Union Army of the Potomac, commanded by Maj. Gen. George G. Meade. The assaults were unsuccessful, and resulted in heavy casualties for both sides.
	After a short delay to assemble his forces and avoid detection in his approach march, Lt. Gen. James Longstreet attacked with his First Corps against the Union left flank. His division under Maj. Gen. John Bell Hood attacked Little Round Top and Devil's Den. To Hood's left, Maj. Gen. Lafayette McLaws attacked the Wheatfield and the Peach Orchard. Although neither prevailed, the Union III Corps was effectively destroyed as a combat organization as it attempted to defend a salient over too wide a front. Gen. Meade rushed as many as 20,000 reinforcements from elsewhere in his line to resist these fierce assaults. The attacks in this sector concluded with an unsuccessful assault by the Confederate Third Corps division of Maj. Gen. Richard H. Anderson against the Union center on Cemetery Ridge.
	That evening, Confederate Second Corps commander Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell turned demonstrations against the Union right flank into full-scale assaults on Culp's Hill and East Cemetery Hill, but both were repulsed.
	The Union army had occupied strong defensive positions, and Meade handled his forces well, resulting in heavy losses for both sides, but leaving the disposition of forces on both sides essentially unchanged. Lee's hope of crushing the Army of the Potomac on Northern territory was dashed, but undaunted, he began to plan for the third day of fighting.
	This article includes details of many attacks on the Union left flank (Devil's Den, the Wheatfield, and the Peach Orchard) and center (Cemetery Ridge), but separate articles describe other major engagements in this massive battle of the second day:
	By the morning of July 2, six of the seven corps of the Army of the Potomac had arrived on the battlefield. The I Corps (Maj. Gen. John Newton, replacing Abner Doubleday) and the XI Corps (Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard) had fought hard on the first day, and they were joined that evening by the yet-unengaged troops of the XII Corps (Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum), III Corps (Maj. Gen. Daniel E. Sickles), and II Corps (Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock), and on the morning of July 2 by the V Corps (Maj. Gen. George Sykes). The VI Corps (Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick) was still 30 miles (50 km) away in Manchester, Maryland, on that morning. They assumed positions in a fish hook shape about three miles (5 km ) long, from Culp's Hill, around to Cemetery Hill, and down the spine of Cemetery Ridge. The Army of Northern Virginia line was roughly parallel to the Union's, on Seminary Ridge and on an arc northwest, north, and northeast of the town of Gettysburg. All of the Second Corps (Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell) and Third Corps (Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill) were present, and the First Corps (Lt. Gen. James Longstreet) was arriving from Cashtown; only Longstreet's division under George E. Pickett did not participate in the battle on July 2.
	Robert E. Lee had several choices to consider for his next move. His order of the previous evening that Ewell occupy Culp's Hill or Cemetery Hill "if practicable" was not realized, and the Union army was now in strong defensive positions with compact interior lines. His senior subordinate, Longstreet, counseled a strategic move—the Army should leave its current position, swing around the Union left flank, and interpose itself on Meade's lines of communication, inviting an attack by Meade that could be received on advantageous ground. Longstreet argued that this was the entire point of the Gettysburg campaign, to move strategically into enemy territory but fight only defensive battles there. Lee rejected this argument because he was concerned about the morale of his soldiers having to give up the ground for which they fought so hard the day before. He wanted to retain the initiative and had a high degree of confidence in the ability of his army to succeed in any endeavor, an opinion bolstered by their spectacular victories the previous day and at Chancellorsville. He was therefore determined to attack on July 2.
	Lee wanted to seize the high ground south of Gettysburg, primarily Cemetery Hill, which dominated the town, the Union supply lines, and the road to Washington, D.C., and he believed an attack up the Emmitsburg Road would be the best approach. He desired an early-morning assault by Longstreet's Corps, reinforced by Ewell, who would move his Corps from its current location north of town to join Longstreet. Ewell protested this arrangement, claiming his men would be demoralized if forced to move from the ground they had captured. And Longstreet protested that his division commanded by John Bell Hood had not arrived completely (and that Pickett's division had not arrived at all). Lee compromised with his subordinates. Ewell would remain in place and conduct a demonstration (a minor diversionary attack) against Culp's Hill, pinning down the right flank of the Union defenders so that they could not reinforce their left, where Longstreet would launch the primary attack as soon as he was ready. Ewell's demonstration would be turned into a full-scale assault if the opportunity presented itself.
	Lee ordered Longstreet to launch a surprise attack with two divisions straddling, and guiding on, the Emmitsburg Road. Hood's division would move up the eastern side of the road, Lafayette McLaws's the western side, each perpendicular to it. The objective was to strike the Union Army in an oblique attack, rolling up their left flank, collapsing the line of Union corps onto each other, and seizing Cemetery Hill. The Third Corps division of Richard H. Anderson would join the attack against the center of the Union line on Cemetery Ridge at the appropriate time. This plan was based on faulty intelligence because of the absence of J.E.B. Stuart and his cavalry, leaving Lee with an incomplete understanding of the position of his enemy. He believed that the left flank of the Union army was adjacent to the Emmitsburg Road hanging "in the air" (unsupported by any natural barrier), and an early morning scouting expedition seemed to confirm that. In reality, by dawn of July 2 the Union line stretched the length of Cemetery Ridge and anchored at the foot of the imposing Little Round Top. Lee's plan was doomed from its conception, as Meade's line occupied only a small portion of the Emmitsburg Road near the town itself. Any force attacking up the road would find two entire Union corps and their guns posted on the ridge to their immediate right flank. By midday, however, Union general Sickles would change all that.
	When Sickles arrived with his III Corps, General Meade instructed him to take up a position on Cemetery Ridge that linked up with the II Corps on his right and anchored his left on Little Round Top. Sickles originally did so, but after noon he became concerned about a slightly higher piece of ground 0.7 miles (1,100 m) to his front, a peach orchard owned by the Sherfy family. He undoubtedly recalled the debacle at Chancellorsville, where the high ground ("Hazel Grove") he was forced to give up was used against him as a deadly Confederate artillery platform. Acting without authorization from Meade, Sickles marched his corps to occupy the peach orchard. This had two significant negative consequences: his position now took the form of a salient, which could be attacked from multiple sides; and he was forced to occupy lines that were much longer than his two-division corps could defend. Meade was furious about this insubordination, but it was too late to do anything about it—the Confederate attack was imminent.
	Longstreet's attack was delayed, however, because he first had to wait for his final brigade (Evander M. Law's, Hood's division) to arrive, and then he was forced to march on a long, circuitous route that could not be seen by Union Army Signal Corps observers on Little Round Top. It was 4 p.m. by the time his two divisions reached their jumping off points, and then he and his generals were astonished to find the III Corps planted directly in front of them on the Emmitsburg Road. Hood argued with Longstreet that this new situation demanded a change in tactics; he wanted to swing around, below and behind, Round Top and hit the Union Army in the rear. Longstreet, however, refused to consider such a modification to Lee's order.
	Even so, and partly because of Sickles's unexpected location, Longstreet's assault did not proceed according to Lee's plan. Instead of wheeling left to join a simultaneous two-division push on either side of the Emmitsburg Road, Hood's division attacked in a more easterly direction than intended, and McLaws's and Anderson's divisions deployed brigade by brigade, in an "en echelon" style of attack, also heading more to the east than the intended northeast.
	Longstreet's attack commenced with a 30-minute artillery barrage by 36 guns that was particularly punishing to the Union infantry in the Peach Orchard and the troops and batteries on Houck's Ridge. Maj. Gen. John Bell Hood's division deployed in Biesecker's Woods on Warfield Ridge (the southern extension of Seminary Ridge) in two lines of two brigades each: at the left front, Brig. Gen. Jerome B. Robertson's Texas Brigade (Hood's old unit); right front, Brig. Gen. Evander M. Law; left rear, Brig. Gen. George T. Anderson; right rear, Brig. Gen. Henry L. Benning.
	At 4:30 p.m., Hood stood in his stirrups at the front of the Texas Brigade and shouted, "Fix bayonets, my brave Texans! Forward and take those heights!" It is unclear to which heights he was referring. His orders were to cross the Emmitsburg Road and wheel left, moving north with his left flank guiding on the road. This discrepancy became a serious problem when, minutes later on Slyder's Lane, Hood was felled by an artillery shell bursting overhead, severely wounding his left arm and putting him out of action. His division moved ahead to the east, no longer under central control.
	There were four probable reasons for the deviation in the division's direction: first, regiments from the III Corps were unexpectedly in the Devil's Den area and they would threaten Hood's right flank if they were not dealt with; second, fire from the 2nd U.S. Sharpshooters at Slyder's farm drew the attention of lead elements of Law's Brigade, moving in pursuit and drawing his brigade to the right; third, the terrain was rough and units naturally lost their parade-ground alignments; finally, Hood's senior subordinate, Gen. Law, was unaware that he was now in command of the division, so he could not exercise control.
	The two lead brigades split their advances into two directions, although not on brigade boundaries. The 1st Texas and 3rd Arkansas of Robertson's brigade and the 44th and 48th Alabama of Law's brigade headed in the direction of Devil's Den, while Law directed the remaining five regiments toward the Round Tops.
	Devil's Den was located at the extreme left of the III Corps line, manned by the large brigade (six regiments and two companies of sharpshooters, 2,200 men in all) of Brigadier General J. H. Hobart Ward, in Maj. Gen. David B. Birney's division. It was the southern end of Houck's Ridge, a modest elevation on the northwest side of Plum Run Valley, made distinctive by piles of huge boulders. These boulders were not the direct avenue of approach used by the Confederates. The 3rd Arkansas and the 1st Texas drove through Rose Woods and hit Ward's line head-on. His troops had lacked the time or inclination to erect breastworks, and for over an hour both sides participated in a standup fight of unusual ferocity. In the first 30 minutes, the 20th Indiana lost more than half of its men. Its colonel, John Wheeler, was killed and its lieutenant colonel wounded. The 86th New York also lost its commander. The commander of the 3rd Arkansas fell wounded, one of 182 casualties in his regiment.
	Meanwhile, the two regiments from Law's brigade that had split from the column advancing to the Round Tops pushed up Plum Run Valley and threatened to turn Ward's flank. Their target was the 4th Maine and the 124th New York, defending the 4th New York Independent artillery battery commanded by Captain James Smith, whose fire was causing considerable disruption in Law's brigade's advance. The pressure grew great enough that Ward needed to call the 99th Pennsylvania from his far right to reinforce his left. The commander of the 124th New York, Colonel Augustus Van Horne Ellis, and his major, James Cromwell, decided to counterattack. They mounted their horses despite the protests of soldiers who urged them to lead more safely on foot. Maj. Cromwell said, "The men must see us today." They led the charge of their "Orange Blossoms" regiment to the west, down the slope of Houck's Ridge through a triangular field surrounded by a low stone fence, sending the 1st Texas reeling back . But both Colonel Ellis and Major Cromwell were shot dead as the Texans rallied with a massed volley; and the New Yorkers retreated to their starting point, with only 100 survivors from the 283 they started with. As reinforcements from the 99th Pennsylvania arrived, Ward's brigade retook the crest.
	The second wave of Hood's assault was the brigades of Henry Benning and George "Tige" Anderson. They detected a gap in Birney's division line: to Ward's right, there was a considerable gap before the brigade of Régis de Trobriand began. Anderson's line smashed into Trobriand and the gap at the southern edge of the Wheatfield. Trobriand wrote that the Confederates "converged on me like an avalanche, but we piled all the dead and wounded men in our front." The Union defense was fierce, and Anderson's brigade pulled back; its commander was wounded in the leg and was carried from the battle.
	Two of Benning's Confederate regiments, the 2nd and 17th Georgia, moved down Plum Run Valley around Ward's flank. They received murderous fire from the 99th Pennsylvania and Hazlett's battery on Little Round Top, but they kept pushing forward. Capt. Smith's New York battery was under severe pressure from three sides, but its supporting infantry regiments were suffering severe casualties and could not protect it. Three 10-pound Parrott rifles were lost to the 1st Texas, and they were used against Union troops the next day.
	Birney scrambled to find reinforcements. He sent the 40th New York and 6th New Jersey from the Wheatfield into Plum Run Valley to block the approach into Ward's flank. They collided with Benning's and Law's men in rocky, broken ground that the survivors would remember as the "Slaughter Pen". (Plum Run itself was known as "Bloody Run"; Plum Run Valley as the "Valley of Death".) Col. Thomas W. Egan, commanding the 40th New York, was called on by Smith to recover his guns. The men of the "Mozart" regiment slammed into the 2nd and 17th Georgia regiments, with initial success. As Ward's line along Houck's Ridge continued to collapse, the position manned by the 40th became increasingly untenable. However, Egan pressed his regiment onward, according to Col. Wesley Hodges of the 17th Georgia, launching seven attacks against the Confederate positions within the boulders of Slaughter Pen and Devil's Den. As the men of the 40th fell back under relentless pressure, the 6th New Jersey covered their withdrawal and lost a third of its men in the process.
	The pressure on Ward's brigade was eventually too great, and he was forced to call for a retreat. Hood's division secured Devil's Den and the southern part of Houck's Ridge. The center of the fighting shifted to the northwest, to Rose Woods and the Wheatfield, while five regiments under Evander Law assaulted Little Round Top to the east. Benning's men spent the next 22 hours on Devil's Den, firing across the Valley of Death on Union troops massed on Little Round Top.
	Of 2,423 Union troops engaged, there were 821 casualties (138 killed, 548 wounded, 135 missing); the 5,525 Confederates lost 1,814 (329, 1,107, 378).
	The Confederate assaults on Little Round Top were some of the most famous of the three-day battle and the Civil War. Arriving just as the Confederates approached, Col. Strong Vincent's brigade of the V Corps mounted a spirited defense of this position, the extreme left of the Union line, against furious assaults up the rocky slope. The stand of the 20th Maine under Col. Joshua L. Chamberlain against the 15th Alabama (Col. William C. Oates) is particularly storied, but heroes such as Strong Vincent, Patrick "Paddy" O'Rorke, and Charles E. Hazlett also made names for themselves.
	Lafayette McLaws arranged his division on Warfield Ridge similar to Hood's on his right—two lines of two brigades each: left front, facing the Peach Orchard, the brigade of Brig. Gen. William Barksdale; right front, Brig. Gen. Joseph B. Kershaw; left rear, Brig. Gen. William T. Wofford; right rear, Brig. Gen. Paul Jones Semmes.
	Lee's original plan called for Hood and McLaws to attack in concert, but Longstreet held back McLaws while Hood's attack progressed. Around 5 p.m., Longstreet saw that Hood's division was reaching its limits and that the enemy to its front was fully engaged. He ordered McLaws to send in Kershaw's brigade, with Barksdale's to follow on the left, beginning the "en echelon" attack—one brigade after another in sequence—that would be used for the rest of the afternoon's attack. McLaws resented Longstreet's hands-on management of his brigades. Those brigades engaged in some of the bloodiest fighting of the battle: the Wheatfield and the Peach Orchard.
	The area known as the Wheatfield had three geographic features, all owned by the John Rose family: the 20 acre (8 ha) field itself, Rose Woods bordering it on the west, and a modest elevation known as Stony Hill, also to the west. Immediately to the southeast was Houck's Ridge and to the south Devil's Den. The fighting here, consisting of numerous confusing attacks and counterattacks over two hours by eleven brigades, earned the field the nickname "Bloody Wheatfield."
	The first engagement in the Wheatfield was actually that of Anderson's brigade (Hood's division) attacking the 17th Maine of Trobriand's brigade, a spillover from Hood's attack on Houck's Ridge. Although under pressure and with its neighboring regiments on Stony Hill withdrawing, the 17th Maine held its position behind a low stone wall with the assistance of Winslow's battery, and Anderson fell back. Trobriand wrote, "I had never seen any men fight with equal obstinacy."
	By 5:30 p.m., when the first of Kershaw's regiments neared the Rose farmhouse, Stony Hill had been reinforced by two brigades of the 1st Division, V Corps, under Brig. Gen. James Barnes, those of Cols. William S. Tilton and Jacob B. Sweitzer. Kershaw's men placed great pressure on the 17th Maine, but it continued to hold. For some reason, however, Barnes withdrew his understrength division about to the north—without consultation with Birney's men—to a new position near the Wheatfield Road. Trobriand and the 17th Maine had to follow suit, and the Confederates seized Stony Hill and streamed into the Wheatfield. (Barnes's controversial decision was widely criticized after the battle, and it effectively ended his military career.)
	Earlier that afternoon, as Meade realized the folly of Sickles's movement, he ordered Hancock to send a division from the II Corps to reinforce the III Corps. Hancock sent the 1st Division under Brig. Gen. John C. Caldwell from its reserve position behind Cemetery Ridge. It arrived at about 6 p.m. and three brigades, under Cols. Samuel K. Zook, Patrick Kelly (the Irish Brigade), and Edward E. Cross moved forward; the fourth brigade, under Col. John R. Brooke, was in reserve. Zook and Kelly drove the Confederates from Stony Hill, and Cross cleared the Wheatfield, pushing Kershaw's men back to the edge of Rose Woods. Both Zook and Cross were mortally wounded in leading their brigades through these assaults, as was Confederate Semmes. When Cross's men had exhausted their ammunition, Caldwell ordered Brooke to relieve them. By this time, however, the Union position in the Peach Orchard had collapsed (see next section), and Wofford's assault continued down the Wheatfield Road, taking Stony Hill and flanking the Union forces in the Wheatfield. Brooke's brigade in Rose Woods had to retreat in some disorder. Sweitzer's brigade was sent in to delay the Confederate assault, and they did this effectively in vicious hand-to-hand combat. The Wheatfield changed hands once again.
	Additional Union troops had arrived by this time. The 2nd Division of the V corps, under Brig. Gen. Romeyn B. Ayres, was known as the "Regular Division" because two of its three brigades were composed entirely of U.S. Army (regular army) troops, not state volunteers. (The brigade of volunteers, under Brig. Gen. Stephen H. Weed, was already engaged on Little Round Top, so only the regular army brigades arrived at the Wheatfield.) In their advance across the Valley of Death they had come under heavy fire from Confederate sharpshooters in Devil's Den. As the regulars advanced, the Confederates swarmed over Stony Hill and through Rose Woods, flanking the newly arrived brigades. The regulars retreated back to the relative safety of Little Round Top in good order, despite taking heavy casualties and pursuing Confederates. The two regular brigades suffered 829 casualties out of 2,613 engaged.
	This final Confederate assault through the Wheatfield continued past Houck's Ridge into the Valley of Death at about 7:30 p.m. The brigades of Anderson, Semmes, and Kershaw were exhausted from hours of combat in the summer heat and advanced east with units jumbled up together. Wofford's brigade followed to the left along the Wheatfield Road. As they reached the northern shoulder of Little Round Top, they were met with a counterattack from the 3rd Division (the Pennsylvania Reserves) of the V Corps, under Brig. Gen. Samuel W. Crawford. The brigade of Col. William McCandless, including a company from the Gettysburg area, spearheaded the attack and drove the exhausted Confederates back beyond the Wheatfield to Stony Hill. Realizing that his troops were too far advanced and exposed, Crawford pulled the brigade back to the east edge of the Wheatfield.
	The bloody Wheatfield remained quiet for the rest of the battle. But it took a heavy toll on the men who traded possession back-and-forth. The Confederates had fought six brigades against 13 (somewhat smaller) Federal brigades, and of the 20,444 men engaged, about 30% were casualties. Some of the wounded managed to crawl to Plum Run but could not cross it. The river ran red with their blood. As with the Cornfield at Antietam, this small expanse of agricultural ground would be remembered by veterans as a name of unique significance in the history of warfare.
	While the right wing of Kershaw's brigade attacked into the Wheatfield, its left wing wheeled left to attack the Pennsylvania troops in the brigade of Brig. Gen. Charles K. Graham, the right flank of Birney's line, where 30 guns from the III Corps and the Artillery Reserve attempted to hold the sector. The South Carolinians were subjected to infantry volleys from the Peach Orchard and canister from all along the line. Suddenly someone unknown shouted a false command, and the attacking regiments turned to their right, toward the Wheatfield, which presented their left flank to the batteries. Kershaw later wrote, "Hundreds of the bravest and best men of Carolina fell, victims of this fatal blunder."
	Meanwhile, the two brigades on McLaws's left—Barksdale's in front and Wofford's behind—charged directly into the Peach Orchard, the point of the salient in Sickles's line. Gen. Barksdale led the charge on horseback, long hair flowing in the wind, sword waving in the air. Brig. Gen. Andrew A. Humphreys's division had only about 1,000 men to cover the from the Peach Orchard northward along the Emmitsburg Road to the lane leading to the Abraham Trostle farm. Some were still facing south, from where they had been firing on Kershaw's brigade, so they were hit in their vulnerable flank. Barksdale's 1,600 Mississippians wheeled left against the flank of Humphreys's division, collapsing their line, regiment by regiment. Graham's brigade retreated back toward Cemetery Ridge; Graham had two horses shot out from under him. He was hit by a shell fragment, and by a bullet in his upper body. He was eventually captured by the 21st Mississippi. Wofford's men dealt with the defenders of the orchard.
	As Barksdale's men pushed toward Sickles's headquarters near the Trostle barn, the general and his staff began to move to the rear, when a cannonball caught Sickles in the right leg. He was carried off in a stretcher, sitting up and puffing on his cigar, attempting to encourage his men. That evening his leg was amputated, and he returned to Washington, D.C. Gen. Birney assumed command of the III Corps, which was soon rendered ineffective as a fighting force.
	The relentless infantry charges posed extreme danger to the Union artillery batteries in the orchard and on the Wheatfield Road, and they were forced to withdraw under pressure. The six Napoleons of Capt. John Bigelow's 9th Massachusetts Light Artillery, on the left of the line, "retired by prolonge," a technique rarely used in which the cannon was dragged backwards as it fired rapidly, the movement aided by the gun's recoil. By the time they reached the Trostle house, they were told to hold the position to cover the infantry retreat, but they were eventually overrun by troops of the 21st Mississippi, who captured three of their guns.
	Humphreys's fate was sealed when the Confederate "en echelon" attack continued and his front and right flank began to be assaulted by the Third Corps division of Richard H. Anderson on Cemetery Ridge.
	The remaining portion of the "en echelon" attack was the responsibility of Maj. Gen. Richard H. Anderson's division of A.P. Hill's Third Corps, and he attacked starting at about 6 p.m. with five brigades in line, commencing on the right with Brig. Gen. Cadmus M. Wilcox, followed by Perry's Brigade (commanded by Col. David Lang), Brig. Gen. Ambrose R. Wright, Brig. Gen. Carnot Posey, and Brig. Gen. William Mahone.
	The brigades of Wilcox and Lang hit the front and right flank of Humphreys's line, dooming any chance for his division to maintain its position on the Emmitsburg Road and completing the collapse of the III Corps. Humphrey displayed considerable bravery during the attack, leading his men from horseback and forcing them to maintain good order during their withdrawal. He wrote to his wife, "Twenty times did I [bring] my men to a halt and face about ... forcing the men to it."
	On Cemetery Ridge, Generals Meade and Hancock were scrambling to find reinforcements. Meade had sent virtually all of his available troops (including most of the XII Corps, who would be needed momentarily on Culp's Hill) to his left flank to counter Longstreet's assault, leaving the center of his line relatively weak. There was insufficient infantry on Cemetery Ridge and only a few artillery pieces, rallied from the debacle of the Peach Orchard by Lt. Col. Freeman McGilvery.
	The long march from Seminary Ridge had left some of the Southern units disorganized, and their commanders paused momentarily at Plum Run to reorganize. Hancock led the II Corps brigade of Col. George L. Willard to meet Barksdale's brigade as it moved toward the ridge. Willard's New Yorkers drove the Mississippians back to Emmitsburg Road. Barksdale was wounded in his left knee, followed by a cannonball to his left foot, and finally was hit by another bullet to his chest, knocking him off his horse. His troops were forced to leave him for dead on the field, and he died the next morning in a Union field hospital. Willard was also killed, and Confederate guns drove back Willard's men in turn.
	As Hancock rode north to find additional reinforcements, he saw Wilcox's brigade nearing the base of the ridge, aiming at a gap in the Union line. The timing was critical, and Hancock chose the only troops at hand, the men of the 1st Minnesota, Harrow's Brigade, of the 2nd Division of the II Corps. They were originally placed there to guard Thomas's U.S. Battery. He pointed to a Confederate flag over the advancing line and shouted to Col. William Colvill, "Advance, Colonel, and take those colors!" The 262 Minnesotans charged the Alabama brigade with bayonets fixed, and they blunted their advance at Plum Run but at horrible cost—215 casualties (82%), including 40 deaths or mortal wounds, one of the largest regimental single-action losses of the war. Despite overwhelming Confederate numbers, the small 1st Minnesota, with the support of Willard's brigade on their left, checked Wilcox's advance and the Alabamians were forced to withdraw.
	The third Confederate brigade in line, under Ambrose Wright, crushed two regiments posted on the Emmitsburg Road north of the Codori farm, captured the guns of two batteries, and advanced toward a gap in the Union line just south of the Copse of Trees. (For a time, the only Union soldiers in this part of the line were Gen. Meade and some of his staff officers.) Wright's Georgia brigade may have reached the crest of Cemetery Ridge and beyond. Many historians have been skeptical of Wright's claims in his after-action report, which, if correct, would mean he passed the crest of the ridge and got as far as the Widow Leister's house before being struck in the flank and repulsed by Union reinforcements (Brig. Gen. George J. Stannard's Vermont brigade). Others believe his account was plausible because he accurately described the masses of Union troops on the Baltimore Pike that would have been invisible to him if he had been stopped earlier. Furthermore, his conversations with General Lee that evening lend support to his claim. It is possible that Lee derived some false confidence from Wright about the ability of his men to reach Cemetery Ridge the following day in Pickett's Charge.
	Wright told Lee that it was relatively easy to get to the crest, but it was difficult to stay there. A significant reason Wright could not stay was his lack of support. Two brigades were on Wright's left and could have reinforced his success. Carnot Posey's brigade made slow progress and never crossed the Emmitsburg Road, despite protestations from Wright. William Mahone's brigade inexplicably never moved at all. Gen. Anderson sent a messenger with orders to Mahone to advance, but Mahone refused. Part of the blame for the failure of Wright's assault must lie with Anderson, who took little active part in directing his division in battle.
	Lee ordered Lt. Gen. Ewell to launch a demonstration, or minor diversionary attack, on the Union right flank. He started the attack at 4 p.m. with an artillery bombardment from Benner's Hill, which caused little damage to the Union lines, but the counterbattery fire returned upon the lower hill was deadly. Ewell's best artillery officer, 19-year-old Joseph W. Latimer, the "Boy Major", was mortally wounded, eventually dying a month later. Ewell did not launch a conventional infantry attack until after 7 p.m., after Anderson's assault on Cemetery Ridge had crested. At around 8 p.m., two brigades of Jubal Early's division reached the Union artillery of East Cemetery Hill near the Baltimore Pike, but Union reinforcements drove them from the hill.
	Maj. Gen. Edward "Allegheny" Johnson's Confederate division attacked Brig. Gen. George S. Greene's XII Corps brigade behind strong breastworks on Culp's Hill. The Confederates suffered severe casualties and gained only the portions of the Union line that had been vacated under orders that afternoon by General Meade to reinforce the left flank of his line against Longstreet.
	The battlefield fell silent around 10:30 p.m., except for the cries of the wounded and dying. Gen. Meade telegraphed to General-in-Chief Henry Halleck in Washington:
	Meade made his decision late that night in a council of war that included his senior staff officers and corps commanders. The assembled officers agreed that, despite the beating the army took, it was advisable for the army to remain in its present position and to await attack by the enemy, although there was some disagreement about how long to wait if Lee chose not to attack. There is some evidence that Meade had already decided this issue and was using the meeting not as a formal council of war, but as a way to achieve consensus among officers he had commanded for less than a week. As the meeting broke up, Meade took aside Brig. Gen. John Gibbon, in command of the II Corps, and predicted, "If Lee attacks tomorrow, it will be in your front. ... he has made attacks on both our flanks and failed and if he concludes to try it again, it will be on our centre."
	There was considerably less confidence in Confederate headquarters that night. The army had suffered a significant defeat by not dislodging their enemy. A staff officer remarked that Lee was "not in good humor over the miscarriage of his plans and his orders." But in Lee's report, he showed more optimism:
	Years later, Longstreet would write that his troops on the second day had done the "best three hours' fighting done by any troops on any battle-field." That night he continued to advocate for a strategic movement around the Union left flank, but Lee would hear none of it. He sent orders to Richard Ewell to "assail the enemy's right" at daylight, and he ordered Jeb Stuart (who had finally arrived at Lee's headquarters early that afternoon) to operate on Ewell's left and rear.
	Casualty figures for the second day of Gettysburg are difficult to assess because both armies reported by unit after the full battle, not by day. One estimate is that the Confederates lost approximately 6,000 killed, missing, or wounded from Hood's, McLaws's, and Anderson's divisions, amounting to 30–40% casualties. Union casualties in these actions probably exceeded 9,000. An estimate for the day's total (including the Culp's and Cemetery Hill actions) by historian Noah Trudeau is 10,000 Union, 6,800 Confederate. This is in comparison to approximately 9,000 Union and 6,000 Confederate casualties on the first day, although there were much larger percentages of the armies engaged the second. Some estimates of total casualties for the day run as high as 20,000 and declare it the bloodiest day of the Battle of Gettysburg. It is a testament to the ferocity of the day's battle that such high casualties figures resulted even with much of the fighting not occurring until late in the afternoon and thereafter lasting about six hours. By comparison, the Battle of Antietam—known famously as the bloodiest single day in American military history with nearly 23,000 casualties—was an engagement that lasted twelve hours, or about twice as long.
	On the night of July 2, all of the remaining elements of both armies had arrived: Stuart's cavalry and Pickett's division for the Confederates and John Sedgwick's Union VI Corps. The stage was set for the bloody climax of the three-day battle.

= = = SystemVerilog = = =

	SystemVerilog, standardized as IEEE 1800, is a hardware description and hardware verification language used to model, design, simulate, test and implement electronic systems. SystemVerilog is based on Verilog and some extensions, and since 2008 Verilog is now part of the same IEEE standard. It is commonly used in the semiconductor and electronic design industry as an evolution of Verilog.
	SystemVerilog started with the donation of the Superlog language to Accellera in 2002 by the startup company Co-Design Automation. The bulk of the verification functionality is based on the OpenVera language donated by Synopsys. In 2005, SystemVerilog was adopted as IEEE Standard 1800-2005. In 2009, the standard was merged with the base Verilog (IEEE 1364-2005) standard, creating IEEE Standard 1800-2009. The current version is IEEE standard 1800-2017.
	The feature-set of SystemVerilog can be divided into two distinct roles:
	The remainder of this article discusses the features of SystemVerilog not present in Verilog-2005.
	There are two types of data lifetime specified in SystemVerilog: static and automatic. Automatic variables are created the moment program execution comes to the scope of the variable. Static variables are created at the start of the program's execution and keep the same value during the entire program's lifespan, unless assigned a new value during execution.
	Any variable that is declared inside a task or function without specifying type will be considered automatic. To specify that a variable is static place the "codice_1" keyword in the declaration before the type, e.g., "codice_2". The "codice_3" keyword is used in the same way.
	Enhanced variable types add new capability to Verilog's "reg" type:
	Verilog-1995 and -2001 limit reg variables to behavioral statements such as RTL code. SystemVerilog extends the reg type so it can be driven by a single driver such as gate or module. SystemVerilog names this type "logic" to remind users that it has this extra capability and is not a hardware register. The names "logic" and "reg" are interchangeable. A signal with more than one driver (such as a tri-state buffer for general-purpose input/output) needs to be declared a net type such as "wire" so SystemVerilog can resolve the final value.
	Multidimensional packed arrays unify and extend Verilog's notion of "registers" and "memories":
	Classical Verilog permitted only one dimension to be declared to the left of the variable name. SystemVerilog permits any number of such "packed" dimensions. A variable of packed array type maps 1:1 onto an integer arithmetic quantity. In the example above, each element of codice_4 may be used in expressions as a six-bit integer. The dimensions to the right of the name (32 in this case) are referred to as "unpacked" dimensions. As in Verilog-2001, any number of unpacked dimensions is permitted.
	Enumerated data types (codice_5) allow numeric quantities to be assigned meaningful names. Variables declared to be of enumerated type cannot be assigned to variables of a different enumerated type without casting. This is not true of parameters, which were the preferred implementation technique for enumerated quantities in Verilog-2005:
	As shown above, the designer can specify an underlying arithmetic type (codice_6 in this case) which is used to represent the enumeration value. The meta-values X and Z can be used here, possibly to represent illegal states. The built-in function codice_7 returns an ASCII string for the current enumerated value, which is useful in validation and testing.
	New integer types: SystemVerilog defines codice_8, codice_9, codice_10 and codice_11 as two-state signed integral types having 8, 16, 32, and 64 bits respectively. A codice_12 type is a variable-width two-state type that works much like codice_13. Two-state types lack the X and Z metavalues of classical Verilog; working with these types may result in faster simulation.
	Structures and unions work much like they do in the C programming language. SystemVerilog enhancements include the packed attribute and the tagged attribute. The codice_14 attribute allows runtime tracking of which member(s) of a union are currently in use. The codice_15 attribute causes the structure or union to be mapped 1:1 onto a packed array of bits. The contents of codice_16 data types occupy a continuous block of memory with no gaps, similar to bitfields in C and C++:
	As shown in this example, SystemVerilog also supports typedefs, as in C and C++.
	SystemVerilog introduces three new procedural blocks intended to model hardware: codice_17 (to model combinational logic), codice_18 (for flip-flops), and codice_19 (for latches). Whereas Verilog used a single, general-purpose codice_20 block to model different types of hardware structures, each of SystemVerilog's new blocks is intended to model a specific type of hardware, by imposing semantic restrictions to ensure that hardware described by the blocks matches the intended usage of the model. An HDL compiler or verification program can take extra steps to ensure that only the intended type of behavior occurs.
	An codice_17 block models combinational logic. The simulator infers the sensitivity list to be all variables from the contained statements:
	An codice_19 block is meant to infer a level-sensitive latch. Again, the sensitivity list is inferred from the code:
	An codice_18 block is meant to model synchronous logic (especially edge-sensitive sequential logic):
	Electronic design automation (EDA) tools can verify the design's intent by checking that the hardware model does not violate any block usage semantics. For example, the new blocks restrict assignment to a variable by allowing only one source, whereas Verilog's codice_20 block permitted assignment from multiple procedural sources.
	For small designs, the Verilog "port" compactly describes a module's connectivity with the surrounding environment. But major blocks within a large design hierarchy typically possess port counts in the thousands. SystemVerilog introduces concept of interfaces to both reduce the redundancy of port-name declarations between connected modules, as well as group and abstract related signals into a user-declared bundle. Additional concept is modport, that shows direction of logic connections. 
	Example:
	The following verification features are typically not synthesizable, meaning they cannot be implemented in hardware based on HDL code. Instead, they assist in the creation of extensible, flexible test benches.
	The codice_25 data type represents a variable-length text string. For example:
	In addition to the static array used in design, SystemVerilog offers dynamic arrays, associative arrays and queues:
	A dynamic array works much like an unpacked array, but offers the advantage of being dynamically allocated at runtime (as shown above.) Whereas a packed array's size must be known at compile time (from a constant or expression of constants), the dynamic array size can be initialized from another runtime variable, allowing the array to be sized and resize arbitrarily as needed.
	An associative array can be thought of as a binary search tree with a user-specified key type and data type. The key implies an ordering; the elements of an associative array can be read out in lexicographic order. Finally, a queue provides much of the functionality of the C++ STL deque type: elements can be added and removed from either end efficiently. These primitives allow the creation of complex data structures required for scoreboarding a large design.
	SystemVerilog provides an object-oriented programming model.
	In SystemVerilog, classes support a single-inheritance model, but may implement functionality similar to multiple-inheritance through the use of so-called "interface classes" (identical in concept to the codice_26 feature of Java). Classes can be parameterized by type, providing the basic function of C++ templates. However, template specialization and function templates are not supported.
	SystemVerilog's polymorphism features are similar to those of C++: the programmer may specifically write a codice_27 function to have a derived class gain control of the function. See virtual function for further info.
	Encapsulation and data hiding is accomplished using the codice_28 and codice_29 keywords, which must be applied to any item that is to be hidden. By default, all class properties are public.
	Class instances are dynamically created with the codice_30 keyword. A constructor denoted by codice_31 can be defined. SystemVerilog has automatic garbage collection, so there is no language facility to explicitly destroy instances created by the new operator.
	Example:
	Integer quantities, defined either in a class definition or as stand-alone variables in some lexical scope, can be assigned random values based on a set of constraints. This feature is useful for creating randomized scenarios for verification.
	Within class definitions, the codice_32 and codice_33 modifiers signal variables that are to undergo randomization. codice_33 specifies permutation-based randomization, where a variable will take on all possible values once before any value is repeated. Variables without modifiers are not randomized.
	In this example, the codice_35 field is not randomized; in practice it will be computed with a CRC generator, and the codice_36 field used to corrupt it to inject FCS errors. The two constraints shown are applicable to conforming Ethernet frames. Constraints may be selectively enabled; this feature would be required in the example above to generate corrupt frames. Constraints may be arbitrarily complex, involving interrelationships among variables, implications, and iteration. The SystemVerilog constraint solver is required to find a solution if one exists, but makes no guarantees as to the time it will require to do so as this is in general an NP-hard problem (boolean satisfiability).
	In each SystemVerilog class there are 3 predefined methods for randomization: pre_randomize, randomize and post_randomize. The randomize method is called by the user for randomization of the class variables. The pre_randomize method is called by the randomize method before the randomization and the post_randomize method is called by the randomize method after randomization.
	The constraint_mode() and the random_mode() methods are used to control the randomization. constraint_mode() is used to turn a specific constraint on and off and the random_mode is used to turn a randomization of a specific variable on or off. The below code describes and procedurally tests an Ethernet frame: 
	Assertions are useful for verifying properties of a design that manifest themselves after a specific condition or state is reached. SystemVerilog has its own assertion specification language, similar to Property Specification Language. The subset of SystemVerilog language constructs that serves assertion is commonly called SystemVerilog Assertion or SVA.
	SystemVerilog assertions are built from sequences and properties. Properties are a superset of sequences; any sequence may be used as if it were a property, although this is not typically useful.
	Sequences consist of boolean expressions augmented with temporal operators. The simplest temporal operator is the codice_37 operator which performs a concatenation:
	This sequence matches if the codice_38 signal goes high one clock cycle after codice_39 goes high. Note that all sequence operations are synchronous to a clock.
	Other sequential operators include repetition operators, as well as various conjunctions. These operators allow the designer to express complex relationships among design components.
	An assertion works by continually attempting to evaluate a sequence or property. An assertion fails if the property fails. The sequence above will fail whenever codice_39 is low. To accurately express the requirement that codice_38 follow codice_39 a property is required:
	This example shows an implication operator codice_43. The clause to the left of the implication is called the antecedent and the clause to the right is called the consequent. Evaluation of an implication starts through repeated attempts to evaluate the antecedent. When the antecedent succeeds, the consequent is attempted, and the success of the assertion depends on the success of the consequent. In this example, the consequent won't be attempted until codice_39 goes high, after which the property will fail if codice_38 is not high on the following clock.
	In addition to assertions, SystemVerilog supports assumptions and coverage of properties. An assumption establishes a condition that a formal logic proving tool must assume to be true. An assertion specifies a property that must be proven true. In simulation, both assertions and assumptions are verified against test stimuli. Property coverage allows the verification engineer to verify that assertions are accurately monitoring the design.
	Coverage as applied to hardware verification languages refers to the collection of statistics based on sampling events within the simulation. Coverage is used to determine when the device under test (DUT) has been exposed to a sufficient variety of stimuli that there is a high confidence that the DUT is functioning correctly. Note that this differs from code coverage which instruments the design code to ensure that all lines of code in the design have been executed. Functional coverage ensures that all desired corner and edge cases in the design space have been explored.
	A SystemVerilog coverage group creates a database of "bins" that store a histogram of values of an associated variable. Cross-coverage can also be defined, which creates a histogram representing the Cartesian product of multiple variables.
	A sampling event controls when a sample is taken. The sampling event can be a Verilog event, the entry or exit of a block of code, or a call to the codice_46 method of the coverage group. Care is required to ensure that data are sampled only when meaningful.
	For example:
	In this example, the verification engineer is interested in the distribution of broadcast and unicast frames, the size/f_type field and the payload size. The ranges in the payload size coverpoint reflect the interesting corner cases, including minimum and maximum size frames.
	A complex test environment consists of reusable verification components that must communicate with one another. Verilog's 'event' primitive allowed different blocks of procedural statements to trigger each other, but enforcing thread synchronization was up to the programmer's (clever) usage. SystemVerilog offers two primitives specifically for interthread synchronization: "mailbox" and "semaphore". The mailbox is modeled as a FIFO message queue. Optionally, the FIFO can be type-parameterized so that only objects of the specified type may be passed through it. Typically, objects are class instances representing "transactions": elementary operations (for example, sending a frame) that are executed by the verification components. The semaphore is modeled as a counting semaphore.
	In addition to the new features above, SystemVerilog enhances the usability of Verilog's existing language features. The following are some of these enhancements:
	Besides this, SystemVerilog allows convenient interface to foreign languages (like C/C++), by SystemVerilog DPI (Direct Programming Interface).
	In the design verification role, SystemVerilog is widely used in the chip-design industry. The three largest EDA vendors (Cadence Design Systems, Mentor Graphics, Synopsys) have incorporated SystemVerilog into their mixed-language HDL simulators. Although no simulator can yet claim support for the entire SystemVerilog , making testbench interoperability a challenge, efforts to promote cross-vendor compatibility are underway. In 2008, Cadence and Mentor released the Open Verification Methodology, an open-source class-library and usage-framework to facilitate the development of re-usable testbenches and canned verification-IP. Synopsys, which had been the first to publish a SystemVerilog class-library (VMM), subsequently responded by opening its proprietary VMM to the general public. Many third-party providers have announced or already released SystemVerilog verification IP.
	In the design synthesis role (transformation of a hardware-design description into a gate-netlist), SystemVerilog adoption has been slow. Many design teams use design flows which involve multiple tools from different vendors. Most design teams cannot migrate to SystemVerilog RTL-design until their entire front-end tool suite (linters, formal verification and automated test structure generators) support a common language subset.
	The most recent SystemVerilog standard documents are available at no cost from IEEExplore.

= = = Heartbreaking World = = =

	"Heartbreaking World", released Oct. 1985, was the third UK single released from Squeeze's sixth album, "Cosi Fan Tutti Frutti". While every other Squeeze single was written by the team of Chris Difford and Glenn Tilbrook, this one was penned by Difford and keyboardist Jools Holland. This is also the only Squeeze single to feature a lead vocal by Holland. Holland's younger brother Chris Holland also plays emulator on this track.

= = = Boomer Sooner = = =

	"Boomer Sooner" is the fight song for the University of Oklahoma (OU). The lyrics were written in 1905 by Arthur M. Alden, an OU student and son of a local jeweler in Norman. The tune is taken from "Boola Boola", the fight song of Yale University (which was itself borrowed from an 1898 song called "La Hoola Boola" by Robert Allen (Bob) Cole and Billy Johnson). A year later, an additional section was appended, borrowed from the University of North Carolina's "I'm a Tar Heel Born".
	The phrase "Boomer Sooner" refers to the Land Run of 1889, in which the land around the modern university was settled. "Boomers" were people who campaigned for the lands to be opened (or tried to enter the lands) before passage of the Indian Appropriations Act of 1889. "Sooners" were land thieves who settled before the lands were officially opened, giving them an unfair advantage on finding, fencing, and claiming farm land. If the charge of early entry was proven, they would lose their claimed land.
	The OU marching band plays the fight song when the team takes the field and when the team scores a touchdown, a field goal, makes a big play, or makes a play in general. They also play it along with other fight songs while the Oklahoma defense is on the field to encourage the crowd to get loud. Some fans have informally counted it being played between 70 and 90 times a game.
	ESPN writer Doug Ward has called the combined effect of "Boomer Sooner" and OU's horse-drawn Sooner Schooner wagon "as potent a one-two fight song/mascot punch as you'll find in college football."
	On October 15, 1983 the University of Oklahoma football team visited Oklahoma State University in Stillwater, Oklahoma. The Sooner squad played poorly at first, and within 10 minutes Oklahoma State was winning by a score of 20-3. A policeman escorted Gene Thrailkill, the Oklahoma band director, off the field for not having a sideline pass. Before he was forced to leave, Thrailkill shouted to the band members, "I want you to start playing and don't stop 'til the team's ahead!" The band complied, and played "Boomer Sooner" non-stop roughly 300 times. The team responded by scoring 15 unanswered points against Oklahoma State. After an OSU fumble with 1:17 left in the game, Oklahoma scored a field goal to win 21-20. OU coach Barry Switzer awarded the game ball to the band (known as "The Pride of Oklahoma") for the non-stop effort and labeled it "The Day The Pride Won".
	AEW commentator and Oklahoma native Jim Ross uses the fight song as his entrance theme. He also often uses the phrase "Boomer Sooner" to signify a good moment. 
	In recent years, "Boomer Sooner" has been adopted as a chant at Sooner football and basketball games. One side of Owen Field or the Lloyd Noble Center chants "Boomer!" with the other side chanting "Sooner!" The chant has frequently been heard at recent Heisman Trophy presentations, led by 1978 Heisman winner Billy Sims.
	The tune of the song is also used for Albania's popular national song, "Shqipëri, atdhe i dashur!" ("Albania, dear fatherland!"), also known as the Alphabet Hymn. The tune was borrowed by Parashqevi Qiriazi, who penned patriotic lyrics to fit it, after the historic Congress of Manastir which decided the Albanian alphabet.

= = = Larry Tanenbaum = = =

	Lawrence M. Tanenbaum (born 1945) is a Canadian businessman and chairman of Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment (MLSE). He owns a 25% stake in MLSE through his holding company Kilmer Sports Inc.
	Tanenbaum was born to a Jewish family, son of Max (owner of York Steel) and Anne Tanenbaum. and earned a Bachelor of Science degree in economics from Cornell University in 1968.
	The family's patriarch, Abraham Tanenbaum, left Parczew, Poland, north of Lublin, for New York in 1911. Two Toronto-bound friends from the same town persuaded Abraham to join them. Shortly after arriving in Toronto, Abraham was driving a horse and cart through residential and industrial areas of Toronto looking for scrap metal. By 1914, just before the war in Europe, Abraham had saved enough to bring his wife, Chippa Sura, and two young sons Joseph and Max to accompany him in Toronto. Abraham prospered and constructed the Runnymede Iron and Steel Company into a major steel fabrication company and real estate empire. His son, Max, who founded his own company, York Steel, had seven children, among them Larry, who studied economics at Cornell University.
	Tanenbaum is currently chairman and chief executive officer of Kilmer Van Nostrand Co. Limited, having served as president and CEO from 1968 to 2000. Under his direction, Kilmer developed into a multi-faceted civil engineering construction company whose operating divisions and subsidiaries covered road building and paving, ready-mix concrete, aggregates, heavy construction, trucking and pipe manufacturing. The heavy construction operations included projects in Canada, the United States and South America and specialized in constructing subways, elevated transit system guideways, bridges and tunnels including the design-build of the Toronto Zoo elevated transit system, the elevated transit system in Miami and subways in Caracas, Atlanta, Calgary and Toronto. In 1984 this unit was merged with Canadian Foundation Company Ltd. which itself was later merged with Bannister International. From that time through December 2000 Kilmer's road building, paving and aggregates operations were conducted through Kilmer's wholly owned subsidiary, The Warren Paving & Materials Group Limited.
	Tanenbaum served as chairman of Warren, which, until its merger with Lafarge North America, was Canada's largest asphalt paving and aggregate company with operations serving approximately 54 communities. Warren's activities also included major commercial aggregates operations, liquid asphalt trading and distribution and road maintenance. In December 2000 Warren was merged into Lafarge North America Inc., North America's largest diversified construction materials company and supplier of cement, aggregates and concrete, and other materials for residential, commercial, institutional and public works construction in the United States and Canada. As a result of this merger, Kilmer became a significant shareholder in Lafarge NA, and Tanenbaum served on the board and chaired its finance committee until the 2006 buyout by Lafarge SA.
	Today, Kilmer's roots in construction are expressed through innovative real estate development and leading edge public private partnerships (P3). Its Kilmer Brownfield Equity Fund reclaims contaminated land in the urban context, through sophisticated risk management and optimizing for highest and best use. Its Kilmer Developments is currently managing three P3's: The Quickload Container Examination Facility in Prince Rupert, B.C.; the 20 Ontario Highway Service Centre locations under the ONroute banner, in partnership with HMS Host and Canadian Tire; and in partnership with Dream, designed, financed and constructed the 2015 Pan Am Games Athletes’ Village, which has been converted into condominiums as part of the Canary District Project. Kilmer is also part of the consortium that has acquired the passenger terminal operations at Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport.
	Kilmer has a long history of private equity investment, beginning in 1975 as a significant shareholder of CUC Broadcasting, where Tanenbaum served on the board of directors and the executive committee of the company. At the time of its sale in 1994 CUC was Canada's fifth largest cable company, with operations that included paging, publishing, satellite, and radio broadcasting.
	Most recently, Kilmer, in partnership with Heartland Coca-Cola Bottling out of Kansas, acquired the Coca-Cola bottling and distribution operations for all of Canada. The new operation, Coca-Cola Canada Bottling Limited, is owned by Tanbridge Partners LP, of which Tanenbaum is co-chairman.
	Kilmer's other current private equity investments include Chaleur Sawmills Limited Partnership, Fornebu Lumber Company Inc. and Cypress Five Star Inc., the Canadian franchisee of Five Guys Burgers and Blaze Pizza.
	In addition to its direct investing activities, in 2000 Kilmer founded Kilmer Capital Partners Limited, a private equity investment fund manager, which established two funds to provide equity capital to small and mid-market companies. Tanenbaum is chairman of Kilmer Capital. Kilmer Capital's investments have included Give and Go Prepared Foods Corp., McGregor Industries Inc., Unisync Corp. Inc., Vansco Electronics Ltd., Atelka Enterprises Inc., Altasciences Inc., Compact Power Inc. and Tribal Sportswear.
	Tanenbaum recently served as a member of the advisory council, Toronto Board of Trade. He also served as a member of the Ontario Investment and Trade Advisory Council; as a member of the advisory committee, Toronto Prosperity Initiative; and as a member of the independent fiscal review panel of the City of Toronto; and the Mayor's Economic Competitiveness Advisory Committee of the City of Toronto.
	Tanenbaum has had a long-standing interest in the sports and entertainment area and to that end in 1991 he spearheaded the effort to bring an NBA franchise to Toronto. In 1996 an interest was acquired in the Toronto Maple Leafs hockey club and arena. In 1998 Tanenbaum was an active force in the acquisition of the Toronto Raptors basketball team and the Scotiabank Arena, which, with the Toronto Maple Leafs formed Maple Leaf Sports and Entertainment. Tanenbaum is chairman of MLSE, chairman of the board of the National Basketball Association, and a governor and member of the executive committee of the National Hockey League, the NBA, and Major League Soccer (Toronto FC professional soccer club, which MLSE also owns). He is Co-Chair – Toronto 2026 FIFA World Cup. He is a member of the board of the Hockey Hall of Fame in Toronto, Ontario.
	Tanenbaum's involvement in community associations includes the following: vice chair of Sinai Health System; co-chair of the Research Committee for the Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute; vice-chair, Brain Canada; member, University Council, Cornell University; Honourary Board Member, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care; member of the advisory board, Montreal Neurological Institute; co-founder and board member, Tanenbaum Open Science Institute at MNI; member, Dean's advisory council, Schulich School of Business, York University; founding board member, executive committee member and member of the Global Leadership Council of Right to Play; founding member, Centre for Israel and Jewish Affairs; and co-chair, Tomorrow Campaign (UJA).
	Tanenbaum is married and has two daughters and one son.
	In recognition of his contributions in the areas of philanthropy, volunteerism and sports, Tanenbaum was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada on October 25, 2007.
	In June 2012, he was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws, by St. Michael's College at the University of Toronto.

= = = Phileine Says Sorry = = =

	Phileine Says Sorry () is a Dutch/American 2003 comedy-drama film directed by Robert Jan Westdijk. It is based on the novel "Phileine zegt sorry" by Ronald Giphart.
	The story is about Phileine (Kim van Kooten) and her actor boyfriend Max (Michiel Huisman). He goes to New York City to improve his acting skills. Later on, without Max knowing it, Phileine also travels to New York.
	On the plane, she meets an American couple, Fabian and Lena, who offer to bring her to Max's house. Fabian gives Phileine his phone number to call him during her stay for a tour. Inside Max's house, Phileine meets his friends: the bespectacled Jules, the sick Leonard, the Flemish Gulpje, the terrible Joanna and weatherman LT (Louis Theodore). That same evening, a welcome party is held, but because of all the new impressions, drinks, and fatigue, Phileine goes to bed early.
	In the morning, she finds a note from Max that he had to leave early for rehearsal but that the two of them will have dinner together in the evening. Phileine goes to the living room and meets Gulpje. Soon, they decide to be best friends and have lunch. After lunch, Phileine calls Fabian for a tour. During that tour, Fabian gets a little bit too personal so she reminds him that he has a wife.
	Max can’t make it to diner because his rehearsal runs out. Phileine spends that night with the friends of Max. Together with Gulpje, she stirs the group up because they both like to joke around at the expense of others.
	On day two, Phileine attends the premiere of Romeo and Juliet. The play shows the sexual side of society, so it is played naked and shows sex and masturbation scenes. Part of the audience is so shocked that after the break, they call out their displeasure and leave the theater. Phileine is astonished but remains still in her seat until the end.
	At the after party, she tries to obtain explanations about what had happened on stage. She asks Max and the director Reginald, but neither gives her an answer. She quarrels with Max but settles the matter later in a pub. The next day, she goes with Gulpje to the restaurant where the scene from “When Harry Met Sally" was filmed. Phileine and Gulpje get the attention of two men and they invite them to their table. They want to show off their tricks and begin gently with panting and moaning. Initially the men find it funny, but when Phileine and Gulpje start screaming, the whole thing gets embarrassing and they run out the restaurant.
	A little later the women run into Jules and start a conversation about sexual harassment from men. After an insulting remark by Phileine, Jules departs. Only then does she discover that Jules is not female but male. Phileine goes to meet LT, the boyfriend of 'terrible Joanna', on his boat on the water. They have sex in 'revenge' for the escapade between Joanna and Max on stage.
	The next day, they decide to go to the last performance of the show. From the back of the theater, they see that Max is about to penetrate Joanna on stage. This time, Phileine will not let this happen and makes a huge scene by disrupting the play. Max tries to defend his action by explaining it as art. Phileine doesn’t accept this and gets the audience on her side in the argument.
	The day after, the newspapers are filled with what happened in the theater and Phileine is requested for a number of TV shows. She goes to David Letterman's show where she takes control over the show and wins the support of the audience. She is provided with money so she can stay the night in a hotel. The next day, Max is at her door to take her to an AIDS Gala of his friend Leonard. She doesn’t want to go with him, so he lifts her up over his shoulder and takes her to a taxi.
	The atmosphere between Phileine and the other people is hostile at the Gala. Except for Gulpje, Phileine has offended everybody else. Even Max is furious at her because he finds out she has slept with LT. Eventually Phileine realizes why everyone is mad at her. She gets on the stage and delivers a speech in which she says sorry for the first time in her life to everyone who she has treated rudely. She ends the speech with: "Sorry that I exist."

= = = Liuva II = = =

	Liuva II, ( 584 – June/July 603), youthful son of Reccared, was Visigothic King of Hispania, Septimania and Galicia from 601 to 603. He succeeded Reccared at only eighteen years of age.
	In the spring of 602, the Goth Witteric, one of the conspirators with Sunna de Mérida to reestablish Arianism in 589, was given command of the army to repulse the Byzantines. From his position of power at the head of the army, he surrounded himself with people in his confidence. When it came time to expel the Byzantines, Witteric instead used his troops to strike at the king in the spring of 603. Invading the royal palace, and deposing the young king, he counted on the support of a faction of nobles in opposition to the dynasty of Leovigild. Witteric cut off the king's right hand and later had him condemned and executed in the summer of 603.

= = = William Howard Taft National Historic Site = = =

	William Howard Taft National Historic Site is a historic house at 2038 Auburn Avenue in the Mount Auburn Historic District of Cincinnati, Ohio, a mile (1.6 km) north of Downtown. It was the birthplace and childhood home of William Howard Taft, the 27th President of the United States and the 10th Chief Justice of the United States. The two-story Greek Revival house, built circa 1835, is a reminder of the elegant era when wealthier people here could escape the dirt, heat, smoke and crowded conditions of the lower city.
	William Howard Taft's father, Alphonso Taft, came to Cincinnati from Vermont in 1838 to establish a law practice. He moved his family to this house a little over a decade later. Alphonso Taft became an early supporter of the Republican Party in Cincinnati. He lived in this house with his family and parents. He would eventually serve as the 31st United States Secretary of War and the 35th United States Attorney General.
	The house is believed to have been built in the early 1840s by a family named Bowen. Alphonso bought the house at 60 Auburn Street (now 2038 Auburn Avenue), with its accompanying 1.82 acres, for $10,000 on June 13, 1851. Mount Auburn was once a popular area to live for upper-class Cincinnatians, as it allowed those of higher incomes to escape the sweltering heat and humidity of downtown Cincinnati summers. The Taft residence, a Greek Revival domicile, was relatively modest compared to other nearby residences, which were a mix of Second Empire, Italianate, and Georgian Revival.
	Alphonso's wife Fanny Phelps Taft died a year after the family moved to the Mount Auburn residence, in June 1852. In December 1853 Alphonso remarried, choosing a schoolteacher from Massachusetts named Louise Torrey. Louise Taft would give birth to their second child, William Howard Taft, in the house on September 15, 1857, presumably in the first-floor nursery in the rear ell. (The first child had died at age fourteen months from whooping cough.) Alphonso had six children living in the house, two by Fanny (three others had died beforehand) and four by Louise.
	The house was used for social events. Visitors included many local and state dignitaries, including future President James A. Garfield. Rugs in the parlor were often rolled up for dancing. Family activities took place in the library; Alphonso was an avid book collector.
	William would live in the house until he went to Yale University in 1874. Afterward, the Taft family would spend less time in the house, starting when Alphonso served in the Ulysses S. Grant administration. In 1877 a fire damaged the second floor and roof. Alphonso and Louise would lease the house in 1889, moving to California because the climate was thought to be beneficial for those with declining health. William had married in 1886, and the rest of the Taft sons had moved out by this point as well. In May 1891 Alphonso died in San Diego, California, and was buried in Cincinnati; the tenants of the Auburn house allowed the mourners to gather at the house for the funeral. Louise eventually was able to sell the house outright, after ten years of trying, in 1899 to Judge Albert C. Thompson, after returning to her home town of Millbury, Massachusetts, to live with her sister.
	Within five years of the house leaving the Taft family, the front veranda was removed, replaced by a one-story porch. Other modifications were the addition of a conservatory and the demolition of outbuildings, including a stable. Upon Thompson's death the house was sold by his widow to Colonel Ernest H. Ruffner in 1912. Upon Ruffner's death it was sold by his daughter. The William Howard Taft Memorial Association was formed on July 7, 1937, in hopes of buying the property, but went without support of the Taft family, as Robert Taft thought it would look too opportunistic to memorialize the house his father grew up in, and thus failed in acquiring the $12,000 to buy it. In the 1940s the building was used as apartments, with the new owner Elbert R. Bellinger once considering selling it to become a funeral parlor for local blacks. Taft family political fortunes faltered with Robert's death in 1953, and with Charles Phelps Taft II available to spearhead the movement, the William Howard Taft Memorial Association eventually acquired the house for $35,000 (the assessment price), instead of the $75,000 Bellinger was demanding for it.
	By 1961, the house was in poor condition and needed restoration, to the tune of $92,500. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964. A ceremony on September 15, 1964 (William's 107th birthday), celebrated the home becoming a National Historic Landmark.
	The association gained full title to the house in 1968 and in 1969 transferred it to the National Park Service, which currently operates the site as a historic house museum, so that its future upkeep is ensured. The United States government took the property title on November 1, 1970. 
	Letters and diary entries written by Louise Taft during her time in the home helped preservationists to return the domicile to how it appeared during William's childhood.
	William Howard Taft National Historic Site has two main buildings. The first is the original home owned by William Howard Taft's parents, Alphonso and Louise Taft. It has been restored to look as it did during the time William lived there. All the family portraits and many of the books on display belonged to the Taft family. The first floor has five rooms restored: William's birthplace, and four rooms representative of the period. The furniture is period pieces and did not necessarily belong to the Tafts. The second floor contains exhibits on the accomplishments of William.
	The second building is the National Historic Site's Visitor Center, officially called the Taft Education Center. It has offices, a National Park giftshop, an audio-animatronic exhibit of William's son Charles Phelps Taft II fishing and telling stories about his father and other members of the Taft family, and a short biographical film on William Howard Taft.

= = = KLRZ = = =

	KLRZ is an all-sports radio station. Licensed to Larose, Louisiana, KLRZ targets both New Orleans and the Tri-Parishes area at 100.3 MHz with an ERP of 89 kW at .
	The station, which signed on the air in 1992, is now owned by Coastal Broadcasting Of Larose. In July 2005, Citadel Broadcasting entered into a $6,000,000 agreement to buy the station. However, after Hurricane Katrina, they had backed out of the purchase. In fact, a new tower had been built to put a better signal into New Orleans, and was turned on the week before Katrina hit. Speculation was that Citadel was going to either sign on a Rockin' Country format onto this signal (which eventually was put on 106.7) or move the format of 106.7 the End to 100.3.
	In January 1, 2014, the station has dropped the cajun music and became the ESPN Radio affiliate in the New Orleans Market. The station was named the new flagship station of the NBA New Orleans Pelicans on June 26, 2019. 
	In the early to mid 90s, this station's moniker was Z-100, and was playing a Top 40/Rhythmic Hybrid Format aimed at the New Orleans market at the time. The format was then changed to a Classic Rock format with a mid morning talk show in the mid 1990s. A format of regional music called swamp pop was produced on the radio station for a number of years using the branding "Rajun Cajun". This format was later moved to sister station KLEB in 2014. 

= = = Paschimottanasana = = =

	Paschimottanasana (; IAST: "paścimottānāsana") Seated Forward Bend, or Intense Dorsal Stretch is an asana in hatha yoga and modern yoga as exercise.
	The name comes from the Sanskrit words "paschima" (पश्चिम, paścima) meaning "west" or "the back of the body"; "uttana" (उत्तान, uttāna) meaning "intense stretch" or "straight" or "extended"; and "asana" (आसन, āsana) meaning "posture" or "seat".
	The pose is described in the 15th-century "Hatha Yoga Pradipika", chapter 1, verses 30-31.
	This asana is practiced in four stages:
	People who have difficulty bending their backs should exercise caution when performing this asana.
	Urdhva Mukha Paschimottanasana is a balancing form of the pose, legs and hands pointing upwards.
 

= = = OU Chant = = =

	The OU Chant is the alma mater of the University of Oklahoma. 
	The chant was written in 1936 by Jessie Lone Clarkson Gilkey, the coach of the OU girl's glee club from 1936 to 1938. It is played by The Pride of Oklahoma and sung by fans and alumni during pregame festivities prior to home football games in Oklahoma Memorial Stadium. The Chant is also played and/or sung at other official University gatherings and sporting events. 

= = = Hubert Taczanowski = = =

	Hubert Taczanowski, born 1 October 1960 in Poland, son of Stanisław and Mirosława (née Sadżak) Taczanowski and a member of the former magnate family Taczanowski from Poznań, is a US and UK-based motion picture cinematographer. A graduate of Cinematography at the famed Lodz Film School in Poland, Taczanowski has been the Director of Photography on nineteen feature films and two television series. His films have been screened at the Sundance, Venice, Toronto, Edinburgh and Berlin Film Festivals. Additionally, he has shot over twenty music videos for Sony Music, Atlantic Records, EMI and Chrysalis. In January 2007 he married British costume designer Stephanie Collie. He resides in New York and London.

= = = List of highways numbered 23 = = =

	Route 23, or Highway 23, can refer to:
	23 (India)

= = = Tommy Albelin = = =

	Tommy Albelin (born 21 May 1964) is a retired Swedish ice hockey defenceman who is currently an assistant coach for Switzerland's national team. He also competed in the men's tournament at the 1998 Winter Olympics.
	Albelin has, over the course of a 24-year professional career, played a total of 952 games for three NHL teams: the Quebec Nordiques, the New Jersey Devils, and the Calgary Flames. Albelin was drafted 152nd overall by Quebec in the 1983 NHL Entry Draft. Before joining the club he played five seasons for Djurgårdens IF in the Swedish Elitserien, winning the Swedish championship in his first year (1982–83). Albelin left for Quebec upon the conclusion of the 1986-87 season. He played a year and a half for the Nordiques before being traded to New Jersey. It would be with the Devils that he would play 10 seasons for and win two Stanley Cups, in 1995 and 2003. In 1996, he was traded to Calgary, but he signed to play with New Jersey again in 2001. His best season was the 1988–89 season when he put up 37 points. Albelin announced his retirement from hockey on 29 July 2004, however the Devils re-signed him in December 2005 (abbreviating his retirement after he had practiced with the team as an unsigned player for nearly half the season). He finished out his final year in 2006 playing for the Devils.
	On 25 July 2007, Albelin was hired by the New Jersey Devils as an assistant coach to head coach Brent Sutter. It was his first NHL coaching job.
	On 10 August 2010, Albelin was named assistant coach of the Albany Devils, the AHL affiliate of the New Jersey Devils. On 9 September 2014, following Scott Stevens' decision to step down from a coaching position in New Jersey, Albelin was promoted to be an assistant coach under Peter DeBoer in the 2014-15 season.
	In July 2016, he was appointed as assistant coach of the Swiss men's national team.

= = = Witteric = = =

	Witteric (; Portuguese and Galician: "Viterico"; 565 – April 610) was the Visigoth King of Hispania, Septimania and Galicia. He ruled from 603 to 610.
	The first mention of Witteric in history was as a conspirator with Sunna, the Arian bishop of Mérida, to reestablish Arianism in 589. While Sunna was sent into exile, it is unknown what happened to Witteric. In the spring of 602, Witteric was given command of the army with the job of expelling the Byzantines. However, when it came time to do so in the Spring of 603, Witteric instead led his troops against King Liuva II, counting on the support of a faction of nobles in opposition to the dynasty of Leovigild. He invaded the royal palace and deposed the young king. Witteric cut off the king's right hand, and then had him condemned and executed in the Summer of 603.
	During his reign, the Visigoths fought the Byzantines. However, Isidore of Seville is dismissive of Witteric's accomplishments, writing that "although he frequently fought battles against the Roman soldiers, he did not win any adequate glory except for capturing some soldiers at Sagunto with the help of his generals." The campaign against Sagunto probably took place in 605. It was probably during his reign, as well, that Bigastrum (near Cartago Nova) was taken, as its bishop appears in a council of Toledo in 610.
	In the twelfth year of his reign, king Theodoric II sent for bishop Aridius of Lyons and the constable Eborin to ask Witteric for his daughter Ermenburga's hand in marriage. Although the envoys gave their word that she would not be disowned by Theodoric, and she was received by Theodoric in Chalon-sur-Saône (606), his grandmother, the regent Brunhilda and Theodoric's sister Teudila (or Teudilana) did not provide a welcoming reception. Theodoric then disgraced Ermenberga by sending her back without her dowry. Incensed, Witteric entered into a quadruple alliance with Theodobert II of Austrasia, Clotaire II of Neustria, and Agilulf of the Lombards to effect his deposition and death. Despite their mutual fear of Theodoric, their alliance did not accomplish anything; according to Fredegar, "Theodoric got wind of it [the alliance] but treated it with utter contempt.".
	In April 610, a faction of Catholic nobles conspired against Witteric and assassinated him during a banquet. His body was dragged ignominiously through the streets and he was later buried without the honors corresponding to his status. The nobles then proclaimed Gundemar, Duke of Narbonne, king.

= = = Machine (EP) = = =

	Machine is the second EP by the indie rock band Yeah Yeah Yeahs. It was released in 2002 by Touch and Go Records, and contains three songs from the "Fever to Tell" sessions. From this EP came one single, "Machine", which was released only in the UK. As of 2009, sales in the United States have exceeded 24,000 copies, according to Nielsen SoundScan .

= = = Proteus (2003 film) = = =

	Proteus is a film by Canadian director John Greyson. Although the film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2003, it did not have a general theatrical release until 2005.
	The film is based on an early 18th century court record from Cape Town.
	The film also attempts to explore unanswered questions, such as why prison officials tolerated the relationship for a full decade before Blank and Jacobsz were executed. (In an interview packaged with the DVD release, John Greyson notes the real Blank and Jacobsz began their relationship when they were very young - Blank having been imprisoned on Robben Island at age 16 - and were actually known to be a couple for twenty years before they were charged with sodomy and executed, when they were both nearly 40.) Intentional anachronisms - such as transistor radios, electric typewriters and jeeps - are also used in the film to illustrate Greyson's larger theme that homophobia and racism of the type that led to Blank's and Jacobsz' executions are still very much present in today's world. These twentieth-century objects, including modern (c. 1964) dress on many occasions, are invariably presented in juxtaposition with eighteenth-century items. The eighteenth-century prison commandant, for example, is replaced by a former subordinate, who wears a twentieth-century guard's uniform and is often accompanied by a fierce-looking Alsatian on a short lead. A 'wetbag' is seen, as it was used as a torture devise in Apartheid South Africa.
	An extract from the speech Nelson Mandela made at his sentencing hearing in 1964, before he was imprisoned on Robben Island, is displayed at the end of the film.
	Set in 18th-century South Africa, the film dramatizes the true story of Claas Blank (Rouxnet Brown) and Rijkhaart Jacobsz (Neil Sandilands). 
	Herder Claas Blank was serving 10 years for "insulting a Dutch citizen" and Rijkhaart, was a Dutch sailor convicted of committing "unnatural acts" with another man. The two men initially hostile form a secret relationship, using trips to a private water-tank to bond. The two prisoners on Robben Island who were later executed for sodomy in 1735 by drowning, after jealousy of other inmates caused problems. Their relationship also had a racial component, as Jacobsz was a white Dutchman, while Blank was a black Khoi. The film also stars Shaun Smyth as Virgil Niven, a Scottish botanist who befriends Blank for his knowledge of South African flora, including the Protea but may in fact have his own sexual interest in Blank.
	Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, reports the film has a 86% audience rating out of 87 views.
	Dennis Harvey of Variety stated that the "film has enough erotic and exotic content to win arthouse viewers" but it "lacks lush aesthetics and impassioned complexity, ending up a tad remote".
	Giving the film 3 out of 4 stars, Ken Fox of TV Guide said "the postmodern touches never detract from what is at heart a deeply moving love story".
	Dave Kehr of the New York Times stated "a heavy, pretentious and derivative film" and it had been "gussied it up with fantasy sequences and formal games that distract from the dramatic core".

= = = Nikita Alexeev = = =

	Nikita Sergeyevich Alexeev, sometimes transliterated as Alexeyev,(, born December 27, 1981) is a Russian former professional ice hockey forward who last played in the Kontinental Hockey League with Severstal Cherepovets. He formerly played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Tampa Bay Lightning and the Chicago Blackhawks. He was a first round pick, 8th overall in the 2000 NHL Entry Draft for the Lightning.
	Alexeev came to North America in 1998 to play for the Erie Otters of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). He was drafted by the Tampa Bay Lightning 8th overall in the 2000 NHL Entry Draft. He made his NHL debut in the 2001-02 season, and split the next two seasons between the Lightning and AHL affiliate, the Springfield Falcons.
	Early in the 2003–04 season, Alexeev suffered a major shoulder injury which caused him to miss the rest of the season as the Lightning went on to claim their first Stanley Cup. Alexeev played a season in Russia before in the 2006–07 season, he returned to NHL and was a regular in the Lightning lineup. However, after 63 games, he was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks at the trade deadline. The Blackhawks chose not to offer Alexeev a contract in 2007, making him a free agent.
	Alexeev unable to live up to his draft status, ended his NHL tenure and returned to sign with Ak Bars Kazan of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). Alexeev won the Gagarin Cup as champion of the KHL twice with Ak Bars, and scored the cup winning goal in 2010.

= = = Gundemar = = =

	Gundemar was a Visigothic King of Hispania, Septimania and Galicia (610–612).
	Gundemar continued a policy of amity with Clotaire II of Neustria and Theodobert II of Austrasia. To this end, he sent grand sums of money to support their cause against their relative (cousin and brother, respectively) Theuderic II of Burgundy. At other times, he pursued a hostile policy against Brunhilda.
	According to Isidore of Seville, Gundemar made one expedition against the Basques, then besieged the Byzantines in the next. He died a natural death in Toledo, probably in February or March 612. The "Chronica Regum Visigotthorum" records that Gundemar reigned for one year, ten months and 14 days. He was succeeded by Sisebut.
	The towns of Gondomar in Portugal and in Galicia are named after him.

= = = Soybean oil = = =

	Soybean oil is a vegetable oil extracted from the seeds of the soybean ("Glycine max"). It is one of the most widely consumed cooking oils. As a drying oil, processed soybean oil is also used as a base for printing inks (soy ink) and oil paints.
	Chinese records dating prior to 2000 B.C. mention use of cultivated soybeans to produce edible soy oil. Ancient Chinese literature reveals that soybeans were extensively cultivated and highly valued as a use for the soybean oil production process before written records were kept.
	To produce soybean oil, the soybeans are cracked, adjusted for moisture content, heated to between 60 and 88 °C (140–190 °F), rolled into flakes, and solvent-extracted with hexanes. The oil is then refined, blended for different applications, and sometimes hydrogenated. Soybean oils, both liquid and partially hydrogenated are sold as "vegetable oil," or are ingredients in a wide variety of processed foods. Most of the remaining residue (soybean meal) is used as animal feed.
	In the 2002–2003 growing season, 30.6 million tons (MT) of soybean oil were produced worldwide, constituting about half of worldwide edible vegetable oil production, and thirty percent of all fats and oils produced, including animal fats and oils derived from tropical plants.
	In 2018-2019, world production was at 57.4 MT with the leading producers including China (16.6 MT), US (10.9 MT), Argentina (8.4 MT), Brazil (8.2 MT), and EU (3.2 MT).
	Per 100 g, soybean oil has 16 g of saturated fat, 23 g of monounsaturated fat, and 58 g of polyunsaturated fat. The major unsaturated fatty acids in soybean oil triglycerides are the polyunsaturates alpha-linolenic acid (C-18:3), 7-10%, and linoleic acid (C-18:2), 51%; and the monounsaturate oleic acid (C-18:1), 23%. It also contains the saturated fatty acids stearic acid (C-18:0), 4%, and palmitic acid (C-16:0), 10%.
	The high-proportion of oxidation-prone polyunsaturated fatty acid is undesirable for some uses, such as cooking oils. Three companies, Monsanto Company, DuPont/Bunge, and Asoyia in 2004 introduced low linolenic Roundup Ready soybeans. Hydrogenation may be used to reduce the unsaturation in linolenic acid. The resulting oil is called hydrogenated soybean oil. If the hydrogenation is only partially complete, the oil may contain small amounts of trans fat.
	Soybean oil is mostly used for frying and baking. It is also used as a condiment for salads.
	Soybean oil is one of many drying oils, which means that it will slowly harden (due to free-radical based polymerization) upon exposure to air, forming a flexible, transparent, and waterproof solid. Because of this property, it is used in some printing ink and oil paint formulations. However, other oils (such as linseed oil) may be superior for some drying oil applications.
	While soybean oil has no direct insect repellent activity, it is used as a fixative to extend the short duration of action of essential oils such as geranium oil in several commercial products.
	Soybean oil is traded at the Chicago Board of Trade in contracts of 60,000 pounds at a time. Prices are listed in cents and hundredths of a cent per pound.

= = = Suffolk University Law School = = =

	Suffolk University Law School (also known as "Suffolk Law School"). Suffolk University Law School is a private, non-sectarian law school located in downtown Boston, Massachusetts. Suffolk University Law School was founded in 1906 by Gleason Archer Sr. to provide a legal education for those who traditionally lacked the opportunity to study law because of socio-economic or racial discrimination. Suffolk is the fourth-oldest New England law school in continuous existence.
	The law school currently has both day and evening, part-time divisions. Suffolk University Law School has been accredited by the American Bar Association since 1953 and the Association of American Law Schools since 1977. The school is located in Sargent Hall on Tremont Street in downtown Boston. Suffolk offers over 200 upper-level electives, the most of any law school in the country, and is consistently ranked one of the most technologically advanced schools in the nation. Suffolk publishes six law reviews, to which students, faculty, and other scholars contribute. Suffolk University Law School alumni are found in high-level judicial, political, and private positions throughout the United States. With over 25,000 alumni, Suffolk is the fourth largest law school in the United States.
	According to Suffolk Law's 2017 ABA-required disclosures, 148 members of the Class of 2017 obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required employment nine months after graduation.
	One of New England's oldest law schools, Suffolk was founded in 1906 by lawyer Gleason Leonard Archer as the "Suffolk School of Law." The school was named after its location in Suffolk County, Massachusetts. Archer's goal was to provide immigrants and the working class with the opportunity to study law. In 1907, Archer moved the school from Roxbury, Massachusetts to downtown Boston. Suffolk Law School's first student passed the bar in 1908. By 1930, Archer developed Suffolk into one of the largest law schools in the country, and the law school received full accreditation from the American Bar Association (ABA). Originally an all-male school, with the New England School of Law serving as a sister school, Suffolk became co-educational in 1937. In 1999, Suffolk Law School opened its new building at 120 Tremont Street, near the Boston Common.
	Suffolk Law School has a 3-year day program and a 4-year evening program offering a broad selection of courses. The law school maintains a traditional first-year Juris Doctor curriculum which includes the year-long courses of Civil Procedure, Contracts, Property, Torts, and Legal Writing, in addition to the semester-long Constitutional Law and Criminal Law courses. A course in Professional Responsibility is required, and each student must also fulfill legal writing and legal skills requirements prior to graduation. Until 2008 Fiduciary Relations, a class concentrating on the law of Agency and Trusts, was required. Upon completion of the required curriculum, students at Suffolk choose from over 200 upper-level courses, many of which focus on learning practical skills, including several legal clinics. Students may also receive credit for diverse internships and clerkships, including those at various courts in the Boston area. Academic concentrations are available in Civil Litigation, Financial Services, Health/Biomedical, and Intellectual Property.
	In addition to the JD, Suffolk offers an advanced LLM in Global Law and Technology. Suffolk University Law School also offers joint degrees with Suffolk's Sawyer Business School (JD/MBA, JD/MSF and JD/MPA), and the Suffolk College of Arts and Sciences (JD/MSCJ and JD/MSIE).
	The average faculty to student ratio at Suffolk is 16.5 students per faculty member. Tuition for the 2013–2014 academic year is $44,934 for the day division and $33,700 for the evening division.
	Suffolk Law School students come from 50 states, 30 countries and more than 375 colleges and universities. Suffolk averages over 3,500 applications for its entering class of 340 full-time students. For the class of 2013, the median GPA for incoming Suffolk Law students was 3.3, and the median LSAT score was 157. The admission rate for the class of 2013 was 47%. The 25th – 75th percentile GPA was 3.0 – 3.5 and the 25th – 75th percentile LSAT was 155 – 159. Entering students from the class of 2013 came from 34 different states and graduated from 247 different undergraduate colleges and universities. Also, 14 countries are represented in the class of 2013.
	According to the law professor blog, "The Faculty Lounge", based on 2012 ABA data, only 39.8% of graduates obtained full-time, long term positions requiring bar admission (i.e., jobs as lawyers), 9 months after graduation, ranking 174th out of 197 law schools.
	Suffolk University Law School places graduates in all 10 geographic regions according to the Association for Legal Career Professionals. Suffolk places a majority in its home region, New England, with 71% of its graduates finding employment in region, and 87% of those staying in the New England region obtain employment in the state of Massachusetts. The most popular states for Suffolk University Law School graduates to find employment are in Massachusetts, New York, Rhode Island, the District of Columbia, Virginia, New Hampshire, New Jersey, California, Connecticut, and Maine.
	The table to the right represents regional placement, with percentages, for the most recent Suffolk University Law School graduates. Suffolk University Law School has alumni that practice in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and twenty-two foreign nations. The ABA also collects data on placement and puts them into seven major categories. They are law firms, business & industry, government, judicial clerkships, military, academia, and public interest. Suffolk University Law School places a majority of its students into law firms, with eleven percent of the entire class working in Big Law, or alternatively twenty-one percent of those working in law firms in Big Law. Additionally, significant portions of the class obtain employment in other fields—business and industry, judicial clerkships and government. The table to the left represents the fields of placement, with percentages, for the most recent class from the Suffolk University Law School.
	In 2009 Suffolk University Law School had a first time bar passage rate of 92.82%, fourth out of nine law schools in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. In 2008, Suffolk had a first time bar passage rate of 94.37%, third out of nine law schools in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The median full-time starting salaries for Suffolk graduates was $82,000 in the private sector, and $54,000 in the public sector.
	The 2019 edition of U.S. News ranked Suffolk tied at 144th overall in its 2019 ranking of law schools—the last of the rated law schools. The following are rankings from previous years. 
	The 2011 edition of U.S. News publication ranked Suffolk 20th in the United States for its legal clinics, 13th for its Alternative Dispute Resolution program, and 15th for its Legal Writing. LawSchool100.com ranked Suffolk University Law School as 98th overall in its 2010 ranking of law schools. The 2010 edition of "Judging the Law Schools" ranked Suffolk 35th overall in the United States based upon ABA data. In 2010 the Princeton Review's "The Best Law Schools" publication ranked Suffolk 5th in the United States in "most competitive students". In 2010 the National Jurist ranked Suffolk as the 54th best law school in the country for public interest law. The ILRG also has numerous other categories and ranks Suffolk University Law School as the 68th most selective law school, 45th for job placement before graduation, 78th for job placement after 9 months, 23rd for best bar passer rates among first time takers, 14th when ranking the school versus the state average for bar passage rates, 92nd for student to faculty ratio and 87th overall for student median LSAT/GPAs. Law & Politics' 2010 ranking of law schools ranked Suffolk University Law School 33rd overall. In 2010, The Social Science Research Network ranked Suffolk 25th in the country. Leiter's ranking of most desirable law schools lists Suffolk as the 35th most desirable law school in the country. Law.com ranks Suffolk 54th overall for best job placement and employment trends into "BigLaw" with eleven percent of the class entering Big Law. In 2010, The Hylton Rankings placed Suffolk University Law School 94th overall among all law schools.
	In addition to the basic curriculum, moot court, legal clinics, law review publications, and numerous extracurricular opportunities, Suffolk Law School maintains several other programs available to law students. Working with Harvard University, Suffolk runs the Rappaport Center for Law and Public Service offering fellowship opportunities for law students. Suffolk also operates the Macaronis Institute, which is led by Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court Justice John Greaney, offering practical opportunities in trial and appellate practice. The law school also offers programs abroad, including: the Semester in Sweden Program with Lund University, a university where Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg conducted research for her book on Swedish Law in the 1960s.
	In 1999, after construction of the new law school building was completed, the John Joseph Moakley Library moved to its new home, on the 5th through 7th floors, in Sargent Hall. The library contains over 450,000 volumes, and budget of new acquisitions reaching approximately $2 million, covering common law and statutes from all major areas of American law in each of the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and with primary legal materials from the U.S. federal government, Canada, the United Kingdom, the United Nations, and the European Union.
	The library also features a substantial treatise and periodical collection and houses the John Joseph Moakley Archive and Institute. Some of the collections in the Archive include the Congressman John Joseph Moakley Papers, a collection of the late U.S. Representative's papers which he gave to the school in 2001; the Gleason L. Archer Personal Papers, founder of the Law School and University; the Harry Hom Dow Papers a 1929 Law School graduate; the Jamaica Plain Committee on Central America Collection; and the Records of Suffolk University. The Library also houses law review journals from all ABA accredited law schools in the United States as well as numerous journals from European and Canadian law schools. Suffolk also records and broadcasts oral arguments for the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court and has archives of those proceedings available in the library and online.
	Suffolk University Law School maintains five student-run publications.
	According to Suffolk Law's official 2013 ABA-required disclosures, 37% of the Class of 2013 obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required employment nine months after graduation. Suffolk Law's Law School Transparency under-employment score is 35.3%, indicating the percentage of the Class of 2013 unemployed, pursuing an additional degree, or working in a non-professional, short-term, or part-time job nine months after graduation.
	The total cost of attendance (indicating the cost of tuition, fees, and living expenses) at Suffolk Law for the 2014-2015 academic year is $68,371 for the day division and $56,529 for the night division. The Law School Transparency estimated debt-financed cost of attendance for three years is $255,308.
	The Suffolk University Law School Alumni Association, operates chapters in all 50 states throughout the United States and 22 different countries. Throughout Suffolk's history, faculty, alumni, and former students have played prominent roles in many different fields. Eleven Suffolk University Law School graduates have represented the States of Rhode Island and Massachusetts in the United States House of Representatives in every Congress since the start of the 70th Congress in 1928, including two current members John F. Tierney, since 1997 from Massachusetts' 6th congressional district, and William R. Keating, since 2010 representing Massachusetts' 10th congressional district. Suffolk University Law School alumni also hold a plurality in the Massachusetts Senate, Massachusetts House of Representatives, Rhode Island Senate, and Rhode Island House of Representatives, including Senate President Pro Tempore John F. McBurney III of the Rhode Island Senate. Other Suffolk alumni include the current, and 41st, Attorney General of Rhode Island Patrick C. Lynch since 2003, current, and 33rd, New Jersey Secretary of State Nina Mitchell Wells since 2006, current, and 26th, Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth William F. Galvin since 1995, current, and 57th, Attorney General of Maine William Schneider since 2011 and General Treasurer of Rhode Island Frank T. Caprio since 2006. Suffolk University Law School alumni also hold a majority of the District Attorney positions in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts; they include Jonathan W. Blodgett of Essex County, Gerard Leone of Middlesex County, Tim Cruz of Plymouth County, Daniel F. Conley of Suffolk County, and Michael Morrissey of Norfolk County. Attorney Marsha Kazarosian has handled high-profile cases, including a teenaged defendant from the 1991 Pamela Smart murder case in which a newlywed bride conspired with a teenaged lover to have her husband murdered.
	Alumni include:
	Other Suffolk alumni have also held Chancellor, President, Vice President, and Dean positions at universities including Robert L. Caret President of Towson University, Ronald Machtley President of Bryant University, Marty Meehan Chancellor of the University of Massachusetts Lowell, David Sargent President of Suffolk University. 
	On the State level six alumni currently serve on State Supreme Courts in four different states. They include Linda S. Dalianis, former chief justice in New Hampshire, Paul Reiber chief justice in Vermont, Peter Zarella justice in Connecticut, Maureen Goldberg and Francis Flaherty justices of Rhode Island and Paul Suttell chief justice of the Rhode Island Supreme Court. Suffolk alumni also serve in various other judicial positions including Associate Justices Elspeth B. Cypher and Joseph Trainor of the Massachusetts Appeals Court. Associate Justices William E. Carnes, Francis J. Darigan, Patty Hurst, Susan E. McGuirl, Daniel A. Procaccini and Melanie Wilk Thunberg of the Rhode Island Superior Court, as well as Associate Justice Sharon E. Donatelle of the Massachusetts Superior Court. Chief Judge George Healy.
	Mel Passarelli, ESQ, President and CEO, Aspera, Inc

= = = Fereydoon Family = = =

	Fereydoon Family (born September 18, 1945) is a leading Persian physicist in the field of nanotechnology and solid-state physics. He is currently Samuel Candler Dobbs Professor of Physics and a member of the Emerson Center for Scientific Computation at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. He is an elected fellow of the American Physical Society, and a recipient of the Southeastern Section of the American Physical Society's highest honor, the J.W. Beams Award.
	Family received his B.S. degree in Physics from Worcester Polytechnic Institute in 1968 and his Ph.D in physics at Clark University in 1974. He has been a Visiting Scientist at the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of California at Santa Barbara and a Visiting Associate Professor of Chemistry at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
	He has published 161 scientific papers, almost all of them in high-ranking peer-reviewed journals. The most heavily cited was cited as many as 547 times. The ten most frequently cited are:

= = = Dolph Ziggler = = =

	Nicholas Theodore Nemeth (born July 27, 1980) is an American professional wrestler and stand-up comedian. He is currently signed to WWE, where he performs on the SmackDown brand under the ring name Dolph Ziggler.
	After a prolific career in amateur wrestling, where he established several school records for Kent State University, Nemeth signed a developmental contract with WWE in 2004 and was sent to Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), where he wrestled under his real name. He was promoted to WWE's Raw brand shortly afterwards in 2005, playing the caddy sidekick to Kerwin White. He was sent back to OVW shortly afterwards, being given the name Nicky and joining the cheerleading-themed Spirit Squad, who debuted on "Raw" in January 2006 and won the World Tag Team Championship once before returning to OVW that November. In September 2007, Nemeth was assigned to Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW), where he won the FCW Florida Tag Team Championship twice, with Brad Allen and later Gavin Spears.
	Upon his return to the main roster in September 2008, Nemeth was repackaged as Dolph Ziggler. Since then, he has held the World Heavyweight Championship twice, the Intercontinental Championship six times, the United States Championship twice, and the Raw Tag Team Championship twice. His other accomplishments include becoming the sole survivor of two Survivor Series elimination matches and the 2012 Money in the Bank winner as well as headlining multiple WWE pay-per-view events.
	Nicholas Theodore Nemeth was born in Cleveland, Ohio, on July 27, 1980. He has been a fan of professional wrestling since he was five years old, when he attended a wrestling event at the Richfield Coliseum, and he decided to become a professional wrestler at age 12. He later revealed on Colt Cabana's "Art of Wrestling Podcast" that he chose his WWE name "Dolph" because that was his great-grandfather's name, and his friend suggested the surname "Ziggler". Nemeth attended St. Edward High School in Lakewood, Ohio, where he was an amateur wrestler and holds the school record for most pins in a career with 82. At St. Edward, he was teammates with Gray Maynard and Andy Hrovat.
	During his time at St. Edward, the wrestling team won the National Championships on two occasions. He was a collegiate wrestler at Kent State University, eventually setting what was then the record for most career wins in the team's history. His record was passed in 2006; as of 2010, he stands second all-time in career victories at Kent State. He had 121 career wins between 2000 and 2003. He majored in political science with a pre-law minor. Prior to his WWE tryout, he had been accepted to the law school at Arizona State University, where he was due to start his first semester. Nemeth won championships in three consecutive years. He was a three-time All-Mid-American Conference champion, winning the tournament in 2000, 2002, and 2003; as of 2010, he is the last wrestler from Kent State University to have won three amateur wrestling championships.
	Nemeth signed a contract with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) in 2004. He was assigned to their developmental territory Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), debuting as "Nick Nemeth". He feuded with Paul Burchill and challenged unsuccessfully for the OVW Television Championship, losing a championship match against then-champion Ken Doane on August 12, 2005.
	Nemeth was called up to the Raw roster shortly afterwards, making his television debut on the September 19, 2005, episode of "Sunday Night Heat". He was made the enforcer and sidekick for Chavo Guerrero, Jr., who was using a golfer in-ring persona and going by the ring name of "Kerwin White". As such, Nemeth became White's caddy. His wrestling debut came on an episode of "Sunday Night Heat", teaming up with White in a tag team match against Shelton Benjamin and Matt Striker. After the death of Eddie Guerrero, Chavo Guerrero dropped the "Kerwin White" character, and Nemeth no longer played the role of his caddy and tag partner. After a few months of wrestling in dark matches and at house shows, he was sent back to OVW.
	Nemeth became a part of The Spirit Squad faction, a group of five wrestlers who used the in-ring personas of male cheerleaders, and adopted the name Nicky in OVW during late 2005. The Spirit Squad members trained with real cheerleaders and gymnasts to ensure their characters were believable. On January 23, 2006, they had their WWE television debut as a group, appearing on "Raw" and helping Jonathan Coachman win a Royal Rumble qualifying match against Jerry "The King" Lawler by performing cheers for Coachman and distracting Lawler. They later became a part of the ongoing scripted feud between WWE chairman Vince McMahon and Shawn Michaels. The heel McMahon brought in the Squad to attack Michaels on numerous occasions, including placing them in multiple handicap matches.
	They also wrestled in the tag team division, and on April 3, on "Raw", won the World Tag Team Championship when Kenny and Mikey, with outside help from the other three Squad members, defeated Big Show and Kane. After winning the championship, all five members of the Spirit Squad were recognized as the champions, allowing any combination of them to defend the championship under the Freebird Rule.
	In May, McMahon signed another Handicap match, with the Spirit Squad facing Michaels. The match never started, however; instead the Spirit Squad attacked Michaels, and, as part of the storyline, shattered his knee with a steel chair. McMahon brought Triple H to the ring to attack Michaels with a sledgehammer; however, after Triple H felt that the Squad had disrespected him, he attacked the group. This led to Triple H and Michaels reforming D-Generation X (DX) and they began a feud with the Spirit Squad. DX played various sophomoric jokes on the Squad and the McMahons, as well as defeating the Spirit Squad in handicap tag team matches at Vengeance and a clean sweep in an elimination handicap match at "Saturday Night's Main Event XXXIII".
	At the same time as their feud with DX and their alignment with McMahon, the Squad also wrestled other teams in "Raw"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s tag division over their World Tag Team Championship, successfully defending the championship against the teams of Jim Duggan and Eugene, Charlie Haas and Viscera, and Snitsky and Val Venis. They then entered a lengthy feud with The Highlanders, whom they eventually defeated to retain the championship at the Unforgiven pay-per-view in September. The Squad as a whole later began a losing streak with separate members losing singles matches to Ric Flair on consecutive episodes of "Raw", until Kenny managed to defeat him on the October 23 episode. It was then announced that Flair and a WWE legend, selected by interactive voting, would wrestle the team for the World Tag Team Championship at the Cyber Sunday pay-per-view in early November. The fans chose Roddy Piper, and he and Flair defeated Kenny and Mikey to win the championship.
	The group disbanded on the November 27 episode of "Raw", when they were defeated in a five-on-three handicap match by DX and Flair. In a backstage segment later that night, DX placed all members into a crate stamped "OVW, Louisville, Kentucky", a reference to the developmental territory from which the Squad had come.
	Nemeth returned to OVW on January 17, 2007, at the television tapings, again using his Nick Nemeth ring name, along with Mike Mondo, formerly Mikey in the Spirit Squad, as the "Frat Pack". The pair teamed with Mike Kruel in a match against Seth Skyfire, Shawn Spears, and Cody Runnels. The team disbanded in the early parts of 2007. Nemeth then competed in several dark matches before the OVW television tapings, competing against several wrestlers including Chris Cage, Bradley Jay and Jake Hager, before he began teaming with Mondo again in August.
	At the end of August, Nemeth and Mike Mondo were moved to the Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW) developmental territory and in his debut there, Nemeth gained the nickname "The Natural" and defeated Hade Vansen. In November 2007, Nemeth gained Big Rob as his manager, but their alliance was short-lived. At the start of 2008, he tweaked his name to "Nic Nemeth" and began teaming with Brad Allen, with the pair gaining Taryn Terrell as their valet. Nemeth and Allen started a frat boy type ring character with Terrell as a sorority girl. On March 22, Nemeth and Allen won the FCW Florida Tag Team Championship by defeating defending champions Eddie Colón and Eric Pérez, but lost the championship to Colón and Pérez on April 15. Throughout April and May 2008, Nemeth wrestled in several dark matches prior to "Raw", losing to Kofi Kingston and Ron Killings on several occasions. Soon after, he returned to the name "Nic Nemeth", and began teaming with Gavin Spears. The pair defeated Colón and Pérez to win the FCW Florida Tag Team Championship on August 16, but lost it to Heath Miller and Joe Hennig less than a month later.
	On September 15, 2008, Nemeth re-debuted on "Raw" (as a heel), introducing himself in a backstage segment under the name "Dolph Ziggler". On October 10, Nemeth was suspended for 30 days for a violation of WWE's Wellness Program policy. He returned to "Raw" on November 17 in a backstage segment with Rey Mysterio and Shawn Michaels. In his first match on "Raw" under the Ziggler name, he lost to Batista on the December 1, 2008 episode. The following week he got his first victory as Ziggler, by countout, against R-Truth. The next week on "Raw", he picked up his first televised pinfall victory, when he defeated Charlie Haas. Ziggler would compete in the 2009 Royal Rumble match, in which he was eliminated by Kane after 21 seconds.
	On April 15, 2009, Ziggler was drafted to the SmackDown brand as part of the 2009 Supplemental Draft. He made his debut on the April 17 episode of "SmackDown", defeating the United States Champion, Montel Vontavious Porter (MVP) in a non-title match, and, as a result, the following week he demanded a match for the championship. On the May 1 episode of "SmackDown", however, he failed to win the championship, after he was pinned by MVP. Ziggler then started a rivalry with The Great Khali, losing to him by disqualification after attacking Khali with a steel chair. As a result, Khali began coming out to the ring during and after Ziggler's matches, in attempt to gain revenge and to stop Ziggler from cheating. Over the next few weeks, Ziggler would defeat Khali by countout and disqualification after making it look like Khali had struck him with a steel chair. At The Bash pay-per-view, Ziggler defeated Khali in a No Disqualification match by pinfall, after Kane interfered and attacked Khali.
	Ziggler then entered an on-screen relationship with WWE Diva Maria and she became his valet. He simultaneously started a scripted rivalry with Intercontinental Champion Rey Mysterio, who defeated Ziggler at the Night of Champions and SummerSlam pay-per-views to retain the championship. In September, Mysterio lost the Intercontinental Championship to John Morrison, and Ziggler entered a feud with Morrison after defeating him by countout in a non-title match, but lost to him at the Hell in a Cell pay-per-view. On the episode of "SmackDown" following Hell in a Cell, Ziggler ended his on-screen relationship with Maria after she accidentally cost him a match against Morrison for the Intercontinental Championship. He again failed to win the Intercontinental title from Morrison twice, wrestling him to a double countout on the November 13 episode of "SmackDown" and losing a two-out-of-three falls match the following week to end the feud. On the February 26, 2010, episode of "SmackDown", Ziggler defeated John Morrison and R-Truth in a triple threat qualifying match to compete in the Money in the Bank ladder match at WrestleMania XXVI, but was ultimately unsuccessful.
	In June 2010, he began a romantic storyline with Vickie Guerrero, who began accompanying him to the ring. On the July 9 episode of "SmackDown", Ziggler defeated Chavo Guerrero and Montel Vontavious Porter in a triple threat match to qualify for the SmackDown Money in the Bank ladder match at the Money in the Bank pay-per-view, where he once again failed to win the match. On July 28 at the tapings of the August 6 episode of "SmackDown" Ziggler defeated Kofi Kingston to win the WWE Intercontinental Championship for the first time. In his first title defense at SummerSlam, he retained the championship against Kingston when the match ended in a no contest due to interference from The Nexus. Ziggler was able to make a successful title defense against Kingston at the Night of Champions pay-per-view, and against Kaval at Survivor Series.
	In November 2010, Ziggler was chosen a Pro for the fourth season of "NXT", with Jacob Novak as his Rookie. On the January 4, 2011, episode of "NXT", Ziggler won a battle royal to earn the right to choose a new rookie, and chose Byron Saxton. His original rookie, Novak, was the first rookie eliminated later that night. On February 8, 2011, Ziggler's second rookie, Byron Saxton, was also voted off of "NXT".
	Ziggler successfully retained the Intercontinental Championship at in a three-way ladder match against Kingston and Jack Swagger, but lost the title to Kingston at "SmackDown" on January 4, ending a five-month reign at 160 days. That same night, Ziggler won a four-way match against Cody Rhodes, Drew McIntyre and The Big Show to become the number one contender to the World Heavyweight Championship. At the Royal Rumble, Ziggler was unsuccessful in his title match against Edge. On February 4, Ziggler's storyline girlfriend Vickie Guerrero, who was the acting General Manager of SmackDown, banned the spear – Edge's finishing move – and decided that if Edge used it, Ziggler would be awarded the championship. Ziggler was again defeated by Edge in a rematch on the February 11 episode of "SmackDown", but because Edge used the spear, Guerrero declared Ziggler the new champion on the February 14 episode of "Raw". Prior to Ziggler's official coronation ceremony on "SmackDown" on February 18, Guerrero also fired Edge, claiming that he had attacked SmackDown General Manager Theodore Long several weeks prior. However, Long interrupted Ziggler's ceremony and accused Guerrero of orchestrating the attack, prompting Guerrero to reveal Ziggler as the attacker and Long to rehire Edge. Long also gave Edge a rematch against Ziggler, who lost the championship back to Edge and was then fired by Long.
	On the March 7 episode of "Raw", Ziggler was introduced as the newest member of the Raw roster, and defeated John Morrison in a singles match; Ziggler was accompanied by Guerrero, who had also been fired from "SmackDown", but she was forced to earn her spot on the Raw roster. Ziggler, along with Guerrero, and LayCool then feuded with Morrison, Trish Stratus, and "Jersey Shore" guest star Snooki, culminating in a mixed tag team match at WrestleMania XXVII which Ziggler and his team lost. On the April 18 episode of "Raw", Vickie introduced the "new and improved" Ziggler, who came out with his hair cut short and brown and went on to defeat Evan Bourne in a singles match. Ziggler had re-bleached his hair by the May 23 episode of "Raw".
	Ziggler beat United States Champion Kofi Kingston in a non-title match on the May 30 episode of "Raw", leading to a championship match at Capitol Punishment which Ziggler won to earn his first United States Championship. The next night on "Raw", Kingston invoked his rematch clause in a two out of three falls match and won via disqualification, allowing Ziggler to retain. After Jack Swagger suggested to Guerrero that she should manage him in addition to Ziggler, a jealous Ziggler teased tension with Swagger. This, coupled with Ziggler's concurrent feud with Alex Riley, led Ziggler to defend and retain his United States Championship in a fatal four-way match against Swagger, Riley, and John Morrison at Night of Champions. On the September 19 episode of "Raw", Ziggler lost a non-title match to Zack Ryder when guest star Hugh Jackman helped Ryder by punching Ziggler in the face. Although Ziggler later claimed to have a broken jaw due to Jackman's punch, it was reported that the supposed injury was fake. Later that night, Guerrero officially began managing Swagger, and Swagger began interfering in Ziggler's matches to help him win. Ziggler and Swagger unsuccessfully challenged Air Boom for the WWE Tag Team Championship at Hell in a Cell and at Vengeance, where Ziggler also successfully defended the United States Championship against Ryder. He went on to successfully defend the championship against Morrison at Survivor Series. At , Ziggler lost the United States Championship to Ryder.
	On the December 26 episode of "Raw", Ziggler defeated WWE Champion CM Punk in a gauntlet match for a championship opportunity following interference from John Laurinaitis. The following "Raw", Ziggler defeated Punk by countout after Laurinaitis interfered again; as a result, Ziggler did not win the championship. At the 2012 Royal Rumble pay-per-view, Ziggler failed to capture the WWE Championship from CM Punk. At the Elimination Chamber, Ziggler failed again to capture the WWE Championship after being eliminated second by Chris Jericho. Nemeth noted to Arda Ocal in an interview for The Score Television Network that the Elimination Chamber left him with multiple minor injuries and it is a match he least looked forward to working.
	On the February 27 "Raw", Ziggler and Swagger unsuccessfully challenged Primo & Epico for the WWE Tag Team Championship in a Triple Threat tag team match, also involving Kofi Kingston and R-Truth. On the March 19 "Raw", Ziggler and Swagger were announced as the newest members of Team Johnny for the 12-man tag team match at WrestleMania XXVIII and on the April 2 "Raw", Ziggler and Swagger unsuccessfully challenged Santino Marella for the United States Championship in a triple threat match. After the match, Ziggler began a feud with Brodus Clay, who attacked Ziggler with a headbutt after he and Swagger tried to attack Marella. On the following episode of "Raw", Ziggler and Swagger were defeated by Clay and Marella in a tag team match. In the following weeks, Ziggler and Swagger lost to Clay and Hornswoggle in singles and tag matches. At Extreme Rules, Ziggler was again defeated by Clay. In May, Ziggler and Swagger unsuccessfully challenged Kofi Kingston and R-Truth for WWE Tag Team Championship, first at Over the Limit and second on the May 28 episode of "Raw", resulting in Ziggler showing signs of wanting to break away from Guerrero and Swagger.
	On the June 11 episode of "Raw", Ziggler defeated The Great Khali, Swagger and Christian in a fatal four-way elimination match to become the number one contender to the World Heavyweight Championship, but at No Way Out, Ziggler lost the title match to champion Sheamus. On the following "Raw", Guerrero, finally tired of the bickering between Ziggler and Swagger, arranged for a match between them; Ziggler won the match and Guerrero's affections. Ziggler received another shot at the World title on the June 29 "SmackDown", but was again defeated by Sheamus in a triple threat match, also involving Alberto Del Rio.
	On the July 3 "SmackDown", Ziggler defeated Alex Riley to qualify for a spot in the World Heavyweight Championship Money in the Bank ladder match. On July 13, Ziggler, Zack Ryder and Justin Roberts were involved in a car accident in San Diego while driving from Comic-Con; none of them suffered severe injuries. Two days later at the Money in the Bank pay-per-view, Ziggler won the Money in the Bank ladder match to guarantee him the opportunity to challenge for the World Heavyweight Championship at a time of his choosing within the next year. Later that night, Ziggler attempted to cash in the briefcase on Sheamus after Alberto Del Rio attacked him after their match, but Del Rio stopped Ziggler from cashing in. On the following episode of "SmackDown", Ziggler again attempted to cash in the briefcase on Sheamus following a tag team match with Alberto Del Rio, but was laid out by Rey Mysterio and Sheamus before he could do so. During this time, Ziggler began a feud with Chris Jericho after claiming he had lost his touch, which resulted in Jericho attacking him on two occasions, and defeating him in a singles match at SummerSlam. The night after SummerSlam, Ziggler defeated Jericho in a rematch; as a result Ziggler retained his Money in the Bank contract and Jericho's WWE contract was terminated. Following this, Ziggler began feuding with Randy Orton on "SmackDown" four days later, after Orton hit him with an "RKO" when Ziggler tried to cash his Money in the Bank contract on a vulnerable Sheamus. The following week on "SmackDown", Ziggler faced Orton in a match that was won by Orton, Ziggler defeated him in a rematch on "Raw" by pinning him while holding his tights. Ziggler faced Orton again at Night of Champions where he lost again, ending the feud. On November 18 at Survivor Series, Ziggler captained the traditional 5-on-5 elimination tag team match opposite Mick Foley and won the match by last pinning Orton, making him the sole survivor of the match.
	Ziggler then began feuding with John Cena after he sided with Vickie Guerrero to help defame Cena and AJ Lee by alleging they had a romantic relationship. On December 16 at , Ziggler retained his Money in the Bank briefcase in a ladder match after AJ interfered and turned on Cena. The following night on "Raw", while trying to diffuse an argument between Vickie and AJ, AJ unexpectedly kissed Ziggler, leaving him confused. Ziggler then attempted to cash in his Money in the Bank briefcase on Big Show after Show was assaulted by Sheamus, but he was attacked by Cena before the match could start. Later, Ziggler teamed with AJ to face Cena and Vickie Guerrero, however, the match ended in a disqualification after the debuting Big E Langston attacked Cena, also starting an on-screen relationship between Dolph and AJ. Ziggler ended 2012 having wrestled the second most TV/PPV matches that year with 90; however, he had the most TV/PPV losses with 57. Ziggler ended his feud with Cena after losing to him on the January 7, 2013, episode of "Raw", in a singles match and in steel cage match the following week, despite outside interference from AJ and Langston in both matches. On the January 21 episode of "Raw", Ziggler won a Beat the Clock Challenge to earn the right to choose what number he can enter in the Royal Rumble match, first or second. Six days later at the Royal Rumble, Ziggler entered at number one and lasted nearly fifty minutes before being eliminated by Sheamus. During the match, Ziggler resumed his feud with the returning Chris Jericho whom Ziggler managed to eliminate. The following night on "Raw", Ziggler and Jericho were placed in a "Strange Bedfellows" match against WWE Tag Team Champions Team Hell No (Daniel Bryan and Kane), but they lost when Kane hit a chokeslam on Ziggler and pinned him after Jericho framed him for pushing Kane. On the February 18 episode of "Raw", Ziggler was defeated by World Heavyweight Champion Alberto Del Rio by submission in a non-title match, and afterwards Langston attacked Del Rio and then Ziggler made a failed attempt to cash in his Money in the Bank briefcase after Del Rio's ring announcer Ricardo Rodriguez ran off with it. After defeating WWE Tag Team Champions Daniel Bryan and Kane in singles matches due to interference from Langston, Ziggler and Langston were given a shot at their titles. The title match took place on April 7 at WrestleMania 29, where Ziggler and Langston unsuccessfully challenged Bryan and Kane for the WWE Tag Team Championship.
	The following night on "Raw", Ziggler cashed in his Money in the Bank contract on an injured Alberto Del Rio to win his second World Heavyweight Championship. After gaining the World Heavyweight Championship, Ziggler began feuding with Del Rio and Jack Swagger over the title. Ziggler was originally booked to face Del Rio and Swagger in a three-way ladder match at Extreme Rules; however, Ziggler suffered a legitimate concussion at a "SmackDown" taping, thus removing their match from the pay-per-view and resulting in Ziggler being absent from television for a month. On June 16 at Payback, Ziggler faced Del Rio in his first title defense of the World Heavyweight Championship and during the match, a double turn took place; Ziggler turned face by displaying a never-say-die attitude while Del Rio turned heel by repeatedly and ruthlessly targeting his head to take advantage of his concussion, win the match, and end Ziggler's reign at 69 days. On July 14 at Money in the Bank, AJ cost Ziggler his title rematch against Alberto Del Rio, after she prematurely snuck into the ring and hit Del Rio with her own title, prompting a disqualification. On the following "Raw", Ziggler ended his relationship with AJ due to her actions the previous night and AJ exacted revenge by costing Ziggler a non-title match against Del Rio, then she attacked Ziggler and unleashed Langston on him.
	On the July 29, 2013, episode of "Raw", Ziggler defeated Big E Langston via disqualification after AJ Lee attacked Ziggler. In a rematch on the following week, Ziggler was defeated by Langston after a distraction by AJ and Kaitlyn. This led to a mixed tag team match at SummerSlam, where Ziggler and Kaitlyn defeated Big E and AJ. Ziggler was later unsuccessful in capturing the United States Championship, when he lost to Dean Ambrose, at Night of Champions and on the October 16 episode of "Main Event". Ziggler also failed to win the Intercontinental Championship from Curtis Axel on the November 11 episode of "Raw". In December, Ziggler lost two number one contender matches for the Intercontinental Championship, first to Damien Sandow and later to Fandango.
	At the Royal Rumble on January 26, 2014, Ziggler entered the Royal Rumble match, but was eliminated by Roman Reigns. On April 6 at WrestleMania XXX, Ziggler competed in the 31-man Andre the Giant Memorial Battle Royal, but was eliminated by Alberto Del Rio. On June 29 at Money in the Bank, Ziggler competed in the Money in the Bank ladder match for a WWE World Heavyweight Championship contract, but the match was won by Seth Rollins. Ziggler later competed in a Battle Royal for the vacant Intercontinental Championship on July 20 at Battleground; however, he was abruptly eliminated from behind by The Miz. After Ziggler defeated Miz in a non-title match the following night on "Raw", he received a rematch at SummerSlam, where he defeated Miz to win the championship for a second time. The next night on "Raw", Ziggler successfully retained his title against Miz, after he was counted out. At Night of Champions, Ziggler dropped the title to Miz, only for Ziggler to win it back the following night on "Raw". Ziggler then retained the championship against Cesaro on September 26 episode of "SmackDown", in a triple threat match against Cesaro and Miz the next week on "Raw" and at Hell in a Cell against Cesaro in a 2-out-of-3 falls match.
	On the October 28, 2014, episode of "Raw", Ziggler and John Cena shook hands together backstage, which The Authority interpreted as a deal to plot against them. As a result, Ziggler was put in a match against Kane, which Ziggler won. Ziggler then joined Team Cena at Survivor Series. On the November 10 episode of "Raw", Ziggler was brutally attacked by the returning Luke Harper. The following week, Harper was awarded a title match against Ziggler, which Harper won with assistance from The Authority, ending Ziggler's reign at 56 days. At Survivor Series, Ziggler emerged as the sole survivor for a second time. Ziggler contributed to Rusev being counted out, then after all his teammates were eliminated, he pinned Kane and Luke Harper. Triple H twice prevented Ziggler from pinning final opponent Seth Rollins, but the debuting Sting provided an assist to help Ziggler win the match, thus ousting the Authority from power. At on December 14, Ziggler defeated Harper in a ladder match to win his fourth Intercontinental Championship. On the December 16 episode of "SmackDown", Ziggler finally defeated Seth Rollins in a singles match after failing numerous times before. Three days later, "Rolling Stone" named Ziggler as the 2014 WWE Wrestler of the Year. On the first "Raw" of 2015 (dated January 5), the recently reinstated Authority forced Ziggler to defend his Intercontinental Championship against Bad News Barrett and he initially won. After Barrett then attacked and injured Ziggler's shoulder, Kane declared the match as two-out-of-three falls, Barrett proceeded to defeat Ziggler for the title after Kane distracted him. Later that night, Ziggler alongside Ryback and Erick Rowan were fired by the Authority.
	On the January 19 episode of "Raw", Sting provided another assist, as John Cena won Ziggler, Ryback and Rowan's jobs back. Ziggler returned to television on the next "SmackDown" and qualified for the Royal Rumble match by beating Barrett in a non-title match. In the 2015 Royal Rumble match, Ziggler entered as the last entrant, scored two eliminations but was quickly eliminated by Big Show and Kane. At Fastlane, Ziggler competed together with Rowan and Ryback in a six-man tag team match against Rollins, Big Show and Kane, which they lost. On the March 5 episode of "SmackDown", Ziggler was announced as a participant in the 7-man ladder match for the Intercontinental Championship at WrestleMania 31, which was won by Daniel Bryan.
	After losing an Intercontinental Championship match against Daniel Bryan on the "Raw" following WrestleMania 31, Ziggler was attacked and Brogue kicked by the returning Sheamus. Claiming that "the era of underdogs (like Ziggler) is over", Sheamus and Ziggler started a feud, with Sheamus challenging Ziggler in a Kiss Me Arse match at Extreme Rules, which Ziggler won. However, Sheamus refused to follow the stipulation, and instead made Ziggler kiss his buttocks. Ziggler lost the rematch against Sheamus at Payback. Ziggler participated in the Elimination Chamber match for the vacated Intercontinental Championship; other participants were winner Ryback, King Barrett, R-Truth, Sheamus who eliminated Ziggler, and Mark Henry at Elimination Chamber. At Money in the Bank, Ziggler competed in the Money in the Bank ladder match, which was won by Sheamus. On July 4 at The Beast in the East live event in Japan, Ziggler and John Cena defeated King Barrett and Kane in the main event.
	Ziggler became involved in an on-screen love affair with Lana, the former manager of Rusev, when she kissed him at "Raw" on May 25, with Lana serving as Ziggler's valet during his matches. During this time, Ziggler started incorporating elements of 80's glam rock fashion into his entrance and ring attire; typical of 80's bands like Mötley Crüe and Poison. In June, after Ziggler and Lana confirmed their storyline relationship, Summer Rae allied with Rusev to even the odds. After an attack by Rusev, Ziggler suffered a bruised trachea in storyline, which was to give him some time off to film a new WWE Studios movie, titled "6:42". Ziggler returned on the August 17 episode of "Raw", aiding Lana during a confrontation against Rusev and Summer Rae. This altercation prompted a match between Ziggler and Rusev at SummerSlam, which ended in a double countout due to interference from Lana and Rae. In a rematch on September 20 at Night of Champions, Ziggler emerged victorious. On October 11, when "TMZ" reported the real–life engagement of Rusev and Lana, this officially ended their feud. The following night on "Raw", Ziggler unsuccessfully challenged John Cena for the United States Championship.
	On the October 22 episode of "SmackDown", Ziggler started a feud with the debuting Tyler Breeze, who aligned with Summer Rae and attacked Ziggler. Ziggler entered a tournament for the vacant WWE World Heavyweight Championship, defeating The Miz in the first round match before being eliminated by Dean Ambrose. Ziggler and Breeze continued their feud, which culminated in a match between the two at Survivor Series, which Ziggler lost. Ziggler would then enter a feud with Kevin Owens with the pair trading victories throughout the rest of December and beginning of 2016. Ziggler entered the 2016 Royal Rumble as the 28th entrant, lasting 7 minutes, but was eliminated by the eventual winner, Triple H. The next night on "Raw", Ziggler faced Kevin Owens in a losing effort, but defeated him the following two weeks in a row. On the February 15 "Raw", Ziggler was involved in a fatal five-way match for the Intercontinental Championship, where Owens regained the title after pinning Tyler Breeze. At Fastlane, Ziggler challenged Owens to a match for the Intercontinental Championship, which he lost. In the following weeks, Ziggler began to re-ignite his feud with The Authority, and on the March 14 episode of "Raw", he confronted Triple H and Stephanie McMahon. This resulted in Ziggler being granted a match against Triple H where if he won, he could pick his match at WrestleMania (excluding the WWE World Heavyweight Championship match); however, Ziggler lost. At WrestleMania 32, Ziggler competed against Kevin Owens, Sami Zayn, The Miz, Stardust, Sin Cara and Zack Ryder in a ladder match for the Intercontinental Championship, which was won by Ryder.
	After WrestleMania 32, Ziggler went to a double countout with Baron Corbin on the April 4 episode of "Raw", leading to Corbin hitting an "End of Days" outside of the ring to Ziggler, igniting a feud in the process. At the Payback pre-show, Ziggler faced Baron Corbin in a winning effort. The two then had a no disqualification match at Extreme Rules where Corbin won after hitting a low blow on Ziggler. Following Extreme Rules, on the May 23 episode of "Raw", Ziggler had a confrontation backstage with Corbin and challenged him to a technical wrestling match the next week. In that match, Ziggler intentionally got himself disqualified when he kicked Corbin in the groin immediately after the match began. This led to a rubber match at Money in the Bank, which Corbin won to end their feud.
	On July 19 at the 2016 WWE draft, Ziggler was drafted to "SmackDown". On the July 26 episode of "SmackDown", Ziggler won a six-pack challenge against A.J. Styles, Apollo Crews, Baron Corbin, Bray Wyatt, and John Cena to become the number one contender for the WWE World Championship. On the August 2 edition of "SmackDown", Ziggler defended his contendership against Bray Wyatt, to prove to his critics that he was worthy of being in the main event. Ziggler won the match, but was attacked afterwards by Wyatt and Erick Rowan, who also laid out Dean Ambrose when he attempted to save Ziggler. On August 21 at SummerSlam, Ziggler was defeated by Ambrose. On the following edition of SmackDown, AJ Styles began taunting Ziggler about his defeat, setting up a match with the stipulation that if Ziggler won, the main event at Backlash would have been a triple threat. He would go on to lose the match. At Backlash, Ziggler failed to win The Miz's Intercontinental Championship after Maryse sprayed something at Ziggler whilst Miz distracted the referee. After failing to win the Intercontinental title in the following weeks, Ziggler challenged him for the title one more time at No Mercy with his career on the line. On the October 4 "SmackDown", in a MizTV segment, Miz aired a parody "documentary" showing Ziggler's lowest career moments. Afterwards, he introduced Ziggler's former teammates, Kenny and Mikey of The Spirit Squad, who would end up attacking Ziggler on orders from Miz. At No Mercy, Ziggler defeated The Miz, winning the Intercontinental Championship for the fifth time and saving his career.
	On the November 1 episode of "SmackDown", Ziggler's first successful title defense was against Curt Hawkins, who he defeated with in seven seconds, he also made a Survivor Series challenge to anybody on the Raw roster. On the following episode of "Raw", Sami Zayn defeated Rusev to challenge for the title; however, Ziggler defended his championship against Miz on the 900th episode of "SmackDown", and was defeated after a distraction by Maryse, ending his reign at 37 days. On the November 22 edition of SmackDown, it was announced that Ziggler would face Miz in a Ladder match at the event for the Intercontinental Championship in what was advertised as their final match, where Ziggler was defeated. On the December 13 edition of "SmackDown", Ziggler pinned Dean Ambrose in a fatal four-way elimination match also involving The Miz and Luke Harper, to become the number one contender to AJ Styles' WWE Championship. The following week, Baron Corbin confronted Ziggler, and the two had a match with Ziggler's number one contender's spot on the line. The match ended in a double count-out and Daniel Bryan made the December 27 episode's WWE Championship match a triple-threat between Styles, Ziggler, and Corbin. In that match, Styles retained the WWE Championship after pinning Ziggler.
	On the January 3, 2017, episode of "SmackDown", after he lost to Baron Corbin, Kalisto came to the save of Ziggler during a post match assault by Corbin, he superkicked Kalisto, turning heel in the process for the first time since 2013. He would then assault Apollo Crews backstage after being questioned for his actions. On the January 17 episode of "SmackDown", he was invited onto a special "King's Court" segment with Jerry Lawler. He proudly took responsibility for the heart attack suffered by Lawler in September 2012, he then superkicked Lawler in the chest before leaving the ring, thus cementing his heel turn. On January 29, Ziggler entered the Royal Rumble match at #24 but was eliminated by Brock Lesnar. On the following episode of "SmackDown", Ziggler defeated Kalisto in a singles match. After the match, Ziggler attempted to remove Kalisto's mask, but was stopped by Apollo Crews. At Elimination Chamber, Ziggler lost to Apollo Crews and Kalisto in two-on-one handicap match. Following the match, Ziggler attacked the victors, stomping on Crews' ankle after placing it in a chair. This led to a chairs match on the February 28 "SmackDown", where Ziggler was victorious. On April 2 on the WrestleMania 33 kickoff show, Ziggler was part of the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal, Managing to eliminate R-Truth, Rhyno and Tian Bing, from which he was eliminated by the eventual winner Mojo Rawley. On the April 18 episode of "SmackDown", Ziggler failed to become the #1 contender for the WWE Championship after losing a six-pack challenge match. The next week on "SmackDown Live", he had a confrontation with Shinsuke Nakamura. Ziggler and Nakamura faced each other at Backlash, where Nakamura emerged victorious. On the May 23 episode of "SmackDown Live", it was announced Ziggler would be a participant in the 2017 Money in the Bank ladder match for a WWE Championship match contract. A week later, he defeated fellow participant AJ Styles via pinfall in the main event. Ziggler would fail to win the Money in the Bank ladder match, which was instead won by Baron Corbin. On the July 4 episode of "SmackDown Live", Ziggler participated in the Independence Day Battle Royal for the WWE United States Championship in a losing effort, being the first to be eliminated.
	After some time away from TV, Ziggler returned on the August 22 edition of "SmackDown Live" to declare that he would undergo a gimmick change on the following week's edition. He later started mocking, week after week, the entrances of current and former wrestlers such as John Cena, Naomi, Shawn Michaels and Randy Savage. Ziggler believed that fans only cared about elaborated entrances, and not about the in-ring performances, where he claimed he was the best. However, after mocking The Undertaker's entrance, Ziggler was interrupted by Bobby Roode, who challenged Ziggler to a match at Hell in a Cell, which Ziggler accepted. At the event, Ziggler seemed to enter with his usual music and Titantron graphics, but the music was scratched off and the graphics turned off, and he simply entered with no music or Titantron (like a wrestler in the 1980s or prior). He was then defeated by Roode, who pinned him while holding his tights. Right after that, Ziggler attacked Roode from behind with a "Zig Zag". On the October 17 edition of "SmackDown Live", Ziggler defeated Roode in a rematch by pinfall while holding his tights, similar to how Roode defeated him. On the October 31 edition of "SmackDown", Ziggler failed to earn a spot on Team SmackDown for the Survivor Series five-on-five elimination match against "Raw" after being defeated by Roode in a two-out-of-three falls match. Ziggler was involved in a verbal backstage confrontation with both Roode and United States Champion Baron Corbin on the December 5 episode of "SmackDown", where Roode defeated Corbin via disqualification after being attacked by Ziggler. The following week, Roode interfered in a match between Ziggler and Corbin in similar fashion, resulting in a disqualification victory for Ziggler. At Clash of Champions, Ziggler defeated Corbin and Roode in a triple threat match to win his second United States Championship. On the following episode of "SmackDown" on December 19, Ziggler held a celebration that was a retrospective of his WWE career; he said that the fans did not deserve him and placed the title belt in the ring before leaving. A week later, general manager Daniel Bryan said that Ziggler was nowhere to be found and had indeed vacated his title, so that a tournament to crown a new champion would be held (which was won by Bobby Roode).
	Ziggler returned at the Royal Rumble on January 28, 2018, as the surprise #30 entrant in the men's Royal Rumble match. After eliminating Goldust, however, Ziggler was eliminated by Finn Bálor. After the February 6 episode of "SmackDown", Commissioner Shane McMahon announced on Twitter that the winner of a match between Ziggler and Baron Corbin the following week would be added to the WWE championship match to make it a fatal four-way at Fastlane. Before that match started, Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn attacked Corbin in the backstage area and later went after Ziggler to prevent either from being added. In response, Shane scheduled Owens to face Corbin and Zayn to face Ziggler with both Corbin and Ziggler being added if they won their respective matches, while also threatening that if Owens or Zayn interfered in the other's match, that person would be removed from the title match. Corbin and Ziggler won their respective matches, thus making it a fatal five-way for the WWE Championship at Fastlane. Over the following weeks, Ziggler was attacked by Owens during a match against Zayn and interfered in several of his opponent's matches, including the newly added John Cena for what would later be a six-pack challenge. On the pay-per-view, Styles would retain his title by pinning Kevin Owens. Ziggler took part in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal at WrestleMania 34, but did not win the trophy.
	On April 16, Ziggler was moved to Raw as part of the Superstar Shake-up. On that night, Ziggler allied himself with the returning Drew McIntyre to attack Titus Worldwide (Titus O'Neil and Apollo Crews). The following week, Ziggler and McIntyre defeated Titus Worldwide. On the June 18 episode of "Raw", Ziggler answered Seth Rollins' open challenge for the Intercontinental Championship and defeated Rollins to capture the title for a sixth time. After weeks of McIntyre assisting Ziggler in all situations, including Extreme Rules where Ziggler defeated Rollins 5-4 in sudden death overtime of a 30-Minute Iron Man match, Dean Ambrose returned on the August 13 episode of "Raw" to even the odds for Rollins. At SummerSlam, Rollins (with Ambrose in his corner) defeated Ziggler to win back the championship.
	On the September 3 episode of "Raw", Ziggler and McIntyre temporarily formed a stable with Braun Strowman known as "The Dogs of War" to combat the newly-reunited The Shield (Roman Reigns, Seth Rollins and Dean Ambrose). Later that night, they won the Raw Tag Team Championship by defeating The B-Team (Bo Dallas and Curtis Axel). They then successfully defended their titles at Hell in a Cell against Rollins and Ambrose. At the Super Show-Down event, Ziggler teamed with McIntyre and Strowman in a losing effort to The Shield in a six-man tag team match. Over the next two weeks, the respective groups faced each other again on "Raw", with The Dogs of War winning the first match, but losing the latter after Ziggler got pinned by Ambrose. During both matches, tensions arose between Ziggler, McIntyre and Strowman, who felt he was carrying the group. After losing the last match, Strowman turned on Ziggler and attacked him, before being attacked by McIntyre.
	A week later, Ziggler and McIntyre lost the Raw Tag Team Championship to Rollins and Ambrose on the October 22 episode of "Raw". On the December 3 episode of "Raw", the alliance between Ziggler and McIntyre ended when McIntyre claimed that Ziggler was "a means to an end to get him into a prominent position" and ended their association. The two later faced each other in a match, which Ziggler won after interference from Finn Bálor. After the three men had traded wins among each other and interfered in each others matches over the next few weeks, McIntyre defeated Ziggler in a cage match on the December 31 episode of "Raw".
	After this, Ziggler was off television until his appearance at the Royal Rumble match at the titular event as participant number 28, eliminating McIntyre and lasting until the final three, before being eliminated by Braun Strowman. He would then disappear again from WWE television without notice due to a stand-up comedy tour that started following the Royal Rumble.
	After a four-month hiatus, Ziggler returned on the May 21 episode of "SmackDown Live" and attacked WWE Champion Kofi Kingston, failing to win the title at Super ShowDown in a singles match and Stomping Grounds in a steel cage match. After being defeated by Kevin Owens at Extreme Rules in 17 seconds on the July 23 episode of "SmackDown Live", Ziggler interrupted "MizTV" featuring Shawn Michaels. After Ziggler laid out The Miz, he delivered a "superkick" to Michaels. This led to a match at SummerSlam against Goldberg, being defeated in a short match.
	On the August 26 episode of "Raw", Ziggler teamed with Robert Roode to win a tag-team turmoil match to earn a Raw Tag Team Championship match against Seth Rollins and Braun Strowman at Clash of Champions. At the event, Ziggler and Roode won the titles from Rollins and Strowman. On the October 14 episode of "Raw", Ziggler and Roode lost the titles to The Viking Raiders (Erik and Ivar) and they were drafted to SmackDown as part of the 2019 WWE Draft.
	On December 27, 2019, Ziggler lost to Roman Reigns during a match recorded for Fox's New Year's Eve special after that night's episode of "SmackDown". Ziggler was also eliminated by Reigns from the Royal Rumble match at the namesake pay-per-view.
	"Sports Illustrated" described Ziggler as "phenomenal in the ring, with the ability to carry an entertaining match with practically anyone on the WWE roster. His mic work is top-notch... and there is a genuine believability in his work." He is also noted for his "elite" ability to sell for his opponents. Jim Cornette praised Ziggler and stated, "I knew he was a good athlete, [but] I never dreamed he was going to be the second coming of Curt Hennig."
	Ziggler utilizes a jumping reverse bulldog, known as the "Zig Zag", which he uses as a finishing maneuver. Ziggler has also utilized a superkick as a finisher. Due to his athleticism and intense showmanship, Ziggler has been referred to as "The Showoff". In September 2017, Ziggler would begin a new gimmick where he would come out to the entrance themes and dress as other popular wrestlers and legends to irritate the crowd. This lasted a few months.
	Ziggler grew up a fan of comedians such as Johnny Carson, Jon Lovitz, Dana Carvey, Jan Hooks, Phil Hartman, Adam Sandler, George Wallace and Brian Regan. It was around 2010 that he got the idea to start doing comedy. In 2013, Ziggler performed stand-up comedy for the first time in a small venue in Los Angeles and began getting offers to perform at various comedy clubs nearby WWE events. At this point he had been studying comedy almost ten years in preparation for a comedy career. He also began hosting a monthly improv comedy show called "Flying Chuck" alongside fellow professional wrestlers John Morrison and his brother Ryan Nemeth. A few years later he started working as an opening act for his friend Sarah Tiana. In July 2018 he appeared on Comedy Central's Roast Battle III facing off against Tiana.
	In 2018, Ziggler started seriously moonlighting in stand-up, while still wrestling for WWE. This led to him headlining shows close to the arenas for 2018's SummerSlam and Survivor Series pay-per-views. His first major shows he used the big WWE events to piggyback on, due to there being a lot of wrestling fans in the area. Following the 2019 Royal Rumble event, Ziggler embarked on his first headlining tour from January 27, through the end of March 2019. He would take a break from WWE television to focus on the tour. He later continued the tour, announcing two shows in Texas taking place in late-May.
	Ziggler appeared on the November 3, 2009, episode of "Deal or No Deal" with Maria Kanellis and Eve Torres. He appeared on "Lopez Tonight" on August 9, 2010. Nemeth appeared in a 2011 episode of "Silent Library" alongside Chris Masters, Trent Baretta, JTG, Caylen Croft, and Curt Hawkins. Nemeth made regular appearances on fellow WWE wrestler Zack Ryder's YouTube web series, "Z! True Long Island Story", via his own segment named 'Ask Z Heel'.
	On February 1, 2012, Nemeth debuted WWEFanNation's "WWE Download" and was the host of the YouTube series. The official "WWE Download" playlist on YouTube described the series as "Dolph Ziggler's sarcastic wit vs. your videos" and each episode consisted of Ziggler reviewing both viral and WWE videos. A new episode of "WWE Download" was uploaded every Monday until the show ended on January 28, 2013, after 53 episodes but returned for one time only on September 30, 2014. In August 2013, Nemeth was cast by Max Landis to appear in the 2015 film "Me Him Her".
	Nemeth began appearing on the Fox Business Network program "Kennedy" hosted by Lisa Kennedy Montgomery in 2017. As of 2018, he has appeared on the show close to 10 times.
	Ziggler is a playable character in the video games "WWE SmackDown vs Raw 2010", "WWE SmackDown vs Raw 2011", "WWE '12", "WWE '13", "WWE 2K14", "WWE 2K15", "WWE 2K16", "WWE 2K17", "WWE 2K18", "WWE 2K19". and "WWE 2K20".
	Nemeth resides in Phoenix, Arizona. He is an avid fan of the Cleveland Browns.
	Nemeth has two younger brothers: Ryan is also a professional wrestler who previously worked with WWE and wrestled in NXT under the ring name Briley Pierce. His other brother, Donald, was sentenced to 15 years after pleading guilty to involuntary manslaughter, kidnapping, and robbery for his role in a botched robbery attempt that led to the murder of a former Marine in January 2016.
	Nemeth is good friends with his former Spirit Squad teammates, particularly Michael Brendli, with whom he lived in Florida until 2008. Nemeth dated actress Amy Schumer. Their relation was later called off because Schumer considered Nemeth "too athletic."
	Nemeth is fluent in American Sign Language.

= = = Darwin (programming game) = = =

	Darwin was a programming game invented in August 1961 by Victor A. Vyssotsky, Robert Morris Sr., and M. Douglas McIlroy. (Dennis Ritchie is sometimes incorrectly cited as a co-author, but was not involved.) The game was developed at Bell Labs, and played on an IBM 7090 mainframe there. The game was only played for a few weeks before Morris developed an "ultimate" program that eventually brought the game to an end, as no-one managed to produce anything that could defeat it.
	The game consisted of a program called the "umpire" and a designated section of the computer's memory known as the "arena", into which two or more small programs, written by the players, were loaded. The programs were written in 7090 machine code, and could call a number of functions provided by the umpire in order to probe other locations within the arena, kill opposing programs, and claim vacant memory for copies of themselves.
	The game ended after a set amount of time, or when copies of only one program remained alive. The player who wrote the last surviving program was declared winner.
	Up to 20 memory locations within each program (fewer in later versions of the game) could be designated as "protected". If one of these protected locations was probed by another program, the umpire would immediately transfer control to the program that was probed. This program would then continue to execute until it, in turn, probed a protected location of some other program, and so forth.
	While the programs were responsible for copying and relocating themselves, they were forbidden from altering memory locations outside themselves without permission from the umpire. As the programs were executed directly by the computer, there was no physical mechanism in place to prevent cheating. Instead, the source code for the programs was made available for study after each game, allowing players to learn from each other and to verify that their opponents hadn't cheated.
	The smallest program that could reproduce, locate enemies and kill them consisted of about 30 instructions. McIlroy developed a 15-instruction program that could locate and kill enemies but not reproduce; while not very lethal, it was effectively unkillable, as it was shorter than the limit of 20 protected instructions. In later games the limit on protected instructions was lowered because of this.
	The "ultimately lethal" program developed by Morris had 44 instructions, and employed an adaptive strategy. Once it successfully located the start of an enemy program, it would probe some small distance ahead of this location. If it succeeded in killing the enemy, it would remember the distance and use it on subsequent encounters. If it instead hit a protected location, then the next time it gained control it chose a different distance. Any new copies were initialized with a successful value. In this way, Morris's program evolved into multiple subspecies, each specifically adapted to kill a particular enemy.

= = = WNOE-FM = = =

	WNOE-FM (101.1 FM) is a country music station based in New Orleans, Louisiana. The iHeartMedia, Inc. outlet broadcasts at 101.1 MHz with an ERP of 100 kW. Its current slogan is "New Orleans Country Station." Its transmitter is located in New Orleans' East Area, and its studios are located downtown.
	WNOE alumni of jocks include Eddie Edwards, Kenneth "Jack The Cat" Elliott, Jim Stewart, Frank Jolley, Johnny "The White Eagle" Stevens, Bill Stewart, The Twins Tom and Paul Collins, Don Wade, Bobby Reno, Hugh "Captain Humble" Dillard, Doug Christian, Russ Boney, Cherie "The Oldies" Sweetheart, Michael Copaz, with C.C. Courtney and Buzz Bennet.
	WNOE-FM, whose AM sister station had been a legendary Heritage Top 40 station during the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, was best known in its own right as an AOR outlet in the 1970s. (Phil Hendrie was an airstaffer during that time.) It flipped to country music on August 14, 1980. 
	In 2011 WNOE-FM saw a resurgence in ratings and activity under Program Director Don Gosselin working closely with Nashville labels and concert promoters to increase country concerts. In 2012, WNOE-FM sponsored its anniversary show with the Brothers of the Sun Tour starring Kenny Chesney and Tim McGraw. In 2013, the anniversary show featured Jason Aldean who chose New Orleans as his annual "Concert for a Cure" and donated $575,000 to the Susan G. Komen New Orleans affiliate.
	Since 2011, WNOE-FM has also raised over $4 million for the St. Jude Children's Hospital through Dream Home auctions, annual Radiothons, and various other fundraising events. WNOE-FM was the recipient of the St. Jude "Dream Home National Campaign of the Year" in 2012.

= = = Upper Darling Range Railway = = =

	The Upper Darling Range Railway (also known as the Upper Darling Range Branch) was a branch railway from Midland Junction, Western Australia, that rose up the southern side of the Helena Valley and on to the Darling Scarp via the Kalamunda Zig Zag. At the time of construction it was the only section of railway in Western Australia to have had a zig zag formation.
	Completed in July 1891, the Upper Darling Range Railway line was built by the Canning Jarrah Timber Company to supply railway sleepers to Perth's growing railway system. It ran from Midland Junction railway station through to the Darling Ranges and up into Kalamunda. It was later extended to Canning Mills and in 1912 to Karragullen. From Pickering Brook, a line branched off to Bartons Mill.
	On 1 July 1903, the line was taken over by the Western Australian Government Railways and became known as the Upper Darling Range Branch. The last service ran on 22 July 1949. The line was formally closed by the Railways (Upper Darling Range) Discontinuance Act 1950; it was dismantled in 1952.
	Named stopping places and locations on the line included:

= = = Be Here = = =

	Be Here is the fourth studio album by New Zealand-born Australian country singer Keith Urban. It was released on 21 September 2004 via Capitol Nashville. With four million copies sold, the album is not only Urban's best-selling album, but also one of the best-selling albums in America by an Australian artist.
	The album produced three number 1 singles on the Hot Country Songs chart with "Days Go By", "Making Memories of Us" and "Better Life", as well as the number 2 hits "You're My Better Half" and "Tonight I Wanna Cry". The song "Live to Love Another Day" also peaked at number 48 on the country charts, even though it was not released as a single. The album also includes a cover of Elton John's "Country Comfort", which appeared on his 1970 album "Tumbleweed Connection".
	"Making Memories of Us", written by Rodney Crowell, was originally recorded by Tracy Byrd on his 2003 album "The Truth About Men". It was also recorded by Crowell himself, along with his backing band The Notorious Cherry Bombs, on their 2004 self-titled album. Nine of the album's songs were written by Urban. Urban produced the tracks "God's Been Good to Me" and "Live to Love Another Day" himself, and then he co-produced the rest of the tracks with Dann Huff.
	"Country Comfort" is a cover of a track from Elton John's "Tumbleweed Connection".
	The album has received positive reviews from Allmusic, BBC, "Entertainment Weekly", and "Rolling Stone". Three tracks from the album, "Days Go By", "Making Memories of Us", and "Tonight I Want to Cry" were included in an About.com ranking of Urban's top ten songs.
	"Be Here" received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Country Album.
	The album was certified 4× Platinum by Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and remains as Urban's best-selling album to date, with sales of 3,639,000 copies in the United States, as of July 2009; it also reached number 8 on the Canadian album chart, number 1 on the Billboard Hot Country Albums chart and number 3 on the Billboard 200.
	Two covers exist on this album. The first cover shipped with a color photograph of Urban sitting at a table at a coffee shop. This image is also featured on Urban's 2005 compilation album, "Days Go By". The second cover shipped with a monochrome photograph of Urban driving a car.
	Footnotes

= = = Jayavarman I = = =

	Jayavarman I (), is considered to be the last ruler of a united Chenla Kingdom, the predecessor polity of the Khmer Empire.
	He ruled from approximately 657 until after 690. Over the course of his reign, and that of his predecessors Bhavavarman II and Candravarman, the Khmer kings power was consolidated in the areas previously controlled by the Funan culture. However, Jayavarman left no male heirs, which led to the division of Cambodia.
	Inscriptions associated with his reign are found at Tuol Kok Prah, Wat Prei Val, Prah Kuha Luon, Wat Kdei Ang, Wat Baray, and Tuol Nak Ta Bak Ka. His palace was located at Purandarapura. He was the great-grandson of Isanavarman I. Jayavarman I's daughter, Queen Jayadevi, succeeded him as queen.

= = = Air Baron = = =

	Air Baron is an economic strategy game published by Avalon Hill in 1996. Despite its family-oriented marketing, "Air Baron" plays far more like a wargame than a typical family money-driven game like "Monopoly". "Air Baron" is for two to six players, adjusting the playable area and victory conditions accordingly.
	"Air Baron" challenges players to build an airline empire in the United States by amassing a plurality of market share and liquid assets.
	Players seek to gain "dominance" or "control" of hubs in order to amass market share. Dominance of a hub is gained by controlling the majority of associated domestic spokes; it carries a moderate income potential and market share gain. Control of a hub is gained by controlling "all" of the associated domestic spokes; it doubles the income potential and market share gain of dominance.
	Any uncontrolled domestic spoke may be purchased at face value. Takeovers of controlled spokes require a higher fee and an opposed dice roll versus the controlling player. Several factors contribute both positively and negatively to each player's dice total.
	If, at the end of his turn, a player has a combined total of market share and cash equal to or greater than the victory margin, he wins.
	At the start of each round, one color-coded chit per player is placed in a cup. The chits are drawn sequentially to determine the current order of play. While the order of play in an individual round is generally unimportant, the interval between turns for a single player is a significant consideration.
	Starting cash is determined by die roll. To offset the advantage of first play, each player receives cumulatively more money during the initial turn.
	Every purchased spoke, plus all hubs, have a unique chit placed in a cup. At the start of every turn, the player randomly draws two chits, paying the owner appropriately. Chits are replaced at the end of each round.
	Beyond the primary domestic spokes, players can also purchase foreign spokes and jumbo jets. Foreign spokes benefit opposed takeovers at the associated hubs. Jumbo jets provide similar bonuses on the domestic spoke where deployed, or they can be held in reserve for later use in an opposed takeover. Additionally, spokes with jumbos pay double the usual rate.
	Normally players are limited to one purchase or takeover attempt per turn. However, players can declare a state of "Fare Wars" that allow an indefinite number of domestic takeover attempts provided:
	While in Fare Wars, players receive an additional takeover dice roll bonus. Profits, however, are not earned while in Fare Wars. Since the state can only be entered or exited at the beginning of a player's turn, the randomized play order has a major impact on the potential for income loss.
	Several optional rules, including strikes, crashes, government loans, and bidding, are provided as part of an "advanced version". These rules may be added to the basic game collectively or individually as desired.

= = = Sisenand = = =

	Sisenand (Spanish, Galician, and Portuguese: "Sisenando"; ) ( 605 – 12 March 636) was a Visigothic King of Hispania, Septimania and Galicia from 631 to 636.
	Sisenand was the governor of Septimania, when the nobles revolted against the Visigothic king, Suintila, over the latter's confiscations of lands and distribution of privileges between the nobility and clergy. Sisenand joined the rebellion and overthrew Suintila with the aid of Dagobert I, King of the Franks, to whom Gothic nobles offered a plate of pure gold in return, weighing 500 pounds. The plate was allegedly a gift that Aetius, a Roman general, gave to Thorismund, then king of the Visigoths, in 451. After successfully overthrowing Suintila and capturing Zaragoza on 26 March 631, Sisenand proclaimed himself king. The victory of Sisenand also represented the triumph of the nobility over the common people, although the greatest beneficiary was the clergy, who took advantage of the weariness of the other contenders to enhance their own influence.
	Upon assuming the throne, he had Suintila, the previous king, declared a tyrant for his many crimes, iniquity, and accumulation of wealth at the expense of the poor; he also removed all taxes on the clergy.
	Between 632 and 633, there was apparently an attempted uprising within the kingdom, led by Iudila, only attested to by two coins from Mérida and Granada bearing the inscription IUDILA REX.. The revolution failed, and Iudila was later killed.
	In order to obtain ecclesiastical conformity, on 8 December 633, Sisenand convoked the IV Council of Toledo, which drew up civil and ecclesiastical laws within the Visigothic kingdom, including the death penalty, excommunication, and condemnation to perpetual perdition for those rebelling against the king. Similar penalties were approved for those who wished to dispense with such law of choice. However, the council did not concede any hereditary right to the king; the next king would be elected by the bishops and magnates from one of their own.
	Sisenand died a natural death in the city of Toledo on 12 March 636. Chintila was chosen by the bishops to succeed him.

= = = Arrow (radio format) = = =

	Arrow is an American brand name radio format that plays classic rock from the 1970s through the 1990s. The format was popular in a number of markets in the 1990s and 2000s. The word "Arrow" is an extended acronym for "All Rock and Roll Oldies".
	Originally, the Arrow format focused on rock-oriented oldies music from the mid-1960s through the mid-1980s, excluding pop, bubblegum, disco, and doo-wop. It also kept disc jockey talk and jingles to a minimum.
	Many Arrow stations were owned by Infinity Broadcasting and located throughout the United States. The flagship and founding station for Arrow was KCBS-FM in Los Angeles which created and launched the format in September 1993. In 1996, the station adjusted to a broad-based classic rock format that lasted until its flip to adult hits as "Jack FM" in 2005. Outside Los Angeles, the Arrow format has been used on KRRW in Dallas—Fort Worth, KKRW in Houston, WARW in Washington, D.C., and KRSP-FM in Salt Lake City.
	In the Netherlands, Arrow Classic Rock airs a classic rock format similar to that in the United States. Launched in 1996, Arrow originally broadcast on various AM and later FM frequencies, moving exclusively to cable radio in 2009. Since 2004, the company that operates Arrow has also run a jazz station known as "Arrow Jazz FM" (now SubLime FM).

= = = Who Cares a Lot? = = =

	Who Cares a Lot? is the first compilation album from Faith No More, released on November 24, 1998. The album is a greatest hits retrospective that spans most of the band's career, including songs from all of the band's studio albums released under Slash Records.
	The first disc collects 15 singles from the band's Slash Records career in chronological order. It features the most recognized hits and promos. The second disc has a handful of unreleased songs, b-sides, demos, and live recordings, which were chosen by record label Slash rather than the band themselves. Some of the notable previously unreleased material includes "The World Is Yours" and "I Won't Forget You".
	There were three different versions that were put out for this compilation. Between the versions, the title and covers were altered. The single disc edition was tagged "The Greatest Hits", while the dual disc was labelled "Greatest Hits".
	The album art for the American release was the red question mark on black background, while the UK, European, Argentine, and Oceanian releases featured the Benny Hill art. The Oceanian double disc edition also had a "Limited Edition 2CD Set" sticker, as in other markets the bonus disc was not limited. In Europe only a single disc edition was released. For this, the first five tracks off the second disc were simply added to the end of the compilation.
	The album was originally called 'Who Cared a Lot?'. It had a different order of tracks and a different cover, but only saw release as a promo.

= = = Jukung = = =

	A jukung or kano, also known as cadik is a small wooden Indonesian outrigger canoe. It is a traditional fishing boat, but newer uses include "Jukung Dives", using the boat as a vehicle for small groups of SCUBA divers.
	The double outrigger jukung is but one of many types of Austronesian outrigger canoes that use the crab claw sail traditional throughout Polynesia. Whilst this sail presents some difficulties in tacking into the wind, actually requiring to jibe around, a jukung is superb in its reaching ability and jibe-safe running. They are usually highly decorated and bear a marlin-like prow.
	People in Kalimantan also named their boat Jukung. It is used for transport in daily activities such as going to the office, to school, or shopping in pasar terapung (The Floating Market, a very famous tourist attraction).
	Currently there is a modern version of jukung made from High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) pipe in Indonesia. Advertised as unsinkable, the main body is made of a closed HDPE pipe that contains sealed air as the source of its buoyancy.
	In the late 1980s there was a seafaring journey of over 1000 nautical miles in open outrigger ‘jukung’ canoes by nine crews, who sailed from Bali to Darwin across the Timor Sea. Crews were from New Zealand, Australia, USA, England, Japan, France, Germany, The Netherlands and Indonesia. This was a three-month expedition masterminded by Bob Hobmann, filmed and made into a documentary called "Passage out of Paradise"; it was featured by the National Geographic Society as "The Great Jukung Race". It was the first ever expedition of this kind, following purported austronesian sailing routes in craft dating 7,000 years old.
	The expedition started in Bali, where once crews were familiar with sailing their Jukungs they embarked on a two-month adventure following the ancient sailing routes (1,000 yrs BC), along the eastern Islands via Komodo Island. They completed the journey with a treacherous 5 day sail across the Arafura Sea to Darwin, via the Tiwi Islands.
	Challenges experienced were storms requiring numerous boat repairs, waterspouts, excessive exposure to sun, heat, or rain, adverse currents & whirlpools. Hazards included drifting onto war-torn Timor, unpredictable behaviour/welcome from remote villagers, salt water boils, wound infections, malnutrition, near misses with night-time freighters, sightings of sperm whales and giant white sharks. Some sailors were viciously attacked by hornets while preparing to leave a remote beach camp. The crews rebelled & unanimously decided to sail as a group, as opposed to racing the final leg of the journey, for safety.
	As a result, all sailors miraculously survived a cyclone >110 km/hr winds in their tiny (6 ft long, 50 cm wide) primitive bamboo/rope jukungs, although the Australian crew was lost for 2 days, located by the Australian coastguard, with a smashed jukung washed up on an island.
	The fleet of 9 jukungs and 18 international sailors were given a traditional welcome by local Melville Island Aborigines, and successfully reached their final destination of Darwin, Australia.

= = = Hinduism in the Philippines = = =

	Recent archaeological and other evidence suggests Hinduism has had some cultural, economic, political and religious influence in the Philippines. Among these is the 9th century Laguna Copperplate Inscription found in 1989, deciphered in 1992 to be Kavi script (Pallava alphabet) with Sanskrit words; the golden Agusan statue (Golden Tara) discovered in another part of Philippines in 1917 has also been linked to Hinduism.
	There is some growth in the religion as of late, although most temples cater to the same communities. Actual adherents of Hinduism are mostly limited to communities that include indigenous and native peoples, expatriate communities, as well as new converts. There are various ISKCON groups and popular Hindu personalities and groups such as Sathya Sai Baba, and Paramahansa Yogananda (SRF), Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar (Ananda Marga) that can be found. Hindu based practices like Yoga and meditation are also popular. The Personal Representative on Earth of the Supreme Divine Person, Swāmī Mahāprabhu, has been residing in Quezon City since September 2011. There are also notable archery ranges named after characters in the Ramayana and the Mahabharata called "Kodanda Archery Range" (named after Lord Rama's bow Kodanda) and "Gandiva Archery" (named after Arjuna's bow Gandiva).
	One source estimated the size of the Indian community in the Philippines in 2008 at 150,000 persons.Most of whom are Hindus and Christians.
	At present, however, it is limited primarily to the immigrant Indian community, though traditional religious beliefs in most parts of the country have strong Hindu and Buddhist influences.
	Over the last three decades, a large number of civil servants and highly educated Indians working in large banks, Asian Development Bank and the BPO sector have migrated to Philippines, especially Manila. Most of the Indian Filipinos and Indian expatriates are Hindu, Sikh or Muslims, but have assimilated into Filipino culture and some are Catholic . The community regularly conducts philanthropic activities through bodies such as the Mahaveer foundation, The SEVA foundation and the
	Sathya Sai organization. Most Hindus congregate for socio-cultural and religious activities at the Hindu Temple (Mahatma Gandhi Street, Paco, Manila), the Indian Sikh Temple (United Nations Avenue, Paco, Manila), and the Radha Soami Satsang Beas center (Alabang, Muntinlupa City, Metro Manila). The late "priest" (scripture reader in Sindhi and Gurumukhi) of the Hindu Temple, Giani Joginder Singh Sethi, was active in interfaith affairs, accepted visits by school students, and organised the first major translation of Guru Nanak's Jap Ji into Filipino (Tagalog), translated by Usha Ramchandani and edited by Samuel Salter (published 2001).
	There are two Hindu temples in Manila city-Hari Ram Temple (Paco) and Saya Aur Devi Mandir Temple (Paco).
	The archipelagos of Southeast Asia were under the influence of Hindu Odisha and Indonesian traders through the ports of Malay-Indonesian islands. Indian religions, possibly an amalgamated version of Hindu-Buddhist arrived in Philippines archipelago in the 1st millennium, through the Indonesian kingdom of Srivijaya followed by Majapahit. Archeological evidence suggesting exchange of ancient spiritual ideas from India to the Philippines includes the 1.79 kilogram, 21 carat gold Hindu goddess Agusan (sometimes referred to as Golden Tara), found in Mindanao in 1917 after a storm and flood exposed its location. The statue now sits in the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, and is dated from the period 13th to early 14th centuries.
	Juan Francisco suggests that the golden Agusan statue may be a representation of goddess Sakti of the Siva-Buddha (Bhairava) tradition found in Java, in which the religious aspect of Shiva is integrated with those found in Buddhism of Java and Sumatra. The Rajahnate of Butuan, in present-day Agusan del Norte and Butuan City, used Hinduism as its main religion along with indigenous Lumad nature-worships. A Hindu Tamil King of the Rajahnate of Cebu was also recorded.
	Another gold artifact, from the Tabon Caves in the island of Palawan, is an image of Garuda, the bird who is the mount of Vishnu. The discovery of sophisticated Hindu imagery and gold artifacts in Tabon Caves has been linked to those found from Oc Eo, in the Mekong Delta in Southern Vietnam. These archaeological evidence suggests an active trade of many specialized goods and gold between India and Philippines and coastal regions of Vietnam and China. Golden jewelry found so far include rings, some surmounted by images of Nandi – the sacred bull, linked chains, inscribed gold sheets, gold plaques decorated with repoussé images of Hindu deities.
	In 1989, a laborer working in a sand mine at the mouth of Lumbang River near Laguna de Bay found a copper plate in Barangay Wawa, Lumban. This discovery, is now known as the Laguna Copperplate Inscription by scholars. It is the earliest known written document found in the Philippines, dated to be from the 9th century AD, and was deciphered in 1992 by Dutch anthropologist Antoon Postma. The copperplate inscription suggests economic and cultural links between the Tagalog people of Philippines with the Javanese Medang Kingdom, the Srivijaya empire, and the Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms of India. Hinduism in the country declined when Islam was introduced by traders from Arabia which was then followed by Christianity from Spain. This is an active area of research as little is known about the scale and depth of Philippine history from the 1st millennium and before.
	Many fables and stories in Filipino Culture are linked to Indian arts, such as the story of the monkey and the turtle, the race between deer and snail (slow and steady wins the race), and the hawk and the hen. Similarly, the major epics and folk literature of Philippines show common themes, plots, climax and ideas expressed in the Mahabharata and the Ramayana.
	According to Indologists Juan R. Francisco and Josephine Acosta Pasricha, Hindu influences and folklore arrived in Philippines by about 9th to 10th century AD. The Maranao version is the "Maharadia Lawana" (King Rāvaṇa of Hindu Epic Ramayana).
	With the advent of Spanish colonialism in the 16th century, the Philippines became a closed colony and cultural contacts with other Southeast Asian countries were limited, if not closed. In 1481, the Spanish Inquisition commenced with the permission of Pope Sixtus IV and all non-Catholics within the Spanish empire were to be expelled or to be "put to the question" (tortured until they renounced their previous faith). With the re-founding of Manila in 1571, the Philippines became subject to the King of Spain, and the Archbishop of New Galicia (Mexico) became the Grand Inquisitor of the Faithful in Mexico and the Philippines. In 1595, the newly appointed Archbishop of Manila became the Inquisitor-General of the Spanish East Indies (i.e.,the Philippines, Guam, and Micronesia), and until 1898 was active against Protestants, Buddhists, Hindus and Muslims. As was the case in Latin America and Africa, forced conversions were not uncommon and any refusal to submit to Church authority was seen as both rebellion against the Pope and sedition against the Spanish Crown, which was punishable by death.
	Linguistic influence left lasting marks on every Philippine language. Below are some borrowed terms, which were often Buddhist and Hindu concepts, with the original Sanskrit; some of the words in many Philippine languages are loaned from Sanskrit and Tamil.

= = = Multiplication (music) = = =

	The mathematical operations of multiplication have several applications to music. Other than its application to the frequency ratios of intervals (for example, Just intonation, and the twelfth root of two in equal temperament), it has been used in other ways for twelve-tone technique, and musical set theory. Additionally ring modulation is an electrical audio process involving multiplication that has been used for musical effect.
	A multiplicative operation is a mapping in which the argument is multiplied . Multiplication originated intuitively in interval expansion, including tone row order number rotation, for example in the music of Béla Bartók and Alban Berg . Pitch number rotation, "Fünferreihe" or "five-series" and "Siebenerreihe" or "seven-series", was first described by Ernst Krenek in "Über neue Musik" (; ). Princeton-based theorists, including James K. , Godfrey , and Hubert S. "were the first to discuss and adopt them, not only with regards to twelve-tone series" .
	When dealing with pitch-class sets, multiplication modulo 12 is a common operation. Dealing with all twelve tones, or a tone row, there are only a few numbers which one may multiply a row by and still end up with a set of twelve distinct tones. Taking the prime or unaltered form as P, multiplication is indicated by "M", "x" being the multiplicator:
	The following table lists all possible multiplications of a chromatic twelve-tone row:
	Note that only M, M, M, and M give a one-to-one mapping (a complete set of 12 unique tones). This is because each of these numbers is relatively prime to 12. Also interesting is that the chromatic scale is mapped to the circle of fourths with M, or fifths with M, and more generally under M all even numbers stay the same while odd numbers are transposed by a tritone. This kind of multiplication is frequently combined with a transposition operation. It was first described in print by Herbert Eimert, under the terms "Quartverwandlung" (fourth transformation) and "Quintverwandlung" (fifth transformation) , and has been used by the composers Milton Babbitt (; ), Robert , and Charles Wuorinen . This operation also accounts for certain harmonic transformations in jazz .
	Thus multiplication by the two meaningful operations (5 & 7) may be designated with M("a") and M("a") or M and IM .
	Pierre described an operation he called pitch multiplication, which is somewhat akin to the Cartesian product of pitch-class sets. Given two sets, the result of pitch multiplication will be the set of sums (modulo 12) of all possible pairings of elements between the original two sets. Its definition:
	For example, if multiplying a C-major chord formula_2 with a dyad containing C,D formula_3, the result is:
	In this example, a set of three pitches multiplied with a set of two pitches gives a new set of 3 × 2 pitches. Given the limited space of modulo 12 arithmetic, when using this procedure very often duplicate tones are produced, which are generally omitted. This technique was used most famously in Boulez's 1955 "Le marteau sans maître", as well as in his Third Piano Sonata, "Structures II", "Don" and "Tombeau" from "Pli selon pli", "Eclat" (and "Eclat multiples"), "Figures-Doubles-Prisms", "Domaines", and "Cummings ist der Dichter", as well as the withdrawn choral work, "Oubli signal lapidé" (1952) (; ; ). This operation, unlike arithmetic multiplication and transpositional combination of set classes, is non-commutative .
	Howard Hanson called this operation of commutative mathematical convolution "superposition" or "@-projection" and used the "/" notation interchangeably. Thus "p@m" or "p/m" means "perfect fifth at major third", e.g.: { C E G B }. He specifically noted that two triad forms could be so multiplied, or a triad multiplied by itself, to produce a resultant scale. The latter "squaring" of a triad produces a particular scale highly saturated in instances of the source triad . Thus "pmn", Hanson's name for common the major triad, when squared, is "PMN", e.g.: { C D E G G B }.
	Nicholas Slonimsky used this operation, non-generalized, to form 1300 scales by multiplying the symmetric tritones, augmented chords, diminished seventh chords, and wholetone scales by the sum of 3 factors which he called interpolation, infrapolation, and ultrapolation . The combination of interpolation, infrapolation, and ultrapolation, forming obliquely infra-interpolation, infra-ultrapolation, and infra-inter-ultrapolation, additively sums to what is effectively a second sonority. This second sonority, multiplied by the first, gives his formula for generating scales and their harmonizations.
	Joseph Schillinger used the idea, undeveloped, to categorize common 19th- and early 20th-century harmonic styles as product of horizontal harmonic root-motion and vertical harmonic structure . Some of the composers' styles which he cites appear in the following multiplication table.
	The approximation of the 12 pitches of Western music by modulus-12 math, forming the Circle of Halfsteps, means that musical intervals can also be thought of as angles in a polar coordinate system, stacking of identical intervals as functions of harmonic motion, and transposition as rotation around an axis. Thus, in the multiplication example above from Hanson, "p@m" or "p/m" ("perfect 5th at major 3rd", e.g.: { C E G B }) also means "perfect fifth, superimposed upon perfect fifth rotated 1/3 of the circumference of the Circle of Halfsteps". A conversion table of intervals to angular measure (taken as negative numbers for clockwise rotation) follows:
	This angular interpretation of intervals is helpful to visualize a very practical example of multiplication in music: Euler-Fokker genera used in describing the Just intonation tuning of keyboard instruments . Each genus represents an harmonic function such as "3 perfect fifths stacked" or other sonority such as { C G D F }, which, when multiplied by the correct angle(s) of copy, approximately fills the 12TET circumferential space of the Circle of fifths. It would be possible, though not musically pretty, to tune an augmented triad of two perfect non-beating major thirds, then (multiplying) tune two tempered fifths above and 1 below each note of the augmented chord; this is Euler-Fokker genus [555]. A different result is obtained by starting with the "3 perfect fifths stacked", and from these non-beating notes tuning a tempered major third above and below; this is Euler-Fokker genus [333].
	Joseph Schillinger described an operation of "polynomial time multiplication" ("polynomial" refers to any rhythm consisting of more than one duration) corresponding roughly to that of Pitch multiplication above ( ). A theme, reduced to a consistent series of integers representing the quarter, 8th-, or 16th-note duration of each of the notes of the theme, could be multiplied by itself or the series of another theme to produce a coherent and related variation. Especially, a theme's series could be squared or cubed or taken to higher powers to produce a saturation of related material.
	Herbert Eimert described what he called the "eight modes" of the twelve-tone series, all mirror forms of one another. The inverse is obtained through a horizontal mirror, the retrograde through a vertical mirror, the retrograde-inverse through both a horizontal and a vertical mirror, and the "cycle-of-fourths-transform" or "Quartverwandlung" and "cycle-of-fifths-transform" or "Quintverwandlung" obtained through a slanting mirror . With the retrogrades of these transforms and the prime, there are eight permutations.
	Joseph Schillinger embraced not only contrapuntal inverse, retrograde, and retrograde-inverse—operations of matrix multiplication in Euclidean vector space—but also their rhythmic counterparts as well. Thus he could describe a variation of theme using the same pitches in same order, but employing its original time values in retrograde order. He saw the scope of this multiplicatory universe beyond simple reflection, to include transposition and rotation (possibly with projection back to source), as well as dilation which had formerly been limited in use to the time dimension (via augmentation and diminution) (). Thus he could describe another variation of theme, or even of a basic scale, by multiplying the halfstep counts between each successive pair of notes by some factor, possibly normalizing to the octave via Modulo-12 operation ().
	Some Z-related chords are connected by "M" or "IM" (multiplication by 5 or multiplication by 7), due to identical entries for 1 and 5 on the APIC vector .

= = = Peter Krešimir IV of Croatia = = =

	Peter Krešimir IV, called the Great (, ) was King of Croatia and Dalmatia from 1059 until his death in 1074 or 1075. He was the last great ruler of the Krešimirović branch of the Trpimirović dynasty.
	Under his rule the Croatian realm reached its peak territorially, earning him the sobriquet "the Great", otherwise unique in Croatian history. He kept his seat at Nin and Biograd na Moru, however, the city of Šibenik holds a statue of him and is sometimes called "Krešimir's city" (Croatian: ""Krešimirov grad"") because he is generally credited as the founder.
	Peter Krešimir was born as one of two children to king Stephen I ("Stjepan I") and his wife Hicela, daughter of the Venetian Doge Pietro II Orseolo.
	Krešimir succeeded his father Stephen I upon his death in 1058 and was crowned the next year. It is not known where his coronation took place, but some historians suggest Biograd as a possibility.
	From the outset, he continued the policies of his father, but was immediately requested in letter by Pope Nicholas II first in 1059. and then in 1060 to reform the Croatian church in accordance with the Roman rite. This was especially significant to the papacy in the aftermath of the Great Schism of 1054, when a papal ally in the Balkans was a necessity. This was in accordance with the visit of the papal legate Mainardius in 1060, Kresimir and the upper nobility lent their support to the pope and the church of Rome.
	The lower nobility and the peasantry, however, were far less well-disposed to reforms. The Croatian priesthood was aligned towards Byzantine orientalism, including having long beards and marrying. More so, the ecclesiastical service was likely practiced in the native Slavonic (Glagolitic), whereas the pope demanded practice in Latin. This caused a rebellion of the clergy led by a certain priest named Vuk ("Ulfus"), who was referenced as newcomer to the kingdom in sources. Vuk had presented the demands and gifts of the Croats to the Pope during his stay in Rome, but was told nothing could be accomplished without the consent of the Split see and the king. They protested against celibacy and the Roman Rite in 1063, but they were proclaimed heretical at a synod of 1064 and excommunicated, a decision which Krešimir supported. Krešimir harshly quelled all opposition and sustained a firm alignment towards western Romanism, with the intent of more fully integrating the Dalmatian populace into his realm. In turn, he could then use them to balance the power caused by the growing feudal class. By the end of Krešimir's reign, feudalism had made permanent inroads into Croatian society and Dalmatia had been permanently associated with the Croatian state.
	The income from the cities further strengthened Krešimir's power, and he subsequently fostered the development of more cities, such as Biograd, Nin, Šibenik, Karin, and Skradin. He also had several monasteries constructed, like the Benedictine monasteries of (1060) and "St Thomas" (c. 1066) in Biograd, and donated much land to the Church. In 1066, he granted a charter to the new monastery of St.Mary in Zadar, where the founder and first nun was his cousin, the Abbess "Čika". This remains the oldest Croatian monument in the city of Zadar, and became a spearhead for the reform movement. During the same year, he gave his nephew Stephen Trpimirović the office of Duke of Croatia, which designated him as his co-ruler and successor.
	In 1067, the northern part of the kingdom was invaded by Ulric I, Margrave of Carniola, who occupied a part of Kvarner and the eastern coast of Istria, the "March of Dalmatia". As the king was at that time preoccupied with the liturgical issues and reforms in Dalmatia, these parts were eventually liberated by his ban Demetrius Zvonimir.
	It was for the first time that the high ranking office of ban started to branch during his rule, as multiple bans were for the first time mentioned in 1067. It is known that, apart from the ban of Croatia, the banate of Slavonia existed during this period, which was at this time likely held by Krešimir's successor Demetrius Zvonimir. The city of Šibenik is for the first time mentioned during his rule in 1066, which was his seat for some time and is for these reasons referred as "Krešimir's city" in modern times.
	In 1069, he gave the island of Maun, near Nin, to the monastery of "St. Krševan" in Zadar, in thanks for the "expansion of the kingdom on land and on sea, by the grace of the omnipotent God" ("quia Deus omnipotens terra marique nostrum prolungavit regnum"). In his surviving document, Krešimir nevertheless did not fail to point out that it was "our own island that lies on our Dalmatian sea" ("nostram propriam insulam in nostro Dalmatico mari sitam, que vocatur Mauni").
	Around 1070, Krešimir was rumored to have murdered his brother Gojslav, who had served as the ban of Croatia until 1070. Eventually, when the rumors reached abroad, Pope Alexander II sent one of his delegates to inquire about the death of Gojslav. Only after the monarch and 12 Croatian župans had taken oath that he did not kill his brother, the Pope symbolically restored the royal power to Krešimir. He made Dmitar Zvonimir, the new Ban of Croatia, and subsequently elevated him as his principal adviser with the title Duke of Croatia.
	In 1069, he had the Byzantine Empire recognize him as supreme ruler of the parts of Dalmatia Byzantium had controlled since the Croatian dynastic struggle of 997. At the time, the empire was at war both with the Seljuk Turks in Asia and the Normans in southern Italy, so Krešimir took the opportunity and, avoiding an imperial nomination as proconsul or eparch, consolidated his holdings as the "regnum Dalmatiae et Chroatia". This was not a formal title, but it designated a unified political-administrative territory, which had been the chief desire of the Croatian kings.
	During Krešimir's reign, the Normans from southern Italy first became involved in Balkan politics and Krešimir soon came in contact with them. After the 1071 Battle of Manzikert, where the Seljuk Turks routed the Eastern Imperial army, the Diocleans, Serbs and other Slavs instigated a rebellion of boyars in Macedonia and in 1072, Krešimir is alleged to have lent his aid to this uprising. In 1075, the Normans under Peter II of Trani invaded the Dalmatian possessions of Croatia from southern Italy, most likely at the command of the Pope, who had been in a quarrel with the king of Croatia over papal politics towards his kingdom. During the invasion, the Norman count Amico of Giovinazzo besieged the island of Rab for almost a month (14 April to early May). He failed in his siege of Rab, but he managed to take the island of Cres on 9 May. It was during these clashes that the Croatian king himself was captured by Amico at an unidentified location. In return for liberation, he was forced to relinquish many cities, including both his capitals, as well as Zadar, Split, and Trogir. His followers, such as the Bishop of Cres, also collected a large ransom. However, he was not liberated. Over the next two years, the Republic of Venice expelled the Normans and secured the cities for themselves.
	Near the end of his reign, Peter Krešimir had no sons, but only a daughter, Neda . Peter Krešimir designated Demetrius Zvonimir, as his heir. It is uncertain whether Peter died in a Norman prison during the first half of 1075. According to Johannes Lucius, an usurper, Slavac, succeeded to the throne sometime in 1074 and reigned only for a year before Zvonimir succeeded.
	Krešimir was buried in the church of St. Stephen in Solin, together with the other dukes and kings of Croatia. Several centuries later the Ottoman Turks destroyed the church, banished the monks who had preserved it, and destroyed the graves.
	Krešimir is, by some historians, regarded as one of the greatest Croatian rulers. Thomas the Archdeacon named him "the Great" in his work "Historia Salonitana" during the 13th century for his significance in unifing the Dalmatian coastal cities with the Croatian state and accomplishing a peak in Croatia's territorial extent. The RTOP-11 of the Croatian navy was named after Krešimir. The city of Šibenik holds a statue of him and some schools in the vicinity are named after Krešimir.

= = = The Excellent Dizzy Collection = = =

	The Excellent Dizzy Collection is a video game compilation published by Codemasters in November 1993. The title includes three stand alone games, based on the video game character Dizzy created by the Oliver Twins. The compilation contains, "Dizzy the Adventurer", "Panic Dizzy" and the previously unreleased "Go! Dizzy Go!".
	After the failure of the Aladdin Deck Enhancer, Camerica was forced to close down, and Codemasters was in financial trouble. As a result, many staff left the Oliver twins' software company, Interactive Studios, who were unable to find replacements. "Dizzy The Adventurer" was freely bundled with the Aladdin, and three other titles were being developed for it; "Dreamworld Pogie", "Go! Dizzy Go!" and "Wonderland Dizzy". However, after the Aladdin was abandoned, the Oliver twins decided to release all four (when completed) on the Sega Master System and Sega Game Gear to bring in some extra revenue. However, Codemasters wasn’t comfortable releasing each as a full priced stand alone title, so forced them to combine the games into a compilation, but only three would fit. They abandoned the non-Dizzy oriented game, "Dreamworld Pogie", and intended to release the action game "Go! Dizzy Go!" and the two adventure games "Wonderland Dizzy" and "Dizzy The Adventurer". However Codemasters marketing team informed the Olivers that they couldn’t release two adventure games on the one compilation. They decided that the previously released "Dizzy The Adventurer" was the stronger title and didn’t require any further development and, as a replacement for "Wonderland Dizzy", the twins included the previously released "Panic Dizzy".
	After "The Excellent Dizzy Collection" was released, the Oliver twins left Codemasters for another publisher and with the intellectual property split between Codemasters and the Oliver twins no more Dizzy games were ever produced, although both companies have since said they would like to revisit the series. "Wonderland Dizzy" was eventually released in 2015. "Dreamworld Pogie" remained unreleased until 2011 when an alpha build was somehow leaked online. An official release of the game finally occurred in 2017, following a successful Kickstarter campaign from the original creators.
	"Dizzy the Adventurer" is an enhanced version of the previously released "Dizzy Prince of the Yolkfolk" that was bundled with the Aladdin Deck Enhancer for the Oliver twin's publisher (Codemasters/Camerica) ill-fated NES peripheral. The title had not previously been released on the Sega platforms so was originally going to be released as a stand-alone game but publisher Codemasters was uncomfortable releasing it at full price.
	The game was originally released as a stand-alone product, "Dizzy Panic!", for the Amstrad CPC, ZX Spectrum and Commodore 64, but was later included as a last-minute replacement for "Wonderland Dizzy". Codemasters felt that two adventure games should not be included on the one compilation, so the Oliver Twins decided to leave "Dizzy the Adventurer" and replace "Wonderland Dizzy" (which was eventually released in October 2015) with "Panic Dizzy" to complement the other two game styles.
	"Go! Dizzy Go!" was originally to be released on the NES for the Aladdin; however, due to its unexpected failure, the title was then planned for release as a stand-alone title for the Sega Master System and Sega Game Gear. However, the publisher, Codemasters, was uncomfortable releasing it separately at full price, so included it as part of "The Excellent Dizzy Collection".
	Quattro Arcade, released for the NES in 1992, featured Go! Dizzy Go!.
	The game is an arcade-style puzzle game where the player must navigate the Dizzy through a series of mazes similar to the "Adventures of Lolo" games.

= = = Primary progressive aphasia = = =

	Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a type of neurological syndrome in which language capabilities slowly and progressively become impaired. As with other types of aphasia, the symptoms that accompany PPA depend on what parts of the left hemisphere are significantly damaged. However, unlike most other aphasias, PPA results from continuous deterioration in brain tissue, which leads to early symptoms being far less detrimental than later symptoms. Those with PPA slowly lose the ability to speak, write, read, and generally comprehend language. Eventually, almost every patient becomes mute and completely loses the ability to understand both written and spoken language. Although it was first described as solely impairment of language capabilities while other mental functions remain intact, it is now recognized that many, if not most of those afflicted suffer from impairment of memory, short term memory formation and loss of executive functions. It was first described as a distinct syndrome by M.Marsel Mesulam in 1982. Primary progressive aphasias have a clinical and pathological overlap with the frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) spectrum of disorders and Alzheimer's disease. However, PPA is not considered synonymous to Alzheimer's disease due to the fact that, unlike those affected by Alzheimer's disease, those with PPA are generally able to maintain the ability to care for themselves, remain employed, and pursue interests and hobbies. Moreover, in diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, progressive deterioration of comprehension and production of language is just one of the many possible types of mental deterioration, such as the progressive decline of memory, motor skills, reasoning, awareness, and visuospatial skills.
	Currently, the specific causes for PPA and other degenerative brain disease similar to PPA are unknown. Autopsies have revealed a variety of brain abnormalities in people who had PPA. These autopsies, as well as imaging techniques such as CT scans, MRI, EEG, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET), have generally revealed abnormalities to be almost exclusively in the left hemisphere.
	There have been no large epidemiological studies on the incidence and prevalence of the PPA variants. Though it most likely has been underestimated, onset of PPA has been found to occur in the sixth or seventh decade.
	There are no known environmental risk factors for the progressive aphasias. However, one observational, retrospective study suggested that vasectomy could be a risk factor for PPA in men. These results have yet to be replicated or demonstrated by prospective studies.
	PPA is not considered a hereditary disease. However, relatives of a person with any form of frontotemporal lobar degeneration, including PPA, are at slightly greater risk of developing PPA or another form of the condition. In a quarter of patients diagnosed with PPA, there is a family history of PPA or one of the other disorders in the FTLD spectrum of disorders. It has been found that genetic predisposition varies among the different PPA variants, with PNFA being more commonly familial in nature than LPA or SD.
	The most convincing genetic basis of PPA has been found to be a mutation in the GRN gene. Most patients with observed GRN mutations present clinical features of PNFA, but the phenotype can be atypical.
	The following diagnosis criteria were defined by Mesulam:
	Whether or not PPA and other aphasias are the only source of cognitive impairment in a patient is often difficult to assess because: 1) as with other neurologically degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, there are currently no reliable non-invasive diagnostic tests for aphasias, and thus neuropsychological assessments are the only tool physicians have for diagnosing patients; and 2) aphasias often affect other, non-language portions of these neuropsychological tests, such as those specific for memory.
	In 2011, The classification of primary progressive aphasia was updated to include three clinical variants. Patients must first be diagnosed with PPA, and then divided into variants based on speech production features, repetition, single- word and syntax comprehension, confrontation naming, semantic knowledge, and reading/spelling. In the classical Mesulam criteria for primary progressive aphasia, there are two variants: a non-fluent type progressive nonfluent aphasia (PNFA) and a fluent type semantic dementia (SD). A third variant of primary progressive aphasia, logopenic progressive aphasia (LPA) was then added, and is an atypical form of Alzheimer's disease. For PNFA, The core criteria for diagnosis includes agrammatism and slow, and labored speech. Inconsistent speech sound errors are also very common, including distortions, deletions, and insertions. In terms of comprehension, there are deficits in syntax and sentence comprehension due to grammatical complexity, but single- word and object comprehension is relatively maintained. The second variant, SD, presents with deficits in single-word and object comprehension. Naming impairments can be severe, specially for low-frequency objects, and can eventually lead to a more widespread semantic memory deficiency over time. The ability to read and write can also be impaired if there are irregularities between pronunciation and spelling. However, repetition and motor speech is relatively preserved. The logopenic variant involves impairments in word retrieval, sentence repetition, and phonological paraphasias, comparable to Conduction aphasia. Compared to the semantic variant, single word comprehension and naming is spared, however, sentence comprehension presents difficulty because of length and grammatical complexity. Speech will include incomplete words, hesitations preceding content words, and repetition. However, these PPA subtypes differ from similar aphasias, as these subtypes do not occur acutely following trauma to the brain, such as following a stroke, due to differing functional and structural neuroanatomical patterns of involvement and the progressive nature of the disease.
	Due to the progressive, continuous nature of the disease, improvement over time seldom occurs in patients with PPA as it often does in patients with aphasias caused by trauma to the brain.
	In terms of medical approaches to treating PPA, there are currently no drugs specifically used for patients with PPA, nor are there any specifically designed interventions for PPA. A large reason for this is the limited research that has been done on this disease. However, in some cases, patients with PPA are prescribed the same drugs Alzheimer's patients are normally prescribed.
	The primary approach to treating PPA has been with behavioral treatment, with the hope that these methods can provide new ways for patients to communicate in order to compensate for their deteriorated abilities. Speech therapy can assist an individual with strategies to overcome difficulties. There are three very broad categories of therapy interventions for aphasia: restorative therapy approaches, compensatory therapy approaches, and social therapy approaches. Rapid and sustained improvement in speech and dementia in a patient with primary progressive aphasia utilizing off-label perispinal etanercept, an anti-TNF treatment strategy also used for Alzheimer's, has been reported. A video depicting the patient's improvement was published in conjunction with the print article. These findings have not been independently replicated and remain controversial.
	In September 2016, it was reported that Terry Jones of Monty Python had been diagnosed with the condition. He later passed away from complications of the disease on January 21, 2020.
	M Marseille Mesulam coined the term primary progressive aphasia.

= = = Valleyfield = = =

	Valleyfield may refer to:

= = = Camp William James = = =

	Camp William James was opened in 1940 by Dartmouth College professor, Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy, as a center for training youth for leadership in the Civilian Conservation Corps, which had been inaugurated in 1933 by Franklin Delano Roosevelt. It was located near Tunbridge, Vermont. Funding for the camp was withdrawn only a year after its founding, along with the rest of the CCC, following the attack on Pearl Harbor, which brought the United States into World War II.
	The camp's namesake and inspiration was the pragmatic philosopher, William James, who delivered an influential address at Stanford University in 1906 with the title, "The Moral Equivalent of War". "A permanently successful peace-economy cannot be a simple pleasure-economy", James argued, "Martial virtues must be the enduring cement; intrepidity, contempt of softness, surrender of private interest, obedience to command, must still remain the rock upon which states are built." To devote oneself to these martial virtues in the service of others, taking up the menial tasks of society like an army at war for the sake of peace, is a force equal to war, James argued. Rosenstock-Huessy took up this theme, calling the young men who enlisted in the "Camp" program, "soldiers".
	In 1945, Rosenstock-Huessy wrote in his book, "The Christian Future": 
	Our peacemakers and planners must be supported by camps all over the globe, where youth, recruited from every town and village all over the globe, serves. This service must implement the global organization as the young must experience what the old are planning before the old can have any authority.
	Among those who had joined the short-lived work at "Camp William James" was a Dartmouth student, Page Smith, who later became an important American historian at the University of California, Santa Cruz. While on the faculty at UCLA, in 1962, Smith wrote a letter to Hubert Humphrey proposing an international version of the "Camp William James" experiment in the "moral equivalent of war". Humphrey passed along the idea to the US President, John F. Kennedy, and by 1963, the Peace Corps was created.
	A basic source for the history of the Camp is Jack Preiss, CAMP WILLIAM JAMES (Essex, VT: Argo Books, 1978, 272 pp.

= = = Mater Dei High School = = =

	Mater Dei High School may refer to:

= = = The Dangerous Rescue = = =

	The Dangerous Rescue by Jude Watson is the thirteenth in a series of young reader novels called "". The series explores the adventures of Qui-Gon Jinn and Obi-Wan Kenobi prior to "".
	Obi-Wan Kenobi is joined by Jedi Master Adi Gallia and her Padawan Siri Tachi at Jenna Zan Arbor's secret laboratory on Simpla-12. Zan Arbor, who has been conducting experiments in an attempt to break the Force into its constituent parts, is holding captive Qui-Gon Jinn and the elderly Jedi Master Noor R'aya. The three rescuers attempt to smuggle themselves into the laboratory; however, despite the fact that Qui-Gon has managed to free himself, Zan Arbor escapes with the unconscious Noor.
	Later, Obi-Wan receives a message informing him that his companion Astri Oddo, who went to pursue the bounty hunter Ona Nobis, is injured on the planet of Sorrus. Qui-Gon and Adi send their Padawans to Sorrus to bring Astri home, but Obi-Wan learns that this was merely a trap set by Ona Nobis, and wisely chooses to run away from a fight. He and Siri are ordered to return to the Jedi Temple, but he convinces Siri that they should look for Astri since she's on Sorrus. They are transported to the far desert and investigate a cave where they find Astri and her three companions tied up. However, the cave collapses — another trap set by Ona Nobis. The party are eventually rescued by a member of a tribe that Astri once helped. The two Padawans learn that Ona Nobis is headed to Belasco, the homeworld of Senator Uta S'orn, Jenna Zan Arbor's only friend.
	On Belasco, the Jedi discover that the population is suffering unusually severely from bacteria that recur in the drinking supply every seven years. They find Senator S'orn caring for sick children, but she wants nothing to do with the Jedi. Eventually, they discover that S'orn has altered Galactic Senate transcripts for Zan Arbor, and that Zan Arbor is likely on the planet. Suspecting that Zan Arbor has bioengineered the bacteria in order to make a profit selling a cure, the four Jedi infiltrate the water purification plant, obtaining dated water samples as evidence.
	Obi-Wan and Siri then follow Uta S'orn as she delivers dinner to patients at the royal grounds, in the hope that she will lead them to the hiding place of Zan Arbor and Ona Nobis. After seeing Ona Nobis eat dinner, they report back to their Masters, who confront the Leader of Belasco and ask that S'orn's quarters be searched. There, the Jedi find Jenna Zan Arbor, along with the captive Noor R'aya. Zan Arbor is quickly captured, but Obi-Wan notices that Siri has left the room, and he goes to search for her. He finds her cornered by Ona Nobis on the palace roof, and the two Padawans manage to hold off the wily bounty hunter. Ona Nobis then tries to escape, but she falls to her death when Siri slashes through her whip.

= = = Aero Spacelines Pregnant Guppy = = =

	The Aero Spacelines Pregnant Guppy was a large, wide-bodied cargo aircraft built in the United States and used for ferrying outsized cargo items, most notably NASA's components of the Apollo program. The Pregnant Guppy was the first of the Guppy line of aircraft produced by Aero Spacelines. The design inspired other later designs, such as the jet-powered Airbus Beluga and Boeing Dreamlifter.
	In 1960, U.S. airlines were disposing of their obsolete piston-engined Boeing 377 Stratocruisers in favor of the newer jet-engined airliners. NASA was finding that barge transport of their increasingly large space program components from manufacturers on the West Coast to test and launch sites on the East Coast was slow and expensive. Aircraft broker Leo Mansdorf was stockpiling surplus Stratocruisers at Van Nuys prior to resale, and ex-USAF pilot John M. Conroy realized the potential of these aircraft to transport the large but relatively light rocket components.
	Conroy presented his plans for an extensively modified Stratocruiser to NASA, where an official commented that the bloated aircraft resembled a pregnant guppy. Although NASA was lukewarm on the concept, Conroy mortgaged his house and founded Aero Spacelines International to build and operate the concept aircraft.
	Conversion work was undertaken by On Mark Engineering. The Pregnant Guppy (registered N1024V) was built from an ex-Pan Am airframe with a five-m section from an ex-British Overseas Airways Corporation aircraft (G-AKGJ) added immediately behind the wing. The wing, engines, tail, nose, and cockpit were unchanged, but a new upper fuselage of 6 m diameter was added, giving the aircraft a "triple-bubble" appearance in front view. The entire rear section (including tail surfaces) was detachable to allow cargo to be loaded directly into the fuselage.
	The aircraft first flew on September 19, 1962, piloted by Conroy and co-pilot Clay Lacy. When Van Nuys traffic control realized that Conroy intended to take off, they notified police and fire departments to be on alert. However, the huge aircraft performed flawlessly, the only difference in handling being a slight decrease in speed caused by extra drag of the larger fuselage.
	Carrying the S-IV Saturn I rocket stage, the Guppy saved three weeks' transit time versus barge, for a cost of $16.00 (equivalent to $ today) per mile ().
	In the summer of 1963, the Pregnant Guppy began flying NASA cargo. Among its early duties was transporting the first and second stages of the Gemini program's Titan II from the Martin Co. in Baltimore, Maryland, to Cape Canaveral. As the space program grew through the late 1960s, this one aircraft clearly could not handle the whole transport load, so 25 more Stratocruisers and ex-USAF C-97s were purchased to construct four Super Guppy aircraft, which were even longer and larger than the original.
	The various Guppy aircraft served throughout the 1960s, 1970s, and beyond, initially transporting space components, and later, as NASA scaled down its operations after the success of the Apollo program, transporting airliner sections.
	The Pregnant Guppy was sold to American Jet Industries and registered N126AJ for scrap and it was finally scrapped at Van Nuys in 1979.

= = = Saint Ange = = =

	Saint Ange, also known as House of Voices, is a 2004 French-Romanian horror film written and directed by Pascal Laugier. It is Laugier's feature film debut. The film stars Virginie Ledoyen, Catriona MacColl, Lou Doillon, and Dorina Lazăr.
	In 1958, Anna Jurin accepts a job as a housekeeper of Saint Ange, a rusty and isolated orphanage located in the French Alps and owned by Madam Francard. The last batch of children have been sent elsewhere shortly after the mysterious death of a boy in the bathroom, which tarnishes the orphanage's reputation and threatens its closure. Other than Anna, the orphanage is now populated by only two people: the long-time cook Helenka and an adult orphan, Judith, who suffers from a mental disability and claims that there are other, unseen, children in the location.
	Throughout her stay, Anna experiences apparent supernatural phenomena. However, Helenka dismisses her worries as mere hallucinations, especially after she learns that Anna is pregnant due to a gang rape, a fact that she tries to hide at first. Anna learns that Judith is one of the many sent to Saint Ange in 1946 as a war orphan of World War II; because of shortages of supplies and logistics, Judith is the only survivor.
	Despite this explanation, Anna suspects that the orphanage deliberately killed and hid the children. She gains the trust of Judith by befriending and calming her when her kittens are apparently drowned by Helenka, enough for her to disclose that the children inhabit an area somewhere behind a mirror in bathroom, revealed to be an abandoned dormitory. Helenka tries to prevent them from heading to the area, but Judith knocks her unconscious. The two women proceed to the dormitory and find remains of toys and rotten food. Judith realizes that the children had really died and begs Anna to stop searching, but the latter insists on continuing and boards an elevator heading to the underground. Anna arrives at a sterile, hospital-like structure with clean white walls and brightly lit lamps. She is confronted by the children who rise from a series of murky baths, who surround her. Anna goes into a sudden labor and is helped to deliver the baby by the children.
	Sometime later, Francard and her assistant search for Anna in the underground, which is now damp, dark, and rust-walled. They find Anna and her baby on the floor, both dead. Deciding to leave them there, the two head upstairs to leave the premises alongside Helenka and Judith; it is implied that Anna has been hallucinating the phenomena due to the stress, as she is revealed to be the true culprit for the drowning of the kittens. However, before they leave, Judith throws away her medication, as Anna advised her earlier, and peeks into Anna's former bedroom, where she sees her and her baby, now as spirits of Saint Ange, alongside the dead children. Francard comes back for Judith and the film ends as the room is seen empty.
	According to Christophe Gans, the film was shot both in French and English. The Canadian DVD has both cuts of the film.

= = = Chintila = = =

	Chintila (; 606 – 20 December 639) was a Visigothic King of Hispania, Septimania and Galicia from 636. He succeeded Sisenand in a time of weakness and reigned until his death.
	He was elected and confirmed by a convention of bishops and nobles in accordance with the 75th canon of the Fourth Council of Toledo. With his election, nothing changed and instability reigned. He never solved the many problems that plagued his time in office and, as the chroniclers of the age report, this included rebellions in Septimania and Gallaecia. In the three years of his reign, he permitted the bishops wide authority and they acted as monarchs "de facto", if not "de jure".
	He dedicated his time to councils, the Fifth Council of Toledo in June 636 and the Sixth Council of Toledo in June 638. These meetings covered many topics and legislated many new regulations.
	The king had to be chosen from among the nobility; never a "tonsurado" (cleric), member of the servile classes (peasants), or foreigners. They dictated the penalties for insurrection and determined that property acquired justly by the king could not be confiscated by his successor. Finally, they outlawed non-Catholics within the frontiers of the kingdom, which resulted in many forced conversions.
	Chintila died in 639 or 640 of natural causes and was followed by his son Tulga.

= = = List of Stargate Atlantis episodes = = =

	"Stargate Atlantis" is a Canadian-American science fiction television series created by Brad Wright and Robert C. Cooper as a spin off from its sister show, "Stargate SG-1". The series resumes the story of the "Lost City" and "New Order" episodes of "SG-1", where a military team led by Colonel (now Brigadier General) Jack O'Neill, Dr. Daniel Jackson, Major (now Lt. Colonel) Samantha Carter and the Jaffa Teal'c, use an ancient alien artifact called the Stargate to travel to different planets to explore and find new technology. The series pilot "Rising" takes place in the year 2004 after the events of "Lost City" and "New Order", when they finally find the lost city of the Ancients.
	"Stargate Atlantis" premiered on July 16, 2004 on the channel Sci Fi Channel. The Sci Fi Channel would air all the five seasons made for the series. Since the American broadcast splits each season to allow the production to catch up, the British and Canadian channels Sky One and The Movie Network aired the second part of some seasons before their American counterpart. "Stargate Atlantis"<nowiki>'</nowiki> finale episode premiered in the United States on the Sci Fi Channel on January 9, 2009. The series finale was also the series' 100th episode. All five seasons of "Stargate Atlantis" are available on DVD. A direct-to-DVD film tentatively titled "Stargate: Extinction" was planned, but was later shelved.
	The cast of the first season consisted of Joe Flanigan starring as Maj. John Sheppard, David Hewlett as Dr. Rodney McKay, Rachel Luttrell as Teyla Emmagan, Torri Higginson as Elizabeth Weir and Rainbow Sun Francks as First Lt. Aiden Ford. Aiden Ford was reduced to recurring character in season two and was replaced by Jason Momoa as the extraterrestrial human Ronon Dex in episode three of season two. Francks continued to have a recurring role in season 2, until his character's death (although this was not confirmed). After Torri Higginson's departure as a main character from "Stargate Atlantis" after Season 3, she was replaced by Amanda Tapping's Carter from the sister show. Paul McGillion, Robert Picardo and Jewel Staite were also main characters. McGillion became a main character in season two until season three as Carson Beckett, Picardo replaced Tapping as a main character as the new leader of the Atlantis expedition as Richard Woolsey for season five, and Staite portrayed Jennifer Keller as a main character in season five.
<onlyinclude></onlyinclude>
	Episodes in bold are continuous episodes, where the story spans over 2 or more episodes.
	The series picks up the story arc from "Stargate SG-1"'s "Lost City", where people from all around the world come together to form an expedition and discover the wonders of Atlantis. Discovering that they have been cut off from Earth, they must fend for themselves, and discover a powerful new enemy bent on human subjugation.
	The story continues when the Daedalus arrives and renews the expedition's connection to Earth. This takes place alongside the Ori story arc in SG-1, and the Wraith become an even larger threat in the Pegasus Galaxy. But what they deal with in their second year might be more than they can handle, and Dr. Carson Beckett's retrovirus is more trouble than it's worth.
	This season concentrates on more character driven stories. Along with new insight on the characters, the expedition discovers a new threat, one that could be the precursor to the Replicators. Some important characters leave the series in this season, and the fate of Atlantis once again is in the hands of the humans from Earth.
	Amanda Tapping (Col. Samantha Carter) joined the cast as a regular for 14 episodes, Jewel Staite (Dr. Jennifer Keller) became a recurring character for eight episodes, while regular cast member Torri Higginson (Dr. Weir) became a recurring cast member for four episodes. The season started September 28, 2007, airing on the SCI FI channel in the United States. In the United Kingdom, the season premiered on Tuesday, October 9, 2007 on Sky One.
	After being a regular character in season four, Amanda Tapping (Colonel Samantha Carter) became a guest star in several episodes. Robert Picardo (Richard Woolsey) joined the cast as a permanent character as Woolsey assumes command of Atlantis. Actress Jewel Staite (Dr. Jennifer Keller) was promoted from a recurring character to a permanent cast member. Michael Shanks (Dr. Daniel Jackson) and Paul McGillion (Dr. Carson Beckett) appeared as guest stars in this season, with McGillion appearing in five episodes. Actress Torri Higginson had stated that she would not be reprising her role as Dr. Elizabeth Weir in the fifth season. Rainbow Sun Francks as Aiden Ford was given a brief cameo appearance in "Search and Rescue". This was the last season of Stargate Atlantis.
	After the August 20, 2008 announcement that Season 5 of Atlantis would be its last, it was announced the following day that the series would be continued with at least one direct-to-DVD movie. More movies were expected to follow in the "Atlantis" series if the first movie had been successful. However, this first project (entitled "") was put on hold and eventually got shelved permanently in 2011.
	Stargate Atlantis Fan's Choice is a Special Edition Blu-ray, released on August 9, 2009, which contained two episodes voted for by fans. The episodes chosen were the first, "Rising", and last, "Enemy at the Gate", episodes of the series. The cover artwork was also submitted by fans, with the eventual winner being William Johnson of New York City.

= = = Dog health = = =

	The health of dogs is a well studied area in veterinary medicine.
	Infectious diseases that affect dogs are important not only from a veterinary standpoint, but also because of the risk to public health; an example of this is rabies. Genetic disorders also affect dogs, often due to selective breeding to produce individual dog breeds. Due to the popularity of both commercial and homemade dog foods, nutrition is also a heavily studied subject.
	Some diseases and other health problems are common to both humans and dogs; others are unique to dogs and other animals. Dogs are susceptible to various diseases; similarly to humans, they can have diabetes, epilepsy, cancer, or arthritis.
	An infectious disease is caused by the presence of organisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites (either animalian or protozoan). Most of these diseases are spread directly from dog to dog, while others require a vector such as a tick or mosquito. Certain infectious diseases are a concern from a public health standpoint because they are zoonoses (transmittable to humans).
	Viral diseases in dogs can be serious, especially in kennels. Timely vaccination can reduce the risk and severity of an infection. The most commonly recommended viruses to vaccinate dogs against are:
	Bacterial diseases in dogs are usually not contagious from dog to dog; instead they are usually the result of wound colonization, opportunistic infections secondary to decreased resistance (often the result of viral infections), or secondary to other conditions (pyoderma secondary to skin allergies or pyometra secondary to cystic endometrial hyperplasia). These examples are not considered infectious diseases because they do not satisfy Koch's postulates - for example "Staphylococcus intermedius", a commonly isolated bacteria from skin infections in dogs, would not cause pyoderma when introduced to a healthy dog. In all likelihood that type of bacteria is already present on the skin of a healthy dog.
	There are some bacteria that are contagious from dog to dog. The most notable of these are "Bordetella bronchiseptica", one of the causes of kennel cough, "Leptospira" sp, which cause leptospirosis, and "Brucella canis", cause of brucellosis in dogs. There are also common tick-borne bacterial diseases, including Lyme disease, ehrlichiosis, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
	Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by bacteria of the genus "Leptospira". Humans and dogs become infected through contact with water, food, or soil containing urine from infected animals. This may happen by swallowing contaminated food or water or through skin contact, especially with mucosal surfaces, such as the eyes or nose, or with broken skin. In dogs, transmission most commonly occurs by drinking puddle, pond, or ditch water contaminated by urine from infected wildlife such as squirrels or raccoons. The liver and kidney are most commonly damaged by leptospirosis. Vasculitis can occur, causing edema and potentially disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Myocarditis, pericarditis, meningitis, and uveitis are also possible sequelae.
	Brucellosis in dogs is caused by "Brucella canis". It is a sexually transmitted disease, but can also be spread through contact with aborted fetuses. The most common sign is abortion during the last trimester or stillbirth. Other symptoms include inflammation of the intervertebral disc and eye (uveitis), and inflammation of the testicle (orchitis) and prostate (prostatitis) in males.
	Tick-borne diseases are common in dogs. Lyme disease, or borreliosis, is caused by "Borrelia burgdorferi" and spread by "Ixodes pacificus" on the West coast of the United States and by "I. scapularis" (deer tick) in the rest of the U.S. Signs and symptoms include fever, joint swelling and pain, lameness, and swelling of the lymph nodes. It has been diagnosed in dogs in all 48 states of the continental U.S. "Ehrlichia canis", which causes canine ehrlichiosis, and "Rickettsia rickettsii", which causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever, are both spread by the American dog tick, "Dermacentor variabilis", and the brown dog tick, "Rhipicephalus sanguineous".
	One of the most common fungal diseases in dogs is ringworm, or dermatophytosis, an infection of the skin, hair, or nails. There are three fungal species that cause ringworm in dogs. About 70 percent of infections are caused by "Microsporum canis", 20 percent by "M. gypseum", and 10 percent by "Trichophyton mentagrophytes". Signs include hair loss and scaling of the skin. Treatment for localized ringworm is not always necessary as the disease is self-limiting, but the clinical course can be shortened by using topical miconazole or clotrimazole. Generalized infections, most commonly seen in immunocompromised dogs, can be treated with oral antifungal drugs such as griseofulvin or itraconazole. Infection can spread to humans.
	There are several fungal diseases that are systemic in nature, meaning they are affecting multiple body systems. Blastomycosis, caused by "Blastomyces dermatitidis", is a fungal disease that affects both dogs and humans. It is transmitted through the inhalation of fungal spores. It is found mainly in the United States in the Mississippi River and Great Lakes areas. It has also been reported in four Canadian provinces; Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec. Signs include weight loss, cough, fever, enlarged lymph nodes, draining skin lesions, eye inflammation with discharge, blindness, and lameness. Because dogs are ten times more likely to become infected from the environment than humans, they are considered to be sentinels for the disease. Treatment requires a minimum 60-90 day course of oral antifungal medication or in severe cases intravenous antifungal injections.
	Histoplasmosis, caused by "Histoplasma capsulatum", is a disease with a worldwide distribution. In the United States it is mainly found in the Mississippi and Ohio River areas, most commonly in bird and bat feces. Signs include weight loss, cough, fever, enlarged lymph nodes, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Coccidioidomycosis, caused by "Coccidioides immitis", is found in arid and semi-arid regions of Central and South America, Mexico, and southwestern United States. Signs include weight loss, fever, cough, enlarged lymph nodes, and lameness.
	Veterinary parasitology studies both external and internal parasites in animals. External parasites, such as fleas, mites, ticks and mosquitoes can cause skin irritation and are often carriers of other diseases or of internal parasites.
	Genetic conditions are a problem in some dogs, particularly purebreeds. For this reason many of the national kennel clubs require that dogs with certain genetic illnesses or who are deemed to be carriers cannot be registered. Some of the most common conditions include hip dysplasia, seen in large breed dogs, von Willebrand disease, a disease that affects platelets that is inherited in Doberman Pinschers, entropion, a curling in of the eyelid seen in Shar Peis and many other breeds, progressive retinal atrophy, inherited in many breeds, deafness, and epilepsy, known to be inherited in Belgian Shepherd Dogs, German Shepherd Dogs, Cocker Spaniels, and St. Bernards.
	Subaortic stenosis, or SAS, is a genetic ailment that causes a narrowing of the passage of blood between the heart and the aorta. This leads to heart problems and sometimes sudden death. It affects larger breeds such as the Newfoundland Dog and the Golden Retriever. In some dogs, such as collies, the blue merle or harlequin coloring is actually the heterozygote of a partially recessive gene preventing proper development of the nervous system; therefore, if two such dogs are mated, on the average one quarter of the puppies will have severe genetic defects in their nervous systems and sensory organs ranging from deafness to fatal flaws.
	Skin diseases are very common in dogs. Atopy, a chronic allergic condition, is thought to affect up to 10 percent of dogs. Other skin diseases related to allergies include hot spots and pyoderma, both characterized by secondary bacterial infections, food allergy, ear infections, and flea allergy dermatitis. Canine follicular dysplasia is an inherited disorder of the hair follicles resulting in alopecia (baldness). Mange is an infectious skin disease caused by mites. Endocrine diseases such as hypothyroidism and Cushing's syndrome can also manifest as skin problems like alopecia or recurring bacterial infections. Another class of integumentary malady is hygromas, a swelling typically on or near the elbow joint. Nutrition may also play a role in skin disease, as deficiencies in certain nutrients may result in scaling, redness, oiling, balding, and/or itching of the skin.(See dog skin disorders for specific nutrients that impacts skin)
	Physical elements of certain dog breeds also affect susceptibility of individuals to skin problems, such as wrinkled skin or excessive skin folds. For instance, skin-fold dermatitis is a skin infection more prevalent in breeds such as the bulldog, cocker spaniel, and English Springer spaniel.
	Orthopedic diseases in dogs can be developmental, hereditary, traumatic, or degenerative. Because of the active nature of dogs, injuries happen frequently. One of the most common of these is an anterior cruciate ligament injury, a condition which often requires surgery. Bone fractures are a frequent occurrence in outdoor dogs due to trauma from being hit by cars. Degenerative joint disease is common in older dogs and is one of the most likely reasons for prescription of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
	Hereditary orthopedic diseases are mainly found in purebred dogs. Hip dysplasia is a common problem that primarily affects larger breeds. Hip dysplasia is a defect in the shape of the hip joint which can, depending on the degree of hip luxation, be quite painful to the dog as it ages. Over time it often causes arthritis in the hips. Dysplasia can also occur in the elbow joint. Luxating patellas can be a problem for smaller breeds. It can cause lameness and pain in the hind legs.
	Developmental orthopedic diseases include panosteitis and hypertrophic osteodystrophy. Panosteitis occurs in large and giant breed dogs usually between the age of five and fourteen months and manifests as fever, pain, and shifting leg lameness. Hypertrophic osteodystrophy is also seen in young large and giant breed dogs and is characterized by pain, lameness, fever, and swelling of the long bone metaphysis.
	Both benign and malignant tumors are seen in dogs. Common benign tumors include lipomas, non-viral papillomas, sebaceous gland adenoma, and perianal gland adenomas.
	Frequently seen cancers include lymphoma, melanoma, mast cell tumors (which are considered to be potentially malignant, even though they may have benign behavior), and osteosarcoma (bone cancer).
	Certain breeds are more likely to develop particular tumors, larger ones especially. The Golden Retriever is especially susceptible to lymphoma, with a lifetime risk of 1 in 8. Boxers and pugs are prone to multiple mast cell tumors. Scottish terriers have eighteen times the risk of mixed breed dogs to develop transitional cell carcinoma, a type of urinary bladder cancer.
	Due to the indiscriminate nature of a dog's appetite, gastrointestinal upset is a frequent occurrence in dogs. The most common symptoms are anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea. Foreign body ingestion can lead to acute obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract, a very dangerous condition. Acute pancreatitis can also result from dietary indiscretion.
	Gastric dilatation volvulus, or gastric torsion and bloat, primarily affects breeds with deep, narrow chests, such as Great Danes, St. Bernards, German Shepherds, Standard Poodles and Irish Setters. The stomach twists on its supporting ligaments, sealing off the exits, and the contents begin to generate gas pressure which is very painful and rapidly causes shock and necrosis of large areas of stomach tissue. It can be fatal within a few hours. Dogs who have experienced bloat are very susceptible to recurrences. Treatment involves stabilization and abdominal surgery to tack the dog's stomach down to prevent recurrence (gastropexy).
	Eye diseases are common in dogs. Cataracts, canine glaucoma, and entropion are seen in dogs. Canine-specific eye diseases include progressive retinal atrophy, Collie eye anomaly, sudden acquired retinal degeneration, and cherry eye. Injury to the eye can result in corneal ulcers.
	The frequency of bilateral glaucoma with a genetic base in purebred dogs is higher than in any species except humans. Cataracts in dogs either have a genetic base or can also be caused by diabetes. Nuclear sclerosis resembles a cataract but is actually a normal age-related change.
	Signs of vestibular disease include head tilt, circling, nystagmus (an abnormal movement of the eyes), and difficulty or inability to stand. These clinical signs are similar to those seen in humans experiencing vertigo. Vestibular disease may have many causes. Elderly dogs are susceptible to an idiopathic (meaning due to unknown causes) form of vestibular disease commonly called "old dog vestibular disease" or idiopathic peripheral vestibular disease. The signs may improve rapidly or take a few days. Less commonly, vestibular signs can also be caused by inner ear disease, a brain tumor, a stroke, or other causes. The major risk with idiopathic peripheral vestibular disease is that the dog is often unable to eat, drink, or go outside to urinate or defecate. These cases must receive supportive therapy of intravenous fluids and nutrition; a light sedative is sometimes administered, as the dog may be very stressed by the experience.
	Older, small breeds of dogs are prone to congestive heart failure due to degeneration of the mitral valve. This condition is known to be inherited in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Degenerative valve disease is the most common form of heart disease in dogs. Mitral regurgitation leads to turbulent blood flow and increased pressure in the left atrium. This causes increased pressure in the pulmonary blood vessels and pulmonary edema (a build-up of fluid in the lungs). Decreased output of blood by the left ventricle causes the body to compensate by increasing sympathetic tone and activating the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS). Increased sympathetic tone leads to increased peripheral vascular resistance and increased heart rate and contractility of the heart muscle. Chronic elevation of sympathetic tone damages the heart muscle. Activation of the RAAS results in increased retention of water and sodium by the kidneys, blood vessel constriction, and other effects that result in increased blood volume. It also results in an increase in diastolic pressure and leads to pulmonary edema. Treatment for congestive heart failure has historically focussed on two types of drugs that address these concerns: diuretics (especially furosemide), which decrease blood volume, and ACE inhibitors, which interrupt the RAAS. Recently, pimobendan - which increases the force with which the heart muscle contracts, and is also a vasodilator - is being more widely used in the treatment of congestive heart failure caused by valvular disease. A major veterinary study, called the QUEST study (QUality of life and Extension of Survival Time), published in September 2008 found that dogs with congestive heart failure receiving pimobendan plus furosemide had significantly better survival outcomes than those receiving benazepril (an ACE inhibitor) plus furosemide. However, ACE inhibitors and pimobendan have different mechanisms of action, and many veterinary cardiologists recommend they be used concurrently. Within the past decade, a new surgical technique has been developed for mitral valve repair that replaces or strengthens the mitral valve chords with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) prostheses and tightens the mitral valve ring to reduce or eliminate regurgitation.
	Cardiomyopathy, or disease of the heart muscle, is also seen in dogs and is associated with large breeds (the exception being Cocker Spaniels, a medium-sized breed). Dilated cardiomyopathy is seen in Great Danes, Irish Wolfhounds, St. Bernards, Dobermanns, Boxers, and other large breeds. Dobermanns, in addition to heart muscle failure, are prone to ventricular arrhythmias. Boxer dogs are predisposed to a unique cardiomyopathy with clinical and histological changes analogous to human arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). The disease has been termed “Boxer cardiomyopathy” or “Boxer ARVC”, and is characterized by development of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Affected dogs are at risk of syncope and sudden cardiac death. Myocardial failure and congestive heart failure are rare manifestations of this disease.
	Other diseases affecting dogs include endocrine diseases, immune-mediated diseases, and reproductive diseases. Diabetes mellitus, Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease, and hypothyroidism are the most common endocrine diseases. Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia is a devastating disease that causes severe anemia in dogs through red blood cell destruction by the immune system. It has been associated with vaccinations and certain drugs, although many cases are idiopathic. A similar but less severe immune disease is immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, characterized by destruction of platelets by the immune system. Clinical signs include bruising and petechiae (pinpoint bruising, often seen in the mouth). Common reproductive diseases include pyometra (distension of the uterus with pus), mammary tumors, and benign prostatic hyperplasia.
	Psychological anxieties affecting dogs include noise phobia and separation anxiety.
	Some common sources of toxins that pets encounter include some plants, human medications and cosmetics, cleaning products, and even some foods.
	Some foods consumed safely by humans are harmful to dogs:
	Cocoa within chocolate contains theobromine, a chemical stimulant that, together with caffeine and theophylline, belongs to the group of methylxanthine alkaloids. Dogs are unable to metabolize theobromine effectively. If they eat chocolate, the theobromine can remain in their bloodstreams for days, and dogs may experience fast heart rate, severe diarrhea, epileptic seizures, heart attacks, internal bleeding, and eventually death. One ounce (oz) of milk chocolate contains 44 - 55 milligrams (mg) of theobromine, and baker's chocolate contains 393 mg of theobromine. The lethal dose for 50% of dogs (LD50) is 100 - 200 mg per kilogram (kg) of body weight, yet some dogs will exhibit signs of toxicosis after ingesting as little as 20 mg per kg. In case of accidental intake of chocolate, especially involving a smaller dog, contact a veterinarian or animal poison control immediately; it is commonly recommended to induce vomiting within two hours of ingestion. Treatment protocol also includes intravenous fluid therapy and/or administration of activated charcoal. Large breeds are less susceptible to chocolate poisoning, but can still die after eating four ounces of chocolate.
	Carob treats are often available as dog treats; these are unrelated to chocolate and are safe.
	Grapes and raisins can cause acute kidney failure in dogs (see also grape and raisin toxicity in dogs). The exact mechanism is unknown, nor is there any means to determine the susceptibility of an individual dog. While as little as one raisin can be toxic to a susceptible dog, some other dogs have eaten as much as a pound of grapes or raisins at a time without ill effects. The affected dog usually vomits a few hours after consumption and begins showing signs of kidney failure three to five days later. A mycotoxin is suspected to be involved, but one has not been found in grapes or raisins ingested by affected dogs. The reason some dogs develop kidney failure following ingestion of grapes and raisins is not known. The most common pathological finding is proximal renal tubular necrosis.
	Onions cause hemolytic anemia in dogs (and cats). Allyl propyl disulfide has been reported as being considered to be the main cause of onion poisoning in dogs. Thiosulfate has also been implicated. Thiosulfate levels are not affected by cooking or processing. Occasional exposure to small amounts is usually not a problem, but continuous exposure to even small amounts can be a serious threat. Also garlic contains thiosulfate, even if to a significantly lesser extent, and it is also known to cause diarrhea and vomiting. Other signs of toxicosis include pale gums and intravascular hemolysis.
	Nutmeg is highly neurotoxic to dogs and causes seizures, tremors, and nervous system disorders which can be fatal. Nutmeg's rich, spicy scent is attractive to dogs which can result in a dog ingesting a lethal amount of this spice. Eggnog and other food preparations which contain nutmeg should not be given to dogs.
	Macadamia nuts can cause non-fatal stiffness, tremors, hyperthermia, and abdominal pain. The exact mechanism is not known. Most dogs recover with supportive care when the source of exposure is removed.
	Hops, a plant used in making beer, can cause malignant hyperthermia in dogs, usually with fatal results. Certain breeds, such as Greyhounds, seem particularly sensitive to hop toxicity, but hops should be kept away from all dogs. Even small amounts of hops can trigger a potentially deadly reaction, even if the hops are "spent" after use in brewing.
	Ingestion of yeast, for example in uncooked bread dough, can cause intestinal obstruction. The yeast can also cause fermentation internally, resulting in ethanol (alcohol) poisoning.
	Xylitol is a sugar substitute used in chewing gum, chewable vitamins, candy, toothpaste, and other products. Although a small preliminary study indicated xylitol may be safe for dogs, other studies show significant toxicity. There have been cases of foods, candies and gums containing xylitol causing toxic or even fatal liver damage in dogs. Ingestion may cause hypoglycemia.
	Some common household chemicals are particularly dangerous to dogs:
	Poisoning with pain medications is common. Aspirin, paracetamol/acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil), and naproxen (Aleve) can all cause severe clinical signs in dogs, including vomiting blood, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Specifically, aspirin can cause metabolic acidosis and bleeding disorders, acetaminophen can cause liver disease at high doses (the toxic dose is 150 mg per kilogram of body weight), ibuprofen can cause kidney disease, and naproxen can cause ulcers in the stomach, which can perforate. Treatment depends on the clinical signs and often involves inducing vomiting, gastric lavage, intravenous fluid diuresis, and supportive care. The antidote for acetaminophen toxicity is N-acetylcysteine.
	Most diseases that affect dogs or humans are not transferable between the two species. Diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans are termed zoonoses. A well-known zoonosis is rabies, a viral infection transmitted through a bite. A common bacterial zoonosis is leptospirosis, transmitted through urine. Some of the most important zoonoses are parasitic. Zoonotic intestinal parasites transmitted through contact with feces include "Toxocara canis" (the canine roundworm), which causes toxocariasis, visceral larva migrans, and ocular larva migrans, and hookworms, which can cause cutaneous larva migrans. Zoonotic skin parasites include scabies, caused by the mite "Sarcoptes scabiei". The most common zoonotic fungal disease is ringworm, caused in this case by "Microsporum canis".
	Vaccinations are an important preventive animal health measure. The specific vaccinations recommended for dogs varies depending on geographic location, environment, travel history, and the activities the animal frequently engages in. In the United States, regardless of any of these factors, it is usually highly recommended that dogs be vaccinated against rabies, "canine parvovirus", canine distemper, and infectious canine hepatitis (using "canine adenovirus type 2" to avoid reaction). The decision on whether to vaccinate against other diseases, including leptospirosis, Lyme disease, "Bordetella bronchiseptica", "parainfluenza virus", and "canine coronavirus", should be made between an owner and a veterinarian, taking into account factors specific to the dog.
	Dental disease is one of the most common diseases in dogs. Accumulation of plaque and subsequently tartar leads to gingivitis and then periodontitis (gum disease). Periodontitis leads to loss of the bony attachment of the teeth and tooth loss. Preventive measures include tooth brushing, providing an appropriate diet (avoiding tinned and other soft foods and providing dental chew treats) and dental scaling and polishing. Cavities are uncommon in dogs.
	Once-a-month topical products and oral medications are the most commonly used products to kill and prevent heartworm infection and flea or tick infestations. 
	Feeding table scraps to a dog is generally not recommended, at least in excess. Just as in humans, a dog's diet must consist of the appropriate mix of nutrients, carbohydrates, and proteins in order to give them the minerals and vitamins that they need. Dogs get ample correct nutrition from their natural, normal diet; wild and feral dogs can usually get all the nutrients needed from a diet of whole prey and raw meat. In addition, a human diet is not ideal for a dog: the concept of a "balanced" diet for a facultative carnivore like a dog is not the same as in an omnivorous human. Dogs will usually eat all the scraps and treats they are fed: usually too much food. While not all human delicacies are acutely toxic to dogs (see above), many have the same chronically unfortunate results as they do for humans. 
	Obesity is an increasingly common problem in dogs in Western countries. As with humans, obesity can cause numerous health problems in dogs (although dogs are much less susceptible to the common cardiac and arterial consequences of obesity than humans are). According to a study published in the "Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine", the prevalence of obesity in dogs is between 22 and 40 percent.
	Obesity may also be caused by some diseases, such as Cushing's disease or hypothyroidism.
	Dog treats are often given to pets as a reward or just to let them chew on a bone, which works their jaw muscles and helps keep their teeth clean. Although dog treats carry high benefits for dogs' teeth, they can also be a source of problems like obesity when given excessively, especially human table scraps. 
	The type of food given has a direct bearing on the tendency of a dog to become overweight. Table scraps, treats, and even premium high-energy dog foods can contribute to obesity. Therefore, it is highly important to closely monitor the quantity of treats that a dog gets especially when the dog's activity is diminished. Dog treats are more likely to be linked to obesity in old dogs, since in their old age they are less likely to be active and exercising. Active dogs require and use more calories.
	Some dogs may attempt to consume feces. Some consume their own or other dogs' feces; others seem to prefer cat feces (which, due to the feline digestive system, are high in protein and consumed by many animals in the wild.) This can be harmful if the feces has any pathogens or parasites or contain excreted drugs.
	It is not yet clear whether or not vitamins and supplements should be administered in dogs—opinions among veterinarians vary widely. While some think that vitamins and supplements are necessary and can improve the health of a dog, others believe that they are unnecessary and may harm the dog. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), dogs receive a complete and balanced diet from the commercially processed dog food alone. Pet owners who give their dogs homemade diets may incorporate extra vitamins and supplements.
	Between approximately 10 and 30 percent of dogs in the United States receive nutritional supplements. A survey of U.S. pet owners in 2006 found that the most commonly used supplements were multivitamins and chondroprotective agents.
	Overdoses of vitamins can be harmful in dogs. As an example, calcium in excess can cause bone problems, especially in the large-breed dogs. Over-supplementation of vitamins A and D can cause vitamin toxicity in dogs. Excess vitamin A can cause dehydration, joint pain and can also harm the blood vessels, while too much vitamin D can cause muscular atrophy, or loss of appetite.
	Spaying (females) and neutering (males) refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, in order to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Neutering has also been known to reduce aggression in male dogs, but has been shown to occasionally increase aggression in female dogs.
	Animal control agencies in the United States and the ASPCA advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be spayed or neutered so that they do not have undesired puppies.
	Because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries, puppies born to strays or as the result of accidental breedings often end up being killed in animal shelters. Spaying and neutering can also decrease the risk of hormone-driven diseases such as mammary cancer, as well as undesired hormone-driven behaviors. However, certain medical problems are more likely after surgery, such as urinary incontinence in females and prostate cancer in males. The hormonal changes involved with sterilization are likely to somewhat change the animal's personality, however, and some object to spaying and neutering as the sterilization could be carried out without the excision of organs.
	It is not essential for a female dog to either experience a heat cycle or have puppies before spaying, and likewise, a male dog does not need the experience of mating before neutering.
	Female cats and dogs are seven times more likely to develop mammary tumors if they are not spayed before their first heat cycle. The high dietary estrogen content of the average commercial pet food may be contributing factors in the development of mammary cancer, especially when these exogenous sources are added to those normal estrogens produced by the body. Dog food containing soybeans or soybean fractions have been found to contain phytoestrogens in levels that could have biological effects when ingested longterm.

= = = Mater Dei High School (Breese, Illinois) = = =

	Mater Dei Catholic High School (often called Breese Mater Dei), is a Catholic, co-educational high school in Breese, Illinois, United States, in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Belleville. It was founded in 1954 through the merger of St. Dominic’s High School in Breese and St. Mary's High School in Carlyle, Illinois.
	The academic program is accredited by North Central Association of Colleges and Schools, and holds a Certificate of Recognition from the Illinois State Board of Education.
	Recent developments at Mater Dei include the construction of a new east wing, expanding facilities by adding a new band room, weight room, and gym.
	St. Boniface, St. Mary-Centralia, St. Bernard, St. Mary-Edwardsville, St. Rose, St. Felicitas, St. Stephen-Caseyville, St. Francis, St. Teresa-Marydale, St. George, St. Josephs, St. Paul, St. Dominics, St. Mary-Carlyle, St. Augustines, St. Cecilias, St. Marys-Trenton, St. Anthonys- Beckemeyer, and St. Damian. The school also has many students with other religious and non religious beliefs.
	The school offers over 23 clubs covering areas from academic and performing arts to ministry and leadership. Clubs include: Chess club, Book club, Science Club, Model UN, Teens for Life (ProLife Group), Saint Vincent DePaul Society, Student Council, Student Ambassadors, Peer Advisers, Liturgical Planning Core, Liturgical Music Group, Spring Musical, Fall play, and many more. The high school also has a student newspaper (Lance) and an award-winning student designed yearbook (Knight).
	The school sponsors teams in basketball, bowling, cross country, golf, soccer, and track & field for both boys and girls. The school sponsors teams in baseball and football for boys, while girls also compete in cheerleading, softball, and volleyball. The school is an independent school which does not participate in a conference or league, but is a member of the Illinois High School Association (IHSA) which sponsors and governs statewide competition in many sports. For most of its history, Mater Dei competed in the Class A, or smaller school classification. In recent years, the use of a multiplier on private schools has raised the school to the larger class (AA). They now compete in class 3A of the newly implemented four-class system.
	The following teams have won their respective state tournaments sponsored by the IHSA:
	Every September, the school and neighboring Central Community High School play a football event named the Milk Bowl. A traveling trophy in the shape of a traditional milk can is awarded to the winning team to hold for the following year. The event gives both schools the most profit out of all athletic games, activities, etc. and is evenly shared between both. The game's location alternates each year between the schools' football fields. Mater Dei High School also hosts an annual Christmas Basketball Tournament beginning on December 26 every year since 1960. 

= = = Tulga = = =

	Tulga or "Tulca" (living 642) was Visigothic King of Hispania, Septimania and Galicia from 640 to 642, if his father died in December 640, as some sources state. Other sources have his rule beginning as early as 639 or ending as early as 641. He came after his father Chintila in another vain attempt to establish dynastic kingship.
	In 642, Chindasuinth, a Gothic warlord, who may have been as old as 79, commenced a rebellion. He had command of the frontier with the Basques. He saw the crown's weakness and a convention of nobles (landholding Goths) and the people (other Gothic inhabitants) at Pampalica (probably modern Pampliega) proclaimed him king without the support of the church.
	According to Sigebert of Gembloux, the rebel deposed Tulga in Toledo and tonsured him, sending him to live out his days in a monastery, since monks were ineligible for the elective throne. However, Saint Ildephonsus of Toledo says that the rebellion failed without the church's support and Chindasuinth succeeded only on the death of Tulga. From our vantage point, so far in the future, it is impossible to discern the truth.
	Before becoming a monk, he was married and had two daughters: 
	Alonso de Cartagena, Bonifacio Palacios Martín, Biblioteca Nacional (Spain), Faustino Menéndez Pidal de Navascués. Contribuidores Bonifacio Palacios Martín, Biblioteca Nacional 
	Editor Scriptorium, 1995 

= = = Jeff Fahey = = =

	Jeffrey David Fahey (born November 29, 1952) is an American film and television actor. He has portrayed Captain Frank Lapidus on the ABC series "Lost" and the title role of Deputy Marshal Winston MacBride on "The Marshal".
	Fahey was born in Olean, New York, the sixth of 13 siblings in an Irish American family. His mother, Jane, was a homemaker, and his father, Frank Fahey, worked at a clothing store. Fahey was raised in Buffalo, New York, from the age of ten and attended Father Baker's high school there. Fahey left home at the age of 17, subsequently hitchhiking to Alaska. He later backpacked through Europe, and worked on an Israeli kibbutz.
	Fahey started performing when he won a full scholarship to dance at the Joffrey Ballet School at the age of 25. He performed in theaters across the United States and on Broadway. He landed his first major role in television playing Gary Corelli on the soap opera "One Life to Live".
	In 1985, he received his first major role in film, playing Tyree in "Silverado". In 1986, he starred in "Psycho III" as Duane Duke, a money desperate guitarist. That same year, Fahey guest starred on the Season 3 premiere of "Miami Vice" as gun dealer Eddie Kaye, famously destroying Detective Sonny Crockett's Ferrari Daytona.
	In 1990, Fahey starred alongside Marisa Tomei in the TV movie "Parker Kane", and alongside Clint Eastwood in the Eastwood-directed "White Hunter Black Heart". In 1992, he starred alongside Pierce Brosnan in "The Lawnmower Man". In 1995, Fahey was the lead in the Trimark Pictures adventure film "Eye of the Wolf", directed by Arnaud Sélignac, based on the book "KAZAN" by James Oliver Curwood.
	In 1995, he starred as "Winston McBride" on ABC's "The Marshal". In 1999, he played the main character in "". In 2007, he appeared in the Robert Rodriguez film "Planet Terror" and starred in "Messages" with Bruce Payne.
	Fahey appeared as daredevil Dutch the Clutch in an episode of "Psych" at the beginning of the third season of the show.
	Fahey played Frank Lapidus, the airplane and helicopter pilot of the research team sent to the island in "Lost", as a recurring character in the fourth and fifth seasons, and as a regular character in the sixth season.
	In 2010, he had a major role in the Robert Rodriguez's action film "Machete".
	In 2013, a new production of the classic play "Twelve Angry Men" took place at the Garrick Theatre in London, running until March 2014. Fahey played the part of the last juror in the story to change his vote to not guilty. Other notable actors appearing in this production were Martin Shaw who played the part of juror number 8 (a role made famous in the 1957 film by Henry Fonda), Robert Vaughn and Nick Moran.
	In 2015, Jeff Fahey starred in History Channel's mini-series "Texas Rising" as Tom Rusk, the Secretary of War for the new Republic of Texas who fought alongside General Sam Houston.
	In 2017, Jeff Fahey joined the UK tour of Bill Kenwright's production of Gore Vidal's "The Best Man" where he plays the part of US Presidential hopeful Joseph Cantwell against political rival William Russell, played by Martin Shaw.
	In 2006 and 2007, Fahey spent time in Afghanistan assisting the newly established American University of Afghanistan, and launching a project to assist orphans in Kabul.
	Fahey's recent humanitarian work has revolved around the U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, in which he has been focusing on the subject of warehousing, a practice in which the rights and mobility of refugees is restricted by a host country. Fahey's work specifically has addressed the subject of warehoused Sahrawi refugees in Algeria.

= = = Abdul Karim Khan = = =

	Ustad Abdul Karim Khan (Devanagari: अब्दुल करीम ख़ान, Persian: <bdi> </bdi>) (11 November 1872 – 27 October 1937), was an Indian classical singer and, along with his cousin Abdul Wahid Khan, the founder of the Kirana gharana.
	Abdul Karim Khan was born on 11 November 1872 in Kairana town in Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh into a family with music tradition which traced its roots to musician brothers Ghulam Ali and Ghulam Maula. His father, Kale Khan, was the grandson of Ghulam Ali. Abdul Karim Khan received training from his uncle Abdullah Khan and father Kale Khan. He also received guidance from another uncle, Nanhe Khan. Abdul Karim Khan was musically influenced by Ustad Rahmat Khan of Gwalior gharana. Apart from vocals and sarangi, he also learned Veena (Been), Sitar and Tabla.
	According to a story, he was initially a sarangi player, but decided to switch to vocals because of low status of sarangi players. In his early years, he used to sing with his brother Abdul Haq. They appeared before Murtaza Khan of the "Maula Bakhsh Khandan" to appear before the Maharaja (king) and were influenced by Murtaza's style. The king of Baroda State was impressed by this singing duo and made them the court musicians. This is where he met Tarabai Mane, who was the daughter of Sardar Maruti Rao Mane, a member of the royal family. When they decided to get married, they were ousted from Baroda. The couple settled down in Bombay. In 1922, Tarabai Mane left Abdul Karim Khan, which apparently had a major impact on his music – making it pensive and meditative. Karim Khan's first wife, Gafooran, was the sister of another Kirana master Abdul Wahid Khan, who was also his cousin.
	"One of the most melodious classical musicians we have had, Abdul Karim Khan's music always created a sublime atmosphere. The soothing quality of his specially cultivated voice, and his repose style of singing were such that the singer as well as his listeners forgot themselves in a sort of 'trance'."
	Abdul Karim Khan was invited to the Mysore court where he met famous Carnatic music masters who also influenced his music. In particular the singing of his sargam was a direct influence of Carnatic practice. He became a frequent visitor to Mysore Palace which conferred on him the title "Sangeet Ratna". On the way to Mysore he used to stay with his brother in Dharwad where he taught his most famous disciple Sawai Gandharva. In 1900, for eight months he taught Kesarbai Kerkar, who would go on to be one of the 20th century's most renowned vocalists. In 1913, he founded the Arya Sangeet Vidyalaya in Poona to teach music students. He finally settled down in Miraj till his death in 1937 when returning from a concert tour of the South. Every year in August commemorative music concerts are held in Miraj in his honour.
	The innovations he brought to his vocal style distinguishes Kirana style from others. The slow melodic development of the raga in Vilambit laya (slow tempo) was the most characteristic aspect of his music. He worked hard to maintain his voice to be sweet and melodious which shaped his music. The thumri style he developed is also quite different from the 'Poorab ang' or 'Punjabi ang'. His thumri progresses in a leisurely slow pace with ample abandonment. He was also the first Hindustani musician to seriously study the Carnatic system and probably the first to be invited to sing all over the South. He has even recorded a Thyagaraja Krithi. He was also influenced by Rehmat Khan of the Gwalior gharana and adopted the direct style of presentation.
	"Although frail-looking, Khan Saheb maintained excellent health through regular exercises, disciplined habits, and frugal living. His photographs show him as a tall, slim person dressed immaculately in a black 'achkan', a cane in hand, a typical moustache and a red gold-bordered turban, and most striking of all, his dreamy eyes."
	Abdul Karim's disciples include Rambhau Kundagolkar (Sawai Gandharva), Roshan Ara Begum, Sureshbabu Mane, and Vishwanathbuwa Jadhav.
	Ustad Abdul Karim Khan died on 27 October 1937

= = = Susannah Melvoin = = =

	Susannah Melvoin (born January 26, 1964) is an American vocalist and songwriter, best known for her association with Prince in the mid-1980s. Coming from a musical family, Melvoin is the twin sister of musician Wendy Melvoin, sister of Jonathan Melvoin (former touring keyboardist with The Smashing Pumpkins), and daughter of jazz pianist (and former NARAS president) Michael Melvoin.
	Susannah got her start working with Prince in the mid-1980s during sister Wendy's stint with The Revolution. During this period, she was tapped to be a joint lead vocalist of one of Prince's side projects, The Family. Prince wrote The Family's 1985 song, "Nothing Compares 2 U", about Melvoin. The song charted when Sinéad O'Connor covered it in 1990.
	Later, she joined the expanded line-up of The Revolution, adding backing vocals to "Parade", including the 1986 single "Anotherloverholenyohead". She designed the "Dream Factory" jacket, and, in addition to Wendy & Lisa of The Revolution, received a credit on "Sign o' the Times" (she co-wrote the song "Starfish and Coffee").
	Melvoin was engaged to Prince, and during their relationship he wrote several songs about her.
	Melvoin has subsequently worked as a background vocalist for such artists as Roger Waters, Eric Clapton and Mike Oldfield among others and has performed vocals on Wendy & Lisa's albums.
	As a songwriter, she has co-written songs performed by Madonna (Melvoin co-wrote "Ray of Light"s fourth track "Candy Perfume Girl"), Eric Clapton, and Doyle Bramhall II of Arc Angels.
	She was married to Doyle Bramhall II from 1997 to 2010 and has two daughters, India (born in 2002) and Elle (born in 2005), from the marriage.
	She has also performed in small or cameo roles in three small-budget films, including "Skin & Bone" and "Luster".
	In 2007, The Family reunited to record a new album, and renamed themselves fDeluxe in 2009.

= = = John Worrall = = =

	John Worrall may refer to:

= = = WLMG = = =

	WLMG (101.9 MHz, "Magic 101.9 FM") is a commercial FM radio station licensed to New Orleans, Louisiana. Owned by Entercom, it broadcasts an adult contemporary radio format. From mid-November to December 25th each year, it switches to all-Christmas music. The station's studios and offices are located at the 400 Poydras Tower in New Orleans' downtown district.
	WLMG has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 100,000 watts, the maximum for non-grandfathered FM stations. The transmitter site is off Bahrman Highway in the Algiers neighborhood of New Orleans. WLMG broadcasts in the HD Radio hybrid format.
	On March 15, 1970, the station first signed on the air as WWL-FM. It was owned by Loyola University of the South, now known as Loyola University New Orleans. Loyola also owned Channel 4 WWL-TV and AM powerhouse 870 WWL. 
	WWL and WWL-FM had the same call sign but separate formats. The AM was a full service middle of the road station while WWL-FM played beautiful music. It featured quarter hour sweeps of instrumental cover versions of popular songs with Hollywood and Broadway show tunes.
	In the mid-1970s, station management decided to go in a radically different direction, seeking a younger demographic for WWL-FM. Out went the soft instrumental musicians such as Henry Mancini and Percy Faith, trading them in for Michael Jackson and Paul McCartney. WWL-FM flipped to a Top 40 sound. But this was an era where most young people still were listening to inexpensive AM radios for their favorite hits. The station failed to make much headway against AM Top 40 leader 690 WTIX (now WQNO).
	By May 1976, WWL-FM returned to easy listening music. The format featured mostly instrumental songs with several soft vocals each hour. On December 26, 1980, to separate the FM station's image from its AM and TV counterparts, the call letters were changed to WAJY. The station, calling itself "Joy 102," moved closer to a 50/50 mix of instrumentals and vocals, some from soft rock artists such as Elton John, Olivia Newton-John, Stevie Wonder and Chicago.
	Through the 1980s, the easy format saw its audience continuing to age, while most advertisers seek young and middle-aged listeners. In 1987, the station completed its transition to a soft adult contemporary sound, eliminating the instrumental songs. The call sign was changed to WLMG using the moniker "Magic 102." With most radios in the 1990s going from analog dials to digital, the station began calling itself "Magic 101.9" in 1995.
	Over the next decade, WWL and WLMG switched hands several times. In 1989, Loyola University sold the stations to Keymarket Communications. The TV station was sold to a group of its employees, using the name Rampart Broadcasting. In July 1995, the radio stations were acquired by River City Communications. Later ownership switched to Sinclair Broadcasting. And in December 1999, WWL and WLMG were acquired by Entercom.
	In the early 2000s, WLMG moved to a mainstream adult contemporary sound. The tempo of the songs was picked up and the disc jockeys added more personality. The playlist extends from the 1980s to current day AC hits. In 2006, the WWL-FM call sign returned to New Orleans, on another station. Entercom decided to give AM 870 WWL an FM simulcast on 105.3 MHz, allowing WWL listeners the choice to hear the station on FM or AM.

= = = Louis Armstrong Stadium (1978–2016) = = =

	Louis Armstrong Stadium was a tennis stadium of the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center and one of the venues of the U.S. Open. Armstrong was the main stadium before Arthur Ashe Stadium opened in 1997, after which it served as the No. 2 stadium. It is named after the noted jazz musician Louis Armstrong, who lived nearby until his death in 1971 and was a significant figure in the Civil Rights Movement.
	The stadium was originally built as the Singer Bowl for the 1964 New York World's Fair, and hosted special events and concerts afterwards. It was renamed the Louis Armstrong Stadium in 1973 but closed the following year. 
	In the early 1970s, the United States Tennis Association was looking for a new place to host the US Open as relations with the West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills, which had hosted the tournament, were breaking down. The USTA was initially unable to find a sufficient site, but the association's incoming president, W.E. Hester saw the old Singer Bowl from the window of an airplane flying into LaGuardia Airport. The old, long rectangular stadium was heavily renovated and divided into two venues, becoming the square Louis Armstrong Stadium, with the remaining third becoming the attached Grandstand, with a seating capacity of about 6,000.
	In 1997, the stadium was replaced as the US Open's primary venue by the new Arthur Ashe Stadium. Armstrong Stadium was renovated again, with the top tiers of seating being removed. The stadium held close to 18,000 at its peak, but this was reduced to around 10,200 with the renovation, which also added a brick facade to match that of Ashe Stadium.
	The stadium was demolished in October 2016.
	A new 14,000-seat Louis Armstrong Stadium opened for the 2018 US Open. This new stadium features a retractable roof and is the largest of No. 2 stadium at a Grand Slam site. For the 2017 tournament, while construction was still ongoing on the new stadium, a temporary 8,800-seat stadium was built on the site of the demolished ticket office and East Gate entrance, on Parking Lot B, close to the boardwalk ramp to the subway and LIRR trains.
	Notes
	Sources

= = = Ion Moța = = =

	Ion I. Moța [or Motza] (5 July 1902, Orăștie, Austria-Hungary—13 January 1937, Majadahonda, Spain) was the Romanian nationalist deputy leader of the Iron Guard killed in battle during the Spanish Civil War.
	Son of the nationalist Orthodox priest Ioan Moța, who edited a journal called "Liberty", Ion I. Moța studied law at University of Paris (1920-1921), the University of Cluj, University of Iași and University of Grenoble. His thesis, finished in 1932 at the University of Grenoble, was entitled "Juridical Security in the Community of Nations."
	At Cluj, he founded Acțiunea Românească ("Romanian Action"), a nationalist group inspired by Charles Maurras' Action Française. This organization fused with A. C. Cuza's National-Christian Defense League in 1925. Moța met Corneliu Zelea Codreanu at a meeting of antisemitic students in August 1923. The two formed a plan to assassinate Romanian politicians and leaders of Romanian Jewry seen as traitors and corruptors of Romanian national life. They were arrested in Bucharest on 8 October 1923 and sent to Văcărești prison. Acquitted in March 1924, Moța shot Vernichescu, the member of their conspiracy who betrayed it to the authorities, seven times (but not fatally). He spent two months in Galata prison before being acquitted and released on 29 September 1924.
	Codreanu made Moța leader of "Frăția de Cruce", a group of peasants and students who would fight for nationalistic renewal (founded on 6 May 1924). Moța attended the World Anti-Semitic Congress in September 1925; upon the founding of the Iron Guard (the "Legion of the Archangel Michael"), on 24 June 1927, he became deputy Captain to Codreanu.
	Ion Moța represented the Legion at the 1934 Fascist International meeting in Montreux. He was vice-president of the Iron Guard political creation, the "Everything for the Country Party". From 1934 through 1936, he served as a correspondent for "Welt-Dienst" / "World-Service", an anti-Jewish publication founded by Ulrich Fleischhauer in Erfurt, Germany. Fleischhauer was a staunch believer in the veracity of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion and appeared as an "expert witness" for the pro-Nazis at the famous Berne Trial.
	In late 1936, Moța formed a Legionary unit to fight against the Republican forces in the Spanish Civil War. He and Vasile Marin (another prominent Legionary) were killed on the Madrid Front on the same day of fighting (13 January 1937). Their funerals in Bucharest (13 February 1937) were an immense and orderly procession ("see Funerals of Ion Moța and Vasile Marin"), attended by the Ministers of Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Francisco Franco's Spain, representatives of Portugal, the Japan of the early Shōwa period, and delegates of the Polish Patriotic Youth.
	On the commemoration of the deaths of Moța and Marin, 13 January 1938, Codreanu created a special order in the ranks of the Legionary units: the Moța-Marin Corps under the direction of Alexandru Cantacuzino. The members of this elite corps had "Ready to Die" as their slogan.
	A monument was erected at Majadahonda, on 13 September 1970, with support of Franco's government.

= = = Albert of Hohenzollern = = =

	Albert of Prussia or Albert of Hohenzollern (in German, Albrecht von Hohenzollern) may refer to:

= = = Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority = = =

	Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority (SHFA) was a statutory authority that owned and managed some of the Government of New South Wales most significant Sydney harbour foreshore assets, including Sydney's heritage and cultural precincts at The Rocks and Darling Harbour. The Foreshore Authority was also place manager for a number of culturally significant sites in Sydney, including Rozelle Rail Yards, White Bay Power Station and Ballast Point Park.
	The authority was formed in 1998 under the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Act, 1998 to consolidate the works and functions of the City West Development Corporation, Darling Harbour Authority and Sydney Cove Authority. In September 2015 the NSW Government announced that the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority's functions would be consolidated with Government Property NSW (Property NSW), as part of a move to consolidate government approaches to property and precinct management, including removing duplication of functions. The "Statute Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 2015" took effect on 1 July, consolidating all functions of the SHFA into Property NSW.
	The Authority's mandate was to:
	The Authority managed commercial and retail leases, providing security, cleaning, building maintenance and other facility management services, and had the responsibility for heritage protection, including over 100 New South Wales State Heritage listed items.
	The Authority had previously been responsible for managing specific areas of foreshore land in Sydney, including Barangaroo (managed by the Barangaroo Delivery Authority) and the Darling Quarter retail and commercial redevelopment at Darling Harbour.
	As a part of the Department of Finance and Services (New South Wales) cluster, it was autonomously administered by a Board that reported to the New South Wales Minister for Finance, Services and Property. 

= = = Modibo Adama = = =

	Adama ɓii Ardo Hassana (1786 – 1847), more commonly known as Modibbo Adama, was a Fulani scholar and holy warrior, who hailed from the Ba'en clan of Fulbe. He led a jihad into the region of Fombina (in modern-day Cameroon and Nigeria), opening the region for Fulani colonisation. As a result of Adama's constant warring, the Fulani today make up the largest ethnic group in Northern Cameroon (at more than 60% of the region's entire population, which considering the fact that they weren't from the area, is a remarkable feat), and Islam is the dominant religion. The wars also forced many peoples south into the forest region.
	Adama studied in Hausaland and earned the title "Modibbo" ("Lettered One") for his scholarship. Upon finishing his studies, he returned home to Gurin and learned of the jihad declared by Fulani mystic Usman dan Fodio. When he accompanied a delegation to visit Usman, the leader ordered Adama to extend his jihad east as "Lamido Fombina" (Ruler of the Southlands).
	Adama raised an army and attacked Bata settlements near Gurin. He took the villages, and many more traditional Fulbe leaders and new soldiers came to his side. He next took on Mandara, the largest and best organised state in the region. He swept over several smaller settlements and eventually conquered the Mandara capital, Dulo, with ease. While his men celebrated, however, the Mandara army counterattacked and recaptured the town.
	Though he fought many more campaigns, Adama now spent most of his time in Yola, which became his capital. He set about creating the administrative structure of his new state, which he named Adamawa after himself. Adama ruled the empire, subordinate only to Usman dan Fodio in Sokoto. Below him lay the heads of major settlements, known as lamibe (singular: lamido). The village formed the smallest unit of government.
	Upon Adama's death in 1847, his son Muhammadu Lawal became Lamido of Adamawa. The empire was not to last, however, as colonial battles and division eventually destroyed the independent Fulani state. The conquest had long-term repercussions, however. The Fulani became the dominant ethnic group in the region, and Islam the major religion. The herdsmen altered the land to be more suitable for herding cattle, their primary pursuit. The jihad also pushed those peoples who had lived on the Adamawa Plateau south into the forest, the single most important event in the populating of Southern Cameroon.
	Adama came from a respected but humble family; his father, Hassana, was a well regarded scholar of Islam and minor nobleman from Ba'ajo. Adama travelled to Bornu for his education, where he stayed for some time under the tutelage of Mallam Kiari. He continued his studies in Hausaland (modern Northern Nigeria), where legend says his teacher was the Fulani Shehu Usman dan Fodio in Degel. Adama proved a bright scholar and a pious Muslim, and he earned the title "Modibo", "Lettered One". After several years away, he returned home to Guringa around 1804. There, the news was grim. Adama's father had died in 1803 fighting the Bata.
	Talk in Gurina also concerned events in Hausaland. Word had arrived that Usman dan Fodio had declared a militant jihad on the Hausa leaders. He had installed himself at Gudu and subsequently defeated non-Fulani leaders at Gobir and Kébbi. Usman had now turned his attention to Bornu and to the vast southlands of Fumbina (modern-day Northern Cameroon).
	Still, the picture seemed unclear to leaders farther from the fighting. Was Usman a "Mujaddid" (reformer), or was he the "Mahdi", a saviour figure who would create an ideal Muslim society? In 1805 or 1806, the Fulani leaders at Guringa assembled a delegation to visit Usman and find out. Adama's pious reputation and familiarity with Hausaland made him a natural fit for the mission.
	The party met Usman in 1806, probably in Gwandu. There, they learned that his intention was to extend his jihad eastward, into Fumbina. The goal was ostensibly to convert various Kirdi (pagan) peoples to Islam and to protect Muslims who already lived in the area. The jihadists were also supposed to educate the region's current Muslim population, many of whom merged Islam with paganism.
	Though not the oldest member, Adama was one of the more zealous about Usman's ideas. Usman thus presented him with a command that would change his life dramatically. The Shehu gave Adama his blessing and presented him with a flag, the symbol of command in Usman's army. The Shehu then charged Adama to carry the jihad into Fumbina and from the Nile to the Bight of Biafra. Adama also received the power to distribute flags of command to others, thus establishing more centres of Fulani Islam and spreading the war to farther reaches.
	Adama immediately began recruiting Fulani and Hausa volunteers and mercenaries. These were mainly mounted cavalrymen fighting with sword, bow, and poisoned arrow. Adama forbade them to pillage or to kill indiscriminately, but enemy nations were given two choices: convert to Islam or become a tributary state. Those ethnic groups that lacked a centralised government had but one: become slaves to the Fulani and convert to their faith.
	The non-Fulani Muslims of the Adamawa largely rejected Adama's jihad; they viewed it as little more than an excuse to spread Fulani hegemony. However, it was primarily the Fulani leaders ("ardo'en", singular: "ardo") of Fumbina with whom Adama was concerned. Some of them rejected his primacy for various reasons: He was from a fairly humble background, he owned little wealth, his army was still small, and he lacked charisma. The majority, however, welcomed Adama as a military commander or religious leader at the very least. Adama's son-in-law, Jauro Dembo, had already settled in Fumbina at Malabu and became one of his lieutenants.
	The makeshift army made headquarters at Gurin, a fort at the junction of the Faro and Benue Rivers where Fulani warriors had regrouped after fighting the Bata in 1803. Adama then led his forces in a series of strikes on Bata settlements such as Pema, Tepa, and Turuwa. The victories elated Adama's men, who took numerous Bata slaves.
	The early successes convinced more local Fulani leaders to come to Adama's side. Even those ardo'en who opposed his political rule recognised the jihad as an opportunity to expand their territories. Njobdi of the Wollarbe clan is one notable example, and his major rival, Hammam Sambo, perhaps the first ardo to have settled in Fumbina, proved the major holdout. Bitter relations between Njobdi and Hammam would prove a major obstacle in Adama's quest to maintain a cohesive empire.
	In addition, common Fulani were inspired by Adama's exploits and formed into bands. Adama created a new position for their leaders: The "lamido" (plural: "lamibe"), who was the leader of a particular territory, as opposed to an ardo, leader of a particular people. Both groups received flags of command and shared the same status in Adama's armies. Before his death, Adama would appoint over 40 non-ardo lamibe. They would prove his most loyal lieutenants.
	Adama turned his attentions on the only major state in Fumbina that could present a threat to his fledgling emirate: Mandara. It was an attractive target. It lay between Bornu to the north and Baghirmi in the Chad Basin, so its fall would facilitate the conquest of these areas. Its people were already Muslim, though they mixed the religion with pagan practices. Moreover, it had a large population from whom soldiers could be conscripted, and it was renowned for its excellent horses. Mandara was well organised, however, and would not be an easy prize. The people who lived there, the Mandarawa, had a long-standing rivalry with the Fulani, who had fought them under the Bornu in previous years. This animosity only served to drive more Fulani to Adama's armies, though, as many veterans were eager for another crack at an old rival. Furthermore, Fulbe rulers Modibo Damraka and others were already embroiled in fighting against the Mandara in the Diamaré Plain. Sentiment for jihad was high.
	Adama reached Guringa in 1809 with a large army in good morale. He quickly conquered the Mandara settlement at Guider and headed north, taking several more villages along the way. Outside of the Mandara capital, Dulo, Adama demanded that the king, Bukar Djiama, swear his allegiance and convert to Islam untainted with paganism. Bukar agreed to acknowledged Adama's right to rule his own subjects, but he refused to yield his own sovereignty. Adama and his men took Dulo with little fighting.
	Adama searched for someone to rule the settlement, but he found no one whom he felt adequate for the post. Meanwhile, his troops revelled in their plunder. No one expected the Mandara counterattack, which was launched from nearby Mora. Adama fled the town, and Dulo fell from his grasp forever.
	Adama and his men retreated to Yola (in present-day Nigeria). The town would become his capital by 1841. From here, he and his lieutenants continued to expand the emirate, which he named Adamawa after himself. The subordinates had to send him tribute in the form of cattle. Large settlements such as Maroua, Garoua, and Ngaoundéré fell to Adama or his lieutenants. By 1825, the Fulani had penetrated the Adamawa Plateau. Nevertheless, Adama lived in relatively moderate surroundings and never acquired great wealth.
	From Yola, Adama began the administrative tasks necessary for his nascent state. He did this with Usman's advice; he was to foster understanding between his people and their governors, facilitate communication between elders and their subordinates, and prevent the stratification of society based on class or wealth. The empire eventually took on three administrative tiers. At the centre was the "emir al-Mu'minin" ("commander of the faithful"), Adama himself, ruling from Yola and answering only to Usman dan Fodio in Sokoto. A contingent of councillors and administrators directly aided him, and a household staff of non-Fulbe and slaves doubled as his bodyguard. Below him were a number of district leaders, the lamibe, who ruled key settlements. Under them were a number of villages, each headed by a village chief.
	Meanwhile, some of the older ardo'en grew powerful through their own conquests. They regarded the unconquered areas near their territories as their own private backyards and defended these zones from all comers. This sometimes surfaced in their relations with Adama, such as when Bouba Njida of Rai refused to come to Adama's aid when the emir was fighting the Namchi at Poli. Instead, Bouba waited for Adama to retreat from the area to bring in his own forces and finish the enemy off. He then sent prisoners from the battle to Adama as a gift.
	Adama died in 1847 and was laid to rest at Yola (his tomb survives to this day). Adamawa covered 103,000 km² from Lake Chad to Banyo and was inhabited by 1,500,000 people. Further expansion to the south had proved difficult and undesirable since the presence of the tsetse fly and thick jungle made cattle rearing difficult there.
	Adama's son Muhammadu Lawal succeeded him after a brief regency under Hamidu bi Adama. Eventually, three of Adama's other sons would at some point serve as Emir of Adamawa. Not until the British and German colonial periods would the emirate come to an end.
	Despite their loss of independence, the Fulani were now the preeminent ethnic group of Northern Cameroon. They spread Islam throughout the region, establishing it as the dominant religion. Education also flourished, as new converts learned Arabic writing and studied the Qur'an. Trade flourished, and communications with it. The conquests were also important ecologically. Lands that had once been used for cultivation now became part of Fulani pastureland. Herdsmen cut down trees to make way for cattle, and they burned grasses that their herds later trampled. Centuries of such behaviour have replaced the region's forest with savanna.
	Ironically, the Adamawa was more sparsely populated after Adama's conquest. Rather than fight the Fulani invaders, many peoples fled, displacing others in turn. The Adamawa Plateau, once home to many of Cameroon's ethnic groups, soon became a pastureland, and the forest zone of Cameroon became more heavily populated.

= = = San Juan 24 = = =

	The San Juan 24 is an American sailboat that was designed by Bruce Kirby as an International Offshore Rule Quarter Ton class racer.
	The design was built by the Clark Boat Company in Kent, Washington, United States, starting in 1973 but it is now out of production. A total of 1200 examples of the design were built.
	The San Juan 24 is a small recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim. It has a masthead sloop rig, a raked stem, a raised reverse transom, an internally-mounted spade-type rudder controlled by a tiller and a fixed fin keel. It displaces and carries of lead ballast.
	The boat has a draft of with the standard keel fitted and is normally fitted with a small outboard motor for docking and maneuvering.
	The design has a PHRF racing average handicap of 219 with a high of 231 and low of 216. It has a hull speed of .
	Similar sailboats

= = = The Death of Hope = = =

	The Death of Hope by Jude Watson is the fifteenth in a series of young reader novels called "". The series explores the adventures of Qui-Gon Jinn and Obi-Wan Kenobi prior to "".
	Everything is a confusion in the New Apsolon mission. The Jedi Knight Tahl, partner of Qui-Gon Jinn, has been trapped. The Jedi Master soon forgets his apprentice Obi-Wan Kenobi and goes after his beloved Tahl. No one can be trusted and Tahl is dying.
	When Obi-Wan and Qui-Gon discover Tahl, she is severely maimed. After returning to the capital, Tahl perishes, which sends Qui-Gon over the edge. Qui-Gon now begins his call to vengeance, which is targeted at the leader of the rogue faction that caused the entire catastrophe.

= = = Robert E. Lavender = = =

	Robert E. Lavender (born July 19, 1926) is a retired Justice of the Oklahoma Supreme Court, serving from 1965 until 2007. He served as the Court's Chief Justice from 1979 to 1981.
	Robert E. Lavender was born in Muskogee, Oklahoma, and grew up first in Tulsa and then on a farm in Catoosa, outside of Tulsa, where he graduated from high school in 1944. Immediately enlisting in the United States Navy, he spent the final year of World War II, on reserve duty in the South Pacific. In 1953, he earned an LLB degree from the University of Tulsa College of Law.
	While earning his law degree, Lavender worked as an assistant court clerk in the Tulsa County District and Common Pleas courts. After graduation, he became Assistant City Attorney in Tulsa, before joining a private practice in Claremore, Oklahoma.
	Lavender was still in private practice when Governor Henry Bellmon appointed him to fill a vacancy on the Oklahoma Supreme Court in 1965, representing District No. 1. The vacancy was caused by the impeachment of Justice N. B. Johnson. The next year, he was elected to hold that same seat for a full six-year term, ending in 1972, and he was subsequently reelected in 1972, 1978, 1984, 1990, 1996, and 2002. While on the Supreme Court, Lavender authored an opinion abrogating state sovereign immunity ("Vanderpool v. State", 1983).
	He retired from the Oklahoma Supreme Court, effective August 1, 2007. A retirement ceremony was held in his office on July 23, 2007, where his family, friends and present and former Supreme Court colleagues honored him for his 42 years of service on the court, longer than any other justice in the history of the Oklahoma Supreme Court. Then-Governor Brad Henry read a quote that Lavender had made when he first took office. "My sole ambition as a member of this court is to study the cases, work hard, and so conduct my personal life as to inspire confidence and earn the trust of the people in this court as an institution. It is my opinion that a strong and independent judiciary composed of men of unimpeachable integrity is an absolute essential to the continuation of our society.”
	Later, Governor Henry appointed John F. Reif to succeed Justice Lavender.
	Lavender married Maxine Knight on December 22, 1945. The couple had met while both were attending Catoosa High School. Lavender's wife worked as a child development specialist and, after her retirement, as a consultant for blind and visually-impaired students in nearby school districts. They were married until her death on March 5, 2010.

= = = Kirana gharana = = =

	Kirana gharana is one of the most prolific Indian classical khyal gharanas, and is concerned foremost with perfect intonation of notes (swara).
	The central concern of the Kirana style is swara, or individual notes, in particular precise tuning and expression of notes. In the Kirana Gayaki (singing style), the individual notes (swaras) of the raga are considered not just random points in the scale but independent realms of music capable of horizontal expansion. Highly emotional "pukars" in the higher octaves form a part of the musical experience. Another unique feature of this gharana is the highly intricate and ornate use of the "sargam taan" (weaving patterns with the notations themselves) introduced by Abdul Karim Khan under influence from the Carnatic classical style.
	In the late nineteenth century Abdul Karim Khan and Abdul Wahid Khan revolutionized the khayal gayaki by introducing the vilambit (a slow tempo section) to delineate the structure of the raga note by note.
	Frequently performed ragas by musicians of the gharana include Todi, Lalit, Multani, Patdeep, Puriya, Marwa, Shuddha Kalyan, Darbari Kanhara, and Komal-Rishabh Asavari. Noted Marathi thespian PuLa Deshpande has pointed out that performers from the Kirana gharana are particularly fond of the Komal Re/Rishabh (or minor second in the western system) note of the classical music scale, a frequent feature of these commonly performed ragas.
	In the 19th-century the Kirana gharana coalesced around Miyan Bande Ali Khan, a player of the rudra veena. The gharana's style was further developed, and established as one of the prominent styles in modern Indian classical music in the late 19th / early 20th centuries by the musicians Abdul Karim Khan and Abdul Wahid Khan. Abdul Karim Khan was an extremely popular musician, and was thus highly influential in popularizing the gharana. Some trace the gharana's roots back farther to the 13th-century musician Gopal Nayak, a Hindu musician (of the dhrupad style) who later converted to Islamic Sufism and in the process assimilated the predominantly Muslim khyal musical style.
	The name of this school of music derives from Kirana or Kairana, a town and tehsil of Shamli District in Uttar Pradesh. It is the birthplace of Abdul Karim Khan (1872–1937), who was one of the most important musicians of this gharana and of Hindustani music in general in the twentieth century. A frequent visitor to the Court of Mysore, Abdul Karim Khan was also influenced by Carnatic music, and roots of the tradition can also be traced back to his great-grandfather Ghulam Ali and Ghulam Maula, the brother of Ghulam Ali.
	Owing to the popularity of Abdul Karim Khan, most contemporary Hindustani musicians from Karnataka are exponents of Kirana gharana, and Kirana gharana in turn has absorbed many of the features of the Carnatic tradition. The culturally rich border region between Karnataka and Maharashtra is particularly well known for its association with the gharana.
	The other primary master of the gharana, in the early 20th century, was Abdul Karim Khan's cousin Abdul Wahid Khan who chose to settle at Lahore, Pakistan after the 1947 Partition of British India.

= = = James Robinson Graves = = =

	James Robinson Graves (April 10, 1820 – June 26, 1893) was an American Baptist preacher, publisher, evangelist, debater, author, and editor. He is most noted as the original founder of what is now the Southwestern family of companies. Graves was born in Chester, Vermont, the son of Z. C. Graves, and died in Memphis, Tennessee. His remains are interred in Elmwood Cemetery in Memphis.
	In 1855, Graves established Southwestern Publishing House in Nashville, Tennessee. The company's name was chosen because, at that time, Nashville was in the southwestern part of the United States. Southwestern originally published "The Tennessee Baptist", a Southern Baptist newspaper, and religious booklets which were sold by mail for 20¢ and 30¢ each.
	Prior to the Civil War, most Bibles were printed in the North, rather than the Confederacy. Graves acquired stereotype plates from the North and began printing Bibles for sale in August 1861. He also produced and sold educational books. After the 1864 Battle of Nashville resulted in a Union victory, Graves relocated to Memphis, as he felt vulnerable because of articles he had published against the North. The company resumed publishing in 1867.
	In 1868, Graves discontinued the company’s mail order business, and began training young men as independent dealers to sell Bibles and educational books door-to-door as a way to earn money for college. Graves retired in 1871.
	Though raised in a Congregationalist family, Graves joined a Baptist church at age 15. Contemporary fellow ministers in the Southern Baptist Convention praised his preaching abilities. Thomas Treadwell Eaton wrote, "We have seen him hold a congregation packed uncomfortably, for three hours and a half without any sign of weariness on their part. This was not done once or twice, but scores of times." Denominational leader James Bruton Gambrell described one of Graves' sermons at a small church in Mississippi as "The Greatest Sermon I Ever Heard." Scholars have recognized Graves as an early and chief promulgator of the Landmark movement. The subject's Nashville publishing house, Graves, Marks, & Co, which later became South-Western Publishing, published all of fellow 'Landmarker' Amos Cooper Dayton's books. Both were expelled as 'schismatics' between 1858 and 1859 from the Nashville First Baptist Church due to their theological perspectives on their apostolic connection.

= = = Suwa Yorishige = = =

	Suwa Yorishige fought Takeda Nobutora in the 1531 "Battle of Shiokawa no gawara". Suwa Yorishige was then defeated by Takeda Shingen in the 1542 Battle of Sezawa and the Siege of Uehara. Following the Siege of Kuwabara, he committed suicide.

= = = Half-pass = = =

	The half-pass is a lateral movement seen in dressage, in which the horse moves forward and sideways at the same time. Unlike the easier leg-yield, the horse is bent in the direction of travel, slightly around the rider's inside leg. The outside hind and forelegs should cross over the inside legs, with the horse's body parallel to the arena wall and his forehand leading. The horse should remain forward, balanced, and bent, moving with cadence. The inside hind leg remains engaged throughout the half-pass, and the horse should not lose its rhythm.
	The half-pass is a variation of haunches-in (travers), executed on a diagonal line instead of along the wall. At higher levels it is used to perform a counter-change of hand, combining more than two half-passes with changes of direction in a zig-zag pattern.
	The half-pass requires more balance, engagement, and collection from a horse than the leg-yield. This is because the horse is slightly bent in the direction of movement in the half-pass. In the leg-yield, the horse is fairly straight or looking slightly away from the direction of travel.
	The half-pass is a schooling movement that requires the horse to engage the hindquarters and increase its impulsion, it can therefore be used to improve both collection or impulsion. The half-pass is commonly seen in dressage tests beginning at the United States Dressage Federation third level.
	The half-pass is usually taught after the haunches-in is well confirmed. It may first be introduced by riding a half-10-meter circle from the long side to the centerline, or a half-volte, and then half-passing in. The circle naturally places the horse's body in the correct bend, and helps to encourage the engagement needed for the movement. The outside hind leg must step well under the horse's body to push the animal forward and sideways. A rider uses an active outside leg slightly behind the neutral position to ask the horse to step forward and under. The outside rein maintains the correct bend and contains the energy of the horse, the inside leg keeps the horse moving forward, and the inside rein guides the forehand in the direction of movement. The rider also uses his or her inside seat bone to help maintain bend. If the rider is off-center or twisted, the horse will also be crooked or off-balance.
	If the horse loses quality in the movement, such as lack of correct bend (haunches leading or inside shoulder falling inward), loss of rhythm, or stiffness, the rider straightens the horse and rides forward.
	The beginning and the end of the movement needs special attention concerning control and balance.

= = = Rhasaan Orange = = =

	Rhasaan Orange (born August 25, 1975) is an American comedian and actor. Orange is, perhaps, best known for his creation and portrayal of the fictional Brazilian Renato Laranja. The Laranja persona is an arrogant Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu champion with a thick accent, and the character is somewhat of an alter-ego; 'Laranja' is Portuguese for 'Orange'. Although Orange never grappled professionally, he earned a black belt rank in 10th Planet Jiu-Jitsu studying under Eddie Bravo. In 2018, he started hosting his own podcast called "The Vale Tudo Hour".

= = = Bellingham International Airport = = =

	Bellingham International Airport is three miles (5 km) northwest of Bellingham, in Whatcom County, Washington, and the third-largest commercial airport in Washington. BLI covers 2,190 acres (886 ha) of land.
	Bellingham is well known as a low-fare alternative airport to the Vancouver International Airport, and an estimated 65% of customers come from Canada. It is only from downtown Vancouver, and only from the Canadian border, where Greater Vancouver starts. On the Allegiant website the airport is referred to as Bellingham/Vancouver.
	The newly constructed gate area has five gates, a coffee shop and a restaurant with a bar. The second phase of the terminal expansion will add a baggage carousel in addition to larger ticketing and pre-security areas for passengers, should have been completed in phases beginning in 2012 and with completion expected by 2015.
	In 1936 Whatcom County obtained for an airport at the current airport site. Three runways were planned, but it took almost four years to get the first 5000' x 150' runway cleared and paved. Temporary Port of Entry status was secured early, but the slow construction left it in a continually tenuous state – United Airlines would only base there if the field were safe enough for their DC-3s, and it maintained its Port of Entry status. Ultimately they built a terminal, designed by F. Stanley Piper, and the airport was dedicated in 1940, having employed more than 500 people.
	In 1940 the United States Army Corps of Engineers took over the facility and expanded it to three full runways, revetments for parking aircraft, and development of personnel quarters. During World War II the airport was used by Fourth Air Force immediately after the Pearl Harbor Attack for air defense of the Pacific Coast. It was later used by Air Transport Command and Air Technical Service Command as an intermediate ferrying field for Lend-Lease aircraft being flown to Alaska for subsequent transfer to the Soviet Union.
	The United States Army Air Forces closed the facility in September 1946, and it was turned over to the War Assets Administration for disposal. It slowly was returned to Whatcom County and was redeveloped as a civil airport in the late 1940s. With the rising costs and need for repairs, Whatcom county sold the Airport to the Port of Bellingham for one dollar in 1957. Because of costs, the Port of Bellingham could only resurface the longest of the runways (16/34). 16/34 is still the only runway used as it provides adequate year-round wind coverage for aircraft servicing Bellingham. The two diagonal runways have fallen into disrepair, their easternmost ends used as taxiways between tarmacs and the sole remaining runway.
	Airline service from Bellingham had a modest beginning. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, Harbor Airlines, a commuter air carrier based in Washington, operated nonstop shuttle service to Seattle/Tacoma International Airport with small Britten-Norman Islander twin prop aircraft. By the mid 1980s, Harbor Air had been replaced by San Juan Airlines, a commuter air carrier based in Bellingham which operated shuttle flights to Seattle/Tacoma with Embraer EMB-110 Bandeirante turboprops and Cessna 402 prop aircraft. San Juan Airlines continues to serve the airport at the present time.
	In 1985 Pacific Southwest Airlines (PSA) initiated Bellingham's first passenger jet service with McDonnell Douglas MD-80s direct to Los Angeles, San Diego and San Francisco with all PSA flights including a stop at Seattle/Tacoma. PSA was acquired by USAir which continued to serve Bellingham with Boeing 737-300s. Alaska Airlines introduced MD-80 jets in the late 1980s, competing with USAir with both airlines operating nonstop jet service to Seattle/Tacoma and direct one stop service to other destinations. USAir then changed its name to US Airways and eventually merged with American Airlines in 2015; however, by the early 1990s, USAir had ceased serving Bellingham. During the late 1980s, Alaska Airlines was joined by Horizon Air, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Alaska Air Group, with this regional airline flying nonstop service with turboprops to Seattle/Tacoma. Aircraft operated by Horizon Air into the airport over the years included such propjets as the Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner, the de Havilland Canada DHC-8 Dash 8 and the Dornier 328. Horizon Air, which currently operates flights for Alaska Airlines, continues to serve Bellingham at the present time with nonstop service to Seattle/Tacoma flown with the Bombardier Q400 turboprop which is the largest and fastest member of the Dash 8 regional airliner family. Commencing in the late 1980s, United Express was serving the airport with nonstop flights to Seattle/Tacoma on behalf of United Airlines via code sharing agreements with the respective operating air carriers. North Pacific Airlines operated the first United Express flights into Bellingham with British Aerospace BAe Jetstream 31 propjets and were followed by SkyWest Airlines flying as United Express with Embraer EMB-120 Brasilia turboprops. United Express no longer serves Bellingham.
	In the 1990s homes were purchased to extend the runway in an effort to attract air carriers. The assumption is that there would not be a third runway at Sea-Tac airport. The airport has seen a high turnover rate.
	In September 2010 the airport completed a $26 million resurfacing of the runway to allow aircraft up to the size of Boeing 757s. This project was completed to enable Allegiant Air to operate Boeing 757-200 service nonstop to Hawaii, although this service has since ended. The largest aircraft currently serving Bellingham as of July 2019 are Allegiant Air's Airbus A320 aircraft flying to several destinations on the West Coast.
	The airport is expanding the terminal building from . The first phase is complete with a new gate area completed and temporary portable waiting areas removed. The second phase started in 2012 and reach completion by 2015 and will expand the pre-security areas of the airport including the addition of a baggage carousel for arriving passengers. The cost of the expansion to the terminal building is covered by surcharges from passengers and parking fees.
	The current terminal building was built in two phases. The first phase was completed in 1980. The second phase, or the expansion phase, was constructed because of increased passenger volumes and the arrival of new air carriers. In 1985, a separate International Terminal was built to the south in order to accommodate the Federal Inspection Services necessary for international travelers to access the United States; it is connected to the main terminal through a covered walkway. The main terminal is approximately 26,000 square feet and includes three levels, the basement, the ground floor, and the second floor. The basement houses a small storage facility; the ground floor is where the entire passenger processing area is held, and the second floor contains office space. There is one concession stand: Halibut Henry's store where light snacks, coffee drinks, gifts, and sundries are offered. The International Terminal is a one-level building consisting of 4,222 square feet. It serves several functions including the housing of the Federal Inspection Service, FIS offices, and the storage of BLI's Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting equipment.
	The early 21st century saw rapid expansion at the Bellingham International Airport from several air carriers operating mainline jet aircraft with these airlines being motivated by the potential passenger loads from lower mainland British Columbia in Canada. Allegiant's commitment to the airport has led to a rapid rise in passenger numbers and the introduction of a number of nonstop destinations served from Bellingham. Other airlines have recognized the potential of Bellingham International's location and further expanded service into the airport.
	In early 2007 Bellingham International hosted nonstop service to three destinations by the short-lived Western Airlines which was operating Boeing 737-400 jets and was based in Bellingham. Western attempted to establish a small hub at the airport with nonstop service to Ontario, California (ONT), Phoenix, Arizona (via the Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport, AZA) and San Diego, California (SAN). Later the same year, Skybus Airlines operated nonstop flights to their Columbus, Ohio (CMH) hub with Airbus A319 jetliners but then shut down quickly like Western Airlines had done earlier.
	On March 1, 2008, Allegiant Air opened up their sixth base at Bellingham International Airport. The airline currently bases a number of aircraft in Bellingham which serves as a "focus city" for the airline. In 2012 Allegiant announced service to two locations in the Hawaiian islands (Honolulu and Kahului) from Bellingham after receiving ETOPS certification from the FAA for their 757 aircraft. Alaska also entered the market with flights to Honolulu, Kahului and Kona. As of July 2019, both Allegiant and Alaska no longer serve Hawaii from Bellingham.
	In September 2010 the airport completed a $26 million resurfacing of the runway to allow aircraft up to the size of Boeing 757s to utilize the airport. This project was completed in order to serve Allegiant 757 service to Honolulu and Maui which began operations in November 2012.
	In response to the increased low fare competition offered by Allegiant in their home state, Alaska Airlines expanded service from Bellingham International; first adding daily flights to Las Vegas and followed by a daily roundtrip nonstop to Honolulu, both of which are now discontinued. Frontier Airlines announced in early 2012 the addition of a daily seasonal summer service from Bellingham to its main hub in Denver beginning May 2012. Frontier flew Airbus A319 and Embraer ERJ-190 jets from Bellingham but subsequently ceased serving the airport.
	The runway and taxiway resurfacing and improvement projects were funded with FAA Airport Improvement Program (AIP) grants covering 95% of project costs. In 2010 the FAA contribution towards airport projects was $27,267,000. The 5% local match came from BLI Passenger Facility Charge accounts. FAA AIP grants also have contributed to the acquisition of additional Airport Rescue Fire Fighting (ARFF) equipment, Aircraft de-ice equipment and other surface projects. The BLI PFC fee per passenger is currently at the FAA mandated maximum of $4.50 per enplaned passenger. The Terminal and ramp expansion projects are not AIP eligible as they are revenue generating facilities for the airport. The Port of Bellingham issues Revenue Bonds for $31,719,550 to pay for the terminal expansion. The debt service for the bonds also comes from BLI PFC accounts. In this way, the users of the airport facilities are the ones actually paying for the facility.
	Bellingham International Airport has bustling general aviation activity. Some of which is for the purpose of sightseeing in the San Juan Islands, Victoria in British Columbia, or the Canadian Gulf Islands. The majority of general aviation operations are commercial in nature; charters, flight training, transient, and private business operations provide essential contributions to the economy. It is also a convenient Port of Entry for those flying internationally. General aviation facilities comprise a site of approximately 20 acres south of the passenger terminal facilities. There are total a 73 tie-down spaces; 48 for based aircraft and 25 for transient aircraft. 103 aircraft are sheltered by seven T-hangar and corporate aircraft structures. There is also a terminal building dedicated to general aviation servicing.
	The Washington Air National Guard (WANG) occupies a 7.5-acre site at Bellingham International Airport. The Washington Air National Guard is home of the 262nd Combat Communications Squadron. The 262nd's mission is to train and equip combat communications personnel, where they field, install, operate, and maintain Ground Mobile Force communications. In other words, the 262nd equips soldiers with their battlefield communication systems and trains them how to use and maintain the equipment. The WANG base consists of vehicle storage, a headquarters building, a maintenance building, and other miscellaneous storage buildings.
	San Juan Airlines merged with Northwest Sky Ferries in 2009. This merged airline offers scheduled and charter flights from Bellingham to the San Juan Islands in Washington, Seattle, Tacoma, Port Angeles, Olympia, and British Columbia. San Juan Airlines also serves Bellingham; offering scheduled and charter flights to the San Juan Islands and British Columbia. Northwest Sky Ferry and San Juan airlines offer prop aircraft service with Cessna 206, 207 and 182 airplanes.

= = = The Call to Vengeance = = =

	The Call to Vengeance by Jude Watson is the sixteenth in a series of young reader novels called "". The series explores the adventures of Qui-Gon Jinn and Obi-Wan Kenobi prior to "".
	Qui-Gon Jinn is nearing the dark side of the Force . He's looking for vengeance and he has left alone his Padawan, forgetting everything except vengeance. Now Obi-Wan Kenobi is afraid about his master and he asks for help from Jedi Master Mace Windu and his close friend, Bant.
	However, Qui-Gon's leads are solid, and the Jedi have a difficult time keeping him at bay. Eventually, Qui-Gon pins down the leader of the rogue faction. Although his revenge is almost complete, Qui-Gon backs down when he sees his apprentice, Obi-Wan, staring at him passively. Qui-Gon lays down his grief and accepts the fact that the rebels on New Apsolon must be tried and brought to justice, not slaughtered.
	Peace is temporarily restored to New Apsolon, but Qui-Gon is still bitter over the death of his loved one, Tahl.

= = = Thiru Nadana Ula = = =

	According to Ayyavazhi mythology the situation of the whole Universe changes as the Kaliyan was born, and Thiru Nadana Ula is the part which was told by Sivan in Akilam eight about the universal changes. It consist of 21 Vennpas.

= = = Sturge–Weber syndrome = = =

	Sturge–Weber syndrome, sometimes referred to as encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis, is a rare congenital neurological and skin disorder. It is one of the phakomatoses and is often associated with port-wine stains of the face, glaucoma, seizures, intellectual disability, and ipsilateral leptomeningeal angioma (cerebral malformations and tumors). Sturge–Weber syndrome can be classified into three different types. Type 1 includes facial and leptomeningeal angiomas as well as the possibility of glaucoma or choroidal lesions. Normally, only one side of the brain is affected. This type is the most common. Type 2 involvement includes a facial angioma (port wine stain) with a possibility of glaucoma developing. There is no evidence of brain involvement. Symptoms can show at any time beyond the initial diagnosis of the facial angioma. The symptoms can include glaucoma, cerebral blood flow abnormalities and headaches. More research is needed on this type of Sturge–Weber syndrome. Type 3 has leptomeningeal angioma involvement exclusively. The facial angioma is absent and glaucoma rarely occurs. This type is only diagnosed via brain scan.
	Sturge–Weber is an embryonal developmental anomaly resulting from errors in mesodermal and ectodermal development. Unlike other neurocutaneous disorders (phakomatoses), Sturge–Weber occurs sporadically (i.e., does not have a hereditary cause). It is caused by a mosaic, somatic activating mutation occurring in the GNAQ gene. Radiological findings will show tram track calcifications on CT, bilaterally.
	Sturge–Weber syndrome is usually manifested at birth by a port-wine stain on the forehead and upper eyelid of one side of the face, or the whole face. The birthmark can vary in color from light pink to deep purple and is caused by an overabundance of capillaries around the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve, just under the surface of the face. There is also malformation of blood vessels in the pia mater overlying the brain on the same side of the head as the birthmark. This causes calcification of tissue and loss of nerve cells in the cerebral cortex.
	Neurological symptoms include seizures that begin in infancy and may worsen with age. Convulsions usually happen on the side of the body opposite the birthmark, which vary in severity. There may also be muscle weakness on the side of the body opposite the birthmark.
	Some children will have developmental delays and cognitive delays; about 50% will have glaucoma (optic neuropathy often associated with increased intraocular pressure), which can be present at birth or develop later. Glaucoma can be expressed as leukocoria, which should include also further evaluation for retinoblastoma. Increased pressure within the eye can cause the eyeball to enlarge and bulge out of its socket (buphthalmos).
	Sturge–Weber syndrome rarely affects other body organs.
	The blood vessel formations associated with SWS start in the fetal stage. Around the sixth week of development, a network of nerves develops around the area that will become a baby's head. Normally, this network goes away in the ninth week of development. In babies with SWS due to mutation of gene GNAQ, this network of nerves doesn't go away. This reduces the amount of oxygen and blood flowing to the brain, which can affect brain tissue development.
	CT and MRI are most often used to identify intracranial abnormalities. When a child is born with a facial cutaneous vascular malformation covering a portion of the upper or the lower eyelids, imaging should be performed to screen for intracranial leptomeningeal angiomatosis. The haemangioma present on the surface of the brain is in the vast majority of cases on the same side as the birth mark and gradually results in calcification of the underlying brain and atrophy of the affected region.
	Treatment for Sturge–Weber syndrome is symptomatic. Laser treatment may be used to lighten or remove the birthmark. Anticonvulsant medications may be used to control seizures. Doctors recommend early monitoring for glaucoma, and surgery may be performed on more serious cases. When one side of the brain is affected and anticonvulsants prove ineffective, the standard treatment is neurosurgery to remove or disconnect the affected part of the brain (hemispherectomy). Physical therapy should be considered for infants and children with muscle weakness. Educational therapy is often prescribed for those with intellectual disability or developmental delays, but there is no complete treatment for the delays.
	Brain surgery involving removing the portion of the brain that is affected by the disorder can be successful in controlling the seizures so that the patient has only a few seizures that are much less intense than pre-surgery. Surgeons may also opt to "switch-off" the affected side of the brain.
	Latanoprost (Xalatan), a prostaglandin, may significantly reduce IOP (intraocular pressure) in patients with glaucoma associated with Sturge–Weber syndrome. Latanoprost is commercially formulated as an aqueous solution in a concentration of 0.005% preserved with 0.02% benzalkonium chloride (BAC). The recommended dosage of latanoprost is one drop daily in the evening, which permits better diurnal IOP control than does morning instillation. Its effect is independent of ethnicity, gender or age, and it has few to no side effects. Contraindications include a history of CME, epiretinal membrane formation, vitreous loss during cataract surgery, history of macular edema associated with branch retinal vein occlusion, history of anterior uveitis, and diabetes mellitus. It is also wise to advise patients that unilateral treatment can result in heterochromia or hypertrichosis that may become cosmetically objectionable.
	Although it is possible for the birthmark and atrophy in the cerebral cortex to be present without symptoms, most infants will develop convulsive seizures during their first year of life. There is a greater likelihood of intellectual impairment when seizures are resistant to treatment. Studies do not support the widely held belief that seizure frequency early in life in patients who have SWS is a prognostic indicator.
	It occurs in approximately 1 in 50,000 newborns.
	It is named for William Allen Sturge and Frederick Parkes Weber.
	The Sturge-Weber Foundation's (The SWF) international mission is to improve the quality of life and care for people with Sturge–Weber syndrome and associated port wine birthmark conditions. It supports affected individuals and their families with education, advocacy, and research to promote effective management and awareness. The SWF was founded by Kirk and Karen Ball, who began searching for answers after their daughter was diagnosed with Sturge–Weber syndrome at birth. The SWF was incorporated in the US in 1987 as an International 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. In 1992, the mission was expanded to include individuals with capillary vascular birthmarks, Klippel Trenaunay (KT) and Port Wine Birthmarks.
	The Hemispherectomy Foundation was formed in 2008 to assist families with children who have Sturge–Weber syndrome and other conditions that require hemispherectomy. The Brain Recovery Project was formed in 2011 to fund research and establish rehabilitation protocols to help children who have had hemispherectomy surgery reach their full potential.
	Sturge Weber UK (SWUK), formerly Sturge-Weber Foundation UK, is a volunteer run registered charity formed in 1990. The charity exists to support those affected by Sturge Weber syndrome, promote research into the condition and raise awareness of the condition amongst both public and professionals. The charity was instrumental in setting up a specialist Sturge Weber clinic at Great Ormond Street Hospital.
	Sturge Weber UK has created an annual Sturge Weber Awareness Day to coincide with William Allen Sturge's birth date on November 1. The Sturge Weber Awareness Day is a collaboration with international Sturge Weber support groups to raise public and professional awareness of Sturge Weber syndrome around the world.

= = = The Only Witness = = =

	The Only Witness by Jude Watson is the seventeenth in a series of young reader novels called "". The series explores the adventures of Qui-Gon Jinn and Obi-Wan Kenobi prior to "".
	A witness asks for escort and protection from the Jedi Order. She wants to testify against her family - the Cobral group - who control the planet of Frego much like the Syndicat controlled Phindar. An older Obi-Wan Kenobi and his master, Qui-Gon Jinn, have to protect her, but they suspect that she is hiding something.
	The Cobral family stop at nothing to ensure that the witness does not testify, but they eventually fail. She is escorted to Coruscant, where she successfully testifies.

= = = EMule Plus = = =

	eMule Plus is an abandoned open-source eMule P2P compatible client created to improve its abilities and features, in both work efficiency and GUI.

= = = João Grande = = =

	João Oliveira dos Santos (born 15 January 1933) better known as Mestre João Grande, is a Grão-Mestre (Grand Master) of the Afro-Brazilian martial art of capoeira angola who has contributed to the spread of this art throughout the world. He was a student of the "father of Angola", Mestre Pastinha, and has an academy in New York City.
	Mestre João Grande was born in the village of Itagi in the south of the Brazilian state of Bahia. As a child he worked alongside his family in the fields. At the age of 10 he saw "corta capim" for the first time. This is a movement performed by crouching down, extending one leg in front and swinging it around in a circle, hopping over it with the other leg. Fascinated, he asked what it was called and was told that it was "the Dance of the Nagos" — a dance of the African descendants in the city of Salvador. The Yoruba of Southwest Nigeria had a major cultural influence in Salvador, which was considered the Black Rome of Brazil. But the dance was actually of Central African origin— it was Capoeira. João didn't learn the correct name of the movement until many years later, but it changed his life forever. At the age of ten he left home in search of "the Dance of the Nagos".
	Ten years later, he ended up in Brazil, the birthplace of capoeira as we know it, where he saw a proper capoeira roda for the first time. Present were mestres Menino Gordo, João Pequeno, who was there with his first teacher, Mestre Barbosa, and Cobrinha Verde, one of the most skillful players of that era.
	João Grande asked Mestre Barbosa if he could study and Mestre Barbosa sent him to João Pequeno, who later became his closest associate in capoeira. João Pequeno sent him to Mestre Pastinha who had a famous academy in the Cardeal Pequeno neighborhood of Brotas. João Grande requested permission to join his academy, and Pastinha accepted João as a student at the age of twenty, relatively late in capoeira life. While studying, João Grande worked as a longshoreman, playing after work or on his few days off.
	Mestre João Grande eventually became such an acclaimed capoeirista that when Carybé, a painter famous for his documentation of African Culture in Bahia, chose to do studies of capoeira he chose João Grande as a model.
	João Grande and João Pequeno are featured in numerous films of capoeira including one in which they demonstrate the knife techniques of the art. In 1966 João Grande travelled to Senegal with Mestre Pastinha to demonstrate capoeira at the first World Festival of Black Arts in Dakar. He was awarded his Diploma of capoeira from Pastinha in 1968 making him a full-fledged master of capoeira Angola. He subsequently toured Europe and the Middle East with Viva Bahia, a pioneering group that performed Afro-Brazilian folk arts such as capoeira, samba, maculelê, candomblé and puxada da rede.
	Eventually Pastinha's academy fell on hard times. Pastinha, was asked by the government to vacate his building for renovations, but the space was never returned to him. Instead it became a restaurant with entertainment, now called SENAC. Pastinha died broke and bitter about his treatment, but never regretted living the life of a capoeirista.
	João Grande returned when Mestre Moraes and Mestre Cobra Mansa persuaded him to come out of retirement in the mid-1980s. He began to teach with their organization Grupo Capoeira Angola Pelourinho. In 1989 he was invited by Jelon Vieira to tour the United States. The tour was a tremendous success. In 1990 he returned to present capoeira at the National Black Arts Festival in Atlanta, Georgia and at the Schomberg Center for Research for Black Culture in New York City. João Grande decided he liked the US and has been teaching in New York City ever since.
	In 1995 he received a Doctorate of Humane Letters from Upsala College, East Orange, New Jersey. In 2001 he was awarded the National Heritage Fellowship from the NEA, which is one of the most prestigious awards given to practitioners of traditional arts in the US. He has also recorded an audio CD and several DVDs featuring himself and his students, as well as other illustrious figures of capoeira Angola.

= = = Moyobamba Province = = =

	The Moyobamba Province is one of ten provinces of the San Martín Region in northern Peru.
	The province is divided into six districts.

= = = Bruce Kirby (yachts) = = =

	Bruce Robert William Kirby, (born 2 February 1929) is a Canadian-born sailboat designer, dinghy and offshore racer and journalist. His designs span in size from the single-handed Laser dinghy to the 12-meter class Louis Vuitton Cup yacht, "Canada One". He continues his design work in his American company, Bruce Kirby Marine.
	Kirby was born in Ottawa. A Canadian newspaperman and former editor of "Yacht Racing" (predecessor to "Sailing World"), he designed the Laser in 1969. Kirby started as a reporter in Montreal before editing "Yacht Racing" and, in his spare time, taking up yacht design and drawing the Laser.In 1970 Kirby became editor of "Yacht Racing", where he stayed until 1975.
	Kirby's career began with the International 14 class, a developmental skiff with relatively few rules. Kirby designed several International 14s, winning the world championships in 1958 and 1961. Kirby also represented Canada at the Olympic regattas in 1956 and 1964, sailing Finns, and in a Star in 1968.
	Since the 1970s Kirby has designed two America's Cup 12-Meters, "Canada One" and "Canada II", the Apollo, Sonar, San Juan 24, Kirby 23, Kirby 25, and Kirby 30, Ideal 18, and the Pixel, a doublehanded trainer that has replaced the Blue Jay on Long Island Sound. Designed to the IOR rating, it was the basis for many of Kirby's later offshore designs. Kirby also served as both designer and skipper on "Runaway", one of three yachts in Canada's 1981 Admiral's Cup campaign.
	Kirby also designed Norwalk Islands Sharpies, a line of high powered, shallow draft sailboats from 18 ft. to 41 ft. The designs use modern plywood, fiberglass and epoxy construction. The Sonar is the largest of three classes used in Paralympic sailing. Kirby was also part of the international committee elected to create the IACC boats (International America's Cup Class) used in the America's Cup between 1992 in San Diego and 2007 in Valencia, Spain.
	On December 6, 2017 Kirby was invested into the Order of Canada for his contributions to the sport of sailing. In addition to representing Canada three times at the Olympics, Kirby's biggest contribution to the sport of sailing is the design of the popular Laser dinghy. The award was presented personally to Kirby by Julie Payette, Governor General of Canada, in September 2018 at a ceremony at Rideau Hall. He was in the first induction of the Lisgar Collegiate Institute Athletic Wall of Fame, as part of the 160th Anniversary celebrations. He is a member of the Noroton Yacht Club. Kirby was inducted into the National Sailing Hall of Fame in 2012.

= = = Dalecarlia Reservoir = = =

	Dalecarlia Reservoir is the primary storage basin for drinking water in Washington, D.C., fed by an underground aqueduct in turn fed by low dams which divert portions of the Potomac River near Great Falls and Little Falls.
	The reservoir is located between Spring Valley and the Palisades, two neighborhoods in Northwest Washington, and Brookmont, a neighborhood in Montgomery County, Maryland.
	The reservoir was completed in 1858 by the United States Army Corps of Engineers as part of the Washington Aqueduct project. It began providing water on January 3, 1859. Initially the reservoir provided water to the city from the adjacent Little Falls Branch until the aqueduct construction was completed. Regular water service from the Potomac River source through the aqueduct commenced in 1864. The reservoir was modified in 1895 and 1935 to improve water quality and increase water supply.
	In 1942, the headquarters of the Army Map Service was established on the grounds adjacent to the reservoir; several buildings constructed in the 1940s still exist. In 1946, its headquarters moved to the nearby Sumner Site, which is today the Intelligence Community Campus-Bethesda.
	The Capital Crescent Trail runs adjacent to the reservoir and through the center of the pumping campus. The boundary between Maryland and the District of Columbia passes through the reservoir. A historic D.C. boundary marker (Northwest No. 5) is located in a woodland east of the reservoir. Another (Northwest No. 4) is located a short distance east of the Capital Crescent Trail, near the Dalecarlia water purification facility.
	The reservoir is maintained by the Washington Aqueduct division of the Army Corps of Engineers.

= = = USS Milan (YP-6) = = =

	USS "Milan" (YP‑6) was a patrol vessel which served in the United States Coast Guard as "Onondago" (WCG-209) until transferred to the United States Navy. The ship was built in 1925 by Kingston Drydock and Construction Company of Kingston, New York.
	Placed in Navy service on 11 December 1933, she was renamed USS "Skaneateles" on 1 June 1934 before being renamed USS "Milan" on 20 October 1937. The "Milan" was rechristened by Mrs. Charles Edison, wife of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy and daughter-in-law of Thomas Edison. The name is in reference the village in Ohio, Edison's birthplace.
	After her rechristening as USS "Milan", (YP‑6), a former district patrol vessel, was tied up at the Washington Navy Yard for the use of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy. With the outbreak of World War II, she was returned to patrol duties. In the middle of the war she was loaned, for a brief period, to the dock department, City of New York, after which she returned to the Washington, D.C., area, stationed at Dahlgren, Virginia. Declared to be excess to the needs of the Navy on 5 April 1946, "Milan" was turned over to War Shipping Administration for disposal on 7 July 1946 and sold on 27 July 1946.

= = = Kraków-Rakowice-Czyżyny Airport = = =

	Kraków-Rakowice-Czyżyny Airport is a disused airport in Kraków, Poland, one of the oldest permanent airfields in Europe, open for occasional traffic by certain types of aircraft. A portion of it is now the site of the Polish Aviation Museum with a 720-metre long and 60-metre wide segment of the original concrete runway restored for use by the museum for light planes (to 7,500 kg) and helicopters.
	The airfield has its beginnings as a military airport established in the borough of Rakowice in 1912, one of the most modern and largest in Poland at the time. It was built for the needs of the Austro-Hungarian Empire along with an army garrison. In 1917 the airfield became one of the stopovers in the first European air mail service linking Vienna with Kiev and Odessa. The airport was in continuous use to 1963, until the relocation of the Kraków passenger airport 16 km westwards, to the village of Balice. The expansion of nearby Nowa Huta district of Kraków forced its closure.
	In June 2004, a portion of the airport contiguous with the Polish Aviation Museum was reopened as a police helicopter base and for an occasional fixed-wing aircraft traffic on runway 26 for an annual two-day air show held on the last weekend of June. The museum is also likely to use this airfield for flying some of its collection or acquiring new exhibits.

= = = Gladiator (Kallark) = = =

	Gladiator is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He first appeared in "X-Men" #107 (October 1977) and was created by writer Chris Claremont and artist Dave Cockrum. Kallark like all Strontians, has the capacity for great strength and various superpowers, but can only use them when they are completely devoted to a purpose and his abilities increase and decrease in accordance with his level of confidence. He was born on Strontia, which is part of the Shi'ar Empire and he is the leader of their Imperial Guard. He was also a member of the Annihilators, Dark Guardians and Guardians of the Galaxy.
	Gladiator and the Imperial Guard were created by writer Chris Claremont and artist Dave Cockrum as an homage to DC Comics' Legion of Super-Heroes, with all the Imperial Guard's original members created as analogs of Legionnaires. Gladiator was the analog to Superboy; the name "Gladiator" was a conscious homage to the Philip Wylie novel "Gladiator" (1930) on which Superman was partially based. Gladiator's name, Kallark, is a combination of Superman's Kryptonian and human names: Kal-El and Clark Kent. 
	The character first appeared in "Uncanny X-Men" #107 (Oct. 1977). Since then, he has been periodically featured in X-titles, "Fantastic Four", "Rom the Spaceknight", "Silver Surfer", "Nova", and "New Warriors". His origin was revealed in "War of Kings: Warriors" #1 (2009).
	He has played important roles in some of Marvel's major storylines, such as "" (1992), "Maximum Security" (2001), and "War of Kings" (2009). During the "Heroes Reborn" era (1997), he starred in the three-issue "Imperial Guard" miniseries.
	Following the conclusion of "The Thanos Imperative", Gladiator has appeared as a member of the titular team in "Annihilators" #1-4 (Mar-Jun 2011) and "Annihilators: Earthfall" #1-4 (Sept-Dec 2011).
	Kallark is a member of the Strontian race, and was born under Shi'ar rule. All Strontians are born with the capacity for great strength and various superpowers, but can only use them when they are completely devoted to a purpose. Fearing a Strontian rebellion, the Shi'ar emperor ordered Kallark, among other Strontians, to kill the Strontian elders. Only Kallark was devoted enough to carry out the order, and the others were killed when their wavering commitment rendered them weak. As a reward for his actions, Kallark was named the Praetor (leader) of the Shi'ar Imperial Guard.
	When the X-Men come into conflict with the Shi'ar empire regarding the Phoenix entity, Gladiator battles them first at the command of Emperor D'Ken, and then at the behest of his successor, Empress Lilandra Neramani. He later aids the X-Men against several renegade Imperial Guardsmen serving a Shi'ar traitor named Lord Samedar.
	While pursuing a band of shape-changing Skrulls, Gladiator arrives on Earth and mistakenly attacks the Fantastic Four. With the aid of Spider-Man and Captain America, the real Skrulls are exposed and captured. Meanwhile, Lilandra's sister Deathbird stages a coup and becomes the new Shi'ar Empress. 
	After an alternate universe version of Gladiator has a bout with Thor, the Earth-616 Kallark has an encounter with a rogue alien. 
	Deathbird commands him to lead the Imperial Guard against the space pirate Starjammers and superhero team Excalibur, but orders a retreat after learning the rebels are led by Lilandra.
	Gladiator briefly comes into conflict with the X-Men again when he is mentally controlled by a Warskrull posing as Professor X. He then encounters several members of the Avengers during the . 
	Along with Beta Ray Bill, Ganymede, Jack of Hearts, Silver Surfer and Terrax the Tamer, Gladiator is captured by Tyrant with the intention of harnessing their power as a weapon for universal domination. Tyrant is defeated after the intervention of his creator, Galactus. 
	When many of Earth's heroes vanish after defeating Onslaught, Lilandra (who has resumed control of the Shi'ar) orders Gladiator and many of the Imperial Guard to help protect Earth. He later aids the X-Men again during an encounter with Galactus He is present when Galactus dies. 
	After thwarting an assassination attempt on Lilandra, Gladiator plays a role in temporarily turning Earth into an intergalactic prison. 
	Gladiator battles Thor at the request of Zarrko, but is defeated. He later came looking for the X-Men to help him fight against the Phalanx; however, his aggressive arrival led him to blows with the X-Men's Cannonball, and while he was defeated by the young mutant, he managed to get the help of several X-Men in stopping the invasion. Some time later, on Lilandra's orders, Gladiator returns to Earth and attacks the X-Men's home, but later learns that Lilandra was possessed by Cassandra Nova and frees her.
	Liladra sends Gladiator to infiltrate the Kyln, an intergalactic prison, as a prisoner. He investigates rumors of a prisoner with the aid of Thanos and Star-Lord. The prisoner turns out to be an amnesiac Beyonder. Guided by the cosmic entity Living Tribunal, Gladiator fights the Champion of the Universe in an attempt to liberate the population of a planet the Champion had enslaved.
	At the request of Lilandra, Gladiator returns to Earth on a mission to capture the Uni-Power and bring it back for evaluation. After an encounter with the Invisible Woman of the Fantastic Four, Gladiator invites the Uni-Power to return to the Shi'ar Empire as their guest. Although the Uni-Power agrees, it is captured en route by Krosakis, an energy leeching warlord who forces the Uni-Power into his body to become Captain Universe. Gladiator attempts to stop Krosakis but fails, with the warlord finally beaten by the Silver Surfer.
	Gladiator is then commanded to stop the conqueror Vulcan, who is determined to destroy the Shi'ar empire as revenge against former emperor D'Ken for murdering Vulcan's mother. Gladiator captures and delivers Vulcan to a Shi'ar prison facility.
	A Shi'ar agent, however, wishing a return to the days of D'Ken's rule, frees Vulcan and together with Deathbird the pair stage a coup and usurp Lilandra. Vulcan escapes with the aid of some rebellious Shi'ar and leads a successful coup against Lilandra, becoming the next Shi'ar Emperor. Gladiator does not like Vulcan, but is honor-bound to serve him.
	Vulcan consolidates his rule over the Shi'ar - with Gladiator reluctantly assisting - as their forces destroy a race of ancient enemies, the Scy'ar Tal, and capture the rebel Starjammers. Vulcan begins to expand the empire, leading to a war with the Kree. When ordered to kill Lilandra, Gladiator abandons his post to protect her. During an attempt to return her to the throne, she is assassinated. 
	Vulcan is killed during a battle with the leader of the Kree, Black Bolt. With no one in line to inherit the throne, civil war threatens the Shi'ar empire. Gladiator accepts an offer to be Emperor to avoid further conflict.
	Following the war with the cancerverse, Gladiator joins the Annihilators. With them, he protects Galador from the Dire Wraiths and opposes the Universal Church of Truth's attempt to revive the Magus. 
	Gladiator's son, Kubark, also known as Kid Gladiator, is sent to Earth with bodyguard Warbird (Ava'Dara Naganandini) as a punishment and is enrolled in the Jean Grey School For Higher Learning to train and learn more about his powers.
	During the "Avengers vs. X-Men" storyline, Gladiator attempts to contact Kubark's bodyguard Warbird about the Phoenix Force's return to Earth. Gladiator orders them to leave the planet, but the close proximity of the Phoenix prevents the message from reaching Warbird. He then orders the preparation of his ship so he could go rescue his son and sends Death Commandos to kill the Phoenix's host. He is overwhelmed by the combined Phoenix Force Five and forced to recuperate at the X-Mansion.
	During the "Infinity" storyline, Gladiator appeared as a member of the Galactic Council. Kubark participates in the Infinity incidents, sneaking into battle against his father's wishes. Kubark's performance in battle so impresses Gladiator he allows his son to return to his desired schooling back in the X-Mansion.
	In the aftermath of the "Infinity Wars" storyline, Gladiator and the Shi'ar Empire arrive to save everyone after they were ejected from a hole in the space station following the Black Order stealing Thanos' body during the funeral. Gladiator joins up with Starfox's Dark Guardians. The Dark Guardians found Nova and ambush him, wounding him enough to crash land onto a planet. When Gladiator and Cosmic Ghost Rider order Wraith to back off, Nova takes the chance to fly off again. The Dark Guardians plan to track down again.
	Gladiator possesses a number of superhuman capabilities as a result of his unique alien physiology including superhuman strength (capable of shattering a planet, ripping apart a black hole, and holding off the Destroyer armor), superhuman speed, stamina and durability (capable of withstanding the heat emitted from the Phoenix Force, a blast comparable to the full power of Odin, direct attacks from Thor and Mjolnir, point blank planetary explosions, and an explosion equivalent to a supernova ), reflexes, microscopic and telescopic vision, X-ray vision, heat vision (stated as "hotter than a star"); super-breath, "frost breath", super-hearing (capable of hearing sounds from light years away in space), a regenerative healing factor, psionic resistance (capable of withstanding mental attacks from telepaths to a certain degree), and warp speed flight (measured as "a hundred times the speed of light", and shown moving across galaxies before Heimdall could blink). Gladiator's abilities increase and decrease in accordance with his level of confidence and he is vulnerable to a certain form of rare radiation. Gladiator also has advanced longevity, having survived for centuries with very little aging.
	In the alternate universe title "Marvel Zombies 2", the character appears with other extraterrestrial beings "recruited" by the Galacti (the original infected heroes empowered by devouring the entity Galactus). He is killed while trying to eat the humans under the protection of the Black Panther and Forge.
	In the alternate universe title "Last Planet Standing", the character appears with the Imperial Guard but fails to stop Dominas the Wavemaster and Galactus from destroying the Shi'ar homeworld.
	He physically battles the USS "Enterprise" itself during the "Star Trek/X-Men" crossover.
	Gladiator appears in the animated television series "X-Men". His first appearance is in the episode "Mojovision", but only as one of Mojo's robots programmed to look like Gladiator. The real Gladiator first appears in the episode "Phoenix Saga (Part 3): The Cry of the Banshee."
	Gladiator appears as a boss in "", voiced by Dave Wittenberg. He is among the Imperial Guard that works for Deathbird after she overthrew Lilandra. Unlike the other Imperial Guard, Gladiator admits that he does not enjoy serving Deathbird, but is honor-bound to serve whoever holds the throne. Gladiator can only be defeated by activating equipment around the battle area, thus weakening his invulnerability and giving the player the chance to hurt him. He has special dialogue with Iceman and Sabretooth (whom he mistakes for Wolverine).

= = = LOSP = = =

	LOSP may refer to:

= = = Too-Rye-Ay = = =

	Too-Rye-Ay is the second album by Dexys Midnight Runners, released in July 1982. The album is best known for the hit single "Come On Eileen", which included the lyrics "too-rye-ay" that inspired the album's title.
	Shortly before recording this album, Dexys' bandleader Kevin Rowland had decided to add a violin section to the band's existing horn section, which had contributed strings (viola and cello) to the band's previous single, "Liars A to E". However, after violinists Helen O'Hara and Steve Brennan joined the band, the three members of the horn section, including Dexys' co-leader and album co-composer "Big" Jim Paterson, decided to leave Dexys and become an independent horn band (ultimately known as The TKO Horns). Rowland convinced them to stay with the band long enough to record the album and to perform in a kick-off concert debuting the album on BBC Radio One in June 1982.
	All the songs on the album were rearranged to add strings, which caused Dexys to re-record the 1981 singles "Plan B", "Liars A to E", and "Soon". During the rearrangement process, "Soon" was revised into the opening section of "Plan B"; since both songs were written by Rowland and Paterson, the merged songs are credited on the album simply as "Plan B".
	The album's "Come On Eileen" became a number one hit in both the UK and the US. Dexys Midnight Runners is best known as a one hit wonder in the US ("Come On Eileen" was also the first US single release by Dexys), but in the UK, "Geno" had previously reached number one, and "Jackie Wilson Said (I'm in Heaven When You Smile)" and "The Celtic Soul Brothers" were also UK hits.
	Before "Come On Eileen", Dexys' only North American single was the Northern Soul classic "Seven Days Too Long", which Dexys' previous label EMI America had released only in Canada (with "Geno" as the B-side). However, on the strength of "Come On Eileen", "Too-Rye-Ay" reached number 14 in the US. Dexys' success in US was not maintained; the best performer of the band's follow-up singles in the US was "The Celtic Soul Runners", which peaked at number 86.
	Different releases of "Too-Rye-Ay" featured different versions of "Come On Eileen". Certain editions of the album featured a version beginning with a solo fiddle playing the first line of the folk song "Believe Me, if All Those Endearing Young Charms" and ending with a simple fadeout ("length: 4:07"). This version of the song is the one featured on the single release. Other editions of the album (including many of the "re-releases") featured a version without the violin intro and including a tag of Kevin Rowland singing "Young Charms" at the end, while the digital version offered by Spotify includes both front and end "Young Charms" tags ("length: approximately 4:32"). In addition, the most common release of the album features "Come On Eileen" as the final track, while the original US release features the tune as the opening track on Side 2.
	The album was re-released in 1996 on CD with 8 bonus tracks. In 2000 an enhanced edition was released with the music videos for "Come On Eileen" and "Jackie Wilson Said" as bonus material. In 2002 a US edition with bonus tracks was released. Marking its 25th Anniversary, a 2007 2-CD Deluxe Edition was released, which included the entire 14-song album kickoff performance on BBC Radio 1 that had previously been released (without "I'll Show You") as "BBC Radio One Live in Concert".

= = = The Threat Within = = =

	The Threat Within by Jude Watson is the eighteenth and final book in the "" series of young reader novels. It was released on March 1, 2002. The series explores the adventures of Qui-Gon Jinn and Obi-Wan Kenobi prior to "".
	Obi-Wan Kenobi is almost an adult and his Jedi Master, Qui-Gon Jinn, is very proud of him. Now they have to investigate and solve an odd terrorist threat between two work-obsessed planets. Eventually, it is discovered that a new culture is rising within the planet, which has a goal of stopping the planet's excessive relationship with work.
	The mission, while somewhat routine, sees Obi-Wan acting independently during several scenes. When a major building is nearly destroyed, Obi-Wan acts calmly, which impresses his master. Despite working somewhat separately on this mission, the master and apprentice find themselves closer.

= = = Westside High School (Omaha) = = =

	Westside High School is the only high school of the Westside Community Schools district (also known as District 66 to local residents) of Omaha, Nebraska, United States.
	Westside has used a modular schedule since 1967. Each module, or "mod" (as known colloquially among WHS students), is either a 20 or 40-minute period used for classes or independent study time in an instructional materials center (IMC). This allows freedom in scheduling as classes can be 40, 60, or 80 minutes long, as needed for one-to-one, small group, large group, and laboratory instruction. Classes are taught in a similar format to many universities; students meet a large group lecture once per week and have small group recitations throughout the week. An average student has at least one or two full open mods per day, to be used for studying, interacting with teachers, eating lunch, or socializing. Juniors and seniors who have met specific requirements are eligible to apply for a pass that allows them to leave the building during open mods.
	In 1985, Westside Senior Bridget Mergens was denied the ability to create an after-school Christian Bible club. The principal at the time rejected the idea since he said a religious club violated the First Amendment's Establishment Clause. In addition, the club lacked a school sponsor that was required when forming a club. Mergens argued that the district's decision was in violation of the federal Equal Access Act requiring that groups seeking to express messages containing “religious, political, philosophical, or other content” not be denied the ability to form clubs. In 1990,Westside Community Board of Education v. Mergens was heard by the Supreme Court. In an 8-1 decision, the court said that since the club did not study school curriculum, it was permitted under the Equal Access Act. 
	Westside athletic teams have won the following state championships.

= = = International Offshore Rule = = =

	The International Offshore Rule (IOR) was a measurement rule for racing sailboats. The IOR evolved from the Cruising Club of America (CCA) rule for racer/cruisers and the Royal Ocean Racing Club (RORC) rule.
	The IOR was superseded (in the early 1990s) by the International Measurement System (IMS) and CHS (since renamed IRC). While some IOR yachts race at club level under IRC in more or less their original form, others had major surgery to make them competitive within the new rules.
	The IOR concentrated on hull shape with length, beam, freeboard and girth measurements, foretriangle, mast and boom measurements, and stability with an inclination test. Additionally, the IOR identified features which were dangerous, or it couldn't fairly rate, and penalized or prohibited them. The measurements and penalties were used to compute the handicap number, called an "IOR rating", in feet. The higher the rating, the faster the boat was deemed to be able to sail. A typical IOR 40 footer (a "one tonner") rated 30.55 feet.
	The IOR rule encouraged wide short boats with limited stability. A narrow waterline and large beam on deck, combined with a high centre of gravity, meant that crew weight provided a significant proportion of stability at small heel angles, and boats had a relatively low angle of vanishing stability. This developed into the situation about 1977 when the boats winning in most smaller IOR categories (up to the half tonners - about 10m LOA) had all internal ballast, often with an unballasted daggerboard. The managers of the rule realised that this was not a suitable direction for seaworthy yachts, and heavily penalised boats with lifting keels, but not before the 1979 Fastnet race ended in disaster. Writes John Rousmaniere:
	Apart from the girth measurements, all measurements were basically point measurements. This meant that the hull was often locally distorted to maximise or minimise a measurement locally, with minimal effect to the surrounding hull. This gave a characteristic "bumped" look to many boats, particularly at the point of maximum beam and in the stern. Also, as stability was only measured at very low heel angles (less than 5 degrees), boats were designed with a very narrow waterline and low stability in measurement trim, but a hull form that gained stability with the weight of the crew and other equipment, and with increasing angles of heel. Low stability was encouraged (up to a point) because the initial assumption was that low stability indicated a well fitted out interior, and so more of a cruising boat than a stripped out racer.
	Secondary design factors included engine and propeller rating factors, minimum internal accommodation levels, safety regulations, and a limit on the number of sails carried on board. Later on, crew limits were introduced, and limits on the use of exotic materials, such as carbon fibre and Nomex, and also scantlings for hull structural design developed by the American Bureau of Shipping.
	In a handicap race, the IOR length was used to compute a "time allowance". In Europe this was calculated on the duration of the race, in seconds per hour, known as Time on Time, whereas in the USA they preferred to base it on the length of the race, as seconds per mile, known as Time on Distance. Time on Distance is easier to calculate at any point in the race, but can cause significant anomalies in tidal waters as the distance sailed through the water can differ significantly from the distance over the ground, due to the effect of the tide.
	The IOR rule was also used to define "level rating classes," where each class had a maximum IOR rating, and the first boat to finish was the winner, with no handicapping. The first of these was the One Ton class, so named because there was a spare trophy from the defunct One Ton rating class, and this then spawned the Mini Ton, 1/4 Ton, 1/2 Ton, 3/4 Ton and Two Ton classes, as well as unofficial 50-footer, ULDB 70, and Maxi classes. The official classes each had an annual world championships.
	The IOR was run by the ITC, or International Technical Committee, of the Offshore Racing Congress, chaired between 1979 and 1987 by the late Gary Mull of San Francisco. As with all published handicapping formulae, there was an ongoing game between the designers finding ways of designing boats that took advantage of shortcomings in the measurement system and handicapping formulae, and the rule makers closing the loopholes to ensure fair racing and a reasonable competitive life for the boats. As the racing became more competitive, the rate of change in the rule accelerated, and also the boats at the top of the fleet became stripped out racing machines that performed well but were expensive and also difficult to sail, and this resulted in a loss of popularity. However even if club sailors could not compete against the top boats, the IOR did generate a reasonably level playing field across the sailing spectrum, with club sailors buying production race boats or custom boats past their prime, and moving up to more competitive boats as they wanted to sail up the fleet. Towards the end of its life the IOR had become a stable rule, but by then it had a reputation of changing too often, and this sowed the seeds for its successors. IMS was introduced as a more "scientific" rule for racing yachts, driven by the USA, whereas Channel Handicap was introduced in 1983 by the RORC as a simple club level rule that would hopefully feed people into IOR racing - though in fact it proved to be the final nail in the coffin for the IOR rule.
	Boats had a short competitive life for two reasons: the overall increase in performance of newer boats due to better design and construction, and also the effect of changes in the handicapping rules. The first was catered for by an "age allowance", which reduced the handicap of boats as they got older. The second was catered for to some extent by grandfather clauses in the IOR rules, but this did not cater for designer's ability to design to the rule increasing with every year. This, plus the annual rule changes, gave boats a competitive life of no more than 2 or 3 years at the top level.
	Initially designs were heavy displacement, with a fine, often V shaped stern as well as a fine bow. These were powerful boats for sailing to windward, but had limited performance offwind as well as often having an alarming tendency to broach - designers included Sparkman & Stephens and Dick Carter. Then Ron Holland's quarter-tonner "Eygthene" began the next phase of increasingly lightweight boats with fuller sterns giving more of a wedge shape, and a change from masthead rig to a fractional rig. This dinghy influence gave much faster performance reaching and downwind, and although windward performance was not as good, it improved as the designs developed. The ultimate in this stage was the various lightweight centerboard designs with internal ballast, but these were not sufficiently seaworthy for offshore racing and so were penalised so heavily that they were effectively banned. Designs then moved to a more moderate displacement, and as race courses moved from offshore racing with plenty of reaching towards windward/leeward round the cans, racing designs became narrower and less powerful but more easily driven.
	A good reference on the IOR Rule, including an analysis of the different formulae and measurements used, can be found in the book "The Offshore Yacht".
	Today, modern Maxis or "Super-Maxi's" are simply limited to 30m (98'); encouraging improvements in boat design, and exciting sailing; not simply rule modification, as still plagues the America's Cup competition.
	The introduction of VPPs, or Velocity Prediction Programs, morphed the science of yacht performance measurement. Inherent to the IOR was the concept of a measurement officer taking discrete hull measurements and the IOR formula assumed the hull lines behaved continuously between measurement points. The IMS took the actual hull lines and analysed their continuum, essentially eliminating funny bumps or hollows in the ensuing yachts and generally rendering much cleaner, faster lines that were far more exciting, safer to sail, and had higher resale value.

= = = Indiana State Road 1 = = =

	State Road 1 (SR 1) is a north–south state highway in eastern Indiana, consisting of two segments. Its southern segment begins at U.S. Highway 50 and Interstate 275 in east-central Dearborn County, just east of Lawrenceburg, and ends at Interstate 469 south of Fort Wayne. Its northern segment begins at Interstate 69 on Fort Wayne's north side, and ends at U.S. Route 20 in east-central Steuben County, approximately east of Angola.
	State Road 1 begins at an interchange of Interstate 275; this is I-275's only exit in Indiana. Just after the interchange there is a stop light at U.S. Route 50 (US 50). SR 1 travels north-northwest until it reaches I-74; just beyond I-74 it crosses Indiana State Road 46 (SR 46). SR 1 continues north until it meets U.S. Route 52 (US 52) just west of Cedar Grove. Then US 52 and SR 1 continue north-northeast for until they reach Brookville; here, US 52 turns west on its way to Indianapolis, while SR 1 continues north-northwest for where it meets Indiana State Road 44 (SR 44). SR 1 and SR 44 travel together for where SR 1 turns north-northeast towards downtown Connersville. North of Connersville, SR 1 travels north-northwest until it reaches Cambridge City, where SR 1 crosses U.S. Route 40 (US 40). After the intersection at US 40, SR 1 heads north-northeast. After SR 1 has an interchange with Interstate 70 (I-70), then heads due north towards U.S. Route 36 (US 36). SR 1 turns east onto US 36 for , then leaves US 36 and travels generally due north until it reaches Fort Wayne. Just south of Fort Wayne, SR 1 ends at an interchange with Interstate 469 (I-469).
	On the north side of Fort Wayne at the Dupont Road interchange of Interstate 69 (I-69), the northern section of SR 1 begins and heads east. The road heads away from I–69 as a six-lane divided highway, along the south edge of the Parkview Regional Medical Center complex, passing through numerous commercial properties. The highway narrows to a four-lane divided highway at Diebold Road and then enters an area of mixed commercial and residential properties. At Tonkel Road, SR 1 begins to curve northeast toward Leo and narrows to a two-lane highway. The route then leaves Fort Wayne, passing through rural farm land with scattered houses. Curving due north to enter Leo on Main Street, SR 1 then passes through residential areas of that town. North of downtown Leo the highway curves northeast and passes through a mix of commercial and residential properties. As the road enters DeKalb County it curves to run due north. The highway then enters Spencerville, passing through the center of town. After Spencerville, the road curves northeast, before again turning back north. The highway enters St. Joe and takes a sharp curve to head due east. The route crosses CSX Railroad tracks and makes another sharp curve heading due north. The road continues north until it meets SR 8. The two routes head east-southeast for a concurrency, until SR 1 departs the joint section heading due north. The road then passes through rural farmland, with a few houses, as a two-lane highway. Upon entering Butler it crosses the Norfolk Southern Railroad tracks, before encountering a signalized intersection with US 6 in downtown Butler. SR 1 then leaves Butler heading due north until it intersects DeKalb County Road 46, at which point the highway turns northwest. The route enter Hamilton and begins a concurrency with SR 427, heading northeast and passing Hamilton Lake. After , SR 1 leaves the concurrency heading due north. The highway then continues in that direction until reaching its northern terminus at US 20.
	SR 1 began at US 50 and Main Street in Lawrenceburg and traveled north on Main Street until Main Street became Ridge Avenue. It then followed Ridge Avenue until it met the current SR 1.
	Between the late 1940s and late 1950s, SR 1 had three or more lanes. This started in Bluffton and continued north to Fort Wayne.
	Before being split into two sections on either side of Fort Wayne, SR 1 traveled on a continuous route through that city. From the present northern terminus of its southern section at Interstate 469's exit 6 in south-central Allen County, it continued north on Bluffton Road to pass just east of Fort Wayne's main airport (then known as Baer Field). In the Waynedale district of southwestern Fort Wayne, SR 3 joined Bluffton Road from the southwest at Lower Huntington Road. From there the routes originally continued together northward, hugging the bank of the St. Mary's River before curving east to bridge it. SR 1/SR 3 then immediately turned right (south) onto Broadway for about before turning east on Rudisill Boulevard. From there the routes continued to a one way pair of Clinton Street (southbound) and Lafayette Street (northbound), which then carried a concurrency of US 27 from Decatur and US 33 from St. Marys, Ohio. At Lima Road, SR 3 continues north, as US 27 and SR 1 got on I-69 northbound until exiting at Dupont Road.
	In later years, after the decommissioning of SR 3 through Fort Wayne and the completion of the Baer Field Thruway (later renamed Airport Expressway), SR 1 was rerouted to turn right onto that roadway, which deposited motorists onto Paulding Road at Fairfield Avenue. From there SR 1 headed east along Paulding Road to its intersection with US 27/US 33 (now Lafayette Street), where it turned left (north) and joined those routes to downtown Fort Wayne.
	North of Rudisill Boulevard, the original concurrency of US 27/US 33/SR 1/SR 3 (as well as the later concurrency of the first 3 routes) followed the Lafayette Street/Clinton Street pair to downtown Fort Wayne, where US 33 departed to the west. North of downtown, Lafayette Street became Spy Run Boulevard (still one-way northbound) until it terminated at the north end of the one-way pair with Clinton Street. From there the three (later two) combined routes continued north for a few blocks on Clinton Street to Northrup Street, where they curved northwest onto the latter roadway. Just south of Coliseum Boulevard SR 930 (then U.S. 30), Northrup Street becomes Lima Road, and continues north-northwest to I-69.
	At that point, SR 3 continued (later resumed) northbound on Lima Road to Kendallville, and US 27 and SR 1 both entered I-69 northbound, with SR 1 concurrent with the freeway until the Dupont Road interchange and US 27 concurrent with I-69 into Michigan.
	At one point, the northern terminus was at SR 120 just west of the Ohio State Line.

= = = Territorial Support Group = = =

	The Territorial Support Group (TSG) is a Met Operations unit of London's Metropolitan Police Service (MPS). In 2012 it consisted of 793 officers and 29 support staff. It specialises in public order containment, among other specialist policing. The TSG is a uniformed unit of the MPS that replaced the similarly controversial Special Patrol Group in 1987. TSG units patrol the streets of London in marked police vans or "carriers"; using the call sign "Uniform". Generally each carrier has an advanced (police) driver, five constables and a sergeant. Territorial Support Groups often comprise three carriers, eighteen constables, and three sergeants reporting to an Inspector. They separately patrol designated patches. When deployed, it is by the MPS Information Room. Due to the public order nature of their role often numerous carriers will be assigned, a common situation being drunken rowdiness at public house closing time. TSG officers can be identified as TSG from the distinctive "U" in their shoulder numbers.
	Today the TSG has three main tasks in the policing of the Metropolitan Police District:
	Although public order is not the TSG's only role, it is certainly their most visible and well-known. Like most Police Support Unit vehicles, TSG vans are equipped with mesh window shields and officers are equipped with acrylic glass riot shields, visored 'NATO' helmets, shin and elbow guards, along with fireproof coveralls when required. This level of protection allows them to deal with many violent situations, including riots, football violence and suspects armed with a variety of weapons. TSG officers are trained to a higher standard of operational readiness in their public order role than most other Police Support Units outside London; TSG training is refreshed every five weeks as a matter of routine. Exercises are conducted predominantly at the MPS Specialist Training Centre in Gravesend, Kent, though other sites are used as required, and encompass all public order scenarios; officers will undergo extensive riot training including being petrol bombed in large-scale engagements, prison clearance tactics, football stadium scenarios, night club scenarios, aircraft, rail and various 'angry-man' scenarios, as well as additional specialist training. TSG units spend considerable time training with other specialist police teams as well as certain military units. Also, if a siege situation is present, but firearms are not involved, TSG will often be deployed to counter the threat. Reflecting this role the unit's former head, Commander Michael Johnson, was tactical commander for the London 2012 Olympics.
	TSG provides support to regular divisional officers through high-visibility patrols, surveillance and decoy operations while also providing a presence on the streets. Boroughs are also supported through the provision of a 'Commissioner's Reserve' a section of TSG that is on standby all year round; it is designed so such units are always available for rapid response of a sizeable number of officers anywhere within the Metropolis to quell public order problems, from a bar brawl to large-scale public disorder. Day to day TSG assist the boroughs in handling and relocating particularly violent prisoners.
	TSG is equipped and trained to deal with the aftermath or evacuation during or after a terrorism emergency in London, and the unit includes a CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear) trained team. Working closely with SO15 (the Metropolitan Police Counter Terrorism Command) TSG also has counter-terrorism responsibilities.
	Potential TSG candidates are selected from mainstream divisional officers. Officers are selected on merit and much emphasis is placed upon their personal policing ability, motivation, resilience and good communication skills. Fitness and stamina are also seen as essential attributes of TSG personnel. Applicants must be recommended by a senior officer (minimum rank of Inspector) whilst on division.
	Mercedes Sprinters are the standard vehicle of TSG and each van transports six Constables and a Sergeant. Three of these vans can form an operational Serial ready to respond to incidents; following the national PSU model this would include an Inspector, three Sergeants, eighteen Constables, two medics and three drivers.
	TSG officers are not routinely armed, but are equipped with Speedcuffs, Monadnock fixed batons and CS/PAVA Incapacitant Spray like divisional officers. TSG does, however, have its own firearms capability with some officers being trained as Authorised Firearms Officers (AFOs) on standard-issue firearms such as the Glock 17 and Heckler & Koch MP5 semi-automatic carbine, as well as less-lethal weaponry such as the L104A1 Baton Gun and X26 Taser. Officers conduct certain infrequent armed patrols within London, usually supplementing Specialist Firearms Command. Instead of TSG officers wearing standard black trousers and white shirt, when policing demonstrations they often wear fire-retardant overalls with their stab vests underneath.
	Officers in the TSG have faced criticism about their policing methods and complaints have been made against officers of the TSG. Senior officers say that the type of work that the TSG are involved with, policing protests and performing drug raids makes them more likely to have complaints made against them.
	As the result of a freedom of information request made by "The Guardian" newspaper, it was revealed that more than 5,000 complaints were made against the TSG in 4 years but only 9 have been upheld. Commenting on these figures, a member of the Metropolitan Police Authority stated that officers in the TSG are "practically immune" from criticism.
	One ex-Metropolitan Police officer suggested that TSG members, "spend (their) days waiting for action, and far too many officers join seeking excitement and physical confrontation." Some officers are ex-military personnel and these are "the worst bullies" as "the laws of the battlefield are not appropriate to the streets of our capital".
	In 1997 a man was beaten by officers from the TSG in what was described as an "outrageous display of brutality", which only stopped when the man pretended to be unconscious. The man was charged with assault and threatening behaviour over the incident but was cleared after photographs of his injuries showed the officers had lied about the case under oath. After the man's acquittal the officers went on trial accused of assault in 1999 but were later cleared.
	In 2003, six officers of the TSG performed what a judge in 2009 called a "serious, gratuitous and prolonged" assault on a terrorist suspect, Babar Ahmad, a 34-year-old IT support analyst who was not subsequently charged with any offence. The officers involved had already been the subject of as many as 60 complaints about unwarranted assaults against other men. A number of mail sacks containing these complaints were somehow lost. The accusations were investigated by the Independent Police Complaints Commission but that they were found to be unsubstantiated. Five of the six officers were still members of the TSG in 2009. Babar Ahmed was later awarded £60,000 compensation, by the High Court, for the assault. In August, 2009, it was announced that the police officers accused of attacking Babar Ahmad would face criminal charges. However all four officers were found not guilty in June 2011 after a recording from listening device placed in Mr. Ahmed's home surfaced shortly before the trial which "proved the account originally given by these officers was correct and specific details of the complaint made by Mr. Ahmad were not present" 
	In 2005 a Kurdish youth recorded an officer on his mobile phone telling him ""If you say one more fucking word, I'll smash your fucking Arab face in"" after he was stopped near Paddington Green police station. The officer was suspended but denied the charge.
	Another investigation into six other officers of the TSG by the IPCC was launched following allegations made by three men that they were racially abused during an incident during June 2007 in Paddington. A van of officers stopped after seeing youths mouthing obscenities towards them. The officers appeared in court in December 2008 and were prosecuted; two for racially abusing the men, four of misconduct in a public office and one of racially aggravated assault. The Guardian reported that a request may have been made to restrict reporting of the trial by the media. The officer who was driving the van acted as a whistleblower during the trial. One officer, a former Royal Marine, accused in this case was also involved in the assault of Babar Ahmed and has had 31 complaints lodged against him since 1993. In November 2009 he was cleared of all offences, along with the other officers, and returned to work with the TSG.
	During the 2009 G-20 London summit protests two officers of the TSG were suspended from duty following publication of videos which recorded alleged assaults on members of the public at the 2009 G-20 London summit protests and at a subsequent memorial. In the first case, the member of the public, Ian Tomlinson, died shortly afterwards. In the second case, Sgt Delroy (Tony) Smellie was seen hitting Nicola Fisher. Following her complaint, the Crown Prosecution Service announced in September 2009, that there was sufficient evidence to charge Sgt Smellie with assault. He appeared in court on 16 November 2009 and was cleared of assault charges on 31 March 2010 at City of Westminster Magistrates' Court.
	However, he could still face misconduct proceedings over the incident.
	Video evidence shows that the officer seen hitting Ian Tomlinson had his face covered and that the officers involved in both cases were not displaying their identification numbers. Following the investigation into police handling of the protest, the human rights group Liberty called for further study of what it referred to as the ""militaristic approach"" used by the TSG.
	The TSG and their predecessors, the SPG, have been likened to paramilitary units during riot control operations by Tony Jefferson in "The Case against Paramilitary Policing" (1990). He argues this because of their use of shields, batons and helmets, their centralised command structure, their willingness to use force and their squad-like formations. Peter Waddington counters this conclusion in the British Journal of Criminology by pointing out that their equipment is mainly defensive. As employees, the police force have a duty to protect them from harm, he also notes that paramedics in riot situations also wear similar helmets and armour. Jefferson argues that by the police preparing for an event, such as a march or protest where they expect there to be violence, they create a self-fulfilling prophecy and that violence will occur. Waddington responds to this by pointing out that the TSG were deployed at the Notting Hill Carnival every year and yet there was not always violence. Jefferson also believes that by controlling the ground the TSG incites violence, Waddington cites examples (including the Battle of the Beanfield) where problems were caused by the police not controlling the ground and that when they have then tried to gain control violence ensued.
	Waddington states that if the presence of the TSG caused violence, then violence would not occur if they were not deployed. Waddington uses examples from three Poll Tax Riots to illustrate that the assumption that their deployment causes violence is not correct. When the TSG were not deployed, serious disorder occurred, including a fully-fledged riot. In contrast when the TSG, including specialists in riot control, were deployed there was less violence. What is more he found that the more the police planned for the 'worst-case scenario' the less disorder there was. When they controlled the space and the crowd was at its greatest, violence was lowest. Waddington states that whilst the deployment of the TSG in a riot situation is never desirable, it is often essential to maintain order and limit violence. However, he also believes that the use of force should be as minimal as possible and that it should only be used to achieve publicly acceptable purposes.
	The TSG operates from four bases located around London:
	The 1TSG unit based in Paddington Green Police Station was decommissioned in 2016 relating to poor working practices, unauthorised claiming of overtime and bullying.
= = = Midland–Odessa = = =

	Midland–Odessa is a metropolitan area located in West Texas approximately half-way between El Paso and Fort Worth, Texas. This combined statistical area (CSA) is made up of two metropolitan statistical areas (the Midland MSA and the Odessa MSA), and comprises three counties: Martin, Midland and Ector counties. The Midland–Odessa CSA is informally known as The Petroplex. 
	In the past, the cities of Midland and Odessa experienced a rivalry of bitter competition and political intrigue. Since the early 1990s, the nature of the rivalry has changed into one of friendly competition and economic cooperation. The Midland–Odessa area today is marketed as "Two Cities, no Limits."
	The Midland–Odessa combined statistical area, informally known as The Petroplex, akin to the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, is located along Interstate 20 in West Texas in a petroleum rich area called the Permian Basin. The Permian Basin extends into the South Plains region just south of Lubbock, Texas, extending westward into southeastern New Mexico.
	Midland–Odessa enjoys a climate typical of the resort cities of the Southwest United States. The terrain type is described as semi-arid mesquite-mixed grassland subtropical steppe. Winters are typically mild with a few seasonable cold spells. In the spring the wind is quite strong and the summer can bring extended heat waves with many consecutive days with highs of 100 degrees or more. The average rainfall of Midland–Odessa is 14.96 inches. Midland–Odessa is located in zone 8 according to the USDA 2003 Plant Hardiness Map. On average the area experiences 316 days of sunshine a year.
	The Midland–Odessa, Texas, combined statistical area (CSA) is made up of two metropolitan statistical areas (MSA) encompassing three counties. The CSA includes Martin and Midland counties in the Midland MSA, and Ector County in the Odessa MSA. The Midland–Odessa CSA encompasses 2,720 sq mi (7,044 km) of area, of which 2,713 sq mi (7,027 km) is land and 6.6 sq mi (18 km) is water.
	As of the census of 2000, there were 237,132 people, 86,591 households, and 62,647 families residing within the CSA. The racial makeup of the CSA was 75.47% White, 5.77% African American, 0.74% Native American, 0.78% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 14.83% from other races, and 2.38% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 35.84% of the population.
	The median income for a household in the CSA was $35,117, and the median income for a family was $41,819. Males had a median income of $33,778 versus $23,013 for females. The per capita income for the CSA was $17,700.
	The economy of the area is heavily dependent on the petroleum industry and has experienced a series of booms and busts as the price of crude oil has fluctuated. The Permian Basin is the source of the New York Mercantile Exchange's benchmark West Texas Intermediate Crude. Traditionally, the core cities of Midland and Odessa have played very distinct roles in the petroleum industry. Midland is home to most of the corporate offices and has a predominantly white-collar population. Odessa by contrast is home to mostly blue-collar workers and industrial facilities. In 2003 Family Dollar constructed its seventh distribution center, in its industrial complex, since then Telvista, an incoming call center, and Coca-Cola Enterprises have relocated to this complex located on Interstate 20. In even-numbered years, Odessa hosts the Permian Basin International Oil Show—the world's largest inland petroleum exposition—at the Ector County Coliseum. In recent years, both cities have made efforts to diversify into additional industries to reduce their dependence on the petroleum industry. Midland–Odessa is well positioned to become an energy nexus for the region and for the United States as a whole. The metropolitan area is home to two major natural gas powerplants and in July 2006 it was announced that Odessa was one of four possible sites for a FutureGen zero-emissions coal-fired powerplant (which eventually was awarded to Mattoon, Illinois). The Permian Basin is also home to several windfarms and the city of Andrews is a candidate site for an experimental high temperature nuclear reactor. This focus on new sources of alternative energy in addition to petroleum has led some to refer to the Permian Basin as the Energy Basin. The recent high price of crude oil has led to a significant economic boom in the area.
	Midland–Odessa is served by Midland International Air and Space Port (MAF), located between the core cities in Terminal and has since been annexed into Midland proper. This airport serves as a regional hub for cities and towns throughout the Permian Basin and as a gateway to Big Bend National Park. Odessa Schlemeyer Airport and Midland Air Park also serve as an option for smaller jets.
	The spirit of cooperation can be seen in the Midland Odessa Transportation Alliance (MOTRAN) and its centerpiece project "La Entrada al Pacifico" or "Entrance to the Pacific". La Entrada al Pacifico is an official trade corridor that connects the Mexican port city of Topolobampo on the west coast of Mexico with major markets in the Eastern and North Eastern United States and includes an inland port facility to be located in Midland–Odessa.
	Main article: 2019 West Texas shooting
	Eight people were killed, including the perpetrator, and 25 others were injured on the Interstate 20 between Midland and Odessa. The shooter was killed by a shootout with the police.

= = = Allen Rock (Essex County, Massachusetts) = = =

	Allen Rock is a small marshy island in the marshlands of Salisbury, Massachusetts. The island is northwest of the Salisbury Beach State Reservation.

= = = Bankstown Lidcombe Hospital = = =

	Bankstown-Lidcombe Hospital is a principal referral group A1B hospital with tertiary affiliations to the University of New South Wales, University of Sydney and Western Sydney University providing a wide range of general medical and surgical services and sub-specialty services to the Bankstown/Canterbury community. It is part of South Western Sydney Local Health District.
	It was built on the site of the former Bankstown Hospital, which was later demolished. It became part of the South Western Sydney Local Health District in January 2011 following National Health Reform replacing the former Sydney South West Area Health Service

= = = Lockdown (Stargate SG-1) = = =

	"Lockdown" is the third episode for season eight of the Canadian-American military science fiction television series "Stargate SG-1". The episode was written by Joseph Mallozzi and Paul Mullie, and directed by Will Waring. This was the only episode in the eighth season to receive a syndication rating, but was also one of the lowest rated of the season on the Nielsen household ratings. The episode got strong reviews from major media publishers worldwide.
	"Lockdown" is about the discovery of an outbreak of disease which first occurred in the Russian Federation, but later on infects personnel of Stargate Command. The outbreak is later revealed to be the ethereal remains of Anubis. At the same time, Jack O'Neill stops the recruiting process for SG-1 leaving Samantha Carter as the new leader of SG-1 throughout season 8. Anubis tries to take new hosts but is eventually defeated and forced to a destination chosen by Carter, a frozen, barren planet.
	Several months after the destruction of Anubis' fleet, Stargate Command gets a new member in the form of Russian Air Force Colonel Alexi Vaselov (Russian: Алексей Вaсильев) who promptly asks General O'Neill for a place in SG-1. After the general rejects this request, Daniel talks to Vaselov about it, but the colonel suddenly collapses. When he wakes up again, he doesn't remember anything since he was in Russia, and his body shows signs of extensive viral damage. Gen O'Neill is concerned that there may be a contagion on the base, and orders Daniel to the infirmary just as he is about to leave on a mission with SG-11. Daniel suddenly pulls out his gun and injures several people, yelling for the gate to be opened, before he is stopped by O'Neill and Teal'c. O'Neill orders for no one to enter or leave the base to avoid spreading possible disease.
	Meanwhile, Vaselov begins to remember what happened—that he felt like being trapped in his own body—and he blames himself for what has happened. It is also discovered that a Russian cosmonaut from the International Space Station died a week after returning to Russia, exhibiting the same symptoms as Vaselov, and that Vaselov was with him when he died. Later, Daniel wakes up and quickly remembers that he was taken over by Anubis. It turns out that the former System Lord, thanks to his half-ascended form as a dark specter, can easily travel between hosts. He got into the cosmonaut's body from space debris, and is moving from person to person to get to the stargate. The members of SGC conclude that Anubis plans to leave through the stargate rather than use his ascended powers, since that would draw attention from the Ancients. However, he needs a body in order to get through the stargate. In the meantime, Anubis is easily eluding capture, so the SGC must execute a bold plan to stop him.
	This plan involves splitting the base into three zones. Power to the stargate is shut off, and is only accessible from Zone 1. The gate itself, and its surrounding areas, is in Zone 2. Hallways between the zones and into the gateroom are blocked using drop-down steel doors, and these can only be opened from Zone 3. All staff are restricted to one section only—no movement between sections is allowed.
	However, Anubis takes over Carter (who is in the section controlling the "lockdown"), and makes her schedule a program to open the doors temporarily. She goes into the new control room and begins dialing the gate. O'Neill tries to stop her. With no other options, Jack and Major Kearney trigger the self-destruct, only for Jack to zat Kearney, revealing that Anubis is now possessing Jack's body. With the Stargate now active, Anubis now controlling Jack attempts to walk through the Stargate but Carter gets to the control room and ends the self-destruct sequence. She doesn't, however, manage to stop the gate from dialing, and it activates. Just as O'Neill is about to step through the gate, Col Vaselov, who has escaped from the infirmary, stops him. He holds O'Neill/Anubis at gunpoint and tells the Goa'uld to take his body instead. Anubis accepts, and steps through the stargate in Vaselov's body.
	Afterwards, Carter reveals that Anubis did not actually escape, as she did manage to override the dialing process to send him to an alternate address. The planet she chose to send him to was extremely cold, so Vaselov's body froze, leaving Anubis unable to dial a new address.
	Aaron Pearl who portrayed Major Kearney in the episode, previously played the younger version of George Hammond in the season two episode "1969". "Lockdown" was the first shot episode for season eight, but became the third to air so that they could continue the cliffhanger after previous season episode, "Lost City". Writer Joseph Mallozzi wanted to have an episode centered around the Jack O'Neill new job in Stargate Command, to "Test him early" on "as the new [...] commander."
	In the first script draft, Anubis was set to appear in a fiery planet at the end of the episode, but when the script was finished he ended up in a frozen planet. Mallozzi when commenting on the episode, said it was an "Image I'd been dying to use". When Samantha Carter told Jack O'Neill in the original draft where she had sent Anubis, O'Neill responded "Well, I hope he wore his warm socks." The line was dropped since producers felt it was "too callous" for the character. One of the early scenes featuring Alexi Vaselov, where he awakens to find Teal'c in the observation room, was originally scripted to take place in the infirmary. Originally Teal'c was set to appear at Daniel Jackson's bedsite with Vaselov engaging in the conversation.
	"Lockdown" received 2.0 in Nielsen household rating and 1.7 in syndication ratings becoming the only episode in season eight to receive a syndication rating. The episode debuted on the Sci Fi Channel in the United States on July 23, 2004, with "Stargate Atlantis" episode "Hide and Seek". It was the top-rated show on the Sci Fi Channel that week. "Lockdown" drew close to 2.7 million viewers in the United States, this was down four-tenths from the previous episode "New Order". While the viewership was higher than the previous season which averaged a 1.8 in Nielsen household ratings, "Lockdown"
	was surpassed by sister show "Stargate Atlantis" episode "Hide and Seek" in ratings and viewership. The episode was noted as the first "Stargate SG-1" episode which was not the top-rated show on the Sci Fi Channel in the week in two years.

= = = Zero Hour (Stargate SG-1) = = =

	"Zero Hour" is the fourth episode from Season 8 of the military science fiction television series "Stargate SG-1". It was written by producer Robert C. Cooper and directed by Peter Woeste. Clips of the episode were shown on "Late Night with Conan O'Brien" before Season 8 began, with "Late Night" graphic designer Pierre Bernard making a cameo appearance in the episode. The first airing of "Zero Hour" on July 30, 2004 on the American Sci Fi Channel was viewed by 3 million people. The episode received mixed reviews.
	"Zero Hour" takes place shortly after the promotion of main character Jack O'Neill from Colonel to Brigadier General. With O'Neill being the new leader of Stargate Command (SGC), Lt. Col. Samantha Carter has assumed O'Neill's old position as leader of the SG-1 unit. The idea to have the episode focus on General O'Neill solving various problems at his new job came from the writers' wondering what the general of the SGC does while his teams are on missions.
	The episode takes place over the course of five days, counting down to an at first unrevealed event named "Zero Hour". Five days to Zero Hour, General O'Neill is introduced to his new administrative aide, Mark Gilmor, who makes a suspicious phone call. Meanwhile, O'Neill's new position as a general is twofold. He needs to decide decorations for an upcoming official visit, and prepare SG-1 for its next offworld trip. A quickly growing alien plant and the arrival of two brawly Amrans, possible trade partners from another world, lead O'Neill to write a letter to General Hammond, his predecessor.
	At four days to Zero Hour, the alien plant has grown to cover many areas of the base. After SG-1 go missing on their off-world mission, a Goa'uld named Ba'al contacts Stargate Command and suggests an exchange of the captured SG-1 against Camulus, another Goa'uld who requested asylum on Earth several episodes before. With the help of Camulus, a potent power source is found and brought back to Stargate Command, only to find it tainted by Camulus (powering it up could result in the destruction of the Solar system). With the SGC suffering from a temporary electricity failure caused by the alien plants, Ba'al's renewed contacting only results in O'Neill's mocking. Exhausted by sleep deprivation two days to Zero Hour, O'Neill finishes his letter to General Hammond to inform him of his resignation.
	Although Camulus leaves Earth, Ba'al does not send back SG-1. When all SG teams announce their trust and support for the general, SG-1 dial the Stargate from offworld, revealing that they were never captured by Ba'al but instead were trapped in a secret base. After their safe return, O'Neill attests new SG-1 leader Samantha Carter's positive leadership skills. It is revealed that the ZPM Camulus was given to supposedly kill Ba'al (which Ba'al would use to destroy Earth) was actually the dead one from Antarctica. Zero Hour makes up the last minutes of the episode. The President is about to arrive, and Gilmor announces that his special assignment, initiated by the President's order, will end the next day. Gilmor expresses his respect, and as they leave to greet the President, the camera zooms in on the resignation letter on O'Neill's desk, with the last words, "Never mind".
	Despite being fourth in the airing order, "Zero Hour" was filmed as the seventh out of the twenty episodes of Season 8. The limited availability of Richard Dean Anderson (Jack O'Neill), who only worked 3.5 days out of five working days a week during the eighth season, extended the seven-day filming period to four weeks. With "Zero Hour" being a bottle episode to save money, director Peter Woeste filmed the majority of the episode on the standing SGC sets at The Bridge Studios, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The labs of Dr. Lee and Carter were filmed in the same room of the standing set, and a storage room for filming equipment was remodeled into the office of Gilmor. Second unit director Andy Mikita was responsible for the off-world scenes of the SG teams, filmed in Tynehead Park, one of the few undeveloped Vancouver locations that still allows filming. O'Neill in his sleeping quarters was the episode's last filmed scene, shot in two takes to allow Anderson to catch his flight home to Los Angeles.
	The inspiration for the episode came from the "SG-1" writers wondering for years what George Hammond, the SGC leader from seasons one through seven, does while SG-1 is away on missions. Imagined scenarios ranged from the general dealing with minor decisions like bunting and lunch buffet, to averting major emergencies and threats. The episode's working title was "A Day in the Life of General O'Neill", but writer Robert C. Cooper felt "Zero Hour" was more appropriate, referring to the President's visit at the end of the episode. The subplot of the SGC being overrun with plant life originates in a Season 4 idea by writer and producer Brad Wright. To not interrupt the shooting process, the set was decorated with various plants and vines overnight. Some plants were plastic, but real plants were used for the torching scenes, sprayed to be flame retardant so as not to burn the whole set. Jim Menard as the director of photography was responsible for the green lighting when the emergency lighting goes off. He achieved depth by using differently-colored lights in the control room and near the gate.
	"Zero Hour" features several guest stars. Los Angeles actor David Kaufman was brought in to play the part of Mark Gilmor, a red herring to the story. Cliff Simon, flown in from L.A. for a day's work, filmed most of his scenes as Ba'al against green-screen in the gateroom for a "hologram feel". Bill Dow (Dr. Lee) was doing theater work in Vancouver during the filming of this episode, necessitating the producers to schedule around his availability. Gary Jones's character, an "SG-1" semi-regular technician who sported the name "Norman Davis" on his uniform for years, received a new name in this episode: "Walter Harriman". After O'Neill had referred to him as "Walter" in the Season 4 episode "2010", the producers could not get clearance for a renaming into "Walter Davis". The new name is based on General Hammond referring to Jones's character as "Airman" (sounding like "Harriman") in the pilot episode, and "SG-1" writer Joseph Mallozzi explained the resulting incongruity as a married-name issue. One scene in "Zero Hour" features Pierre Bernard, a graphic designer for the NBC show "Late Night with Conan O'Brien", as technician O'Brien. The "SG-1" producers saw Bernard ranting on "Late Night" about "Stargate SG-1" being better without Daniel Jackson (actor Michael Shanks was not part of "SG-1" during Season 6), and gave him a cameo spot.
	Producer Robert C. Cooper was satisfied with "Zero Hour", claiming that Richard Dean Anderson "is fantastic in this episode. It's new-yet-classic O'Neill and fans of the character will be forever pleased with this." When "Zero Hour" first aired on the Sci Fi Channel on July 30, 2004, it achieved a 2.2 Household rating, equaling approximately 3 million viewers. Tied with "Icon", this marked the sixth-highest rating for any Season 8 episode of "Stargate SG-1".
	DVD Talk called "Zero Hour" "a playful episode" with a "funny sub-plot involving an alien plant", but recognized the episode's contribution to the overall story arc. TV Zone considered the plant threat "a nice change" but regretted that it was only a red herring for a later plot revelation. Bringing the plants to the SGC at all was regarded irritating, as the "obvious move [to build a secure lab on an uninhabited planet] doesn't make for such good drama." O'Neill acting as the new leader made "the Goa'uld threat [...] a laugh" and "an amazing change from the events from the series' early days" where O'Neill took this race more seriously. The actual zero hour plot concerning the "harassed" O'Neill was considered "a nice touch". Conan O'Brien, who had shown a clip of Pierre Bernard's scene in his late night show before the first airing, congratulated Bernard for doing a good job, and Bernard would be invited back to the "Stargate SG-1" set for a scene in the 200th episode of the show.

= = = Baranof Warm Springs, Alaska = = =

	Baranof Warm Springs is a small, primarily seasonally-occupied community located in the city and borough of Sitka, Alaska, on the eastern side of Baranof Island, from which it likely derives its name, in the Alexander Archipelago. It is occasionally referred to simply as Baranof. Baranof Warm Springs is located at .
	Baranof Warm Springs is located on Warm Springs Bay which is just off of Chatham Strait. Just about a half mile up from the settlement is Baranof Lake, a large glacially-fed freshwater lake. Baranof Lake is fed from small unnamed glacial run-off streams as well as the relatively large Baranof River. Between the half mile outlet between Baranof Lake and Warm Springs Bay there are a series of rapids and waterfalls that have proven to be lethal when run.
	Baranof Warm Springs is located on the southern part of a , exposure of a biotite-quartz diorite batholith that crosses northern Baranof Island.
	Baranof Warm Springs is a very small community, having only caretakers in the winter and intermittent visitors in the summer. There are around 15 seasonal homes. The community lies inside the jurisdiction of the City and Borough of Sitka. Other than property taxes and any dock fees from the new dock (2016) there is only one tax-paying commercial enterprise, the Baranof Wilderness Lodge and Resort. The city, in return, funds maintenance of a boardwalk which serves as the main thoroughfare as well as the dock for transient vessels. The community of property owners (BPOA- Baranof Property Owners Association) pools money together to pay for a seasonal (winter) caretaker for seasonally-inhabited residences, the city-owned picnic shelter (possible shelter for those needing it), the public bath house (which features three separate tubs), and the communal warm springs pools. Another caretaker is hired to tend to the Baranof Lodge from October 1 to May 1 when the owners of the Lodge return.
	Baranof Warm Springs was used frequently by the Tlingit of Angoon. People of western descent did not find the springs until 1891. It was serviced by a post office from 1907 through 1912, under the name of Baranoff.
	Baranof Warm Springs appeared on the U.S. Census twice as an unincorporated village. First in 1930 as Baranof with 25 residents and as "Baronof" in 1940 with 10 residents. It was later annexed into the City and Borough of Sitka.
	Baranof Warm Springs is accessible via floatplane with regularly scheduled flights leaving Sitka. The trans-island flight is 30 minutes on a clear day and an hour on an overcast one. The Alaska Marine Highway does not service Baranof Warm Springs and there is no scheduled ferry/marine passenger services to the community. Baranof Warm Springs itself does not feature any roads, and the boardwalk does not accommodate ATVs.
	The primary attraction is the warm springs. There are a total of nine separate hot springs with temperatures from lukewarm to 120 degrees F. Only one is developed in a natural state and is located right up against the white water of the Baranof River. The community built a public bathhouse at the waterfront to provide an option for visitors not wanting to bathe communally and/or make the 1/4 mile hike up the trail to the natural springs.
	Small tour boats come in frequently in the summer, but also fishermen, and employees of the Hidden Falls Hatchery visit as well. The warm springs is also the terminus (or occasionally the trailhead) of the Baranof Cross-Island Trail. On the northern end of Baranof Lake there is also a Forest Service cabin that is quite popular. The cabin can only be reached by boat or float plane. The terrain is too steep to hike.
	Baranof Warm Springs is home to the Coastal Research and Education Center, a research base and educational facility operated seasonally by the Alaska Whale Foundation.

= = = Hot Tamales = = =

	Hot Tamales is a chewy, cinnamon flavored, oblong-shaped candy introduced in 1950. It is manufactured and marketed in the United States by Just Born, a family-owned, Pennsylvania-based candy company.
	Deriving its name from the sometimes pungent (spicy hot) flavor of tamales, Hot Tamales was the top selling cinnamon candy, as of 1999.
	In addition to the original variant, Just Born also markets "Hot Tamales Fire" (originally "Super Hot Hot Tamales") with a hotter flavor and darker color.
	In 2011, Just Born released "Hot Tamales 3 ALARM" containing a mix of three candies: orange (hot), pinkish (hotter) and dark red (hottest). In 2014, Just Born released "Hot Tamales Tropical Heat" that contains three candies, combining the original pungent, spicy flavor with lemon, mango and pineapple flavor.
	A spearmint version, Hot Tamales Ice, was marketed in the late 2000s, but was subsequently discontinued. It was reintroduced again in 2018 combined with the regular Hot Tamales and marketed as Hot Tamales Fire & Ice.
	As listed on the original Hot Tamales box and Hot Tamales Fire boxes:
	Sugar, corn syrup, modified food starch, contains less than 0.5% of the following ingredients: dextrin, medium chain triglycerides, fruit juice from concentrate (pear, orange, strawberry, cherry, lime, lemon) sodium citrate, pectin, citric acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, confectioners glaze, carnauba wax, white mineral oil, artificial flavors, artificial color, sodium citrate, magnesium hydroxide, red #3, red #40, yellow #5 (tartrazine), yellow #6, blue #1.
	The late Ricky Wilson of The B-52's notes his love of Hot Tamales in their 1983 single "Song for a Future Generation".
	The candy appears in the 1991 documentary "", in a scene where Madonna is getting her make-up done while she's talking with one of her Blond Ambition Tour dancers (Oliver Crumes). At the very end of the conversation, the back of a Hot Tamales box is shown when Madonna takes a couple of candies.
	In the beginning of the episode "The Duel" on "The Office", Pam announces there will be a new candy on her desk for the new year, being Hot Tamales.

= = = Philadelphia Flower Show = = =

	The PHS Philadelphia Flower Show is an annual event produced by The Pennsylvania Horticultural Society (PHS) and held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, at the Pennsylvania Convention Center in early March. It is the "largest indoor flower show in the world," attracting more than 250,000 people annually.
	The show features large scale gardens, which range from elaborate landscaped displays to individual and club entries of a prize horticultural specimen. Each year there is an official theme which serves as the inspiration for most exhibits. The exhibits are submitted for judging in many categories, and are highly competitive.
	The amateur division of the show known as the Competitive Classes often have an assigned theme, related to the overall show theme. The 2007 Show, Legends of Ireland, featured Pressed Plant Material (i.e. dried flower pictures) that "incorporated a Celtic Knot." The first weekend's Medium Niche theme was "Wish You Were Here" "Exhibitors will be sent Irish postcards for inspiration. A copy of the postcard will be mounted next to the exhibit." Entrants for that class typically have a mockup of the niche at home, where they practice assembling and lighting their entry in the months preceding the show. In a "Challenge" class, entrants bring only pruning shears, and must use show-provided materials to interpret a theme within a limited amount of time. Three typical "Horticulture" classes are 142: "Clivia, flowering. Pot 8" or under", 143: "Clivia, flowering. Pot 8"-10"", and 144: "Clivia, foliage". (There was also a Clivia entered in 2007 under "Exceptional plants 10–20 years old, to be judged against “perfection” for their species/cultivar.")
	A popular part of the show floor is the Garden marketplace where visitors can buy plants and seeds, cut flowers, craft items, and other flower, landscaping and horticulture-related items.
	The Show boasts fabulous floral and garden design, live entertainment, culinary events and extraordinary gardening how-to workshops and lectures by experts. 
	The Pennsylvania Horticultural Society was founded in 1827. The nation's first flower show was held in Philadelphia in 1829, and showcased many exotic and native plants. The flower show moved to the now-demolished Philadelphia Civic Center in 1966, where it remained each year until 1996, when it moved to its present location at the Pennsylvania Convention Center. Today, PHS contributes to the local economy and the green life of Philadelphia and the region. Proceeds from the Flower Show support thousands of revitalization projects in communities. In recent years, a youth division was added to the pressed flower category, with the most recent winner being Kendall Wolson, a 17-year-old student from New Jersey who created a scene depicting two bears catching fish in a river.

= = = Bamboozle (quiz) = = =

	Bamboozle! was a quiz game featured on Channel 4 Teletext in the United Kingdom. It was originally part of Teletext's "Fun & Games" category, though the rest of the category had been discontinued for some years before Bamboozle! ended (due to the general discontinuation of all Teletext news and editorial content in December 2009). The last edition, themed around 'Ends and Lasts', appeared on Monday 14 December 2009. The Boozler 'family' appeared one last time on Tuesday 15 December 2009 saying farewell to the Teletext audience.
	On 9 August 2010 Bamboozle! was given a new home by Teletext on the iPhone complete with all the retro graphics. On 11 July 2019, Teletext Holidays launched a version of the Bamboozle quiz on their 404 error page.
	Bamboozle! was originally intended as a real-time game that could be played in conjunction with a broadcast TV programme using a similar multiple choice format as "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?". The decision by the new broadcast teletext franchise holders (Teletext UK) in 1993 to opt for X.25 packet switching meant that it was impossible to adequately synchronise the broadcast of teletext content in the context of a TV programme. The format thus fell back to the form it had operated in largely unchanged since 1994.
	The game used Fastext keys (different coloured buttons on the TV remote control) to select the desired answer from a choice of four, and was "presented" by virtual host Bamber Boozler, who derived his name from the word "bamboozle" and the name of University Challenge host, Bamber Gascoigne. Bamber Boozler's appearance was constrained by the limitations of the Level 1 World System Teletext alpha mosaic display format. From 1993–2005, Teletext competitions editor Julian Edwards created the quiz "Bamber Boozler" and the character "Bamber Boozler". In later years, journalists Charlie Ghagan and, latterly, Roger Wilkinson oversaw the quiz. Roger Wilkinson also provides content for the Teletext iPhone app. 
	A new set of questions was originally given each week, but this soon became more regular, eventually becoming daily. Each game originally had 25 questions, later reduced to 20, then 15 and eventually 12. The player was required to answer all questions correctly in order to complete the quiz, but was allowed multiple attempts to do so. Initially, if a question was answered incorrectly, the player would have to start again from Question 1, However this was later amended so that a maximum of three questions would need to be answered again. After completing the quiz, there was a score table with themed responses, for example:
	according to how many questions were answered correctly at the first attempt.
	On particular dates the quiz was themed, for example Halloween featured related questions and images of skeletons and spiders, whilst Guy Fawkes Night featured firework based questions, as well as numerous Christmas based versions. There were also special "name the picture / person" graphical editions.
	Other Boozler family members were introduced over the game's first few years – Bamber's wife, Bambette, who normally appeared when a question was answered incorrectly; while Saturday's quizzes were generally easier than the weekday editions and were presented by Bamber's son, Buster, with Bambette's role filled by Bonnie, his daughter. At one point in the quiz's history the red, yellow and green keys were sensible answers and the blue was mostly reserved for a comical response although rarely was the correct one. This was later changed and all the keys would have sensible answers.
	The quiz started off at 20 questions, then it went down to 15 and then 12. On very few special occasions it was 30, however one question wrong and contestants had to start from the very beginning.
	The "Bad Luck" pages appeared when questions were answered incorrectly, they used to feature little trivial messages at first and then mainly birthday announcements. This was scrapped to introduce "Bambette's Bonus" (or Bonnie's Bonus in Junior Bamboozle) where contestants could score again with a question from her. This was not a multiple choice question and contestants could get the answer by pressing the reveal button.
	The makers of "Bamboozle!" introduced a weekly competition whereby a viewer could contribute the questions to Bamboozle! As well as having their questions used, names mentioned and their image appear on screen (the viewer could supply a photograph, which was converted to a Teletext-style cartoon); the winning contributors also received a £20 WHSmith gift voucher. Even before this, viewer-submitted questions were readily used in various forms ever since the early days of the quiz.
	Back in the early days of "Bamboozle!", on a number of occasions the quiz would be put on hold and in its place was an adventure game (a different one each time), based on the popular children's fantasy programme "Knightmare". Viewers had to use the fastext keys to navigate their way through the quest.
	"Ten to One", was a sports version of "Bamboozle!" with the host Brian Boozler. The quiz was so called because it presented ten sports questions and players had to get from the ten down to one. It is a double meaning as Ten to One also relates to bookies popular odds on betting in many sports.
	This quiz ran concurrently with Bamboozle! for sometime until late 1998 where Brian said "I'm putting down the mic for a bit, I'm back in 1999...", however it never returned. He was however, during the period that the quiz was "rested", a guest quizmaster on Bamboozle! asking the contestants sports questions like before, with Bamber saying at the end "Thanks Brian... check your score below!".
	"Junior Bamboozle!" was a version run on Saturdays for children. It was hosted by Buster Boozler and the bad luck pages were hosted by Bonnie Boozler.

= = = Mike and Ike = = =

	Mike and Ike is a brand of fruit-flavored candies that were first introduced in 1940 by the company Just Born, Inc. The origin of the candy's name remains unknown, but there are many conjectures. Mike and Ikes were originally all fruit flavored but now come in several different varieties which have been introduced over the years.
	The Mike and Ike brand was first introduced in 1940 by Just Born, Inc., which is located in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Its origin uncertain, the name may have come from the comic strip Mike and Ike (They Look Alike), which, however, had ended by the 1940s. Or the name may have referred to the Matina Brothers, two of whom, nicknamed "Mike" & "Ike," were billed as circus midgets and had roles as Munchkins in the 1939 film "The Wizard of Oz"; the author Dean Jensen wrote without cited evidence that the two became so popular in America that a boxed candy was named after them. . Other proposals include a company-wide contest, a vaudeville song titled “Mike and Ike”, and Dwight D. Eisenhower, whose nickname was "Ike." Just Born acquired the "Rodda Candy Company" in 1953 and produced new flavors of the candy, such as cotton candy. Additional flavors such as Root Beer came in the 1960s, and others have been introduced on and off since.
	Mike and Ike are oblong fruit-flavored chewy candies that come in several colors and varieties, including cherry, orange, lime, lemon, and strawberry. Popular varieties are Tropical Typhoon, Berry Blast and Jolly Joes. Each candy has 7 calories, 0 grams of fat, and approximately 1 gram of sugar. The candy is kosher and gluten-free.
	They are similar to Hot Tamales, another candy introduced by the same manufacturer in 1950, though they are not spicy.
	Just Born produces several varieties of Mike and Ikes, including:
	Retro/limited varieties include:
	There are also seasonal packages for Easter in which the Mike and Ike flavors are formed as jelly beans.
	In April 2012, the company ran an ad campaign based on the premise that Mike and Ike were "breaking up" due to "creative differences"; the packaging showed one or the other name scratched out. The campaign was intended to capture the interest of younger consumers. In 2013 the company announced Mike and Ike would reunite. In addition to a re-designed packaging and juicier tasting candy, a trailer for a movie was released, entitled, "The Return of Mike and Ike."

= = = Maryland Route 175 = = =

	Maryland Route 175 is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. The highway runs from Little Patuxent Parkway in Columbia east to MD 3 in Millersville. MD 175 is a major highway through the large unincorporated community of Columbia; the highway connects U.S. Route 29 (US 29) next to Columbia Town Center with Interstate 95 (I-95) and an industrial area on the eastern side of Howard County. MD 175 also connects Fort Meade with Jessup and Odenton in western Anne Arundel County, where it links MD 295 and MD 32 with the eastern part of the U.S. Army base.
	MD 175 was constructed from Ellicott City to Millersville in the late 1920s and early 1930s as part of three routes: MD 531 from MD 103 near Ellicott City to US 1 near Jessup, MD 175 from there to Fort Meade and north to Hanover, and MD 180 from Odenton to Millersville. The highway did not originally extend through Fort Meade; MD 175 was constructed through the military installation in the early 1940s as part of major upgrades to the highway from Jessup to Odenton due to its strategic importance. By 1946, MD 175 extended from Ellicott City to Millersville. The highway was widened from Odenton to Millersville in the late 1940s and from Ellicott City to Odenton in the mid-1950s. MD 175 was relocated at I-95 around 1970 and as a major highway through the newly constructed community of Columbia in the mid-1970s. The old portion of the highway from Ellicott City to the new highway became MD 108 and MD 104. There are plans to expand MD 175 to a multi-lane divided highway through Fort Meade due to increased activity at the Army post.
	MD 175 begins just west of its bridges over the Little Patuxent River. The highway continues southwest as Little Patuxent Parkway, the county-maintained six-lane divided highway that forms the main street of Columbia Town Center. MD 175 heads east as Rouse Parkway, a four-lane divided controlled access highway; the highway was renamed from Little Patuxent Parkway to honor Columbia founder James Rouse and his wife Patty in 2006. The highway immediately has a cloverleaf interchange with US 29 (Columbia Pike). MD 175 heads southeast through intersections with Thunder Hill Road, Tamar Drive, and Dobbin Road as it passes between the Columbia villages of Oakland Mills to the southwest and Long Reach to the northeast. The state highway expands to six lanes at Dobbin Road and has a partial cloverleaf interchange with Snowden River Parkway that provides access to a park and ride lot serving MTA Maryland commuter buses and a trumpet interchange with Columbia Gateway Drive. Access from eastbound MD 175 to Columbia Gateway Drive requires using the Snowden River Parkway interchange. MD 175 widens to eight lanes at Columbia Gateway Drive, a width the highway carries through its intersection with the eastern end of MD 108 (Waterloo Road) to the highway's partial cloverleaf interchange with I-95. The highway's name changes from Rouse Parkway to Waterloo Road at the MD 108 junction. MD 175 has six lanes from I-95 to east of its junction with US 1 (Washington Boulevard), which was the site of a tavern called Waterloo and before that Spurrier's Tavern.
	MD 175 narrows to a two-lane undivided road as it passes between the Maryland Wholesale Produce Distribution Center to the southwest and the Patuxent Institution on the northeast and enters Jessup. East of Dorsey Run Road, which leads to the Jessup Auto Distribution Center, the state highway crosses over CSX's Capital Subdivision and enters Anne Arundel County, where the highway's name changes to Jessup Road. East of the tracks, MD 175 meets the eastern end of unsigned MD 723 (Old Jessup Road), which accesses the Jessup station on MARC's Camden Line, which uses the Capital Subdivision tracks. The highway continues east past the former Maryland House of Correction and has a cloverleaf interchange with MD 295 (Baltimore–Washington Parkway), where the highway's name becomes Annapolis Road. MD 175 temporarily expands to four lanes at its intersection with MD 713, which heads south as Rockenbach Road into Fort Meade and north as Ridge Road toward Hanover. The highway passes through the eastern part of Fort Meade and expands to a four-lane road with a center left-turn lane at Reece Road, which becomes MD 174 on the eastern boundary of the military installation.
	At the southeastern corner of the fort, MD 175 has a partial cloverleaf interchange with MD 32 (Patuxent Freeway) and enters Odenton. The highway crosses over Amtrak's Northeast Corridor and meets the southern end of MD 170 (Telegraph Road); the south leg of the intersection, Piney Orchard Parkway, leads to the Odenton station on MARC's Penn Line, which uses the Amtrak tracks. MD 175 continues as a four-lane undivided highway to a five-legged roundabout at the eastern end of Odenton where the highway meets Odenton Road, Higgins Drive, and Sappington Station Road, which is unsigned MD 32AA. The highway continues as a two-lane undivided road past Arundel High School and through the village of Gambrills before reaching its eastern terminus at MD 3 (Robert Crain Highway) west of Millersville. MD 175 has separate intersections with southbound and northbound MD 3; Millersville Road continues east from the northbound intersection through the eponymous village and past the historic Childs Residence.
	MD 175 is a part of the National Highway System as an intermodal freight transport connector from I-95 to Dorsey Run Road in Jessup and as a principal arterial from US 29 to I-95 through Columbia.
	The first section of MD 175 was constructed between 1924 and 1926 as a macadam road from US 1 southeast to the entrance of the Maryland House of Correction east of the B&O Railroad (now CSX) in Jessup. MD 175 was extended as a concrete road east to its modern intersection with MD 713, then northeast along what later became MD 713 to MD 176 in Hanover in 1929. The easternmost portion of MD 175, which was originally MD 180, was constructed as a concrete road starting in 1930 from MD 3 to the Pennsylvania Railroad (now Amtrak) in Odenton; the highway was complete west to Gambrills by the end of 1930. The original western part of MD 175, from US 1 in Jessup to MD 103 in Ellicott City, was constructed as MD 531 in 1932. The portion of the highway through Fort Meade was a public highway maintained by Anne Arundel County or the federal government through World War II.
	MD 180's crossing of the Pennsylvania Railroad was constructed in 1938. The highway was relocated through Odenton using the new bridge in 1938 and 1939; the old road became MD 677. MD 175's bridge over the B&O Railroad in Jessup was completed in 1942. The highway was widened to a wide road with a concrete base and asphalt surface from Jessup to the MD 713 intersection in 1942. MD 175 was also extended as a road through Fort Meade from MD 713 to west of Odenton between 1942 and 1944. By 1946, MD 175 had been extended east over MD 180 to Millersville and west over MD 531 to Ellicott City; the portion of MD 175 from Fort Meade to MD 176 became MD 713. MD 175 was widened from from Odenton to Millersville starting in 1948. The highway was widened and resurfaced from Odenton to the newly constructed Baltimore–Washington Expressway interchange in 1954. MD 175 was also widened with curve amelioration from US 1 to MD 103 between 1954 and 1956.
	MD 175's first divided highway section was created when the highway was relocated from US 1 to just north of the modern MD 108 intersection in conjunction with the construction of the I-95 interchange in 1969 and 1970. The state highway's interchange with US 29 in Columbia was built in several stages. The westbound and eastbound bridges across the Little Patuxent River were built in 1970 and 1974, respectively. The first parts of the interchange to open were the ramps between county-maintained Little Patuxent Parkway and southbound US 29. MD 175's bridges over US 29 were built in 1974. The interchange fully opened when the new Little Patuxent Parkway was completed from the existing highway at the present MD 108 interchange west to US 29 in 1977. The portion of MD 175 north of the new highway was replaced by an eastward extension of MD 108 and MD 104. The highway's trumpet interchange with Columbia Gateway Drive opened with Little Patuxent Parkway. MD 175 was two lanes from US 29 to Columbia Gateway Drive until the road was expanded to a divided highway in 1987. The highway's interchange with Snowden River Parkway was constructed in 2001. MD 175's roundabout in Odenton was installed in 2004.
	The Maryland State Highway Administration plans to upgrade MD 175 from MD 295 in Jessup east to MD 170 in Odenton in response to the greatly increased traffic destined for Fort Meade due to the Base Realignment and Closure process. The state plans to expand MD 175 to a six-lane divided highway along the stretch, construct intersection improvements at MD 713, Reece Road, Mapes Road, and Charter Oaks Boulevard, and reconstruct the MD 295 interchange. One of the first projects to begin construction is improvements at the MD 713 intersection, which started in 2011 and are expected to be completed in 2013.

= = = Sutton Park, Dublin = = =

	Sutton Park is one of the constituent residential areas which make up the suburb of Bayside "Irish: Cois Bá" on the coastline of Dublin Bay, Ireland.
	Built in the 1960s, it is situated between Bayside Shopping Centre, the Dublin Area Rapid Transit (DART) line and the coastal Dublin Road, with access from Bayside Boulevard, Bayside Park and one external link to the R105 coast road, 
	a section of the Dublin-Howth-Holyhead-London road built by Thomas Telford in 1823.
	Sutton Park is located in Fingal, north County Dublin, from Dublin city centre. It is a low-density residential area,comprising multiple roads named "Sutton Park" as well as "Sutton Lawns", "Sutton Downs" and "Sutton Grove".
	The adjoining neighbourhoods are Sarto / Roncalli, Verbena, Alden and Bayside Boulevards North and South.
	Sutton Park falls within the Dublin Bay North constituency. 
[[Category:Bayside, Dublin]]

= = = Microsoft RPC = = =

	Microsoft RPC (Microsoft Remote Procedure Call) is a modified version of DCE/RPC. Additions include partial support for UCS-2 (but not Unicode) strings, implicit handles, and complex calculations in the variable-length string and structure paradigms already present in DCE/RPC.
	The DCE 1.0 reference implementation only allows such constructs as "size_is(len)", or possibly "size_is(len-1)". MSRPC allows much more complex constructs such as "size_is(len / 2 - 1)" and even "length_is ((max & ~0x7) + 0x7)", a common expression in DCOM IDL files.
	MSRPC was used by Microsoft to seamlessly create a client/server model in Windows NT, with very little effort. For example, the Windows Server domains protocols are entirely MSRPC based, as is Microsoft's DNS administrative tool. Microsoft Exchange Server 5.5's administrative front-ends are all MSRPC client/server applications, and its MAPI was made more secure by "proxying" MAPI over a set of simple MSRPC functions that enable encryption at the MSRPC layer without involving the MAPI protocol.
	MSRPC is derived from the Distributed Computing Environment 1.2 reference implementation from the Open Software Foundation, but has been copyrighted by Microsoft. DCE/RPC was originally commissioned by the Open Software Foundation, an industry consortium to set vendor- and technology-neutral open standards for computing infrastructure. None of the Unix vendors (now represented by the Open Group), wanted to use the complex DCE or such components as DCE/RPC at the time. 
	Microsoft's Component Object Model is based heavily on MSRPC, adding interfaces and inheritance. The marshalling semantics of DCE/RPC are used to serialize method calls and results between processes with separate address spaces, albeit COM did not initially allow network calls between different machines.
	With Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM), COM was extended to software components distributed across several networked computers. DCOM, which originally was called "Network OLE", extends Microsoft's COM, and provides the communication substrate under Microsoft's COM+ application server infrastructure. Microsoft donated DCOM to the Open Group.

= = = Cooking spray = = =

	Cooking spray is a spray form of an oil as a lubricant, lecithin as an emulsifier, and a propellant such as food-grade alcohol, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide or propane. Cooking spray is applied to frying pans and other cookware to prevent food from sticking. Traditionally, cooks used butter, shortening, or oils poured or rubbed on cookware. Most cooking sprays have less food energy per serving than an application of vegetable oil, because they are applied in a much thinner layer: US regulations allow many to be labelled "zero-calorie"; in the UK sprays claim to supply "less than 1 calorie per serving". Popular US brands include Pam, Crisco, and Baker's Joy. Sprays are available with plain vegetable oil, butter and olive oil flavor.
	Cooking spray has other culinary uses besides being applied to cookware. Sticky candies such as Mike and Ike that are often sold in bulk vending machines may be sprayed with cooking spray to keep them from sticking together in the machines. Coating the inside of a measuring cup with the spray allows sticky substances such as honey to pour out more easily. Vegetables may be sprayed before seasoning to make the seasonings stick better.

= = = Diocesan chancery = = =

	A diocesan chancery is the branch of administration which handles all written documents used in the official government of a Catholic or Anglican diocese.
	It is in the diocesan chancery that, under the direction of the bishop or his representative, all documents which concern the diocese are drawn up, copied, forwarded, and a record kept of all official writings expedited or received.
	The official charged with the execution of these duties is known as the diocesan chancellor.
	Diocesan chanceries may be universal, but there is nothing in the common ecclesiastical law concerning their creation and equipment. The explanation lies in the very nature of this law, which provides only for what is general and common, and takes no account of local means of administration, which it abandons to the proper authority in each diocese, the concrete circumstances offering always great variety and calling for all possible freedom of action.
	Although, as above described, the methods of diocesan administration exhibit no little variety, there exists on the other hand a certain uniformity. Each diocese, after all, is bound to observe the common law, has an identical range of freedom, and identical limits to its authority. Each diocese, therefore, is likely, "a priori", to develop its administration along similar lines, but does so regularly in harmony with others, particularly neighbouring dioceses. In this way the dioceses of a given country come to have similar official administration.
	In many dioceses, the chancellor exercises some of the faculties which in other dioceses are exclusively reserved to the vicar-general. This happens more frequently in smaller dioceses, administered directly by the bishop himself, and in which the vicar-general (often not resident in the episcopal city) is called on only when the bishop is absent or hindered.
	In such cases the chancellor is also the confidential secretary of the bishop. A similar system obtains even in many extensive dioceses which are administered by the bishop with the aid of one or more vicars-general and the diocesan chancery. There are, however, some large dioceses in which all matters personally reserved to the bishop are executed by him with the aid of a secretary or chancellor, usually a priest or deacon, while the greater part of the diocesan administration is handed over to a body of officials under the direction of the bishop or his vicar-general.
	For the correspondence, registration, and care of the archives, such administrative bureaus are provided with a secretariat or chancery. The chancery is a necessary element of administration in every diocese. Some provision for its duties must be made, even in missionary dioceses, apostolic prefectures, and apostolic vicariates. Unless the official correspondence were properly cared for, there would be no tradition in diocesan management, important documents would be lost, and the written evidence necessary in lawsuits and trials would be lacking.
	The famous Apostolic Chancery ("Cancellaria Apostolica") developed in time from the chancery of the primitive Bishop of Rome. By reason of the latter's primacy in the Church, his chancery naturally had far wider relations than that of any other Christian diocese. The Apostolic See had never legislated concerning diocesan chanceries until the 1983 Code of Canon Law under its canons on the diocesan curia (cc. 469-494). The diocesan system was generally introduced in many countries whose churches had hitherto been under a more or less provisional government (e.g. United States, England, Scotland, India).
	National and provincial synods laid much stress on the creation of diocesan chanceries. In the United States, the First Plenary Council of Baltimore (1852) expressed the wish that in every diocese there should be a chancery, to facilitate ecclesiastical administration and establish for its conduct a more or less identical system. In Ireland, the National Synod of Thurles (1850) made provision for the establishment and preservation of diocesan archives. Similarly for England the Provincial Synod of Westminster (1852).
	In keeping with these recommendations, the diocesan chancery consists of a certain number of officials named by the bishop. In the United States, England, and Australia, there are usually, besides the vicar-general, a diocesan chancellor and a secretary. In European dioceses the chancery is organized variously, according to the extent of the diocese. There is generally in each diocese a chancellor or secretary with the necessary personnel.
	In the dioceses of Germany much of the administration is carried on by an official bureau ("Ordinariat") as described above, i.e., the vicariate-general, to which are adjoined a secretariat, a registry office, and a chancery.
	In the Diocese of Breslau there existed an institution known as the "Secret Chancery" ("Geheimkanzlei"), which expedited only matters decided by the prince-bishop personally or with the advice of this body. The prince-bishop presided over its sessions with the help of the vicar-general. Its members were three priests and one lay counsellor to whom were added a secretary, a chief of the chancery, two private secretaries, a registrar, etc. The ordinary diocesan administration were carried on by two other bureaus, the vicariate-general and the diocesan consistory, mutually independent, but both acting in the name of the prince-bishop.
	For the office of diocesan chancellor in the United States, see "Acta et Decreta" of the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore, in index, p. 303, and of the Synod of Maynooth (1900), s. v. "Archiva".

= = = Alpha Kappa Delta Phi = = =

	alpha Kappa Delta Phi (αΚΔΦ) (also known as aKDPhi) is an Asian-interest sorority founded at the University of California, Berkeley. alpha Kappa Delta Phi is part of the National APIDA Panhellenic Association (NAPA), which it helped charter in 2006. alpha Kappa Delta Phi currently has 57 chapters in North America, and is the largest Asian-American interest sorority in the United States and Canada.
	alpha Kappa Delta Phi was established at the University of California at Berkeley in the Fall of 1989 and recognized by the College Panhellenic Association on February 7, 1990. There were fourteen founding sisters: Betty Chu, Karin Co, Susan Kim, Nancy Lee, Sherri Leung, Annie Loo, Belinda Ma, Anita Ng, Serene Ngin, Fannie Pon, Josie Sun, Daisy Wu, Jill Yoshimura and Reina Yuan, and they dedicated themselves "to establishing a sorority which would offer Asian American women the opportunity to participate in the Greek system while also establishing an organization which would last as a strong tradition. ".
	During the fall of 2002, the National Alumnae Board was established under the guidance of the National Board Alumnae Chair, Sophia Yen, to oversee the expansion and growth of the sorority’s alumnae. The 2002-2003 National Alumnae Board strongly desired a working organization that would provide programs and services to all alumnae. This idea later blossomed into the formation of the National Alumnae Association. With a true grassroots beginning, the National Alumnae Board’s initial activity focused on creating a mentoring program that would drive rich learning and development for both mentees and mentors. The success of the mentorship initiative led to the addition of a scholarship program that would award financial aid to sisters looking to further their education. Over the years, the National Alumnae Board has proudly sponsored many programs to edify our alumnae in helping them pursue their dreams, passions, and legacies. To date, the National Alumnae Association is still holding fast to its purpose: to continue the sisterhood after graduation. As such, it remains the leading avenue for our alumnae to connect with one another and express their timeless affection and everlasting devotion to alpha Kappa Delta Phi.
	alpha Kappa Delta Phi promotes Asian Awareness, one of its founding principles, by encouraging its members to be constantly aware of and involved in Asian American issues in their communities. Chapters host events such as forums, presentations, and workshops. Many of these events take place during May, which is Asian Pacific American Heritage Month.
	alpha Kappa Delta Phi's national philanthropy is breast cancer awareness.
	alpha Kappa Delta Phi's breast cancer awareness campaign began in 1998, and its exclusive partnership with Avon began in 2010 and ended in 2017. The sorority hosts breast cancer awareness banquets, information sessions, workshops, and discussion groups. In 2006, the sorority raised over $30,000 as a national organization for breast cancer awareness. In 2008, the sorority raised and donated over $35,000. In 2012, the sorority raised and donated over $62,000. In 2016, the sorority raised and donated over $102,000, hitting the half of a million mark in terms of the total dollar amount donated to the Avon Breast Cancer Crusade since the start of their partnership in 2010.
	The following are the chapters of alpha Kappa Delta Phi.

= = = Kingston, California = = =

	Kingston is a former town that is no longer in existence. Originally in Fresno County, until 1909 when Fresno County lands in the vicinity, south of Kings river were transferred to Kings County, California. It was located on the south bank of the Kings River northwest of Hanford at Whitmore's Ferry.
	L. A. Whitmore established the ferry in 1854. It was founded in 1856 by Lucious A. Whitmore who operated the first ferry to cross the Kings River. The town of Kingston grew up around the ferry at the place where an old Spanish road called "El Camino Viejo á Los Angeles" (The Old Road to Los Angeles) crossed the river. Kingston became a stopping place on the Butterfield Overland Mail route from 1858 to 1861 and a stage route between Stockton and Visalia after 1858. A post office operated at Kingston from 1859 to 1862, and from 1866 to 1890, when the service transferred to Lillis. Until at least 1872, the only store between Millerton and Visalia was in Kingston. The first school in the area was probably the one established as early as 1860 in Kingston.
	Oliver H. Bliss operated the Kingston ferry after Whitmore, beginning in 1859. Bliss built a temporary toll bridge with two boats and planking in 1872. In 1873, John Sutherland purchased Bliss's interest in both the ferry and the bridge and built a permanent bridge that year.
	On December 26, 1873, Tiburcio Vásquez and his bandit gang made a bold raid, robbing the entire village. Reportedly 35 or more men were tied up and over $2,000 in loot was hauled away. Subsequently, the town declined and by the 1890s Kingston was abandoned. Oliver Bliss' livery stable was the last remaining building and stood until 1930.
	The site of the town is now a California Historical Landmark (#270), which can be found in Kingston-Laton County Park in Kings County.

= = = Voluntary euthanasia = = =

	Voluntary euthanasia is the practice of ending a life in a painless manner. Voluntary euthanasia (VE) and physician-assisted suicide (PAS) have been the focus of great controversy in recent years.
	Some forms of voluntary euthanasia are legal in Belgium, Colombia, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Canada.
	Voluntary refusal of food and fluids (VRFF) (also called voluntarily stopping eating and drinking, or VSED) or Patient Refusal of Nutrition and Hydration (PRNH) is bordering on euthanasia. Some authors classify it as a form of passive euthanasia, while others treat it separately because it is treated differently from legal point of view and often perceived as a more ethical option. VRFF is sometimes suggested as a legal alternative to euthanasia in jurisdictions disallowing euthanasia.
	Assisted suicide is a practice in which a person receives assistance in bringing about their death, typically people suffering from a severe physical illness, in which the final step in the process is actively performed by the person concerned. In physician-assisted suicide (also called physician aid-in-dying or PAD) a physician knowingly provides a competent but suffering patient, upon the patient's request, with the means by which the patient intends to end his or her own life. Assisted suicide is contrasted with "active euthanasia" when the difference between providing the means and actively administering lethal medicine is considered important. For example, Swiss law allows assisted suicide while all forms of active euthanasia (like lethal injection) remain prohibited.
	The term euthanasia comes from the Greek words "eu"-meaning good and "thanatos"-meaning death, which combined means “well-death” or "dying well". Hippocrates mentions euthanasia in the Hippocratic Oath, which was written between 400 and 300 BC The original Oath states: “To please no one will I prescribe a deadly drug nor give advice which may cause his death.” Despite this, the ancient Greeks and Romans generally did not believe that life needed to be preserved at any cost and were, in consequence, tolerant of suicide in cases where no relief could be offered to the dying or, in the case of the Stoics and Epicureans, where a person no longer cared for his life.
	English Common Law from the 14th century until the middle of the last century made suicide a criminal act in England and Wales. Assisting others to kill themselves remains illegal in that jurisdiction. However, in the 16th century, Thomas More, considered a saint by Roman Catholics, described a utopian community and envisaged such a community as one that would facilitate the death of those whose lives had become burdensome as a result of "torturing and lingering pain", see The meaning of the work.
	Since the 19th century, euthanasia has sparked intermittent debates and activism in Europe and the Americas. According to medical historian Ezekiel Emanuel, it was the availability of anesthesia that ushered in the modern era of euthanasia. In 1828, the first known anti-euthanasia law in the United States was passed in the state of New York, with many other localities and states following suit over a period of several years. After the Civil War, voluntary euthanasia was promoted by advocates, including some doctors. Support peaked around the start of the 20th century in the US and then grew again in the 1930s.
	In an article in the "Bulletin of the History of Medicine", Brown University historian Jacob M. Appel documented extensive political debate over legislation to legalize physician-assisted suicide in both Iowa and Ohio in 1906. Appel indicates social activist Anna Sophina Hall, a wealthy heiress who had watched her mother die after an extended battle with liver cancer, was the driving force behind this movement. According to historian Ian Dowbiggin, leading public figures, including Clarence Darrow and Jack London, advocated for the legalization of euthanasia.
	In 1937, doctor-assisted euthanasia was declared legal in Switzerland as long as the doctor ending the life had nothing to gain. During this same era, US courts tackled cases involving critically ill people who requested physician assistance in dying as well as "mercy killings," such as by parents of their severely disabled children.
	During the post-war period, prominent proponents of euthanasia included Glanville Williams ("The Sanctity of Life and the Criminal Law") and clergyman Joseph Fletcher ("Morals and medicine"). By the 1960s, advocacy for a right-to-die approach to voluntary euthanasia increased.
	In 1996, the world's first euthanasia legislation, the Rights of the Terminally Ill Act 1996, was passed in the Northern Territory of Australia. Four patients died through assisted suicide under the Act, using a device designed by Dr Philip Nitschke. The legislation was overturned by Australia’s Federal Parliament in 1997. In response to the overturning of the Act, Nitschke founded EXIT International. In 2009, an Australian quadriplegic was granted the right to refuse sustenance and be allowed to die. The Supreme Court of Western Australia ruled that it was up to Christian Rossiter, aged 49, to decide if he was to continue to receive medical care (tube feeding) and that his carers had to abide by his wishes. Chief Justice Wayne Martin also stipulated that his carers, Brightwater Care, would not be held criminally responsible for following his instructions. Rossiter died on 21 September 2009 following a chest infection.
	On 20 May 1997, the Constitutional Court of Colombia decriminalised piety homicide, for terminally ill patients, stating that "the medical author cannot be held responsible for the assisted suicide of a terminally ill patient" and urged Congress to regulate euthanasia "in the shortest time possible".
	On 15 December 2014, the Constitutional Court had given the Ministry of Health and Social Protection 30 days to publish guidelines for the healthcare sector to use in order to guarantee terminated ill patients, with the wish to undergo euthanasia, their right to a dignified death.
	In 1957 in Britain, Judge Devlin ruled in the trial of Dr John Bodkin Adams that causing death through the administration of lethal drugs to a patient, if the intention is solely to alleviate pain, is not considered murder even if death is a potential or even likely outcome. In 1993, the Netherlands decriminalized doctor-assisted suicide, and in 2002, restrictions were loosened. During that year, physician-assisted suicide was approved in Belgium. Belgium's at the time most famous author Hugo Claus, suffering from Alzheimer's disease, was among those that asked for euthanasia. He died in March 2008, assisted by an Antwerp doctor.
	A key turning point in the debate over voluntary euthanasia (and physician assisted dying), at least in the United States, was the public furor over the Karen Ann Quinlan case. The Quinlan case paved the way for legal protection of voluntary passive euthanasia. In 1977, California legalized living wills and other states soon followed suit.
	In 1980 the Hemlock Society USA was founded in Santa Monica by Derek Humphry. It was the first group in the United States to provide information to the terminally ill in case they wanted a hastened death. Hemlock also campaigned and partially financed drives to reform the law. In 2003 Hemlock was merged with End of Life Choices, which changed its name to Compassion and Choices.
	In 1990, Dr. Jack Kevorkian, a Michigan physician, became famous for educating and assisting people in committing physician-assisted suicide, which resulted in a Michigan law against the practice in 1992. Kevorkian was tried and convicted in 1999 for a murder displayed on television. Also in 1990, the Supreme Court approved the use of non-active euthanasia.
	In 1994, Oregon voters approved the Death with Dignity Act, permitting doctors to assist terminal patients with six months or less to live to end their lives. The U.S. Supreme Court allowed such laws in 1997. The Bush administration failed in its attempt to use drug law to stop Oregon in 2001, in the case "Gonzales v. Oregon".
	In 2005, amid U.S. government roadblocks and controversy, Terri Schiavo, a Floridian who had been in a vegetative state since 1990, had her feeding tube removed. Her husband had won the right to take her off life support, which he claimed she would want but was difficult to confirm as she had no living will and the rest of her family claimed otherwise.
	In November 2008, Washington Initiative 1000 made Washington the second U.S. state to legalize physician-assisted suicide.
	Euthanasia is a criminal offense in China. For example, in Shanghai a 67-year-old man was sentenced to 5 years in prison when he euthanized his 92-year-old mother when she emerged from a hospital procedure only able to move one finger and one toe. The sentence was considered lenient because he had displayed filial piety toward his mother.
	While active euthanasia remains illegal in China, it is gaining increasing acceptance among doctors and the general populace.
	In Hong Kong, support for euthanasia among the general public is higher among those who put less importance on religious belief, those who are non-Christian, those who have higher family incomes, those who have more experience in taking care of terminally ill family members, and those who are older.
	Since World War II, the debate over euthanasia in Western countries has centered on voluntary euthanasia within regulated health care systems. In some cases, judicial decisions, legislation, and regulations have made voluntary euthanasia an explicit option for patients and their guardians. Proponents and critics of such voluntary euthanasia policies offer the following reasons for and against official voluntary euthanasia policies:
	Proponents of voluntary euthanasia emphasize that choice is a fundamental principle for liberal democracies and free market systems.
	The pain and suffering a person feels during a disease, even with pain relievers, can be incomprehensible to a person who has not gone through it. Even without considering the physical pain, it is often difficult for patients to overcome the emotional pain of losing their independence.
	Those who witness others die are "particularly convinced" that the law should be changed to allow assisted death.
	Today in many countries there is a shortage of hospital space. Medical personnel and hospital beds could be used for people whose lives could be saved instead of continuing the lives of those who want to die, thus increasing the general quality of care and shortening hospital waiting lists. It is a burden to keep people alive past the point they can contribute to society, especially if the resources used could be spent on a curable ailment.
	Critics argue that voluntary euthanasia could unduly compromise the professional roles of health care employees, especially doctors. They point out that European physicians of previous centuries traditionally swore some variation of the Hippocratic Oath, which in its ancient form excluded euthanasia: "To please no one will I prescribe a deadly drug nor give advice which may cause his death.." However, since the 1970s, this oath has largely fallen out of use.
	Some people, including many Christians, consider euthanasia of some or all types to be morally unacceptable. This view usually treats euthanasia to be a type of murder and voluntary euthanasia as a type of suicide, the morality of which is the subject of active debate.
	If there is some reason to believe the cause of a patient's illness or suffering is or will soon be curable, the correct action is sometimes considered to attempt to bring about a cure or engage in palliative care.
	Feasibility of implementation: Euthanasia can only be considered "voluntary" if a patient is mentally competent to make the decision, i.e., has a rational understanding of options and consequences. Competence can be difficult to determine or even define.
	Consent under pressure: Given the economic grounds for voluntary euthanasia, critics of voluntary euthanasia are concerned that patients may experience psychological pressure to consent to voluntary euthanasia rather than be a financial burden on their families. Even where health costs are mostly covered by public money, as in most developed countries, voluntary euthanasia critics are concerned that hospital personnel would have an economic incentive to advise or pressure people toward euthanasia consent.
	Non-voluntary euthanasia is sometimes cited as one of the possible outcomes of the slippery slope argument, in which it is claimed that permitting voluntary euthanasia to occur will lead to the support and legalization of non-voluntary and involuntary euthanasia.
	The right to life movement opposes voluntary euthanasia.
	Euthanasia brings about many ethical issues regarding a patient’s death. Some physicians say euthanasia is a rational choice for competent patients who wish to die to escape unbearable suffering.
	Physicians who are in favor of euthanasia state that to keep euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide (PAS) illegal is a violation of patient freedoms. They believe that any competent terminally-ill patient should have the right to choose death or refuse life-saving treatment. Suicide and assistance from their physician is seen as the only option those patients have. With the suffering and the knowledge from the doctor, this may also suggest that PAS is a humane answer to the excruciating pain.
	An argument against PAS is the violation of the Hippocratic oath that some doctors take. The Hippocratic oath states "I will not give a lethal drug to anyone if I am asked, nor will I advise such a plan".
	Another reason for prohibiting PAS and euthanasia is the option of abusing PAS if it were to become legal. Poor or uninsured patients may not have the money or no access to proper care will have limited options, and they could be pressured towards assisted death.
	During the 20th century, efforts to change government policies on euthanasia have met limited success in Western countries. Euthanasia policies have also been developed by a variety of NGOs, most notably medical associations and advocacy organizations.
	There are many different religious views on the issue of voluntary euthanasia, although many moral theologians are critical of the procedure.
	Euthanasia can be accomplished either through an oral, intravenous, or intramuscular administration of drugs, or by oxygen deprivation (anoxia), as in some euthanasia machines. In individuals who are incapable of swallowing lethal doses of medication, an intravenous route is preferred. The following is a Dutch protocol for parenteral (intravenous) administration to obtain euthanasia:
	Intravenous administration is the most reliable and rapid way to accomplish euthanasia. A coma is first induced by intravenous administration of 20 mg/kg sodium thiopental (Nesdonal) in a small volume (10 ml physiological saline). Then a triple intravenous dose of a non-depolarizing neuromuscular muscle relaxant is given, such as 20 mg pancuronium bromide (Pavulon) or 20 mg vecuronium bromide (Norcuron). The muscle relaxant should preferably be given intravenously, in order to ensure optimal availability. Only for pancuronium bromide (Pavulon) are there substantial indications that the agent may also be given intramuscularly in a dosage of 40 mg.
	With regards to voluntary euthanasia, many people argue that 'equal access' should apply to access to suicide as well, so therefore disabled people who cannot kill themselves should have access to voluntary euthanasia.
	Apart from "The Old Law", a 17th-century tragicomedy written by Thomas Middleton, William Rowley, and Philip Massinger, one of the early books to deal with euthanasia in a fictional context is Anthony Trollope's 1882 dystopian novel, "The Fixed Period". Ricarda Huch's novel "The Deruga Case" (1917) is about a physician who is acquitted after performing euthanasia on his dying ex-wife.
	"Quality of Mercy" in "The Prosecution Rests" is a fable exploring the facets of aging, Alzheimer's disease, and euthanasia. The story line makes no judgement but frees the reader to decide.
	The plot of Christopher Buckley's 2007 novel "Boomsday" involves the use of 'Voluntary euthanasia' of seniors as a political ploy to stave off the insolvency of social security as more and more of the aging US population reaches retirement age.
	The films "Children of Men" and "Soylent Green" depict instances of government-sponsored euthanasia in order to strengthen their dystopian themes. The protagonist of the film "Johnny Got His Gun" is a brutally mutilated war veteran whose request for euthanasia furthers the work's anti-war message. The recent films "Mar Adentro" and "Million Dollar Baby" argue more directly in favor of euthanasia by illustrating the suffering of their protagonists. These films have provoked debate and controversy in their home countries of Spain and the United States respectively.
	In March 2010, the PBS "Frontline" TV program in the United States showed a documentary called "The Suicide Tourist" which told the story of Professor Craig Ewert, his family, and the Swiss group Dignitas, and their decision to help him commit assisted suicide in Switzerland after he was diagnosed and suffering with ALS (Lou Gehrig's Disease).
	Thrash metal band Megadeth's 1994 album "Youthanasia" (the title is a pun on euthanasia) implies that society is euthanizing its youth.
	The documentary film "How to Die in Oregon" follows the lives of select terminally ill individuals who weigh the options of continuing to live and euthanasia. This film employs emotional appeal to the audience on the controversial topic of voluntary euthanasia.

= = = José Clavijo y Fajardo = = =

	José Clavijo y Fajardo (19 March 1726 in Teguise, Lanzarote – 3 November 1806), was a Spanish publicist.
	He was born on Lanzarote (Canary Islands). He settled in Madrid, became editor of "El Pensador", and by his campaign against the public performance of "autos sacramentales", secured their prohibition in 1765. In 1770 he was appointed director of the royal theatres, a post which he resigned in order to take up the editorship of the "Mercurio Histórico y Político de Madrid." At the time of his death in 1806 he was secretary to the Cabinet of Natural History. 
	He had in abundance the courage, perseverance and gift of pungent expression which form the equipment of the aggressive journalist, but his work would long since have been forgotten were it not that it put an end to a peculiarly national form of dramatic exposition, and that his love affair with one of Pierre Beaumarchais' sisters suggested the theme of Goethe's first publication, "Clavigo".

= = = Hermann Oldenberg = = =

	Hermann Oldenberg (October 31, 1854 in Hamburg – March 18, 1920 in Göttingen) was a German scholar of Indology, and Professor at Kiel (1898) and Göttingen (1908).
	Oldenberg's 1881 study on Buddhism, entitled "Buddha: Sein Leben, seine Lehre, seine Gemeinde", based on Pāli texts, popularized Buddhism and has remained continuously in print since its first publication. With T. W. Rhys Davids, he edited and translated into English three volumes of Theravada Vinaya texts, two volumes of the (Vedic) Grhyasutras and two volumes of Vedic hymns on his own account, in the monumental Sacred Books of the East series edited by Max Müller. With his "Prolegomena" (1888), Oldenberg laid the groundwork to the philological study of the Rigveda.
	In 1919 he became a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.

= = = Dyson tree = = =

	A Dyson tree is a hypothetical genetically engineered plant (perhaps resembling a tree) capable of growing inside a comet, suggested by the physicist Freeman Dyson. Plants could produce a breathable atmosphere within hollow spaces in the comet (or even within the plants themselves), utilising solar energy for photosynthesis and cometary materials for nutrients, thus providing self-sustaining habitats for humanity in the outer solar system analogous to a greenhouse in space or a shell grown by a mollusc.
	A Dyson tree might consist of a few main trunk structures growing out from a comet nucleus, branching into limbs and foliage that intertwine, forming a spherical structure possibly dozens of kilometers across.
	Dyson trees are mentioned a number of times in science fiction, beginning in the 1980s:

= = = René Jarry-Desloges = = =

	René Jarry-Desloges (February 1, 1868 – June 1, 1951) was a French amateur astronomer who worked at his own observatory.
	He observed the planets, and claimed to have confirmed Giovanni Schiaparelli's value of the rotational period of Mercury. However, radar observations made in 1965 showed that they were both wrong.
	The French Academy of Sciences awarded him the Janssen Medal for 1914. There is an impact crater on Mars named in his honor. In 1921, he received the Prix Jules Janssen, the highest award of the Société astronomique de France, the French astronomical society.

= = = Acini di pepe = = =

	Acini di pepe are a form of pasta. The name is Italian for "seeds of pepper". Acini is the plural of acino whose root is the Latin word "acinus". In both Latin and Italian, the word means "grape" or "grape-stones". The "stones of a grape" are, of course, the seeds of the grape. "Acini di pepe" then translates into "seeds of a pepper". They were and are known as a symbol of fertility, which is why they are used in Italian wedding soup. They are also sometimes referred to as "pastina" (Italian for "tiny dough"); however, some pasta makers distinguish pastina as smaller than acini di pepe. The individual pieces usually resemble tiny cylinders about 1mm, or less, in each dimension.
	Acini di pepe work well in soups and cold salads. Acini di pepe are often used in Italian wedding soup. is an American cold salad that combines the pasta with whipped topping, marshmallows, pineapple and mandarin oranges.

= = = Amrita Island = = =

	Amrita Island is a small inhabited island in Squeteague Harbor in the village of Cataumet in the town of Bourne, in Barnstable County, Massachusetts. Several residential homes are located on the island. Baxendale Road is the only road and it connects the island to the mainland from Megansett Road.
	Thomas Baxendale, of Brockton, Massachusetts, and his wife Esther Minerva purchased Amrita Island in 1893. The couple then began to build a residence on the island, including a mansion named "Island Haven," along with a stone bridge; four other homes named Stonehenge, Sorrento, Castle le Mere, and Guardian; three bathing pavilions; a gazebo; a cottage; and a mausoleum that would eventually house the Baxendales and several of their beloved animals.
	The island is well known for its ties to animal welfare advocacy. Baxendale was an advocate for animal welfare, and during his time on Amrita Island, he hosted lectures on animal advocacy and donated funds to the local Animal Rescue League. Upon Esther Baxendale's death in 1927, Harvard University was given Amrita Island in the Baxendales' will. In turn, Harvard University donated the island's 21 acres to the Animal Rescue League of Boston. On a mainland parcel of land adjacent to the Island, until 2007, the Animal Rescue League operated "a summer camp for inner city children between the ages of seven and fourteen...where they learned animal care, dog obedience, pet shows, nature study, and woodworking."

= = = Harold Bernard St. John = = =

	Sir Harold Bernard St. John, KA (16 August 1931 – 29 February 2004) was a Barbadian politician who served as the third Prime Minister of Barbados from 1985 to 1986. He was leader of the Barbados Labour Party from 1970 to 1971 and again from 1985 to 1987. He was widely known as Bree.
	St. John was born in the Parish of Christ Church and attended the Christ Church Foundation School. He was professionally trained as a lawyer at the University College London. In 1959, before the island became independent from the United Kingdom, St. John joined the Barbados Labour Party, and after independence in 1966, he was elected to the Barbados House of Assembly. He served as a member of the Upper Chamber between 1971 and 1976 as a member of the Opposition party.
	St. John left the Upper House when he was re-elected to the House of Assembly in 1976, when his party under J.M.G. Adams won the election. He served in numerous cabinet positions in the 1970s including deputy prime minister, minister of trade and industry, and minister of tourism where he did his most influential work in developing the tourism industry in Barbados. When Adams died in 1985, St. John became Prime Minister. The following year he was defeated in the elections by Errol Barrow and the Democratic Labour Party.
	In 1994 when the BLP regained power, he did not return to the Cabinet and served instead as a backbencher under Owen Arthur. That same year St. John was conferred the highest honour in Barbados; he was made a Knight of St. Andrew (KA) of the Order of Barbados.
	In 2004, Bernard St. John died of cancer in Bridgetown. He left his widow Lady Stella (née Hope) and three children: Bryte, Charmaine and Nicole.

= = = Autos sacramentales = = =

	Autos sacramentales (Spanish "auto", "act" or "ordinance"; "sacramental", "sacramental, pertaining to a sacrament") are a form of dramatic literature which is unique to Spain, though in some respects similar in character to the old Morality plays of England.
	The "auto sacramental" may be defined as a dramatic representation of the mystery of the Eucharist. At least this is the definition that would apply to the "auto" of the time of Calderón. It does not so well fit, however, those of the preceding century, many of which were sacramental in character only because they were presented during the feast of Corpus Christi. They are usually allegorical, the characters representing, for example, Faith, Hope, Air, Sin, Death, etc. There were some indeed, in which not a single human character appeared, but personifications of the Virtues, the Vices, the Elements, etc.
	The "auto sacramental" was always presented in the streets in connection with the celebration of the feast of Corpus Christi. It was preceded by a solemn procession through the principal streets of the city, the houses along the route being decorated in honor of the occasion. In the procession appeared the priests bearing the Host under a splendid canopy, followed by a devout throng, in which, in Madrid, often appeared the king and his court without distinction of rank, and last of all, in beautiful cars, came the actors from the public theatres who were to take part in the performance. The procession usually halted before the house of some dignitary while the priests performed certain religious ceremonies, the multitude kneeling meanwhile as if in church. At the conclusion of these, the auto was given. These performances, and the procession as well, were given with much splendor and at great expense, being limited only by the resources of the particular town in which they took place.
	Religious exhibitions were popular with the public in Spain as early as the 13th century. These typically consisted of simple dialogue, presented at Christmas, Carnival, Good Friday, or Easter during religious festivals. As time progressed, the celebration of the feast day of Corpus Christi became larger and with that came the desire for drama surrounding the feast day and honoring the Eucharist became apparent. The first "autos" were derived from religious material that already existed, but by the beginning of the 16th century, the first true "auto" "sacramental", meaning the theme of the play was the mystery of the Eucharist, was presented. It was "El Auto de San Martin", by Gil Vicente.
	During the 16th and 17th centuries these "autos" continued to appear, being gradually improved and elaborated until brought to their highest state of development by Calderón. He has left about seventy "autos", the best known of which are "The Divine Orpheus", a work of considerable poetic merit, "The Devotion to the Mass", and "The Captivity of the Ark". His "autos" were the most popular and were the only autos performed in Madrid from 1647 to 1681. These "autos sacramentales" produced a great effect on the people. From time immemorial, allegory of every kind had powerfully appealed to them, and these autos took a strong hold on the popular favor, coming as they did during religious festivals, with their music and their splendor, coupled with the fact that they were given at public expense and with the sanction of the Catholic church.
	Citing disrespect of the Eucharist, Charles III declared the presentation and performance of autos prohibited by royal decree in 1765.
	Gil Vicente [c.1465 – 1536/1537]: wrote in Portuguese and Spanish; considered joint-father of Spanish Drama with Juan de la Encina; wrote very early "autos"
	Juan de la Encina [1468 – 1529]: considered joint-father of Spanish Drama with Gil Vicente; in 1496 published book called "Cancionero" of eight églogas, the precursor for the "auto" "sacramental".
	Juan de Timoneda [c.1520 – 1583]: wrote six "autos", including "La Oveja Perdida"; author of the only "autos" written in Catalan.
	Lope de Vega [1562 –1635]: wrote around 400 autos; 42 surviving text including “The Harvest” and “The Wolf Turned Shepherd”
	José de Valdivielso [1565 – 1638]: author of the book "Doce autos sacramentales y" "dos comedias divinas", published in 1622; precursor of Calderón de la Barca in the use of allegory.
	Pedro Calderón de la Barca [1600 – 1681]: considered most prolific of the writers of "autos"; two well-known autos are "La cena del rey Baltaza," or "Belshazzar's Feast" and "El gran teatro del Mundo", or "The Great Theater of the World"
	One of Calderón's "autos" that is a popular English translation is "Belshazzar's" "Feast". It relates directly to the Eucharist, sacrilegious behavior, and punishment exacted on Belshazzar for his sinful behavior.
	Belshazzar – based off Biblical character, but allegorical for humanity
	Daniel – Biblical historic character, allegoric personification of Wisdom and God's Judgement
	Idolatry – second wife of Belshazzar
	Vanity – first wife of Belshazzar
	Death – allegoric personification of death; carries out judgement; key player/most important
	Thought – sometimes Belshazzar's inner thoughts, sometimes general Human Thought
	The Thought and Daniel meet in Belshazzar's palace gardens. The Thought informs Daniel that Belshazzar has married Idolatry, even though he is already married to Vanity. Daniel cries woe for God's people.
	Belshazzar enters with Vanity and his new bride, Idolatry. He wants them to embrace each other. They do so and ask him what is on his mind. He relates the story of the Great Flood and also the Tower of Babel. After he tells his stories, his two wives decree that he is their king and god. Belshazzar asks what can break their bond, and Daniel informs him that “The Hand of God,” can break up Belshazzar, Vanity, and Idolatry. Belshazzar gets upset with Daniel and threatens his life. Daniel says that God will save him. Vanity and Idolatry tell Belshazzar that Daniel is annoying them and they want to leave. As they leave, Belshazzar tells Daniel he owes his life to the two queens, not to God. The Thought tells Daniel that he has learned a valuable lesson – by invoking the hand of God, his life can be spared in future situations.
	Death and Daniel enter and discuss Belshazzar and his sins of vanity and idolatry. Death offers to kill Belshazzar for Daniel, as an agent of an angry God. Daniel gives Death permission to visit Belshazzar and scare him, but not kill him. Daniel wants to save his soul. Death is upset about only being allowed to show himself to and warn Belshazzar and not take his soul. He calls for Thought. Thought joins Death and is scared of him. Death asks Thought where Belshazzar is. Thought tells Death that Belshazzar is with his two wives in the garden. Death asks Thought to take him there. Thought does because he doesn't have the courage to say no.
	Belshazzar, Idolatry, and Vanity enter. The ask Belshazzar why he looks so sad and stops talking so suddenly. Belshazzar says he doesn't know the source of the intense pain he feels. It is Death approaching that none of the trio can see. Death shows himself to Belshazzar who is shocked and terrified. He asks Death who he is; Death tells Belshazzar that he is a creditor here to collect a debt that Belshazzar owes. Thought rethinks his decision to lead Death to Belshazzar. Belshazzar asks what he owes. Death shows him a book that has the debt listed, but Belshazzar states that the book is one he lost. Death says the debt was written down by Belshazzar himself. He reads back what Belshazzar wrote about owing his life to Death. Death tells Belshazzar that today is not the day that he has come to collect the debt, but that the day is coming. Death exits.
	Belshazzar, Idolatry, Vanity, and Thought are still together. The two queens want to know what is troubling Belshazzar. He says he is not sure – some phantom visited him. To please Belshazzar, the queens take turns complimenting each other. They all sit down and Idolatry fans Belshazzar with the feather from her hat while Vanity sings to him about his greatness to continue to soothe him.
	Death is angry because the queens have soothed Belshazzar into a sleep. Death says he will haunt Belshazzar in his dream. The queens leave the garden and Thought also falls asleep. Death sees Belshazzar asleep and decides to kill him. He draws his sword, but Daniel enters and says, “No,” while holding back the arms of Death. Death inquires why he cannot kill the king. Daniel says Belshazzar has not lived his whole life and it is not time yet for him to die. Death argues that Belshazzar's life is a mockery to both God and Death.
	While Belshazzar is asleep, in his dream the queens enter with a Statue – it is Belshazzar as a god. The queens praise Belshazzar and build him up. The Statue warns Belshazzar in his sleep that he needs to leave Idolatry and Vanity behind or else he will suffer because of them. The Statue tells the dream queens that the great God decrees them gone. Belshazzar wakes up and is troubled by what he saw and felt in his sleep. He starts to question keeping so much stock in Idolatry and Vanity. However, Idolatry seduces him again and he returns to his former self. Thought suggests Belshazzar throw a feast to shake off all of the melancholy. Belshazzar calls for the gold wine glasses and wine reserved for presenting the Eucharist to be used, because he deserves the best. Idolatry and Vanity set the table for the feast while Thought sings.
	Death comes to the feast in a disguise and makes a plea to God to loose his hand in order to kill Belshazzar due to his sacrilegious behavior against the Eucharist on top of his sins of Idolatry and Vanity. Belshazzar demands wine, and Death, being mistaken for a servant, brings him a golden cup of poisoned wine declaring that in the cup is both Life and Death. Belshazzar toasts himself, drinks the wine, and then there are several increasingly loud thunder claps. A hand appears in the clouds and writes nonsense words that neither Idolatry, Vanity, Belshazzar, nor Thought can decipher. Idolatry says Daniel can read them and calls him to do it.
	Daniel comes and interrupts the words that translate to mean that: One, God has numbered Belshazzar's days on earth. Two, Belshazzar has been weighed in the balance and been found wanting. Three, Belshazzar's kingdom will be a wasteland ravaged by his enemies when Belshazzar dies. All this because Belshazzar has profaned the sacred golden sacramental cups meant only to be used for the Eucharist. Death tells Belshazzar know that there was “death,” or poison, in the cups. Belshazzar cries out for Idolatry to save him, but she cannot. He calls out to Vanity to help him, but she cannot. Belshazzar asks Thought to help him, but Thought reminds him that he did not take heed of the warnings he received. Belshazzar finally calls on Daniel. Daniels says he is God's agent and Belshazzar must take his punishment. Belshazzar wonders who could save him – Death says no one. Death says “Die, thou sinner,” draws his sword, and stabs Belshazzar in the heart. As Death and Belshazzar wrestle, Belshazzar calls out a warning to all men. Idolatry lays down her worship of all other gods for God Himself, asks for forgiveness for Calderón's faults, and says that his intentions as the playwright was to point back to God.

= = = Angelica Rock = = =

	Angelica Rock is a small barren rock island emerging from Buzzards Bay, within the town limits of Fairhaven, Massachusetts. The rock is privately owned and is located southwest of Sconticut Neck and Wilbur's Point. The island is home to a number of sea birds as well as a nonfunctional windmill structure.
	The Town of Fairhaven refers to it as "Angelica Island," while official nautical charts refer to it as "Angelica Rock."
	In the early 1970s, the island was purchased by Dr. Aris T. Papas, a clinical psychologist and professor who intended to build a summer home there. Papas and his son constructed the windmill by hauling materials via rowboat, and the windmill was functional until it was destroyed by a storm months later. However, the summer home plans were abandoned and a concrete slab from the project remains there today.
	A family member tried to sell the island in the mid 1990s for about $100,000, but had no buyers. The island has been described as a local landmark and is a frequent subject for photographers. The property is still owned by the Papas family.

= = = Justinne Gamache = = =

	Justinne "Jussi" Gamache, also known by her pseudonym Liz Enthusiasm, is the lead singer of indie synthpop band Freezepop. She lives in Massachusetts.
	Gamache also works in graphic design, and has done design work on Freezepop's website, albums, and their 2016 Kickstarter campaign. She has created several music videos for Freezepop using then-Macromedia's Flash program.
	Gamache writes the majority of her lyrics in English, but has also written songs in Japanese ("Tenisu no Boifurendo"), and French ("Parlez-Vous Freezepop?").
	In 2004, Gamache and her best friend and fellow musician, Gordon Merrick, released an internet album titled "Best Friends Forever" containing six covers, one of a Freezepop song. Gamache and Merrick continued their collaboration on their 2006 "Manchester on My Mind" EP, which includes covers of such Manchester bands as Inspiral Carpets and The Stone Roses.
	Gamache holds two degrees from Boston University School for the Arts.

= = = Goncourt, Haute-Marne = = =

	Goncourt is a former commune in the Haute-Marne department in north-eastern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune Bourmont-entre-Meuse-et-Mouzon.

= = = Dinajpur = = =

	Dinajpur (; ) is a city and District headquarte of Dinajpur district situated in Rangpur Division, Bangladesh. It was founded in 1786. It is located 413 km north-west of Dhaka in Bangladesh. It is situated in 25°37′ N. latitude and 88°39′ E longitude on the eastern bank of the river Punarbhaba. It is bounded on the north by Suihari, Katapara, Bangi Bechapara, Pulhat, Koshba on the south, on the east of Sheikhupura and by the river Punarbhaba on the west.
	The percentage of literacy in the city is 85.05% which is quite high compared with that of other cites in the northern part of Bangladesh. The progress of education has been marked by gradual and steady increase in the proportion of literates.
	Over the last 25 years, Dinajpur has attracted some prominent educational institutions, all of which are government financed. They are as follows:
	Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology University is located 13 km north of Dinajpur town and is one of the prominent institutions in North Bengal. It offers various undergraduate programs such as computer science, BBA, agriculture, fisheries, veterinary medicine and postgraduate programs like agronomy, horticulture and soil science.
	Established in 1992, M Abdur Rahim Medical College (former Dinajpur Medical College) is one of the 36 government financed medical institutions located at historical Ananda sagar area in Dinajpur City. Currently, it offers a five-year MBBS Program, along with a one-year compulsory post-graduation internship program. In 2009, Dinajpur city began an English version of education. Some notable English Version schools are: Bethel Int'l School, Dinajpur Ridge School, Dinajpur Labrotary School, Dinajpur Public School, South Point School and Green International School and Dinajpur Polytechnic Institute.
	At first, after its formation in 1856, the Dinajpur Municipality used to be run by a town committee presided over by the Deputy Magistrate. This was among the first 40 municipalities in Bengal at that time. Later in 1868, the 'District Town Act' commissioned a chairman of the municipality who replaced the Deputy Magistrate and given a similar rank as a District Magistrate. Mr. Patterson was appointed the first chairman of Dinajpur Municipality in 1869. Now present chairman is Sued Jahangir Alam.
	Khan Bahadur Mahtab Uddin Ahmed, First Muslim Graduate of the district, Member of the Bengal Legislative Assembly, School Inspector, Chairman Municipality.
	Khan Sahib Mesbah Uddin Ahmed, Supdt. of Customs.
	Dr. Motahar Uddin Ahmed, MRCP (Glasgow).
	Mosahib Uddin Ahmed, District Registrar.
	Air Vice Marshal Mumtaz Uddin Ahmed, Seventh Chief of Airstaff, Bangladesh Air Force.
	Masud Ahmed, Former Ambassador.
	Mansur Ahmed- Senior bureaucrat.
	Maj Muhammad Akram Shaheed (Nishan e Haider)

= = = Phryni = = =

	The Phryni (Φρύνοι in Ancient Greek) were an ancient people of eastern Central Asia, probably located in the eastern part of the Tarim Basin, in an area connected to that of the Seres and the Tocharians.
	They are mentioned several times in Classical sources. 
	Strabo, speaking of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom explains that:
	Later, Pliny the Elder includes the Phryni (which he names "Phruri") in his description of the people of the Far East:

= = = Liberator (video game) = = =

	Liberator is an arcade game released by Atari, Inc. in 1982. It is based on the "Atari Force" comic book series published by DC Comics from 1982 to 1986. "Liberator" has been described as the opposite of "Missile Command", in that the player destroys cities from space instead of defending them from the ground. Only 762 arcade machines were ever made.
	The story "Code Name: Liberator" describes the premise of the arcade game in detail and was included as a special insert in two comic books cover dated January 1983. Characters and concepts from the comic exist throughout the game. In the opening screen of the arcade game, Commander Champion of the "Atari Force" asks the player to help free the galaxy from the evil Malaglon Army.
	The "Liberator" controls consist of a trackball, fire button, and shield button. The player controls a coordinated attack from four star ships at the corners of the screen. The primary target of the attack are enemy bases on a rotating planet in the center of the screen. The trackball is used to move a cross-shaped cursor. The fire button fires a missile at the cursor's location from the closest ship. The shield button is used to activate force fields around the ships. The shield can only take four hits each round, and the count is shared between all ships.
	At the beginning of each level, the player is flying through outer space and spaceships fly on screen from the left and right and leave in an arc. They try to ram into the player's ships. Shields do not work during this stage.
	After this stage, the player is taken to a view of a rotating planet. The most prominent enemies are red flashing missile bases. They shoot missiles, fireballs, and star balls at the player's ships. The enemy bases can also detach from the planet, turn into satellites, and orbit the planet while shooting missiles. Once all missile bases are destroyed, the player moves on to the next level. At higher levels, there is the white master base. It is very intelligent, and it can change the direction or speed of the planet rotation to avoid getting hit. At the end of each stage, the player is awarded a bonus ship for every 20,000 points.
	Missiles can be destroyed, although some split into four smaller particles when destroyed. Fireballs take four hits to destroy, but they slow down on each hit. Star balls also take four hits to destroy, but return to normal speed soon after being hit.
	Flying saucers sometimes appear from the planet. Flying saucers shoot a large, deadly laser which cannot be stopped.
	A level select menu allows the player to start at any third level (1, 4, 7... up to 22).
	"Liberator" was released for Microsoft Windows, Xbox, and PlayStation 2 in 2003 as part of "Atari Anthology", a collection of Atari arcade and 2600 games.

= = = DCE/RPC = = =

	DCE/RPC, short for "Distributed Computing Environment / Remote Procedure Calls", is the remote procedure call system developed for the Distributed Computing Environment (DCE). This system allows programmers to write distributed software as if it were all working on the same computer, without having to worry about the underlying network code.
	DCE/RPC was commissioned by the Open Software Foundation in a "Request for Technology" (1993 David Chappell). One of the key companies that contributed was Apollo Computer, who brought in NCA - "Network Computing Architecture" which became Network Computing System (NCS) and then a major part of DCE/RPC itself. The naming convention for transports that can be designed (as architectural plugins) and then made available to DCE/RPC echoes these origins, e.g. ncacn_np (SMB Named Pipes transport); ncacn_tcp (DCE/RPC over TCP/IP) and ncacn_http to name a small number.
	DCE/RPC's history is such that it's sometimes cited as an example of design by committee. It is also frequently noted for its complexity, however this complexity is often a result of features that target large distributed systems and which are often unmatched by more recent RPC implementations such as SOAP.
	Previously, the DCE source was only available under a proprietary license. As of January 12, 2005, it is available under a recognized open source license (LGPL), which permits a broader community to work on the source to expand its features and keep it current. The source may be downloaded over the web. The release consists of about 100 ".tar.gz" files that take up 170 Megabytes. (Note that they include the PostScript of all the documentation, for example.)
	The Open Group has stated it will work with the DCE community to make DCE available to the open source development community, as well as continuing to offer the source through The Open Group’s web site.
	DCE/RPC's reference implementation (version 1.1) was previously available under the BSD-compatible (Free Software) OSF/1.0 license, and is still available for at least Solaris, AIX and VMS.
	DCE is also still available under the previous non open-source license terms from the Open Group website.
	It was used in the UK's National Insurance Recording System (NIRS/2).
	It is used by:

= = = Birlinn = = =

	The birlinn (spelt "bìrlinn" in Scottish Gaelic) was a wooden vessel propelled by sail and oar, used extensively in the Hebrides and West Highlands of Scotland from the Middle Ages on. Variants of the name in English and Lowland Scots include "berlin" and "birling". The Gallo-Norse term may derive from the Norse "byrðingr" (ship of boards). It has been suggested that a local design lineage might also be traceable to vessels similar to the Broighter-type boat (first century BC), equipped with oars and a square sail, without the need to assume a specific Viking design influence. It is uncertain, however, whether the Broighter model represents a wooden vessel or a skin-covered boat of the currach type. The majority of scholars emphasise the Viking influence on the birlinn.
	The birlinn was clinker-built and could be sailed or rowed. It had a single mast with a square sail. Smaller vessels of this type might have had as few as twelve oars, with the larger West Highland galley having as many as forty. For over four hundred years, down to the seventeenth century, the birlinn was the dominant vessel in the Hebrides.
	A 1615 report to the Scottish Privy Council made a distinction between galleys, having between 18 and 20 oars, and birlinns, with between 12 and 18 oars. There was no suggestion of structural differences. The report stated that there were three men per oar. 
	The birlinn appears in Scottish heraldry as the "lymphad" (a corruption of "long fhada" (longship).
	In terms of design and function, there was considerable similarity between the local birlinn and the ships used by Norse incomers to the Isles. In an island environment ships were essential for the warfare which was endemic in the area, and local lords used the birlinn extensively from at least the thirteenth century. The strongest of the regional naval powers were the Macdonalds of Islay.
	The Lords of the Isles of the Late Middle Ages maintained the largest fleet in the Hebrides. It is possible that vessels of the birlinn type were used in the 1156 sea battle in which Somerled, Lord of Argyll, the ancestor of the lords, firmly established himself in the Hebrides by confronting his brother-in-law, Godred Olafsson, King of the Isles.
	Though the surviving evidence has mostly to do with the birlinn in a naval context, there is independent evidence of mercantile activity for which such shipping would have been essential. There is some evidence for mercantile centres in Islay, Gigha, Kintyre and Knapdale, and in the fourteenth century there was constant trade between the Isles, Ireland and England under the patronage of local lords. Otherwise the chief uses of the birlinn would have been troop-carrying, fishing and cattle transport.
	In some ways the birlinn paralleled the more robust ocean-going craft of Norse design. Viking ships were double-ended, with a keel scarfed to stems fore and aft. A shell of thin planking (strake) was constructed on the basis of the keel, the planks being edge-joined and clenched with iron nails. Symmetrical ribs or frames were then lashed to the strakes or secured with trenails. Over most of the ribs was laid a slender crossbeam and a thwart. The mast was stepped amidships or nearly so, and oars, including a steering oar, were also used. The stem and stern post sometimes had carefully carved notches for plank ends, with knees securing the thwarts to the strakes and beams joining the heads of the frames.
	Oak was the wood favoured both in Western Scotland and in Scandinavia, being tough and resistant to decay. Other types of timber were less often used. It is likely that the Outer Isles of Western Scotland had always been short of timber, but birch, oak and pine abounded in the Inner Isles and on the mainland. The abundance of timber at Lochaber was proverbial: ""B'e sin fiodh a chur do Loch Abar"" ("Bringing wood to Lochaber") was said of any superfluous undertaking.
	The tools used are likely to have included adzes, axes, augers and spoon bits, auls, planes, draw knives and moulding irons, together with other tools typical of the Northern European carpenter's kit. As in traditional shipbuilding, generally, measurements were largely by eye.
	The traditional practice of sheltering boats in bank-cuttings ("nausts") – small artificial harbours – was probably also employed with the birlinn. There is evidence in fortified sites of constructed harbours, boat-landings and sea-gates.
	The influence of Norse shipbuilding techniques, though plausible, is conjectural, since to date no substantial remnants of a birlinn have been found. Traditional boat-building techniques and terms, however, may furnish a guide as to the vessel's construction.
	Carved images of the birlinn from the sixteenth century and earlier show the typical rigging: braces, forestay and backstay, shrouds (fore and aft), halyard and a parrel (a movable loop used to secure a yard or gaff to a mast). There is a rudder with pintles on the leading edge, inserted into gudgeons. It is possible that use was made of a wooden bowline or reaching spar (called a "beitass" by the Norse). This was used to push the luff of the sail out into the wind.
	Traditional Highland practice was to make sails of tough, thick-threaded wool, with ropes being made of moss-fir or heather. Medieval sails, in the Highlands as elsewhere, are shown as being sewn out of many small squares, and there is possible evidence of reef points.
	A reproduction of a 16 oar Highland galley, the "Aileach", was built in 1991 at Moville in Donegal. It was based on representations of such vessels in West Highland sculpture. Despite the good seagoing performance of the vessel, its design has been described as misleading because of an over-reliance in the plan on cramped sculptural images. The vessel was designed with a high, almost vertical, stern and stem. It proved difficult to fit in more than one rower per oar and the thwarts were too close together. Less constricted images from the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries show vessels which are longer and larger.
	The birlinn had a significant symbolic and thematic place in Gaelic literature. Examples can be found in the songs of Màiri nighean Alasdair Ruaidh (Mary MacLeod) (c.1615 – c.1705), an important poet in the Hebridean lordship of the MacLeods. In a lament she describes a ship wrecked by storm, with the wind ripping the sail in a way that defied the strength of the crew:
	In another song a ship is described as setting forth from "Dunvegan of the harps": may the crew (says the poet), from the mast-heads aloft to the halyards below, keep it close to the wind that takes it across the straits: 
	The Irish "long fhada" seems, from contemporary sources, to have resembled its West Highland equivalent, though there is as yet no archaeological confirmation.
	The "Annals of the Four Masters" record the use of fleets in an Irish context, often with a Scottish connection. In 1413 Tuathal Ó Máille, returning from Ulster to Connacht with seven ships, encountered a severe storm ("anfadh na mara") which drove them northwards to Scotland: only one of the ships survived. In 1433 Macdonald of the Isles arrived in Ulster with a large fleet ("co c-cobhlach mór") to assist the O'Neills in a war with the O'Donnells.
	In Ireland oared vessels were employed extensively for warfare and piracy by the O'Malleys and the O'Flathertys, western lords whose base was in Connacht. English officials found it necessary to counter them with similar vessels. The most famous of these local rulers was Gráinne Ní Mháille, of whom Sir Richard Bingham reported in 1591 that she had twenty vessels at her command. She, like her father, was engaged in extensive seaborne trade.
	There was constant maritime traffic between Ireland and Scotland, and Highland mercenaries were commonly transported by birlinn to Ireland.
	The birlinn, when rowed, was distinguished by its speed, and could often evade pursuers as a result. No cannon were mounted even in the later period: the birlinn was too lightly built and its freeboard was too low. It was highly suitable for raiding, however, and with experienced marksmen on board, could mount a formidable defence against small craft.
	Vessels of this type were at their most vulnerable when beached or when cornered by a heavier vessel carrying cannon.
	There is some evidence that by the end of the sixteenth century new influences were affecting birlinn design. A carving made at Arasaig in 1641 shows a vessel with a lowered stem and stern. An English map of north-east Ireland made no later than 1603 shows "fleetes of the Redshanks [Highlanders] of Cantyre" with vessels one-masted as before but with a square sail mounted on a sloping yard arm and a small cabin at the stern projecting backwards. Two Clanranald seals attached to documents dated 1572 show a birlinn with raised decks at stem and stern, a motif repeated in later heraldic devices. If such changes occurred, they would reflect influences from the south-east and ultimately from the Mediterranean. The supporting evidence has been criticised for being slight and unconvincing, but there is pictorial evidence for similar developments in the Irish galley.

= = = Botts' dots = = =

	Botts' dots (turtles in Washington and Oregon or buttons in Texas and other southern states) are round non-reflective raised pavement markers. In many parts of the US and other countries, Botts' dots are used, along with reflective raised pavement markers, to mark lanes on highways and arterial roads. They provide tactile and auditory feedback to drivers when moving across designated travel lanes, and are analogous to rumble strips.
	Botts' dots are named after Elbert Dysart Botts, a California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) engineer credited with overseeing the research that led to the development of the markers.
	Botts' dots are most commonly white but may be yellow when used to substitute for the yellow lines that divide opposing directions of traffic in North America. The dots are made of various ceramic materials or plastics such as polyester.
	On some roads, lanes are marked only with a mix of Botts' dots and conventional reflective markers, eliminating the need to repaint lane divider lines. Botts' dots are rarely used in regions with substantial snowfall, because snow plows damage or dislodge them.
	Caltrans engineers may have studied the concept of raised pavement markers as early as 1936. However, the department did not commence research in earnest until 1953, when the postwar economic boom resulted in an alarming increase in the number of cars and car accidents in California. Painted lines tended to become invisible during rain.
	The initial dots were made of glass and were attached to the road by nails or tacks, as suggested by Botts. The nails were soon abandoned: his team discovered that when the dots popped loose under stress, the nails punctured tires. Contrary to a common myth, the published record does not make clear whether Botts invented the famous epoxy that solved the problem; some sources indicate that one of his protégés was responsible for the epoxy. In September 1966, the California State Legislature mandated that Botts' dots be used for lane markings for all state highways in all non-snowfall areas.
	Today, there are more than 25 million Botts' dots in use in California, though they have started falling out of favor. In 2017, Caltrans announced that it would stop using Botts' dots as the sole indicator of lane division, due to cost and worker safety, and in order to make roadways more compatible with self-driving cars. Reflective lane markings will be wider and thicker, providing some of the tactile feedback the Botts' dots provided. In California, highway lanes may be marked either solely by Botts' dots, or dots placed over painted lines. Four dots are used for broken lines on freeways, and broken lines on surface streets may use only three dots. Reflective Stimsonite pavement markers are placed at regular intervals between Botts' dots to increase the visibility of lane markings at night. In the Las Vegas area of southern Nevada, roads with multiple lanes use four pavement markers for each broken white line, a reflective Stimsonite marker followed by three Botts' dots.
	More recently, Botts' dots have been used in the snow-free areas of Alabama, Florida, Hawaii, Louisiana, Mississippi, Nevada, Georgia, Washington, and Texas. Some states that do experience snow, particularly Pennsylvania and Massachusetts, use Botts' dots only during the summer months for temporary lane markings in construction zones. Typically, the dots are installed when construction starts in the spring, and they are removed when work stops for the winter.
	In New Mexico, where snow is common in most locations during the winter, Botts' dots are used along with Stimsonite markers to outline gore areas at interchanges, but the state does not use either for regular lane markings on state highways. Some local jurisdictions (notably Alamogordo and Las Cruces) use Botts' dots and Stimsonite markers for regular lane markings on local streets. Botts' dots had also been employed previously in Albuquerque, but the city has since discontinued their use in favor of reflective paint for pavement markings.
	Until the late 1990s, Botts' dots were also used extensively in the snow-free areas of Arizona, however, ADOT has since ended this practice, opting for painted stripes with Stimsonite markers instead. However, they can still be found on US Route 95 south of Yuma, as well as on some local streets in Yuma and Tucson.
	Many states in snow-prone areas of the Midwest and Northeastern United States use Stimsonite reflectors placed into protective metal castings, which allow them to be plowed over without being dislodged from the road surface. These pavement markers are usually augmented with reflective paint and delineators placed on plastic or metal posts at regular intervals along the edges of the road. In California and other locations in the Southwest United States that experience occasional but significant snowfall, the Stimsonite reflectors are placed into recessed pockets in the roadway, which allows visibility during dry weather but permits a plow blade to travel across the reflector without dislodging it, with no special protective castings needed.

= = = Itarsi = = =

	Itarsi is a city and municipality in Madhya Pradesh, India in Hoshangabad District. Itarsi is a key hub for agricultural goods and is the biggest railway junction in Madhya Pradesh. Rail services from all 4 major metropolitan cities of India namely Mumbai to Calcutta and Delhi to Chennai pass through Itarsi.Itarsi has large number of agro-based industries and warehouses . Itarsi got its name by "eeta(eent)", (literally means brick in Hindi) and "rassi", (literally means rope in Hindi). Bricks and ropes had been made earlier in itarsi. It has Ordnance Factory. The Bori Wildlife Sanctuary and Tawa Dam are nearby.
	Itarsi is located at . It has an average elevation of 304 metres (997 feet).
	Itarsi is a sub district in the Hoshangabad district, in the state of Madhya Pradesh. The total population in Itarsi sub district is 240,719 as per the survey of census during 2011 by Indian Government.
	Of this about 123,325 people are living in the urban (towns and cities) area and about 117,394 are living in villages (rural areas)
◾There are 49,297 House Holds in this sub district.
◾There are 124,898 males (52%); There are 115,821 females (48%).
	Itarsi also have Indian Ordinance Factory.
	India census, Itarsi had a population of 114,495. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Itarsi has an average literacy rate of 75%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 81% and female literacy is 69%. In Itarsi, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.Itarsi comes under "Constituents of Urban Agglomerations of Madhya Pradesh" includes Itarsi (M), Pathrauta (part) (OG), Bhilakhedi (CT) and Meharagaon (CT).
	The city is a Tehsil under Hoshangabad District. It is a part of Hoshangabad Vidhan Sabha (legislative assembly) & comes under Hoshangabad - Narsinghpur Loksabha (Parliament) constituency.
	It has a municipality with 32 wards and headed by a municipality chairperson.
	Itarsi Junction railway station
	Itarsi is one of the biggest railway junction in Madhya Pradesh,India, at the crossing of important east-west and north-south routes. Itarsi comes under West Central Railway zone whose headquarters is in Jabalpur. Itarsi is connected via broad gauge lines to Bhopal and Delhi to the north, Bhusawal and Mumbai to the west, the railway junctions of Nagpur to the south and Jabalpur to the east. Rail services from Mumbai to Guwahati and Delhi to Chennai pass through Itarsi.
	250 trains are daily passing through. Itarsi runs one express train — Vindhyachal express — and it runs three passenger trains in Jabalpur route daily. Itarsi is the busy railway station in Bhopal division. The new platforms 6 and 7 opened for Jabalpur, Nagpur and Bhusawal routes.
	Apart from railway, National Highway (NH-69) connects Itarsi to major cities Bhopal and Nagpur.
	New Four lane roads are under the making in to be functional under 5 years. Four Duronto Express trains have technical halts at Itarsi.
	Under construction project - * Itarsi-Bhusawal 3rd line. * Itarsi-nagpur 3rd line(Central Railway pushes Rs 140cr third line project in ghat section). * Itarsi-bhopal 3rd line. *
	DMC Itarsi

= = = Itbay = = =

	Itbāy () or ʿAtbāy is a region of southeastern Egypt and northeastern Sudan. It is characterised by a chain of mountains, the Red Sea Hills, running north–south and parallel with the Red Sea. The hills separate the narrow coastal plain from the Eastern Desert.
	The Red Sea Hills are composed of the exposed Neoproterozoic volcano-sedimentary rock of the Arabian-Nubian Shield. Although the rock itself is 550–900 million years old, the mountains were created by uplift when the Red Sea itself was formed in the Oligocene, only some 23–34 million years ago. The Red Sea Hills are thus part of the same formation as the Sarawat Mountains of Saudi Arabia and the mountains of the Sinai Peninsula. The Red Sea Hills rise almost to today, but in the past were much higher. The Oligocene uplift caused the rejuvenation of their streams and the increased erosion removed most of the limestone and sandstone to expose the basement layer.
	The Itbāy is arid, receiving less than of rainfall each year with high variability. The Barka River, the most significant of the few seasonal streams that flow into the Red Sea, rises in the Red Sea Hills of Sudan and empties into the sea at the Tokar Delta. In prehistorica times it was probably a permanent river.
	The Red Sea Hills are a source of porphyry, which was being mined as early as the fourth millennium BC.
	The Red Sea Hills are inhabited by the Beja people, who practice pastoralism and live mainly near the dry riverbeds, "wādī"s, that flow seasonally into the sea and the Nile, where there is limited vegetation. In antiquity, the Beja were known as the Blemmyes and their presence in the hills is detected archaeologically by the presence of Eastern Desert Ware from the fourth century AD. The material culture of the hills places it firmly within ancient Egypt's sphere of influence. Extensive mining settlements have been found in the Wadi Allaqi and the Wadi Gabgaba. The early Blemmyes built platform tumuli (flat-topped burial mounds), and the appearance of cairns to mark burials in the late Middle Ages may be linked to Islamization.

= = = Bradford How = = =

	Bradford How was a MuchMusic VJ from 2000 to 2003. He won the 2000 MuchMusic VJ Search, and became one of the channel's most well-liked video jockeys. After stints hosting "Electric Circus" and "Gonna Meet A Rockstar", among other shows, he left MuchMusic on October 30, 2003 to pursue other ambitions. In 2004, he applied to join VH1, and became a co-host of the channel's Top 20 countdown, alongside another former Muchmusic VJ, Rachel Perry. He also co-hosted with Aamer Haleem. He also hosted Nick at Nite's "Bet The House".

= = = Anuxanon Island = = =

	Anuxanon Island is a small forested crescent-shaped island in the Great Quittacas Pond within the town of Lakeville, Massachusetts, United States. The island is southeast of Cedar Pond and the intersection of Route 105 & Long Point Road.

= = = Itinerarium = = =

	An itinerarium (plural: itineraria) was an Ancient Roman road map in the form of a listing of cities, villages ("vici") and other stops, with the intervening distances. One surviving example is the Peutinger Table ("Tabula Peutingeriana"); another is the Antonine Itinerary. 
	The Romans and ancient travelers in general did not use maps. They may have existed as specialty items in some of the libraries, but they were hard to copy and were not in general use. On the Roman road system, however, the traveller needed some idea of where he or she was going, how to get there, and how long it would take. The "itinerarium" filled this need. In origin it was simply a list of cities along a road: "at their most basic, "itineraria" involve the transposition of information given on milestones, which were an integral feature of the major Roman roads, to a written script." It was only a short step from lists to a master list. To sort out the lists, the Romans drew diagrams of parallel lines showing the branches of the roads. Parts of these were copied and sold on the streets. The very best featured symbols for cities, way stations, water courses, and so on. The maps did not represent landforms but they served the purpose of a simple schematic diagram for the user.
	The Roman government from time to time undertook to produce a master itinerary of all Roman roads. Julius Caesar and Mark Antony commissioned the first known such effort in 44 BC. Zenodoxus, Theodotus, and Polyclitus, three Greek geographers, were hired to survey the system and compile a master itinerary. This task required over 25 years. The result was a stone engraved master "itinerarium" set up near the Pantheon, from which travelers and itinerary sellers could make copies.
	Archaeology has turned up some itinerary material in unexpected places. The Cups of Cadiz, four silver cups found by workmen excavating a foundation at Bracciano in 1852, are engraved with the names and distances of stations between Cadiz and Rome. The term itinerary changed meaning over the centuries. In the "Itinerarium Burdigalense" (Bordeaux Pilgrim, 333 AD), the itinerary is a description of what route to take to the Holy Land. The "Itinerarium Alexandri" is a list of the conquests of Alexander the Great. Today it means either a travel journal or a list of recommended stops.
	The term also refers to medieval guide-books written by travellers: most of these are accounts of pilgrimages to the Holy Land.

= = = House of Israel (Ghana) = = =

	The House of Israel is a Jewish community located in Sefwi Wiawso in southwestern Ghana. This group of people, of the Sefwi tribe, built a synagogue in 1998. Many of the men and children read English, but no one knows Hebrew.
	The people of Sefwi Wiawso trace a call for a "return" to normative Judaism by Aaron Ahomtre Toakyirafa, a community leader who, in 1976, is said to have had a vision. In 2012, Gabrielle Zilkha, a Toronto-based filmmaker, visited Sefwe Wiawso to do research for a documentary about the House of Israel she is making. According to Zilkha, about 200 people--mostly children--live in the community. She states that the lack of a historical record makes it difficult to verify the groups claims, but that there is an oral tradition dating back 200 years.
	The leader of the House of Israel since 1993, David Ahenkorah received his own vision in taking up the mantle. He has been granted a 40-acre plot of land to build a Jewish school for the community, but they have not yet been able to raise funds for construction. Children currently attend a local school, run by Christians. They built a synagogue in 1998 in New Adiembra, a Jewish neighborhood in Sefri Wiawso. Recently, they painted it blue and white, the colors of Israel. There are several family compounds nearby and about 200 people belong to the synagogue.
	Jewish Virtual Library. 2002.

= = = Maggie Ausburn = = =

	Mary Margaret Ausburn (born on August 14, 1978) is an American known for winning the reality TV show "Big Brother 6", broadcast by CBS in 2005.
	Maggie worked her way through college, by working as an Emergency medical technician. After obtaining her Bachelor of Nursing from the University of Massachusetts Boston, she became an RN at Summerlin Hospital in Nevada. 
	In 2005, Maggie was one of fourteen "Big Brother 6" contestants. In this, the sixth season of the show, known as the "Summer of Secrets", each contestant had a secret partner, that they knew before the show, who would work together on the show. Maggie's secret partner was her friend, Eric Littmann. 
	On the 80th day, the jury voted and gave Maggie the $500,000 prize in a 4-3 vote against Ivette. She received the votes of Jennifer Vasquez, Rachel Plencner, Howie Gordon, and April Lewis while Ivette received the votes of James Rhine, Beau Beasley, and Janelle Pierzina.

= = = Itsekiri people = = =

	The Itsekiri (also called the Isekiri, "iJekri", "Itsekri", "Ishekiri", or Itsekhiri) are an ethnic group of Nigeria's Niger Delta area, Delta State. The Itsekiri presently number just under 1 million people and live mainly in the Warri South, Warri North and Warri South West local government districts of Delta State on the Atlantic coast of Nigeria. Significant communities of Itsekiris can be found in parts of Edo and Ondo states and in various other Nigerian cities including Lagos, Sapele, Benin City, Port Harcourt and Abuja. Many people of Itsekiri descent also reside in the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada.The Itsekiris are closely related to the Yoruba of South Western Nigeria and more widely to the Urhobo (especially the Okpe) and Edo peoples.
	The Itsekiris traditionally refer to their land as the Kingdom of Warri or 'Iwerre' as its proper name – which is geographically contiguous to the area covered by the three Warri local government districts. The area is a key centre of Nigeria's crude oil and natural gas production and petroleum refining and the main town Warri (a multi-ethnic metropolis) forms the industrial and commercial nucleus of the Delta State region.
	The Itsekiri are a people of very mixed ethnic origins who speak a language very closely related to the Yoruba of south western Nigeria and the Igala language of central Nigeria but which has also borrowed some cultural practice from the Edo people of Benin City, given the hegemony that the Benin Empire once exercised over the area, Portuguese in trade terminologies, as the Itsekiri were the first people in Nigeria to establish contact with the Portuguese who were exploring the West African coast, and also more recently, English. Although linguistically related to the Yoruba and Igala ethnic groups, however, through centuries of intermingling modern day Itsekiris are of mixed ethnic origins. They are most closely related to the South-Eastern Yorubaland sub-groups - Ijebu, Akure, Ikale, Ondo and Owo), but also Edo, Urhobo, Ijaw are today mainly Christian (Protestant and Roman Catholic) by religion.
	Thus having had six centuries of direct cultural exposure to Western Christianity and other African influences, contemporary Itsekiri language and culture has successfully evolved into a hybrid of the many cultures that have influenced its development. Similarly owing to the complex genetic mix of most Itsekiris over the centuries, many individuals self-identifying as Itsekiri would usually be a complex mix of any of the aforementioned ethnic and racial groups. Thus modern day Itsekiris may be the only southern Nigerian ethnic group to be almost totally heterogeneous (mixed) in its genetic composition. The total absence of any dialectal variation in the Itsekiri language is also unique for the region and is most likely the result of the early coalescing of the Itsekiri people into a small and highly centralised nation state from the 15th century onward.
	In the 15th century, the early Itsekiris adopted a prince Ginuwa (also called "Iginuwa" in Bini Language) from the Kingdom of Benin as a monarch, and quickly coalesced into a kingdom under his rule. Traditionally fishermen and traders, the Itsekiri were among the first in the region to make contact with Portuguese traders. These interactions in the 16th century led the Itsekiri to become primarily Roman Catholic.
	The Itsekiri monarchy has continued to the present day, with the coronation of Ogiame Ikenwoli on 12 December in 2015. The Itsekiri's historical capital is Ode-Itsekiri (also called "big warri" or "Ale iwerre"), though the monarch's main palace is in Warri town the largest city in the area and home to diverse other communities including the Urhobos, Ijaws, Isoko, and many other Nigerian and expatriate groups working in the oil and gas industry.
	The Itsekiri, though a minority group within Nigeria, are considered to be a highly educated and affluent ethnic group with a very high rate of literacy and a rich cultural heritage. The Itsekiris have one of the oldest histories of western education in West Africa, and are noted for producing one of its earliest university graduates – the Olu of Warri Kingdom, Olu Atuwatse I, Dom Domingo a 17th-century graduate of Coimbra University in Portugal. Today, many Itsekiris can be found working in the professions particularly medicine, law and the academic professions and in business, trade and industry and were among the pioneers that led the development of the professions in Nigeria during the early-to-mid 20th century .
	The Itsekiris traditionally lived in a society that was governed by a monarchy (the Olu) and council of chiefs who form the nobility or aristocracy. Itsekiri society itself was organised along the lines of an upper class made up of the royal family and the aristocracy – the 'Oloyes and Olareajas' these were mainly drawn from noble houses including the Royal Houses and the Houses of Olgbotsere (Prime Minister or king maker) and Iyatsere (defence minister). The middle class or Omajaja were free-born Itsekiris or burghers. As a result of the institution of slavery and the slave trade there was a third class 'Oton-Eru' or those descended from the slave class whose ancestors had come from elsewhere and settled in Itsekiriland as indentured or slave labourers. In modern-day Itsekiri society the slave class no longer exists as all are considered free-born.
	Traditionally, Itsekiri men wear a long sleeved shirt called a Kemeje, tie a George wrapper around their waist and wear a hat with a feather stuck to it. The women wear a blouse and also tie a George wrapper around their waist. They wear colourful head gears known as Nes (scarf) or coral beads. Itsekiris are also famed for their traditional fishing skills, melodious songs, gracefully fluid traditional dances and colourful masquerades and boat regattas.
	Before the introduction of Christianity in the 16th century, like many other African groups, the Itsekiris largely followed a traditional form of religion known as Ebura-tsitse (based on ancestral worship) which has become embedded in modern-day traditional Itsekiri culture. Once the dominant form of western Christianity in Itsekiriland for centuries, only a minority of Itsekiris are Roman Catholics today whilst the majority are Protestants notably Baptist and Anglican.
	Whilst genetically, the Itsekiris are a complex mixture of the many different ethnicities and races that have settled in their area, however, the Itsekiri language is very closely related to the Ilaje and other south-eastern Yoruba dialects and to the Igala. It has also been influenced significantly by the Bini, Portuguese and English languages due to centuries of interaction with people from those nations. However, it remains a key branch of the Yoruboid family of languages even retaining archaic or lost elements of the proto Yoruba language due to its relative isolation in the Niger-Delta where it developed away from the main cluster of Yoruba language dialects.
	Unlike nearly all key Nigerian Languages, the Itsekiri language does not have dialects and is uniformly spoken with little or no variance in pronunciation apart from the use of 'ch' for the regular 'ts' (sh) in the pronunciation of some individual Itsekiris, e.g. Chekiri instead of the standard Shekiri but these are individual pronunciation traits rather than dialectal differences. This may be a relic of past dialectal differences. The English language continues to exert a strong influence on the Itsekiri language both in influencing its development and in its widespread usage as a first language amongst the younger generation. Modern standard Yoruba (the variety spoken in Lagos) also appears to be influencing the Itsekiri language partly due to the similarity between both languages and the ease of absorbing colloquial Yoruba terms by the large Itsekiri population living in Western Nigerian cities. Itsekiri is now taught in local schools up to university degree level in Nigeria.
	There are a number of semi-autonomous Itsekiri communities such as Ugborodo, koko, Omadino and Obodo whose history predates the 15th-century establishment of the Warri Kingdom. The Ugborodo community claims direct descent from the Ijebu a major Yoruba sub-ethnic group

= = = Ituiutaba = = =

	Ituiutaba is a municipality in the western part of Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Elevated to city status in 1901, its population in 2017 was 104.526 and a total area in the municipality of 2,694 km. The elevation of the seat of the municipality is 544 m.
	It is located in the west of the economic and geographical region called Triângulo Mineiro and is on BR 365, which begins at Chaveslândia in the west and connects as far as Pirapora in the north. Neighboring municipalities are Gurinhatã, Ipiaçú, Capinópolis, Canápolis, Santa Vitória, Monte Alegre de Minas, Prata, Campina Verde and the state of Goiás.
	Distances
	Ituiutaba is also the name of statistical microregion 29 which includes 6 municipalities: Cachoeira Dourada, Capinópolis, Gurinhatã, Ipiaçu, Ituiutaba, and Santa Vitória. The population of this microregion was 135,140 (2000) and the area was 8,748.90 km. The population density in 2000 was 15.45 inhabitants/km.
	Classified as AW hot-humid (according to the Koppen classification), tropical with dry winter, with a well-defined rainy season from October to April and a dry season from May to September. Average temperatures range from 14 °C in June to 31 °C in December. The yearly average is 28 °C. Frost is rare.
	The most important economic activities are cattle raising, industry, commerce, and agriculture. The GDP in 2005 was R$972,529,000. Ituiutaba is in the top tier of municipalities in the state with regard to economic and social development. It is the center of a rich agricultural area which receives adequate rainfall and is well watered. As of 2007 there were 08 banking agencies in the town. There were 14,365 automobiles.
	In the rural area there were 1,459 establishments occupying about 4,300 workers. 628 of the farms had tractors, a ratio of around one tractor for every two farms. There were 190,000 head of cattle in 2006. The crops with a planted area of more than 1000 hectares were sugarcane, corn and soybeans. There was also production of rubber, coffee, and oranges.
	Ituiutaba has high quality of life, using Brazilian standards. The population is comparatively well-educated. According to the city government site (no date given) there were 128 doctors, 130 dentists, 13 veterinarians, 18 psychologists, 170 lawyers, 14 architects, and 111 agronomists.
	In the health sector there were 54 total establishments, 23 public and 31 private. Of these there were 06 hospitals with 211 beds. In the educational sector there were 33 pre-schools, 39 primary schools and 05 middle schools. There were 03 institutes of higher education, all private.
	The highest ranking municipality in Minas Gerais in 2000 was Poços de Caldas with 0.841, while the lowest was Setubinha with 0.568. Nationally the highest was São Caetano do Sul in São Paulo with 0.919, while the lowest was Setubinha. In more recent statistics (considering 5,507 municipalities) Manari in the state of Pernambuco has the lowest rating in the country—0,467—putting it in last place.
	There are five television stations: Rede Integração - affiliated with Rede Globo, Rede Vitoriosa - affiliated with Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão - SBT, TV Paranaiba - affiliated with Rede Record, Band Triângulo - affiliated with Band and Rede Vida. There are seven radio stations: Rádio Cancella FM, Rádio Cancella AM, Rádio Difusora FM, Rádio Difusora AM, Rádio Interativa FM, Rádio Globo AM and Rádio Dimensão FM. There are three newspapers: Jornal do Pontal, Gazeta do Pontal and Jornal Hoje em Dia.
	The settlement of the region began in 1820 when Joaquim Antonio de Morais and José da Silva Ramos arrived and expelled the native inhabitants, the Caiapós. The first name was Arraial de São José do Tijuco. In 1890 there were 5,000 inhabitants. In 1901 it became a municipality with the name Vila Platina, later changed in 1917 to Ituiutaba.
	Unveiling the congado history in Ituiutaba-MG
	In Ituiutaba reportedly some Congadeiros, the festivities took place on farms outside the city where they also raised their suits. With the becoming of time, the festival has become known, was brought to the city. However, the parish priest of the time did not accept that Congadeiros walk into the church, prohibiting the holding of the festival site. This ban was because the Congadeiros, did not follow the Catholic religion, but others of African origin. Meanwhile, around Ituiutaba, to honor his wife Geralda Ramos da Silva on his birthday on April 2, 1951, Mr. Demetrio Silva da Costa (Cyzicus) invited his father Marciano Silvestre da Costa, his brother Gerard Clarimundo Coast and several other friends to play Mozambique and commemorate the date. Upon learning of the incident, Ana Carolina Ribeiro (Dona Rosa), cousin of Cyzicus, invited the group to work together to bring the suit in Mozambique Ituiutaba and rekindle the devotion to St. Benedict with lots of dancing, partying and devotion. So they went to the parish priest of the time, Father John Ave, to communicate it and ask him to leave, next to the church, making the feast of St. Benedict and Our Lady of the Rosary. The pastor, not allowed, claiming that the Church had problems previously with the suits Congado that formerly existed in Ituiutaba, and that because of these clashes, had already fragmentado.Em 1952, the newly created suit, decided to rehearse in order placing the group properly uniformed street in protest against the attitude of the priest. They walked down the street 22 at 5 am. They made a dawn with fireworks in front of the Forum site getting the consent of justice to conduct the celebrations in the city. They went to St. Joseph Church, where he entered the enclosure and attended the morning mass. After the Congadeiros went visiting various residences singing, dancing saints protectors streets. In the following years the party happened without the existence of a fellowship or church support. Still, Congadeiros insisted on having the recognition of the celebration by the church, performing each year the festivities in honor of St. Benedict and Our Lady of the Rosary, with the support of the devotees and supporters. Years later, restructures itself in the Congado Ituiutaba.
	The group now organized, lock arms with a drop of the pastor of the church, which is to make a series of these requirements to concede to the same space at the site. One of those requirements was that the Congadeiros really embrace the Catholic faith. Accepting the request of the priest they baptized, received first Eucharist, crismaram and those who were cohabiting, married in the Church. Another requirement was that the Congadeiros had active participation in religious ceremonies, just like that, the party would have some relationship with the Church. Thus the Catholic Church tried to erase their black African religious heritage, yet the Congadeiros although "Catholics" did not fail to keep their ancestral practices, even if secretly.
	Before the completion of all requirements made by him, Father John Ave, in 1956, asked that the Congadeiros between themselves and chose twelve couples who knew well the Catholic doctrines. Of these couples, men appointed by the priest as "The Twelve Apostles" (Marciano Silvestre da Costa, Clarimundo Geraldo da Costa, Demetrius Silva da Costa - Cyzicus, Antonio Belchior, Baldwin Anthony da Costa - Antonio Goat, Agenor Prudêncio do Nascimento, Andira Alves, Max Avelino da Costa, Jerome Ventura Keys-Dunga, Aristides da Silva, Antônio Manoel Gomes and Lord Edmund) founded the Brotherhood of St. Benedict according to the instructions of the pastor, who authorized, in 1957, the operation of the Brotherhood, by blaming it suits founded between the years 1951 to 1954 and by others who supposedly were to arise.
	From the creation of the Brotherhood of St. Benedict groups Congado also now have their own religious group within the Church, which is replaced by function not only religious but also cultural, organizing and coordinating suits Congado of Ituiutaba. As listed in the Small History of the Brotherhood of St. Benedict, it was founded on 13 May 1957 with "special service" and "First Communion Benedictines of several young children and adults." It was through the creation of the Brotherhood of St. Benedict that Congadeiros won permission to celebrate in the Church. It was through her that they also raised capital to later buy the land and erect the Church of St. Benedict.
	The Brotherhood was originally formed by just over 100 people; today it includes over 600 individuals. She has become the guarantee of Congadeiros "law of the Church"; their creation and foundation opened the doors to the consolidation of suits and became the foundation for what emerged. The feast in honor of St. Benedict is composed of seven suits Congado the participation of several others from the surrounding cities that participate in the celebrations for several years.

= = = Cedar Pond (Massachusetts) = = =

	Cedar Pond is a small oval-shaped pond in the town of Lakeville, Massachusetts. It is located just off of Somserset Lane from Long Point Road, which is easily accessible from Route 105. The pond is primarily used for irrigating nearby bogs and farmland.

= = = Ivittuut Municipality = = =

	Ivittuut , (old spelling Ivigtût) was a municipality (from 1951 until 2008), located on the coast of Arsuk fjord in southern Greenland. With an area of just 100 km² (600 km² according to other sources), it was the smallest municipality of Greenland, bordering on the former Narsaq municipality in the north, east, and south, and on the west by the Labrador Sea. It has been integrated into the new Sermersooq municipality. Due its small size, the land of the municipality is all ice free, as it does not extend inward to the ice sheet of Greenland.
	The town of Ivittuut is abandoned, and the only settlement of the municipality is the naval base Kangilinnguit (Grønnedal) which is to stay. The municipality only existed "de jure" and was about to be absorbed by Narsaq when the 2009 municipal reform took place.
	Kangilinnguit is the Danish naval headquarters of Greenland. The base was originally established to protect the important cryolite mine of Ivittuut.

= = = Shawnee Free Jones = = =

	Shawnee Free Jones (born 1975) is an actress and model.
	Jones had a successful career as an underwater fashion model, becoming the muse of photographer Howard Schatz.
	Working with Schatz, she appeared in advertisements for Target Corporation, Sony, the MGM Grand station, Kohler Co., Wolford, Wacoal, and Palmer's Cocoa Butter. She was dubbed "America's Underwater Supermodel" by "Maxim", and her image was placed on the Empire State Building during Schatz's "Installation" project. She also appeared on the cover of Schatz's book, "Pool Light".
	She appeared as the underwater dancer in Ricky Martin's music video for "She Bangs" and guest starred as an underwater mystery on "Baywatch". Jones also appeared as a punk girl in an episode of the cult teen comdy-drama, "Freaks and Geeks".
	She is the daughter of American spiritual guru Adi Da.

= = = DCEThreads = = =

	DCEThreads is an implementation of POSIX Draft 4 threads.
	DCE/RPC was under development, but the POSIX committee had not finalised POSIX threads at the time. The Open Group had to make a decision about what to stick with, and unfortunately the final POSIX threads were different from their selection.
	POSIX Draft 4 threads were limited to begin with (the final standard fixed these). Microsoft adopted DCE/RPC wholesale in Windows NT as MSRPC and also in DCOM. Most of the stability and reliability problems that programmers associate with DCOM services - especially memory leaks, exception handling problems and thread cancellation stability issues - can be traced back to the use of POSIX Draft 4 threads.
	DCE/RPC is sufficiently complex that the issue of updating it to solve and modernise the POSIX Draft 4 threading problem requires highly skilled and highly specific programming knowledge. Consequently, for all that it can accomplish, the reference implementation of DCE/RPC languishes due to a lack of information and resources.
	The key difference between POSIX Draft 4 threads and the final POSIX threads specification, aside from a number of functions being interruptible where others are not, is thread cancellation. DCE/RPC utilises thread cancellation to propagate signals across the "Remote" of RPC, such that for example a client application terminating a thread results in its corresponding thread on the server also being terminated in the same way. Unfortunately, the final POSIX specification does not include such sophisticated cancellation methodology, and, given the difficulties that the Unix vendors had in correctly implementing the POSIX threads specification, it is not surprising that it was removed.
	Linux, since the introduction of NPTL and the Linux 2.6 kernel, has proper support for thread cancellation.
	DCEThreads now only realistically exists as an emulation layer.

= = = Los Cerritos Center = = =

	The Los Cerritos Center is a super regional shopping mall located in Cerritos, California. Since September 1971, the Los Cerritos Center has been an integral part of the city of Cerritos' tax revenue. The mall is the city's largest revenue source, producing $581 per square foot in sales ($296 million total) in 2010. The tax revenue generated from the Los Cerritos Center for its host city totals to approximately $3 million a year. The facility is owned by Macerich & GIC Private Limited.
	The Cerritos Redevelopment Agency initially invested $30 million for the development of the Los Cerritos Center area. The shopping area built at Gridley Road and South Street was developed by Ernest M. Hahn, Inc. in September 1971 with the Phase I opening of the corridor from The Broadway department store (currently Macy's) to Ohrbach's (first became a Mervyn's, currently a Forever 21) and J.W. Robinson's (became Robinsons-May in 1993) in addition to having an initial 150 specialty stores. Phase II followed in 1971 with the opening of the wing from Ohrbach's to Sears. In 1981, Phase III saw the opening of Nordstrom and its first wing. In November 1993, Phase IV was completed when the Palm Court Cafes debuted in the Center with 14 eateries.
	At its opening, the Los Cerritos Center was one of the area's first shopping malls and was noted for its high quality maintenance and complete climate-controlled environment.
	The original goal of the center was to bring thousands of dollars of sales tax revenue to the city of Cerritos. In its first four years, the city of Cerritos' retail sales grew tenfold, topping over $207 million in 1974.
	In 2015, Sears Holdings spun off its 235 properties, including the Sears at Los Cerritos Center, into Sertiage Growth Properties.
	Since the end of 2015, the center has been undergoing a large-scale renovation, which brought in new anchors such as Dick's Sporting Goods and Harkins Theatres, in-line stores, remodeled interiors, new furnishings and lighting, exterior landscaping, as well as art work and overall re-branding.
	The Macy's wing houses merchandise, confectionery, and services for the family, the main concourse holds more upscale fashion stores, restaurants and boutiques, and the Sears wing focuses on specialty shops in entertainment, younger consumers, as well as the newly renovated Dining Court.
	Forever 21, which opened in January 2010 from the old Mervyn's store, was the first flagship styled store for the retailer in the United States and opened to much acclaim.
	A brand new, relocated Nordstrom department store and wing opened in May 2010 on the site of a former Robinsons-May. The added wing made room for nine additional in-line shops and restaurants. The old Nordstrom site was demolished for redevelopment and is now the site of a 16-screen Harkins Theatres which opened in spring 2016, as well as The Cheesecake Factory, which opened in November 2015.
	Realizing the importance of multiculturalism and diversity in the region today, the Los Cerritos Center, in conjunction with the city of Cerritos, is home to the Festival of Friendship held every February. Cultural booths and performances are held annually with the goal of reaching out to the various diverse communities the center serves.
	In 2010, 8.5 million shoppers visited the mall with November 26 (Black Friday) marking the biggest day of the year with 79,682 visitors. The daily average attendance from January through November 2010 was 22,133 people a day. December 2010 saw an average of 35,631 a day. Los Cerritos Center is the most financially successful mall in the Southeast Los Angeles region.
	In early 2017, Red Robin closed to make way for a P. F. Chang's, which was opened in late 2017.
	On October 15, 2018, it was announced that Sears would be closing as part of a plan to close 142 stores nationwide. The store closed on January 6, 2019.
	Seritage plans to demolish the Sears Auto Center for a new Outback Steakhouse and Massage Envy.
	The mall is accessible by Metro Local Lines 62, 130, Metro Express Line 577, Long Beach Transit Routes 172, 173, 192, OCTA Route 30, and Cerritos on Wheels Line 2B.

= = = Maghreb Arabe Press = = =

	Maghreb Arab Press (known as MAP, ), is a Moroccan official news agency.
	The agency was founded on 31 May 1959 by Mehdi Bennouna in Rabat. It was nationalized in 1973.
	The director is Mohammed Khabbachi, and headquartered in Rabat. The agency has official international services in five languages: Arabic, English, French, Spanish, and Tamazight. In 1960, the agency launched the African bulletin. It launched the Middle East service as well as the English service on 14 October 1975. 
	Abdeljalil Fenjiro served as the director of the agency for more than twenty years until 16 November 1999 when Mohammed Yassine Mansouri replaced him in the post.
	In addition to providing news, the agency cofounded a national charter for the improvement of women’s images in the media with the ministry of social development and 
	family and solidarity and the ministry of communication and culture in 2005.
	The agency has international offices in Abidjan, Algiers, Bonn, Beyrouth, Cairo, Dakar, Geneva, Jeddah, Lisbon, Madrid, Mexico City, Montreal, Moscow, New Delhi, Nouakchott, Paris, Rome, Tunis and Washington. In addition, the agency has a large network in Asia.
	The agency has national and regional offices in Agadir, Casablanca, Tangier, Dakhla, Fes, Kenitra, Layoune, Nador, Oujda and Settat.
	The agency has correspondents in Abu Dhabi, Addis Ababa, Ankara, Baghdad, Buenos Aires, Beijing, Caracas, Damascus, El Jadida, Essaouira, Málaga, Marseille, Mexico City, New Delhi, Ouarzazate, Pretoria, Tan-Tan, Taza, Tehran, Tetouan and Tripoli.

= = = Brothers in Unity = = =

	Brothers in Unity is a four-year secret society at Yale University. It used to be a debating society.
	The Society of Brothers in Unity at Yale College was founded by 21 members of the Yale classes of 1768, 1769, 1770 and 1771. The founders included David Humphreys, who is noted in the society's public 1841 catalogue as the "cornerstone" of the founding class. The society was founded chiefly to combat existing class separation among literary societies; prior to 1768, Yale freshmen were not "received into any Society", and junior society members were forced into the servitude of seniors "under dread of the severest penalties". Humphreys, a freshman of the class of 1771, persuaded two members of the senior class, three junior class members, two sophomores, and 14 freshmen to support the society's founding.
	Immediately after its conception, the society's unorthodox class composition was allegedly challenged by other literary groups at Yale College. According to its catalogue, Brothers in Unity only became an independent institution after persevering "an incessant war" waged by multiple traditional societies who did not support the concept of a four-year debating community. It is speculated that this struggle initiated the Brothers' near 250-year rivalry with Linonia, which previously did not initiate freshman members. Within a year, however, Brothers in Unity became fully independent, its popularity influencing other societies to reconsider their exclusion of first year students. The Yale College freshman class of 1771 yielded 15 members of Brothers in Unity, while Linonia accepted four; the first noted point in which underclassmen were publicly accepted into a Yale society. The Brothers adopted the motto between 1768 and 1769.
	Between its founding and 1841, the society is said to have followed the template of other debating societies, although operating under "Masonic secrecy," according to 19th century Yale historian Ebenezer Baldwin. In conjunction with Linonia and the Calliopean Society, Brothers in Unity was noted by Baldwin to discuss "scientific questions" and gravitate towards "literary pursuits." This is substantiated by the Brother's own public documentation, which denotes that the society sought "lofty places in science, literature, and oratory" fields, as well as general "intellectual improvement."
	The Brotherhood, between the years of 1768 and 1841, claims membership of 15 Supreme Court Justices (seven of which Chief Justices), 6 United States Governors, 13 Senators, 45 Congressional representatives, 14 presidents of colleges and universities, two United States Attorney Generals, and a United States Vice President. In its catalogue, the Brotherhood also asserts: "Every President of the United States, with the exception of two, has had in his cabinet one of our members, and the governor's chair of our own state has been filled for twenty years with Brothers in Unity." 26 Yale valedictorians after the position's 1798 founding are attributed to the Society.
	Membership to the Brothers and the Linonian Society divided the students of Yale College beginning in the turn of the 19th century. Both held expansive literary collections, which they used to compete against each other. Between 1780 and 1841, the Brothers claimed right to more volumes than Linonia, although these assertions are disputed The two societies' rivalry extended to their membership. Brothers in Unity claims membership of John C. Calhoun, who was alphabetically assigned to Linonia, but had "undiminished attachment" to the Brothers. However, while publications released by both societies repeatedly assert superiority amongst each other, they also express positive sentiment; denoting each other as "ornaments" of Yale and "generous rivals."
	At the time of the formation of Yale's central library, Linonia and 'Brothers in Unity donated their respective libraries to the university. The donation is commemorated in the "Linonia and Brothers Reading Room" of Yale's Sterling Memorial Library. The reading room contains the Linonia and Brothers (L&B) collection, a travel collection, a collection devoted to medieval history, and a selection of new books recently added to Sterling’s collections.
	Following the transformation of Yale's debating societies into the Yale Union, and later, the Yale Political Union, Brothers in Unity and the Linonian Society ceased function as literary and debating societies. Both societies continued their existence in secrecy, recanting their roles as intellectual colloquiums and instead prioritizing power and social influence as paramount. Linonia morphed into the template of other Yale secret societies, although its current existence is still questioned and its membership is not disclosed to the public as of 2012. While unsubstantiated, Linonia is said to participate in Yale's April "tap night," along with the college's senior societies.
	Unlike Linonia, Brothers in Unity refrained from association with the customs of Yale's senior societies. The society is rumored to tap a small cohort of members from each class during the fall semester, a notion in line with the organization's 1768 constitution and 1841 catalogue. Internally, the society is referenced as the "Brotherhood," a community stressing unilateral action amongst members to acquire power in the realms of business, politics, and philanthropy. The society is said to have implemented methods of deterrence stemming from its 1768 constitution that prevent brothers from unearthing the identities of fellow members or disclosing internal actions of the brotherhood. However, public knowledge of specific traditions, discussions, and society regulations of Brothers in Unity ended after its 19th-century turn to secrecy, rendering most modern rumor as conjecture. It is rumored that the society maintains "taplines" into several of Yale's most prestigious senior societies, including Skull and Bones, Scroll and Key, Book and Snake, Myth and Sword, Elihu, and Mace and Chain.
	Though the society no longer discloses the names of its members, its presence on campus continued through the 19th and 20th centuries, with reported activity spanning into the turn of the 21st century. It is unknown whether men exclusively fill current membership of the Brothers, due to the integration of women into Yale's societal web.

= = = Shakugan no Shana = = =

, <onlyinclude>also known simply as , is a Japanese light novel series written by Yashichiro Takahashi with illustrations by Noizi Ito. ASCII Media Works published 26 novels from November 2002 to November 2012 under their Dengeki Bunko imprint. The story focuses on Yuji Sakai, a high school boy who inadvertently becomes involved in an age-old conflict between forces of balance and imbalance in existence. In the process, he befriends a fighter for the balancing force and names her "Shana". The series incorporates fantasy and slice of life elements into its tale.
	Two manga adaptations were published by ASCII Media Works in "Dengeki Daioh" and "Dengeki Maoh". Between 2005 and 2012, the series was adapted by J.C.Staff into three 24-episode anime television series, a four-episode original video animation (OVA) series, an animated film and an additional stand alone OVA episode. A PlayStation 2 video game was released in March 2006, and it was ported to the Nintendo DS in March 2007. Viz Media licensed the novels and the first manga series for release in North America, but stopped publishing both prematurely. Geneon originally licensed the first television series for release in North America, but the license later transferred to Funimation, who also licensed the remaining anime properties. Critics praised the series for its execution of typical story elements and how it continuously becomes better over time.</onlyinclude>
	"Shakugan no Shana" details an age-old conflict between those who inhabit the , a parallel universe to the human world. The Crimson Realm is populated by who are able to manipulate the , a fundamental power within any biological entity and functions as "fuel" for one's existence. Denizens whose power stands out among their peers are known as , and Lords that are even more powerful are known as . Denizens who do not care about the balance between the Crimson Realm and the human world collect Power of Existence from humans to use for their own purposes. It is the duty of , humans who have formed contracts with a Crimson Lord, to maintain the two worlds' balance by killing any Denizens disrupting it. Denizens and Flame Haze fight with the use of powerful magic spells called , which are also known as Unrestricted Spells or Unrestricted Methods. One such spell is the , which creates a space where the Crimson Realm and the human world intermingle and all sorts of causalities, including time, are stopped for ordinary living beings.
	The story largely takes place in Misaki City in Japan and begins when high school student Yuji Sakai is thrown into the middle of this conflict and encounters a Flame Haze girl with flaming red eyes and hair dressed in all black wielding a katana. The girl informs him that he died some time ago, and that he is a , a human with greatly diminished Power of Existence, and whose remaining Power of Existence will slowly run out. In addition, Yuji is a , a special kind of Torch who contains a , a magical object created by Denizens that can provide special abilities or even Powers of Unrestraint; additionally, Mystes can move within Seals. Unfazed by his apparent death, Yuji befriends the girl and names her "Shana" after her sword. They later discover that the Treasure Tool within Yuji is the , which restores his Power of Existence every night at midnight.
	As time goes on, Shana and Yuji encounter several more Flame Haze, such as Margery Daw and Wilhelmina Carmel, and Denizens in Misaki City. An organization of Denizens called Bal Masqué discovers that Yuji possesses the Reiji Maigo and attempt to use the Treasure Tool on two separate occasions. Bal Masqué is led by three Lords called the Trinity: Hecate, Sydonay, and Bel Peol. They serve under a Crimson God known as the , who resides within the Reiji Maigo. When the Snake of the Festival emerges, it merges its consciousness with Yuji's, assuming command over Bal Masqué, and together they formulate an elaborate plan to create a parallel world called Xanadu, which will serve as a paradise for Denizens with unlimited Power of Existence. Shana, and all of the other Flame Haze around the world, oppose the creation of Xanadu, which would eventually cause a large-scale disruption in the human world, the Crimson Realm and Xanadu itself.
	Shana formulates a countermeasure and is ultimately successful in adding a single law to Xanadu where the Denizens are not allowed to eat humans anymore. With Xanadu created, the Denizens depart to the new world, soon followed by hundreds of Flame Haze determined to help enforce order on it. Yuji intends to go to Xanadu alone and make sure humans and Denizens can eventually learn to coexist, but Shana refuses to be left behind. In the end, Yuji accepts Shana's feelings and the two kiss, which activates a spell left to Yuji by Crimson Lord Lamia that restores his existence, so Yuji is no longer a Torch. With the help of another spell from Lamia, Yuji successfully restores all humans in Misaki City whose existence was absorbed by the Denizens before he and Shana depart for Xanadu together.
	In an early draft of what would later become "Shakugan no Shana", Yashichiro Takahashi set the story in a different dimension and described the main character as having the initial personality of Shana, but the appearance of an older woman similar to Margery Daw. However, after talking with an editor, Takahashi rewrote the character to have the appearance of a young girl. In doing so, he used Shana's small build to symbolize a story of growth and to emphasize the physical conflict between her and her opponents. Noizi Ito was contacted in early August 2002 to be the illustrator for the series, and she was very excited to work on the project after she read the manuscript for the first novel; this was the first time Ito drew illustrations for a book.
	Shortly before writing "Shakugan no Shana", Takahashi made his debut as an author with "A/B Extreme", which was awarded an honorable mention in the eighth Dengeki Novel Prize by MediaWorks (now ASCII Media Works) in 2001. By his own admission, "A/B Extreme" was too difficult for readers to understand, so for his next work, he set out to write something easier to grasp. As such, the initial premise of "Shakugan no Shana" was to write a boy meets girl story in a school setting, though initially love was not one of the themes included. He was given the freedom to write as he pleased based on this premise after showing it to his editor.
	"Shakugan no Shana" began as a light novel series written by Yashichiro Takahashi, with illustrations drawn by Noizi Ito. ASCII Media Works published 26 volumes between November 9, 2002 and November 10, 2012 under their Dengeki Bunko imprint; 22 comprise the main story, while the other four are side story collections. A short story was later published in the September 2017 issue of ASCII Media Works' "Dengeki Bunko Magazine". Viz Media licensed the novels for English distribution in North America, but they only released two volumes in 2007. The novels are also licensed in South Korea by Daewon C.I., and in Taiwan and Hong Kong by Kadokawa Media.
	A 160-page guide book titled was published on December 10, 2005 by ASCII Media Works. Two more guide books were published by ASCII Media Works for the anime adaptations: on October 27, 2006 with 176 pages, and on October 19, 2009 with 168 pages. Four 128-page art books illustrated by Ito were published by ASCII Media Works: on February 25, 2005, on August 9, 2007, on August 10, 2009, and on August 9, 2013.
	A manga adaptation, illustrated by Ayato Sasakura, was serialized in ASCII Media Works' manga magazine "Dengeki Daioh" between the April 2005 and October 2011 issues. The individual chapters were collected and published in ten "tankōbon" volumes from October 27, 2005 and October 27, 2011. A special limited edition version of volume two was bundled with a booklet titled "Grimoire" including contributions from guest artists and writers for various illustrations, manga, and short stories. Viz Media licensed the manga for English distribution in North America. Viz released six volumes between April 17, 2007 and September 21, 2010, but then cancelled the release of the final four volumes. The manga is also licensed in South Korea by Daewon C.I., in Taiwan and Hong Kong by Kadokawa Media, and in Germany by Egmont.
	A second manga illustrated by Shii Kiya, titled , is based on the events of the tenth novel and began serialization in ASCII Media Works' manga magazine "Dengeki Black Maoh" on September 19, 2007. The manga was later transferred to "Dengeki Maoh" and ran in that magazine between the December 2009 and September 2012 issues. Five volumes were released between January 27, 2009 and September 27, 2012. The manga is licensed in South Korea by Daewon C.I., and in Taiwan and Hong Kong by Kadokawa Media.
	A 24-episode anime television series adaptation of "Shakugan no Shana" aired in Japan between October 6, 2005 and March 23, 2006 on TV Kanagawa. Produced by J.C.Staff and directed by Takashi Watanabe, the screenplay was written by Yasuko Kobayashi, and chief animator Mai Otsuka based the character design used in the anime on Noizi Ito's original designs. The sound director is Jin Aketagawa, and the soundtrack is composed by Kow Otani. The series was later released by Geneon in eight DVD compilation volumes from January to August 2006. Later, an original video animation (OVA) episode titled "Shakugan no Shana SP", which takes place after the events of episode 13, was released on December 8, 2006.
	An anime film based on the first novel that was released in Japanese theaters on April 21, 2007 as one of three films released at Dengeki Bunko's Movie Festival. The staff who produced the anime series returned to produce the film. The version shown in theaters was 65 minutes in length. Those who saw the film in theaters could buy a short book titled "Shakugan no Shana M" containing two short stories written by Takahashi published by ASCII Media Works under the imprint Dengeki Gekijō Bunko. The film was released on DVD in Japan on September 21, 2007 in regular and special editions, which featured the full length 90-minute director's cut version. It was later released on Blu-ray Disc (BD) in Japan on July 27, 2011.
	"Shana" production staff would again return to produce two additional TV series and an OVA series. The 24-episode second season, titled , aired between October 5, 2007 and March 28, 2008 on MBS. The series was later released by Geneon to eight DVD compilation volumes from January to August 2008. A four-episode OVA series titled "Shakugan no Shana S" was released on BD/DVD from October 23, 2009 to September 29, 2010. The 24-episode third season, titled , aired between October 8, 2011 and March 24, 2012 on Tokyo MX. The series was released by Geneon on eight BD/DVD compilation volumes from December 2011 to July 2012.
	Geneon licensed the first TV series for North American distribution, but after Geneon withdrew from the North American market, Funimation Entertainment took up the manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution rights, though Geneon still retained the license. A DVD box set was released by Funimation in September 2008, and was re-released in September 2009 under Funimation's "Viridian Collection". Funimation later re-licensed the first series and re-released it in a BD/DVD combo pack on August 21, 2012. The series made its North American television debut on September 10, 2012 on the Funimation Channel. The first season and its accompanying OVA were also licensed by Madman Entertainment in Australia and New Zealand, and by MVM Films in the United Kingdom. Funimation later licensed the film, the second and third TV series, and the OVA series for release in North America with a different English dub cast compared to the first anime season.
	For the first "Shakugan no Shana" anime series, four theme song singles were released for two opening and two ending themes. The first opening theme by Mami Kawada was released in November 2005, and the second opening theme "Being" by Kotoko was released in March 2006. The first ending theme by Yoko Takahashi was released in October 2005, and the second ending theme by Yoko Ishida was released in February 2006. The original soundtrack for the first anime series was released in January 2006. For the "Shakugan no Shana" film, two theme song singes were released: the ending theme by Love Planet Five—made up of Kotoko, Kawada, Eiko Shimamiya, Mell, and Kaori Utatsuki—was released in April 2007; the insert song by Kawada was released in May 2007. The film's original soundtrack was released in September 2007.
	For "Shakugan no Shana Second", two theme song singles were released for two opening and two ending themes. The first opening theme "Joint" by Kawada was released in October 2007, and the second opening theme "Blaze" by Kotoko was released in March 2008. The first ending theme is "Triangle" by Kawada and was released on the single for "Joint", and the second ending theme "Sociometry" by Kotoko was released on the single for "Blaze". The song "Sense" by Kawada was used as the final ending theme for episode 24, and was released on Kawada's album "Savia" in March 2008. The original soundtrack for "Shakugan no Shana Second" was released in January 2008. For "Shakugan no Shana S", the single for the opening theme "Prophecy" by Kawada was released in November 2009, and the ending theme "All in Good Time" by Kawada was released on her album "Linkage" in March 2010. The song "Portamento" by Kawada was used as an insert song in episode 4, and was released on "Savia".
	For "Shakugan no Shana Final", four theme song singles were released for two opening and two ending themes. The first opening theme "Light My Fire" by Kotoko was released in November 2011, and the second opening theme "Serment" by Kawada was released in February 2012. The first ending theme "I'll Believe" by Altima was released in December 2011, and the second ending theme "One" by Altima was released in February 2012. The song by Kawada was used as the final ending theme for episode 24. Three insert songs by Kawada were also used in "Shakugan no Shana Final": "u/n" in episode 15 released on the single for "Serment", "Akai Namida" in episode 19, and "Hishoku no Sora" in episode 24.
	Three volumes of albums titled "Shakugan no Shana Assorted Shana" containing image songs, audio dramas and background music tracks were released between February and April 2006. Three volumes of albums titled "Shakugan no Shana II Splendide Shana" containing images songs and audio dramas were released between February and May 2008. Three volumes of albums titled "Shakugan no Shana F Superiority Shana" containing audio dramas, background music tracks, and short versions of theme songs from "Shakugan no Shana Final" were released between February and July 2012. The third "Superiority Shana" album also included the song "Kōbō". A compilation album of songs used in the series was released on January 24, 2018.
	A weekly radio drama of "Shakugan no Shana" aired four episodes between November 29 and December 20, 2003 on "Dengeki Taishō". The scenario was an original side-story written by Takahashi, and takes place between the first and second light novel volumes. The cast for the radio drama was different from the anime adaptations. A CD compilation of the radio drama titled "Shakugan no Shana Drama Disc", including an additional audio drama, was eligible for mail orders up to March 31, 2004. Another drama CD was released with the April 2008 issue of Tokuma Shoten's "Animage" magazine; the cast is the same as with the anime versions.
	An action RPG visual novel titled "Shakugan no Shana", developed by Vridge and published by MediaWorks, was released on March 23, 2006 for the PlayStation 2 (PS2). A 36-page A4-sized art book titled featuring illustrations by Ito was available to those who pre-ordered the game. The game was re-released as a "Best" version on February 7, 2008. The story was written by Takahashi, and features character designs by Ito. The opening theme song is "Exist" by Rie Kugimiya, which was released on volume one of the "Assorted Shana" albums. The player assumes the role of Yuji Sakai during the visual novel aspect, where much of the game's duration is spent on reading the text that appears on the screen, which represents the story's narrative and dialogue.
	The game follows a branching plot line through eight chapters with five possible endings, and depending on the decisions that the player makes during the game, the plot will progress in a specific direction. Every so often, the player will come to a point where he or she is given the chance to choose from multiple options. Text progression pauses at these points until a choice is made. To view all plot lines in their entirety, the player will have to replay the game multiple times and choose different choices to further the plot to an alternate direction. Sometimes during text progression, an "active countdown" minigame appears, which requires the player to press the game buttons in a specific order in a set time limit. Success or failure in these minigames influence which endings are viewed. During the turn-based battle sequences, the player assumes the role of Shana. The player uses a combination of fire, powers of unrestraint, and treasure tools to battle Crimson Denizens; and Shana is also able to use a special attack and defend.
	A Nintendo DS port of the game titled "Shakugan no Shana DS", developed by Vridge and published by MediaWorks, was released on March 29, 2007. Those who pre-ordered the game received a calendar spanning April 2007 to March 2008, and an art book of rough sketches by Ito titled was available for a limited time with the purchase of the game. A new story for the DS version was written by Takahashi. The game also contains an image gallery that allows the player to see what Shana and Yoshida Kazumi look like in different clothes, and a battle mode that lets the player fight against the computer with a character other than Shana.
	Shana appears as a playable character in the crossover RPG "" for the Nintendo DS, and other characters from "Shakugan no Shana" also appear in the game. Shana appears in the 2014 fighting game "", which features various Dengeki Bunko characters.
	In October 2014, the novels were reported to have sold over 8.6 million copies. As reported on the obi strip on volume 4 of the "Shakugan no Shana" manga released in January 2008, 1.2 million copies of the manga had been sold. Theron Martin from Anime News Network reviewed the manga and called it "inferior" to the anime, and notes the anime develops characters better than the manga. Martin also critiques the art, saying the background art has little detail, and while the action scenes are handled well enough, they are still sub-par compared to the same scenes in the anime. Martin concludes the review by warning the readers that "[if] this is your first exposure to the franchise, look to the anime version to see it done right."
	When reviewing the anime, Martin thought the first "Shakugan no Shana" always manages to slightly exceed expectations, and while its story elements may be typical, its execution is not. Martin noted that Shana's Flame Haze transformation is a visual highlight of the series, and other details are shown equal care. Reviewer Chris Beveridge of Mania.com felt uncomfortable about the morbid nature of the series. While Beveridge did not think the series is "groundbreaking", it proves to be a "solid title" that continuously gets better. The pacing in the middle of the first season was criticized for quickly ending an arc before "going into a storyline that feels out of character for the show." Martin's review of "Shakugan no Shana Final" was less positive; he described Yuji as having been made into a different character (though his complexity was praised), criticized the addition of a large number of prominent characters without sufficient development, and described some things as not making sense, although he praised Shana's development over the course of the third series.

= = = Ute Wars = = =

	The Ute Wars were a series of conflicts between the Ute people and the United States which began in 1849 and ended in 1923.

= = = Mu'in ad-Din Unur = = =

	Mu'in ad-Din Unur al-Atabeki (; died August 28, 1149) was the Turkish ruler of Damascus in the mid-12th century.
	Mu'in ad-Din was originally a Mameluk in the army of Toghtekin, the founder of the Burid Dynasty of Damascus. When Zengi, the atabeg of Aleppo, besieged Damascus in 1135, Mu'in ad-Din was at the head of army defending the city. That year the Burid Shihab ad-Din Mahmud took control of Damascus after the assassination of his brother; when Zengi gave up the siege and instead besieged Homs, Shihab ad-Din sent Yusuf ibn Firuz and Mu'in ad-Din to govern it, with Yusuf acting as Mu'in ad-Din's lieutenant. In 1137 Mu'in ad-Din was still governor of Homs when the city was briefly besieged again by Zengi. In 1138, Shihab ad-Din appointed Mu'in ad-Din atabeg of Damascus and gave him the title "Isfahsaller". Later in 1138, Zengi negotiated a marriage between himself and Shihab ad-Din's mother Khatun Safwat al-Mulk, and as part of the settlement Zengi received Homs. Mu'in ad-Din was given the castle of Barin in place of Homs. On June 22, 1139, Shihab ad-Din was assassinated in Damascus; Jamal ad-Din, emir of Baalbek, was chosen as his successor, and Mu'in ad-Din was chosen to govern Baalbek in his absence. He was in charge of the defenses of Baalbek when Zengi arrived to avenge the murder of his stepson. Zengi besieged it with 14 catapults and the city surrendered to him.
	In 1140 Jamal ad-Din died, and Mu'in ad-Din continued to rule as regent for Jamal ad-Din's son Mujir ad-Din. That year, Mu'in ad-Din besieged Banias with help from King Fulk of Jerusalem and Prince Raymond of Antioch; Mu'in ad-Din offered 20 000 pieces of gold per month to pay for their expenses. When it was captured, Mu'in ad-Din handed it over to Fulk and returned to Damascus. A more thorough alliance, to protect Damascus against Zengi, was negotiated during a visit by Mu'in ad-Din to Jerusalem, accompanied by the future chronicler Usamah ibn Munqidh. 
	King Fulk died in 1143, and Zengi was assassinated in 1146. Zengi was succeeded by his sons Saif ad-Din Ghazi I in Mosul and Nur ad-Din in Aleppo, and Mu'in ad-Din took the opportunity to besiege Baalbek; the governor, Najm ad-Din Ayyub, father of Saladin, quickly surrendered to him. Mu'in ad-Din also asserted control over Homs and Hama, and sent Yarankash, the assassin of Zengi, to Nur ad-Din, after Yarankash sought refuge in Damascus. 
	Mu'in ad-Din was always suspicious of Nur ad-Din's power, but it was his policy to remain on friendly terms with his neighbours wherever possible, whether they were Christian or Muslim. In 1147 Nur ad-Din and Mu'in ad-Din negotiated an alliance, in which Nur ad-Din married Mu'in ad-Din's daughter Ismat ad-Din Khatun. Having established peace with Aleppo, Mu'in ad-Din set out to besiege Salkhad and Bosra, after their governor, Altuntash, allied with Jerusalem against him. This broke Jerusalem's treaty with Damascus, forcing Mu'in ad-Din to turn to Nur ad-Din for assistance. Nur ad-Din arrived with the army of Aleppo, and the crusaders were forced to withdraw; both Bosra and Sarkhad then surrendered to Mu'in ad-Din. In August 1147 Mu'in ad-Din was formally recognized as governor of Damascus by the Caliph of Baghdad Al-Muqtafi and the Seljuk Sultan Mas'ud, and he was also recognized formally by the Fatimid Caliph in Egypt, al-Hafiz.
	In 1148 news reached Damascus of a new crusade, called in response to Zengi's capture of Edessa in 1145. Mu'in ad-Din prepared for the inevitable siege, although he had hoped his former alliance with Jerusalem could be restored and that the crusade would attack some other city. When the crusaders arrived in July, according to Ibn al-Qalanisi, Mu'in ad-Din "distinguished himself in combat with them, and displayed a valour, steadfastness and gallantry such as was never seen in any other, never wearying in repelling them nor taking respite from the struggle against them." Mu'in ad-Din reluctantly sent for help from Nur ad-Din and Saif-ad Din Ghazi, whose power he did not wish to see extend as far south as Damascus, and the crusaders besieged the city for only four days before withdrawing. It is possible that Mu'in ad-Din had bribed the crusaders to leave before Nur ad-Din arrived. After this success, the three emirs besieged the castle of Araima in the County of Tripoli, but Mu'in ad-Din was forced to acknowledge Nur ad-Din as his overlord. 
	In 1149 Mu'in ad-Din led raids against crusader territory, in response to their raids against the territory of Damascus which they continued to make after the failure of their siege. He agreed to a two-year truce with King Baldwin III, and then joined with Nur ad-Din against the Principality of Antioch. Mu’in ad-Din patrolled the Hauran with his army while Nur ad-Din defeated Antioch at the Battle of Inab that year, in which Prince Raymond was killed.
	After returning to Damascus in July 1149, Mu'in ad-Din "ate a hearty meal, as was his usual custom, and was seized thereafter by a loosening of the bowels...From this resulted in the disease known as dysentery..." The emir died on August 28 and was buried in the university he had established in the city. As he had been acting as regent for Mujir ad-Din, the latter took his place as the rightful heir of Damascus. Mujir ad-Din was a weak ruler, however, and by 1154 Nur ad-Din was fully in control of the city and all of Syria. 
	Mu'in ad-Din had three daughters, who married Nur ad-Din, Mujir ad-Din, and a soldier named Margar respectively. In addition to Ibn al-Qalanisi's favourable depiction of him, the Christian chronicler William of Tyre also speaks very highly of Mu'in ad-Din: he showed "sincere fidelity" in his negotiations with the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and was "a man of much wisdom and a lover of our people." William of Tyre rendered his names in Latin as "Meheneddin" for Mu'in ad-Din and "Anardus" for Unur.

= = = Apple Island = = =

	Apple Island may refer to several places:

= = = List of female scientists before the 20th century = = =

	This is a "historical" list, intended to deal with the time period where it is believed that women working in science were rare. For this reason, this list ends with the 20th century.

= = = Ramos Arizpe = = =

	Ramos Arizpe () is a city and seat of the surrounding municipality of the same name in the Mexican state of Coahuila. Ramos Arizpe is located 11 km from the state capital of Saltillo. It is part of the Saltillo metropolitan area. The city reported a population of 48,228 in the 2005 census; the municipality had a population of 56,708. Its area is 5,306.6 km² (2,048.9 sq mi).
	Ramos Arizpe was established originally in 1577 as Valle de las Labores, a name chosen as the soil was conducive to agriculture.
	In the year 1606 the town was renamed Valle de San Nicolás de la Capellanía, because Spanish missionaries had taken there a sacred image of Saint Nicholas of Tolentino.
	It is now a major industrial center, founded in 1974, featuring many automotive industrial parks. Several major companies have large operations in Ramos Arizpe or vicinity, such the General Motors Ramos Arizpe Assembly plant (Home of the Chevy C2, Pontiac Aztek, Buick Rendezvous, Saturn Vue, Cadillac SRX, Saab 9-4X and HHR), Chrysler Saltillo Engine Plant (Home of the 5.7L V8 HEMI engine) and other suppliers such as Magna, Stabilus, ZF Sachs and Macimex. As of 2016 the plant produces about one third of the firm's full-sized pickups.
	Plan de Guadalupe International Airport serving Saltillo and Ramos Arizpe (Iata: SLW) is located there.
	Ramos Arizpe has a desert climate (Köppen climate classification "BWh" Owing to its altitude of above sea level, temperatures are milder than other desert cities at lower elevations. Winters are mild with warm temperatures during the day and cold nights. The January average temperature is . On average, temperatures drop below freezing on 18 days per year, which can occur in the months November to April. Occasionally, it can receive snowfall. Precipitation is low during the winter months and many days are clear and sunny, averaging 20-22 clear days from December to March.
	Summers are warm to hot with the warmest month being June and July, each with an average temperature of . Temperatures frequently exceed and occasionally during the summer months. Most of the precipitation that Ramos Arizpe receives falls during the summer months. On average, Ramoz Arizpe receives of precipitation per year and there are 37 days with measureable precipitation. The wettest record month was June 1990 with and the wettest day record was 28 June 2007 with .
	Historical landmarks are Don Miguel Ramos Arizpe's house, father of Mexican federalism, Hacienda Santa María built in 1721, where Fr. Miguel Hidalgo conducted his final mass, and Hacienda de Guadalupe, where the Plan de Guadalupe was signed during the Mexican Revolution in 1913.

= = = Wild Arms 4 = = =

	Wild Arms 4, known in Japan as , is a role-playing video game developed by Media.Vision and the fourth installment in the "Wild Arms" video game series. The game's overall look and feel is a departure from the Wild West feel of the previous games in the series, to a more modern look.
	Jude Maverick has grown up in an isolated town called Ciel, which is completely enclosed in a large sphere floating thousands of feet above the surface of Filgaia. His sheltered world changes forever when he sees the sky "tear" and ships enter his homeland. Upon inspecting the campsite set up by the intruders, he sees something else that he has never seen before: a girl.
	The girl's name is Yulie Ahtreide and she is being held captive by the intruders after being captured by a "Drifter" for hire, Arnaud G. Vasquez. After the invading army attacks Ciel and brings the sphere crashing down, Jude, Yulie and Arnaud join forces to find the army's true intention behind Yulie's abduction. With the help of another Drifter, Raquel Appelgate, these four idealistic teens travel the war-torn land of Filgaia in search of truth, their own identities, and their separate paths to adulthood.
	Action elements on the field map such as double-jumps, using the new "Accelerator" ability to manipulate time, and equipping items to solve puzzles maintains the excitement between battles. Movie events are presented in a distinctive use of polygons and shading with voice-actors. Dialog takes place using various character illustrations that change and reposition frequently.
	Dialog takes place using various character illustrations that change and reposition frequently like a digital comic book, making it easier to deeply understand the emotions of each character.
	The HEX battle system is composed of seven hexagons on the battle field, with random beginning placement for all characters and enemies. What makes the HEX battle system so unique is that it is area based instead of character based. This means that any attacks or spells given to certain hexagon, or HEX, will affect all characters on that HEX. Multiple allies or enemies can occupy a single HEX, but enemies and allies can't occupy the same HEX.
	IGN: 7.8/10
	GameRankings: 73% (42 reviews) 
	Metacritic 69/100 (38 reviews) 
	Famitsu: 32 out of 40
	Gamespot: 7.8/10 
	In the North American version, two monsters (Dalawa Bunny and Accident Rabbit) were taken out of the game, but not out of the monsters list, making it impossible to finish the game with 100% completion. The PAL version still contains this error, and is also known to crash in certain places when played in 50 Hz mode, leaving those areas potentially impassable to players whose television does not support 60 Hz PAL signals.
	Some PAL copies also have another issue where triggering specific Material summons would freeze the game. A workaround is to disable the battle movies in the game's options. This bug affects both PAL and NTSC modes.
	The English localization copy is known to freeze when loading the area at the top of a ladder at "The Great Wall" roughly 5 hours into the game when played in PAL mode. A workaround can be achieved by saving the game in the area prior and loading the game in NTSC mode, going past and saving on the world map. No other areas are known to have this problem.

= = = John R. Powers = = =

	John R. Powers (November 30, 1945 – January 17, 2013) was an American novelist and playwright. Powers wrote four books of fiction, "The Last Catholic in America" (Dutton 1973), "Do Black Patent Leather Shoes Really Reflect Up?" (Regnery 1975), "The Unoriginal Sinner and the Ice Cream God" (Contemporary 1977), and "The Junk Drawer, Corner Store, Front Porch Blues" (Dutton 1992). He also wrote the self-help book "Odditude" (HCI 2007). These books relate his experience of growing up in 1950's Chicago. John grew up in the Mt. Greenwood neighborhood on the city's far southwest side. The first three books, often referred to as the "Eddie Ryan Trilogy," have been re-issued by Loyola Press.
	Dr. Powers was awarded two Emmy Awards for his writing. The first in 1984 for "Lovers and Lanes" which he wrote for WMAQ TV channel 5 in Chicago and the second in 1988 for "Going Home" written for WLS TV channel 7 in Chicago.
	"Do Black Patent Leather Shoes Really Reflect Up?" was selected for inclusion on the American Library Association’s list of Best Books for Young Adults in 1975. Powers wrote the libretto to a Broadway musical based loosely on characters and events from his first two novels entitled "Do Black Patent Leather Shoes Really Reflect Up?" that continues to run in venues nationwide. John was also the author of two one man shows which he also performed. The first "Scissors, Paper, Rock" that was based on his Emmy Award-winning special "Going Home" and the second, which ran successfully in Chicago, "Life's Not Fair, So What".
	Powers held a Ph.D. in Communications from Northwestern University and was a professor of speech and performing arts at Northeastern Illinois University. He received his undergraduate degree in sociology from Loyola University and is a graduate of Brother Rice High School in Chicago. Powers continued to write throughout his life, and was a renowned motivational speaker.
	Dr. Powers lived in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin with his wife JaNelle Meyers Powers, whom he met while she was performing in the original production of "Do Black Patent Leather Shoes Really Reflect Up?" as Mary Kenny, and two daughters: actress/playwright, Jacey Powers and journalist Joy Victoria Powers.

= = = Kichai people = = =

	The Kichai tribe (also Keechi or Kitsai) was a Native American Southern Plains tribe that lived in Texas, Louisiana, and Oklahoma. Their name for themselves was K'itaish.
	The Kichai were most closely related to the Pawnee. French explorers encountered them on the Red River in Louisiana in 1701. By 1772, they were primarily settled around the east of the Trinity River, near present-day Palestine, Texas. After forced relocation, they came to share portions of southern and southwestern Oklahoma with the Wichita and in the Muscogee Creek Nation.
	The Kichai were part of the complex, shifting political alliances of the South Plains. Early Europeans identified them as enemies of the Caddo. In 1712, they fought the Hainai along the Trinity River; however, they were allied with other member tribes of the Caddoan Confederacy and intermarried with the Kadohadacho during this time.
	On November 10, 1837, the Texas Rangers fought the Kichai in the Battle of Stone Houses. The Kichai were victorious, despite losing their leader in the first attack.
	Caddo-Wichita-Delaware lands were broken up to individual allotments in the beginning of the 20th century. Kichai people's allotted lands were mainly in Caddo County, Oklahoma. Forty-seven full-blood Kichai lived in Oklahoma in 1950. There were only four at the end of the 20th century.
	The Kichai are not a distinct federally recognized tribe, but they are instead enrolled in the Wichita and Affiliated Tribes. These tribes live mostly in Southwestern Oklahoma, particularly in Caddo County, to which they were forcibly relocated by the United States Government in the 19th century.
	The Kichai language is a member of the Caddoan language family, along with Arikara, Pawnee, and Wichita.
	Kai Kai, a Kichai woman from Anadarko, Oklahoma, was the last known fluent speaker of the Kichai language. She collaborated with Dr. Alexander Lesser to record and document the language.

= = = Maryland Route 170 = = =

	Maryland Route 170 (MD 170) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. The state highway runs from MD 175 in Odenton north to MD 2 in Brooklyn Park. MD 170 connects the western Anne Arundel County communities of Odenton and Severn and the North County communities of Linthicum, Pumphrey, and Brooklyn Park with Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport (BWI Airport). The highway connects BWI Airport with Interstate 695 (I-695) and MD 100 and forms part of the Airport Loop, a circumferential highway that connects the airport and I-195 with many airport-related services.
	MD 170 originally served as the main highway between Baltimore and Fort George G. Meade. This highway, which included part of modern MD 174 west of Severn, was mostly constructed shortly after Camp Meade was established during World War I in the late 1910s. The Odenton–Severn portion of MD 170 was originally built as MD 554 in the 1930s, but became part of MD 170 in the mid-1940s. MD 170 went through another round of upgrades in the early 1940s due to its strategic importance during World War II. The highway originally passed through the area now occupied by BWI Airport. MD 170 was relocated north of MD 176 in the late 1940s during the construction of the airport and south of MD 176 in the late 1950s. The highway has been expanded to four lanes around its interchanges with I-195, I-695, MD 32, and MD 100 and along the perimeter of BWI Airport since the 1960s.
	MD 170 begins at an intersection with MD 175 (Annapolis Road) in Odenton. The highway continues south as county-maintained Piney Orchard Parkway, which leads to the Odenton station on MARC's Penn Line and the Piney Orchard community. MD 170 heads north on Telegraph Road, which begins as a four-lane divided highway but reduces to a two-lane undivided road and passes through an industrial area. The state highway expands to a four-lane divided highway again shortly before its diamond interchange with MD 32 (Patuxent Freeway). MD 170 continues north as a two-lane road with a center left-turn lane that crosses Severn Run. The center turn lane ends as the highway approaches the center of Severn. There, the highway intersects MD 174, which heads west as Reece Road and east as Donaldson Avenue. MD 170 expands to a four-lane divided highway as it approaches its single-point urban interchange with MD 100 (Paul T. Pitcher Memorial Highway). The highway becomes an undivided four-lane road between MD 100 and its intersection with MD 176 (Dorsey Road) at Harmans. The long ramp from westbound MD 176 to northbound MD 100 is unsigned MD 170A.
	MD 170 continues north as Aviation Boulevard and joins the Airport Loop. The highway parallels the Amtrak's Northeast Corridor, which carries MARC's Penn Line, and the hiker-biker BWI Trail. MD 170 meets the eastern end of Stoney Run Road, which heads east and immediately loops back west and crosses over the state highway and the railroad on its way to the BWI Car Rental Facility. The highway intersects unsigned MD 995 (Amtrak Way), which leads to the BWI Rail Station serving Amtrak and MARC trains, as it gradually curves to the east. MD 170 crosses Kitten Branch immediately before its partial cloverleaf interchange with the eastern terminus of I-195 and the northern terminus of MD 995A (Metropolitan Boulevard). The highway passes under the BWI Trail and expands to a divided highway before its intersection with Terminal Road and an at-grade intersection with MTA Maryland's Baltimore Light RailLink. Access to the rail line's BWI Business District station is via Elkridge Landing Road at the next intersection. MD 170 leaves the Airport Loop at its intersection with MD 162 (Aviation Boulevard), where the highway turns north onto Camp Meade Road.
	MD 170 intersects the Baltimore Light Rail again and begins to parallel it as a two-lane road with a center turn lane. The light rail veers away to the east shortly before the highway's intersection with MD 762 (Andover Road), where the center turn lane ends. MD 170 enters Linthicum and intersects the light rail line a third time and begins to parallel it again shortly before the Linthicum station in the center of the community. The highway intersects MD 169 (Maple Road) and expands to a four-lane divided highway shortly before its partial cloverleaf interchange with I-695 (Baltimore Beltway). There is no access from MD 170 to eastbound I-695 or from westbound I-695 to MD 170. The highway reduces to a two-lane road again and passes the North Linthicum station just south of MD 648 (Baltimore–Annapolis Boulevard) in the center of Pumphrey. MD 170 continues northeast as Belle Grove Road, which veers away from the light rail line. The highway parallels the Patapsco River and passes under I-895 Spur (Harbor Tunnel Thruway) before entering Brooklyn Park. There, MD 170 reaches its northern terminus at a five-way intersection with MD 2, Jack Street, and Hanover Street at the Baltimore city limits. MD 2 heads south as Governor Ritchie Highway toward Glen Burnie and north into the city as Potee Street.
	MD 170 is a part of the National Highway System from its southern terminus in Odenton to I-695 in Linthicum. Within that stretch, there are two sections that serve as intermodal passenger transport links: from its southern terminus to MD 32 in Odenton, and from MD 176 to MD 162 along the perimeter of BWI Airport. The portions from MD 32 in Odenton to MD 176 in Severn and from MD 162 to I-695 within Linthicum are National Highway System principal arterials.
	When the Maryland State Roads Commission applied numbers to state highways, they assigned MD 170 to its current corridor from Severn to Brooklyn Park and to what is now MD 174 from Severn to Fort Meade. The portion of the modern highway from Odenton to Severn was originally MD 554. Much of what was to become MD 170 was constructed along the Old Annapolis Road between Pumphrey and Severn. A portion of this road ran through the hamlet of Wellham Crossroads in the middle of what is now BWI Airport. The highway was paved in macadam from the Baltimore–Annapolis Boulevard in Pumphrey to Hammonds Ferry Road in Linthicum by 1910. A second section of improved highway was planned by 1910 from Linthicum south to Wellham Crossroads. A section of highway from the current MD 170–MD 174 intersection in Severn west to the Pennsylvania Railroad (now Amtrak's Northeast Corridor) was built as a concrete road by 1915.
	Construction on the highway from Severn to Linthicum became a high priority with the United States' entrance into World War I; the remainder of the Severn–Linthicum highway and the highway from the railroad at Severn southwest to newly established Camp Meade, now collectively called the Camp Meade Road, were paved in concrete between 1916 and 1919. Belle Grove Road from Pumphrey to Brooklyn Park was also paved in concrete in this period of time. A poorly constructed portion of the Camp Meade Road between Wellham Crossroads and Dorsey Road was repaved with asphalt in 1919. MD 170 was relocated at the railroad crossing when the highway's overpass of the Pennsylvania Railroad was completed in 1931. The old road, which is now Severn Station Road west of the tracks and Old Camp Meade Road to the east, became MD 483.
	Telegraph Road from Severn to Odenton was built as a concrete road in three sections. The highway was constructed from the right-angle turn in the Camp Meade Road in Severn south to Evergreen Road in 1932 and 1933. Another section of MD 554 was completed from Odenton Road (then MD 180 and later MD 677) in Odenton to a point north of Old Mill Road in 1936. The gap in MD 554 was filled in or shortly after 1940. MD 170 was widened to from Brooklyn Park to Pumphrey in 1940. With the outbreak of World War II, MD 170 was designated a road of strategic importance to connect Baltimore with Fort Meade; the highway was reconstructed as a asphalt-surfaced concrete road in 1942. By 1946, MD 170 and MD 554 had swapped numbers, with the former now the road from Severn to Odenton.
	MD 170 was relocated as a road from MD 176 north to what is now the MD 170–MD 162 junction in 1947 and 1948 to make way for the construction of Friendship International Airport. The highway's interchange with the Friendship International Airport Access Road, which was designated MD 46 and later became I-195, was started in 1950, the same year the airport opened, and completed in 1954. South of the airport, MD 170 ran concurrently with MD 176 from the current MD 176–MD 652 intersection west to current MD 170A, which the highway used to connect with the modern alignment of MD 170. The stub of MD 170 north from MD 176 to Friendship Cemetery on the airport reservation became MD 652. MD 170 assumed its present alignment west of MD 170A when the highway was relocated from MD 176 south to the site of the MD 100 interchange as the first carriageway of an ultimate divided highway between 1958 and 1960. The old alignment became much of current MD 652 and the portion of MD 652 north of MD 176 was transferred to county maintenance.
	When the expressway spur between MD 168 and U.S. Route 301 (now MD 648) was built between 1951 and 1954, the expressway, which became part of the Baltimore Beltway, included an at-grade intersection with MD 170 between Linthicum and Pumphrey. This junction was replaced with the present interchange in 1967; MD 170 was expanded to a divided highway on either side of the interchange in 1968. MD 170's grade separation with Stoney Run Road on the west side of the airport was built in 1982. The state highway was expanded to a four-lane divided highway from north of I-195 to MD 162 when the adjacent east–west portion of MD 162 was built in 1988. MD 170 was expanded to a four-lane divided highway through its interchange with MD 100 when the single-point urban interchange was built in 1995. MD 170 had been expanded to four lanes through its interchange with MD 32 and from MD 176 through the I-195 interchange, and had its southern terminus rolled back from MD 677 to MD 175, by 1999.
	MD 170A is the designation for the one-way ramp from westbound MD 176 to northbound MD 170 southwest of BWI Airport. The ramp is included in the clockwise direction of the Airport Loop and has a spur near its southern end. MD 170A, which has the official designation of MD 170 Spur, was assigned by 1999.

= = = Stuart Weitzman = = =

	Stuart A. Weitzman (born 1941) is an American shoe designer, entrepreneur and founder of the shoe company, Stuart Weitzman. Weitzman has designed footwear for Beyoncé and Taylor Swift. In 2014 Weitzman paid a world record $9.48 million for the British Guiana 1c magenta stamp. In May 2017, Stuart Weitzman Holdings, LLC, appointed Giovanni Morelli as Creative Director and Weitzman stepped down from his role.
	In the late 1950s, Weitzman's father, Seymour Weitzman and his older brother Warren opened a shoe factory in Haverhill, Massachusetts, called "Seymour Shoes". Weitzman began designing shoes for his father's business in the early 1960s.
	Weitzman graduated from George W. Hewlett High School in 1958 and the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania in 1963. When Seymour died in 1965, Warren and Stuart ran the business. They sold the business to a company in Spain in 1971, and Weitzman continued to design shoes for the company. In 1994, he bought back the business, but he continues to manufacture his shoe designs in Spain.
	Weitzman is known for providing one-of-a-kind, "million dollar" shoes to an Oscar nominee to wear at the Academy Awards, including a pair of platinum sandals adorned with 464 diamonds that actress Laura Harring wore to the 2002 ceremony. For the 2007 Oscars, shoes were designed for and provided to Diablo Cody, who subsequently declined to wear them, stating that she was not aware of nor interested in the publicity attendant with wearing the shoes. Weitzman uses unique materials including cork, vinyl, lucite, wallpaper, and 24-karat gold. His shoes are sold in over 70 countries.
	The eponymous company that Weitzman founded has changed hands a number of times. Jones Apparel Group purchased a majority stake in the company in 2010 and later bought the remaining 45 percent of shares retained by Weitzman in 2012. In January 2015, Sycamore Partners LLC (the private equity fund that owns Jones Apparel Group) agreed to sell the company to Coach, the luxury fashion house, for $574 million. As part of the deal, Weitzman stayed on as a shoe designer for the company.
	Weitzman is married to Jane Gershon. Stuart and Jane have two daughters.
	On June 17, 2014, Weitzman, who had collected stamps as a child, anonymously purchased the "world's most famous stamp", the British Guiana 1c magenta at a Sotheby's auction in New York for $9,480,000, including buyer's premium, the highest price ever paid for a postage stamp. Weitzman has since identified himself as the purchaser and has lent the stamp to the National Postal Museum for exhibition. In June 2015, Weitzman also identified himself as the current owner of the unique plate block of four 1918 U.S. 24-cent Inverted Jennies, widely regarded as the world's most celebrated philatelic printing error.
	Stuart has a philanthropic foundation in Spain and is a member of the Board of Trustees of the Hispanojudía Foundation.
	On February 26, 2019, University of Pennsylvania President Amy Gutmann announced that the School of Design will be renamed the University of Pennsylvania Stuart Weitzman School of design.

= = = A1 Team Indonesia = = =

	A1 Team Indonesia is the Indonesian team of A1 Grand Prix, an international racing series.
	"A1 Team Indonesia" has been operating since January 2008 by Performance Racing, which provide technical and race services. Its team now is managed by Bobby Issazadhe and helped by their new race engineer, Dave Luff. The new team principal is Bagoes Hermanto.
	"Driver: Satrio Hermanto, Zahir Ali"
	"Driver: Satrio Hermanto"
	Team Indonesia again only managed to score in a single race, this time not scoring until the final race of the season. They finished in 21st position with a single point.
	"Drivers: Ananda Mikola, Moreno Soeprapto"
	Team Indonesia only managed to score in a single race, finishing in 21st position with a single point.
	"Driver: Ananda Mikola"
	In the inaugural season, Team Indonesia scored points on four occasions, finishing in 18th position with 16 points.
(), "spr" indicate a Sprint Race, "fea" indicate a Main Race.

= = = A1 Team Switzerland = = =

	A1 Team Switzerland is the Swiss team of A1 Grand Prix, an international racing series. The team were the A1 Grand Prix champions for the third season, 2007-08.
	A1 Team Switzerland is owned by Max Welti.
	In the inaugural season, Team Switzerland were "best of the rest", with a victory and ten podiums, finishing 2nd in the championship.
	Team Switzerland lost their competitive edge in 2006-07, with only a single race victory, and finishing 8th in the championship.
	After a spectacular 2007–08 season, Neel Jani single-handedly clinched the championship for Team Switzerland, with four victories and seven podiums.
	In 2008–09, after having scored 4 wins and 3 other podium finishes, Neel Jani scored a total of 95 points for Team Switzerland. At the end of the season, the team finished second in the championship, 17 points behind the champions, Team Ireland, and just 3 points ahead of Team Portugal.
	Rahel Frey and Natacha Gachnang were the two first females to drive an A1 Grand Prix car during a race weekend.
	They first drove as test drivers during a test session at Silverstone. Natacha Gachnang drove in the rookie sessions in the 2007-08 Czech round, on October 12, 2007; and Rahel Frey in the 2007-08 Malaysian rookie sessions, on November 23, 2007.
(), "spr" indicates the Sprint Race, "fea" indicates the Feature Race.

= = = A1 Team Russia = = =

	The A1 Team Russia is the defunct Russian team of A1 Grand Prix, an international racing series.
	"A1 Team Russia" owner was Svetlana Strelnikova. Race team was Russian Age Racing.
	The drivers for the Russian team were Roman Rusinov, Alexey Vasilyev, and Mikhail Aleshin.
(), "spr" indicate a sprint race, "fea" indicate a main race.

= = = John Lambie (footballer, born 1941) = = =

	John Lambie (19 March 1941 – 10 April 2018) was a Scottish football player and manager. Lambie made over 200 appearances for Falkirk and also had a successful time with St Johnstone.
	After retiring as a player, Lambie had four spells as manager of Partick Thistle. In his third spell, he guided them to consecutive promotions and entry to the Scottish Premier League in 2002, while also leading them to the semi-finals of the Scottish Cup in the same year. He also had spells as manager of Hamilton Academical (twice, winning the First Division in 1986) and Falkirk.
	Lambie was known for his eccentricity, cigar smoking and fondness for pigeons. An occasion when he instructed for a concussed player to be told he was Pelé and sent back onto the pitch is one of the most famous quotes in British football.
	Born in Whitburn, Lambie played for his hometown junior team Whitburn before signing for Falkirk in 1958, where he turned professional and switched position from inside forward to full back. In August 1969 he joined St Johnstone, where he played in the October 1969 Scottish League Cup Final (1–0 loss to Celtic) and took part in the Perth-based club's first European campaign (reaching the third round of the 1971–72 UEFA Cup).
	After retiring as a player in 1974, Lambie joined the St Johnstone coaching staff, and later moved to Hibernian. He became assistant manager at Hamilton Academical to his former Hibs colleague Bertie Auld, and succeeded him as manager in 1984. He led the "Accies" to the First Division title in 1985–86 and won away at Rangers in the next season's Scottish Cup.
	In 1988, Lambie was appointed manager for the first time at Partick Thistle, but a year later returned to Hamilton, before going back to Partick in 1990. He led the "Jags" to promotion to the top flight in 1992 and left in 1995 for his former club Falkirk, but quit his post in March 1996. "The Herald" wrote in 2002 that "It is odd how, despite Lambie playing over 200 games for Falkirk, and scoring a decent haul of goals as a defender, he is only remembered for his disastrous managerial reign".
	Lambie returned for a third spell at Partick in 1999, with the club now in the third tier, and got them into the Scottish Premier League in 2002 via back-to-back promotions. Also in 2002, he guided the club to the Cup semi-finals, where they lost 3–0 to Rangers at Hampden Park. The final stages of the season were chronicled in the BBC Scotland fly on the wall documentary "Grasping the Thistle", known for Lambie's use of profanity.
	In January 2003, Lambie announced that he would retire at the end of the season as he did not agree with new regulations in football; he had attempted to sign Nathan Lowndes and Steven Ferguson on loan from English clubs but was barred by FIFA as they had both recently played in Scotland for other teams. On 17 May 2003 he made his farewell in his last game at Firhill Stadium, a 1–0 loss to Dundee United, having already guaranteed survival in the SPL on a considerably lower budget than their competitors. He became a member of the club's board and had a brief fourth spell as manager from December 2004.
	Lambie is remembered for his reaction when Partick player Colin McGlashan suffered a concussion; he ordered his assistant Gerry Collins to "Tell him he's Pelé and get him back on". A book of football quotes titled "Tell Him He's Pelé" was released in 2010. He is also remembered for taming Chic Charnley, a player sent off 17 times in his career, whom he signed once for Hamilton and three times for Partick.
	Lambie was known for his love of pigeon racing and cigars. He spoke of the importance of his Christian faith in his life. He was a member and activist for the Scottish National Party but said that he was not a suitable candidate to seek elected office.
	He was awarded the position of Honorary Vice President of Partick Thistle F.C. in August 2006. He was inducted into the Halls of Fame at both Falkirk and Partick Thistle.
	Lambie had three daughters with his wife Mamie, from whom he was separated at the time of his death at the age of 77 on 10 April 2018.

= = = Psyclon Nine = = =

	Psyclon Nine is an American band formed in 2000 in San Francisco, CA, known for their unique blend of electronic, industrial metal and black metal. Originally, Psyclon Nine's music was aggrotech. However, the band has since evolved a more industrial/black metal sound.
	Psyclon Nine's main music contributor is lead vocalist, lyricist, multi-instrumentalist, and producer Nero Bellum, who is the only remaining original member. In 2009, Psyclon Nine's fourth album We the Fallen was the band's first and only album to chart on the Billboard Charts.
	Psyclon Nine began in 1999 when roommates, Marshall Goppert and Josef Heresy created an industrial metal music project called "Defkon Sodomy", influenced by bands like KMFDM and Ministry. The band only performed under that name twice before changing it to Psyclon Nine. The name was a malapropism of Zyklon B, the trade name of hydrogen cyanide used in the gas chambers during the Holocaust. The “Nine” was used because of the number's significance in Aleister Crowley’s numerological writings. Around this time, Marshall and Josef took on their stage names as Josef Heresy, and Nero Bellum. Nero's name was taken from the Roman Emperor Nero Caesar, and Bellum is Latin for war.
	Bellum met with European NoiTekk record label executive Marco Gruhn at a San Francisco Grendel show, and persuaded him to sign Psyclon Nine. The band's first album Divine Infekt was recorded shortly thereafter, produced and engineered by Da5id Din of Informatik. The title track was remixed by Tactical Sekt and the album was released on September 15th, 2003.
	Psyclon Nine toured lightly on the west coast in the United States and in Europe. They supported acts such as Dismantled, Nocturne, and Martin Atkins.
	Bellum later said in an interview for Vampirefreaks about the Divine Infect remix, "Tactical Sekt's remix left a bad taste in my mouth", and attributed that to Anthony Mathers of Tactical Sekt in which his philosophical beliefs made him not want to collaborate with anyone outside of Psyclon Nine again.
	In 2004, Psyclon Nine signed with the American industrial record label Metropolis and returned to Da5id Din's studio for mixing. INRI was released on April 26, 2005 on both Metropolis and NoiTekk Records. The album featured thirteen tracks of dark, aggressive electro focused on religious themes. The album also featured a cover of the Ministry song “You Know What You Are.”
	In 2005, Nero Bellum met Rotny Ford of the industrial metal band Nocturne on the social networking site LiveJournal. The two discussed musical ideas which led to the band using guitars and drums in their live performances. Ford joined the band on keyboard and guitar.
	Psyclon Nine made several major live appearances following the album's release, including several dates opening for Mindless Self Indulgence. The tour gained the band a fan base. Psyclon Nine returned to Europe for another tour that included a spot on the world's largest Gothic festival, Wave-Gotik-Treffen. It was around this time when drummer Abby Nex, who was also from Nocturne, joined the band as a live drummer.
	At the end of 2005, the band had dropped from their European label NoiTekk and Eric Gottesman quit the band. Gottesman was replaced by members of the industrial rock band Columbine: keyboardist VII and bassist Daniel Columbine.
	With the release of Crwn Thy Frnicatr in 2006, Psyclon Nine began to stray from their early aggrotech sound into a darker black metal / industrial metal approach.
	In late 2006, the band was featured on the cover of the German Gothic magazine Orkus.
	Psyclon Nine went on their first headlining US tour, which eventually led to creative differences between the band and Columbine bassist Daniel. Daniel decided to leave the band at the end of the tour. Abbey Nex replaced him on bass, and Mushroomhead drummer Daniel Fox was used as a live fill-in drummer.
	In early 2007, the band opened for Mushroomhead's 'Savor Sorrow' North American tour which gained the band huge attention among the underground extreme metal / industrial dance scene.
	In May 2007, Psyclon Nine did a European tour that included a spot again at Wave Gotik Treffen. After the European tour, Rotny Ford decided to leave the band for personal reasons.
	In October, the band opened for Mushroomhead again on their second North American tour with Josef on guitar and keys, Abbey on bass, VII on synth, and Daniel on drums.
	In early 2008, the band released its first music video of the fan favorite track 'Parasitic' directed by Mushroomhead's Richard Thomas.
	After the tour with Mushroomhead, Josef Heresy decided to leave the band to go back to college, and VII left to return to his band Columbine. Daniel Fox continued with Mushroomhead. At this time, Nero Bellum decided to move to Los Angeles, CA to begin writing a new album.
	Nero Bellum appeared on the internet channel NoisescapeTV in 2008 and said that he was in the studio working on an album entitled We the Fallen, and has decided to stray away from the harsh EBM music style and incorporate a more black metal meets dark ambient sound.
	In the fall of 2008, Nero's mother committed suicide which delayed the album for several months. In early 2009, a MySpace blog Q&A video announced that Rotny Ford had rejoined the band, after reconciling at the funeral for Nero's mother.
	Nero and Rotny began the recording process for We the Fallen that included several guest spots including Brandan Schieppati from Bleeding Through, Gary Zon of Dismantled, Jamison Boaz of Epsilon Zero, and Johan van Roy of Suicide Commando. The album was produced by Jason Miller of Godhead and was released on September 9, 2009. It reached the top Billboard 500 sales and was sold in every Hot Topic store in the United States, which gave the band huge exposure across the nation.
	In late 2009, Psyclon Nine embarked on a co-headlined tour with Imperative Reaction. Jon Siren of Mankind is Obsolete became the band's new full-time drummer, and Vlixx Vaden of HellTrash was on synth. The tour was very hard on Nero, and at the end of the tour Nero and his then girlfriend separated.
	On October 31, 2011, Psyclon Nine played their first show in over two years in New York City. Psyclon Nine played a few off dates together in 2012.
	In 2011, Nero Bellum went on tour with Dismantled as a live guitarist supporting their album The War Inside Me. He joined Dismantled again in 2012 for another tour of the United States with Accessory and Cyanide Regime as support.
	In mid 2013, Nero Bellum recorded guest vocals on extreme metal / aggrotech band Dawn of Ashes's new album, "Anathema", and was featured in their music video for "Poisoning the Steps of Babel".
	In late 2013, Nero Bellum, Eric Gottesman, and Jon Heresy (the original members) played a one night show in San Francisco at the DNA Lounge, a venue that the band frequently performed at when first getting started. They played their first album Divine Infekt in its entirety for the album's 10 year anniversary.
	Around the same time, Nero Bellum announced on Psyclon Nine's Facebook page that the band's new album would be titled "", and would be released in November 2013 with the help of the band's Bandcamp website page that allowed fans to donate to help raise funds for the album's production. In return, fans would receive different sorts of merchandise. Chris Vrenna of Marilyn Manson and Nine Inch Nails helped produce a few tracks on the album.
	After a long hiatus, Psyclon Nine went on their first US tour in over four years co-headlined with Dawn of Ashes. Both Rotny Ford and Jon Siren returned, along with two musicians who were new to the band. They were Glitch Nix on synth, and Merritt Goodwin, on Bass.
	On November 12, 2013, Psyclon Nine released "Order of the Shadow: Act I" through Metropolis Records. The album continued the industrial black metal fusion previously heard on We the Fallen, but was heavily influenced by industrial rock, notably Marilyn Manson's Antichrist Superstar and Nine Inch Nails's The Downward Spiral.
	In February 2014, the band released a music video for the track 'Use Once and Destroy' on YouTube.
	On March 11, 2014, Psyclon Nine released a remix album entitled "". It featured remixes of from Falling Skies, Die Sektor, Alien Vampires, Dismantled, Misfit Toys, Modern Weapons, and Life Cried.
	The band had booked a European tour for May 2014, however the merchandise from Bandcamp was never shipped to the people who donated. This left many fans to believe that Nero had stolen from them once again.
	After the Bandcamp controversy, Rotny and Jon posted on the official Psyclon Nine Facebook page that both had quit the band due to Nero disappearing again, stating they felt he was irresponsible. Jon left a very apologetic letter to the fans on his personal Facebook page, explaining again how he and Rotny had nothing to do with the Bandcamp donations.
	On March 30, 2014, Nero Bellum explained on his personal Facebook page that he was in therapy and was unable to send out the Bandcamp orders. Due to Rotny and Jon quitting the band and other misunderstandings, Nero felt it was time to put an end to Psyclon Nine, canceling their European tour.
	Nero Bellum announced on his personal Facebook page that he wanted to perform one last series of concerts before putting an end to the band. Live band members Dorian Starchild (guitar), Brent Ashley (bass), and Kriz Dk (drums) joined Psyclon Nine for their final performances.
	A remix for the band Limnus entitled "The Devils Are Inside the Walls" (Psyclon Nine remix) was released in August 2014, followed by a second hiatus that lasted 8 months.
	On April 13, 2015, Psyclon Nine created a new official Facebook page and announced a live performance at the L.A. Dark United Underground in Los Angeles, CA on May 2, 2015. The reformed lineup featured Nero Bellum (vocals), Dorian Starchild (guitars), Ashes (guitars), and Raanen Bozzio (drums). They went on to do a few more shows (including a show at Bar Sinister in May 2015), resulting in Psyclon Nine returning as a live band. Raanen Bozzio was subsequently replaced by Anthem on electronic drums.
	During mid to late 2015 and throughout 2016, Psyclon Nine resolved their former Bandcamp and Kickstarter merchandise controversies by partnering with merchandise management company Black Umbrella based in Las Vegas, NV. Psyclon Nine's Bandcamp page was also given a major graphical update in late 2015 and continues to carry older legacy merchandise along with signed albums and new apparel designs for fans to purchase. All merchandise shipments to fans have returned to a normal schedule of being sent out every Saturday.
	On October 30, 2016, Psyclon Nine performed a special live set featuring songs exclusively from Divine Infekt, INRI and Crwn Thy Frnicatr. They played alongside label mates Dawn of Ashes for the first time in 3 years. Nero Bellum was also brought on stage during Dawn of Ashes' song "Poisoning The Steps of Babel" to provide vocals during his verse featured on the album. Nero also provided backing vocals during the chorus.
	On December 22, 2016 via Psyclon Nine's Facebook and Instagram pages, they announced the reissuing of their first album entitled "Divine Infekt". It has been remastered by Nero Bellum and is being made available in CD format and, for the first time ever, 12" Vinyl format. The album will be re-released via Metropolis Records on March 24, 2017.
	During Spring of 2017, Psyclon Nine embarked on a small West Coast and East Coast tour entitled "Infektion Divinum". The tour was scheduled in tandem with the re-release of the band's first album "Divine Infekt". Psyclon Nine kept this tour exclusively "electronic" based sets in that it was performing songs from the albums "Divine Infekt", "INRI" and "Crwn Thy Frnicatr". This tour also marked the first time the band had ever played in Las Vegas, NV. Support acts for the tour included The Vile Augury, Lennon Midnight and Echo Black.
	Through mid to late 2017 via Nero Bellum's official Facebook page, he hinted of a new album in the works. In early 2018, the new album was officially confirmed and is entitled "Icon of the Adversary: Act 2". The band debuted the first new single from the upcoming album called "Crown of the Worm" during a live performance in Downey, CA on February 24 as well as a teaser via Nero Bellum's official YouTube channel. The new album is tentatively planned for release in August 2018. The band also released a new shirt design via their Bandcamp page based on one of the songs entitled "Beware the Wolves". In June 2018, via the band's official Facebook page, tour dates for "Tour of the Worm" were announced.
	Icon Of The Adversary was released on August 24, 2018 through Metropolis Records. Described as, "the epitome of dark metal industrial," with violent, mechanical drums, scathing vocals, punishing guitars and evil electronics. With Nero Bellum saying, "he had to travel to a very dark place to make this album, & it shows."

= = = Australia's Naughtiest Home Videos = = =

	Australia's Naughtiest Home Videos is an Australian television comedy programme which was broadcast on Nine Network on 3 September 1992. It was a one-off special spin-off of "Australia's Funniest Home Video Show", depicting videos of sexual situations and other sexually explicit content. The programme was notably taken off the air partway through the broadcast of its first and only episode on the order of network owner Kerry Packer.
	"Australia's Funniest Home Video Show" premiered in 1990, and was similar in concept to the 1989 American special (and later series) "America's Funniest Home Videos:" viewers would send in amateur-shot videos that were unintentionally humorous, and the video deemed the "funniest" by the studio audience was awarded a prize at the end of the show.
	The producers often received racy or risqué videos that couldn't be included into the programme due to its family-friendly nature, and since the show's policy stated that videos sent in by viewers couldn't be sent back, videos that didn't make it to the program were still kept by the station. The producers decided to compile these videos into a one-off special aimed at an adult audience.
	It differed from "Australia's Funniest Home Video Show" in more than just the content of the videos. It had a different opening, a modified version of the "Australia's Funniest Home Video Show"'s theme song, and a slightly modified set. It was hosted by Australian radio personality Doug Mulray. Due to the difference in content, the show aired at 8:30 PM and was preceded by a short message warning viewers of the show's content, and informing them that it was a one-off special that was different from "Australia's Funniest Home Video Show".
	The show followed the same structure of "Australia's Funniest Home Video Show", in which the videos were shown in short blocks, interspersed with humorous monologues written and delivered by Mulray. Mulray often poked fun at the content of the videos, which he described as "The most sensational collection of home videos since Rodney King nicked out for a pizza recently." Mulray also did humorous voice overs as the videos were shown, similar to Lisa Patrick's on "Australia's Funniest Home Video Show".
	The content of the videos included shots of animal genitalia, humans or animals humorously engaging in sexual intercourse, people who get accidentally and humorously disrobed, and other situations that often relied on ribald humour, including a child grabbing a kangaroo's testicles, a man lifting a barbell with his penis, a man getting his head squeezed between an erotic dancer's large breasts, an elderly woman removing an envelope from a stripper's undergarments with her dentures, two people running into water with flaming pieces of toilet paper hanging from their buttocks, and two people filmed having sex in the middle of a park.
	Kerry Packer, the owner of the Nine Network at the time, was informed of the show's content by friends while having dinner. He tuned in to watch the show, which was being transmitted on TCN-9, and was so offended by its content that he phoned the studio operators and angrily shouted, "Get that shit off the air!"
	Within minutes, the series was pulled. After the break, the Nine Network announced that it failed to continue airing the show, purportedly due to technical difficulties, and aired reruns of the American sitcom "Cheers" immediately afterwards to fill in the remaining airtime. In 2008, Bert Newton justified the broadcast explanation: "It's technically "very" difficult to keep a show on air with Mr. Packer on the phone, yelling at you."
	Although the same bumper and announcement interrupted the show during every broadcast across Australia, it occurred in different parts of the programme depending on the area it was airing in, due to time differences: In the eastern states, the station simply started airing an episode of "Cheers" after a scheduled commercial break, but in other areas, the last part of the show broadcast was of Mulray giving a monologue about "bosoms" or the aforementioned clip of a child grabbing a kangaroo's scrotum. The show was cancelled before it was scheduled to air in Perth, and thus its Nine Network affiliate showed a brief message mentioning that the special wouldn't be aired before beginning an episode of "Cheers".
	Despite Packer's objections to the series' content, it was popular among viewers. The special was recorded to a record studio audience. After the announcement, Nine reportedly received "thousands" of phone calls from viewers, with 65 percent of callers upset with the programme being pulled, in contrast to the 60 callers who called in during the show's broadcast, complaining about the show. Viewers were generally bewildered by the sudden interruption and the cut to "Cheers", not knowing about the show's cancellation until it was widely reported by the Australian media outlets the next day.
	The day after the special aired, a furious Packer showed up at Nine's headquarters and held meetings in which he loudly berated Nine's managers and censors, referring to the program as "disgusting and offensive shit." After these meetings, Mulray and many of the staff who were involved with the creation of the special were fired, with Mulray being banned for life from Channel Nine.
	On his radio show the next day, Mulray commented, "I am the first man in Australian history to be pulled off by Kerry Packer."
	Mulray returned to Nine to be a judge on the 2005 series "StarStruck" shortly after Packer's death on December 26 of that year.
	In 2008, a full copy of the show was located by Nine's head of factual television.
	It was aired in its entirety at 8:30 PM on 28 August 2008, one week short of sixteen years after the original special, and at the same time. Promoted as "the show Kerry Packer didn't want you to see", it featured commentary from Bert Newton; Packer had died in December 2005, and Mulray refused Nine's request to host the special.
	The special was interrupted by the Channel Nine bumper and "technical difficulties" announcement 36 minutes in, cutting to the "Cheers" opening credits before resuming to a monologue by Newton, and the latter part of the special that never aired. The re-airing was censored, with portions of Mulray's monologues (including jibes about "fat kids") being cut from the special as they were deemed to be "no longer acceptable".

= = = Sequence of tenses = = =

	Sequence of tenses (known in Latin as consecutio temporum, and also known as agreement of tenses, succession of tenses and tense harmony) is a set of grammatical rules of a particular language, governing the agreement between the tenses of verbs in related clauses or sentences.
	A typical context in which rules of sequence of tenses apply is that of indirect speech. If, at some past time, someone spoke a sentence in a particular tense (say the present tense), and that act of speaking is now being reported, the tense used in the clause that corresponds to the words spoken may or may not be the same as the tense that was used by the original speaker. In some languages the tense tends to be "shifted back", so that what was originally spoken in the present tense is reported using the past tense (since what was in the present at the time of the original sentence is in the past relative to the time of reporting). English is one of the languages in which this often occurs. For example, if someone said "I need a drink", this may be reported in the form "She said she needed a drink", with the tense of the verb "need" changed from present to past.
	The "shifting back" of tense as described in the previous paragraph may be called backshifting or an attracted sequence of tenses. In languages and contexts where such a shift does not occur, there may be said by contrast to be a natural sequence.
	In English, an "attracted sequence" of tenses (backshifting) is often used in indirect speech and similar contexts. The attracted sequence can be summarized as follows: If the main verb of a sentence is in the past tense, then other verbs must also express a past viewpoint, except when a general truth is being expressed.
	For example, if Batman spoke the following words:
	the speech act may be reported using the following words:
	with the present tense "need" replaced by the past tense "needed", since the main verb of saying ("said") is in the past tense. Further examples can be found at .
	In some cases, though, a "natural sequence" of tenses is more appropriate. Here the tense of a verb in a subordinate clause is not determined by the tense of the verb in the superordinate clause, but is determined simply according to the sense of the clause taken apart from the rest of the sentence. The rule for writers following the natural sequence of tenses can be expressed as follows: imagine yourself at the point in time denoted by the main verb, and use the tense for the subordinate verb that you would have used "at that time". Thus the tense used in the indirect speech remains the same as it was in the words as originally spoken. This is normal when the main verb is in the present or future tense (as opposed to past tense or conditional mood). For example:
	However it is also possible to use the natural sequence even if the main verb is past or conditional:
	This option is more likely to be used when the circumstance being expressed remains equally true now as it did when the speech act took place, and especially if the person reporting the words agrees that they are true or valid.
	Debate amongst grammarians over the appropriateness of the two types of sequence of tenses goes back as far as the 18th century. Use of the attracted sequence sometimes leads to additional problems when the grammatical construction of indirect speech includes an incorporated quotation – that is, when an attempt is made (though using indirect rather than direct speech) to report the words actually spoken. For example, if a minister spoke the words "Such a policy is not without its drawbacks", then a writer may attempt to report this as follows:
	using quotation marks to denote that that portion of the sentence represents the minister's actual words. This, however, requires use of the natural sequence of tenses, which might not be felt appropriate in the given situation. There are various possible solutions to this problem:
	Similar problems arise from the other changes that typically occur in indirect speech, such as changes of pronoun (depending on speaker), etc.
	For more details, see the article on indirect speech, and also the article on uses of English verb forms, particularly the sections on indirect speech and dependent clauses.
	Indirect speech in Russian and other Slavic languages generally uses the natural sequence of tenses (there is no backshifting). For examples, see .
	In Latin, the sequence of tenses rule affects dependent verbs in the subjunctive mood, mainly in indirect questions, indirect commands, and purpose clauses. If the main verb is in one of the non-past tenses, the subordinate verb is usually in the present or perfect subjunctive (primary sequence); if the main verb is in one of the past tenses, the subordinate verb is usually in the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive (historic sequence). For example, when the subordinate verb refers to a time contemporaneous or later than the time of the main verb, the present or imperfect subjunctive is used:
	When the subordinate verb refers to a time earlier than that of the main verb, the perfect or pluperfect subjunctive is used:
	If the main verb is a historic present (i.e. a present tense with a past meaning), either primary or historic sequence may be used, or in a long sentence even a mixture of the two:
	If the main verb is a perfect tense, it is usually followed by the historic sequence, but if the meaning is equivalent to an English present perfect (i.e. "have done"), it may be followed by primary sequence:
	There are frequent exceptions to the sequence of tenses rule (see Latin tenses#Sequence of tenses rule). For example, verbs in conditional clauses do not usually follow the rule:
	Consecutive clauses also do not always follow the rule:
	Unlike English, when the sentence is an indirect statement (which uses the accusative and infinitive construction in Latin), the sequence of tenses rule does not apply in Latin, and the tense of the infinitive remains unchanged, no matter what the tense of the main verb. The present infinitive is used for a situation contemporaneous with the main verb:
	The perfect infinitive is used for an event or situation earlier than the time of the main verb:
	In Classical Greek, the tenses in subordinate clauses must correspond to those in the superordinate clauses governing them. (However, unlike Latin and Romance languages, the subjunctive mood has no tenses and won't follow the tenses, of course.)
	A principal tense (present tense, future tense, or perfect tense) in the superordinate clause is followed by a principal tense in the indicative mood or subjunctive mood. Such a principal tense is followed by:
	A historical tense (imperfect, pluperfect, or aorist) in the superordinate clause is followed by a historical tense in the indicative mood or optative mood. Such a historic tense is followed by:
	In fact, since Greek tenses express the aspect of the verb, not the time, we don't have the "Consecutio Temporum", but the "Consecutio Modorum", the sequence of the Moods.
	The set of rules comprising the sequence of tenses (and modes of the main and subordinate clauses) in the Italian language corresponds in general to the "consecutio temporum" of the Latin grammar.
	To determine the form of the verb in the subordinate clause it is necessary to know:
	The various combinations are summarized in four tables (see below).
	If the verb of the main clause is in the past (simple past, imperfect, or past perfect), the verbal forms of the subordinate clause refer to the moment indicated in the main clause and adapt accordingly. The present in the subordinate clase will transform to imperfect, the past will become past perfect, etc.:
	Despite of the use of the subjunctive, the verbal tenses follow rules similar to the ones of the Indicative mood. The Present Indicative of the subordinate clause will be substituted with the subjunctive present; similarly, the present perfect will be substituted with its correspondent form, that of the past subjunctive and the Past perfect tense with the subjunctive past perfect.
	If the verb of the main clause is in the past tense, the verbal forms of the subordinate will be adapted to that of the main clause:

= = = Rock-cut architecture = = =

	Rock-cut architecture is the creation of structures, buildings, and sculptures by excavating solid rock where it naturally occurs. Rock-cut architecture is designed and made by man from the start to finish. In India and China, the terms "cave" and "cavern" are often applied to this form of man-made architecture. However, caves and caverns, that began in natural form, are not considered to be 'rock-cut architecture' even if extensively modified. Although rock-cut structures differ from traditionally built structures in many ways, many rock-cut structures are made to replicate the facade or interior of traditional architectural forms. Interiors were usually carved out by starting at the roof of the planned space and then working downward. This technique prevents stones falling on workers below. The three main uses of rock-cut architecture were temples (like those in India), tombs (like those in Petra, Jordan) and cave dwellings (like those in Cappadocia, Turkey).
	Some rock-cut architecture, mostly for tombs, is excavated entirely in chambers under the surface of relatively level rock. If the excavation is instead made into the side of a cliff or steep slope, there can be an impressive facade, as found in Lycian tombs, Petra, Ajanta and elsewhere. The most laborious and impressive rock-cut architecture is the excavation of tall free-standing monolithic structures entirely below the surface level of the surrounding rock, in a large excavated hole around the structure. Ellora in India and Lalibela in Ethiopia (built by the Zagwe dynasty) provide the most spectacular and famous examples of such structures.
	Rock-cut architecture, though intensely laborious with ancient tools and methods, was presumably combined with quarrying the rock for use elsewhere; the huge amounts of stone removed have normally vanished from the site. Rock-cut architecture is also said to be cut, hewn, etc., "from the living rock". Another term sometimes associated with rock-cut architecture is monolithic architecture, which is rather applied to free-standing structures made of a single piece of material. Monolithic architecture is often rock-cut architecture (e.g. Ellora Kailasanathar Temple) but monolithic structures might be also cast of artificial material, e.g. concrete.
	The Gommateshwara statue (Bahubali), the largest monolithic statue in the world, at Shravanabelagola, Karnataka, India, was built in 983 AD and was carved from a large single block of granite. In many parts of the world there are also rock reliefs, relief sculptures carved into rock faces, outside caves or at other sites.
	Ancient monuments of rock-cut architecture are widespread in several regions of world. Alteration of naturally formed caverns, although distinct from completely carved structures in the strict sense, date back to the neolithic period on several Mediterranean islands e.g. Malta (Hypogeum of Ħal-Saflieni), Sardinia (Anghelu Ruju, built between 3,000 and 1,500 BCE) and others.
	Large-scale rock-cut structures were built in Ancient Egypt. Among these monuments was the Great Temple of Ramesses II, known as Abu Simbel, located along the Nile in Nubia, near the borders of Sudan about 300 kilometers from Aswan in Egypt. It dates from about the 19th Dynasty (ca. 1280 BCE), and consists of a monumentally scaled facade carved out of the cliff and a set of interior chambers that form its sanctuary. 
	In the 8th century, the Phrygians started some of the earliest rock-cut monuments, such as the Midas monument (700 BCE), dedicated to the famous Phrygian king Midas.
	In the 5th century BCE, the Lycians, who inhabited southern Anatolia (now Turkey) built hundreds of rock-cut tombs of a similar type, but smaller in scale. Excellent examples are to be found near Dalyan, a town in Muğla Province, along the sheer cliffs that faces a river. Since these served as tombs rather than as religious sites, the interiors were usually small and unassuming. The ancient Etruscans of central Italy also left an important legacy of rock-cut architecture, mostly tombs, as those near the cities of Tarquinia and Vulci.
	The creation of rock-cut tombs in ancient Israel began in the 8th-century BCE and continued through the Byzantine period. The Tomb of Absalom was constructed in the 1st century AD in the Kidron Valley of Jerusalem.
	Rock-cut architecture occupies a particularly important place in the history of Indian Architecture. The earliest instances of Indian rock-cut architecture, the Barabar caves, date from about the 3rd to the 2nd century BCE. They were built by the Buddhist monks and consisted mostly of multi-storey buildings carved into the mountain face to contain living and sleeping quarters, kitchens, and monastic spaces. Some of these monastic caves had shrines in them to the Buddha, bodhisattvas and saints. As time progressed, the interiors became more elaborate and systematized; surfaces were often decorated with paintings, such as those at Ajanta. At the beginning of the 7th century Hindu rock-cut temples began to be constructed at Ellora. Unlike most previous examples of rock-cut architecture which consisted of a facade plus an interior, these temples were complete three-dimensional buildings created by carving away the hillside. They required several generations of planning and coordination to complete. Other major examples of rock-cut architecture in India are at Ajanta and Pataleshwar.
	The Nabataeans in their city of Petra, now in Jordan, extended the Western Asian tradition, carving their temples and tombs into the yellowish-orange rock that defines the canyons and gullies of the region. These structures, dating from 1st century BCE to about 2nd century CE, are particularly important in the history of architecture given their experimental forms. Here too, because the structures served as tombs, the interiors were rather perfunctory. In Petra one even finds a theater where the seats are cut out of the rock.
	The technological skills associated with making these complex structures moved into China along the trade routes. The Longmen Grottoes, the Mogao Caves, and the Yungang Grottoes consist of hundreds of caves many with statues of Buddha in them. Most were built between 460–525 AD. There are extensive rock-cut buildings, including houses and churches in Cappadocia, Turkey. They were built over a span of hundreds of years prior to the 5th century CE. Emphasis here was more on the interiors than the exteriors.
	Another extensive site of rock-cut architecture is in Lalibela, a town in northern Ethiopia. The area contains numerous Orthodox churches in three dimensions, as at Ellora, that were carved out of the rock. These structures, which date from the 12th and 13th centuries CE and which are the last significant examples of this architectural form, ranks as among the most magnificent examples of rock-cut architecture in the world, with both interior and exterior brought to fruition.
	Ancient rock cut tombs, temples and monasteries often have been adorned with frescoes and reliefs. The high resistance of natural cliff, skilled use of plaster and constant microclimate often have helped to preserve this art in better condition than in conventional buildings. Such exceptional examples are the ancient and early medieval frescoes in such locations as Bamyan Caves in Afghanistan with the most ancient known oil paintings in the world from 8th century AD, Ajanta Caves in India with well preserved tempera paintings from 2nd century BCE, Christian frescoes on Churches of Göreme, Turkey and numerous other monuments in Asia, Europe and Africa.

= = = Frisch–Peierls memorandum = = =

	The Frisch–Peierls memorandum was the first technical exposition of a practical nuclear weapon. It was written by expatriate German physicists Otto Frisch and Rudolf Peierls in March 1940 while they were both working for Mark Oliphant at the University of Birmingham in Britain during World War II.
	The memorandum contained the first calculations about the size of the critical mass of fissile material needed for an atomic bomb. It revealed for the first time that the amount required might be small enough to incorporate into a bomb that could be delivered by air. It also anticipated the strategic and moral implications of nuclear weapons.
	It helped send both Britain and America down a path which led to the MAUD Committee, the Tube Alloys project, the Manhattan Project, and ultimately the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
	Rudolf Peierls was born in Berlin in 1907. He studied physics at the University of Berlin, at the University of Munich under Arnold Sommerfeld, the University of Leipzig under Werner Heisenberg, and ETH Zurich under Wolfgang Pauli. After receiving his DPhil from Leipzig in 1929, he became an assistant to Pauli in Zurich. In 1932, he was awarded a Rockefeller Fellowship, which he used to study in Rome under Enrico Fermi, and then at the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge under Ralph H. Fowler. Due to Adolf Hitler's rise to power in Germany, he elected to not return home in 1933, but to remain in Britain. He worked with Hans Bethe at the University of Manchester, then at the Mond Laboratory at Cambridge. In 1937, Mark Oliphant, the Australian, newly appointed professor of physics at the University of Birmingham recruited him for a new chair there in applied mathematics.
	Otto Robert Frisch was born in Vienna in 1904. He studied physics at the University of Vienna, from which he received his DPhil in 1926. He worked at the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt in Berlin until 1930, when he obtained a position at the University of Hamburg under the Nobel Prize-winning scientist Otto Stern. As non-Aryans, Stern and Frisch were dismissed after Hitler's accession. Stern found Frisch a position in Britain with Patrick Blackett at Birbeck College at the University of London, and a grant from the Academic Assistance Council. He followed this with a five-year stint at the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen with Niels Bohr where he increasingly specialised in nuclear physics, particularly the physics of neutrons, which had been discovered by James Chadwick in 1932. Oliphant invited Frisch to come to the University of Birmingham in the summer of 1939. When the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939 prevented his return to Copenhagen, Oliphant found him a position at the University of Birmingham.
	During the Christmas holiday in 1938, Frisch visited his aunt Lise Meitner in Kungälv in Sweden, where she had been forced to relocate after Germany's annexation of Austria made her a German citizen. While there she received the news that her former colleagues Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in Berlin had discovered that the collision of a neutron with a uranium nucleus produced barium as one of its byproducts. Frisch and Meitner hypothesized that the uranium nucleus had split in two. They estimated the energy released at around 200 MeV, and Frisch appropriated the term fission from biology to describe it. Hahn's paper described the experiment and the finding of the barium byproduct. Meitner's and Frisch's paper explained the physics behind the phenomenon. Frisch went back to Copenhagen, where he was able to isolate the fragments produced by fission reactions. Frisch later recalled that: 
	The news of the discovery of fission was brought to America by Bohr in January 1939. Bohr and John A. Wheeler set to work applying the liquid drop model developed by Bohr and Fritz Kalckar to explain the mechanism of nuclear fission. George Placzek, who was skeptical about the whole idea of fission, challenged Bohr to explain why uranium seemed to fission with both very fast and very slow neutrons. Bohr had an epiphany that the fission at low energies was due to the uranium-235 isotope, while at high energies it was mainly due to the more abundant uranium-238 isotope. The former makes up just 0.7% of natural uranium; while that latter accounts for 99.3%. On 16 April, Bohr, Placzek, Wheeler, Eugene Wigner and Leon Rosenfeld discussed whether it would be possible to use a nuclear chain reaction to make an atomic bomb, and concluded that it was not. Bohr observed that "It would take the entire efforts of a country to make a bomb."
	In Britain, scientists also considered whether an atomic bomb was practical. At the University of Liverpool, Chadwick and the Polish refugee scientist Joseph Rotblat tackled the problem, but their calculations were inconclusive. At Cambridge, Nobel Prize in Physics laureates George Paget Thomson and William Lawrence Bragg wanted the government to take urgent action to acquire uranium ore to keep it out of German hands. The Secretary of the Committee for Imperial Defence, Major General Hastings Ismay asked Sir Henry Tizard for an opinion. Tizard was sceptical of the likelihood of an atomic bomb being developed, reckoning the odds of success at 100,000 to 1.
	Even at such long odds, the danger was sufficiently great to be taken seriously. It was not considered worthwhile to immediately acquire the uranium, but Tizard's Committee on the Scientific Survey of Air Defence was directed to conduct research into the feasibility of atomic bombs. Thomson, at Imperial College London, and Oliphant, at the University of Birmingham, were tasked with carrying out a series of experiments on uranium. By February 1940, Thomson's team had failed to create a chain reaction in natural uranium, and he had decided that it was not worth pursuing.
	As enemy aliens, at least until Peierls' naturalisation papers came through in February 1940, Frisch and Peierls were excluded from the most important–and secret–war work being done by Oliphant's team at Birmingham, that on radar. However, Oliphant would ask Peierls a theoretical question about, say, the solution to Maxwell's equations in a hemispheric cavity. Peierls knew that questions of this nature related to the work on microwave radar, and Oliphant was doubtless aware of this too, but the façade of secrecy was maintained. The nuclear investigation was not yet secret, so Frisch was available to work on it. He began experimenting with uranium enrichment through thermal diffusion, a process first demonstrated in Germany by Klaus Clusius. Progress was slow; the required equipment was not available, and the radar project had first call on the available resources.
	Francis Perrin had defined a critical mass of uranium to be the smallest amount that could sustain a chain reaction, and had calculated the critical mass of uranium oxide (not metal) to be about . He reckoned that if a neutron reflector were placed around it of materials such as iron or lead which did not greatly impede fast neutrons, this might be reduced to . Peierls also attempted to simplify the problem by using the fast neutrons produced by fission, thus omitting consideration of moderator. He then calculated the critical mass of a sphere of uranium metal in a theoretical paper written in 1939. He later recalled that the size of the critical mass "was of the order of tons. It therefore appeared to me that the paper had no relevance to a nuclear weapon."
	However, Bohr had argued that the uranium-235 isotope was far more likely to capture neutrons, so fissile even using neutrons of low energy. Frisch wondered what would happen if he were able to produce a sphere of pure uranium-235. When he used Peierls' formula to calculate this, he received a startling answer. Peierls later observed that: 
	Realising the sensitive nature of the document, Peierls typed it himself. One carbon copy was made.
	Today the original is in the Bodleian Library at Oxford University.
	The memorandum was written in two parts. The first was an elegant and comprehensive outline of the implications of their calculations. It included a proposal that the best defence against such a weapon would be to develop one before Germany did so. In a few short pages these two scientists anticipated the policies of deterrence which would shape Cold War geopolitics. The second was an explanation of the science supporting their conclusions. The memorandum opens with:
	Peierls' starting point was a paper by Francis Perrin, in which he had derived critical mass calculations in terms of nuclear constants. The physicists considered a sphere, which has the minimum surface area for a given volume. A critical mass occurs when the number of neutrons produced equals the number that escape. Perrin assumed that the mean free path was much larger than the radius of the sphere. Peierls did not agree, and commenced his own calculations. A key insight came from Frisch, who wondered what would happen if, instead of natural uranium, someone gave you a sphere of the uranium-235 isotope, By definition, the mean free path is:
	where is the mean free path, is the number of target particles per unit volume, and is the effective fission cross section area. Peierls did not perform the calculation, leaving this task to Frisch. The chemistry of uranium was not well known at the time, and Frisch believed that its density was ; the true value is more like . The fission cross section value was more problematic. For this, Frisch turned to a 1939 "Nature" article by L. A. Goldstein, A. Rogozinski and R. J. Walen at the Radium Institute in Paris, who gave a value of . This was too large by an order of magnitude; a modern value is about . Using the values he had, Frisch calculated the value of the mean free path for uranium-235 using Avogadro's constant:
	Peierls and Frisch claimed that the critical radius was about 0.8 times the mean free path. From this, Frisch could calculate the volume of the sphere from the well-known equation:
	The mass then comes out to be:
	Frisch and Peierls then considered the speed of a uranium fission chain reaction, exponential in nature, where "τ is the time required for the neutron density to multiply by a factor "e"." The available data was very approximate, but their central point – that a bomb was possible using fast (~2MeV) neutrons – remains. Jeremy Bernstein remarked of this effort: "Let me make the same point by asking a somewhat different question but using the correct numbers. How much time does it take to fission a kilogram of U using fast neutrons?" Using modern values he found that to be "equal to about a microsecond, which makes the point about the rapidity of fission with fact [sic] neutrons".
	In the original memorandum, if the neutrons had velocities of 10 cm/s, then they would have an average time between fission collisions of . Therefore, Bernstein's time for a kilogram of uranium-235 to fission is found by solving:
	where was the mean time for fission neutron density to increase by "e". Given the doubling-time
	this implied a mean fission exponential folding time of
	This led to a calculation of the energy released, which Peierls reckoned as approximately:
	where "M" is the mass of the sphere, "r" is the radius, and "r" is the critical mass radius.
	The conclusion drawn was that a few kilograms would explode with the energy of thousands of tons of dynamite.
	The memorandum was given to Oliphant, who passed it on to Tizard in his capacity as the chairman of the Committee for the Scientific Survey of Air Warfare (CSSAW). He in turn passed it to Thomson, the chairman of the committee to which the CSSAW had delegated responsibility for uranium research. Thomson's committee was about to disband. It had studied nuclear reactions in uranium, and the use of graphite as a neutron moderator in a nuclear reactor, but its results had been negative, and it had concluded that the rate of capture of neutrons by the graphite was too great to make such a reactor a practical proposition. The Frisch–Peierls memorandum caused Thomson to reconsider. After discussions between Cockcroft, Oliphant and Thomson, CSSAW created the MAUD Committee to investigate further. As enemy aliens, Peierls and Frisch were initially excluded from its deliberations, but they were later added to its technical subcommittee.
	The research from the MAUD committee was compiled in two reports, commonly known as the MAUD reports in July 1941. The first report, "Use of Uranium for a Bomb", discussed the feasibility of creating a super-bomb from uranium, which they now thought to be true. The second, "Use of Uranium as a Source of Power" discussed the idea of using uranium as a source of power, not just a bomb. The MAUD Committee and report helped bring about the British nuclear program, the Tube Alloys Project. Not only did it help start a nuclear project in Britain but it helped jump-start the American project. Without the help of the MAUD Committee the American program, the Manhattan Project, would have started months behind. Instead they were able to begin thinking about how to create a bomb, not whether it was possible. Historian Margaret Gowing noted that "events that change a time scale by only a few months can nevertheless change history."
	In August 1941, Oliphant was sent to the US to assist the Americans with microwave radar. He took the initiative to enlighten the scientific community there of the ground-breaking discoveries of the MAUD Committee. He travelled to Berkeley to meet with his friend Ernest Lawrence, who soon caught his enthusiasm. Oliphant convinced the Americans to move forward with nuclear weapons, and his lobbying resulted in Vannevar Bush taking the report directly to the president. Leo Szilard later wrote: "if Congress knew the true history of the atomic energy project, I have no doubt but that it would create a special medal to be given to meddling foreigners for distinguished services, and that Dr Oliphant would be the first to receive one."

= = = Rick and Bubba = = =

	Rick Burgess and Bill "Bubba" Bussey are co-hosts of "The Rick and Bubba Show" — a syndicated comedy radio program based in Birmingham, Alabama. The Rick and Bubba Show is heard for five hours each weekday morning on their flagship station WZZK-FM and on 75 affiliate stations in 17 states – primarily in the Southern United States. Most of the affiliates are FM music stations, but the show does not play music, except for bumper music leading in and out of commercial breaks.
	The radio program began on January 8, 1994. The show is heard live Monday through Friday from 5 to 10 a.m., Central Time. It also is heard as a replay on weekends on some of its affiliate stations. When Rick and Bubba are on vacation, a "Best of Rick and Bubba" show airs.
	Rick and Bubba call themselves ""The Two Sexiest Fat Men Alive."" They often refer to their Christian faith and beliefs on air and have been regarded as a family-safe alternative to "shock jocks" sometimes associated with morning radio. Their political beliefs are also very conservative.
	On February 11, 2008, the broadcast location of the show moved to the "Rick and Bubba Broadcast Plaza and Teleport" in Vestavia Hills, which houses the studio as well as management offices for the show. This location allows fans to witness the show from the sidewalk inside Vestavia Hills City Center, as well as from the "Golden Ticket" seats inside the studio.
	In March 2009, The Rick and Bubba Show was heard on XM Radio Channel 158, but is no longer available satellite radio.
	A televised version of the show premiered November 1, 2012 on Heartland. It lasted until February 1, 2016. It had also been seen on the Turner South Network.
	Since September 10, 2018, The Rick and Bubba show can be streamed both live and archived, by subscribing to CRTV. CRTV has merged with The Blaze, creating Blaze TV, which now carries the program. It is also seen over YouTube.
	Their first book, "Rick & Bubba's Expert Guide to God, Country, Family & Anything Else We Can Think Of" (), was published in March 2006, and quickly became a best-seller at Amazon.com and Books-A-Million as well as making the New York Times best seller list at the number 7 spot in the Miscellaneous category.
	Rick and Bubba have released "best of" CDs every year since 1998. The 2006 release "Radio Gold, Volume 1", reached the number 9 spot on the Billboard Top Comedy Albums chart. 

= = = John Jude Palencar = = =

	John Jude Palencar (born 1957) is an American fantasy, science fiction, and horror artist. Over 100 book covers have featured his art, including all four covers of "The Inheritance Cycle" series by Christopher Paolini. He graduated from the Columbus College of Art and Design in 1980. He is married to Lee Palencar, who works for Highland Local Schools as a middle school art teacher.
	Palencar has exhibited in numerous group shows in galleries, colleges and universities throughout the United States. Demand for his work extends into Europe and the Pacific rim through sales of his original paintings, second-rights usages and commissions.
	He was a featured artist for "IDEA Magazine" in Japan. Many private and corporate collections throughout the United States and Europe include his paintings. Palencar has created covers for several novels by Stephen King, who also holds Palencar's work in his private collection.
	When Knopf published "Eragon" in 2003, they called on Palencar to illustrate the cover. He also illustrated the covers for "Eldest", "Brisingr", and "Inheritance". Paolini said that he named Palancar Valley after him long before Palencar illustrated the cover of Eragon.
	In 2010, Palencar was nominated in the World Fantasy Award Best Artist category.

= = = Belmont railway station (Harrow) = = =

	Belmont was a station in Belmont, north-west London on the Stanmore branch line. It was opened on 12 September 1932 by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway as the only intermediate station on a short branch line (opened in 1890) running north from Harrow & Wealdstone to Stanmore, in anticipation of the Metropolitan Railway opening its own branch line to a new Stanmore station (now served by the Jubilee line) the same year.
	Belmont station was rebuilt with a central island platform and a passing loop. The rebuilt station opened on 5 July 1937. The station was located on the north side of Kenton Lane to the west of Belmont Circle.
	From the perspective of the branch line, the connection to the main line was north-facing, i.e. away from central London. Hence the branch line could not take direct commuter services from the city, limiting its operation to a shuttle service.
	The direct service provided by the Metropolitan offered strong competition to the L&NWR station at Stanmore and passenger services beyond Belmont were ended on 15 September 1952, though a daily freight train served the goods yard at Stanmore. The passing loop was removed in 1955. The line to Stanmore was closed completely on 6 July 1964, as part of the railway cuts implemented under the Beeching Axe. Passenger services from Belmont to Harrow were withdrawn on 5 October 1964.
	The track was lifted in 1966 and the station site is now occupied by a car park.
 

= = = Business opportunity = = =

	A business opportunity (or bizopp) involves sale or lease of any product, service, equipment, etc. that will enable the purchaser-licensee to begin a business. The licensor or seller of a business opportunity usually declares that it will secure or assist the buyer in finding a suitable location or provide the product to the purchaser-licensee. This is different from the sale of an independent business, in which there is no continued relationship required by the seller.
	Eckhardt and Shane (2003) argue that when taking the path of entrepreneurship, one of the most important indictors for future entrepreneurship is the skill of finding the business opportunity. This is seen as the lynchpin around which the promise of entrepreneurial venture is to be built . Shane and Venkataraman state that individuals must possess prior knowledge and the cognitive properties necessary to value such knowledge in order to identify the new opportunity. This normally allows a triggering of the opportunity which can then move forward to scoping and validation.
	Napoleon Hill provided advice on achievement as necessary for success and within anyone's reach; "The starting point of all achievement is desire. Keep this constantly in mind. Weak desires bring weak results, just as a small amount of fire makes a small amount of heat." and Winston Churchill suggested similarly with a piece of inspiration; "Attitude is a little thing that makes a big difference.". 
	A common type of business opportunity involves a company that sells bulk vending machines and promises to secure suitable locations for the machines. The purchaser is counting on the company to find locations where sales will be high enough to enable him to recoup his expenses and make a profit. Because of the many cases of fraudulent biz-ops in which companies have not followed through on their promises, or in which profits were much less than what the company led the investor to believe, governments closely regulate these operations.
	In the United States, the Federal Trade Commission receives complaints and helps coordinate enforcement action against fraudulent business opportunities.
	A business opportunity consists of four elements all of which are to be present within the same timeframe (window of opportunity) and most often within the same domain or geographical location, before it can be claimed as a business opportunity. These four elements are:
	With any one of the elements missing, a business opportunity may be developed, by finding the missing element. A desirable characteristic is for the combination of elements to be unique. The more control an institution (or individual) has over the elements, the better they are positioned to exploit the opportunity and become a niche market leader.

= = = Archer Rock = = =

	Archer Rock is a barren rock within Marblehead Channel in Marblehead, Massachusetts. It is west of Cat Island (Salem City) and far northeast of Marblehead Neck.

= = = Abul Fateh = = =

	Abul Fateh (16 May 1924 – 4 December 2010) was a Bangladeshi diplomat, statesman and Sufi who was one of the founding fathers of South Asian diplomacy after the Second World War, having been the founder and inaugural Director of Pakistan's Foreign Service Academy and subsequently becoming Bangladesh's first Foreign Secretary when it gained its independence in 1971. He was Bangladesh's senior-most diplomat both during the 'Liberation War' period of its Mujibnagar administration as well as in peacetime.
	A former Carnegie Fellow in International Peace and Rockefeller Foundation Scholar and Research Fellow, he has been described as "soft-spoken and scholarly" and "a lesson for all diplomats".
	Exceptionally for a Bengali-born diplomat, he rose to the most senior ranks of public service in Pakistan. Then at the time Bangladesh began seeking independence, he spectacularly defected and changed sides to support the fledgling country of Bangladesh – a major propaganda coup and morale boost for the cause of Bangladeshi liberation given his stature in Pakistan's hierarchy. Fateh was automatically the highest-ranked and most senior foreign service officer in the new country. His story was later documented in a "National Geographic" documentary, "Running for Freedom".
	Following his death he was described by a former colleague and successor Foreign Secretary as "a great and brave freedom fighter" who was at the same time "remarkably reticent about his contributions", a "soft-spoken and scholarly diplomat" whose service to the Bangladeshi independence cause at a critical period was "invaluable" and "a lesson for all diplomats. His outstanding professional skill and deep sense of patriotism should be a shining example". The Foreign Minister of Bangladesh Dipu Moni talked about his "contribution to self-right movements of people, country's independence struggle and managing assistance to war-ravaged country after independence." She also cited his "outstanding career", stating that he would be "always remembered for his contribution to the country's liberation" war.
	Although rarely in the public eye, Fateh was a distinguished figure in the history of post-Second World War, post-colonial diplomacy, a public servant who was a leading light behind the scenes within the Developing World and Non Aligned Conference, including the Commonwealth, with a significant tour of duty in Washington D.C. at the height of the Cold War. In the West too Fateh came to be held in the highest regard, a rare joint U.S.A./U.K. intelligence assessment remarking in 1977 that he was: “very able, highly intelligent, moderate, easy to deal with, and well informed”.
	At the launch of his university's South Asia Centre in 2015, the President and Director of the London School of Economics Professor Craig Calhoun included Fateh in a list of a dozen public figures of the 20th century who he felt represented "the greatest fruits" of the "close mutual relations between South Asia and the LSE".
	Fateh was born in Kishoreganj on 16 May 1924 in a landowning family, to Abdul Gafur and his second wife Zohra Khatun. Fateh was a middle child, in a large family of a dozen children who survived to adulthood, while two other siblings died young. His father Abdul Gafur had attended Presidency College, Calcutta, and was one of the first Muslim "daroga" (sheriffs) in the British Raj. Fateh's mother Zohra was the daughter of a local nobleman. Fateh passed his matriculation exams from "Ramkrishna" High English School in Kishorganj in 1941. After passing his Intermediate exams from Ananda Mohan College in Mymensingh in 1943, he undertook higher studies in English Literature at Dhaka University (BA Honours in 1946 and MA in 1947) where he also excelled in sport, for a time captaining the cricket team and becoming the table tennis champion.
	While teaching English Literature at Brindaban College in Sylhet, he took the first Foreign Service exams of Pakistan (1948), before teaching English Literature for a few months at Michael Madhusudhan Datta College in Jessore. He joined the first batch of Pakistan Foreign Service trainees in 1949, moving to Karachi. Soon after he left for training in London, which included taking a special course at the London School of Economics, before he moved in 1950 to Paris to complete his training. Returning briefly to Karachi, he was sent back (1951) to Paris as Third Secretary in the Pakistan Embassy.
	A further posting as Third Secretary followed in Calcutta (1953–1956). During this time he married, at Rangpur on 5 January 1956, Mahfuza Banu of Dhubri, Assam daughter of Shahabuddin Ahmed, a respected lawyer and Mashudaa Banu a well known social campaigner. Then promoted to Second Secretary, he served in the Pakistan Embassy in Washington, D.C. from 1956 to 1960, during which time he and his wife had their two sons, one of whom, Aladin, is a strategy consultant, academic, artist and Editor Emeritus of the Bangladeshi news organisation Bdnews24.
	Fateh was a Director attached to the Foreign Ministry in Karachi from 1960 to 1963, during which time he was founding Director of Pakistan's Foreign Service Academy in Lahore and also went for a year and a half (1962–1963) to Geneva as a Fellow of the Graduate Institute of International Studies ("Institut Universitaire de Hautes Etudes Internationales") under a Carnegie fellowship.
	Further foreign postings followed. He was First Secretary (and latterly acting chief of mission) in Prague from 1965 to 1966, Counsellor in New Delhi from 1966 to 1967, and Deputy High Commissioner in Calcutta from 1968 to 1970. He received his first posting as ambassador, at the Pakistan Embassy in Baghdad, in 1970.
	After the Pakistani military crackdown in March 1971, Fateh received a request from a former university dormitory mate, Syed Nazrul Islam, now Acting President in the Bangladesh government-in-exile, to join the liberation struggle.
	At about the same time, in July 1971, Fateh received a summons from the Pakistan Foreign Ministry to attend a conference in Tehran of regional Pakistani ambassadors. He chose to take his official car ostensibly to drive to Tehran but, as he and his driver approached the Iran–Iraq border, he feigned chest pains and ordered the driver to return him home, where he arrived that evening. Saying that he would take a plane the next day, he dismissed the driver. That night, he fled with his wife and sons across the border into Kuwait, where they were assisted by officials attached to the local Indian Embassy to take a plane to London.
	The announcement of Fateh's defection to the Bangladesh cause marked the first time a full ambassador had joined the fledgling Bangladesh diplomatic service. The news was received with fury by the military regime in Islamabad, duped by what was later described as a "cool and calculated James Bond-type adventure" and a calculated plunge into danger. It was a dramatic defection which created sensation in diplomatic circles and greatly boosted the morale of those engaged in the war of liberation. The Yahya Khan military regime in Pakistan was furious and requested the British Government to extradite Fateh from London, but the requests were rebuffed by the British Government. These events were chronicled in a 2003 National Geographic Channel television documentary, "Running for Freedom."
	The Mujibnagar government made him ambassador-at-large, followed in August 1971 by the concurrent position of Advisor to the Acting President, a position he was to resign in January 1972 after the return to Bangladesh of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. He had a key role managing relations with the United States and India whilst heading the nascent country's diplomatic service. As the senior-most diplomat of the Bangladesh movement in the United Nations delegation under Justice Abu Sayed Choudhury which was in New York in September 1971 to lobby for the Bangladesh cause at the General Assembly, he played a vital role in the delegation's lobbying efforts. He was also in communication with other governments, such as the Nixon administration in the United States and also with Senators, Congressmen, and high officials in the US Administration, World Bank, and IMF; he had the advantage as well of being familiar with decision-makers and the decision-making process having served as a diplomat in Washington 20 years earlier. Former colleague Syed Muazzem Ali described him as a "soft-spoken and scholarly diplomat" who was exceptional in articulating the cause and whose contributions were invaluable. He was one of the first high officials to reach Dhaka after its liberation, and was quartered with other senior officials in Bangabhaban until January 1972. He was also the highest Bangladeshi official in Dhaka until the acting president and cabinet arrived after independence; on his arrival in Dhaka he was driven under escort from the airport, becoming the first civilian official to lay a wreath at the ruins of the Shaheed Minar, an act planned to mark the first presence of the government in Dhaka. Already the effective head of the incipient foreign service, he became Foreign Secretary at the end of 1971, playing a key role in formulating Bangladesh's foreign policy.
	He then took up the position of Bangladesh's first Ambassador in Paris (1972–1976). The early part of this posting involved extensive travel in Africa to persuade African governments to recognise the independence of Bangladesh. In 1973 he represented Bangladesh at a Commonwealth conference for Youth Ministers in Lusaka. In 1975 he went to Morocco and, at a time of a shortage in supply of phosphates, managed to secure a substantial phosphate shipment for Bangladesh.
	In mid-1975 he was selected to be High Commissioner in the UK, which post he took up in early 1976. His two years in London (1976–1977) saw him Chairing the Commonwealth Conference on Human Ecology and Development and the Bangladesh government approved his recommendation that dual citizenship be permitted. Many people from Bangladesh were settled in the UK, whose remittances into Bangladesh were an important source of foreign exchange. He pointed out that to oblige them to forgo Bangladesh citizenship if they took up the benefits of British nationality was not conducive to the continued maintenance of their ties to the mother country.
	His last post was as ambassador in Algiers (1977–1982). He represented the Bangladesh government at conferences on Namibia in Algiers of the United Nations (1980) and the Non Aligned Conference (1981). He retired from that post in 1982.
	Fateh became a casualty of Bangladesh's complex and shifting political landscape towards the end of his career. As he was closely identified with Bangladesh's initial, Liberation War era administration Fateh was not favoured by the military-backed regimes which followed it. Contemporary historians have characterised his Ambassadorial assignment to Algeria as a premature transfer and a virtual exile in a diplomatic post which was a relative back-water. One commentator voicing the widely held belief that Fateh was "a victim of conspiracy hatched against him by anti-liberation forces.
	Retiring in 1982, he lived with his wife Mahfuza Fateh in Dhaka for ten years before they settled in London to be near their sons.
	Fateh died in London of natural causes at 0745 on 4 December 2010.
	A Sufi, he once cited a few of the axioms according to which he led his life: "Do not speak anything that you do not yourself know to be true." "Speak in the spirit of offering, without the need to draw attention to yourself." "You should stand up when it matters."
	Fateh was buried with Bangladesh State Honours at Hendon Cemetery, London on 7 December 2010 
	The Bangladesh Government was represented by His Excellency the Bangladesh High Commissioner Professor Mohammad Sayeedur Rahman Khan Khan who delivered a homily which spoke of the Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina's devastation at the news of Ambassador Fateh's death, conveyed the condolences of Foreign Minister Dipu Moni and spoke of the highest standard of public service that Mr. Fateh's conduct and career represented. In consideration of the esteem of the Bangladesh government and its people for Ambassador Fateh, the High Commissioner had personally brought the flag of Bangladesh to be draped over the coffin so that Mr. Fateh could briefly lie in state before his interring. Justice of the Supreme Court the Right Honorable Syed Refaat Ahmed also spoke at the event about Fateh's humility and self-effacement in all contexts, against the backdrop of an enormous contribution to the public and civic life of the country. A few days later at the Qul Khwani and non-denominational Sufi service on 11 December 2010, Murad Qureshi, Member of the London Assembly at London's City Hall, spoke, reminding those gathered that Fateh father chose to stand and be counted during the 1971 war in quite fraught circumstances. The Sufi Order established by Inayat Khan, whose son Vilayat Inayat Khan was a friend of Abul, arranged a non-denominational Sufi Service. Pir Vilayat Khan's son Pir Zia Khan sent a personal message, which also stated: "Abul Fateh Sahib has lived a life of honour and service and is a mystic in spirit" 
	All media in Bangladesh carried extensive notices about the death of the country's most distinguished diplomat.

= = = Kenton Road = = =

	Kenton Road is a main road in the London Borough of Harrow and the London Borough of Brent. It lies in the areas of Harrow and Kenton.
	Its eastern end is the border of Kenton in Middlesex and Kingsbury (in NW9) in London. Kenton Road is the A4006, apart from a short stretch west of Northwick Park roundabout, which is a small part of the A404. The road east of the Kenton Methodist Church originally followed the route of what is now Woodgrange Avenue and was a continuation of Kenton Lane before being upgraded, re-positioned and renamed in the early 20th century as an eastward extension of the original Kenton Road.
	On the north side of the road, almost opposite Kenton station is the Traveller's Rest pub. Approximately further along the A4006, also on the north side of the road, at the junction with St Leonard's Avenue, is the parish church of St Mary-the-Virgin, Kenton, built in 1935-1936 by the architect Harold Gibbons and a local firm of builders, Melsom & Rosier. Approximately further on, on the south side of the Kenton Road is All Saints Catholic Church, built in 1963. About another further on is the Greek Orthodox Church of St Panteleimon. Originally a mission church of the Church of England parish, it was acquired in recent years by the Greek community, which has replaced it with a traditional Greek Basilica complete with bronze dome (2011).
	As late as 1935 there was a busy blacksmith's forge in Kenton Lane, from the junction with Kenton Road (the junction at that time called 'Brockhurst Corner'). On Saturdays the children of the neighbourhood could be seen clustered round the always-open door, watching the sparks fly as the blacksmith hammered out the red-hot horse shoes on his anvil.

= = = Raeburn Van Buren = = =

	Raeburn Van Buren (January 12, 1891 – December 29, 1987) was an American magazine and comic strip illustrator best known for his work on the syndicated "Abbie an' Slats". He was familiarly known in the professional comics community as Ray Van Buren.
	Born in Pueblo, Colorado, Van Buren, a distant relative of US President Martin Van Buren, grew up in Kansas City, Missouri. At the "Kansas City Star", he learned cartooning from comic strip artist Harry Wood. In 1913, Van Buren moved to New York, where he illustrated for "Puck", "Life" and "The Saturday Evening Post".
	Van Buren served in the old Seventh Regiment (107th Infantry) of the 27th New York Empire Division in World War I. He was art editor of the division's magazine, "Gas Attack". An artistry and illustrative flair were evident in his cartoons, and "The New York Times" compared his artwork in the magazine with that of the famous British illustrator Bruce Bairnsfather. 
	After military service, he drew cartoons for "The Saturday Evening Post", "The New Yorker" and "Esquire". As a freelance illustrator, he contributed to numerous magazines, including "Collier's", "Redbook" and "McCall's". He was a founder of the National Society of Magazine Illustrators.
	He began drawing "Abbie an' Slats" in 1937. The strip followed the experiences of a rural spinster raising her young cousin, a streetwise urban child. It was the idea of Al Capp, who intended to start a second strip to build upon the success of his popular "Li'l Abner". Instead of drawing it himself, Capp recruited Van Buren. Initially, Van Buren turned him down, but he was soon lured by the prospect of steady work, as he had just had his first and only child with his wife, Fern. The strip was carried in 400 newspapers but did not equal the popularity of "Li'l Abner". Capp abandoned the strip in 1945, turning the writing chores over to his brother, Elliot Caplin. Van Buren stayed on the strip, and it ended with his retirement in 1971.
	Van Buren lived in Great Neck, Long Island. When he died in 1987 at North Shore Community Hospital in Manhasset, Long Island, after suffering an injury in a fall, he was 96 years old.
	In 1984, When Van Buren sent a gift to "Dear Abby" columnist Abigail Van Buren (Pauline Phillips), she wrote back on November 30, 1984, thanking him and commenting on the name similarity:
	With the Gold Key Award, he was honored in 1979 as a member of the National Cartoonists Society Hall of Fame. In 1958, he was named "Cartoonist of the Year" by the Quaker City Lodge of the B'nai B'rith in ceremonies at Philadelphia Pa. Previous winners were Al Capp, Milton Caniff, and George Wunder.
	Van Buren's wartime experiences are chronicled in the book "Duty, Honor, Privilege: New York's Silk Stocking Regiment the Breaking of the Hindenburg Line" by his grandnephew Stephen L. Harris. Beginning with "Abbie an' Slats and Becky" (Saalfield, 1940), his comic strip was collected in several books.

= = = Ronald Winans = = =

	Ronald "Ron" Winans (June 30, 1956 – June 17, 2005) was an American Gospel singer who gained fame as a member of The Winans.
	Ronald Winans was born the second of 10 children to David and Delores Winans.
	He was a member of The Winans, which consisted of Ron and three of his younger brothers: Marvin, Carvin and Michael. The Winans were discovered by Andrae Crouch. They released their first album in 1981, entitled "Introducing The Winans".
	Winan's vocals contributed to five albums that were Grammy winners. In 2005, Winans' final CD was released, "Ron Winans Family & Friends V: A Celebration".
	In 1997, Winans recovered from a heart attack.
	Winans died June 17, 2005 due to heart complications at Harper Hospital in Detroit. He had been admitted for observation after doctors discovered that he was retaining fluid.

= = = Rolf McPherson = = =

	Dr. Rolf Potter Kennedy McPherson (March 23, 1913 – May 21, 2009) was the pastor of Angelus Temple and president of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel, serving in that capacity from 1944 to 1988. By his retirement, the evangelical Pentecostal denomination had grown from 29,000 members in 410 churches to 1.2 million members in more than 19,000 churches located in 63 countries.
	Rolf McPherson was born on March 23, 1913 in Providence, Rhode Island. He was the son of Harold Stewart McPherson and Aimee Semple McPherson, founder of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel. He was the half-brother of Roberta Star Semple, the daughter of Aimee and her first husband Robert James Semple, who had died of malaria one month before the birth of his daughter. Rolf and his sister Roberta were part of many services and revivals when young. McPherson attended college, first studying engineering. He switched to religion in 1930 after his mother became ill, and also completed divinity school, earning a doctorate.
	McPherson began his career as a preacher. His mother groomed him to take over Foursquare after a management dispute resulted in Roberta being ousted from church leadership. After his mother's death in 1944, and for the next 44 years, McPherson led the denomination, headquartered at Angelus Temple, and brought it into the evangelical mainstream, which supported its tremendous development in the United States and expansion internationally. 
	He retired in 1988. After retirement, he continued to attend church every week, serving in congregational ministry. He resigned from all church duties in 1997. He died on May 21, 2009, at his home in Los Feliz at age 96, having been predeceased by his first wife, Lorna Dee Smith McPherson. His second wife and widow, Evangeline Otto Carmichael, was the ex-wife of composer Ralph Carmichael. 

= = = 1891 Atlantic hurricane season = = =

	The 1891 Atlantic hurricane season ran through the summer and the early winter of 1891. The season had ten tropical cyclones, seven of which became hurricanes including one which became a major Category 3 hurricane. However, in the absence of modern satellite and other remote-sensing technologies, only cyclones that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea are currently known, so the actual total could be higher. An undercount bias of zero to four tropical cyclones per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated. The tracks of four of the ten known 1891 Atlantic cyclones were revised in 1996 by Jose Fernandez-Partagas. Following re-analysis in 2003, two storms previously considered distinct are now regarded as a single system, Tropical Storm 8. A number of other storms from 1891 were considered for inclusion in the Atlantic hurrice database, HURDAT, but are currently excluded due to a lack of evidence of tropical storm intensity.
	A tropical storm formed in Gulf of Mexico northwest of Campeche on July 3. By the evening of July 6 it was approaching the coastline of Texas and had become a Category 1 hurricane. It made landfall just west of Galveston and quickly weakened to a tropical storm. It dissipated near the Alabama-Tennessee state line two days later after further weakening to a tropical depression. Sections of Galveston were flooded by a storm surge. At Baton Rouge, tornados related to the hurricane demolished a hundred homes and caused two floors of the state penitentiary to collapse killing ten prisoners.
	A tropical storm formed south of the Cape Verde Islands on August 17 and travelled on a northwesterly path before dissipating in the Atlantic Ocean on August 29 without making a landfall. For the majority of this period it is believed to have been a minimal Category 1 hurricane based on readings taken at Bermuda, which it passed on August 27, the capsizing of a steamer, the "Dunsmurry" on August 29 and observations from another ship, "La Touraine", which ran into the rough seas left in the hurricane's wake on August 30 and 31st.
	The Martinique Hurricane of 1891 or Hurricane San Magín of 1891
	A Category 2 hurricane with winds of was first seen at mid-day on August 18 about east of Barbados. The hurricane tracked northwestward at , and grew to a major Category 3 hurricane. That night, the hurricane passed over Martinique, lashing the island for four hours. The hurricane killed more than 700 people alone in Martinique. After reaching its peak intensity with winds of and a minimum central pressure of 961 mb, the storm began to weaken, becoming a Category 2 storm early on August 20. That evening it passed to the south of Puerto Rico. Sustained winds were measured at 100-105 mph. As it began to turn northward, it made landfall on the extreme eastern edge of the Dominican Republic with winds of . Around midnight on August 21, the cyclone passed north of Grand Turk. During the late afternoon and into the evening hours there, frequent rain squalls occurred, and at 10:15 pm a strong gust of wind was reported. After that gust, the winds decreased in intensity, until around midnight when winds picked up from the west. By 8:00 am the next morning, the wind was blowing southerly, and steady rain was falling on the island.
	The hurricane continued to weaken whilst traveling northeastward through the Bahamas on August 22. The center of the storm passed directly over Crooked Island, Bahamas. From August 23, a ridge of high pressure situated off the southeast coast of the United States prevented the, now Category 1, storm recurving to the north. Instead, it passed over the Florida Peninsula as a tropical storm, making landfall near Homestead on August 24. Subsequently, it moved into the Gulf of Mexico, where it dissipated on August 25.
	On Martinique, the storm destroyed houses, crops and trees across the entire island. Fifty boats in harbours around Martinque were damaged or destroyed. At Ducos, only four homes remained following the storm, and at St. Pierre, at least 34 people lost their lives. At Fort de France, twenty people were killed. A military camp at Balata was destroyed, with a number of soldiers there sustaining injuries from airborne debris. In total, the death toll from this hurricane was put at 700. In South Florida, the cyclone also produced hurricane-force winds that blew boats ashore near present-day Cutler.
	On September 2 a tropical storm formed northeast of the Leeward Islands. It began moving northwestward and reached category 2 hurricane strength by September 4. By September 7 the cyclone was off the coast of New England and was bringing heavy rain to that area. When the hurricane made landfall in Nova Scotia and then Newfoundland on September 8 it destroyed a number of small vessels but then quickly weakened and dissipated north of Newfoundland in the Labrador Sea on September 10.
	A tropical storm formed in the open Atlantic near 19°N 47°W on September 16, before developing into a Category 2 hurricane on September 20. This hurricane never made landfall but did pass within 100 km of Bermuda on the night of September 21. A ship was reported wrecked on the coast of the island that night. The hurricane became an extratropical storm on September 26 in the mid-Atlantic off Nova Scotia.
	A tropical storm formed in the open Atlantic near 21°N 54°W on September 29. It moved northwestward becoming first a Category 1 hurricane then, October 3 a Category 2 hurricane. At this strength it passed to the south, then to the west, of Bermuda on October 4. It quickly weakened as it continued heading north and was already an extratropical storm when it made landfall in Nova Scotia on October 6. It also affected Newfoundland before dissipating in the Labrador Sea on October 8.
	A moderate tropical storm formed in the Caribbean Sea south of Jamaica on October 4 and passed to the west of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands before striking the Isla de la Juventud and Cuba on October 6. The next day it passed across southern Florida before travelling northeastward off the east coast of the United States and then decaying in the open Atlantic on October 8. Some vessels were driven ashore on the coast of Cuba and two people drowned in flooding on the island.
	A tropical depression formed north of Honduras on October 7 and strengthened into a tropical storm the next day. On October 9 it passed across Cuba and quickly weakened to become an extratropical storm. As an extratropical storm it made landfalls in Florida on October 10 and, five days later, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland where it dissipated.
	A tropical storm formed north of Grenada on October 12, and made landfalls on Saint Croix and the main Virgin Islands on October 14.The system strengthened to a Category 1 hurricane as it proceeded north. The storm centre passed west of Bermuda on October 18 at that strength but weakened to a tropical storm just before affecting the southern tip of Newfoundland on October 20.
	On November 3 a tropical storm formed northeast of present-day Nassau, Bahamas. It treked north, passing east of Bermuda on November 5. The storm never made a landfall before dissipating in the open Atlantic off Nova Scotia on November 6.

= = = Eugene Maximilian, Prince of Hornes = = =

	Eugene Maximillian, 1st Prince of Hornes (October 1, 1631 – March 10, 1709) was the son of Ambroise de Hornes, 2nd Count of Bassignies and Marie Marguerite de Bailleul de Lesdaing. He was a great-grandson of Philip de Lalaing, 3rd Count of Lalaing
	He was made a Prince of the Empire on October 19, 1677, and his domain elevated to the Principality of Hornes. It was an enclave of Liege. He was married to Princess Anne Marie Jeanne of Croÿ and had one son, Philippe Emanuel, Prince of Hornes. He died 14 October 1718.

= = = Glebe, West Virginia = = =

	Glebe was an unincorporated community in Hampshire County, West Virginia, United States. It is situated at the lower mouth of the Trough, a gorge of the South Branch Potomac River, and is about 9.5 miles (15.3 km) southwest of Romney on South Branch River Road (West Virginia Secondary Route 8). The community received its name from the old stone glebehouse (parsonage) that was constructed there in the late 18th century. The stone house later became the Hampshire County Poor Farm and remains standing. The community of Sector lies directly across the river.
	While Glebe no longer has a post office, and only a few residents remain there, it is still a popular spot for canoers and fishermen because of its proximity to the Trough's mouth. For vacationers, sportsmen, and locals alike, Glebe's Trough General Store supplies canoe rentals, fishing supplies, bait, drinks, snacks, and ice.

= = = Picabo, Idaho = = =

	Picabo is an unincorporated community in Blaine County, Idaho, United States.
	Picabo is located along U.S. Route 20, about west of Carey, southeast of Hailey, and northeast of Shoshone. It has a gas station, country store, post office, and a small airport. The community is surrounded by large ranches and irrigated fields. The 2000 United States census for this ZIP Code shows a population of 128 in 56 housing units in 104 km (40 square miles).
	Picabo is located about north of the Snake River along the northern edge of the Snake River Plain, a topographic depression that cuts across the Basin and Range Mountain structures of southern Idaho. The nearest flowing stream is Silver Creek, a scenic spring-fed tributary of the Little Wood River, a key source of irrigation water for eastern Blaine County. The pristine Silver Creek is renowned among fly fisherman and was a favorite of Ernest Hemingway, who enjoyed hunting and fishing along the stream with local rancher, Bud Purdy.
	The name "Picabo" supposedly derives from a Native American term translated as "silver water". The name "Picabo" was made familiar by Picabo Street, an Olympic skier who grew up in nearby Triumph.

= = = Grace (Stargate SG-1) = = =

	"Grace" is an episode from Season 7 of the science fiction television series "Stargate SG-1". Amanda Tapping won a Leo Award in the category "Dramatic Series: Best Lead Performance - Female" for this episode.
	The Prometheus is traveling back to Earth with a Hyperspace engine from an Al'kesh. Every couple of hours, the Prometheus has to jump out of hyperspace to cool down the Al'kesh hyperspace engine. The Prometheus comes near a nebula that Samantha Carter thinks doesn't conform to nebulae she has previously studied. When they jump out of hyperspace, the Prometheus is attacked by an unknown vessel. They can't jump into hyperspace because the engines need to cool down. The Prometheus is chased into a gas cloud by the alien ship. Samantha Carter is knocked out when she tries to convert power from auxiliary to the hyperspace engine to make a small hyperspace jump into the cloud. When she wakes up, all the crew members other than her have disappeared. She alone must get herself and them to safety. She has visions of a little girl running around the ship, playing with bubbles and of her friends, who vocalize her worries and theories about her predicament. Teal'c at one point grabs Carter by the arm and warns her that if she falls asleep she will die.
	The hallucination of Daniel Jackson frankly confesses that he is unreal but he is present because there is something she has overlooked. The hallucination of Teal'c warns her that this whole scenario could be a result of the hostile alien species mind-probing, with a view to her inadvertently surrendering information about the Prometheus' engine technology. Daniel then reappears and tells her that the 'nebula' may be a living being which is why she and the alien ship are stuck inside.
	The hallucinations of Jacob Carter and of Jack O'Neill serve as a means by which Carter confronts her personal life and her relationships (in particular when talking to 'Jack', her feelings for him). 'Jack' tells her he will always be there for her, no matter what.
	After an encounter with the small girl who is playing with bubbles Carter hits on a solution. She engages the hyperspace engines with only a fraction of the usual amount of power. This has the effect of rendering the ship partially intangible.
	She contacts the alien ship and offers them the solution to escaping the nebula in exchange for the return of the crew and safe passage. After a confused crew are beamed back in to the Prometheus, Carter creates a hyperspace bubble large enough to encompass both the Prometheus and the alien ship and they both exit the nebula safely. The aliens keep their end of the bargain and jet away. Carter relieves herself of duty and is escorted to the infirmary for massive concussion.
	According to the DVD commentary for Inauguration, "Grace" received the highest ratings of any television show on the Sci-Fi network, including all previous Stargate episodes. Amanda Tapping won a Leo Award in the category "Dramatic Series: Best Lead Performance - Female" for this episode.

= = = Crain Communications Building = = =

	The Crain Communications Building is a 39-story, 582 foot (177 m) skyscraper located at 150 North Michigan Avenue in downtown Chicago, Illinois. It was also known as the Smurfit–Stone Building and the Stone Container Building and was formerly called the Associates Center. Construction began in 1983 and was completed in 1984. The building, noted for its unusually slanted facade, was designed by Sheldon Schlegman of A. Epstein and Sons. The building has 39 floors of tenant space and the two spires at the top cover the main roof and HVAC equipment.
	Although the building looks as though it is split down the middle, the two sides are only slightly disjointed until nearing the top, where there is a gap between them. At times, its slanted roof—which has been likened to a skyscraper slashed with a knife—displays local sports slogans on its face, such as "GO BEARS" and "GO SOX". It also displayed "VOTE 2008" during the 2008 election day rally at Grant Park.
	At the time of its construction the Crain Communications Building was considered to be a smart building, with sophisticated environmental and security controls. Three years after its completion, the building played a role in the Touchstone Pictures film "Adventures in Babysitting". The building is also modeled in EA's "SimCity 4", as well as being destroyed in the film "" and in the videogame "".
	The building name was changed to the Crain Communications Building in March 2012, after Crain Communications moved its headquarters there.
	It is popularly referred to as the Diamond Building or the Vagina Building (from the locally popular but apocryphal story that, with its prominent vertical slit up the front, the building was designed to be a yonic counter to the phallicism of most skyscrapers).

= = = Virginia City (film) = = =

	Virginia City is a 1940 American Western film directed by Michael Curtiz and starring Errol Flynn, Miriam Hopkins, Randolph Scott, and a mustachioed Humphrey Bogart in the role of the real-life outlaw John Murrell. Based on a screenplay by Robert Buckner, the film is about a Union officer who escapes from a Confederate prison and is sent to Virginia City from where his former prison commander is planning to send five million dollars in gold to Virginia to save the Confederacy. The film premiered in its namesake, Virginia City, Nevada. The film was shot in black and white (sepiatone).
	Union officer Kerry Bradford (Errol Flynn) stages a daring escape from Confederate Libby Prison run by the commandant, Vance Irby (Randolph Scott). Bradford reports to Union headquarters and is immediately sent to Virginia City, a Nevada mining town, to find out where $5,000,000 in gold that Southern sympathizers plan to ship to the tottering Confederacy is being kept. On the westbound stagecoach, he meets and falls in love with the elegant Julia Hayne (Miriam Hopkins), who unbeknownst to him is in fact a dance-hall entertainer — and a rebel spy, sent by Jefferson Davis (Charles Middleton) to assist in the transfer of the gold by wagon train. Also on the stagecoach is the legendary John Murrell (Humphrey Bogart), leader of a gang of "banditos", traveling as a gun salesman. Before he and his gang can rob the stage, Bradford gets the drop on Murrell, who is forced to send his men away.
	When the stage reaches Virginia City, Julia gives Bradford the slip and heads off to warn Captain Irby, who is now managing the gold-smuggling operation, that Bradford is in town. Bradford follows Irby to the rebels' hideout behind a false wall in a blacksmith's shop, but the gold is moved before he arrives. The Union garrison is called out to patrol the roads to prevent any wagons from leaving town.
	While Irby is meeting with the sympathetic town doctor, Murrell shows up looking for someone to set his broken arm. Irby offers Murrell $10,000 to have his banditos attack the garrison, which will force the Union soldiers guarding the roads to come to its defense. While the soldiers are busy, Irby's rebels will smuggle the gold out in the false bottoms of their wagons. First Irby needs to take care of Bradford. He uses Julia to arrange a meeting between the two men, and then takes Bradford prisoner, intending to return him to prison.
	The rebels' caravan is stopped at a small Union outpost. At first, they are allowed to proceed, but after watching the bullion-laden wagons have difficulty moving through the soft dirt, the soldiers become suspicious and attempt to inspect the wagons. The Southerners start a firefight, killing the soldiers. In the confusion, Bradford escapes. Pursued closely by Irby and his men, he rides his horse down a steep incline and ends up somersaulting down the hill. The rebels, believing him dead, continue toward Texas. Bradford returns to the outpost and sends a telegraph to the garrison. Major Drewery (Douglass Dumbrille), the garrison commander, arrives with a contingent of cavalry. Drewery, who is scornful of Bradford as a soldier, does not take his advice and ends up following a false trail, causing the pursuit to fall ever further behind the rebels, who are themselves fighting thirst, privation, and the unforgiving terrain. Bradford is able to persuade Drewery to allow him to take a small detachment to follow his hunch.
	Bradford and his men catch up with the caravan which is trapped in a canyon and being attacked by Murrell's banditos who are attempting to take the gold. Irby is wounded in the gunfight, but Bradford's superior military skills and the rebels' long guns eventually drive off the banditos. Before he dies, Irby delegates command of the caravan and its gold to Bradford. During the night, knowing that in the morning both Murrell's men and Drewery's command will arrive, Bradford takes the gold from the wagons and buries it in the canyon to prevent its capture.
	Drewery and his men arrive in the morning in time to crush the outlaws' renewed attack, and Murell is killed. Bradford refuses to disclose the gold's location and is brought up on charges in a court-martial. He defends his action in that, "as a soldier", he knew the gold might have been used to win the war for the South and prevented that, but "as a man" he knows it belongs to the South and he would prefer that it be used to rebuild the South's shattered economy and wounded pride after the war. The court finds him guilty of high treason and sentences him to death on April 9, 1865.
	The day before Bradford's scheduled execution, Julia meets with Abraham Lincoln (Victor Kilian, seen only in silhouette) and pleads for Bradford's life. Lincoln reveals that at that very moment, Generals Lee and Grant are meeting at Appomattox Courthouse to end the war. As the war is over, and in a symbol of the reconciliation between North and South, Lincoln pardons Bradford in the spirit of his second inaugural address, "With malice toward none; with charity for all..."
	The film was a follow up to "Dodge City" although it has entirely new characters and was not a sequel, predating it by eight years in historical time. It was originally called "Nevada" and was to star basically the same director and cast as "Dodge City": Flynn, Olivia de Havilland, Ann Sheridan, Donald Crisp, Guinn Williams, and Alan Hale. The title was eventually changed to "Virginia City", which had been owned by RKO, but they agreed to give it to Warners.
	De Havilland dropped out and was replaced by Brenda Marshall. However, within a few weeks, Miriam Hopkins replaced her. Randolph Scott was hired to play Flynn's antagonist. Victor Jory was going to play the main villain, but had a scheduling conflict due to his appearance in "Light of Western Stars". He was replaced by Humphrey Bogart, requiring "It All Came True" to be pushed back.
	There was six weeks' filming based in Flagstaff, Arizona.
	The film was given a gala premiere in Reno and Virginia City. 
	Frank Nugent of "The New York Times", despite criticizing the acting talents of Flynn and Hopkins, wrote that "there is enough concentrated action in ["Virginia City"], enough of the old-time Western sweep, to make it lively entertainment".
	"Filmink" magazine called it "a big, expensive, noisy movie which aims for size and spectacle over, say, suspense and thrills – I don’t think director Michael Curtiz was any more excited by Westerns than Flynn, but both do professional jobs, as does Scott."
	According to Warner Bros records, the film earned $1,518,000 domestically and $602,000 foreign.
	When the film was released in France in 1947, it became one of the most popular movies of the year.

= = = Irving Vendig = = =

	Irving Vendig (October 11, 1902 — January 7, 1995) was an American soap opera writer best known for creating "The Edge of Night".
	Born in the Mississippi city of Holly Springs, Vendig created "The Edge of Night" for Procter and Gamble Productions and CBS Daytime in 1956. He had been a writer on the "Perry Mason" radio show and when Erle Stanley Gardner refused to allow the show to become a soap opera, Vendig refashioned the show into "The Edge of Night", and brought actor John Larkin, who played Mason on the radio, to the show as series star Mike Karr. The character of Mike's daughter, Laurie Ann Karr, was named for Vendig's daughter Laurie Ann.
	Vendig was the series' head writer from 1956 until 1960, then co-head writer with James Gentile from 1960 until 1965. Vendig was credited on-air as series' creator until his departure from the daytime drama in 1965.
	He also created the NBC Daytime drama "Three Steps to Heaven". He also wrote for the daytime dramas "Search for Tomorrow" (which he wasn't able to see at his Florida home because the local CBS affiliate didn't carry it), "Paradise Bay" and "The Clear Horizon". He created "Hidden Faces", a short-lived drama for NBC, which was similar in theme to his more famous "The Edge of Night", which starred Stephen Joyce, Conard Fowkes, Louise Shaffer, Tony Lo Bianco and future Oscar nominee Linda Blair.

= = = Variable capacitor = = =

	A variable capacitor is a capacitor whose capacitance may be intentionally and repeatedly changed mechanically or electronically. Variable capacitors are often used in L/C circuits to set the resonance frequency, e.g. to tune a radio (therefore it is sometimes called a tuning capacitor or tuning condenser), or as a variable reactance, e.g. for impedance matching in antenna tuners.
	In mechanically controlled variable capacitors, the distance between the plates, or the amount of plate surface area which overlaps, can be changed.
	The most common form arranges a group of semicircular metal plates on a rotary axis ("rotor") that are positioned in the gaps between a set of stationary plates ("stator") so that the area of overlap can be changed by rotating the axis. Air or plastic foils can be used as dielectric material.
	By choosing the shape of the rotary plates, various functions of capacitance vs. angle can be created, e.g. to obtain a linear frequency scale. Various forms of reduction gear mechanisms are often used to achieve finer tuning control, i.e. to spread the variation of capacity over a larger angle, often several turns.
	A vacuum variable capacitor uses a set of plates made from concentric cylinders that can be slid in or out of an opposing set of cylinders (sleeve and plunger). These plates are then sealed inside of a non-conductive envelope such as glass or ceramic and placed under a high vacuum. The movable part (plunger) is mounted on a flexible metal membrane that seals and maintains the vacuum. A screw shaft is attached to the plunger, when the shaft is turned the plunger moves in or out of the sleeve and the value of the capacitor changes. The vacuum not only increases the working voltage and current handling capacity of the capacitor, it also greatly reduces the chance of arcing across the plates. The most common usage for vacuum variables are in high-powered transmitters such as those used for broadcasting, military and amateur radio, as well as high-powered RF tuning networks. Vacuum variables can also be more convenient; since the elements are under a vacuum, the working voltage can be higher than an air variable the same size, allowing the size of the vacuum capacitor to be reduced.
	Very cheap variable capacitors are constructed from layered aluminium and plastic foils that are variably pressed together using a screw. These so-called "squeezers" cannot provide a stable and reproducible capacitance, however. A variant of this structure that allows for linear movement of one set of plates to change the plate overlap area is also used and might be called a "slider". This has practical advantages for makeshift or home construction, and may be found in resonant-loop antennas or crystal radios.
	Small variable capacitors operated by screwdriver (for instance, to precisely set a resonant frequency at the factory and then never be adjusted again) are called trimmer capacitors. In addition to air and plastic, trimmers can also be made using a ceramic dielectric, such as mica.
	Very often, multiple stator/rotor sections are arranged behind one another on the same axis, allowing for several tuned circuits to be adjusted using the same control, e.g. a preselector, an input filter and the corresponding oscillator in a receiver circuit. The sections can have identical or different nominal capacitances, e.g. 2 × 330 pF for AM filter and oscillator, plus 3 × 45 pF for two filters and an oscillator in the FM section of the same receiver. Capacitors with multiple sections often include trimmer capacitors in parallel to the variable sections, used to adjust all tuned circuits to the same frequency.
	A butterfly capacitor is a form of rotary variable capacitor with two independent sets of stator plates opposing each other, and a butterfly-shaped rotor arranged so that turning the rotor will vary the capacitances between the rotor and either stator equally.
	Butterfly capacitors are used in symmetrical tuned circuits, e.g. RF power amplifier stages in push-pull configuration or symmetrical antenna tuners where the rotor needs to be "cold", i.e. connected to RF (but not necessarily DC) ground potential. Since the peak RF current normally flows from one stator to the other without going through wiper contacts, butterfly capacitors can handle large resonance RF currents, e.g. in magnetic loop antennas.
	In a butterfly capacitor, the stators and each half of the rotor can only cover a maximum angle of 90° since there must be a position without rotor/stator overlap corresponding to minimum capacity, therefore a turn of only 90° covers the entire capacitance range.
	The closely related split stator variable capacitor does not have the limitation of 90° angle since it uses two separate packs of rotor electrodes arranged axially behind one another. Unlike in a capacitor with several sections, the rotor plates in a split stator capacitor are mounted on opposite sides of the rotor axis. While the split stator capacitor benefits from larger electrodes compared to the butterfly capacitor, as well as a rotation angle of up to 180°, the separation of rotor plates incurs some losses since RF current has to pass the rotor axis instead of flowing straight through each rotor vane.
	Differential variable capacitors also have two independent stators, but unlike in the butterfly capacitor where capacities on both sides increase equally as the rotor is turned, in a differential variable capacitor one section's capacity will increase while the other section's decreases, keeping the stator-to-stator capacitance constant. Differential variable capacitors can therefore be used in capacitive potentiometric circuits.
	The variable capacitor with air dielectric was invented by the Hungarian engineer Dezső Korda. He received a German patent for the invention on 13 December 1893.
	The thickness of the depletion layer of a reverse-biased semiconductor diode varies with the DC voltage applied across the diode. Any diode exhibits this effect (including p/n junctions in transistors), but devices specifically sold as variable capacitance diodes (also called varactors or varicaps) are designed with a large junction area and a doping profile specifically designed to maximize capacitance.
	Their use is limited to low signal amplitudes to avoid obvious distortions as the capacitance would be affected by the change of signal voltage, precluding their use in the input stages of high-quality RF communications receivers, where they would add unacceptable levels of intermodulation. At VHF/UHF frequencies, e.g. in FM Radio or TV tuners, dynamic range is limited by noise rather than large signal handling requirements, and varicaps are commonly used in the signal path.
	Varicaps are used for frequency modulation of oscillators, and to make high-frequency voltage controlled oscillators (VCOs), the core component in phase-locked loop (PLL) frequency synthesizers that are ubiquitous in modern communications equipment.
	BST device are based on Barium Strontium Titanate and vary the capacitance by applying high voltage to the device. They have a dedicated analogue control input and therefore introduce less non-linearities than varactor diodes, especially for higher signal voltages. The limitations for BST are stability over temperature and linearity in demanding applications.
	A digitally tuned capacitor is an IC variable capacitor based on several technologies. MEMS, BST and SOI/SOS devices are available from a number of suppliers and vary in capacitance range, quality factor and resolution for different RF tuning applications.
	MEMS devices have the highest quality factor and are highly linear, and therefore are suitable for antenna aperture tuning, dynamic impedance matching, power amplifier load matching and adjustable filters. RF tuning MEMS are still a relatively new technology and has not yet been accepted broadly.
	SOI/SOS tuning devices are constructed as solid state FET switches built on insulated CMOS wafers and use MIM caps arranged in binary-weighted values to achieve different capacitance values. SOI/SOS switches have high linearity and are well suited to low power applications where high voltages are not present. High voltage endurance requires multiple FET devices in series which adds series resistance and lowers the quality factor.
	The capacitance values are designed for antenna impedance matching in multi-band LTE GSM/WCDMA cellular handsets and mobile TV receivers that operate over wide frequency ranges, such as the European DVB-H and Japanese ISDB-T mobile TV systems.
	Variable capacitance is sometimes used to convert physical phenomena into electrical signals.

= = = Georg Bühler = = =

	Professor Johann Georg Bühler (July 19, 1837 – April 8, 1898) was a scholar of ancient Indian languages and law.
	Bühler was born to Rev. Johann G. Bühler in Borstel, Hanover, attended grammar school in Hanover, where he mastered Greek and Latin, then university as a student of theology and philosophy at Göttingen, where he studied classical philology, Sanskrit, Zend, Persian, Armenian, and Arabic. In 1858 he received his doctorate in eastern languages and archaeology; his thesis explored the suffix "-tês" in Greek grammar. That same year he went to Paris to study Sanskrit manuscripts, and in 1859 onwards to London, where he remained until October 1862. This time was used mainly for the study of the Vedic manuscripts at the India Office and the Bodleian Library at Oxford University. While in England, Bühler was first a private teacher and later (from May 1861) assistant to the Queen's librarian in Windsor Castle.
	In Fall 1862 Bühler was appointed assistant at the Göttingen library; he moved there in October. While settling in, he received an invitation via Prof. Max Müller to join the Benares Sanskrit College in India. Before this could be settled, he also received (again via Prof. Müller) an offer of Professor of Oriental Languages at the Elphinstone College, Bombay (now Mumbai). Bühler responded immediately and arrived on February 10, 1863 in Bombay. Noted Sanskrit and legal scholar Kashinath Trimbak Telang was then a student at the college. In the next year Bühler became a Fellow of Bombay University and member of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. He was to remain in India until 1880. During this time he collected a remarkable number of texts for the Indian government and the libraries of Berlin, Cambridge University, and Oxford University.
	In the year 1878 he published his translations of the Paiyalachchhi, the oldest Prakrit dictionary, with glossary and translation. He also took responsibility for the translation of the Apastamba, Dharmasutra etc. in Professor Max Müller's monumental compilation and translation, the "Sacred Books of the East", vols. 2, 14, and 25.
	On 8 April 1898 Bühler drowned in Lake Constance, under somewhat mysterious circumstances. Contemporary accounts mostly attributed it to an accident, but it has been speculated that it was a suicide motivated by Bühler's connections to a scandal involving his former student Alois Anton Führer.
	In the "Schriften der Wiener Akademie der Wissenschaften":

= = = John McCaffrey (fundraiser) = = =

	John McCaffrey (born Apr 1968) is a fundraising professional, based in the United Kingdom. From July 2012 until December 2013 he was the Labour Party's Director of Fundraising. In January 2014 he was appointed as Global Development Director of the Sydney-based George Institute for Global Health. In February 2015 he was appointed as fundraiser to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in the Vatican. In July 2016 he established the Galileo Foundation which supports the work of the Pontifical Academies of Sciences and Social Sciences and Pope Francis' leadership in the areas of modern slavery and human trafficking, climate change and poverty,as well as the strengthening of relations between the Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion. www.galileo.foundation.
	McCaffrey was born in 1968 in Northern Ireland, and is a graduate of Saint MacNissi's College, Garron Tower in County Antrim and Selwyn College, Cambridge (1986–90) where he read Law and History.
	He has worked for the Victoria and Albert Museum as Director of Development from 2002–2005, as a consultant to the Royal National Institute for Deaf People from 2005-6, and the National Museums of Scotland. He also established the University of Ulster's first Development Office in Belfast in 1993 and has worked for Guinness plc ("now Diageo") as PR and as a director in Belfast of ABSA (now Arts and Business). His client list has included the Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales, Edinburgh College of Art, the Vatican Museums (of which he is a UK trustee), The Rosslyn Chapel, Worth Abbey and the World Monuments Fund (GB)amongst others. The Irish Episcopal Conference retained McCaffrey as their fundraising advisor for the International Eucharistic Congress which took place in Dublin in 2012. In 2010, he was the principal fundraising advisor for the Papal visit to the United Kingdom in September 2010. £6.5 million was raised towards the cost of the Papal Visit in 7 months.
	While working for Cambridge University, he played a major part in securing the UK's largest ever charitable gift, $230M given by the Gates Foundation to Cambridge University in 1999. He was involved in the first visit to Northern Ireland by President Bill Clinton and subsequent visits by Hillary Rodham Clinton, and helped to organise the second Millennium Lecture in the White House by Professor Stephen Hawking, hosted by the Clintons.
	In May 2006, Pope Benedict XVI recognised his service to the Roman Catholic Church by bestowing the Order of St. Gregory the Great on McCaffrey, with the title Knight Commander. He first met the then Cardinal Ratzinger while a student at Cambridge in 1988, interviewing the future Pope for the student paper 'Varsity'. The interview also appeared in The Irish Times and The Universe. In 2005, McCaffrey was a commentator for Sky during the period spanning the death and funeral of Pope John Paul II and the election of Pope Benedict XVI. In May 2019 Pope Francis bestowed a promotion on McCaffrey to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Gregory, the highest rank given to a layperson, carrying with it the title 'Excellency'. He is a writer and photographer as well as a donor to various charitable causes, including the work of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem, The Terrence Higgins Trust and Bethlehem University.

= = = Averills Island (Massachusetts) = = =

	Averills Island is a small forested island within the marshland of the Wenham Swamp, in the Ipswich River Wildlife Sanctuary in Topsfield, Massachusetts. There is an unpaved road that connects the island with the mainland, from Bradstreet Hill to the Steward School on Perkins Row.

= = = Full Circle (Stargate SG-1) = = =

	"Full Circle" is the season finale for season six of the Canadian-American military science fiction television series "Stargate SG-1". It was originally intended to be the last episode of "Stargate SG-1".The episode was written by executive producer Robert C. Cooper and directed by Martin Wood. The episodes received an average Nielsen household rating and a low syndication rating compared to other season six episodes. The episode got strong reviews from major media publishers worldwide.
	"Full Circle" follows the Ascended Daniel Jackson contacting Jack O'Neill and tells him that Anubis has located The Eye of Ra, an enormously powerful weapon that can defeat the combined forces of the Goa'uld System Lords. SG-1 then travels to Abydos to create a defensive position against the Goa'uld Army, Anubis then appears over the planet and threatens to destroy it if they don't give him The Eye of Ra.
	On Abydos, Skaara speaks with the Abydonian elders about Anubis, who will attack soon. In the middle of their council, Daniel appears, telling them that they will not fight alone. At the SGC, Col. O'Neill steps on an elevator, which malfunctions in the middle of the ride. Just as he tries to use the emergency phone, Daniel appears behind him and updates him on the situation with Anubis, who plans to get the "Eye of Ra" from Abydos, a key (along with five others) to using a super weapon. Jack demands to know why Daniel, with all the powers of the Ascended, can't stop Anubis himself, and Daniel tries to explain again what he is and is not allowed to do.
	Jack relays Daniel's intel to General Hammond and SG-1. When they ask where he got that kind of information, he reluctantly admits to seeing Daniel, and that it isn't the first time. No one seems terribly surprised to hear it, and Teal'c mentions that he, too, has seen Daniel. Hammond approves the mission, and SG-1 goes to Abydos where they meet up with Skaara, who brings them into an underground chamber, where they hope to find the Eye. While Sam and Jonas explore the chamber, Jack asks Skaara if he's seeing anyone, and Skaara tells him that he's betrothed. In the meantime, Anubis' mothership appears out of hyperspace and several ships fly to the pyramid, which is defended by Teal'c and a number of Abydonians. When the ships and ground troops attack, Teal'c radios Jack, who, irked by Daniel's absence, starts yelling for Daniel. Daniel appears and tries to say he still can't help, but Jack pushes him. Giving in, Daniel agrees to help Sam and Jonas figure out how to find the chamber while Jack and Ska'ara go above to assist Teal'c. Daniel, Major Carter, and Jonas open the chamber, full of artifacts, but not the Eye. In the pyramid, Skaara is mortally wounded while Jack and Teal'c fight valiantly to hold their ground. They are finally forced retreat to the underground chamber where Daniel concludes that the other ascended beings are Ancients. They discover a tablet, written in the language of the Ancients, which reveals information about a lost city of the Ancients. Daniel instructs Jonas to guard it with his life, then departs.
	Carter and Jonas find another secret chamber, which Sam shoots open, revealing the Eye. Jack and Teal'c, with Skaara, appear, bedraggled from the Jaffa onslaught. Their leader, Herak, confronts SG-1, demanding the Eye. Jack simply threatens to destroy the Eye. Herak returns to the ship and informs Anubis. As Herak departs, Daniel confronts Anubis, who reveals what he truly is, a partially ascended being. In space, a fleet of Ha'tak vessels appears and Yu contacts Anubis, threatening to destroy him. Daniel, on the other hand, offers Anubis a deal: he will bring him the Eye if Anubis promises to leave Abydos unharmed forever. The Goa'uld agrees. Daniel goes to SG-1, where he hears to his surprise that Skaara has died and ascended, realizing that Oma must be present. He advises the team of Anubis' partially ascended state: stuck between the mortal world and the ascended one. Anubis was thought dead but actually ascended. The Ancients, only accepting pure of heart among their ranks, de-ascended him but not completely. The shimmering energy that hides his true face keeps his form intact. He also informs them about his deal with Anubis because he wants SG-1 to find the lost city of the Ancients before Anubis can.
	O'Neill surrenders the Eye to Herak and the Jaffa leave. On the ship, Herak gives Anubis the Eye, and Anubis powers up a large weapon. It fires on Yu's ships and destroys many of them. The few left retreat, unable to penetrate Anubis' shields, with Lord Yu, also still alive. Anubis plans to destroy Abydos but Daniel appears and demands that Anubis stop. Anubis refuses, and goads Daniel into attacking him. Daniel attempts to use his ascended powers to destroy him. However, his attack is cut short, and he is spirited away by Oma Desala. Anubis, rid of his last obstacle, fires the superweapon at the pyramid on Abydos, where Jack is, and Jack slips through the event horizon of the Abydos Stargate and back to the SGC just in time. The planet Abydos is then destroyed.
	Back at SGC, SGC personnel attempt to dial back to Abydos, but they are unable to connect, and fear that Abydos has been obliterated by Anubis's superweapon. SG-1 continue to brief General Hammond about the situation and everything that transpired on Abydos. Carter and Walter continue dialing Abydos, as Carter refuses to believe that the planet is gone. Suddenly, after dozens of attempts, the Stargate establishes a wormhole to Abydos. Hammond allows SG-1 to return to Abydos to find out what has happened. SG-1 goes through the gate and discovers Skaara and his people. Astonished and yet relieved, SG-1 ask Skaara what happened. Skaara tells them that Oma helped all the Abydonian people around the planet ascend and that the people and the Stargate are only an illusion. Skaara sadly informs them that he has not heard anything about Daniel's fate. Suddenly, all the people disappear. Relieved that the Abydonians had not perished during Anubis's attack, SG-1 then returns to Earth.
	"Full Circle" was written with the intention of being the last "Stargate SG-1" television episode, since the producers were already planning to release a "Stargate" film. When creating the Jaffa underlings for Anubis, the producers wanted to have something different. So, according to Joseph Mallozzi, they created "Ninja"-like Jaffa.
	"Full Circle" was originally intended to be the last episode of "Stargate SG-1". It is also the last episode to feature Corin Nemec (who portrayed Jonas Quinn) as a main cast member. It is also the last episode where Alexis Cruz (who portrayed Skaara) appears. Nemec was open to continue playing Jonas Quinn after season 6 or in a feature film or a spin-off series, but a new contract was reached with Michael Shanks for Daniel to return in season 7. The role of Jonas was therefore reduced to recurring status in season 7. Nemec welcomed the producers' openness for story pitches and offered several story ideas. He wrote the mid-season-7 episode "Fallout" and considered pitching more stories afterwards, but he became busy with other projects. Jonas is seldom mentioned in the series after this point but after Season 10's "Counterstrike" stated that the Ori conquered Jonas's homeworld, "Stargate" producer Joseph Mallozzi said in his blog that "in [his] mind, Jonas went underground and is still alive somewhere, resisting the Ori army."

= = = Scatterville, Arkansas = = =

	Scatterville is an unincorporated community in Clay County, Arkansas, United States, approximately 2 mi (3 km) northwest of Rector. All that is left of the community today is a cemetery. The community occupied a strategic location along Crowley's Ridge and was often referred to in the reports of Union and Confederate forces vying for control of Northeast Arkansas during the American Civil War.
	Scatterville was one of the first Clay County communities, defined by having five or six families settled in a five-mile (8 km) area. Scatterville received its name because:
. . . one man put a store at the foot of a hill, another put one at the peak, still another put one at the foot on the other side. The few stores and cabins were scattered about over the hills in a careless way.
	The first families to locate in the Scatterville community were the McNiels, Allens, Copelands, Mobleys, Snowdens, Waddells, Nortens, Mitchells, Golbys, Whites, Bradshaws, Deans, Rayburns, Whitakers, and Simmons. They were mainly subsistence farmers; however, the Allen, Knight, Simmon, Bradshaw, McNiel, and Mobley families brought a few slaves with them when they emigrated from Kentucky and Tennessee. Cotton was grown during the antebellum period, but it was only used to make clothing for personal use. A gin in Scatterville eased this task somewhat by removing the seeds from the boll. After the war, cotton was raised as a cash crop. In 1855, the first horse-powered sawmill was brought to Scatterville, and a frame school building was erected in 1859. In that same year the town welcomed Major Rayburn's new steam-powered sawmill. Other industries in Scatterville included a tanyard for shoe making and a hand-powered sorghum mill. The community remained stable until the arrival of the St. Louis and Texas Railroad about two miles (3 km) to the south in 1881. The railroad company laid out a new town named Rector, and the population of Scatterville gradually migrated to the new and booming town.
	During the American Civil War, both Union and Confederate forces operated in the area.
	On March 23, 1862, Union Col. John McNiel reported that "There are about 1,000 men at Gainesville and Scatterville, on Crowleys Ridge. They are badly armed and scattered, in order to subsist."
	On March 24, 1863, Union Col. John McNiel reported that "From 400 to 700 of Jeffers and Clarks men are scattered along from Chalk Bluff to Scatterville and Gainesville."
	On March 28, 1863, a detachment of the 1st Wisconison Cavalry Regiment passed through Scatterville in pursuit of a Confederate force under Col Preston, said to be in the area with 400 men.
	On July 21, 1863, Confederate Colonel S. G. Kitchens of the 10th Missouri Cavalry reported that a Union force of 350 was camped three miles south of Scatterville.
	On July 22, 1863, Confederate Colonel S. G. Kittchens again reported that the enemy (Union) had appeared in force in the neighborhood of Scatterville.
	On January 6, 1864, Union Colonel J. B. Rogers, reported that "Williams Guerillas" were operating near Scatterville.
	On May 21, 1864, Captain H. J. Huiskamp of the Sixth Missouri Cavalry, (Union) reported, "On our return, and while in camp near Scatterville, Ark., Captain Johns was shot by guerrillas, a ball passing through and shattering his left arm. He was also wounded in the hip." .
	On March 5, 1864, Union Captain T. W. Leeper reported that Confederate Col S. G. Kitchens was at Scatterville and "has returned from General Price and ordered all these scattered bands to report to him, and that they have gone."
	In June 1864, Union Brigadier General Ewing reported that Confederate Col Kitchens was at Scatterville with 300 men and that he was still recruiting.
	Union Col. John T. Burris reported a skirmish at Scatterville on July 7, 1864 with Bolin's Band and Kitchen's men. Burris reported the casualties as 4 Confederate dead and 1 Union wounded.
	Union Col John T Burris, of the 10th Kansas Volunteer Cavalry reported that a skirmish occurred at Scatterville which resulted in the burning of houses in Scatterville. Burris had under his command a battalion of the Second Cavalry, Missouri Militia, a detachment of the 1st Missouri Voluntee Cavalry and a detachment of the First Cavalry Missouri Volunteers. Burris indicates that his command reached Scatterville on 28 July 1864 and
	There we routed a rebel recruiting party, under Colonel Clark, and had a skirmish with Bolins guerrillas. We killed 1 rebel lieutenant, took Captain Lineback prisoner, captured some arms and horses, and burned the houses, under cover of which the guerrillas had fired on my command. No casualties on our side, except the wounding of E. T. Jenkins, chief scout
	As there are no known structures surviving from that period in the Scatterville vicinity, the Scatterville Cemetery is locally significant as the best surviving link to this important early Clay County settlement which faded from view in the post-railroad era. The Scatterville Cemetery comprises roughly two acres and is set in an impressive stand of largely oak and hickory trees. The cemetery is surrounded on three sides by a barbed-wire fence of indeterminate age, and is further designated by a large cast-iron marker erected at the entrance by the Arkansas History Commission in 1973.
	Most of the markers are small, narrow marble slabs, many of which have fallen and/or possibly moved. The inscriptions on many gravestones have been obscured by age and the elements while others were never inscribed. There are a few styled markers, including two four-sided family monuments with obelisks belonging to the Allen and McNiel families. Both were damaged by vandals; the Allen monument has been repaired, while the McNiel obelisk is lying in two parts beside its base. Nearby, the largest gravestone in the cemetery, the square-based, shaft and capital monument to Nancy McNiel, is in worse condition with its shaft lying on the ground and its capital broken into several pieces. There is also a multiple gravestone for three members of the Cook family. It is a tall rectangular monument with an upper-sloped face featuring a sculpted open Bible. Other interesting stones include H. W. Granade's 1870 horizontal cylindrical marker and Captain W. T. Morris's 1902 rectangular monument on base with an open Bible and a knotted stole draped down one side.
	Although there is an unsubstantiated story regarding a grave in the southeast corner in which twenty Civil War soldiers are buried, there is no mention of slaves being buried here. It is known that some are buried at the nearby Mobley family cemetery.
	The only non-historic component of the cemetery is a dedication marker of pink granite atop a concrete base that is inscribed:
	"The privilege of caring for this forest shrine was accepted by the Methodist Youth Fellowship of Rector in 1963. We bequeath its perpetual care to our successors."

= = = Milky Way (mythology) = = =

	There are many myths and legends about the origin of the Milky Way, the crowd of stars that makes a distinctive bright streak across the night sky.
	Ancient Armenian mythology called the Milky Way the "Straw Thief's Way". According to legend, the god Vahagn stole some straw from the Assyrian king Barsham and brought it to Armenia during a cold winter. When he fled across the heavens, he spilled some of the straw along the way.
	The Khoisan people of the Kalahari desert in southern Africa say that long ago there were no stars and the night was pitch black. A girl, who was lonely and wanted to visit other people, threw the embers from a fire into the sky and created the Milky Way.
	A Cherokee folktale tells of a dog who stole some cornmeal and was chased away. He ran away to the north, spilling the cornmeal along the way. The Milky Way is thus called ᎩᎵ ᎤᎵᏒᏍᏓᏅᏱ ("Gili Ulisvsdanvyi") "Where the dog ran".
	Peoples in Eastern Asia believed that the hazy band of stars was the "Silvery River" of Heaven (, and ). In one story, the stars Altair and Vega were said to be two lovers who were allowed to meet only once a year on the seventh day of the seventh month, when a flock of magpies and crows formed a bridge over the galactic river. That day is celebrated as Qi Xi, the "Seventh Night" (, and ).
	In Egyptian mythology, the Milky Way was considered a pool of cow's milk. The Milky Way was deified as a fertility cow-goddess by the name of Bat (later on syncretized with the sky goddess Hathor).
	Among the Finns, Estonians and related peoples, the Milky Way was and is called "The Pathway of the Birds" (, ). The Finns observed that migratory birds used the galaxy as a guideline to travel south, where they believed "Lintukoto" (bird home) was.
	In Estonian folklore it is believed that the birds are led by a white bird with the head of a maiden who chases birds of prey away. The maiden, the goddess Lindu, was the Queen of the Birds and the daughter of Ukko, the King of the Sky. After refusing the suits of the Sun and Moon for being too predictable in their routes and the Pole Star for being fixed, she fell in love with the Light of North for its beauty. They became engaged, but the inconstant Light of North left her soon afterward. The tears of the broken-hearted Lindu fell on her wedding veil, which became the Milky Way when her father brought her to heaven so she could reign by his side and guide the migrating birds, who followed the trail of stars in her veil. Only later did scientists indeed confirm this observation; the migratory birds use the Milky Way as a guide to travel to warmer, southern lands during the winter.
	The name in the Indo-European Baltic languages has the same meaning (, ).
	In the Babylonian epic poem "Enûma Eliš", the Milky Way is created from the severed tail of the primeval salt water dragoness Tiamat, set in the sky by Marduk, the Babylonian national god, after slaying her. This story was once thought to have been based on an older Sumerian version in which Tiamat is instead slain by Enlil of Nippur, but is now though to be purely an invention of Babylonian propagandists with the intention to show Marduk as superior to the Sumerian deities. Another myth about Labbu is similarly interpreted.
	The Greek name for the Milky Way (Γαλαξίας "Galaxias") is derived from the Greek word for milk (γάλα, "gala"). One legend explains how the Milky Way was created by Heracles when he was a baby. His father, Zeus, was fond of his son, who was born of the mortal woman Alcmene. He decided to let the infant Heracles suckle on his divine wife Hera's milk when she was asleep, an act which would endow the baby with godlike qualities. When Hera woke and realized that she was breastfeeding an unknown infant, she pushed him away and the spurting milk became the Milky Way.
	Another version of the myth is that Heracles (Roman Hercules) was abandoned in the woods by his mortal parents, Amphitryon and Alcmene. Heracles, son of Zeus and Alcmene, was naturally favored by his father, who sent Athena, Greek goddess of wisdom, to retrieve him. Athena, not being so motherly, decided to take him to Hera to suckle. Hera agreed to suckle Heracles As Heracles drinks the milk, he bites down, and Hera pushes him away in pain. The milk that squirts out forms the Milky Way.
	A story told by the Roman Hyginus in the "Poeticon astronomicon" (ultimately based on Greek myth) says that the milk came from the goddess Ops (Greek Rhea), or Opis, the wife of Saturn (Greek Cronus). Saturn swallowed his children to ensure his position as head of the Pantheon and sky god, and so Ops conceived a plan to save her newborn son Jupiter (Greek Zeus): She wrapped a stone in infant's clothes and gave it to Saturn to swallow. Saturn asked her to nurse the child once more before he swallowed it, and the milk that spurted when she pressed her nipple against the rock eventually became the Milky Way.
	In the Hindu collection of stories called Bhagavata Purana, all the visible stars and planets moving through space are likened to a dolphin that swims through the water, and the heavens are called "śiśumãra cakra", the dolphin disc. The Milky Way forms the abdomen of the dolphin and is called "Akasaganga" which means "The Ganges River of the Sky".
	According to Hindu mythology, Vishnu lies meditating on Shesha with his consort Lakshmi, in the Kshira Sagara (Sea of Milk).
	In Irish mythology, the main name of the Milky Way was "Bealach na Bó Finne" — Way of the White Cow. It was regarded as a heavenly reflection of the sacred River Boyne, which is described as "the Great Silver Yoke" and the "White Marrow of Fedlimid," names which could equally apply to the Milky Way. ("Mór-Chuing Argait", "Smir Find Fedlimthi").
	Other names include:
	In Hungarian mythology, Csaba, the mythical son of Attila the Hun and ancestor of the Hungarians, is supposed to ride down the Milky Way when the Székelys (ethnic Hungarians living in Transylvania) are threatened. Thus the Milky Way is called "The Road of the Warriors" (lit. "Road of Armies") . The stars are sparks from their horseshoes.
	To the Māori the Milky Way is the waka (canoe) of Tama-rereti. The front and back of the canoe are Orion and Scorpius, while the Southern Cross and the Pointers are the anchor and rope. According to legend, when Tama-rereti took his canoe out onto a lake, he found himself far from home as night was falling. There were no stars at this time and in the darkness the Taniwha would attack and eat people. So Tama-rereti sailed his canoe along the river that emptied into the heavens (to cause rain) and scattered shiny pebbles from the lakeshore into the sky. The sky god, Ranginui, was pleased by this action and placed the canoe into the sky as well as a reminder of how the stars were made.
	The Kaurna Aboriginal people of the Adelaide Plains in South Australia see the band of the Milky Way as a river in the sky world. They called it Wodliparri (wodli = hut, house, parri = river) and believe that positioned along the river are a number of dwellings. In addition, the dark patches mark the dwelling place of a dangerous creature known as a "yura"; the Kaurna call these patches Yurakauwe, which literally means "monster water".
	Aboriginal groups from the Cape York region of Queensland see the band of light as termites that had been blown into the sky by the ancestral hero Burbuk Boon.
	Further south, the band of stars that comprise the Milky Way are seen as thousands of flying foxes carrying away a dancer known as Purupriggie.
	The Aranda who come from central Australia see the band of the Milky Way as a river or creek in the sky world. This stellar river separates the two great camps of the Aranda and Luritja People. The stars to the east of this river represent the camps of the Aranda and the stars to the west represent Luritja encampments and some stars closer to the band represent a mixture of both.
	In the Kimberley area, Aborigines called the Milky Way "Iowara" and see in it the presence of a giant emu elongated.

= = = Dynkin system = = =

	A Dynkin system, named after Eugene Dynkin, is a collection of subsets of another universal set formula_1 satisfying a set of axioms weaker than those of σ-algebra. Dynkin systems are sometimes referred to as λ-systems (Dynkin himself used this term) or d-system. These set families have applications in measure theory and probability.
	A major application of λ-systems is the π-λ theorem, see below.
	Let Ω be a nonempty set, and let formula_2 be a collection of subsets of Ω (i.e., formula_2 is a subset of the power set of Ω). Then formula_2 is a Dynkin system if
	Equivalently, formula_2 is a Dynkin system if
	The second definition is generally preferred as it usually is easier to check.
	An important fact is that a Dynkin system which is also a π-system (i.e., closed under finite intersections) is a σ-algebra. This can be verified by noting that conditions 2 and 3 together with closure under finite intersections imply closure under countable unions.
	Given any collection formula_16 of subsets of formula_1, there exists a unique Dynkin system denoted formula_18 which is minimal with respect to containing formula_19. That is, if formula_20 is any Dynkin system containing formula_19, then formula_22. formula_18 is called the Dynkin system generated by formula_16. Note formula_25. For another example, let formula_26 and formula_27; then formula_28.
	If formula_29 is a π-system and formula_2 is a Dynkin system with formula_31, then formula_32. In other words, the σ-algebra generated by formula_29 is contained in formula_2.
	One application of Dynkin's π-λ theorem is the uniqueness of a measure that evaluates the length of an interval (known as the Lebesgue measure):
	Let (Ω, "B", "λ") be the unit interval [0,1] with the Lebesgue measure on Borel sets. Let μ be another measure on Ω satisfying μ[("a","b")] = "b" − "a", and let "D" be the family of sets "S" such that μ[S] = λ[S]. Let "I" = { ("a","b"),["a","b"),("a","b"],["a","b"] : 0 < "a" ≤ "b" < 1 }, and observe that "I" is closed under finite intersections, that "I" ⊂ "D", and that "B" is the σ-algebra generated by "I". It may be shown that "D" satisfies the above conditions for a Dynkin-system. From Dynkin's π-λ Theorem it follows that "D" in fact includes all of "B", which is equivalent to showing that the Lebesgue measure is unique on "B".

= = = NGC 1300 = = =

	NGC 1300 is a barred spiral galaxy located about 61 million light-years away in the constellation Eridanus. The galaxy is about 110,000 light-years across (about the same size of the Milky Way). It is a member of the Eridanus Cluster, a cluster of 200 galaxies. It was discovered by John Herschel in 1835.
	In the core of the larger spiral structure of NGC 1300, the nucleus shows a "grand-design" spiral structure that is about 3,300 light-years long. Only galaxies with large-scale bars appear to have these grand-design inner disks — a spiral within a spiral. Models suggest that the gas in a bar can be funneled inwards, and then spiral into the center through the grand-design disk, where it can potentially fuel a central supermassive black hole (SMBH). NGC 1300 is not known to have an active nucleus, indicating that its central black hole is not accreting matter. The SMBH has a mass of .

= = = Anita C. Hill = = =

	Anita Carol Hill (born 1951) is a LGBT American minister in the Lutheran Church. She is one of the first ordained lesbian women in the church and became a pastor before the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) changed its policy on LGBT ministers.
	Hill was born in 1951 and was raised in the Roman Catholic faith in Shreveport, Louisiana. As a young adult, she lived in Crystal Springs, Mississippi, and became involved in the United Methodist Church. Hill attended Mississippi State University where she earned a bachelor's degree in science. Hill went on to gain a master's degree in religious studies and a master of divinity degree from United Theological Seminary of the Twin Cities and studied at Luther Seminary in St. Paul, Minnesota.
	In the 1980s, Hill started out as a lay minister in the Saint Paul-Reformation Lutheran Church. By the 1990s, her congregation wanted her to be ordained despite rules against lesbian pastors in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) at the time. The church's head pastor, Paul Tidemann, created the goal for his church that it would have a non-celibate, openly gay minister by 1993. Hill was an open lesbian in a committed relationship. She was ordained on April 28, 2001, within the Extraordinary Lutheran Ministries but was later censured for her ordainment as an LGBT person. On September 18, 2010, she was formally inducted into the ELCA Clergy Roster. She left working at the church in 2012 and went on to fight a state constitutional amendment in her state which banned gay marriage.
	In 2012 Hill joined ReconcilingWorks as regional director for the St. Paul area and later became its deputy director.
	Hill was the subject of the 2003 documentary "This Obedience", by filmmakers Jamie Lee and Dawn Mikkelson; the film chronicled Hill's openly gay status and the controversy it ignited within the church.
	Hill's papers are maintained for researchers by the Minnesota Historical Society at the Gale Family Library in St. Paul.

= = = Philippe Emanuel of Hornes = = =

	Philippe Emanuel, Prince of Hornes, Prince of Overisque, Count of Solre-le-Château (31 August 1661 in Condé – 14 October 1718 in Bailleul, Somme), he was the son of Eugene Maximilian, Prince of Hornes and Princess Anne Marie Jeanne of Croÿ. He married Princess Marie Anne Antoninette of Ligne.
	His domain, the Principality of Hornes, was a part of the Holy Roman Empire in what is now modern France, Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands. It was surrounded by the Principality of Liège. It had 3 enclaves, which were in France.
	He married Princess Marie Anne Antoinette of Ligne and had six children. They were:

= = = Lois Kibbee = = =

	Lois Kibbee (July 13, 1922 – October 18, 1993) was an American actress.
	Kibbee was born in Wheeling, West Virginia. The daughter of actor Milton Kibbee and the niece of actor Guy Kibbee, Kibbee played in a number of television and film roles.
	On TV, Kibbee's most notable roles were on daytime soap operas. She had a long run as wealthy Geraldine Weldon Whitney Saxon on the CBS/ABC daytime soap opera "The Edge of Night", where she appeared from 1970–71 and again from 1973 until the show's end in 1984. She also portrayed frosty matriarch Emily Moore Matson on NBC's "Somerset" from 1972–73, a character whose eccentric family was involved in a murder storyline centered on "Jingles the Clown". Later in her career she played powerful matriarch Elizabeth Sanders on ABC's "One Life to Live" (from 1986–88 and again in 1989).
	In film, Kibbee may be best remembered for her role in the film "Caddyshack" as Mrs. Smails. Her character was involved in several of the film's jokes, including a scene where a candy bar in a swimming pool is mistakenly identified as human feces.
	Kibbee died of a brain tumor on October 18, 1993, in New York City, New York.
	Kibbee was a writer on "The Edge of Night" and co-wrote the book "The Bennett Playbill" about the life of the Bennett acting family, particularly film, stage and television star, Joan Bennett. While Henry Slesar was headwriter for the CBS soap Capitol, Kibbee briefly contributed a few scripts as well. According to her New York Times obituary, Kibbee had been writing a book about her family's history as performers at the time of her death.
	Kibbee was nominated for a Daytime Emmy award in the category of Outstanding Actress in a Supporting Role in a Daytime Drama Series in 1979, 1980, 1981 and 1984 and Outstanding Writing Team in 1982 with Henry Slesar.

= = = Babson Ledge = = =

	Babson Ledge is a small barren rock within the edge of the Western Harbor and Gloucester Harbor in Gloucester, Massachusetts. The rock is situated south of the Fort Point, Pavilion Beach, Blynman Canal, Route 127, and west of Rocky Neck.

= = = Gerald A. Drew = = =

	Gerald Augustin Drew (June 20, 1903 - September 27, 1970) was a career Foreign Service Officer.
	Born in San Francisco, California, Drew was a graduate of the University of California, Berkeley where he was a member of Phi Kappa Tau. He served as U.S. Vice Consul in Pará, 1929; Envoy to Jordan, 1950–52; Ambassador to Bolivia, 1954–57; Ambassador to Haiti, 1957–60. He was assigned to Haiti by the Dwight D. Eisenhower administration at the beginning of the regime of François Duvalier. He criticized the Duvalier government, and Duvalier requested his removal, but this was rejected by Christian Herter.
	He died at Lewes, Delaware and is buried at Rock Creek Cemetery, Washington, D.C.

= = = Dabas (clan) = = =

	Dabas is an exogamous, patrilineal Jat gotra (clan) of India. Among their locales is the state of Haryana.

= = = Dot book = = =

	A dot book (also dotbook or dot-book or drill book) is a small notebook utilized by marching bands (especially high school show bands and drum corps) in order to aid the learning of formations on a field. The dot book was invented by Leslie Allard, a prominent high school band instructor and all-star percussionist. The name is derived from the use of dots on drill sheets which symbolize players on the field: a dot book focuses on the owner's particular dots and other marchers the player may have to guide (use to determine an adjusted location).
	The general layout of a dot book contains the "longitudes" and "latitudes" of an American football field. However, a cartesian coordinate system (x/y) is rarely used, rather an alternative system of plotting players as dots on a grid and some jargon is used. For instance, a player may write: "3 inside 45R and 5 in front BH." This would mean that the player is 3 steps inside (towards the 50 yard line) from the 45th yard line from the right side (facing the press box) and is five steps in front of the back hash (see Field and players of American football for an explanation of terms).
	Many times, however, a person's own dot book will contain their own specialized shorthand to represent their location on the field. Dot books can vary from simple (providing only the location of the marcher) to complex (also providing the location of nearby marchers whom you are guiding). This poses problems when players are switched between positions on the field: switching dot books is often difficult and many times players end up rewriting their dot books.
	Dot books are considered essential by many high school band instructors to the progress of drill. Severe penalties can be incurred for forgetting or losing one's dot book. Dot books also become irreplaceable as a season moves on: whenever drill is changed or a visual is added, the dot book becomes the sole record of this change. Loss of a dot book can result in the need for the band to readjust something that had been handled several months prior.
	This is a sample page of a pack of drill sheets. The owner of this page is AS10, and their dot on the field has been circled accordingly. After looking at this page, AS10 wrote in their page on the dot book at the top of this article. Several notable features:
	An alternative to the dot book is the coordinate sheet. Like dot books, coordinate sheets are small and meant to be worn around the neck on a lanyard. Coordinate sheets are set up as a list of the member's places on the field, given in coordinates (such as 5 steps inside the right 45 yard line and 2.25 steps in front of the Home hash), each "set" numbered. Also on the sheet is the number of steps it takes to go from one set to another, but this isn't written plainly. Set 1 always has a "0" by it. If it should take sixteen counts to move to the next set, a "16" will be placed next to Set 2's coordinates. If it should take eight counts to move to the third set, a "24" is next to Set 3's coordinates.

= = = Paul DePodesta = = =

	Paul DePodesta (born December 16, 1972) is an American football executive and former baseball executive who is the chief strategy officer for the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL). He previously served as a front-office assistant for the Cleveland Indians, Oakland Athletics, and New York Mets. DePodesta was also general manager of the Los Angeles Dodgers. The year after leading the Dodgers to their first playoff win in 16 years, he was fired after the 2005 club finished with its worst record in 11 years. He was the ninth general manager in the club's history since its move to Los Angeles. He is also known for his appearance in the book and movie "Moneyball" about his time with the Athletics.
	DePodesta is a native of Alexandria, Virginia, where he grew up with Thad Levine. He attended Episcopal High School ('91) and then Harvard University, where he played baseball and football and graduated in 1995 with a degree in economics. He has worked for the Baltimore Stallions of the Canadian Football League and the Baltimore Bandits of the American Hockey League.
	In 1996, DePodesta got his first baseball job with the Cleveland Indians, where he spent three seasons. He served as an advance scout for two years and in his final month with the club was appointed special assistant to general manager John Hart.
	In 1999, he joined the Oakland Athletics organization as an assistant to general manager Billy Beane. DePodesta was a key figure in Michael Lewis's book "Moneyball". The book thrust the analytical principles of sabermetrics into the mainstream.
	At the age of 31, DePodesta was named general manager of the Los Angeles Dodgers on February 16, 2004, making him the fifth-youngest general manager in baseball history, behind Jon Daniels (28) of the Texas Rangers, Theo Epstein (28) of the Boston Red Sox, Andrew Friedman (28) of the Tampa Bay Rays, and Randy Smith (29) of the San Diego Padres.
	DePodesta's reliance on sabermetric principles has been somewhat controversial. He is often considered part of a new breed of front-office executives whose personnel decisions depend heavily on analysis of performance data, often at the perceived expense of more traditional methods of scouting and observation.
	One of DePodesta's most notable moves was made at the 2004 trading deadline. He traded catcher Paul Lo Duca, relief pitcher Guillermo Mota and outfielder Juan Encarnación to the Florida Marlins in exchange for pitcher Brad Penny, first baseman Hee Seop Choi and pitcher Bill Murphy, in what was reportedly an attempt to pick up pieces to acquire pitcher Randy Johnson from the Arizona Diamondbacks. DePodesta was heavily criticized in the local and national baseball media for this trade, because Lo Duca was thought to be the "heart and soul" of the team. The Dodgers made the playoffs anyway, with Penny developing into one of the better pitchers in the National League during his stint with the Dodgers, which lasted until the end of the 2008 season. Choi, however, was a disappointment, batting just .161 in 2004 and .253 in 2005, and striking out 80 times in 320 at bats. Bill Murphy was traded that year to acquire Steve Finley, who hit 13 homers in 58 games, including a memorable grand slam that clinched the division title. Lo Duca played through 2005 with the Marlins and then went to the New York Mets, the Washington Nationals and back to the Marlins, making his final Major League appearance in September 2008.
	During the 2004 off-season, Adrián Beltré, who had hit 48 home runs in 2004, signed with Seattle as a free agent, spurning DePodesta's offer of 3 years for $30 million for Seattle's offer of 5 years for $64 million. DePodesta signed J. D. Drew, Jeff Kent, and Derek Lowe. Drew enjoyed two productive seasons as a Dodger and then used an opt-out clause in his contract to sign a new 5-year deal with the Boston Red Sox. Both Kent and Lowe put in four productive seasons for the Dodgers and cut ties with the franchise at the end of the 2008 season with Kent retiring and Lowe signing a contract with the Atlanta Braves.
	Coming off the successes of 2004, the 2005 season saw the Dodgers lose a number of players to significant stints on the disabled list. Many of the players lost to injury were expected to produce heavily for the team, including J. D. Drew, Milton Bradley, Éric Gagné, Jayson Werth, César Izturis and Odalis Pérez. The 2005 season resulted in the team's worst record since 1992 and second worst since moving to Los Angeles in 1958. On October 29, 2005, Dodgers owner Frank McCourt fired DePodesta, citing his desire to see the club win and that DePodesta had not met those expectations. Reports surfaced that the real reason McCourt had fired DePodesta was his inability to find satisfactory managerial candidates to replace Jim Tracy. He was later replaced by Ned Colletti, who hired Grady Little as manager. Some have speculated that McCourt fired DePodesta in response to media criticism from "Los Angeles Times" sports columnists T.J. Simers and Bill Plaschke, who were vehemently "anti-Moneyball" and referred to DePodesta pejoratively as "Google Boy."
	On June 30, 2006, DePodesta was hired as the Special Assistant for Baseball Operations for the San Diego Padres and was promoted to Executive Vice President on November 10, 2008.
	On November 8, 2010, DePodesta was hired as the vice president of player development and scouting for the New York Mets by general manager Sandy Alderson, with whom DePodesta worked when Alderson was CEO of the Padres.
	On January 5, 2016, DePodesta was hired by the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL) as their chief strategy officer.
	In 2003, author Michael Lewis was interested in how Oakland Athletics general manager (GM) Billy Beane tried to find quality players to improve the team while struggling with one of the smallest payrolls in Major League Baseball. He first wanted to write an article on the subject, but the idea eventually blossomed into a book named "". Lewis's interests included how Beane hired DePodesta as his assistant to incorporate sabermetrics, an approach that consists of more sophisticated analyses of baseball statistics, which is at least partially credited for their 2002 20-game winning streak which set an American League record.
	Lewis's book examines the lives and careers of various baseball personalities and explains the art of sabermetrics. Bill James, who coined the term sabermetrics for the Society for American Baseball Research (SABR), is also a major focus. James published "The Bill James Baseball Abstract" from 1977 to 1988 and wrote several sabermetrics books. Beane and DePodesta had studied James's work and were inspired by his knowledge of baseball analysis.
	DePodesta did not feel comfortable in the spotlight after the book's release, nor did he care for the secrets revealed about his scouting methods. The book earned DePodesta a reputation as a cold calculator, choosing players based only on their numbers. In addition, he was thought of as a guy who knew nothing of "real baseball."
	In reality, DePodesta played football in college and wanted to be a football coach, seen in a photo wearing number 17. After graduating from Harvard with a degree in economics, he became an intern for the Canadian Football League's Baltimore Stallions in 1995. In early 1996, he got his first baseball job with the Cleveland Indians, where he worked as a scout. In October 1996, at age 24, he was promoted to the position of advance scout. In October 1998, he became assistant to the General Manager for the team. Those experiences led to him being hired by Beane as his assistant with the Oakland A's in November 1998.
	When the movie "Moneyball" was adapted from the book, DePodesta did not approve of the way his character was portrayed. "There were a handful of things. Some were factual, others were more ephemeral." He had no objection to Jonah Hill's performance. "Jonah was awesome. He was so respectful of me and my time. It would have been flattering to be portrayed by someone of his expertise. It had nothing to do with the casting," DePodesta said in 2010. "I just could never get comfortable with the idea of somebody else portraying me to the rest of the world. Like any movie, to make it interesting, there has to be some conflict there. In some respects, a lot of the conflict is going to revolve around my character, and that was never really the case in reality," he said in 2011. He also talked about the caricatural focus it brought on him, first in 2003 and again in 2011. "The other problem was I wasn't all that interested in the attention. It had already happened from the book. And I didn't necessarily need to relive it."
	The role was originally going to be given DePodesta's name and portrayed by Demetri Martin, but DePodesta did not want his name or likeness to be used in the movie, so the character was named Peter Brand. Brand is a composite of Beane's assistants in Oakland, not an accurate representation of any specific person. But "Moneyball"s director, Bennett Miller, has credited DePodesta for being generous and helpful in the making of the film. Hill was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance.
	DePodesta is married to artist and philanthropist Karen Deicas and has three sons and a daughter. In 2016, Deicas launched the Sports Mind Institute, which seeks to connect lessons learned from figures in professional sports, athletes, team executives, and coaches, to help others apply them to life and the business sector. The family resides in the La Jolla neighborhood of San Diego, California.
	On December 13, 2012, DePodesta was elected to the Board of Directors of Sears Holdings Corporation. He has also served as a keynote speaker at numerous business conventions and been recognized by several publications, including "Baseball Prospectus" and "Fortune Magazine", which named him one of the Top 10 innovators under the age of 40.
	He appeared uncredited on several episodes of "".

= = = Jacques Joseph Champollion-Figeac = = =

	Jacques Joseph Champollion-Figeac (), also known as Champollion "l'aîné" ('the Elder'; 5 October 1778 – 9 May 1867) was a French archaeologist, elder brother of Jean-François Champollion (decipherer of the Rosetta Stone).
	He was born at Figeac in the "département" of Lot. He became professor of Greek and librarian at Grenoble. His research in Grenoble in 1803 revealed the existence of a Merovingian crypt under the church of St. Laurent. He was compelled to retire in 1816 on account of the part he had taken during the Hundred Days. He afterwards became keeper of manuscripts at the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris, and professor of palaeography at the École des Chartes. In 1850 he became librarian of the Château de Fontainebleau.
	He was a correspondent, living abroad, of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands from 1832 to 1851.
	He edited several of his brother's works, and was also author of original works on philological and historical subjects, among which may be mentioned:
	His son Aimé-Louis (1812–1894) became his father's assistant at the Bibliothèque Nationale and, besides a number of works on historical subjects, wrote a biographical and bibliographical study of his family in "Les Deux Champollion" (Grenoble, 1887).
	Champollion was portrayed by Stuart Bunce in the 2005 BBC docudrama "Egypt".

= = = KQMB = = =

	KQMB (96.7 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a hot adult contemporary music format and 1980s' music format. Licensed to Levan, Utah, United States, the station serves much of central Utah. The station is now owned by a Utah corporation in Utah County called JJIE Corporation.
	KQMB has an AM sister station known as KSRR, KStar 1400 AM.
	KQMB has a booster station, KQMB-FM1 in Provo.
	The station was assigned the call letters KBLN on January 8, 1999. On January 25, 2001, the station changed its call sign to KCFM and on September 21, 2005, to the current KQMB. 
	KQMB picked up the call sign and format from 102.7, which is now known as KSL (radio network) KSL-FM. However, it does not penetrate nearly as far into the Wasatch Front as 102.7. It completely misses Salt Lake City itself, and provides only marginal coverage of the Salt Lake City suburbs.
	In 2014, the station lost its signal, in 2017, the station went dark, and in 2018, the station will remain silent for a while.
	On December 20, 2018, Zeta Holdings, LLC sold the silent fm radio station KQMB-Levan, KQMB-FM1 Provo, KQMB Star 96.7, and translator K244DH-Fort Douglas for $100,000 to a Utah corporation in Utah County called JJIE Corporation owned by Franklyn H. & Melanie Mueller. The sale was consummated on May 21, 2019.

= = = 1953 Palanca Awards = = =

	The Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature winners in the year 1953 (rank, title of winning entry, name of author).
	Short Story
	Short Story

= = = The Other Guys = = =

	The Other Guys is a 2010 American buddy cop action comedy film directed by Adam McKay, who co-wrote it with Chris Henchy. It stars Will Ferrell, Mark Wahlberg, Michael Keaton, Eva Mendes, Steve Coogan, Ray Stevenson, Samuel L. Jackson, and Dwayne Johnson.
	This film is the fourth of five collaborations between Ferrell and McKay, following "" (2004), "" (2006), and "Step Brothers" (2008), and followed by "" (2013). "The Other Guys" is the only one not to be co-written by Ferrell. It is also the first of three collaborations between Ferrell and Wahlberg, who later reunited in "Daddy's Home" (2015) and "Daddy's Home 2" (2017).
	The film was released on August 6, 2010. It has a 78% approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes and grossed over $170 million.
	Allen Gamble and Terry "Yankee Clipper" Hoitz are both detectives of the New York City Police Department (NYPD). Allen is a mild-mannered forensic accountant while Terry is a hot-tempered detective who has been partnered with Allen ever since he mistakenly shot Derek Jeter during the World Series. They receive no respect from the other officers, particularly detectives Martin and Fosse. All but Terry idolize cocky detectives Chris Danson and P. K. Highsmith, who are considered New York City's best policemen even though they frequently cause millions of dollars in property damage catching petty criminals. During a pursuit, Danson and Highsmith leap to their deaths after attempting to "aim for the bushes", which causes the precinct to wonder why they did it and who will take their place.
	Allen and Terry investigate a scaffolding permit violation by multi-billionaire Sir David Ershon but wind up uncovering a much bigger plot by Ershon to cover the losses incurred by his client Lendl Global. Lendl CEO Pamela Boardman has hired a team of mercenaries led by Roger Wesley to make sure Ershon pays her back.
	During their investigation, Allen confides in Terry about how he ran a college dating service in his past, though he denies that he was ever a pimp. When they both get to Allen's house, Terry develops a slight crush on Allen's wife Sheila, while not believing she is truly with Allen because of her beauty. When they visit Allen's ex-girlfriend, Christinith, to gain their police evidence, she and her husband wants him to have sex with her. When Sheila tells Allen that she is pregnant, he reverts to his dark personality, which has her kick him out of their house. Meanwhile, Terry unsuccessfully attempts to reconnect with his ex-fiancée Francine, who had walked out on him due to his furious attitude.
	Their investigation comes to a halt when Ershon's attorney, Don Beaman, learns of Ershon's plan to cover his losses, leading Wesley to kill him and make it look like a suicide. Angered at their lack of progress, Capt. Gene Mauch splits up Allen and Terry, sending Terry to traffic duty and Allen to beat patrol. Despite Terry's anger, Allen still works the case on his own. After Allen learns that Danson and Highsmith died investigating a staged theft during which Wesley broke into an accounting firm next door, he finds credible evidence and earns his gun back from Mauch. Allen then convinces Terry to rejoin him. They meet Capt. Mauch at Bed Bath & Beyond, his second job, where the police captain admits he has been holding off on the case because Ershon has high-profile connections that could ruin him, and he allows them to finish the case off-the-books.
	They go to an investment meeting Ershon is having and realize that the $32 billion Ershon seeks is really coming from the NYPD pension fund. They escape with Ershon to his private apartment, and Ershon tells them that the money for the pension fund is already in his account, ready to be transferred. Later that night, Allen and Terry finally reconcile with their loved ones. Allen apologizes to Sheila with her mother as a secret communication system and so she welcomes her husband back in. Terry also apologizes to Francine for letting his anger rule his life.
	The next morning, they drive to the bank to stop the transfer, evading Wesley's team, groups of Chechen and Nigerian investors to whom Ershon owes money, and police officers who are told Allen and Terry have gone rogue. They reach the bank and halt the transfer. Wesley arrives, and as a delaying tactic, shoots both officers and Ershon in their arms. Mauch finally arrives with police backup, rescuing the two and arresting Ershon for his embezzlement, and Wesley for multiple counts of murder. Ershon's arrest leads to a stock market crash and the subsequent federal bailout of Lendl Global. Terry marries Francine, and Allen reunites with his wife. The narrator finishes off by stating that the true heroes are the everyday people who work to make a difference, not the ones who appear in the newspaper or on TV.
	McKay described the genesis as an "accident, in a way", stemming from a dinner he and Ferrell had with Wahlberg. After noticing the actors' chemistry, McKay wrote producer Kevin Messick an email hypothesizing a possible film starring the two, giving a cop film as an example of what he thought would work. Messik suggested developing that idea into a film.
	Principal photography for the film began on September 23, 2009, in New York City. Additional scenes were filmed in Albany and Staten Island, New York.
	Practical visual effects work, including the helicopter crash scene, was done by KernerFX.
	Stunt coordinator Brad Martin said in a "Wall Street Journal" interview that for Gamble's car they used three Priuses, including one with a racing engine so large it had to go in the back seat.
	In July 2010, Wahlberg and Ferrell appeared at the San Diego Comic-Con International to promote the film.
	During an episode of "Big Brother", the house guests competed in a luxury challenge to see an advance screening of the film. Although they weren't actually in the house, both Will Ferrell and Mark Wahlberg made an on-screen video appearance.
	During the August 4, 2010 episode of "America's Got Talent", the week's contestants saw an advance screening of the film and got to meet both Will Ferrell and Mark Wahlberg.
	Ferrell and Wahlberg also made a cameo appearance on an episode of "WWE Raw" to promote the film.
	During the week leading up to the release date, the film was promoted on TruTV programs, specifically "". During the Season 2 premier for the MTV reality series "Jersey Shore" on July 29, 2010, special segments were shown during the commercial breaks of the show's cast broken down on a highway, discussing several movies, as part of a promotional tie-in; with "The Other Guys" being one of them.
	They appeared in on screen advertising on broadcast sports events like MLB and NASCAR.
	In its first day of release, "The Other Guys" grossed $13,124,233, placing first for Friday. It had a large opening weekend take of $35,543,162, placing it at #1 for the weekend of August 6–8, 2010, unseating "Inception". The film ended up grossing $119,219,978 in North America and $51,212,949 in other territories, making for a worldwide total of $170,432,927.
	"The Other Guys" received a 78% approval rating from 202 surveyed critics on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes; the site's critical consensus reads: "A clever parody of cop-buddy action-comedies, "The Other Guys" delivers several impressive action set pieces and lots of big laughs, thanks to the assured comic chemistry between Will Ferrell and Mark Wahlberg." It has been called "a highly entertaining movie filled with witty dialogue and over-the-top action." Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" praised the film, saying, "Don't let anyone spoil the wildly hilarious surprises. Ferrell and Wahlberg will double your fun. Guaranteed." Some critics praised "The Other Guys" as the best police film of the year, comparing the film to the critically panned "Cop Out", with Richard Roeper stating, "Note to Kevin Smith: THIS is how you do a spoof of the buddy-cop genre," and Stephen Whitty of "The Star-Ledger" said in his mixed review, "Measured against this year's other police farce—remember "Cop Out"?—it looks absolutely heroic."
	"The Other Guys" also received the "Best Comedy Film" award for 2010 at the first annual Comedy Awards.

= = = Birds of the West Indies = = =

	Birds of the West Indies () is a book containing exhaustive coverage of the 400+ species of birds found in the Caribbean Sea, excluding the ABC islands, and Trinidad and Tobago, which are considered bio-geographically as part of South America.
	Written by ornithologist James Bond, the book was first published as "A Field Guide to the Birds of the West Indies" in 1936 by the Academy of Natural Sciences as part of the "International Series". It has been reprinted several times since then, including as one of the Peterson Field Guides series (PFG 18), a September 1, 1999, edition from Houghton Mifflin and a March 4, 2002 edition from Collins. The book contains approximately 256 pages.
	The book was the only text exclusively devoted to the avifauna of the region for many decades until "A Guide to the Birds of the West Indies" (), by Herbert Raffaele et al.., was published in 1998.
	"Birds of the West Indies" was a book owned by novelist Ian Fleming, who used the ornithologist's name for his own fictional British secret agent character, Commander James Bond. Fleming, a keen bird watcher while living at his estate in Jamaica, owned this book. He later explained that the author's name was "brief, unromantic, Anglo-Saxon, and yet very masculine – just what I needed." Fleming once said in a "Reader's Digest" interview: "I wanted the simplest, dullest, plainest-sounding name I could find, and 'James Bond' was much better than something more interesting, like 'Peregrine Carruthers.' Exotic things would happen to and around him, but he would be a neutral figure — an anonymous, blunt instrument wielded by a government department." The book has since become a collector's item amongst Bond fans and was featured as an homage in the twentieth James Bond film, "Die Another Day", when Bond poses as an ornithologist while in Cuba. The final shot of the miniseries "" is of a copy of "Birds of the West Indies" next to Ian Fleming's typewriter.

= = = Large format lens = = =

	Large format lenses are photographic optics that provide an image circle large enough to cover large format film or plates. Large format lenses are typically used in large format cameras and view cameras.
	Photographic optics generally project a circular image behind the lens. On smaller format cameras the image circle generally covers only the intended film size with little room to spare. Large format lenses are an exception. For large format use the circular patch of image light usually extends beyond the minimum size circle needed to fully cover the rectangle of the film. The extra image offers room to spare to make use of camera movements that re-align the lens away from dead center on the film.
	Lenses of the same general construction are often given a name implying this design. For example, a Tessar always has four elements in three groups as described below, although Tessars have been produced with different focal lengths and maximum apertures for many decades. Sometimes a name does not identify a specific design; Kodak's Ektar lens brand name encompasses many different types. Sometimes different manufacturers use different names for lenses of the same type; for example the Voigtländer Skopar is of Tessar design. And sometimes identical lenses are sold under different names and at different prices; for example, lenses branded as Rodenstock and Caltar.
	Early lenses suffered from flare and low contrast, worsening as the number of lens-air interfaces increased. The introduction of and improvements in anti-reflective coatings vastly reduced flare; some many-element lens designs which had been abandoned due to low contrast in spite of otherwise excellent performance became practical.
	Lenses designed for use with monochromatic film, first orthochromatic, then panchromatic, had less exacting requirements regarding chromatic aberrations than when colour film is used. When using older lenses today one should check that chromatic aberrations and flare are acceptable for the application.
	The Tessar design is suitable for front-element focussing, but unit focussing is used on large format cameras.
	A true telephoto lens is designed to require less bellows extension than a long-focus lens of the same focal length.

= = = Brian Chase = = =

	Brian Chase (born February 12, 1978) is an American drummer and drone musician who plays in the New York rock band Yeah Yeah Yeahs. He was ranked at #50 in Gigwise's list of "The Greatest Drummers of All Time". He plays drums with traditional grip.
	Chase met Karen O at Ohio's Oberlin College, and he joined the Yeah Yeah Yeahs in 2000 after the original drummer left the trio.
	Starting at college, Chase played for the rock band The Seconds. Chase has been described by the New York Times as "a consummate music nerd, a conservatory-trained jazz drummer who still plays in the city’s experimental scene."
	Outside of his rock work with the Yeah Yeah Yeahs, Chase has performed in a number of experimental duos with other musicians such as Stefan Tcherepnin and Seth Misterka, with whom he released a CD "Duo" on the Australian Heathen Skulls label in 2007. Other musicians he has played with include Jessica Pavone, Mary Halvorson, Yonatan Gat, Moppa Elliott, and groups Oakley Hall, Blarvuster, and klezmer-fusionists The Sway Machinery
	In May 2010 the Chase/Misterka Duo performed at the Melbourne International Jazz Festival and then a month-long Australian tour. A second record "The Shape of Sound" was released to coincide.
	In 2013, Chase released the album "Drums & Drones". A follow-up, "Drums & Drones II", was released in 2018 by Canadian label ICM. Chase's drone work has been inspired by his time working at La Monte Young and Marian Zazeela's Dream House, NYC.

= = = Cordoba Fighting Dog = = =

	The Cordoba Fighting Dog is an extinct breed of fighting dog. The Cordoba was a crossbreed of the Alano Español, English Mastiff, Bull Terrier, Bulldog and Boxer. Its temperament includes being very fierce, very aggressive, strong, vigorous, and relentless (high stamina).
	The Cordoba Fighting Dog originated in Córdoba, Argentina. It was noted for its willingness to fight to the death and its high pain tolerance. In addition, many members of this breed died in the dog fighting pits, contributing to the breed's extinction. The Cordoba was capable of hunting in a small pack of a male and female; otherwise it was likely to turn on its packmates. 
	The Dogo Argentino is directly derived from this breed. In the 1920s, breeders developed the Dogo Argentino by crossing the Cordoba Fighting Dog with other breeds such as the Great Dane, Great Pyrenees, Bulldog, Bull Terrier and Dogue de Bordeaux.

= = = Tadeusz Stefan Zieliński = = =

	Tadeusz Stefan Zieliński (; ; near Uman, Kiev Governorate, Russian Empire, September 14, 1859 – May 8, 1944, Schondorf, Upper Bavaria) was a prominent Polish classical philologist, historian, translator of Sophocles, Euripides and other classical authors into Russian.
	He was author of works on the history of ancient Greek culture and religion, classical education, and popularization of classical studies (published largely in Russian and German).
	He was professor at the University of St. Petersburg (1890–1922), then at Warsaw University for 17 years (1922–1939) in the interwar Poland, and recipient of honorary doctorates from the Jagiellonian University, Kraków (1930), and twelve western European universities. Between 1933–1939 Zieliński was a member of the prestigious Polish Academy of Literature.
	Although Zieliński was active in many areas of classical scholarship, one of the studies for which he is best known in the west is his investigation of the prose rhythm of Cicero, published in 1904 and which is still often referred to today. (See Clausula (rhetoric)).
	His daughter became wife of Prof. Vladimir Beneshevich executed by the Soviet regime in 1938. Adrian Piotrovsky was his natural son.

= = = Melbourne School Bands Festival = = =

	The Melbourne School Bands/Strings Festival was a two-week program where school bands mainly from metropolitan Melbourne, Australia, as well as country Victoria and interstate, gather to perform, listen and participate in tutorials. The Festival has an education focus. All ensembles receive either a Gold, Silver, Bronze, Merit or Participation shield. The Melbourne School Band festival is the brain child of Barry Croll and Douglas Heywood who created the idea and event under the Music Junction Blackburn Banner in 1989 to support the ongoing development of music education in schools. The festival was produced and sponsored by Billy Hyde Music Foundation, until their parent company Billy Hyde went into liquidation in 2012.
	In 2008, the Festival's 20th anniversary, over 300 concert bands, jazz ensembles and string ensembles performed at the Robert Blackwood Concert Hall and School of Music Auditorium, Monash University. Since the inception of the festival in 1989 the number of students electing to learn an instrument through their school music program has increased substantially. The festival is now one of Australia's most prestigious musical events for school musicians.
	The festival is designed to support and develop instrumental music education. Not only do students have the opportunity to perform at Australia's finest venues (acoustic-wise), but they receive adjudication from an outstanding panel of adjudicators.
	The festival runs for two weeks until the Festival Finale on the last Saturday of August. The Finale showcases the most outstanding ensembles from the Festival and features the distribution of the awards.
	In late 2012, Allans Billy Hyde music stores went into liquidation and the Billy Hyde Foundation now ceases to exist. While select Allans Billy Hyde stores live on through a new owner the Melbourne School Bands Festival's fate is unknown.

= = = 1954 Palanca Awards = = =

	The Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature winners in the year 1954 (rank, title of winning entry, name of author).
	Short Story
	One-Act Play
	Short Story in Filipino
	One-Act Play in Filipino

= = = Sledmere = = =

	Sledmere is a village in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England, about north-west of Driffield on the B1253 road.
	The village lies in a civil parish which is also officially called "Sledmere" by the Office for National Statistics, although the county council and parish council refer to it as Sledmere and Croome, as the parish also includes the nearby hamlet of Croome. According to the 2011 UK census, the parish had a population of 377, an increase on the 2001 UK census figure of 197; the parish covers an area of .
	Local points of interest include Sledmere House, a Georgian country house. Built in 1751 by Richard Sykes, the house has remained in the Sykes family since then. It is now the home of Sir Tatton Sykes, 8th baronet.
	The Sledmere Monument is about south-east of the village, along the B1252 road, on top of Garton Hill. It is tall and is a tribute to Sir Tatton Sykes, 4th Baronet, built by his friends in 1865.
	The Wagoners' Memorial in the village, designed by Sir Mark Sykes, 6th Baronet, is dedicated to the Wolds Wagoners Reserve, a corps that Sir Mark raised from the local population to fight in the First World War. It is noted for its unusual shape and its graphic scenes of war and country life.
	The memorial was designated a Grade II listed building in September 1966, but upgraded to Grade I in March 2016.
	Sledmere is also the site of the Eleanor Cross, Sledmere, a replica Eleanor cross designated a Grade II listed building in September 1966, but upgraded to Grade I in March 2016.
	The 'Sledmere Cross' takes the form of an Eleanor Cross and is a true 'folly' that was 'converted' in 1919 to a War Memorial by Sir Mark Sykes (of the Sykes–Picot Agreement) who added a series of brass portraits in commemoration of his friends and the local men who fell in the war and also notably himself in crusader armour with the inscription “Laetare Jerusalem (Rejoice Jerusalem)”.
	East of the village is Sledmere Castle, a folly built around 1790 by John Carr for Sir Christopher Sykes, the 2nd baronet, to enhance the view from Sledmere House.
	The church of St Mary is one of the churches on the Sykes Churches Trail. In 1966 the church was designated a Grade II* listed building.
	Sledmere was served by Sledmere and Fimber railway station on the Malton and Driffield Railway between 1853 and 1950.

= = = Biscotasing, Ontario = = =

	Biscotasing, often referred to as simply Bisco, is a community in the Unorganized North Part of Sudbury District in northeastern, Ontario, Canada. It was founded on the shores of Lake Biscotasi on the Spanish River in 1884 by Canadian Pacific Railway as a railway construction town, and the first divisional point west of Sudbury. The rails of westward track laying gangs reached this area in October 1884.
	Biscotasing is an access point for canoeists, fishermen, and back-country campers to the area including Biscotasi Lake Provincial Park. It has one general store that functions as the post office, tackle shop, grocery store and Liquor Control Board of Ontario (LCBO) outlet; a community centre; a church; and the one-room Biscotasing railway station served by Via Rail. The town also is accessible by floatplane and by a long drive on the Sultan Industrial Road. Although the year-round population is only 22, during the summer season, the population swells to around 300, mostly tourists.
	The early development of Biscotasing was dictated solely by the needs of the railway. The CPR acquired a parcel of land at Biscotasing in 1884 and by November had cleared . A frame station the size of 30 × , was constructed, with offices upstairs, a large freight shed 40 × , a telegraph office, several residences for company officials and a number of boarding houses were completed before the end of that year. A wye track had also been installed to allow work trains to turn around prior to returning to the east. Later a roundhouse was built to service the locomotives.
	In his book "The Last Spike" historian Pierre Berton wrote about Biscotasing, as it was 1885-04-01, when the first soldiers on their way to the North-West Rebellion passed through.
	As a divisional point, Biscotasing did not last much beyond the era of construction, as Chapleau, about midway between Sudbury and Lake Superior, was selected to replace it. Soon after, the town lost its importance as a railroad town but still existed as a quiet fur trading town. The railway provided an inland access point to waterways flowing south to Lake Huron and north to James Bay, and the town subsequently developed as a centre for Indian trade in the region.
	The local water routes also helped to develop Biscotasing as a major centre for lumbering. In 1884, Public Lands Surveyor James Allan noted that timber in the area had been overrun by fires and was of very little value, consisting mostly of scrubby spruce and small pitch pine. The same year a sawmill was in operation at Biscotasing, mostly to serve the requirements of CPR construction.
	The first permanent sawmill was established by Sadler and O'Neil in the early 1890s. Robert Booth and Patrick Shannon, were also actively logging this region from 1895. Booth and Shannon produced square timber, which was taken by CPR to Papineauville for export to Britain, from the Port of Quebec in Quebec. By 1903 Booth and Shannon were the only lumber producers in Biscotasing, possibly having taken over and expanding the O'Neil mill which closed in 1898.
	The original Booth and Shannon mill was destroyed by fire 1913-06-13. It was subsequently rebuilt, at which time Robert Booth left the partnership, with Patrick's son, the firm was reorganized as P. & G. Shannon. In 1923 the mill was sold to Midland lumbermen Pratt and Shanacy. The mill closed in 1927 for lack of timber. The mill was dismantled and removed by 1938.
	Many of the old buildings in Biscotasing that survive today are from the sawmill era. A small steam locomotive, once used to switch cars of lumber from the mill to the lumber piling grounds, sat for many years, derelict on the mill property, across the tracks, opposite the Pratt and Shanacy company store. In 1958, David L. Pratt, of Toronto donated his father's steam engine for display at the Algonquin Provincial Park Logging Museum.
	From railway construction camp, to fur trade depot and lumbering centre, in 1922 Biscotasing became the first place in Northern Ontario to use aircraft (Curtiss NC) for forest fire surveillance.

= = = Provable prime = = =

	In number theory, a provable prime is an integer that has been calculated to be prime using a primality-proving algorithm. Contrast with probable prime, which is likely (but not certain) to be prime, based on the output of a probabilistic primality test. In principle, every prime number can be proved to be prime in polynomial time by using the AKS primality test. In practice, other methods which guarantee that their result is prime, but which do not work for all primes, are useful for the random generation of provable primes.

= = = Tales of the World: Narikiri Dungeon 3 = = =

	Frio and Kyaro, two teenagers, love the Tales legends and read about them every day before they go to sleep. After an earthquake, Dr. Brown finds an ancient time traveling machine in the ruins. Using this, they can go see the Tales legends. They go to sleep and prepare for tomorrow.
	Before Frio went to sleep, he read a Tales legend again. But this one ended strangely: the hero arrives too late and the world is destroyed.
	When Frio and Kyaro wake up, they find out the machine has been stolen. Not long after they find out, a re-color of the machine appears. The one boarding it was Dr. White, Dr. Brown from 100 days into the future whose hair had turned white from extreme stress.
	There are thieves who are ruining the timeline of the Tales legends, and they have to be stopped. Dr. White now needs Frio and Kyaro to help stop the thieves and brings with him the aid of the heroes from Tales of Symphonia, Destiny, and Eternia.
	Tales of the World: Narikiri Dungeon 3 is a turn-based tactical RPG as well as a real-time RPG. Battles take place in enclosed areas that include ally parties and enemy units. Players move parties (consisting of three characters each) by selecting the sprite of the party's player-controlled character, and selecting the target location on the map. The limit of where the party can travel is indicated by dots between the target destination and the starting point of the party. When the dots are gray, the party can move to that location, as long as an obstacle does not block him/her. If it is red, then the target is out of range. The player can alter the destination of the party at any time during the player's turn. When the player ends the turn, all ally parties will move simultaneously. When one of the players' parties comes in contact with an enemy party, the player engages in a LMBS-style battle. In a typical RPG fashion, players level up their party members to gain stat increases. Like many Tales games, Narikiri Dungeon 3 includes the aspect of cooking: players can use acquired ingredients to prepare meals that affect party members, like replenishing HP, or temporarily gaining a certain stat in battle.
	Tales of the World:
	Tales of Phantasia:
	Tales of Destiny:
	Tales of Eternia:
	Tales of Destiny 2:
	Tales of Symphonia:

= = = Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress = = =

	"Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress" (also titled "Long Cool Woman" or "Long Cool Woman (in a Black Dress)") is a song written by Allan Clarke, Roger Cook, and Roger Greenaway and performed by the British rock group The Hollies. Originally appearing on the album "Distant Light", it was released as a single on 17 April 1972 (on Parlophone in the United Kingdom), selling 1.5 million copies in the United States and two million worldwide. It reached No. 2 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in September 1972. "Billboard" ranked it as the No. 24 song for 1972.
	On the day "Long Cool Woman" was recorded at AIR Studios, the group's producer, Ron Richards, was ill and, as a result, the song was produced by the group. The song is different from most other Hollies songs in that there are no three-part vocal harmonies, and the song features lead guitar and lead vocal work by Allan Clarke. Upon his return, Ron Richards mixed the recording.
	The song was written in the swamp rock style of Creedence Clearwater Revival, in terms of the vocal, rhythm, and melodic style. It came out in the spring of 1972 (the same year Creedence split up). Clarke imitated John Fogerty's vocal style, which was based on the Creedence song "Green River". According to Clarke, the song was written "in about five minutes".
	In the Hollies' native United Kingdom, the song was only a modest success for the band, peaking at number 32 on the charts. However, it was a smash hit in the United States, peaking at number 2 for two weeks behind Gilbert O'Sullivan’s "Alone Again (Naturally)". It was their highest charting single in that country. It also topped the charts in South Africa and peaked at number 2 in New Zealand and Australia. By this time, Clarke had already left the band, but he feels that "it wasn't unfortunate", since he had co-written the song. Clarke rejoined the Hollies in the summer of 1973, partly due to the success of this song.

= = = Site map = = =

	A site map (or sitemap) is a list of pages of a web site.
	There are three primary kinds of site map:
	Sitemaps may be addressed to users or to software. Many sites have user-visible sitemaps which present a systematic view, typically hierarchical, of the site. These are intended to help visitors find specific pages, and can also be used by crawlers. Alphabetically organized site maps, sometimes called site indexes, are a different approach.
	For use by search engines and other crawlers, there is a structured format, the XML Sitemap, which lists the pages in a site, their relative importance, and how often they are updated. This is pointed to from the robots.txt file and is typically called sitemap.xml
. The structured format is particularly important for web sites which include pages that are not accessible through links from other pages, but only through the site's search tools or by dynamic construction of URLs in JavaScript or Adobe Flash.
	They also act as a navigation aid by providing an overview of a site's content at a single glance.
	Google introduced the Sitemaps protocol so web developers can publish lists of links from across their sites. The basic premise is that some sites have a large number of dynamic pages that are only available through the use of forms and user entries. The Sitemap files contains URLs to these pages so that web crawlers can find them. Bing, Google, Yahoo and Ask now jointly support the Sitemaps protocol.
	Since the major search engines use the same protocol, having a Sitemap lets them have the updated page information. Sitemaps do not guarantee all links will be crawled, and being crawled does not guarantee indexing. Google Webmaster Tools allow a website owner to upload a sitemap that Google will crawl, or they can accomplish the same thing with the robots.txt file.
	XML Sitemaps have replaced the older method of "submitting to search engines" by filling out a form on the search engine's submission page. Now web developers submit a Sitemap directly, or wait for search engines to find it. Regularly submitting an updated sitemap when new pages are published may allow search engines to find and index those pages more quickly than it would by finding the pages on its own.
	Below is an example of a validated XML sitemap for a simple three page web site. Sitemaps are a useful tool for making sites built in Flash and other non-html languages searchable. If a website's navigation is built with Flash, an automated search program would probably only find the initial homepage; subsequent pages are unlikely to be found without an XML sitemap.
	XML sitemap example:

= = = Frank Mancuso Jr. = = =

	Frank G. Mancuso Jr. (born October 9, 1958) is an American film producer.
	Mancuso, the son of the former Paramount Pictures president Frank Mancuso Sr., was born in Buffalo, New York. Mancuso produced sequels to "Friday the 13th" and co-created "".
	Mancuso later produced "Cool World", which he had heavily rewritten during production, "Internal Affairs", the "Species" franchise, "Hoodlum", "Stigmata", "Ronin", "I Know Who Killed Me", and "Road to Paloma".
	"All films, he was producer unless otherwise noted."

= = = Loton Park Hill Climb = = =

	Loton Park Hill Climb is a hillclimb held in part of the Loton Park deer park in Shropshire, England. The track was originally constructed by the members of The Severn Valley Motor Club based in Shrewsbury, in the mid-1950s. The first ever winner was Peter Foulkes in a Cooper Climax. The track was threatened with closure in 1969 and since then events have been organised by the Hagley & District Light Car Club, who obtained the lease on the land from owner Sir Michael Leighton in 1970, in which year the first National A hillclimb was staged. 
	The course is 1475 yards (1349 metres) in length, making it the third longest course used in the British Hill Climb Championship. It contains an unusual "downhill" section fairly early in its layout. As of June 2009, the hill record of 44.42 seconds stands to Scott Moran, who set the mark in the second run-off of the 13 April 2009 meeting. Martin Groves had previously beaten his own previous record (44.53s) with 44.46s in the first run-off.
	Key: R = Course Record; FTD = Fastest Time of the Day; S/C = Supercharged.

= = = Sounds Like Chicken = = =

	Sounds Like Chicken was a band from Melbourne, Australia, which formed in 1999 and disbanded in 2007. They were one of Australia's most well-known ska bands and one of the most popular Christian bands in the country. They were signed to Boomtown Records.
	Sounds Like Chicken's musical style included a blend of Ska, Hardcore, Reggae and Rock.The band placed a high emphasis on touring and were known for their "high energy" live performances.
	Sounds Like Chicken shared stages and toured with such bands, including Reel Big Fish, Mad Caddies, Crowned King, Hilltop Hoods, Kisschasy, Area-7, Gyroscope, Bodyjar, 28 Days, Killing Heidi, The O.C. Supertones, and Antiskeptic.
	Sounds like Chicken also had rotation on the radio station Triple J, mainly with their double A-side single "Take a Bullet to the Grave"/"El Chupanebre" and their other single "Global Domination".
	After their breakup, SLC released all their previous recordings under Creative Commons (by-nc-sa), for free online distribution.
	The band reformed for a once-off show on 11 May 2014 as a benefit for independent record store Fist2face.
	Sounds Like Chicken began in 1999 when Nathanael Kitingan (Nat Kitingan) met Nyall Dawson at Monash University in Melbourne. Nat and Nyall attempted to start an unnamed musical project with Hugh Ogilvy (also from Monash University) featuring Nyall on electric violin, Hugh on guitar and Nat on drums. This trio did not get off the ground and so brothers Joel and Elliot Dawson joined to form Sounds Like Chicken, a ska project taking influences from Voodoo Glow Skulls, The O.C. Supertones, The Insyderz and Five Iron Frenzy. This early lineup was Nyall (vocals), Nat (bass/vocals), Elliot (drums), Joel (sax) and Hugh (guitar).
	Sounds Like Chicken's first show was at Joel's 21st birthday party in mid-2000. Hugh left the band at the end of 2000 due to other commitments and was replaced by Tom Dowding on guitar. Tom was an extremely accomplished bass player and so Nat decided to swap to playing guitar so that Tom's talent could be fully utilised. The band decided they needed another horn and so after a number of unsuccessful audition attempts, in 2001 Nat met Natalie Parker at university and invited her to a practice. Natalie was initially apprehensive but was eventually convinced by the boys to join the band. During her second practice she was already laying down trumpet tracks on their first demo recording which ended up becoming the band's self-made demo EP, "Slowly Going the Way of the Chicken".
	Sounds Like Chicken toured interstate for the first time under this lineup in September 2001, playing in Sydney and Canberra and also at the Black Stump Music Festival. In 2002, Tom Dowding departed from Sounds like Chicken to be replaced by Joshua Diemar on bass. It was in this year that Sounds Like Chicken released their first studio EP, "I Am Gibbon, Hear Me Roar", produced by David Carr (Antiskeptic, Taxiride). The EP gave the band airplay on community radio, Christian radio, and Triple J.
	In early 2004, the band were signed to Boomtown Records, a Melbourne-based indie record label distributing through Shock Records and MGM. Deciding that a bigger ensemble was required, Sounds Like Chicken asked long-time friend Dave Powys (ex Staff Discount and Never In Doubt) to join on second guitar, making them a 7-piece band. Dave moved down from Canberra and recorded on the single Global Domination, their first release with Boomtown and distributed through MGM. The single received national airplay and spot airplay on Triple J and was sold out within 2 months of its limited pressing. It was noted that producer Dave Carr's production was a big step up from previous releases.
	It was shortly after this that the band decided it was time to move on and the band was without a bass-player. They were booked in to record an album and so asked if Carlos Echeverria (ex Know Exit and Wishful Thinking) would fill in and record bass for them. Their first full-length album, "...Like a Cannonball to the Ocean Floor" was released late that year through Boomtown, also doing well on the airwaves. The album drew acclaim from reviewers as a "brilliantly released debut album", although the length of 17 tracks drew some criticism. Sounds Like Chicken did a joint national tour with label-mates Wishful Thinking to launch the album. Carlos officially joined shortly after the album's release.
	In early 2005 founding member and manager, Elliot, decided to part ways with the band. Mike "Carcass" Haydon (of Melbourne band "The Knockabouts"), only 17 at the time, was able to fill the role of drummer. Mike had been a tour roadie for the band for the past 3 years and so was already well-acquainted with their songs. That year Sounds Like Chicken released the second double-A side single off the album, "Take a Bullet to the Grave/El Chupanebre" through Boomtown Records, and completed a national tour over 3 months to launch it.
	On 3 November 2006, founding member, Nyall Dawson, announced his decision to depart the band early in 2007.
	Sounds Like Chicken have played and toured with numerous well-known Australian and international acts and have been featured on various international and Australian compilations and soundtracks such as Turn the Other Cheek Volume 1.
	On 18 December 2006 Sounds Like Chicken announced they were calling it a day in a bulletin released on the band's MySpace. The main factors in the breakup was the future departure of Nyall Dawson and other key members of the band, the band stated...
	""We guess it’s time for some of us to move on. There was other plans for our lives and with the impending departure of some key members, we felt that SLC would simply not be SLC if we went on without them. We all feel at peace about this decision.""
	Shortly after, the band announced plans for an Australia wide farewell tour to take place in February–March 2007, along with the release of a final limited-edition compilation disk titled "Death To The Crow" to coincide with the tour.
	Sounds Like Chicken's final show was held at TLC Bayswater, Victoria on Saturday 17 March 2007.
	The band's entire discography (except for Death To The Crow) was made available for free download on their website and on Jamendo
	In April 2007, former SLC members Mike Haydon, Dave Powys, Ben Hobson, Nat Kitingan and Joel Dawson together with new addition Paul McCasker formed reggae band San Salvador. They released an EP "How To Hear", two singles "Like a Train" and "Spark the Fire" and later the mini-album "Rugged Are The Mountains".
	Former members Mike Haydon and Joe Ireland later joined indie band The Middle East which featured two tracks in Triple J's hottest 100 in 2010. Dave Powys also went on to join indie folk band The Paper Kites.
	On 31 March 2014 it was announced on the band's fan-run Facebook page that they were reforming for a once off show on 11 May 2014 as a benefit for Fist2face record store. The show was held at Ding Dong Lounge and featured supports from Antiskeptic, The Ramshackle Army, Best Before, Payoff and more. The show sold out.

= = = Full Scale (band) = = =

	Full Scale (formerly known as Full Scale Deflection, later known as Full Scale Revolution) is an Australian alternative metal band that formed in Perth, Western Australia during 1998. The band relocated to Melbourne in 2001.
	Full Scale released two extended plays; "Black Arrows" and "White Arrows" both in 2003 on Popstar Records. They also released a self-titled studio album issued in 2005 on Columbia Records, "Full Scale".
	Full Scale were formed in 1998 in Perth as Full Scale Deflection. By 1999, they consisted of Ezekiel the Ox on lead vocals, Nic Frey on drums, Chris Frey on bass guitar, Forrester Savell on synthesiser, and Jimmy Tee on guitar. Matt Crute (aka Crutey) soon replaced Nic Frey on drums. Rob Kaay replaced Chris Frey on bass guitar by 2000. They released the album, "Symptoms of Chaos", on 11 November 2000. The band dropped the word Deflection from their name and then moved to Melbourne in 2001. Despite playing their original songs for some of their shows, they developed new music.
	Kaay and Andrew McGuiness (a lawyer) formed a record label, Popstar Records, and Full Scale released their debut extended play, "Black Arrows" in March 2003. This was followed by a second EP, "White Arrows" in August. There was a brief line-up change; Tee left the band, being replaced by Tristan Ross for about six months. Under the management of Kaay, the band toured the east coast extensively.
	According to Allmusic's reviewer, Johnny Loftus, "the band's hard-hitting, gristly sound – led by Ox's vocal seethe – caught the interest of American majors". By the end of the year, Tee rejoined and the band moved to Los Angeles where they were signed to Columbia Records (SonyBMG) and released their self-titled album, "Full Scale", on 8 March 2005. After the album's release they toured the United States as the opening act for US rap rock band, Hed PE.
	Upon returning to Australia, Crutey and Tee decided to play one last show with the band and Ben Brennan (Seven, Full Scale Revolution) played his first show with Full Scale on bass guitar at the Corner Hotel in Melbourne on 17 March 2006. Ox moved on to a new group, Mammal.
	In January 2016 Ox and Tee announced that they were reforming the band with a new rhythm section of Chris Webber (Webbsy) and Leigh Miller. They announced February 2016 tour dates in Sydney, Melbourne and Perth.
	The band released a new song entitled "Jurassic Graveyard" in January 2018, and embarked on a national tour of Australia. So far, no new album has yet been announced.
	After Full Scale, Ox became the front man for Mammal, from March 2006, they released an EP, "Mammal". Their single "Slaves" was produced by Ox's ex-bandmate Savell. They later released two albums ("" and "The Majority") and disbanded in 2009. He was the front-man of The Ox & the Fury with Brennan, Lucius Borich and Dom Italiano, as an alternate country music group. Ox also appeared in theatre, and produced music for hip hop groups. Ox later became the front man of Over-Reactor (based in Melbourne), which released their album, "Lose Your Delusion".
	Kaay became an author and entrepreneur. He used the business management skills he had acquired to build Full Scale into the band that was signed to Columbia Records to start his own Australian company. Right after Full Scale, he joined Sunk Loto in September 2006, until they broke up in December 2007. After that he worked with the Brown brothers for nearly two years on an unreleased project tentatively entitled, "The Flood The Flood". Deciding to retire from the live-music-touring scene in 2008, Kaay released a series of books, "Robkaay Journals. Vol. I, My Glorious Nightmare" (2008), based on his recollections of his music career over a period of ten years. Vol. II followed in 2010 as "This is what it's really like being in a band". He has also written two fantasy fiction novels, "Silverbirch: A Tear in the Fabric of the Night Sky"(2009) and Silverbirch: Fall of the Epicenter. His first Silverbirch novel cracked the Top 10 Amazon.com chart in its first week of release in the Science Fiction category. Kaay is now a successful entrepreneur running multiple businesses under his company Kaay.com.au(.)
	Crutey ran the Saltar Hype booking agency in Melbourne, and played in different projects (one with Ben Brennan) as well as appearing with Ox in The Ox and The Fury. As of 2009, he was the drummer for the Tim McMillan Band.
	Tee played for the US band Helmet for a short stint, playing live for a handful of shows. He was the guitarist for the heavy rock band, Sleeping Giant, which formed in 2010 in Perth.
	Savell has produced records by Dead Letter Circus, Karnivool, The Butterfly Effect and Human Nature. He was nominated as Producer of the Year at the ARIA Music Awards of 2009 for Karnivool's "Sound Awake". He continued to work with Ox on the project, Smash Nova.
	Chris Frey (from the original F.S.D.) is a film maker working in Melbourne. He was a video director for Karnivool's "Set Fire to the Hive" which was nominated for 'Australian Music Video of the Year' at the 2009 J Awards. He also directed two film clips for Ox's band Mammamal, for "Smash the Pinata" and "The Majority".
	In 2008 "Colour, Light, Movement, Sound!", a documentary on Full Scale's journey from Perth to America and their subsequent demise, was released on DVD. The DVD contains a bonus disc called "Bootleg" which contains live clips from assorted shows in the band's career. The release of the DVD was marked with a launch party at Melbourne's Hi-Fi Bar. Ezekiel Ox, Jimmy Tee, Crutey and Rob Kaay attended the launch party, and came on stage at the end of the night to give their thanks and to take one last bow for their fans.
	In 2010, Jimmy Tee and Rob Kaay were asked to reform Full Scale, but both declined. A new band, with Ezekiel Ox, Crutey, Tristan Ross and Ben Brennan were formed in Melbourne for a single short tour, as Full Scale Revolution. Proceeds from this tour went to the Refugee Action Collective. During this tour, Jimmy Tee played a song, "The Heimlich Manoeuvre", with Full Scale Revolution in Fremantle at the Newport Hotel on 6 June 2010.
	Full Scale Deflection
	Full Scale

= = = 1968 Palanca Awards = = =

	The Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature winners in 1968 (rank, title of winning entry, name of author).
	Short Story
	Poetry
	One-Act Play
	Short Story in Filipino
	Poetry in Filipino
	One-Act Play in Filipino

= = = Bishop Chatard High School = = =

	Bishop Chatard High School is a Catholic co-educational preparatory high school located in the Broad Ripple district of Indianapolis, Indiana in the United States. It is named after Bishop Silas Chatard, who was the first Bishop of Indianapolis, and oversaw the movement of the diocese from Vincennes to Indianapolis in 1898.
	The increase in Indiana's Catholic population that triggered the splitting of the Indianapolis diocese in 1944 also caused an increase in the need for Catholic schools. It was clear that one high school would not be sufficient to provide for Indianapolis' massively expanding Catholic population. To this end, the Archbishop of Indianapolis, Paul Clarence Schulte, ordered the construction of three new Catholic high schools in the city. The first of these, Bishop Chatard, would serve the north side of Indianapolis. The two other new schools, Roncalli High School and Cardinal Ritter High School, would serve the south and west sides of Indianapolis respectively. Scecina would continue to serve the east side of the city.
	Ground was broken for the first of the schools, Bishop Chatard, in the fall of 1960 on diocese property at the corner of Crittenden and Kessler Avenues. Construction of the school and an adjacent convent was completed in less than a year, and the first students were admitted in September 1961. Each year a class of students was added to the school, and the first graduating class was the class of 1964-65. Over the years, many improvements were made to the school facility as the number of students rose.
	Initially, classes were taught almost entirely by priests from the Archdiocese of Indianapolis and Benedictine Sisters of Beech Grove. Many sisters were housed in the convent on-site, but their numbers declined to the point that in the 1970s, their convent was converted to an annex of the school. The annex has served as classroom, office and storage space for thirty years, and was recently rededicated to the Sisters as the St. Benedict Center.
	By 1997, the school was showing its age. Paint was peeling, windows and roofs were leaky, and facilities sorely needed an upgrade. To remedy the situation and remodel the 35-year-old building, school administrators embarked on a $2 million capital campaign to pay for new windows, a new roof, electrical improvements, and other needed renovations. These were undertaken over the summer, and when students arrived to begin the 1997-1998 school year, they were in what was virtually a whole new building.
	In 1999, improvements continued with the opening of the new fine arts addition. A new band room, art studio, and library were added, as were six new classrooms and an elevator to make the building handicap-accessible. This was paid for by a $1.5 million building drive made possible by alumni donations.
	In the summer of 2005, and completed over the 2007-08 school year, a campaign involved the construction of an additional elevator to allow better access to classrooms for handicapped students and a remodeling of the cafeteria and several hallways. A new auxiliary gymnasium was paid for by alumni donations and a slight tuition increase. In 2011, President Bill Sahm announced the “Golden Opportunities Campaign,” to address several issues including the creation of a tuition assistance endowment and a teacher compensation endowment. The Campaign also addressed improvements to the academic environment including the addition of robust wireless network throughout the two buildings, new servers and expanded student and teacher access to 21st century computers in the classrooms and labs. The Campaign also addressed the needs of the athletic community with the addition of a competition track and fields including a new turf field and all-weather track with bleacher seating for 900, stadium lighting and a concession/restroom facility, as well as a turf baseball field and a one-mile walk/run trail.
	Bishop Chatard has been accredited by AdvancED or its predecessors since April 2004.
	The demographic breakdown of the 691 students enrolled in 2015-2016 was:
	The Bishop Chatard Trojans compete in the Circle City Conference. School colors are royal blue and white. The following Indiana High School Athletic Association (IHSAA) sanctioned sports are offered:
	Chatard competes annually in the Brain Game, a quiz bowl program broadcast on local television. There are many fine arts programs, such as marching band, concert band, pep band, concert choir, show choir, and the thespian society.

= = = Garth Fagan = = =

	Gawain Garth Fagan, CD (born 3 May 1940) is a Jamaican modern dance choreographer. He is the founder and artistic director of Garth Fagan Dance, a modern dance company based in Rochester, New York.
	Fagan was born in Kingston, Jamaica to Oxford educated S.W. Fagan, former Chief Education Officer of Jamaica, and Louise I. Walker. It was a gymnastics class that initially drew his attention to dance early on. While attending Excelsior High school, he studied with Ivy Baxter at the Jamaica National Dance Company and performed at the inauguration of Cuban President Fidel Castro in 1959. Fagan was educated at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan where he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree with sights on becoming a psychologist.
	Fagan worked at several dance companies in Detroit, and moved to Rochester New York in 1970, and there established his dance company originally named the "Bottom of the Bucket BUT ... Dance Theatre" in 1970. He was a Professor, at State University of New York, Brockport starting in 1970. Fagan choreographed for the Dance Theatre of Harlem, the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater, and the Limón Dance Company in the 1970s. He has studied the works of Isadora Duncan, Martha Graham, Pearl Primus, Alvin Ailey, José Limón, and Katherine Dunham. He is also influenced by Caribbean and West African dances.
	Fagan's choreography incorporates elements of modern dance, ballet, Afro-Caribbean dance, and social dance. Many of his works are autobiographical or include themes of personal relevance. His untitled 1977 work chronicles the dissolution of his marriage, showing a couple beginning a relationship with affection and passion but eventually drifting apart due to inevitable obstacles. "Griot New York," which premiered in 1991 at the Brooklyn Academy of Music, is about the experiences of the underprivileged living in New York City. The piece juxtaposes linear balletic movement with sharp angular gestures, twitching, and erotic partnering to represent the diversity and contrast found in big cities as well as conflict in his own life. In "Moth Dreams," choreographed in 1992, Fagan celebrates his childhood, adolescence, and relationship with his mother.
	Fagan resides in Rochester, New York, is now divorced, and has two children.
	Fagan is a Distinguished University Professor at the State University of New York at Brockport. He has a Bachelor of Arts from Wayne State University, and earned a Doctor of Fine Arts from the University of Rochester in 1986, and holds "honoris causa" Doctors degrees from Juilliard School, Hobart College, William Smith College, and Nazareth College.
	Fagan received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1998, and a three-year Choreography Fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts. He was made Commander in the Order of Distinction of Jamaica in August 2001, and was presented the Prime Minister's Award by Jamaican Prime Minister P. J. Patterson .
	In 2005 he received the Artist of the Year Award from the Arts & Cultural Council for Greater Rochester.
	In 2012, Fagan was named one of America's Irreplaceable Dance Treasures by the Dance Heritage Coalition.

= = = Loton Park = = =

	Loton Park is a country house near Alberbury, Shrewsbury in Shropshire, on the upper reaches of the River Severn. It is a Grade II* listed building. It has been the seat of the Leighton family since 1391.
	It stands in of parkland which includes one of the two privately owned deer parks to remain in Shropshire and is notable for its population of red kites.
	The estate is mentioned in the Domesday Book. The core of the present house dates from the 17th century, though significant remodelling was carried out throughout the 19th century. The ruins of an earlier castle, built in 1340, survive in the grounds.
	The north front was built in 1712 by Sir Edward Leighton, 2nd Baronet, who moved his family seat here from Wattlesborough Castle, and was High Sheriff of Shropshire for 1727. In 1805, the 5th Baronet entertained the Prince Regent and the Duke of Clarence at Loton. Sir Baldwin Leighton, 6th Baronet was wounded in the American War of Independence, was a Brigadier in Portugal and Governor of Carrickfergus Castle.
	The house is currently the home of Sir Michael Leighton, 11th Baronet.
	The estate is also prominent in motorsport as the location of the Loton Park Hill Climb.
	Loton Hall is a Grade II*-listed building, dated c.1670. A country house, originally with a U-shaped plan, a large wing was added to the southeast in 1872–73. The house is built in red brick with dressings in red and grey sandstone and a tile roof. The earlier part has a plinth, quoins, chamfered, coped and parapeted gables with finials. There are two storeys, a basement and attics, and a front of five bays, the outer bays projecting and gabled. In the centre is a three-bay loggia-porch that has arches with imposts, Tuscan columns, an entablature, and a balustrade. Above, the central window has Corinthian columns and a broken triangular pediment containing a cartouche, and above that is a gabled half-dormer. The later wing to the right has one storey with attics, and nine bays, and contains gables, mullioned and transomed windows, and a full-height canted bay window.

= = = Alt attribute = = =

	The alt attribute is the HTML attribute used in HTML and XHTML documents to specify alternative text (alt text) that is to be rendered when the element to which it is applied cannot be rendered. 
	The alt attribute is used by "screen reader" software so that a person who is listening to the content of a webpage (for instance, a person who is blind) can interact with this element. Every image should have an alt attribute to be accessible, but it need not contain text. It can be an empty or null attribute: codice_1.
	The attribute was introduced in HTML 2 and in HTML 4.01 was required for the codice_2 and codice_3 tags. It is optional for the codice_4 tag and the deprecated codice_5 tag.
	Here is an image for which the alt attribute is "In the sky flies a red flag with a white cross whose vertical bar is shifted toward the flagpole."
	The HTML for this image might be something like the following:
	A visually impaired reader using a screen reader such as Orca will hear the alt text in place of the image. A text browser such as Lynx will display the alt text instead of the image. A graphical browser typically will display only the image, and will display the alt text only if the user asks it to show the image's properties or has configured the browser not to display images, or if the browser was unable to retrieve or to decode the image.
	An alternative alt attribute value would be "The Danish flag".
	The codice_6 attribute does not always have to literally describe the contents of the image. Keep in mind the purpose and context of the image and what would be useful to someone who cannot see it. The alt attribute is supposed to be an "alternative" for the image, usually stating its purpose. For example, an image of a warning sign should not have alt text “a triangle with a yellow background, black border and an exclamation mark”, but simply “Warning!”—unless, of course, the image's purpose is to show what the warning symbol actually looks like.
	Internet Explorer 7 and earlier render text in alt attributes as tooltip text, which is not standards-compliant. This behavior led many web developers to misuse alt when they wished to display tooltips containing additional information about images, instead of using the codice_7 attribute that was intended for that use. As of Internet Explorer 8 alt attributes no longer render as tooltips.
	The alt attribute is commonly, but incorrectly, referred to as the "alt tag".
	The W3C recommends that images that convey no information, but are purely decorative, be specified in CSS rather than in the HTML markup. However, it may sometimes be necessary to include a decorative image as an HTML codice_2 tag. In this case, if the image truly does not add to the content, then a blank alt attribute should be included in the form of codice_9. This makes the page navigable for users of screen readers or non-graphical browsers. If (in breach of the standard) no alt attribute has been supplied, then browsers that cannot display the image will still display something there, e.g. the URL of the image, or a fixed text string.

= = = The Runaway in Oz = = =

	The Runaway in Oz is an Oz book by long-time Oz illustrator John R. Neill. It was written originally during 1943 and was meant to be the thirty-seventh book in the Oz series. However, Neill died before he could edit or illustrate the book. Oz publisher Reilly & Lee decided not to publish the book due to shortages caused by World War II. The text remained a possession of Neill's family.
	In 1995, the book was published by Oz specialty house Books of Wonder with illustrations by Eric Shanower. Shanower also edited and expanded Neill's text. Another version exists, printed privately, with different editing by Fred M. Meyer, longtime Secretary of The International Wizard of Oz Club.
	On the eve of an important ceremony in the Emerald City, Scraps the Patchwork Girl has been making more of a nuisance of herself than usual. After confrontations with Jellia Jamb and Jenny Jump, Scraps decides to run away on her spoolicle (a bicycle made of thread spools). She visits Jinjur's Munchkin Country farm; but Jinjur wants to put Scraps to work, so Scraps leaves quickly.
	At Prof. Wogglebug's Royal Athletic College, Scraps falls in with a 12-year-old prodigy named Alexample. They marvel at the air castle the Professor has dreamed into existence for his coming vacation, as it hovers above the college. Through unfortunate clumsiness, Scraps knocks the mooring line loose and the air castle floats away, with Alexample hanging onto the tethering rope. Scraps flees from the pursuit of the irate Wogglebug.
	Scraps meets a Repairman who magically fixes the damage and staining she's endured in her recent actions. The exasperated Scraps longs to run away from Oz entirely, but doesn't know how to cross the Deadly Desert. The Repairman informs her of a Weather Witch who lives on the highest mountain in Oz; she makes weather for the entire Earth from her windmill there. Scraps decides to get the Weather Witch to blow her across the Desert with wind, and sets out for the mountain.
	On the way, Scraps meets Popla, "the one and only power plant...the most powerful plant in the world." (Popla looks like a large shrub, with the face of a beautiful young woman.) Popla longs for release from her bleak and stationary existence, and eagerly transfers herself into a flowerpot to join with Scraps; Popla's strength and resourcefulness prove to be important advantages in their coming adventures. Despite tempestuous winds, the two intrepid travelers reach the top of the mountain. Fanny the Weather Witch agrees to blast them across the Deadly Desert; but additional clumsiness gets them stuck on one of the windmill's blades, which hurls them high into the atmosphere.
	Meanwhile, Prof. Wogglebug stomps toward the Emerald City to complain about Scraps to the Wizard. He encounters Jenny Jump and Jack Pumpkinhead, who have set out in search for the missing Scraps. The Wogglebug decides to join up with them, as the most direct approach to recovering his air castle. (The later chapters of the book alternate between the two plots: the runaway Scraps and her companions, and the searchers pursuing her.)
	Scraps and Popla land on a friendly cloud, who takes them to a nearby star. The star is a kind of semi-mechanical conveyance, commanded by Captain Batt, who is built of wires and electric components. Predictably, Scraps gets into a fight with him; she punches him in his button nose, which proves to be his on-off button. With Captain Batt shut down, they meet the Twinkler, the star's maintenance man (he looks like Cap'n Bill). Popla tries piloting the star — and crashes into the missing air castle. They find Alexample there, and endure a few peaceful days in its palatial environs. They get to know the inhabitants of the upper air, who include sky fairies and air sprites, and cloud sheep herded by cloud-pushers and sky-sweepers. Scraps and company also repel an attack from sky pirates.
	Things go badly for the searchers below; they are caught in a storm, in which Jack loses his pumpkin head. Jenny and the Professor have to lead or drag his headless stick-body along with them. They wander into an enchanted orchard, where they confront an army of rebellious quinces. By this time, the week of the Wogglebug's planned vacation has expired, and the air castle's time is up: it melts, cracks, dissolves, shatters, and otherwise falls apart around its occupants. They come tumbling down upon the enchanted orchard, and the search party, and the quince army. In a final confrontation, the quince soldiers commit mass suicide by shooting their sooty stems at Scraps. She is so blackened by the soot that she tries to hide from the world.
	The others convince Scraps to return to the Emerald City, where she can be magically repaired. Scraps agrees, but she hides herself under a sheet as she walks through the city streets (like Ojo in "The Patchwork Girl of Oz"); she causes a panic when she is mistaken for a ghost. Yet Ozma has no trouble in restoring Scraps to normal (if that term applies) with her Magic Belt. Popla and Alexample are welcomed into the ever-growing circle of Ozma's followers.
	In the best Baum tradition, puns come thick and fast throughout "The Runaway in Oz". In Chapter 8, "The Professor Sets Out," the reader is informed of the enlarged bug's feelings: "But though he was in an unsettled state of mind, he was not crushed." Two pages later, he threatens to become "hopping mad." Jenny tells the professor that the Wizard is busy "ridding the country of dumb little kings and their little kingdumbs." These three pages can stand as representative of the whole.

= = = Hōjō Ujitsuna = = =

	In 1524, Ujitsuna took Edo Castle, which was controlled by Uesugi Tomooki, thus beginning a long-running rivalry between the Hōjō and Uesugi families. Two years later, the Uesugi attacked and burned Kamakura, which was a major loss to the Hōjō symbolically, because the earlier Hōjō clan from which they took their name fell in the siege of Kamakura in 1333.
	The Uesugi attacked again in 1535, when Ujitsuna was away fighting the Takeda; however, Ujitsuna returned and defeated Uesugi Tomooki, reclaiming his lands. When Uesugi Tomooki died two years later, Ujitsuna took the opportunity to seize Kawagoe Castle, and secure his control of the Kantō.
	In 1526, Hojo Ujitsuna was defeated by Takeda Nobutora in the Battle of Nashinokidaira.
	Ujitsuna then went on to win the battle of Kōnodai in 1538, securing Shimōsa Province for the Hōjō. 
	In 1539 he defeated the Koga Kubo Yoshiaki and gained control of Awa. 
	Over the next several years before his death in 1541, Ujitsuna oversaw the rebuilding of Kamakura, making it a symbol of the growing power of the Hōjō, along with Odawara and Edo. He was succeeded as head of the Hōjō clan and lord of Odawara by his son Hōjō Ujiyasu.

= = = Andromeda (Marvel Comics) = = =

	Andromeda Attumasen is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is an Atlantean of Marvel's shared universe, known as the Marvel Universe. She is the illegitimate daughter of Attuma
	Andromeda was introduced in "The Defenders" #143 (March 1985) and added to the titular supergroup's lineup just a few issues later. Writer Peter B. Gillis later revealed, "My long-term plan was to populate the Defenders with my own crew of characters, characters who nonetheless had ties to interesting parts of the Marvel Universe. Andromeda, while not the Sub-Mariner, gave me a connection to Atlantis." However, Andromeda would be the last character Gillis added to the Defenders, since shortly after her debut he was told that the series was being cancelled.
	A member of the Homo mermanus race, Andromeda is the illegitimate daughter of Attuma of Atlantis by a woman named Lady Gelva. He did not know of her existence until she confronted him and told him he was her father. Andromeda was raised in Atlantean society and trained in the arts of hunting and war and she exceeded any other male except for her father in these skills. Despite her skills, she was considered unworthy of promotion in the Atlantean military because she is a woman even though she was highly decorated.
	Andromeda, inspired by Namor's tales, moved to the surface world, where she used a serum to give herself a human appearance and the ability to breathe out of water. She took the name Andrea McPhee and posed as a surface woman. When she was revealed as an Atlantean, she quickly abandoned her charade and became a member of the Defenders, joining them against a villain named Hotspur.
	She was with the Defenders, christened the "New Defenders," for only a short time, revealing only portions of her background to them. With them, she traveled to outer space and battled the second Star-Thief. She fought Manslaughter as he menaced the team, and then aided the Defenders and the Interloper in battle against fellow Defender Moondragon, and the Dragon of the Moon who was possessing Moondragon. Andromeda sacrificed her life force, joining with Manslaughter, the Valkyrie, and the Interloper to drive the Dragon of the Moon from the Earth, and her body was turned to stone.
	The Dragon would later return, this time without a body. To stop the Dragon of the Moon, Doctor Strange cast a spell which returned the souls of the Defenders fallen in the battle against the Dragon to the bodies of several recently deceased humans, changing them into duplicates of the Defenders. Andromeda's soul entered the body of Genevieve Cross and these Defenders now called themselves the Dragon Circle. Together the Dragon Circle banished the Dragon from Earth and Andromeda returned to the oceans.
	Andromeda played an important part in the 1989 "Atlantis Attacks" crossover. Andromeda led a rebellion to stop her father Attuma from invading the surface world, but was bested by Attuma in personal combat. She was kidnapped unconscious by the Deviant priest Ghaur as one of his "Seven Brides of Set." Under Ghaur's domination, she accompanied She-Hulk to acquire a piece of Set's life force. In the end the Brides of Set gained their freedom thanks to the Fantastic Four and Avengers.
	Andromeda joined her forces with those of Namor. She was part of the short-lived Deep Six, a group of underwater heroes. During this time her mind and that of Genevieve Cross would repeatedly exchange control and even turn her body into a copy of Genevieve's. Andromeda sacrificed her own mind to save Namor's soul, leaving Genevieve in control of Andromeda's body. Months later, either Genevieve in Andromeda's body or a restored Andromeda herself assisted Namor and the Defenders against Attuma's own Deep Six. Andromeda was last seen as an ally of Namor, living in Atlantis.
	Andromeda later appears as a member of Namor's Defenders of the Deep.
	Andromeda has all the powers inherent to the "Homo mermanus", but her strength and speed are far greater than that of any ordinary "Homo mermanus", though not as great as that of her father, Attuma. She is adapted to live underwater, having gills that allow her to breathe underwater, she can swim at high speeds and her body is resistant to the pressure and the cold of the deep oceans. Her specially-developed vision allows her to see clearly in the murky depths of the ocean.
	She can survive only for 10 minutes out of water, unless she uses a special serum that gives her the ability to breathe air. Her stamina, agility, and reflexes are reduced when out of the water.
	She has been trained as an Atlantean warrior, and is very skilled in the arts of hunting and war, wielding a trident as her weapon of choice. She carries a short sword and an 8" dagger as additional weaponry.
	Andromeda also has extensive knowledge of biochemistry.

= = = Great Hinckley Fire = = =

	The Great Hinckley Fire was a conflagration in the pine forests of the U.S. state of Minnesota in September 1894, which burned an area of at least (perhaps more than ), including the town of Hinckley. The official death count was 418; the actual number of fatalities was likely higher.
	After a two-month summer drought, combined with very high temperatures, several small fires started in the pine forests of Pine County, Minnesota. The fires' spread apparently was due to the then-common method of lumber harvesting, wherein trees were stripped of their branches in place; these branches littered the ground with flammable debris. Also contributing was a temperature inversion that trapped the gases from the fires. The scattered blazes united into a firestorm. The temperature rose to at least . Barrels of nails melted into one mass, and in the yards of the Eastern Minnesota Railroad, the wheels of the cars fused with the rails. Some residents escaped by climbing into wells, ponds, or the Grindstone River. Others clambered aboard two crowded trains that pulled out of the threatened town minutes ahead of the fire.
	James Root, an engineer on a train heading south from Duluth, rescued nearly 300 people by backing up a train nearly five miles to Skunk Lake, where the passengers escaped the fire. William Best was an engineer on a train sent specifically to evacuate people.
	According to the Hinckley Fire Museum:
	Because of the dryness of the summer, fires were common in the woods, along railroad tracks and in logging camps where loggers would set fire to their slash to clean up the area before moving on. Some loggers, of course left their debris behind, giving any fire more fuel on which to grow. Saturday, September 1st, 1894 began as another oppressively hot day with fires surrounding the towns and two major fires that were burning about five miles (8 km) to the south. To add to the problem, the temperature inversion that day added to the heat, smoke and gases being held down by the huge layer of cool air above. The two fires managed to join together to make one large fire with flames that licked through the inversion finding the cool air above. That air came rushing down into the fires to create a vortex or tornado of flames which then began to move quickly and grew larger and larger turning into a fierce firestorm. The fire first destroyed the towns of Mission Creek and Brook Park before coming into the town of Hinckley. When it was over the Firestorm had completely destroyed six towns, and over lay black and smoldering. The firestorm was so devastating that it lasted only four hours but destroyed everything in its path.
	The fire destroyed the town of Hinckley (which at the time had a population of over 1,400) as well as the smaller nearby settlements of Mission Creek, Brook Park, Sandstone, Miller, Partridge and Pokegama.
	The exact number of fatalities is difficult to determine. The official coroner's report counted 413 dead while the fire's official monument notes 418. An unknown number of Native Americans and backcountry dwellers were also killed in the fire; bodies continued to be found years later. Along with the 1918 Cloquet Fire (where 453 were killed) it is one of the deadliest in Minnesota history.
	Today, a section of the Willard Munger State Trail, from Hinckley to Barnum, is a memorial to the fire and the devastation it caused. In the town of Hinckley, on Highway 61, the Hinckley Fire Museum is located in the former Northern Pacific Railway depot. It is located a few feet north of the former depot, which burned down in the fire. It is open from May 1 until the end of October.
	Lutheran Memorial Cemetery in Hinckley has a historical marker and granite obelisk as a memorial to those who perished in the fire. 248 residents of Hinckley perished in the fire and are buried in a mass grave at this cemetery. Some are unidentified.
	The Brook Park Cemetery on County Road 126, south of Minnesota State Highway 23, has an historical marker plaque and a memorial to the 23 fire victims of Brook Park, with a tall obelisk on top of a granite marker.
	Thomas P. "Boston" Corbett, the Union soldier who killed John Wilkes Booth after Booth's assassination of Abraham Lincoln, is presumed to have died in the fire. His last known residence is believed to have been a forest settlement near Hinckley, and a "Thomas Corbett" is listed as one of the dead or missing. Thomas P. "Boston" Corbett may not have died in the fire. Thomas Gilbert Corbitt lived in the Town of Thurston, in Steuben County, NY. He was a Civil War veteran in the 50th NY Engineers, Co. E. In late September and early October of 1894, Steuben County newspapers reported that Thomas Corbitt, until recently a resident of Thurston, was burned to death, along with his property, in the great fire at Hinckley, Minn. 

= = = Obersee = = =

	Obersee is the German word for "Upper Lake" and may refer to:

= = = Untersee = = =

	Untersee (German: lower lake) may refer to:

= = = Gnadensee = = =

	The Gnadensee is part of Lower Lake Constance (), the western part of the lake.
	The Gnadensee lies between Allensbach in the north and the island of Reichenau in the south. In the west it extends to the Mettnau peninsula (Radolfzell) and its eastern end borders on the Wollmatinger Ried Nature Reserve and the Reichenaudamm with its prominent avenue of poplars. The extremely small part in the northwest is called the Markelfinger Winkel. Together with the latter it has an area of 13 square kilometres. It reaches a maximum depth of 19 metres.
	The name of the Gnadensee probably dates to the period when the local judiciary was based on the island of Reichenau. If an accused person was found guilty and sentenced to death, the execution could not take place on the island. It had to be carried out on the mainland as the whole island was holy ground. As a result, the convict was taken by boat to the mainland in the direction of present-day Allensbach, in order that the sentence could be carried out. If the local ruler, the abbot, wanted to reprieve the criminal, he had a bell rung before the boat reached the far shore. This was a signal to the executioner on the mainland that the convict had received a pardon or "Gnade" ("mercy" or "grace" in German).
	Another explanation is that the name Gnadensee is derived from Mary, Mother of God, the "Lady of our Grace", and is an ellipsis of the word "Gnaden[frau]see" ("Lady of Grace Lake"), as the monastery in Mittelzell was dedicated to Saint Mary.

= = = Lake Zell = = =

	Lake Zell (; ) is a small freshwater lake in the Austrian Alps. It takes its name from the city of Zell am See, which is located on a small delta protruding into the lake. The lake is long and wide. It is up to 73 metres deep and at an elevation of 750 metres above sea level.
	The lake is fed by numerous small mountain streams in summer, but only one stream flows out of it into the Salzach. In winter the lake completely freezes and is used for winter sports. In summer the lake is used for pleasure boating (boats powered by combustion engines are not allowed except for the ferries that cross the width of the lake from Zell to Thumersbach, so electrically powered boats can be rented instead). The water is very clear and suitable for swimming or diving, but can be chilly.
	The southern end of the lake, near Schüttdorf, is shallower and mostly filled with water weed, making it unsuitable for boating or swimming.

= = = The Museum of Russian Art = = =

	The Museum of Russian Art (TMORA), a nonprofit museum in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, is the only major institution in North America devoted entirely to Russian art and culture from the entire scope of Russia's history. The Museum was founded by prominent art collectors Raymond and Susan Johnson, owners of the largest collection of Russian Realist paintings outside the borders of the former Soviet Union. TMORA was incorporated as a nonprofit in 2002, and opened at its present location in 2005. The museum shows 8-10 exhibitions per year, and hosts over 50 annual events ranging from notable lecturers to classical concerts to theatrical readings. TMORA is open daily, located between Downtown Minneapolis and the Minneapolis Saint Paul Airport.
	Raymond and Susan Johnson held the first retail exhibition of Russian Realist Art in North America in 1991. The largest collectors of Soviet-era paintings outside the former USSR, the Johnsons showed their work privately until envisioning a public museum in 2002. It commenced exhibition activities open to the public in 2002, initially in loaned space in a corporate office park located in Bloomington, Minnesota. The organization initially showcased Russian Realist-style paintings from the late 19th century as well as from the Soviet era (1917–1991). Ray Johnson was appointed an Honorary Consul for the Russian Federation in 2003, and in recognition of their respective contributions "to international cultural diversity and education," both Johnson (2005) and TMORA's first Director Bradford Shinkle (2009) were awarded Russia's Order of Friendship Medal, the highest civilian honor accorded to non-Russian citizens.
	In 2005, TMORA acquired and thoroughly remodeled the former Mayflower Church in south Minneapolis, a 75-year-old building that previously served as a Congregational church and funeral home. The building received special recognition for adaptive reuse from the Minnesota Heritage Preservation Commission, and opened to the public in 2007. TMORA now operates a state-of-the-art exhibition facility that includes of display galleries and administrative offices.
	The renovated gallery space has been host to over 70 exhibitions from Masterpieces of Soviet Era Painting, to historical topics like World War I and the Siege of Leningrad and Russian art forms such as Faberge, Lacquer Boxes, Nesting Dolls, and Ornaments. TMORA also presents shows by living artists, such as Leon Hushcha (a Minnesotan artist of Ukrainian descent) and Canadian-Armenian artist Garen Bedrossian.
	TMORA has established international relationships with numerous Russian cultural organizations and museums including Rossotrudnichestvo, the Russian Embassy in the United States - Washington D.C., the Russian Cultural Center, the State Tretyakov Gallery (Moscow), State Russian Museum (St. Petersburg), State Museum of Yaroslaval (Yaroslaval). The museum works with both private collectors as well as institutions throughout the United States; the mutual cultural embargo established between Russia and the United States in 2010 currently prevents collections from state institutions in Russia to travel to the United States.
	In addition to its exhibition calendar, TMORA hosts a variety of events throughout the year including concerts, lectures, theater, dance, artist talks, and book clubs.

= = = List of history journals = = =

	This list of history journals presents representative academic journals pertaining to the field of history and historiography. It includes scholarly journals listed by journal databases and professional associations such as: JSTOR, Project MUSE, the Organization of American Historians, the American Historical Association, Questia and Goedeken (2000), or are published by national or regional historical societies, or by major scholarly publishers (such as Cambridge University Press, Oxford University Press, the University of Chicago Press and Taylor & Francis). It does not include many of the world's 5000 journals devoted to local history or highly specialized topics. This list is a compilation and not one based on an exhaustive examination and judgment of quality.

= = = Telus World of Science (Edmonton) = = =

	Telus World of Science (TWOS) is a broad-based science centre in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, operated by the (non-profit) Edmonton Space & Science Foundation. The centre is located on the southwest corner of Coronation Park in the neighborhood of Woodcroft. It is currently a member of both the Association of Science-Technology Centers (ASTC) and the Canadian Association of Science Centres (CASC).
	The centre first opened in 1984, as a replacement for the Queen Elizabeth Planetarium, located to the east, that had operated as Edmonton's Planetarium since 1960 but had become limited by its seating capacity of 65. The City of Edmonton selected the Edmonton Space Sciences Centre as the City's flagship project commemorating the Province of Alberta's 75th Anniversary. The original building was designed by architect Douglas J. Cardinal.
	When first opened, it was called the Edmonton Space Science Centre and then later it was changed to the Edmonton Space and Science Centre. In 2001, after a 14-million dollar expansion of the original building, the name was changed again to the Odyssium. On May 2, 2005, the centre was renamed to the Telus World of Science - Edmonton after a $8.2 million, 20-year partnership was established with Telus. The centre attracts over half a million visitors a year and has Canada's largest planetarium dome theatre (the Zeidler Dome).
	TWOS is currently undergoing another expansion, budgeted at $40 million, that would see the centre triple in size. The expansion includes a new DVT (Digital Visualization Theatre), new galleries, an upgraded restaurant and, through a partnership with the University of Alberta, a research facility that would allow ideas to be tested and modified. The renovations have begun, with the café under renovation. There is currently no target date available for these renovations.
	An interactive gallery that is designed to interest children between the ages to two and eight years. It consists of four main areas: WaterWorks, the Construction Zone, Discovery Den and Potters Corner. Some of the highlights include a giant piano, which you play by walking on the keys, a multi-level water table and a multitude of blocks.
	The Environment Gallery has interactive displays about hydrology, ecology, meteorology (featuring a Science On a Sphere projector), and Alberta's geology.
	The Body Fantastic room is an interactive carnival-style exhibition about the anatomy and physiology of the human body. Highlights include a multi-axis trainer and the Gallery of the Gross, which houses specimens of earwax, urine and other substances that the human body produces.
	The Lego Mindstorms Centre is a 45-minute guided program in which guests program pre-built robots to perform various tasks and missions. It is only open to the general public during weekends and holidays. During the week it is used by school groups.
	The Space Place introduces visitors to astronomy and astronautics. Highlights include an actual moon rock, on long-term loan from NASA, that was collected during the Apollo program, a radio controlled replica of the Mars Pathfinder rover and a computer program that turns your face into an alien.
	This exhibit space hosts small temporary exhibits that are included with a general admission. Currently, it is used for summer camps, school groups, and for various public and non-public events.
	The Science Garage is an exhibit where visitors can be more hands-on and explore science face-to-face, with activities as well as learning opportunities such as a vertical climbing wall. There are make-and-take workshops, as well as an array of ever-changing programming offered in this gallery. This gallery also houses a rolling ball machine built by George Rhoads which used to be at West Edmonton Mall.
	This gallery hosts large temporary exhibits that are not included with a general admission. Past exhibits have included Star Wars: Identities, Body Worlds & The Cycle of Life, , Indiana Jones and the Adventure of Archaeology, and the International Exhibit of Sherlock Holmes, and The Science Behind Pixar.
	A 275-seat theatre showing current educational movies, shot in high resolution IMAX film reel. The Telus World of Science features the original IMAX Theatre in Western Canada. Images are enhanced by a custom designed six-channel, multi-speaker sound system are projected onto a 13m x 19m (4 storey x 6 storey) screen.
	In early 2016, renovations had been completed in the IMAX theatre, upgrading it to an IMAX Laser 4K Projector system (one of 3 theatres in Canada).
	Admission to the IMAX theatre is not included with general admission. Recently, the IMAX Theatre began showing Hollywood blockbusters (such as or Zootopia) within a few months after screening in cinemas. As with the educational films, these are not included in the admission price and can be more expensive than the educational films. The Hollywood films cannot be used in the Science Centre + IMAX combos.
	The 250-seat large dome theatre that was formerly used for laser shows and star shows. It was the largest such theater in Canada when the center opened in 1984. In 2008, the Margaret Zeidler Star Theatre changed its projection system and educational content to a full dome immersive video experience. The Telus World of Science Edmonton was the first planetarium and science center in Canada to showcase this new technology for domed theatres. Admission to shows in the Star Theatre is included in general admission.
	The Syncrude Science Stage features a staff member demonstrating science, typically involving flammable gases, dry ice, or electricity. A child from the audience will often be called upon to assist the demonstrator with an activity. The demonstrations are included with general admission.
	This computer lab opened in August 1995 and relocated to its new location in April 2001 beside the Telus Robotics Lab. The DOW Computer Lab has various electronic teaching tools available and a high speed internet connection to each workstation. However, the computer lab can still be rented for special events and is used during the summer months for computer camps.
	There is an observatory outdoors, separate from the main building. It is free of charge, but it opens only when the weather permits, and it closes if the temperature is below . It is equipped with seven telescopes, including a Meade 16" LX200, a Starfire refractor, and three solar telescopes all provided by the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada (Edmonton Centre).
	The science centre has a café for visitors and for special events such as fundraisers. The café was undergoing renovations as of early 2016 with an estimated completion by the end of August 2016, though it was delayed until November 2016. The café is also responsible for providing the concession, which is currently hosted in the main lobby, next to the box office.
	In November 2016, the cafe re-opened, but under a new name, The Purple Pear and a new focus on fresher, and local ingredients. They were also the first location in Western Canada to use tagged Coca-Cola Freestyle machines.
	There is also a gift shop in the lobby, featuring a range of educational products, books, gift items, and other knick-knacks.
	Science in Motion is a feature at Telus World of Science - Edmonton that brings science programs and presentations to schools that are more than from the centre. The program, taught by certified teachers, uses experiments, demonstrations and hands-on activities to teach science and is designed to meet the learning objectives set out in the Alberta science curriculum.
	The TransAlta Science Lab is a fully equipped laboratory that allows students to participate in science experiments.
	The Museum is affiliated with: ASTC, CMA, CHIN, and Virtual Museum of Canada.

= = = Finite character = = =

	In mathematics, a family formula_1 of sets is of finite character provided it has the following properties:
	A family formula_1 of sets of finite character enjoys the following properties:
	Let "V" be a vector space, and let "F" be the family of linearly independent subsets of "V". Then "F" is a family of finite character (because a subset "X" ⊆ "V" is linearly dependent iff "X" has a finite subset which is linearly dependent). 
	Therefore, in every vector space, there exists a maximal family of linearly independent elements. As a maximal family is a vector basis, every vector space has a (possibly infinite) vector basis.

= = = Thermal power station = = =

	A thermal power station is a power station in which heat energy is converted to electric power. In most places the turbine is steam-driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After it passes through the turbine the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated. This is known as a Rankine cycle. The greatest variation in the design of thermal power stations is due to the different heat sources; fossil fuel power generation, though nuclear heat energy, solar heat energy, biofuels, and waste incineration are also used. Some prefer to use the term "energy center" because such facilities convert forms of heat energy into electrical energy. Certain thermal power stations are also designed to produce heat for industrial purposes, for district heating, or desalination of water, in addition to generating electrical power.
	Almost all coal, petroleum, nuclear, geothermal, solar thermal electric, and waste incineration plants, as well as many natural gas power stations are thermal. Natural gas is frequently burned in gas turbines as well as boilers. The waste heat from a gas turbine, in the form of hot exhaust gas, can be used to raise steam by passing this gas through a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). The steam is then used to drive a steam turbine in a combined cycle plant that improves overall efficiency. Power stations burning coal, fuel oil, or natural gas are often called "fossil fuel power stations". Some biomass-fueled thermal power stations have appeared also. Non-nuclear thermal power stations, particularly fossil-fueled plants, which do not use cogeneration are sometimes referred to as "conventional power stations".
	Commercial electric utility power stations are usually constructed on a large scale and designed for continuous operation. Virtually all electric power stations use three-phase electrical generators to produce alternating current (AC) electric power at a frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz. Large companies or institutions may have their own power stations to supply heating or electricity to their facilities, especially if steam is created anyway for other purposes. Steam-driven power stations have been used to drive most ships in most of the 20th century until recently. Steam power stations are now only used in large nuclear naval ships. Shipboard power stations usually directly couple the turbine to the ship's propellers through gearboxes. Power stations in such ships also provide steam to smaller turbines driving electric generators to supply electricity. Nuclear marine propulsion is, with few exceptions, used only in naval vessels. There have been many turbo-electric ships in which a steam-driven turbine drives an electric generator which powers an electric motor for propulsion.
	Cogeneration plants, often called combined heat and power (CHP) facilities, produce both electric power and heat for process heat or space heating, such as steam and hot water.
	The reciprocating steam engine has been used to produce mechanical power since the 18th Century, with notable improvements being made by James Watt. When the first commercially developed central electrical power stations were established in 1882 at Pearl Street Station in New York and Holborn Viaduct power station in London, reciprocating steam engines were used. The development of the steam turbine in 1884 provided larger and more efficient machine designs for central generating stations. By 1892 the turbine was considered a better alternative to reciprocating engines; turbines offered higher speeds, more compact machinery, and stable speed regulation allowing for parallel synchronous operation of generators on a common bus. After about 1905, turbines entirely replaced reciprocating engines in large central power stations.
	The largest reciprocating engine-generator sets ever built were completed in 1901 for the Manhattan Elevated Railway. Each of seventeen units weighed about 500 tons and was rated 6000 kilowatts; a contemporary turbine set of similar rating would have weighed about 20% as much.
	The energy efficiency of a conventional thermal power station is defined as saleable energy produced as a percent of the heating value of the fuel consumed. A simple cycle gas turbine achieves energy conversion efficiencies from 20 to 35%. Typical coal-based power plants operating at steam pressures of 170 bar and 570 °C run at efficiency of 35 to 38 %, with state-of-the-art fossil fuel plants at 46% efficiency. Combined-cycle systems can reach higher values. As with all heat engines, their efficiency is limited, and governed by the laws of thermodynamics. 
	The Carnot efficiency dictates that higher efficiencies can be attained by increasing the temperature of the steam. Sub-critical fossil fuel power stations can achieve 36–40% efficiency. Supercritical designs have efficiencies in the low to mid 40% range, with new "ultra critical" designs using pressures of 4400 psi (30.3 MPa) and multiple stage reheat reaching 45-48% efficiency. Above the critical point for water of and 3212 psi (22.06 MPa), there is no phase transition from water to steam, but only a gradual decrease in density.
	Currently most nuclear power stations must operate below the temperatures and pressures that coal-fired plants do, in order to provide more conservative safety margins within the systems that remove heat from the nuclear fuel rods. This, in turn, limits their thermodynamic efficiency to 30–32%. Some advanced reactor designs being studied, such as the very-high-temperature reactor, Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor, and supercritical water reactor, would operate at temperatures and pressures similar to current coal plants, producing comparable thermodynamic efficiency.
	The energy of a thermal power station not utilized in power production must leave the plant in the form of heat to the environment. This waste heat can go through a condenser and be disposed of with cooling water or in cooling towers. If the waste heat is instead used for district heating, it is called cogeneration. An important class of thermal power station is that associated with desalination facilities; these are typically found in desert countries with large supplies of natural gas, and in these plants freshwater production and electricity are equally important co-products.
	Other types of power stations are subject to different efficiency limitations. Most hydropower stations in the United States are about 90 percent efficient in converting the energy of falling water into electricity while the efficiency of a wind turbine is limited by Betz's law, to about 59.3%.
	The direct cost of electric energy produced by a thermal power station is the result of cost of fuel, capital cost for the plant, operator labour, maintenance, and such factors as ash handling and disposal. Indirect social or environmental costs, such as the economic value of environmental impacts, or environmental and health effects of the complete fuel cycle and plant decommissioning, are not usually assigned to generation costs for thermal stations in utility practice, but may form part of an environmental impact assessment.
	For units over about 200 MW capacity, redundancy of key components is provided by installing duplicates of the forced and induced draft fans, air preheaters, and fly ash collectors. On some units of about 60 MW, two boilers per unit may instead be provided. The list of coal power stations has the 200 largest power stations ranging in size from 2,000MW to 5,500MW.
	In the nuclear plant field, "steam generator" refers to a specific type of large heat exchanger used in a pressurized water reactor (PWR) to thermally connect the primary (reactor plant) and secondary (steam plant) systems, which generates steam. In a nuclear reactor called a boiling water reactor (BWR), water is boiled to generate steam directly in the reactor itself and there are no units called steam generators.
	In some industrial settings, there can also be steam-producing heat exchangers called "heat recovery steam generators" (HRSG) which utilize heat from some industrial process, most commonly utilizing hot exhaust from a gas turbine. The steam generating boiler has to produce steam at the high purity, pressure and temperature required for the steam turbine that drives the electrical generator.
	Geothermal plants do not need boilers because they use naturally occurring steam sources. Heat exchangers may be used where the geothermal steam is very corrosive or contains excessive suspended solids.
	A fossil fuel steam generator includes an economizer, a steam drum, and the furnace with its steam generating tubes and superheater coils. Necessary safety valves are located at suitable points to relieve excessive boiler pressure. The air and flue gas path equipment include: forced draft (FD) fan, air preheater (AP), boiler furnace, induced draft (ID) fan, fly ash collectors (electrostatic precipitator or baghouse), and the flue-gas stack.
	The boiler feedwater used in the steam boiler is a means of transferring heat energy from the burning fuel to the mechanical energy of the spinning steam turbine. The total feed water consists of recirculated "condensate" water and purified "makeup water". Because the metallic materials it contacts are subject to corrosion at high temperatures and pressures, the makeup water is highly purified before use. A system of water softeners and ion exchange demineralizers produces water so pure that it coincidentally becomes an electrical insulator, with conductivity in the range of 0.3–1.0 microsiemens per centimeter. The makeup water in a 500 MWe plant amounts to perhaps 120 US gallons per minute (7.6 L/s) to replace water drawn off from the boiler drums for water purity management, and to also offset the small losses from steam leaks in the system.
	The feed water cycle begins with condensate water being pumped out of the condenser after traveling through the steam turbines. The condensate flow rate at full load in a 500 MW plant is about 6,000 US gallons per minute (400 L/s).
	The water is pressurized in two stages, and flows through a series of six or seven intermediate feed water heaters, heated up at each point with steam extracted from an appropriate duct on the turbines and gaining temperature at each stage. Typically, in the middle of this series of feedwater heaters, and before the second stage of pressurization, the condensate plus the makeup water flows through a deaerator that removes dissolved air from the water, further purifying and reducing its corrosiveness. The water may be dosed following this point with hydrazine, a chemical that removes the remaining oxygen in the water to below 5 parts per billion (ppb). It is also dosed with pH control agents such as ammonia or morpholine to keep the residual acidity low and thus non-corrosive.
	The boiler is a rectangular furnace about on a side and tall. Its walls are made of a web of high pressure steel tubes about in diameter.
	Fuel such as pulverized coal is air-blown into the furnace through burners located at the four corners, or along one wall, or two opposite walls, and it is ignited to rapidly burn, forming a large fireball at the center. The thermal radiation of the fireball heats the water that circulates through the boiler tubes near the boiler perimeter. The water circulation rate in the boiler is three to four times the throughput. As the water in the boiler circulates it absorbs heat and changes into steam. It is separated from the water inside a drum at the top of the furnace. The saturated steam is introduced into superheat pendant tubes that hang in the hottest part of the combustion gases as they exit the furnace. Here the steam is superheated to to prepare it for the turbine.
	Plants designed for lignite (brown coal) are increasingly used in locations as varied as Germany, Victoria, Australia, and North Dakota. Lignite is a much younger form of coal than black coal. It has a lower energy density than black coal and requires a much larger furnace for equivalent heat output. Such coals may contain up to 70% water and ash, yielding lower furnace temperatures and requiring larger induced-draft fans. The firing systems also differ from black coal and typically draw hot gas from the furnace-exit level and mix it with the incoming coal in fan-type mills that inject the pulverized coal and hot gas mixture into the boiler.
	Plants that use gas turbines to heat the water for conversion into steam use boilers known as heat recovery steam generators (HRSG). The exhaust heat from the gas turbines is used to make superheated steam that is then used in a conventional water-steam generation cycle, as described in the gas turbine combined-cycle plants section.
	The water enters the boiler through a section in the convection pass called the economizer. From the economizer it passes to the steam drum and from there it goes through downcomers to inlet headers at the bottom of the water walls. From these headers the water rises through the water walls of the furnace where some of it is turned into steam and the mixture of water and steam then re-enters the steam drum. This process may be driven purely by natural circulation (because the water is the downcomers is denser than the water/steam mixture in the water walls) or assisted by pumps. In the steam drum, the water is returned to the downcomers and the steam is passed through a series of steam separators and dryers that remove water droplets from the steam. The dry steam then flows into the superheater coils.
	The boiler furnace auxiliary equipment includes coal feed nozzles and igniter guns, soot blowers, water lancing, and observation ports (in the furnace walls) for observation of the furnace interior. Furnace explosions due to any accumulation of combustible gases after a trip-out are avoided by flushing out such gases from the combustion zone before igniting the coal.
	The steam drum (as well as the superheater coils and headers) have air vents and drains needed for initial start up.
	Fossil fuel power stations often have a superheater section in the steam generating furnace. The steam passes through drying equipment inside the steam drum on to the superheater, a set of tubes in the furnace. Here the steam picks up more energy from hot flue gases outside the tubing, and its temperature is now superheated above the saturation temperature. The superheated steam is then piped through the main steam lines to the valves before the high-pressure turbine.
	Nuclear-powered steam plants do not have such sections but produce steam at essentially saturated conditions. Experimental nuclear plants were equipped with fossil-fired superheaters in an attempt to improve overall plant operating cost.
	The condenser condenses the steam from the exhaust of the turbine into liquid to allow it to be pumped. If the condenser can be made cooler, the pressure of the exhaust steam is reduced and efficiency of the cycle increases.
	The surface condenser is a shell and tube heat exchanger in which cooling water is circulated through the tubes. The exhaust steam from the low-pressure turbine enters the shell, where it is cooled and converted to condensate (water) by flowing over the tubes as shown in the adjacent diagram. Such condensers use steam ejectors or rotary motor-driven exhausts for continuous removal of air and gases from the steam side to maintain vacuum.
	For best efficiency, the temperature in the condenser must be kept as low as practical in order to achieve the lowest possible pressure in the condensing steam. Since the condenser temperature can almost always be kept significantly below 100 °C where the vapor pressure of water is much less than atmospheric pressure, the condenser generally works under vacuum. Thus leaks of non-condensible air into the closed loop must be prevented.
	Typically the cooling water causes the steam to condense at a temperature of about and that creates an absolute pressure in the condenser of about , i.e. a vacuum of about relative to atmospheric pressure. The large decrease in volume that occurs when water vapor condenses to liquid creates the low vacuum that helps pull steam through and increase the efficiency of the turbines.
	The limiting factor is the temperature of the cooling water and that, in turn, is limited by the prevailing average climatic conditions at the power station's location (it may be possible to lower the temperature beyond the turbine limits during winter, causing excessive condensation in the turbine). Plants operating in hot climates may have to reduce output if their source of condenser cooling water becomes warmer; unfortunately this usually coincides with periods of high electrical demand for air conditioning.
	The condenser generally uses either circulating cooling water from a cooling tower to reject waste heat to the atmosphere, or once-through cooling (OTC) water from a river, lake or ocean. In the United States, about two-thirds of power plants use OTC systems, which often have significant adverse environmental impacts. The impacts include thermal pollution and killing large numbers of fish and other aquatic species at cooling water intakes.
	The heat absorbed by the circulating cooling water in the condenser tubes must also be removed to maintain the ability of the water to cool as it circulates. This is done by pumping the warm water from the condenser through either natural draft, forced draft or induced draft cooling towers (as seen in the adjacent image) that reduce the temperature of the water by evaporation, by about 11 to 17 °C (20 to 30 °F)—expelling waste heat to the atmosphere. The circulation flow rate of the cooling water in a 500 MW unit is about 14.2 m/s (500 ft/s or 225,000 US gal/min) at full load.
	The condenser tubes are made of brass or stainless steel to resist corrosion from either side. Nevertheless, they may become internally fouled during operation by bacteria or algae in the cooling water or by mineral scaling, all of which inhibit heat transfer and reduce thermodynamic efficiency. Many plants include an automatic cleaning system that circulates sponge rubber balls through the tubes to scrub them clean without the need to take the system off-line.
	The cooling water used to condense the steam in the condenser returns to its source without having been changed other than having been warmed. If the water returns to a local water body (rather than a circulating cooling tower), it is often tempered with cool 'raw' water to prevent thermal shock when discharged into that body of water.
	Another form of condensing system is the air-cooled condenser. The process is similar to that of a radiator and fan. Exhaust heat from the low-pressure section of a steam turbine runs through the condensing tubes, the tubes are usually finned and ambient air is pushed through the fins with the help of a large fan. The steam condenses to water to be reused in the water-steam cycle. Air-cooled condensers typically operate at a higher temperature than water-cooled versions. While saving water, the efficiency of the cycle is reduced (resulting in more carbon dioxide per megawatt-hour of electricity).
	From the bottom of the condenser, powerful condensate pumps recycle the condensed steam (water) back to the water/steam cycle.
	Power station furnaces may have a reheater section containing tubes heated by hot flue gases outside the tubes. Exhaust steam from the high-pressure turbine is passed through these heated tubes to collect more energy before driving the intermediate and then low-pressure turbines.
	External fans are provided to give sufficient air for combustion. The Primary air fan takes air from the atmosphere and, first warms the air in the air preheater for better economy. Primary air then passes through the coal pulverizers, and carries the coal dust to the burners for injection into the furnace. The Secondary air fan takes air from the atmosphere and, first warms the air in the air preheater for better economy. Secondary air is mixed with the coal/primary air flow in the burners.
	The induced draft fan assists the FD fan by drawing out combustible gases from the furnace, maintaining slightly below atmospheric pressure in the furnace to avoid leakage of combustion products from the boiler casing.
	The turbine generator consists of a series of steam turbines interconnected to each other and a generator on a common shaft. There is usually a high-pressure turbine at one end, followed by an intermediate-pressure turbine, and finally one, two, or three low-pressure turbines, and the generator. As steam moves through the system and loses pressure and thermal energy, it expands in volume, requiring increasing diameter and longer blades at each succeeding stage to extract the remaining energy. The entire rotating mass may be over 200 metric tons and long. It is so heavy that it must be kept turning slowly even when shut down (at 3 rpm) so that the shaft will not bow even slightly and become unbalanced. This is so important that it is one of only six functions of blackout emergency power batteries on site. (The other five being emergency lighting, communication, station alarms, generator hydrogen seal system, and turbogenerator lube oil.)
	For a typical late 20th-century power station, superheated steam from the boiler is delivered through diameter piping at and to the high-pressure turbine, where it falls in pressure to and to in temperature through the stage. It exits via diameter cold reheat lines and passes back into the boiler, where the steam is reheated in special reheat pendant tubes back to . The hot reheat steam is conducted to the intermediate pressure turbine, where it falls in both temperature and pressure and exits directly to the long-bladed low-pressure turbines and finally exits to the condenser.
	The generator, typically about long and in diameter, contains a stationary stator and a spinning rotor, each containing miles of heavy copper conductor. There is generally no permanent magnet, thus preventing black starts. In operation it generates up to 21,000 amperes at 24,000 volts AC (504 MWe) as it spins at either 3,000 or 3,600 rpm, synchronized to the power grid. The rotor spins in a sealed chamber cooled with hydrogen gas, selected because it has the highest known heat transfer coefficient of any gas and for its low viscosity, which reduces windage losses. This system requires special handling during startup, with air in the chamber first displaced by carbon dioxide before filling with hydrogen. This ensures that a highly explosive hydrogen–oxygen environment is not created.
	The power grid frequency is 60 Hz across North America and 50 Hz in Europe, Oceania, Asia (Korea and parts of Japan are notable exceptions), and parts of Africa. The desired frequency affects the design of large turbines, since they are highly optimized for one particular speed.
	The electricity flows to a distribution yard where transformers increase the voltage for transmission to its destination.
	The steam turbine-driven generators have auxiliary systems enabling them to work satisfactorily and safely. The steam turbine generator, being rotating equipment, generally has a heavy, large-diameter shaft. The shaft therefore requires not only supports but also has to be kept in position while running. To minimize the frictional resistance to the rotation, the shaft has a number of bearings. The bearing shells, in which the shaft rotates, are lined with a low-friction material like Babbitt metal. Oil lubrication is provided to further reduce the friction between shaft and bearing surface and to limit the heat generated.
	As the combustion flue gas exits the boiler it is routed through a rotating flat basket of metal mesh which picks up heat and returns it to incoming fresh air as the basket rotates. This is called the air preheater. The gas exiting the boiler is laden with fly ash, which are tiny spherical ash particles. The flue gas contains nitrogen along with combustion products carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides. The fly ash is removed by fabric bag filters in baghouses or electrostatic precipitators. Once removed, the fly ash byproduct can sometimes be used in the manufacturing of concrete. This cleaning up of flue gases, however, only occurs in plants that are fitted with the appropriate technology. Still, the majority of coal-fired power stations in the world do not have these facilities. Legislation in Europe has been efficient to reduce flue gas pollution. Japan has been using flue gas cleaning technology for over 30 years and the US has been doing the same for over 25 years. China is now beginning to grapple with the pollution caused by coal-fired power stations.
	Where required by law, the sulfur and nitrogen oxide pollutants are removed by stack gas scrubbers which use a pulverized limestone or other alkaline wet slurry to remove those pollutants from the exit stack gas. Other devices use catalysts to remove nitrous oxide compounds from the flue-gas stream. The gas travelling up the flue-gas stack may by this time have dropped to about . A typical flue-gas stack may be tall to disperse the remaining flue gas components in the atmosphere. The tallest flue-gas stack in the world is tall at the Ekibastuz GRES-2 Power Station in Kazakhstan.
	In the United States and a number of other countries, atmospheric dispersion modeling studies are required to determine the flue-gas stack height needed to comply with the local air pollution regulations. The United States also requires the height of a flue-gas stack to comply with what is known as the "good engineering practice" (GEP) stack height. In the case of existing flue gas stacks that exceed the GEP stack height, any air pollution dispersion modeling studies for such stacks must use the GEP stack height rather than the actual stack height.
	Fly ash is captured and removed from the flue gas by electrostatic precipitators or fabric bag filters (or sometimes both) located at the outlet of the furnace and before the induced draft fan. The fly ash is periodically removed from the collection hoppers below the precipitators or bag filters. Generally, the fly ash is pneumatically transported to storage silos for subsequent transport by trucks or railroad cars.
	At the bottom of the furnace, there is a hopper for collection of bottom ash. This hopper is kept filled with water to quench the ash and clinkers falling down from the furnace. Arrangements are included to crush the clinkers and convey the crushed clinkers and bottom ash to a storage site. Ash extractors are used to discharge ash from municipal solid waste–fired boilers.
	Since there is continuous withdrawal of steam and continuous return of condensate to the boiler, losses due to blowdown and leakages have to be made up to maintain a desired water level in the boiler steam drum. For this, continuous make-up water is added to the boiler water system. Impurities in the raw water input to the plant generally consist of calcium and magnesium salts which impart hardness to the water. Hardness in the make-up water to the boiler will form deposits on the tube water surfaces which will lead to overheating and failure of the tubes. Thus, the salts have to be removed from the water, and that is done by a water demineralising treatment plant (DM). A DM plant generally consists of cation, anion, and mixed bed exchangers. Any ions in the final water from this process consist essentially of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions, which recombine to form pure water. Very pure DM water becomes highly corrosive once it absorbs oxygen from the atmosphere because of its very high affinity for oxygen.
	The capacity of the DM plant is dictated by the type and quantity of salts in the raw water input. However, some storage is essential as the DM plant may be down for maintenance. For this purpose, a storage tank is installed from which DM water is continuously withdrawn for boiler make-up. The storage tank for DM water is made from materials not affected by corrosive water, such as PVC. The piping and valves are generally of stainless steel. Sometimes, a steam blanketing arrangement or stainless steel doughnut float is provided on top of the water in the tank to avoid contact with air. DM water make-up is generally added at the steam space of the surface condenser (i.e., the vacuum side). This arrangement not only sprays the water but also DM water gets deaerated, with the dissolved gases being removed by a de-aerator through an ejector attached to the condenser.
	In coal-fired power stations, the raw feed coal from the coal storage area is first crushed into small pieces and then conveyed to the coal feed hoppers at the boilers. The coal is next pulverized into a very fine powder. The pulverizers may be ball mills, rotating drum grinders, or other types of grinders.
	Some power stations burn fuel oil rather than coal. The oil must kept warm (above its pour point) in the fuel oil storage tanks to prevent the oil from congealing and becoming unpumpable. The oil is usually heated to about 100 °C before being pumped through the furnace fuel oil spray nozzles.
	Boilers in some power stations use processed natural gas as their main fuel. Other power stations may use processed natural gas as auxiliary fuel in the event that their main fuel supply (coal or oil) is interrupted. In such cases, separate gas burners are provided on the boiler furnaces.
	Barring gear (or "turning gear") is the mechanism provided to rotate the turbine generator shaft at a very low speed after unit stoppages. Once the unit is "tripped" (i.e., the steam inlet valve is closed), the turbine coasts down towards standstill. When it stops completely, there is a tendency for the turbine shaft to deflect or bend if allowed to remain in one position too long. This is because the heat inside the turbine casing tends to concentrate in the top half of the casing, making the top half portion of the shaft hotter than the bottom half. The shaft therefore could warp or bend by millionths of inches.
	This small shaft deflection, only detectable by eccentricity meters, would be enough to cause damaging vibrations to the entire steam turbine generator unit when it is restarted. The shaft is therefore automatically turned at low speed (about one percent rated speed) by the barring gear until it has cooled sufficiently to permit a complete stop.
	An auxiliary oil system pump is used to supply oil at the start-up of the steam turbine generator. It supplies the hydraulic oil system required for steam turbine's main inlet steam stop valve, the governing control valves, the bearing and seal oil systems, the relevant hydraulic relays and other mechanisms.
	At a preset speed of the turbine during start-ups, a pump driven by the turbine main shaft takes over the functions of the auxiliary system.
	While small generators may be cooled by air drawn through filters at the inlet, larger units generally require special cooling arrangements. Hydrogen gas cooling, in an oil-sealed casing, is used because it has the highest known heat transfer coefficient of any gas and for its low viscosity which reduces windage losses. This system requires special handling during start-up, with air in the generator enclosure first displaced by carbon dioxide before filling with hydrogen. This ensures that the highly flammable hydrogen does not mix with oxygen in the air.
	The hydrogen pressure inside the casing is maintained slightly higher than atmospheric pressure to avoid outside air ingress. The hydrogen must be sealed against outward leakage where the shaft emerges from the casing. Mechanical seals around the shaft are installed with a very small annular gap to avoid rubbing between the shaft and the seals. Seal oil is used to prevent the hydrogen gas leakage to atmosphere.
	The generator also uses water cooling. Since the generator coils are at a potential of about 22 kV, an insulating barrier such as Teflon is used to interconnect the water line and the generator high-voltage windings. Demineralized water of low conductivity is used.
	The generator voltage for modern utility-connected generators ranges from in smaller units to in larger units. The generator high-voltage leads are normally large aluminium channels because of their high current as compared to the cables used in smaller machines. They are enclosed in well-grounded aluminium bus ducts and are supported on suitable insulators. The generator high-voltage leads are connected to step-up transformers for connecting to a high-voltage electrical substation (usually in the range of 115 kV to 765 kV) for further transmission by the local power grid.
	The necessary protection and metering devices are included for the high-voltage leads. Thus, the steam turbine generator and the transformer form one unit. Smaller units may share a common generator step-up transformer with individual circuit breakers to connect the generators to a common bus.
	Most of the power station operational controls are automatic. However, at times, manual intervention may be required. Thus, the plant is provided with monitors and alarm systems that alert the plant operators when certain operating parameters are seriously deviating from their normal range.
	A central battery system consisting of lead–acid cell units is provided to supply emergency electric power, when needed, to essential items such as the power station's control systems, communication systems, generator hydrogen seal system, turbine lube oil pumps, and emergency lighting. This is essential for a safe, damage-free shutdown of the units in an emergency situation.
	To dissipate the thermal load of main turbine exhaust steam, condensate from gland steam condenser, and condensate from Low Pressure Heater by providing a continuous supply of cooling water to the main condenser thereby leading to condensation.
	The consumption of cooling water by inland power stations is estimated to reduce power availability for the majority of thermal power stations by 2040–2069.

= = = Lathe center = = =

	A lathe center, often shortened to center, is a tool that has been ground to a point to accurately position a workpiece on an axis. They usually have an included angle of 60°, but in heavy machining situations an angle of 75° is used.
	The primary use of a center is to ensure concentric work is produced; this allows the workpiece to be transferred between machining (or inspection) operations without any loss of accuracy. A part may be "turned" in a lathe, sent off for hardening and tempering and then ground "between centers" in a cylindrical grinder. The preservation of concentricity between the turning and grinding operations is crucial for quality work.
	A center is also used to support longer workpieces where the cutting forces would deflect the work excessively, reducing the finish and accuracy of the workpiece, or creating a hazardous situation.
	A center lathe has applications anywhere that a "centered" workpiece may be used; this is not limited to lathe usage but may include setups in dividing heads, cylindrical grinders, tool and cutter grinders or other related equipment. The term "between centers" refers to any machining operation where the job needs to be performed using centers.
	A center is inserted into a matching hole drilled by a center drill. The hole is conical near and at the surface, and cylindrical, deeper.
	A dead center (one that does not turn freely, i.e., "dead") may be used to support the workpiece at either the fixed or rotating end of the machine. When used in the fixed position, a dead center produces friction between the workpiece and center, due to the rotation of the workpiece. Lubrication is therefore required between the center and workpiece to prevent friction welding from occurring. Additionally the tip of the center may have an insert of cemented carbide which will reduce the friction slightly and allow for faster speeds. Dead centers are typically fully hardened to prevent damage to the important mating surfaces of the taper and to preserve the 60° angle of the nose. As tungsten carbide is much harder than steel, a carbide-tipped center has greater wear resistance than a steel center.
	Soft centers are a special version of the dead center in which the nose is deliberately left soft (unhardened) so that it may be readily machined to the correct angle prior to usage. This operation is performed on the headstock center to ensure that the center's axis is aligned with the spindle's axis.
	A revolving center, also known as a live center in some countries, is constructed so that the 60° center runs in its own bearings and is used at the non-driven or tailstock end of a machine. It allows higher turning speeds without the need for separate lubrication, and also greater clamping pressures. CNC lathes use this type of center almost exclusively and they may be used for general machining operations as well. Spring-loaded centers are designed to compensate for center variations, without damage to the work piece or center tip. This assures the operator of uniform constant tension while machining. Some live centers also have interchangeable shafts. This is valuable when situations require a design other than a 60° male tip. A live center, which may be hard or soft, is a plain center placed in the revolving mandrel; it moves and is therefore live.
	A pipe center, also known as a bull nose center is a type of live center which has a large diameter conical nose rather than a sharp point. This allows the center to be used in the bore of a pipe or other workpiece with a large interior diameter. While a pipe center ensures the workpiece remains concentric, its main advantage is that it supports the workpiece securely, and can be used for parts whose larger inner diameter prevents the use of a normal pointed center. Thin-walled material such as pipes easily collapses if excessive force is used at the chuck end.
	There are two types of cup centers. The woodworking variety is a variation of the traditional live center. This type of cup center has a central point like a normal live center and also has a ring surrounding it. The ring supports the softer material around the center point and prevents the wood from splitting under pressure from the central point. A different variety of cup center is used for metalworking. The metalworking variety of cup center has a tapered hole rather than a conical point. It supports the part by making contact with the outside diameter of the end of the part, rather than using a center hole.
	A drive center, also known as a grip center, is used in the driving end of a machine (headstock). It is often used in woodworking or where softer materials are machined.
	It consists of a dead center surrounded by hardened teeth, which bite into a softer workpiece allowing the workpiece to be driven directly by the center. This allows the full diameter of the workpiece to be machined in a single operation, in contrast with the usual requirement where a carrier is attached to the workpiece at the driven end. The use of modified shell end mills in a drive center, instead of hardened pins, enables better gripping and prevents breakdown time due to pin stop.
	A spring center is a metalworking lathe center for maintaining a cutting tool like a reamer or a tap, in axial alignment with a hole being worked on. It consists of a point backed by a spring to push the cutting tool into the workpiece.

= = = Kaz Harada = = =

	Kaz Harada may refer to:

= = = Vance A. Funk III = = =

	Vance Anderson Funk III (born December 16, 1942) is an American lawyer and politician from Newark, Delaware. He was the mayor of Newark from 2005 until he retired in 2013.
	Funk was born December 16, 1942, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He earned a BS in business administration from the University of Delaware in 1965, and received a JD from the Washington and Lee University School of Law in 1968. He was a lieutenant in the U.S. Army and served a year in the 519th MP Battalion during the Vietnam War.
	Funk became a real estate agent after graduating from law school. In 1972, he became alderman for the city of Newark, a position he held until 1986. He opened a law firm in 1975, and returned to private practice in 2000. He retired from his firm in 2017, turning it over to his son. 
	In 2004, Funk was elected mayor of Newark, defeating incumbent Harold Godwin with 74 percent of the vote. He was reelected three times. He was a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition that was formed in 2006.
	On August 8, 2013, Funk announced his resignation as mayor, citing health concerns brought on by stress from community opposition to the construction of a Wawa convenience store and gas pumps near his neighborhood. Funk supported the proposal while many of his neighbors had organized a grassroots campaign against it. Several days later, he announced he was moving his date of resignation forward three months to September 30. 

= = = Newark Post = = =

	The Newark Post is a local newspaper for the city of Newark, Delaware. It features local news, crime reports, and a section on events at local schools and at the University of Delaware.
	The "Newark Post" was founded in 1910, by Everett C. Johnson who later went on to become Secretary of State of Delaware. The first issue came out on January 26. The motto of the paper in those early days was, "Good Roads, Flowers, Parks, Better Schools, Trees, Pure Water, Fresh Air and Sunshine for Somebody and Work for Somebody."
	In the early 1960s another paper -- "The Newark Weekly" -- was founded by Reginald B. "Rocky" Rockwell and Henry Galperin—and a newspaper battle began in this small college town which ended with "The Newark Weekly" purchasing the "Newark Post" -- and renaming the publication the "Weekly Post". The paper ran in this format for a number of years—even going daily as "The Daily Post"—for less than a full year beginning in 1972—and returning to its weekly publication. In the early 1980s the "Weekly Post" ceased publication for a couple of years, but was revived by its owners in its original name as the "Newark Post", and since then has come back as a strong community newspaper.
	The "Newark Post" is now owned by APG Chesapeake, formerly Chesapeake Publishing Corp. It is a division of Adams Publishing Group. The associated website is NewarkPostOnline.com.
	Current editor is Josh Shannon.

= = = André Ducharme = = =

	André Ducharme (born 23 July 1961) is a Québécois author, comedian and humorist. He was part of the Rock et Belles Oreilles group (RBO) from 1981 to 1995. He was credited as André G. Ducharme in RBO; "G. Ducharme" has the same sound in French as "J'ai du charme," which means "I have charm" or "I am charming."

= = = Pilsner Urquell Brewery = = =

	Plzeňský Prazdroj, a. s. (, known in English as the Pilsner Urquell Brewery, is a Czech brewery founded in 1842 and headquartered in Plzeň, Czech Republic. It was the first brewery to produce pale lager, branded as Pilsner Urquell; the popularity of Pilsner Urquell resulting in it being much copied so that more than two-thirds of the beer produced in the world today is pale lager, sometimes named "pils", "pilsner" and "pilsener" after Pilsner Urquell. The brewery name, "Pilsner Urquell", which can be roughly translated into English as "the original source at Pilsen", was adopted as a trademark in 1898. Pilsner Urquell is the largest beer producer in the Czech Republic and is also the largest exporter of beer abroad.
	The brewery has been part of the SABMiller group of companies (at the time South African Breweries) since 1999. As part of the agreements made with regulators before Anheuser-Busch InBev was allowed to acquire SABMiller in October 2016, Pilsner Urquell (excluding certain geographical areas) was sold to Japan based Asahi Breweries in March 2017.
	The brewery was founded in 1839 by both local Czech-speaking and German-speaking citizens in Bohemian city of Plzeň as (citizens' brewery, later translated to "Měšťanský pivovar" in Czech). The first beer was brewed here in 1842 by Bavarian brewer Josef Groll. In 1859, “Pilsner Bier” was registered as a brand name at the local Chamber of Commerce and Trade. In 1869, a competitor was founded as a joint stock company, later known as Gambrinus. In 1898 the German trademark "Urquell" and Czech trademark "Prazdroj" were created, to underline the claim of being the older, original source of Pilsner beer. In 1932 "Měšťanský pivovar" merged with "Plzeňské aciové pivovary". In 1946, the brewery was nationalized under the name "Plzeňské pivovary" (Pilsen breweries).
	After the fall of communism in late 1989, the brewery was turned into a public share company, then renamed in 1994 after the Czech name of their famous beer, "Plzeňský Prazdroj". In 1999, they started to merge with " Pivovar Radegast a.s." and "Pivovar Velké Popovice a. s.".
	The brewery has been part of the SABMiller group of companies (at the time South African Breweries) since 1999. It has been the largest exporter of beer produced in the Czech Republic since 2000 when production surpassed that of Budějovický Budvar. In 2016, the company was sold to Asahi Group Holdings of Japan.
	A brewery museum ("Pivovarské muzeum") has been set up near the brewery in the authentic medieval brewing house with malt house, which has been declared a cultural monument. It includes the late Gothic malt house, kiln, original drying shed and two-level laying-down cellars with ice-cellar, which are hewn from the Pilsen substrata. The exhibition covers Pilsen's most ancient history, the development of crafts, the emergence and growth of the guilds, the beginnings and development of brewing, malting, the craft of cooper, haulage and catering.
	The tour includes a replica of a pub from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries and a laboratory from the second half of the 19th century. The city walls have been opened with an example of the cultivation of barley and hops.
	The museum has become an anchor for the European Route of Industrial Heritage.
	Pilsner Fest is a two-day beer festival held each year by the brewery, with music by local bands on four stages in the town.

= = = Yulia Barsukova = = =

	Yulia Vladimirovna Barsukova (, born 31 December 1978) is a Russian retired individual rhythmic gymnast. She is the 2000 Olympic champion in the All-Around, the 2000 Grand Prix Final All-around champion, the 1999 World All-around bronze medalist, 2000 European All-around bronze medalist and 1999 Grand Prix Final All-around bronze medalist.
	Barsukova began figure skating at age five in the Izmaylovo District of Moscow where she lived. When she was eight years old, she passed a sports club and saw girls practicing rhythmic gymnastics through the window. Her father soon enrolled her in the sport. After three years, she moved to Tagansky District high school's rhythmic gymnastics department.
	Barsukova was coached by Vera Silaeva until she was sixteen, when Silaeva took her student to Russia's head coach, Irina Viner. Viner was unimpressed initially but accepted her at the urging of Russia's national team choreographer, Veronica Shatkova.
	Barsukova began competing at international competitions following the coaching change. For six years she competed under the shadow of other Russian gymnasts, Yanina Batyrchina, Amina Zaripova, Natalia Lipkovskaya and then Alina Kabaeva. Barsukova considered quitting rhythmic gymnastics until Viner persuaded her to stay and be patient. She had her breakthrough in 1998. During an event dedicated to the 15th anniversary of Ballet Magazine, Barsukova performed along with the stars of the theater. She performed her "Dying Swan" ball routine and received the unofficial title of "Miss Bolshoi Theater".
	Barsukova won many rhythmic gymnastics titles after her emergence in major competitions as a second member of the Russian team. She won gold in hoop at the 2000 World Cup Final in Glasgow and then gold at the 2000 Sydney Olympics after a hoop fumble by then-World champion, Alina Kabaeva. She was the 2000 European All-around bronze medalist and won the rope final at the 2000 European Championships (9.983). She was the oldest Olympic champion in rhythmic gymnastics—21 years, 8 months and 27 days—until fellow Russian Evgenia Kanaeva won her second gold medal at London 2012 being aged 22 years, 4 months and 7 days.
	After the Olympics, Barsukova won the all-around title at the Grand Prix Final in Deventer where she also won gold in ball, rope and ribbon final. She retired from competition following the 2000 Aeon Cup. She has participated in Russia's Channel One project "Stars on Ice".
	On February 15, 2015, a star-studded gala was held in Russia for the 80th founding anniversary of Rhythmic Gymnastics. The venue was held in the historical Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg. Among those who performed at the gala were Russian former Olympic champions, Olympic medalists and World champions including: Barsukova, Evgenia Kanaeva, Irina Tchachina, Daria Dmitrieva, and Yana Batyrshina.
	Barsukova is married to Denis Samokhin, a Russian former ice dancer and currently working as an Ice dancing coach and international tech specialist for the International Skating Union.

= = = Nova Scotia Highway 105 = = =

	Highway 105 in Nova Scotia represents the Cape Breton Island leg of the Trans-Canada Highway. It runs from the Port Hastings Rotary just east of the Canso Causeway in Port Hastings to the Marine Atlantic ferry terminal in North Sydney, representing a distance of .
	In 2010, the provincial government named the entire highway Mabel and Alexander Graham Bell Way in honour of Mabel Gardiner Hubbard and her husband Alexander Graham Bell, who resided and are buried at Beinn Bhreagh near Baddeck.
	The highway travels northeast from Port Hastings along the base of a group of mountains known as "The Big Ridge" to Whycocomagh. It then follows the north shore of Bras d'Or Lake, bypassing Baddeck on a short Super two controlled access segment. Still running in a general northeast direction, at St. Anns the highway begins ascending the west slope of Kelly's Mountain on the Cape Dauphin Peninsula. Highway 105 descends the east slope of Kelly's Mountain using a series of sharp turns including a 180° hairpin turn at New Harris Forks before crossing the Great Bras d'Or Channel of Bras d'Or Lake on the Seal Island Bridge. The road crosses Boularderie Island using another short Super two controlled access segment and then runs southeast as an uncontrolled access road through the villages of Bras d'Or and Florence. Highway 105 regains controlled access for the final to its eastern terminus at the Marine Atlantic ferry terminal in North Sydney where travellers can continue to Newfoundland.
	With some minor exceptions noted above, the highway is two lanes and uncontrolled access. In addition, there are two intersections controlled by traffic lights in Florence.
	The Cabot Trail, which is usually used to describe a different road, is signed along a portion of Highway 105 between Nyanza and St. Anns so that the signed route forms a loop.
	Highway 105 is descended from the former Trunk 5, which no longer exists; Highway 105 follows the old Trunk 5 alignment, using present Routes 205, 305 and roads named after it to serve areas bypassed by Highway 105. The 105 name was applied in 1964<br>
	Trunk 5 was a provincial trunk road in Victoria County and the Cape Breton Regional Municipality between Boularderie East and Millville Boularderie on Boularderie Island in Nova Scotia. The route, known as Millville Highway, was the main highway before Nova Scotia Highway 105 opened. It originally extended from Sydney River to Port Hawkesbury. It is now commonly known as Old Route 5.

= = = Paul Ben-Victor = = =

	Paul Ben-Victor (born July 24, 1965) is an American actor. He is best known for playing Greek mobster Spiros "Vondas" Vondopoulos on the HBO drama series "The Wire".
	Ben-Victor was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Leah Kornfeld, a playwright, and Victor Friedman. He attended Midwood High School, graduating in 1976.
	Ben-Victor debuted on the small screen in 1987 in the television film "Blood Vows: The Story of a Mafia Wife" and on an episode of "Cagney & Lacey". He was cast in important roles on HBO dramas "The Wire" (as mobster Spiros "Vondas" Vondopoulos) and "Entourage", as well as making a 2006 appearance as Coach Lou on "My Name Is Earl". He portrayed Moe Howard in the 2000 television film "The Three Stooges".
	Ben-Victor has been featured on many television cop dramas like "FBI", Monk" and "", and also had a recurring role as two-bit con man Steve Richards on three episodes of "NYPD Blue" from 1994 to 1997. He also appeared as Steve Richards on a 1998 episode of the short-lived police drama "Brooklyn South".
	Ben-Victor had a starring role in the Sci-Fi channel television show "The Invisible Man", alongside Vincent Ventresca. The two later guest starred together on the hit TV show "Las Vegas". They were reunited again on an episode of the new USA Network series "In Plain Sight" ("Hoosier Daddy"), on which Ben-Victor has a supporting role.
	Paul has roles in the movie "The Irishman", and the upcoming movies "The Banker" and "Waldo".
	He has co-written stage plays with his mother, including "Club Soda" and "The Good Steno".

= = = Bruno Landry = = =

	Bruno Landry is a Québécois comedian and humorist. He was part of the humor group Rock et Belles Oreilles from 1981 to 1995.

= = = Mortal Kombat: Conquest = = =

	Mortal Kombat: Conquest (stylized on-screen as Mortal Kombat: Konquest) is an American martial arts television series based on the "Mortal Kombat" fighting game series, which aired for one season, from 1998 to 1999. Set prior to the events of the first game, the series follows the original Kung Lao (Paolo Montalbán) as he protects Earthrealm with the help of warriors Siro (Daniel Bernhardt) and Taja (Kristanna Loken).
	Many centuries ago, Earth was an enchanting and desirable planet. Powerful and rich with natural resources, the vicious megalomaniac Shao Kahn wanted Earth as part of his growing collection of conquered realms known as Outworld. To protect Earth, Mortal Kombat was created: a tournament in which the fate of the planet is decided in battles between competitors from Earthrealm and Outworld. Five hundred years in the past, the monk warrior Kung Lao defeated Shao Kahn's sorcerer, Shang Tsung. When Kung Lao spared his life, Kahn imprisoned Tsung in the cobalt mines.
	Kung Lao now had to train the next generation of warriors, who would give their lives to save Earth. Kung Lao created a partnership and friendship between two warriors: Siro, a former bodyguard, and Taja, an ex-thief. In the mysterious city of Zhuzin, Kung Lao and his new friends are guided and watched over by the thunder god Rayden. The three now battle various evils of both Outworld and Earthrealm, including an imprisoned Tsung, who swore eternal revenge on Kung Lao for his humiliating defeat, and the sultry and seductive Vorpax, who is also imprisoned in the mines and has an agenda of her own.
	With "Conquest" immediately following TNT's top-rated program, "WCW Monday Nitro", WCW wrestlers Meng and Wrath filmed separate appearances. Former QVC model Dorian John played the barmaid Magda in the episodes "Twisted Truth" and "Quan Chi."
	"Mortal Kombat: Conquest" was produced by Threshold Entertainment (who produced the "Mortal Kombat" film series) in association with New Line Television (television arm of the films' distributor). Warner Bros. Television Distribution distributed the series. The program was filmed at Disney-MGM Studios in Orlando, Florida. The Warner Bros. unit (eventual holder of the "Mortal Kombat" property), as New Line's corporate sibling-turned-parent, syndicated the series until it was later picked up by TNT, which aired the remaining new episodes in addition to broadcasting repeats of the first-run syndication run. With a lucrative timeslot following "WCW Monday Nitro", "Conquest" was very popular, but according to the show's developer, Joshua Wexler, this resulted in higher budget costs for the show than anticipated. The cancellation was not announced at first, and rumors of a second season circulated. However, TNT pulled the plug on the show, leaving it with a cliffhanger ending. The ending was planned to have been resolved in the second season, which would have summed up the series and corresponded with the "MK" timeline.
	"Mortal Kombat: Conquest" has been released on DVD in the United Kingdom and Australia, where it enjoyed a more successful run on television. Unofficial collections produced in the UK consist of unrelated and edited episodes merged so that each disc contains a theme, and some of the DVDs contain spelling errors on the covers. Several episodes of the series, consisting of one show per disc, were released in Germany; two of the discs feature episodes centered around Kreeya and Sub-Zero. DVDs were also recently released in Portugal, with many spelling errors on the covers. In 2015, Warner Home Video released "Mortal Kombat: Conquest - Season One" on DVD in Region 1 for the very first time.
	In 2010, 4thletter! ranked "Conquest" as sixth on the list of "The Top Ten Most Ridiculous Things to Come Out of Mortal Kombat". In 2011, 1UP.com featured the series in the article "The Top Ten Times Mortal Kombat Went Wrong", calling it a "wire-fu disaster".

= = = Just'a Lotta Animals = = =

	Just'a Lotta Animals is a fictional superhero team that appeared in stories published by DC Comics. The team is an anthropomorphic funny animal parody of the Justice League of America.
	Just'a Lotta Animals originally appeared in the series "Captain Carrot and His Amazing Zoo Crew!" as the name of a superhero comic book written and drawn by Captain Carrot's alter ego, Roger Rodney Rabbit. Various panels of the Just'a Lotta Animals' comic that were shown in the "Captain Carrot" series were often parodies of classic Justice League storylines. The team was in fact the original proposal by Zoo Crew creators Roy Thomas and Scott Shaw for a funny animal superhero series for DC, but DC's editor Dick Giordano asked them to create original characters instead. They agreed and created the Zoo Crew, but still ended up introducing the Just'a Lotta Animals team in the series.
	In "Captain Carrot and His Amazing Zoo Crew" #14 and #15, in a storyline titled "Crisis On Earth-C!," the Just'a Lotta Animals were finally revealed to actually exist, on a parallel Earth named "Earth-C-Minus" (as opposed to the world of the Zoo Crew, which was named "Earth-C"). The two teams united to defeat the villains of the story, Dr. Hoot (an owl mad scientist) and Feline Faust (a cat sorcerer; an analog of Justice League villain Felix Faust).
	The team's imagery was brought to life by a confused paranormal teenager in the second part of the "Young Justice: World Without Grownups" storyline.
	Just'a Lotta Animals lived on the parallel world of Earth-C-Minus, and made its headquarters in an orbiting satellite space station.
	Events and characters on Earth-C-Minus were considered to be fictional to natives of Earth-C, similar to how events and characters of Earth-Two were considered as fictional on Earth-One. Additionally, events and characters on Earth-C-Minus paralleled those of the then-mainstream DC Universe of Earth-One. Like Earth-C, the names of characters and locations tended to make heavy use of various animal-based puns.
	After the events of the 1985 miniseries "Crisis on Infinite Earths", it was revealed that Earth-C-Minus (and Earth-C) survived intact, as they were actually "alternate dimensions" instead of parallel Earths, although the most recent mini-series "Captain Carrot and the Final Ark" has suggested that Earth-C is now also considered Earth-26, one of the new 52 parallel Earths in the new DC Multiverse.
	The main members of Just'a Lotta Animals are:
	Other members of Just'a Lotta Animals include:
	Enemies of Just'a Lotta Animals or its individual members include:
	The Green Lambkin appeared as a member of the Green Lantern Corps in the Duck Dodgers episode "The Green Loontern." The rest of the Just'a Lotta Animals did not appear.
	The DC Nation block of programming on Cartoon Network features a variation on the Just'a Lotta Animals in Farm League (identified earlier as the Justice League of Animals). In the initial image released, some variations included Superman as a duck, Batman as a mosquito, Wonder Woman as a mouse, Green Lantern as a cat, Martian Manhunter as a vulture, Cyborg as a flea, B'wana Beast as a bear, Lex Luthor as a hairless monkey, Brainiac as a bull, etc. However, a subsequent preview from San Diego Comic-Con International instead revealed Superman as a manatee named Supermanatee, Batman as a mongoose named Batmongoose (voiced by Diedrich Bader), Wonder Woman as a wombat named Wonder Wombat, The Flash as a fish named The Flish, Green Lantern as a warthog named Green Lamprey, Aquaman as a mandrill named Aquamandrill, Captain Marvel/Billy Batson as a pig named Shazham!/Billy Bacon, Robin as Robin's Egg, Cyborg as a bug named Cybug, Darkseid as a duck named Duckseid, the Joker as a frog named the Croaker, Catwoman as a cat named Cat Cat, Mister Mxyzptlk as a chicken, Solomon Grundy as a rabbit named Solomon Grunny, Two-Face as a bull named Moo-Face, Bizarro as a dog named Bizarfo, Captain Cold as a cod fish named Captain Cod, Sinestro as a hippopotamus named Sinestropotamus, Lex Luthor as a bald-headed liger named Lex Liger, and Ambush Bug as a slug named Ambush Slug.

= = = Ipatiev House = = =

	Ipatiev House () was a merchant's house in Yekaterinburg (later renamed Sverdlovsk) where the former Emperor Nicholas II of Russia (1868–1918, reigned 1894–1917), his family, and members of his household were executed in July 1918 following the Bolshevik Revolution. Its name is identical to that of the Ipatiev Monastery in Kostroma, from where the Romanovs came to the throne. As an act for the 60th anniversary of the Russian Revolutions, it was demolished in 1977 by orders of the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to the local communist soviet government, almost 59 years after the Romanov family execution and 14 years before the dissolution of the Soviet Union itself in 1990–1991.
	In the 1880s, Ivan Redikortsev, an official involved in the mining industry, commissioned a two-story house to be built on the slope of a prominent hill. The length of the facade was 31 metres. In 1898, the mansion passed to Sharaviev, a gold dealer of tainted reputation. Ten years later, the house was acquired by Nikolai Nikolayevich Ipatiev, a military engineer, who turned the ground floor into his office.
	It seems to have been on the basis of information supplied by Pyotr Voykov that Ipatiev was summoned to the office of the Ural Soviet at the end of April 1918 and ordered to vacate what was soon to be called "The House of Special Purpose."
	The Imperial Romanov family moved in on 30 April 1918 and spent 78 days at the house. This household included Tsar Nicholas Romanov, his wife, the Tsarina Alexandra Fyodorovna of Hesse, their four daughters, their son and heir Alexei, the Tsarevich (crown prince); their court physician Dr. Yevgeny Botkin, chambermaid Anna Demidova, cook Ivan Kharitonov, and valet Alexei Trupp. They occupied four rooms on the upper story of the Ipatiev House, while their guards were housed on the ground floor. From early July, command of this guard was taken over by Yakov Yurovsky, a senior member of the Ural Soviet. 
	The prisoners were permitted brief daily exercise in an enclosed garden. However, the windows to their rooms were painted over and they were kept in isolation from the outside. A high wooden fence was built around the outer perimeter of the house, closing it off from the street.
	About midnight on 16–17 July 1918, Commander Yurovsky entered the second-floor room of Dr. Botkin, who was awake and writing a letter. Botkin was told to awaken the Imperial family and their three remaining servants, so that the whole party could be evacuated from Yekaterinburg. The reason given was that the anti-Bolshevik White Army forces of Tsarist and moderate democratic socialists in the ensuing Russian Civil War of 1918–1921, were nearing the city and that there had been firing in the streets. 
	After taking about half an hour to dress and pack, the Romanovs, Botkin and the three servants were led down a flight of stairs into the courtyard of the house, and from there through a ground-floor entrance to a small semi-basement room at the back of the building. Chairs were brought for Tsarevich Alexei and Tsarina Alexandra at the Tsar's request. The remainder of the party stood behind and to one side of the seated pair.
	After a while, Yurovsky and a party of armed men entered the basement room through the double doors. Ivan Plotnikov, history professor at the Maksim Gorky Ural State University, has established that the executioners were Yakov Yurovsky, G. P. Nikulin, M. A. Medvedev (Kudrin), Peter Ermakov, S. P. Vaganov, A. G. Kabanov, P. S. Medvedev, V. N. Netrebin, and Y. M. Tselms. Three Latvians refused at the last minute to take part in the execution.
	Yurovsky spoke briefly to the effect that their Romanov relatives had attempted to save the Imperial family, that this attempt had failed and that the Soviets were now obliged to shoot them all. He and his squad then opened fire with pistols on the prisoners. 
	The number of people crowded into a comparatively small area led to an inefficient and messy slaughter. The women among the prisoners had diamonds and jewelry concealed in their clothing, deflecting many of the bullets. It took between twenty and thirty minutes before all were killed.
	As early as 1923, the photographs of the fenced house were disseminated in the Soviet press under the label of "the last palace of the last Tsar". In 1927, the house was designated a branch of the Ural Revolution Museum. It then became an agricultural school before taking on new life in 1938 as an anti-religious museum. During this period it was customary for party apparatchiks to arrive in large tour groups, posing before the bullet-damaged wall of the cellar in which the former Tsar and his family had been murdered. In 1946, it was taken over by the local Communist Party. In 1974, it was formally listed as a Historical-Revolutionary Monument. However, to the embarrassment of the government, it was steadily becoming a place of pilgrimage for those who wished to honour the memory of the imperial family.
	In 1977, as the sixtieth anniversary of the Russian Revolution approached, the Politburo decided to take action, declaring that the house was not of "sufficient historical significance", and ordering its demolition. The task was passed to Boris Yeltsin, chair of the local party, who had the house demolished in September 1977. He later wrote in his memoirs, published in 1990, that "sooner or later we will be ashamed of this piece of barbarism." However, despite this action, the pilgrims kept coming, often in secret and at night, leaving tokens of remembrance on the vacant site. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union that was complete by 1991, the Church on the Blood was built on the part of the site and is now a major place of pilgrimage.
	On one side of the church, there's an orthodox cross which marks the location of the Romanov family’s death. Even during the Soviet Era, there were crosses in that area, but it changed over time. Different crosses would be replaced by a new one as the years went by. A small wooden structure was eventually built behind the cross and still stands near the church today; it can be seen in the picture on the right.
	The house features as the setting for two plays: "Ekaterinburg" (the title being an alternate romanization of Yekaterinburg) and "The House of Special Purpose" (Heidi Thomas, 2009). Both plays deal with the time in captivity spent inside the Ipatiev House by the Romanovs and their retainers.

= = = DIN sync = = =

	The DIN sync standard, also called Sync24, defines a synchronization interface for electronic musical instruments.
	DIN sync was introduced in the early 1980s by Roland Corporation for the synchronization of music sequencers, drum machines, arpeggiators and similar devices. It has since been superseded by MIDI, in the mid to late 1980s. The DIN sync standard consists of two signals, clock (tempo) and run/stop. Both signals are TTL compatible, meaning the low state is 0 V and the high state is about +5 V.
	The clock signal is a low-frequency pulse wave suggesting the tempo. Instead of measuring the waveform's frequency, the machine receiving the signal merely has to count the number of pulses to work out when to increment its position in the music. Roland equipment uses 24 pulses per quarter note, known as Sync24. Therefore, a Roland compatible device playing sixteenth notes would have to advance to the next note every time it receives 6 pulses. Korg equipment uses 48 pulses per quarter note.
	The run/stop signal indicates whether the sequence is playing or not.
	The DIN sync standard is so named because it uses 5-pin DIN connectors, the same as used for MIDI. DIN sync itself is not a DIN standard. Note that despite using the same connectors as MIDI, it uses different pins on these connectors (1, 2, and 3 rather than MIDI's 2, 4 and 5), so a cable made specifically for MIDI will not necessarily have the pins required for DIN sync physically connected via wires. In some applications the remaining pins (4 and 5) are used as "tap", "fill in" or "reset and start", but this differs from one device to another.
	If a device is a DIN sync sender, the positive slope of start/stop must reset the clock signal, and the clock signal must start with a delay of 9 ms.
	A detailed description on how to implement a DIN sync sender with Play, Pause, Continue and Stop functionality was published by E-RM Erfindungsbuero.
	The MIDI interface uses the same 5-pin DIN connectors, but is electrically not compatible with DIN sync. The MIDI protocol features a MIDI beat clock. MIDI beat clock also works with 24 ticks per quarter note.
	"Analog clock" signals are equivalent to the clock signal at pin 3 of DIN sync interface. The clock rate is usually higher than the DIN sync's rate. Typical values are 48, 96 or 192 pulses per quarter note (examples: Oberheim DMX, DX, DSX; Linndrum 1 and 2).
	"Analog trigger" signals transfer a pulse per musical event. For instance a trigger corresponds to a step of an analog sequencer or an arpeggiator, a step in a rhythm pattern. Typical analog triggers run at four pulses per quarter note.
	The combination of DIN sync with a different clock system can be achieved either by converting the format and / or the clock rate (see list below) or by using a central unit (so called master clock), which provides multiple clock formats. The approach with a masterclock is usually chosen, especially if a synchronization with absolute time is required, such as synchronisation with a tape recorder or with video footage.
	Typical devices which can act as a master clock and provide DIN sync include the Roland SBX-80, Roland SBX-10, Friendchip SRC, E-RM midiclock⁺ and Yamaha MSS1. Many drum machines which have DIN sync and MIDI clock outputs can act as master clock for those two formats.
	Though DIN sync and MIDI clock have the same clock rate, they require a conversion of the format within a microprocessor or similar. The conversion from MIDI clock to DIN sync is available in many industrial devices. For the conversion from DIN sync to MIDI clock there is at the moment only the device 'Sync-Split2' of the company Innerclock Systems. Also two no longer produced devices do this type of conversion: Roland SBX10, Korg KMS30. On September 1st 2014, Roland introduced the SBX-1 which provides MIDI to sync24 or sync48 conversion.
	To get an analog trigger or clock from the DIN syncs clock signal one has to use digital frequency division or frequency multiplication. There are no dedicated industrial devices which provide a division. The Roland SBX10 can convert into a 48, 96, and 120 PPQN clock.
	Some devices have a DIN sync input as well as DIN sync output, other device have only a single DIN socket which sometimes can be switched between input and output.
	Note that sync48 devices can be combined with sync24 devices, if 32nd notes are programmed instead of 16th notes.

= = = Scots Confession = = =

	The Scots Confession (also called the Scots Confession of 1560) is a Confession of Faith written in 1560 by six leaders of the Protestant Reformation in Scotland. The was the first subordinate standard for the Protestant church in Scotland. Along with the Book of Discipline and the Book of Common Order, this is considered to be a formational document for the Church of Scotland during the time.
	In August 1560 the Parliament of Scotland agreed to reform the religion of the country. To enable them to decide what the Reformed Faith was to be, they set John Knox as the superintendent over John Winram, John Spottiswoode, John Willock, John Douglas, and John Row, to prepare a Confession of Faith. This they did in four days. The 25 Chapters of the Confession spell out a contemporary statement of the Christian faith as understood by the followers of John Calvin during his lifetime. Although the Confession and its accompanying documents were the product of the joint effort of the Six Johns, its authorship is customarily attributed to John Knox.
	While the Parliament approved the Confession on 27 August 1560, acting outside the terms of the Treaty of Edinburgh to do so, Mary, Queen of Scots, a Roman Catholic, refused to agree, and the Confession was not approved by the monarch until 1567, after Mary's overthrow. It remained the Confession of the Church of Scotland until it was superseded by the Westminster Confession of Faith on 27 August 1647. However, the confession itself begins by stating that the Parliament "ratifeit and apprevit [the confession] as wholesome and sound doctrine grounded upon the infallible truth of God's word"; thus, though changes within societies may have diminished its relevance, believers hold that the authority of its statements is rooted not in parliamentary approval but in, as it says, "the infallible truth of God's word". In 1967, it was included in the United Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A.'s "Book of Confessions "alongside various other confessional standards, and remains in the current Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)'s "Book of Confessions".
	As the Confession of Faith Ratification Act 1560, the Confession remains part of Scots law.

= = = Gilbert Ashwell = = =

	Gilbert Ashwell (July 16, 1916 – June 27, 2014) was a biochemist at the National Institutes of Health in the United States. He is a member of the National Academy of Science for his work with Anatol Morell in isolating the first cell receptor.
	Ashwell was born in Jersey City, New Jersey in 1916. After high school, he went to college to further his education. He attended the University of Illinois, where he earned his B.A.in 1938 and M.S. in 1941. He then went to Columbia University in New York, which was closer to his hometown, to spend two years doing research. In 1950, Ashwell joined the National Institute of Arthirtis, Metabolism, and Digestive Diseases. This Institute had grown and later split into two institutes, which are the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Ashwell worked at the latter as an emeritus scientist after his retirement.
	Ashwell’s goal as a researcher was to devise a labeling serum glycoproteins in order to study the role of ceruloplasmin in Wilson disease. With another researcher named Anatol G. Morell, he worked to propose that membrane lectins remove senescent circulating glycoproteins, and discovered one of the earliest known carbohydrate receptors. They were able to devise a labeling procedure which allowed them to remove enzymes of the glycoproteins' sialic acid residue. By completing this process, they were able to incorporate other substances into the protein. In 1974, Ashwell and Morell happened to discover that a certain receptor in a human’s liver is able to recognize a specific glycoprotein called asialoglycoprotein. Ashwell explained that he was not specifically looking for the asialoglycoprotein when he found it.
	Ashwell died on June 27, 2014 from pneumonia in a Washington, D.C. area hospital. He was 97.

= = = Gogaji = = =

	Gogaji (also known as Goga, Jahar Veer Gogga, Gugga, Gugga Pir, Gugga Jaharpir, Gugga Chohan, Gugga Rana, Gugga Bir and Raja Mandlik) is a folk deity, worshipped in the northern states of India especially in Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Punjab region, Uttar Pradesh, Jammu and Gujarat. He is a warrior-hero of the region, venerated as a saint and a 'snake-god'.
	Although there are references to him in the folklore of Rajasthan, little historical knowledge of Gugga exists other than that he ruled the small kingdom of Dadrewa (in present day Rajasthan) and was a contemporary of Prithviraj Chauhan.
	According to legend, Goga was born with the blessings of Guru Gorakhnath, who gave 'Gugal' fruit to Goga's mother Bachhal which was used to name him. Another belief is that he was called Goga because of his remarkable service to cows(Gou in Sanskrit).
	Goga had a kingdom called Bagad Dedga near Ganganagar that spanned over to Hansi near Hisar in Haryana and included territory up to the river Sutlej in Punjab. It is believed that Goga lived during the 12th Century AD In the past, the river Sutlej flowed through the district of Bathinda in present-day Punjab in India. The capital was at Dadrewa near Ganganagar.
	Goga () (Rajasthani: (Gugo) गुग्गो) was born in c. 900 AD to queen Bachchal (the daughter of a Rajput ruler, Kanwarpala who in 1173 AD ruled over Sirsa in present-day Haryana) and king Zewar in Dadrewa of the Chauhan Clan in the Churu district of Rajasthan. The earliest parts of Goga's life were spent in the village of Dadrewa, situated on Hissar—Bikaner highway in Sadulpur tehsil of Churu district in Rajasthan. According to other legends, his father was Vachha Chauhan, the Raja of Jangal Desh, which stretched from the Sutlej to Haryana.
	When Bachal was worshipping Gorakhnath, her twin-sister decided to usurp the blessings from the Gorakhnath. In the middle of the night, she wore her sister's clothes and deceived Gorakhnath into giving her the blessing fruit. When Bachal came to know about it, she rushed to Gorakhnath and said that she had not received anything. To this, Gorakhnath replied that he had already given his blessings and said that her sister was attempting to deceive her. After repeated requests by Bachal, Gorakhnath relented and gave her two Gugal candies. She distributed these candies to ladies having no child, including the 'blue mare' who was pregnant at that time. When the Guru gave the blessing to Bachal, he foretold that her son would become very powerful and would rule over the other two sons of their aunt, Kachal.
	Goga was married to Shreeyal Roz who was daughter of Tandul Nagari's King Sindha Singh.
	Another story is that Arjan and Sarjan were against Goga and was a part of conspiracy with king Anangpal Tomar of Delhi. King Anganpal attacked bagad region with Arjan and Sarjan. Both of them were killed by Goga. Goga spared the king after his miserere. In a quarrel about land he killed his two brothers on which account he drew upon himself the anger of his mother.
	The cult of Goga falls within folk religion and therefore his followers include people from all faiths. Goga is popular as a Devta who protects his followers from snakes and other evils. He has been deified as a snake demigod and is a prominent figure among those who follow the Nāga cult in what is now Rajasthan and since the seventeenth century has been worshipped in the Western Himalayas also, possibly as a consequence of migration there from Rajasthan.
	He is particularly popular among those engaged in agrarian pursuits, for whom the fear of snakebite is common. Although a Hindu, he has many Muslim devotees and is chiefly considered to be a saint ("pir") who had the power to cure the effects of poison ("jahar").
	He was reputed to be a disciple of Guru Gorakhnath. According to Muslim oral tradition prevalent in Punjab, he learnt the way of entering and leaving solid earth by a Muslim Pir Hazi Rattan of Bathinda. Goga is also believed to have lived for some time in Bathinda.
	The cult is prevalent in Rajasthan and other states of northern India, including Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and the north western districts of Uttar Pradesh. His followers can also be found in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh.
	His shrine, referred as medi (shortened colloquial term for Samādhi), consists of a one-room building with a minaret on each corner and a Hindu grave inside, marked by a Nishan (a symbol or sign), which is made up of a long bamboo with peacock plumes, a coconut, some colored threads and some handpankhas with a blue flag on the top.
	Worship of Goga starts in Bhaadra month of Hindu calendar. On the 9th of Bhadra, the people worship his symbol, a black snake painted on a wall. Worshippers take a fly-flap, known as chhari, round the village. Devotees pay their respect to it and offer churma. The Savayians sing devotional songs known as ‘Pir ke Solle’ in his honour to the accompaniment of deroos. Beating of deroos is the exclusive privilege of the Savayian community; others may sing, dance or offer charhawa. It is believed that the spirit of Gugga temporarily takes abode in the devotee dancer who lashes himself with a bunch of iron chains. People also open their rakhis on this day(bhadra krishna paksh navmi) and offer them to him. They also offer sweet puri (a type of sweet chappati) and other sweets and take his blessing.
	Grand fairs are held at samadhi sathal Gogamedi. Gogamedi is 359 km from Jaipur, in Hanumangarh district of Rajasthan. It is believed that Goga went into samādhi at Gogamedi. Thousands of devotees gather to pay homage at this memorial annually in the month of Bhadrapada during the Goga fair, which lasts for 3 days. The fair is held from the ninth day of the dark half of Bhadrapada (Goga Navami) to the eleventh day of the dark half of the same month. People sing and dance to the beats of drums 
	with multicoloured flags called "nishans" in their hands. The songs and bhajans on the life history of Gogaji are recited accompanied by music played with traditional instruments like Damru, Chimta, etc. At his birthplace Dadrewa, the fair goes on over a month. Devotees from far eastern places of Dadrewa start arriving from the beginning of the auspicious month of Bhaadra. These devotees are commonly known as purbia (those who belong to east). It is a common sight to see people with snakes lying around their necks. According to a folklore in and around his birthplace Dadrewa it is believed that if someone picks up even a stick from johra (a barren land which has a sacred pond in Dadrewa), it would turn into a snake. Devotees of Gogaji worship him when they get a snake bite and apply sacred ash (bhabhoot) on the bite as an immediate remedy.
	In Thaneek Pura, Himachal Pradesh, a very large scale festival and fair is organized on Gugga Navami. The tale of Gugga Ji is recited, from Raksha Bandhan to Gugga Naumi, by the followers who visit every house in the region. These followers while singing the tales of Gugga Ji carry a Chhat (a wooden umbrella) and people offer them grains and other stuff. They bring all the collected offerings to the temple and then the grand festival of Gugga Navami is celebrated for three days. Apart from various pujas and rituals, the wrestling competition (Mall or Dangal) is organized for three days where participants from all over the region compete. The annual three-day fair is also a part of these festivities where people come and enjoy great food, and shop for decorative items, handicrafts, clothes, cosmetics, household goods, and toys for children.
	Goga is known as Gugga in the Punjab who has a significant following. Many Punjabi villages have a shrine dedicated to Gugga. A fair is organised annually in the village of Chhapar and is known as the Chhapar Mela. Gugga's legacy in Punjab can be seen in towns such as Bareta Mandi, which is situated at a distance of 51 km from Mansa in Punjab. "The town is predominantly inhabited by Chauhans who trace their origin from Gugga, ‘Lord of Snakes’. It is said that nobody has ever died here on account of snakebite because of the blessings of Gugga."
	In the Punjab region, it is traditional to offer sweet Vermicelli to the shrines of Gugga Ji and sweet fried bread (mathya ()). He is worshiped in the month of Bhadon especially on the ninth day of that month. Gugga is meant to protect against snake bites and he is venerated in shrines known as marris. The shrines do not conform to any religion and can range from antholes to structures that resemble a Sikh Gurdwara or a Mosque. When worshipping Gugga, people bring noodles as offerings and also leave them in places where snakes reside. People perform a devotional dance while dancing on the legendary songs of bravery sung in his praise.
	On the day of Gugga naumi, when offering the sweet dish, songs are sung which include:
	Punjabi:
	"ਪੱਲੇ ਮੇਰੇ ਮਥੀਆਂ"<br>
	"ਨੀ ਮੈਂ ਗੁੱਗਾ ਮਨਾਓੁਣ ਚੱਲੀਆਂ"<br>
	"ਨੀ ਮੈਂ ਬਾਰੀ ਗੁੱਗਾ ਜੀ"<br>
	"Palle mere mathyaa"<br>
	"ni mein Gugga manaun challyaa"<br>
	"ni mein bari Gugga ji"<br>
	Translation
	"I have got mathya"<br>
	"I am going to worship Gugga ji"<br>
	"Oh Gugga ji"<br>

= = = Level Plane Records = = =

	Level Plane was an American independent record label based in New York City that was founded in early 1997 by Greg Drudy for the release of Saetia's first 7". Drudy ran the label until it ceased to exist in 2009. It released records in a variety of styles including those by many screamo bands.

= = = Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum = = =

	Khnumhotep (pronunciation: xaˈnaːmaw-ˈħatpew) and Niankhkhnum (pronunciation: nij-daˌnax-xaˈnaːmaw) were ancient Egyptian royal servants. They shared the title of Overseer of the Manicurists in the Palace of King Nyuserre Ini, sixth pharaoh of the Fifth Dynasty, reigning during the second half of the 25th century BC. They were buried together at Saqqara and are listed as "royal confidants" in their joint tomb. They are notable for their unusual depiction in Egyptian records, often interpreted as the first recorded same-sex couple, a claim that has met considerable debate. 
	Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum are believed by Thomas Dowson, Greg Reeder, and some other scholars to be the first recorded same-sex couple in ancient history. The assumed romantic relationship between Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum is based on depictions of the two men standing nose to nose and embracing. Niankhkhnum's wife, depicted in a banquet scene, was almost completely erased in antiquity, and in other pictures Khnumhotep occupies the position usually designated for a wife. Their official titles were "Overseers of the Manicurists of the Palace of the King" (see sections Titularies, Banquents and music). Critics argue that both men appear with their respective wives and children, suggesting the men were brothers, rather than lovers.
	Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum are depicted in the tomb with their respective families. It has been proposed that they were the sons of Khabaw-khufu and Rewedzawes. They appear to have had three brothers named Titi, Nefernisut, and Kahersetef. Three possible sisters are also attested. They are named Neferhotep-hewetherew, Mehewet and Ptah-heseten. Niankhkhnum's wife was named Khentikawes. The couple appear in the tomb with three sons named Hem-re, Qed-unas and Khnumhezewef, and three daughters, Hemet-re, Khewiten-re and Nebet. At least one grandson is attested, Irin-akheti, the son of Hem-re and his wife, Tjeset.
	Khnumhotep had a wife by the name of Khenut. Khnumhotep and Khenut had at least five sons named Ptahshepses, Ptahneferkhu, Kaizebi, Khnumheswef and Niankhkhnum the younger (possibly named after the tomb owner), as well as a daughter named Rewedzawes.
	Egyptian records note Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum as the heads manicurists for the royal family, but they may have held a number of different official titles and duties
	On duty at the sun temple, Niankhkhnum or Khnumhotep may have watched over subordinate officials, such as the "m-r pr Sna" "overseer of the magazines" who in turn supervised crews of porters stocking and withdrawing material from the granaries and store-rooms 
	Care of the king's body and wardrobe in preparation for his public appearances required a large number of aides, apparently working in different ateliers each under its own leadership. In addition to the manicurists whom Niankhkhnum and Khnumhotep supervised (discussed in the titulary section of this article), the palace had attendants under one or more men holding the title "jrj nfr HAt" "keeper of the headdress," responsible for the king's wigs and headcloths, "jrw Snj" " hairdressers, who kept him shaven, and an "m-r n jzwj Xkrwt nswt" "overseer of the two chambers of king's adorners." The post of "Xkrt nswt" "adorner of the king" was always held by women, who were legally, if not socially, equal to men in Egypt. Neferhotep-Hathor is labeled with this status at the funeral procession of Niankhkhnum and Khnumhotep.
	How, or how often, personnel in the hairdressers' shop, which from titulary evidence stands higher than the manicurists in 5th and 6th Dynasty prestige rankings, communicated with the latter remains unknown. No hairdressers are labeled at the funeral procession. Ptahshepses, the keeper of the headdress who became Nyussere's vizier, and Ti, overseer of the pyramids and sun temples, are two officials whom Niankhkhnum and Khnumhotep may have worked with Both Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum are attested on a harvest scene in the splendid burial estate of Ptahshepses, where they may have been quarry supervisors, yet named as "jr ant pr aA" "palace manicurists," quite junior to titulary in their own tomb, which could mean Ptahshepses died while they were younger. A door jamb, besides "TAtj" "vizier," displays the title "HAt-a" "one whose arm is in front," a pure honorific Allen distinguishes from the "m-r" and "jrj" titles specifying responsibility domains we've encountered up to now. The "jrj nfr HAt" "keeper of the headdress" epithet, recorded in many of the rooms, is spelled with the mouth sign (Gardiner D21), not the eye sign (D4), so that it shares the introductory word of "jrj-pat" "hereditary prince," another of Allen's honorifics. 
	The tomb of Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum was discovered by Egyptologist Ahmed Moussa in the necropolis at Saqqara, Egypt in 1964, during the excavation of the causeway for the pyramid of King Unas. It is the only tomb in the necropolis where men are displayed embracing and holding hands. In addition, the men's chosen names (both theophorics to the creator-god Khnum) form a linguistic reference to their closeness: Niankhkhnum means "life belongs to Khnum" and Khnumhotep means "Khnum is satisfied;" 
	The precise king and regnal date of this tomb are unknown; style places it in the latter 5th Dynasty under Nyuserre or Menkauhor. No human remains were discovered inside. It is believed the tomb was built in stages, first a sequence of two chambers cut into the limestone of a low escarpment in the northern area of Saqqara, then a surface-built mastaba structure added to mate with the earlier construction. This would have occurred as the two intended occupants gained resources.
	In a banquet scene, Niankhkhnum and Khnumhotep are entertained by dancers, clappers, musicians and singers; in another, they oversee their funeral preparations. In the most striking portrayal, the two embrace, noses touching, in the most intimate pose allowed by canonical Egyptian art, surrounded by what would appear to be their heirs. 
	Egyptian tombs feature lists of titles and epithets honoring the deceased or held during life, often giving titles for other persons who appear on a wall. For Niankhkhnum and Khnumhotep, the titulary may be condensed as follows:
	Held by either or both men:
	The title "Hrj sStA" "keeper of the secrets" is attested for 13 individuals during the Old Kingdom, at least once elaborated to the form "Hr sStA mdw-nTr" "keeper of the secrets of the god's words," meaning the hieroglyphic language used on monuments. In contrast with the hieratic script used for everyday record-keeping, already an elite activity, the content of hieroglyphic texts was closely controlled property of the state and permission from the king was probably required for inscriptions in one's tomb, as we see in a royal authorization for Rawer, an official under Neferirkare buried at Giza, to do so. 
	"jmAx xr nTr aA" "honored one near the great god" is a euphemism for "dead," appearing frequently in tombs and on slab stelae, even though it, like the word (and goddess) "mAat", evokes a multifarious idealization of relationships between social and cosmological ranks.
	Epithets beginning with "jmAx" are common throughout Egyptian history from the 4th Dynasty on, tending toward greater specificity in later periods. An official or family member could possess several, both "jmAx xr nTr aA" "honored before the great god" (when dead) and "jmAx xr nswt" "honored before the king" (presumably in life). It is important to realize that king and god themselves can be one and the same, especially upon death, as Amenemhat I would be in the early Middle Kingdom story of Sinuhe. The goal of kingship, after maintaining social order ("mAat") in Egypt, was to ascend and unite with the sun disk of Heliopolitan theology, maintained from Old Kingdom until the arrival of Christianity.Since "jmAx" can also be translated as "provided for," the connection an official's tomb holds with royal subsidy is made implicit; although officials built their tombs using mainly their own resources once the 4th Dynasty (and Khufu's largess at Giza) ended.
	A two-pillared portico makes up the eastern half of the mastaba's façade. The front is inscribed with Niankhkhnum depicted on the left, Khnumhotep on the right. These two reliefs are virtually identical, only the names being different.
	This space is fairly small. The west side is decorated with a funerary procession for Niankhkhnum and the east side shows a matching funerary procession for Khnumhotep.
	At the entrance scenes of baking bread and brewing beer are depicted. Barley is carefully measured out and turned into bread. Other scenes include goat herding, ship building, harvesting scenes, sailing, netting of birds, etc. The east wall contains a legal text. Below this text several people are depicted thought to be the family of the two men. At the very bottom ships are shown. The men are shown standing before the main cabin of the ship.
	An undecorated space which serves to connect the vestibule and chambers on the north end of the mastaba with the abutting rock-cut sections of the tomb to their south. Modern security grates now obstruct much of the full sun that would have flooded this small, walled yard, yet little or no sun fell on the vestibule to the outer rock-cut hall described below, as its entrance faces north.
	With names, titles, and standing portraits of the two men, it is much smaller than the other vestibule and without pillars. The lintel's inside surface features another cattle count scene, and each tomb owner appears on one of the side walls with his wife, amid a flow of yet more offerings from the herds.
	This outer hall, an antechamber to the final, inner hall, marks the tomb's first, rock-cut phase of construction, and is fully decorated. Before the mastaba was added, it would have been the first room a visitor entered after passing through the forecourt, which was relocated northeast to the far side of the mastaba where it is now. Here, people engage in agricultural occupations including the weighing of corn and grain, the ploughing of fields, and harvesting.
	A double doorway to the inner hall is on the west wall, with a broad pillar dividing the doors. Its surface depicts the two men, their children, drawn much smaller to reflect a lesser status, in tow behind each parent. The respective wives do not appear in this scene. Niankhkhnum has three sons and three daughters, Khnumhotep five sons and one daughter, some of whom may be adopted or conceived by a second wife or mistress as they lack the shendyt kilts worn by the others. All the children except Niankhkhnum's youngest son, who still runs naked with his shaved head bearing the single sidelock of youth, are adults despite the scale they are drawn at. Ptahshepses, a son of Khnumhotep, wore the youth sidelock in the marsh scene of the forecourt but not so here. Either inconsistency intrudes, or the art, completed over years, reflects some changes of status which transpire during the tomb's construction.
	Now on the reverse side of the dividing pillar, Niankhknum and Khnumhotep embrace again, and a third time on the opposite wall of this small chamber. They are without their children in this innermost sanctuary. Each man has a "false door," a carved, slot-like niche surrounded by inscriptions which was produced in the royal workshops and installed in the tomb. Niankhknum's is seriously damaged. The false door provided an accessway for the deceased, as a spiritual being, to reach offerings left at the tomb by the living. These offerings were to be set on plinths in front of the false doors. Behind the false doors is a small statue closet known as the serdab. A statue of each man would have been placed here, facing the chamber as if to watch visitors come and go, but invisible to the offering-bringers since the false doors are actually solid. It appears that tomb robbers removed the statues in antiquity; they are no longer extant.
	The banquet scene (first image) shows Niankhkhnum clean-shaven (left) and Khnumhotep (wearing a short beard) seated facing one another across comestibles spread between, each with his own breadboard table. Set off by a baseline, this is read separately from the two registers of entertainment below them. A different upper register substitutes in the contemporary Saqqara tomb of Ti (next image), where no food is present with the owner, who is seated holding a scepter, his wife (drawn at half-scale) by his feet.
	Longevity and circumstances of the tomb owners' deaths are unknown. The limestone sarcophagi beneath the mastaba were ransacked and wooden coffins of later date interred in the burial chambers. Booth, citing others, adheres to the theory that Khnumhotep died first, leaving Niankhkhnum to complete the tomb's art. This conclusion was drawn from Khnumhotep's "jmAx" epithets (see Titulary section), a style of beard he wears, and exclusion of his wife at the banquet scene when Niankhknum's was originally there.
	Four of the rows show people walking in single file. Familial relationships stay unclear in Egyptian tombs: Only the pictures of wives ("Hmt.f" "his wife"), daughters ("zAt.f"), and sons ("zA.f") bore genealogical notations. Reeder identifies Niankhkhnum and Khnumhotep themselves at the rear of Khabau-Khufu's line; he and the woman behind him are Niankhkhnum's parents. This woman and Khnumhotep are the only paraders who do not place their left hands upon their hearts, but use them to hold the hand or arm of the person in front of them, suggesting a degree of intimacy between them and the persons they grasp (Khabau-Khufu or Niankhkhnum, respectively). More of the deceased's children plus some of foggier status appear, including Ankhredwi-nesut, police captain Khnumhezuf, palace manicurist Kasetef, and Hemre's wife Tjeset. Sekhem, a scribe of the "pr HD" "white house," is both here and behind Niankhkhnum in the forecourt marsh scene, where he had a namesake on Khnumhotep's side, albeit with additional post of inspector of "Hm-kA" priests marked.
	In Reeder's interpretation, absence of Khnumhotep's parents here matching absence of his wife at the banquet, is consistent with Khnumhotep predeceasing his afterlife roommate. Other officials in line and in the next register (where figures are smaller) include supervisors of weavers, manicurists, "Hm-kA" priests, and scribes.

= = = REDCAT = = =

	REDCAT (Roy and Edna Disney/CalArts Theater) is an interdisciplinary contemporary arts center for innovative visual, performing and media arts in downtown Los Angeles, located inside the Walt Disney Concert Hall complex. Opened in November 2003 as the initial professional presenting arm of CalArts, REDCAT has since garnered a reputation for groundbreaking theater and a worldwide arts following as a launching platform for up-and-coming local artists, and for introducing internationally acclaimed productions and exhibitions to L.A. audiences that are often premiering on the West Coast for the first time.
	The art center consists of a gallery space with revolving exhibitions, a 200–270-seat flexible black box theater, and a lounge cafe/bar hosting public conversations and a bookstore offering diverse art publications.
	As the Walt Disney Concert Hall came under construction in 1992, Roy E. Disney, son of Roy O. and Edna Disney, saw an opportunity for California Institute of the Arts in Valencia, CA to have a presence downtown. With the approval of The Walt Disney Company's Board of Directors and support from the County of Los Angeles, the project's lead architect, Frank Gehry, whose children also graduated from CalArts, was tasked to design the new venue. Roy Disney and his wife Patty personally matched the Disney Company gift for REDCAT's construction and, to extend the memory of Roy O. Disney who built The Walt Disney Company with Walt and oversaw the construction of CalArts' campus, dedicated the new art center to his parents' name. CalArts President Steven D. Lavine cites the pairing of high caliber renegade experimentation and a social space for artist-community engagement, especially those in London (e.g. The Cottesloe Theatre as part of the Royal National Theatre), as a pointed consideration for the venue design and its conception as an institutional laboratory.
	Mark Murphy was brought on board as executive director of REDCAT to guide the vision of the new organization. He observed a dearth of interdisciplinary art spaces in Los Angeles the likes of Yerba Buena Center for the Arts, Wexner Center for the Arts, and the Walker Art Center, or the Alte Oper in Frankfurt and the Hebbel am Ufer in Berlin. This impetus propelled initiatives for commissioned works, artist residencies, collaborations, and public programs to facilitate dialogue on the creative city within the world arts arena.
	Harvey Lichtenstein, president and executive producer of the Brooklyn Academy of Music, was brought in as a consultant during the development phases of REDCAT during 1999.
	The performances at REDCAT are funded and presented in part by The REDCAT Council. Current council members include: Diane Levine (Chair), Edgar D. Arceneaux, Joseph M. Cohen, Rita Cohen, Neda Disney, Tim Disney, Fariba Ghaffari, Richard J. Grad, R. Stephen Maguire, Antonio Mejias-Rentas, Seth Polen, Kevin Ratner, Abby Sher, Michael Skloff, Alex Westerman, Adele Yellin and Ravi Rajan, (President, CalArts).

= = = Clare Nasir = = =

	Clare Nasir (born 20 June) is an English meteorologist and TV presenter.
	Born in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, her family is musical, with Nasir playing the saxophone, while three of her brothers are professional musicians. Nasir attended Kingsbrook School in South Northamptonshire, where in 1988 she obtained A-levels in Mathematics, Geography and History. She then studied at the University of Plymouth, graduating with an honours degree in Mathematics, continuing on with her master's degree in Applied Marine Sciences.
	After university studies, Nasir joined the Met Office, training to become a qualified weather forecaster.
	Two years later, Nasir joined the Met Office's London Weather Centre, offering weather forecasting and presenting services to London radio stations and media outlets. Subsequently, she took a position as forecaster and presenter for Anglia Television in 1997. She returned to London to work for Carlton Television in 1998.
	In 2000 she joined GMTV as maternity leave cover for regular weather forecaster Andrea McLean, however this led to a permanent contract, with her sharing duties with McLean following her return.
	In 2001 Nasir was made weather producer and presenter being responsible for all weather output and weather-related features on GMTV. GMTV forecasts include outside broadcasts, the most famous of which involves Nasir reporting from Bridlington seafront. Being lashed by wind and rain, in the middle of the report an enormous wave burst over the harbour wall, completely covering her and sending her flying out of shot. Undeterred, she picked herself up and finished her report, having to speak directly into the boom microphone as she had lost her microphone pack.
	As well as presenting the weather on GMTV, Nasir has hosted several series, including "Interactive Wedding", the travel series "Great Escapes", and "Extreme Weather", wherein she investigated globally changing weather patterns.
	In 2007 she served as one of many panelists on "Through the Keyhole".
	On 1 August 2010, the Daily Mirror announced Clare is to quit GMTV prior to the following month, to launch a fitness DVD. On 3 September 2010, on the final broadcast of GMTV, Clare presented her last weather forecast.
	From 20 November 2010 until 27 October 2013, Clare presented weather forecasts for the ITN produced regional news programme "ITV News London" on ITV London.
	In 2011, she completed a diploma in International Environmental Policy from the Open University.
	In February 2012, she appeared as a celebrity guest on the Channel 5 TV show, "Live With ..." and spoke of her journey of having achieved her goal of having a baby.
	Nasir has written a regular weather-related blog column for "The Huffington Post" (UK).
	In June 2012 she presented weather forecasts for the ITN produced "5 News" on Channel 5 to cover for Sian Welby while she's on holiday or a break. 
	As of 4 October 2013, Clare has presented weather forecasts for the BBC North West produced regional news programme "BBC North West Tonight" as well as "Look North for Yorkshire" and "Look North for Lincolnshire and Yorkshire"
	Since 2016, Nasir has hosted the weather bulletins for the Met Office online. Nasir has also written a series of children's books including Colin The Cloud. 
	On 31 October 2016, Nasir joined as full time weather forecaster for 5 News on Channel 5
	Nasir has been married to DJ Chris Hawkins since March 2005. She gave birth to a baby girl, Sienna, on 11 November 2009, seven weeks early. Clare took maternity leave from GMTV for 5 months from October 2009 to February 2010.
	After being 'caught' by the paparazzi exercising in a London park in a green bikini, she released her fitness DVD "Clare Nasir's Boot Camp" in December 2010. She was then caught by paparazzi again exercising on the beach whilst looking very slim, just as the DVD hit the shelves.
	In 2012, Clare and Chris moved to Wilmslow as Chris continues working for BBC Radio 6 Music at MediaCityUK.

= = = Roman Danylo = = =

	Roman Danylo (born in Calgary, Alberta) is a Canadian comedian, improviser and actor based out of Vancouver, British Columbia. He is best known for his starring role in the CTV Television Network show "Comedy Inc."
	As a teen, Danylo ran a weekly sketch review show as a student at Sir Winston Churchill High School in Calgary.
	Roman then went on to study with Keith Johnstone at the Loose Moose Theatre in Calgary (Loose Moose is where Theatresports originated and is often credited as being one of the founding institutions of humorous improvisational theatre). He also worked in several local comedy clubs with friends Oldring, Albert Howell and Graeme Davies and performed with Theatre Calgary. He participated in various CBC Radio dramas as well.
	He has performed at the HBO Comedy Festival in Aspen, Colorado and Montreal's Just for Laughs Festival and also starred in the UPN series "Off Limits" with Aisha Tyler. Danylo has been featured on NBC's "Late Friday", "Jeremiah", "The Outer Limits" and "Sliders".
	However, Roman is best known in Canada and has appeared in several Canadian series, including CBC's "Comics", "These Arms of Mine", "Made in Canada" with Rick Mercer, the "Just For Laughs Improv Championships", "Slightly Bent" on The Comedy Network and "Corner Gas" on CTV with Brent Butt.
	In 2002, Danylo joined fellow comedians Jessica Holmes and Kurt Smeaton as a writer and cast member on "The Holmes Show". Following the show's cancellation, he was offered a starring role in "Comedy Inc." while he was in Los Angeles during pilot season.
	Some of his recurring characters include "Vlad, the Russian Romantic", "Tantric Sex Master" and "Ken Shawn of WFTO-TV News" (usually paired with Nikki Payne as WFTO's long-suffering weathergirl).
	Co-stars on "Comedy Inc." include Aurora Browne, Jen Goodhue, Terry McGurrin, Winston Spear, Jenn Robertson, Gavin Stephens, Ian Sirota and Albert Howell. The series recently won the Gold Medal Award for "Best TV Variety Program" at the New York Festivals for the second year in a row and was picked up by the U.S. cable network Spike TV in April 2005. "Comedy Inc." was also nominated for a 2006 Canadian Comedy Award for best writing in a television series.
	In 2012 he hosted a gag-comedy show called the Funny Pit with Ryan Steele and Amy Goodmurphy, which was produced by Thunderbird Films.
	For his performance in CBC's "Western Alienation Comedy Hour", Roman won a Leo Award in 2004 for excellence in British Columbia film and television. That same year, he was nominated for a Gemini for his work on "Comedy Inc.".
	Danylo also performs with the Canadian improv troupe "Urban Improv" in Vancouver.

= = = Xuanwei = = =

	Xuanwei () is a county-level city in the northeast of Yunnan Province, China, bordering Guizhou province to the east. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Qujing.
	It is famous as the origin of Xuanwei ham. 

= = = Tin(II) hydroxide = = =

	Tin(II) hydroxide, Sn(OH), also known as "stannous hydroxide", is an inorganic compound tin(II). The only related material for which definitive information is available is the oxy hydroxide SnO(OH), but other related materials are claimed. They are all white solids that are insoluble in water.
	Crystals of SnO(OH) has been characterized by X-ray diffraction. This cluster is obtained from solution of basic solutions of tin(II). The compound consists of an octahedron of Sn centers, each face of which is capped by an oxide or a hydroxide. The structure is reminiscent of the MoS subunit of the Chevrel phases.. The structure of pure Sn(OH) is not known.
	Sn(OH) has been claimed to arise from the reaction of (CH)SnOH with SnCl in an aprotic solvent:
	No crystallographic characterization is available on this material.
	Stannous hydroxide is easily oxidized to stannic oxide (SnO) by air.

= = = GHC Junior Heavyweight Championship = = =

	The Global Honored Crown (GHC) Junior Heavyweight Championship is a professional wrestling title in Japanese promotion Pro Wrestling Noah, specifically for junior heavyweight (<100 kg) workers. It was created in 2001 when Yoshinobu Kanemaru defeated Juventud Guerrera in a 12-man tournament final. In addition to Japan, the title has also been defended in the United States, United Kingdom and Germany. There have been a total of 21 recognized champions who have had a combined 41 official reigns.
	Noah held a 10-man tournament to crown the first champion, held over its month-long, 11-event "Navigation for the Bright Destination" tour. The tour was held from June 9 through June 24, 2001.
	As of 12, 2020.

= = = Robert H. McCard = = =

	Gunnery Sergeant Robert Howard McCard (November 25, 1918 – June 16, 1944), a United States Marine, received the Medal of Honor (posthumously) for his actions during the Battle of Saipan during World War II.
	Robert Howard McCard, born at Syracuse, New York, November 25, 1918, enlisted in the Marine Corps December 18, 1939. He was subsequently assigned to Parris Island, South Carolina; Norfolk Navy Yard; , New York Navy Yard; U.S. Naval Torpedo Station, Newport, R.I.; and Central Recruiting Division, Chicago, Illinois. Shortly after the United States declared war against Japan in 1941, he was assigned to the Naval Training Station, Great Lakes, Illinois; then the Training Center, Quantico, Virginia; Camp Lejeune, North Carolina; and Camp Pendleton, California. He served in the field from January 31, 1944 until he was killed in action at Saipan on June 16, 1944.
	The President of the United States takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to
	GUNNERY SERGEANT ROBERT H. MCCARD
	UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS
	for service as set forth in the following CITATION:
/S/ FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT
	In 1945, the , a "Gearing"-class destroyer, was named in his honor.

= = = William Shadrach Knox = = =

	William Shadrach Knox (September 10, 1843 – September 21, 1914) was a U.S. Representative from Massachusetts who served from 1895 to 1903.
	Knox was the son of William Shadrach Knox Sr and Rebecca Walker, and the grandson of Samuel Knox and Mary Kimbell and Jimmy Walker and Hannah Richardson. Born in Killingly, Connecticut, he moved with his parents to Lawrence, Massachusetts, in 1852; he attended the public schools and Amherst College where he studied the law. He was admitted to the bar in 1866 and commenced practice in Lawrence. In 1874 he became a member of the State house of representatives in 1874 and 1875, and he was city solicitor of Lawrence in 1875, 1876, and 1887-1890. Knox was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-fourth and to the three succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1895 – March 3, 1903). There he served as chairman, in the Committee on Territories (Fifty-fifth through Fifty-seventh Congresses). He was not a candidate for renomination.
	Later, he became president of the Arlington National Bank of Lawrence.
	He died in Lawrence, Massachusetts in 1914 and was interred in Bellevue Cemetery.

= = = Lead(II) hydroxide = = =

	Lead(II) hydroxide, Pb(OH), is a hydroxide of lead, with lead in oxidation state +2. It is doubtful that such a simple compound exists. Lead basic carbonate (PbCO·2Pb(OH)) or lead(II) oxide (PbO) is encountered in practice where lead hydroxide is expected. This has been a subject of considerable confusion in the past.
	When a hydroxide is added to a solution of a lead(II) salt, a hydrated lead oxide PbO·xHO (with x < 1) is obtained. Careful hydrolysis of lead(II) acetate solution yields a crystalline product with a formula 6PbO·2HO = PbO(OH). This material is a cluster compound, consisting of an octahedron of Pb centers, each face of which is capped by an oxide or a hydroxide. The structure is reminiscent of the MoS subunit of the Chevrel phases.
	In solution, lead(II) hydroxide is a somewhat weak base, forming lead(II) ion, Pb, under weakly acidic conditions. This cation hydrolyzes and, under progressively increasing alkaline conditions, forms Pb(OH), Pb(OH)(aqueous), Pb(OH), and other species, including several polynuclear species, e.g., Pb(OH), Pb(OH), PbO(OH).
	The name Lead hydrate has sometimes been used in the past but it is unclear whether this refers to Pb(OH) or PbO·xHO.

= = = Dan Redican = = =

	Dan Redican (born 1956 in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian comedy writer and performer and puppeteer, best known for his work with the comedy troupe, "The Frantics." As a founding member of the troupe he has worked since 1979 on numerous stage shows, the "Frantic Times" radio show, "Four on the Floor" TV show (which aired in England and the US under the name, "The Frantics"). They also have written and performed many albums which are still available on the website, Frantics.com.
	Redican started his career as a puppeteer, performing with various partners at birthday parties and church functions, before joining Tom Vandenburg to perform two family shows at The Toronto Centre for the Arts on Dupont street: The Old Fisherman and A Day At Rotten Cheese Gulch. After this, Redican focussed on solo performances in London, Ontario at Smale's Pace (later renamed the Change of Pace) Redican entered the world of television puppetry on CHCH's "Adventures of Snelgrove Snail" in the role of Conrad Crepidula. Redican left puppetry to focus on comedy when the Frantics formed in 1979 but he returned briefly in the late 80s to appear as a featured actor and puppeteer for the Jim Henson Company on NBC's "The Jim Henson Hour". In the nineties Redican puppeteered the character Hegdish on YTV's "Groundling Marsh" and Maurice the Maggot on YTV's "Freaky Stories".
	In the late seventies Redican performed as a folk singer with his band Poopy Dan and his lunch featuring Pat Logier, Rob Minderman and Doug Hux, though 'Poopy Dan' was short-lived.
	Redican has worked as an actor, appearing on an episode of "Seeing Things" in the 1980s and in various small roles before landing the role of George, the next door neighbour on CBC's "Mosquito Lake". Redican appeared on "Maniac Mansion", "Twilight Zone", "Corner Gas" and "Little Mosque on the Prairie". He also starred as "Dan Barlow" in The Comedy Network series, "Puppets Who Kill", also working as a writer and story editor.
	In 1988, Redican appeared on the hit children's TV show "The Elephant Show" as the Royal Ontario Museum's night watchman. He also, returned to co-star with Sharon, Lois & Bram in their 1994 home video titled "Candles, Snow & Mistletoe", produced by Glen Roven.
	Redican performed a number of times in Toronto as a comic monologist in small shows at the Rivoli as well as in "The Cheese Stands Alone" and "My Private Hell On Ten Dollars a Day" at the Factory Theatre. His show "Stop Being Stupid" ran at the Tim Sim's Theatre and received rave reviews. "The Devil's Progress Report" enjoyed a short run in a Vancouver theatre. His monology drew the attention of Lorne Michaels and led to Redican becoming a producer and story editor for "The Kids in the Hall".
	He has written and produced a number of television shows in Canada including "Blackfly", "Not This But This", "The Altar Boy Gang" and "The Kids in the Hall". In the United States he worked as a writer and producer on "The Jenny McCarthy Show", "Chimp Channel" and "Lyricist Lounge". He has recently written and acted as creative consultant on a number of episodes of the CBC show "Little Mosque on the Prairie", in which he also played a chiropractor in the episode "Marriage Minded".
	Along with Gary Pearson, he is a cocreator of the sketch comedy series "Sunnyside", which premiered in 2015.
	He is married to television writer and producer Caroline A. Commisso. He has two children, Madi and Joey.

= = = White Brotherhood = = =

	The White Brotherhood was an urban society (or militia) of Toulouse established in 1211 during the episcopate of Folquet de Marselha, so-called from its members' habit of wearing white crosses on their chests. The society, called a "pious institution" by William of Puylaurens, was militant towards usurers (Jews) and Cathars, robbing them and destroying their homes. Most of the Whites came from the city proper. A Black Brotherhood, so-called in opposition to the White, was soon formed and the two factions went to war in the streets of Toulouse. According to Puylaurens:
	Daily the two parties would clash, banners flying, bristling with weapons, even with cavalry in evidence. Through the agency of His servant the bishop, Our Lord came to bring them, not a bad peace but a good war. 
	From the White Brotherhood Folquet selected 500 men-at-arms and sent them to aid the Albigensian Crusade in besieging Lavaur. The bishop even composed pro-Crusade "sirventes" for the troops to sing. Count Raymond VII, however, forbade the citizens to go and tried to force Folquet from the city. The White Brotherhood did go, however, and the bishop eventually left as well, to join the siege at Lavaur.
	The White Brotherhood gained notoriety among the opponents of the Crusade. The troubadour Gavaudan wrote the song "A la plus longa nuech de l'an" in which he criticises the "foolish white people", almost certainly a reference to the Whites of Toulouse.

= = = Blue Night Network = = =

	The Blue Night Network is the overnight public transit service operated by the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The network consists of a basic grid of 27 bus and 4 streetcar routes, distributed so that almost all of the city is within 2 km of at least one route. It is the largest and most frequent night network in North America.
	The times of Blue Night service vary according to individual scheduling situations on each route. Most regular service bus and streetcar routes cease operations at approximately 1:30 a.m. If there is a Blue Night route on the same street, its first trip will then follow at a suitable interval after the last regular run.
	On the subway system, the last trains on each line make a complete trip; the last trains running east, west, and north from Bloor–Yonge and St. George stations each leave at 1:50 a.m. or just after. Each station then closes as the last train passes it.
	In the morning, regular bus and streetcar service mostly takes over from the corresponding Blue Night routes around 5:30a.m, or 8:00a.m. on Sundays. The first trains on the subway then start from various positions along the routes, allowing all stations to open more or less simultaneously just before 6:00a.m., or 8:00a.m. on Sundays. The Blue Night routes that parallel the subway lines keep running until that time, and their last buses terminate service at a subway station to facilitate transfers to the trains.
	Normal TTC fares apply on the Blue Night Network. Passengers can transfer to or from regular-service routes as usual. Additionally, TTC passes valid for the previous day are honoured until 5:30a.m. the next day, rather than midnight.
	Blue Night routes operate with frequencies of every 30 minutes or better. Blue Night routes are distinguished from regular routes by numbers in the 300 series. Numbering on these routes can correspond to a day route, such as 301 Queen being Blue Night for 501 Queen. Routings are often combinations of multiple-day routes or slight alterations to their corresponding day route.
	Most routes are operated by TTC's fleet of low-floor buses, where applicable, making them fully accessible for handicapped and wheelchair users. Four routes operate with streetcars: the 301 Queen, the 304 King, the 306 Carlton, and the 310 Spadina. As of January 2020, all of these routes are operated with accessible Flexity Outlook streetcars.
	Toronto has had overnight streetcar service since the days of the Toronto Railway Company in the 1890s, and the TTC continued it when they took over in 1921. The routes selected for 24-hour service were those serving 24-hour employers such as factories, stockyards, and railway yards.
	Over the years various streetcar routes were replaced by other modes, and where new subway lines replaced streetcars during regular hours, buses were put on overnight. But the overnight routings remained largely unchanged for decades, even after the TTC's service area expanded in 1954 from the Toronto city limits as they then were, to include the whole of Metropolitan Toronto ("Metro", which in 1998 became the present amalgamated city of Toronto). Only one overnight route (the Queen streetcar, later 501 Queen, to Long Branch loop) extended a significant distance into the suburbs.
	In 1974, after the subway had been extended beyond the Toronto city limits in three directions, the same was done for overnight bus service. But large areas of Metro still remained without 24-hour transit — Etobicoke, North York, and Scarborough each had only one or two routes — as late as 1986, when the TTC's planning department issued a report on "Metro All-Night Transit Service" calling for major changes.
	The report pointed out that the importance of the original "demand generators" for overnight public transit had declined. Nightly demand was now twice as heavy on weekends as on weekdays, showing that not many people were using transit to get to night work. And as Metro had grown, only 45% of its population still lived within a 15-minute walk of the existing 24-hour transit routes. In fact, hardly any of the 14 overnight routes then in existence were strictly justified by demand any more, particularly on weekdays. But since "one of the TTC's primary goals is to maximize mobility and accessibility to transit service", the report's recommendation was to redesign the system, not eliminate it.
	Most of Toronto has a squarish grid of main streets that originated as township roads and are spaced at 1¼-mile intervals (about 2 km). By running overnight buses along every second road in the grid, all parts of Metro would be reached and 86% of the population would be within a 15-minute walk (taken as 1.25 km or ¾ mile). To avoid excessively long trips, some grid streets such as Eglinton Avenue would require two bus routes meeting end-to-end, but still just 15 routes would be needed to form the grid. The 506 Carlton route had sufficient traffic to be retained in addition, for a total of 16 routes.
	This is what the report proposed. In changing from the old network of 14 routes to the new set of 16, only 2 routes would be entirely unchanged. There would be 11 entirely new overnight routes (all bus-operated), with 7 existing ones eliminated (3 streetcar, 3 trolleybus, and only 1 bus route, as the night network would be shifted away from the streetcar tracks and trolleybus wires).
	Despite the route eliminations and probable increased ridership, the changes could not be expected to finance themselves. The report recommended reducing service frequencies after 10 p.m. on certain routes in order to offset the increased costs.
	The Commission agreed to the expanded service, but could not stomach the elimination of so many routes. Instead, they chose to retain all existing routes despite the cost, creating a 23-route night system.
	Until this time, with the exception of buses that replaced subway lines, it had been understood that overnight transit was provided by regular routes that happened to have 24-hour service. Night services retained the same route names and numbers as their daytime counterparts, perhaps with a suffixed letter if there was a variation in the exact routing. But now a marketing decision was made to treat the overnight service as a new, distinct set of routes, even in those cases where the day route was identical.
	The name Blue Night Network was adopted, and with it the 300-series route numbers described above, and a new color-coding for bus and streetcar stops. The existing standard TTC-stop sign had a red square or stripe at the top and bottom; now, for all stops with 24-hour service, this was changed to red and blue, with the legend "24 hr" added. Those stops used only for the Blue Night Network, mostly for night routes paralleling the subway, received the standard sign with red changed to blue (and a notice of the limited hours). The Blue Night Network debuted in February 1987.
	In the 1990s, the TTC suffered major funding cuts and service on many low-traffic routes was reduced; the Blue Night Network lost three routes in February 1992, selected from those proposed for elimination in 1986. But other routes have been extended or added over the years, including one case (312 St. Clair in 2000) that required a mode conversion from streetcar to bus. In February 2003, two Blue Night routes were extended to reach Toronto Pearson International Airport.
	Then in 2005, several routes were added so that east–west service would run on every grid street instead of alternate ones in much of the city. This has brought the Blue Night Network up to a total of 24 routes, serving 97% of the city's population within a 15-minute walk.
	In the fall of 2015, the TTC expanded the Blue Night Network program, with 16 new or revised routes incorporated into the network as part of a $95 million investment made by Toronto City Council. This included the restoration of streetcar service on King Street as the 304 King and on Spadina Avenue as the 310 Spadina, operating entirely with low-floor Flexity streetcars. , the 310 Spadina, 306 Carlton, 304 King, and 301 Queen operate using accessible Flexity streetcars, with the remaining routes converted to the Flexity streetcars by the end of 2019 in line with the Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act.

= = = Kenta Kobayashi = = =

, is a Japanese professional wrestler currently signed to New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), where he performs under the mononymous ring name Kenta (stylised in all capital letters), and is a member of the Bullet Club stable.
	He is known for his time in Pro Wrestling Noah where he was a one-time Global Honored Crown (GHC) Heavyweight Champion, three-time GHC Junior Heavyweight Champion, three-time GHC Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Champion, and one-time GHC Tag Team Champion; once was the inaugural reign with longtime partner and rival, Naomichi Marufuji, which saw the two hold the title for almost two years, as well as a reign with protégé Taiji Ishimori. He was also the winner of the 2012 Global League and the 2013 Global Tag League tournaments.
	He is also well known for his tenure in American promotion WWE where he worked under the name Hideo Itami in the company's developmental territory NXT and later in their cruiserweight exclusive brand 205 Live. A former amateur kickboxer, Kobayashi's wrestling style is based upon strong kicks and strikes. Kobayashi started his career in All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW), before moving to Pro Wrestling Noah; through Noah's involvement in the Global Professional Wrestling Alliance (GPWA), a global organization of cooperative promotions that allow their competitors to travel abroad to other companies, he has wrestled extensively in American promotion Ring of Honor (ROH).
	Kobayashi was born on March 12, 1981, in Sōka, Japan. He trained under Kenta Kobashi and Yoshihiro Takayama.
	Prior to wrestling professionally, Kobayashi had a variety of athletic backgrounds, practicing baseball and kickboxing; the latter came to be a strong foundation in his wrestling style often referred to as shoot style. Kobayashi made his professional wrestling debut on May 24, 2000 against future ally and rival, Naomichi Marufuji, in All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW) to compete in their junior heavyweight division. He did not remain in the company long as Mitsuharu Misawa, acting president of AJPW, decided to secede from the company following a dispute with other forces, thus leading to Misawa forming his own company, Pro Wrestling Noah.
	One of Misawa's focuses in his new promotion was the junior heavyweight division, which never was treated with high regard in AJPW despite the successes in other promotions. Being sidelined with injuries for the majority of Noah's first year of operation, Kobayashi made his return in July 2001, simply named Kenta.
	Kenta's first involvement in a championship situation came when Naomichi Marufuji was forced to vacate the GHC Junior Heavyweight Championship after suffering a knee injury; Kenta entered into the tournament held to determine a new champion. He advanced to the finals by defeating Kotaro Suzuki and Tsuyoshi Kikuchi before losing to Yoshinobu Kanemaru on the "Navigation with Breeze Tour" in June 2002. Following his relative success in the tournament, Kenta had an increase in his popularity, and he joined his mentor, Kenta Kobashi, in the faction Burning.
	March 1, 2003 saw Kenta team with Naomichi Marufuji for the first time against Makoto Hashi and Yoshinobu Kanemaru in a winning effort. They began teaming regularly as the two entered into a tournament to christen the first GHC Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Champions during the company's "Accomplish Our Third Navigation tour"; they went to win the tournament by defeating junior heavyweight veterans Jyushin Thunder Liger and Takehiro Murahama in the finals on July 16. While defending the tag team title, Kenta continued his venture in hopes of winning the GHC Junior Heavyweight title once again on November 30, 2003, in an unsuccessful bid against Takashi Sugiura.
	As part of a reward for the way Kenta performed, he earned himself a trial series of seven matches going into the next year, seeing Kenta able to challenge more established stars in an attempt to elevate his status. Kenta began his trial series on the "First Navigation" tour, beating Juventud Guerrera. This was followed by defeats to Yoshinari Ogawa and Jun Akiyama. The final match of the series was a loss against Marufuji in October. While the series was taking place, Kenta and Marufuji continued defending their title against a number of challengers: El Samurai and Ryusuke Taguchi, Yoshinari Ogawa and Kotaro Suzuki, Suzuki and Ricky Marvin, Marvin and Suwa and, on Noah's first Tokyo Dome show, against Kendo Kashin and Takashi Sugiura. Their reign as champions came to an end in June 2005 after almost two years by Kanemaru and Sugiura after the latter pinned Kenta.
	Kenta's first major rivalry in singles competition began in March 2005 following a dispute with SUWA, which led to a series of confrontations between the two, including a violent match that ended in his opponent getting disqualified for assaulting the referee. This led to Kenta getting one more chance to challenge for the Junior Heavyweight title against Yoshinobu Kanemaru at Destiny on July 18, which saw him win the title. He made his first defense two months later against Suwa, then against Kotaro Suzuki as his alter ego, Mushiking Terry. Simultaneously, Kenta began teaming with Katsuyori Shibata as The Takeover, challenging for the GHC Tag Team Championship, the heavyweight version of the company's tag team title.
	On March 5, 2006, Kenta faced a major challenge in Kenta Kobashi, which saw him lose following a "Burning Hammer". This was followed by a loss of the Junior Heavyweight title on June 4 to Takashi Sugiura. This saw Kenta shift his attention to the GHC Heavyweight Championship, challenging Naomichi Marufuji, losing in a match which won numerous awards and accolades from the wrestling media.
	Kenta spent the majority of his 2007 time in Noah wrestling a variety of tag team and six-man tag team matches with protégé Taiji Ishimori and Akitoshi Saito as partners. He saw most of his success with Ishimori as the two had critically acclaimed matches against a wide variety of competitors, including Ring of Honor (ROH) competitors on loan to the company due to the talent exchange agreement, the Global Professional Wrestling Alliance (GPWA), between ROH and Noah: the Briscoe Brothers, Davey Richards, and Bryan Danielson. As Kenta and Ishimori progressed as a unit, they entered the first NTV Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Tournament; in the finals they beat Marufuji and Kota Ibushi to win the tournament. They later challenged the GHC Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Champions, Dragon Gate wrestlers BxB Hulk and Shingo Takagi, in a winning effort before losing them to Yoshinobu Kanemaru and Kotaro Suzuki, only to defeat the team to win the second NTV Junior Heavyweight Tag Team League Tournament.
	Following his loss of the tag title, Kenta returned to competing in singles competition by defeating Bryan Danielson for his second GHC Junior Heavyweight Championship, which led to a match with Marufuji, who had won the World Junior Heavyweight Championship, to attempt to unify the titles; the match ended in a sixty-minute draw, keeping the titles in the hands of their respective holder, while gaining favorable reviews for their efforts by the media with some claiming it to be a "Match of the Year". Kenta lost the title in February 2009 to rival in their interpromotional rivalry with another member of the GPWA in the Kensuke Office, Katsuhiko Nakajima, only to win it back in the next month. In October, Kobayashi was forced to vacate the title after suffering a knee injury, which would keep him sidelined for over seven months.
	Kobayashi made his return from injury on June 6, 2010, losing to Naomichi Marufuji in a GHC Junior Heavyweight Championship number one contender's match. On October 30, 2010, Kenta and Atsushi Aoki defeated Roderick Strong and Eddie Edwards in the finals of a tournament to win the 2010 Nippon TV Cup Junior Heavyweight Tag League. As a result, Kenta and Aoki received a shot at the GHC Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship, but were defeated by the champions, New Japan Pro Wrestling representatives Koji Kanemoto and Tiger Mask, on November 23, 2010. On January 29, 2011, Kenta turned heel and join the Disobey stable with members Muhammad Yone, Yoshinobu Kanemaru and Genba Hirayanagi. Kenta would change his look and attitude. Then on March 5, he turned on Yone, removing him from the group. One week later, he renamed the stable No Mercy. On May 25 Kenta and Yoshinobu Kanemaru defeated Atsushi Aoki and Kotaro Suzuki of the ANMU stable to win the vacant GHC Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship. After months of trying to persuade his mentor Yoshihiro Takayama to join No Mercy, on June 26 Takayama turned on his partner Takuma Sano during a tag match against Kenta and Kanemaru and became the fourth member of the group. Kenta and Kanemaru would then make it to the finals of the Junior Tag League on July 30. They lost to Atsushi Aoki and Kotaro Suzuki. Then on August 18, 2011 Kenta and Yoshihiro Takayama won the Noah 2 Day Tag Team Tournament. On August 24, Kenta and Kanemaru successfully defended their tag title against Aoki and Suzuki, who got the shot due to their victory in the Junior Tag League. On September 23, Kenta confronted GHC Heavyweight Champion Go Shiozaki after he defeated Takayama to retain the title. Kenta got a number one contender's match with Takashi Sugiura, which he won on October 10. Kenta and Kanemaru lost the GHC Junior Heavyweight tag title to Aoki and Suzuki on October 16.
	At Noah's Halloween show on October 31, 2011, Kenta challenged the NJPW team Bad Intentions (Giant Bernard and Karl Anderson) for the GHC Heavyweight Tag Team Championship with Yoshihiro Takayama. The match was set for 2012, but never happened due to injury. In November, Kenta entered Noah's Global Tag League and developed a new submission move he called "Game Over" to help him dispatch heavyweights. Kenta would make it to the finals on November 20, but would lose to Takeshi Morishima. On November 27, he lost to Go Shiozaki in his GHC Heavyweight title shot. In December 2011, Kenta tore his ACL again, forcing him to undergo another surgery to repair it. It was announced that he would be out of action for six to seven months. Tokyo Sports named Kenta the 2011 Technical Wrestler of the Year. Despite his injury, Kenta would stay in Noah and manage No Mercy during his injury. On February 14, 2012, Kenta recruited Shuhei Taniguchi as the fifth member of No Mercy and change his name to Maybach, becoming his mouthpiece and talking for him.
	Kenta made his in-ring return on July 22, 2012, losing to Naomichi Marufuji. On October 8, Kenta and Maybach Taniguchi defeated Magnus and Samoa Joe to win the GHC Tag Team Championship for the first time. However, they lost the title to Akitoshi Saito and Go Shiozaki just eighteen days later. On November 23, Kenta won the 2012 Global League.
	On January 27, 2013, Kenta defeated Takeshi Morishima for the GHC Heavyweight Championship at Great Voyage 2013. On February 9, Maybach Taniguchi turned on Kenta and stole his Heavyweight Championship belt. The following week, Kenta took part in a South American tour with the Alianza Latinoamericana de Lucha Libre (AULL) promotion, during which he won the Torneo Latino Americano de Lucha Libre, defeating Super Crazy in the finals. On March 10, Kenta defeated Maybach Taniguchi for his first successful defense of the GHC Heavyweight Championship. On April 28, Kenta and Yoshihiro Takayama defeated Katsuhiko Nakajima and Kensuke Sasaki in the finals to win the 2013 Global Tag League. On May 11, Kenta took part in Kenta Kobashi's retirement match at Final Burning in Budokan, where he, Go Shiozaki, Maybach Taniguchi, and Yoshinobu Kanemaru were defeated by Kobashi, Jun Akiyama, Keiji Mutoh, and Kensuke Sasaki. The following day, Kenta made his second successful defense of the GHC Heavyweight Championship against Takashi Sugiura. On June 2, Kenta defeated New Japan Pro Wrestling representative and reigning GHC Tag Team Champion Toru Yano for his third successful title defense. Six days later, Kenta was pinned by Yano in a GHC Tag Team Championship match, where he and Yoshihiro Takayama unsuccessfully challenged Yano and Takashi Iizuka. On July 7, Kenta made his fourth successful defense of the GHC Heavyweight Championship against Naomichi Marufuji. Kenta's fifth successful title defense took place on August 4, when he defeated Muhammad Yone. Next Kenta defended his title against the reigning GHC Tag Team Champions, first defeating Shane Haste on September 7 and then Mikey Nicholls on September 16. On October 5, Kenta defeated Diamond Ring representative Katsuhiko Nakajima for his eighth successful title defense. With the win, Kenta became the first wrestler to successfully defend the GHC Heavyweight Championship eight times during a calendar year. On December 7, Kenta defeated New Japan representative and winner of the 2013 Global League, Yuji Nagata, for his ninth successful title defense. Kenta's near one-year long reign ended on January 5, 2014, when he lost the title to Takeshi Morishima in his tenth defense.
	On February 3, 2014, Kenta and Maybach Taniguchi's long rivalry culminated in a No Disqualification match, where Kenta was victorious. After Yuji Nagata had defeated Morishima to become the GHC Heavyweight Champion, Kenta received the first shot at the new champion, but was defeated in the title match on February 22. On April 30, Noah held a press conference during which Kenta announced his resignation from the promotion. Kenta wrestled his farewell match on May 17, where he and Naomichi Marufuji defeated Katsuhiko Nakajima and Takashi Sugiura.
	While still under WWE contract, Kenta made a one-off return to Noah under his WWE ring name of Hideo Itami on September 1, 2018, losing to Naomichi Marufuji at Marufuji's 20th Anniversary show.
	Aside from competing in Pro Wrestling Noah, Kenta has been able to compete abroad in the United States with other participating members of the GPWA. His first appearance in the country was with Ring of Honor at Final Battle 2005, as a fan favorite, defending the GHC Junior Heavyweight title against Low Ki. He returned to the company the following year for Best in the World in New York City on March 25 where he and Naomichi Marufuji defeated the team of Samoa Joe and ROH World champion Bryan Danielson after Kenta connected with his finishing strike, the Go 2 Sleep, on Danielson. Kenta returned for "In Your Face" featuring him in a three-way match against Joe and Danielson, which ended in similar fashion.
	Kenta's first loss in the company came in the form of a tag team match, which saw his partner, Davey Richards, get pinned in a match against the Briscoe Brothers. This led to a series of matches with the two against each other, as well as reluctant partners. At "Glory by Honor V: Night 2" Kenta received another match against Danielson for the ROH World title, which saw him submit to Danielson's signature hold, the Cattle Mutilation.
	Kenta made his return to Ring of Honor on May 11 of the next year against Delirious in a winning effort. Ring of Honor made its pay per view debut with the show, Respect is Earned, teaming with Nigel McGuinness against Danielson and Takeshi Morishima in a losing effort, after which Kenta spent several months with the company competing against rival, Davey Richards and his contingency, the No Remorse Corps. Kenta made his next appearance on the "Glory By Honor VI" tour; the first night had him team with the GHC Heavyweight Champion Mitsuharu Misawa against Takeshi Morishima and Naomichi Marufuji, with the match ending in a thirty-minute time limit draw. The following night, Kenta wrestled Misawa for the GHC Heavyweight Championship in a losing effort.
	Kenta made his return in 2009 against ROH World Champion, Nigel McGuinness in a losing effort at the company's seventh anniversary show. He returned a few weeks later to challenge Davey Richards once more, as well as make his second pay per view appearance for Take No Prisoners teaming with Tyler Black against Katsuhiko Nakajima and Austin Aries. Kobayashi was scheduled to return to ROH in November 2009, but was forced to cancel the appearances after suffering a knee injury.
	On January 27, 2014, Kenta, with Noah's blessing, entered WWE's Performance Center in Orlando, Florida for a tryout. In a press release, Kenta claimed that he was not after a WWE contract, but only wanted to fulfill a dream and take part in a WWE workout. On June 27, Tokyo Sports reported that Kenta had signed with WWE. His signing was officially announced during an in-ring segment on July 12 in Osaka. Kobayashi relocated to Orlando to resume training at the Performance Center, while also working for WWE's developmental territory NXT.
	Kobayashi debuted on September 11 at , introduced by William Regal, where he announced his new ring name, "Hideo Itami", meaning "Hero of Pain", and fended off The Ascension when they interrupted the segment to confront Regal. Itami made his in-ring debut at the following day's tapings of "NXT", defeating Justin Gabriel, after which he was attacked by The Ascension. During the following weeks, Itami kept engaging The Ascension in brawls, but continually lost due to the numbers disadvantage; the storyline was that as a newcomer in NXT, Itami did not have any friends in the locker room to help him. This continued until November, when Finn Bálor debuted as Itami's new partner. After weeks of feuding with The Ascension, Itami and Bálor defeated them at on December 11. Itami then participated in an NXT Championship number one contender's tournament, defeating Tyler Breeze in the first round, starting a feud between the two. He suffered his first defeat in NXT on January 15, 2015, when he was defeated by Bálor in the semi-finals, thus eliminating him from the tournament. At , Itami defeated Breeze in a rematch. They continued to exchange victories over each other until Itami lost a two-out-of-three falls match to Breeze on the April 1 episode of "NXT" to end the feud. On March 27, Itami won the WrestleMania Axxess NXT tournament by defeating Adrian Neville and then Finn Bálor to get a spot in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal on the pre-show of WrestleMania 31, where he was eliminated by eventual winner Big Show.
	On May 20 at , Itami was scheduled to face Finn Bálor and Tyler Breeze in a triple threat match to determine the number one contender for the NXT Championship; however, Itami was ruled out due to injury after an attack he suffered before the event started. This was made as Itami had suffered a legitimate shoulder injury, which required surgery and was expected to sideline him for six months. In January 2016, it was reported that Itami had suffered complications with his shoulder and was "nowhere close to being able to return".
	After over a year of inactivity, Itami returned to the ring on June 30, 2016, at an NXT live event, teaming with TM-61 to defeat Samoa Joe, Blake and Tino Sabbatelli in a six-man tag team match. On August 3, Itami made his televised return, defeating Cruiserweight Classic competitor Sean Maluta. At , Itami confronted Austin Aries, following the latter's match with No Way Jose, exchanging blows before attacking Aries with a "GTS". On October 12 at an NXT live event, Itami suffered a neck injury after a botched powerslam from Riddick Moss and would not be able to team with Kota Ibushi in the Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic in which he was scheduled to compete in. In a video announcement published on October 18, Itami vowed to return to in-ring competition at NXT's first show in Japan on December 3. However, at the event, Itami did not compete but was instead in an in-ring segment alongside William Regal where they talked to the crowd.
	Itami made his televised return on April 19, 2017, where he confronted NXT Champion Bobby Roode, before slapping him and executing a "GTS". This led to a match at , in which Itami was unsuccessful in winning the title from Roode. On the June 7 episode of NXT, furious after his loss to Roode, Itami faced Oney Lorcan, which ended in a no-contest after Itami performed three "GTS"s on Lorcan until Kassius Ohno attempted to save Lorcan, teasing a heel turn and a feud between the pair. On the July 5 episode of NXT, Itami teamed with Ohno in a tag team match against Sanity (Killian Dain and Alexander Wolfe), but lost after Itami refused to tag in Ohno. On the July 26 episode of NXT, Itami faced Ohno in the main event, which ended after Itami intentionally disqualified himself with a low blow to Ohno before viciously attacking and laying him out after two "GTS"s, followed by a third onto the steel steps, cementing his heel turn. On the August 2 edition of "NXT", Itami cut an in-ring promo, demanding respect from the fans. He was interrupted by Aleister Black, who was scheduled to face Kyle O'Reilly in the night's main event. After a stare down between the two, Black hit Itami with "Black Mass". Itami attempted to assault Black following the event, but the two were separated by fellow talent. At , Itami was defeated by Black. In his last NXT match, Itami defeated Fabian Aichner at a live event on December 16.
	On November 21, 2017, it was announced that Itami would be moving to the main roster as part of the cruiserweight division on "205 Live". On the December 18 episode of "Raw", Itami would make his main roster debut, aiding Finn Bálor to fend off and face Curtis Axel and Bo Dallas in a tag team match, which Itami and Bálor would win. On the December 25 episode of "Raw", Itami would defeat The Brian Kendrick, in which Kendrick would suffer an injury following a Go to Sleep by Itami. This would lead to Itami entering a short feud with Kendrick's tag team partner, Gentleman Jack Gallagher, where Gallagher would challenge Itami to a match on the December 26 episode of "205 Live", which Itami would win. On the January 2, 2018, episode of "205 Live", Itami would be challenged to a rematch by Gallagher, however, Gallagher attacked Itami with an umbrella and a pipe before the match. On the January 23 episode of "205 Live", Itami would defeat Gallagher, ending their feud.
	On the February 6 episode of "205 Live", Itami would be defeated by Roderick Strong in the first round of the WWE Cruiserweight Championship tournament. After that, Itami began teaming up with fellow Japanese wrestler Akira Tozawa and they started a feud with Gran Metalik and Lince Dorado, which ended when they lost a tornado tag team match on the April 17 episode of "205 Live" after Tozawa accidentally kicked Itami. After a tag team loss to The Brian Kendrick and Gentleman Jack Gallagher, Itami shoved Tozawa, signaling their break up. The following week on "205 Live", Itami defeated Tozawa to end the feud. On the June 5 episode of "205 Live", he attacked both Buddy Murphy and Mustafa Ali during their match, causing a disqualification and resulting in Itami being suspended from the following week's episode.
	Soon after, he began a feud with Ali, Murphy, and Cedric Alexander for the Cruiserweight Championship. On the June 19 episode of "205 Live", Itami defeated Ali and Murphy in a triple threat match, thus earning a championship match. On the July 10 episode of "205 Live", Itami unsuccessfully challenged Alexander for the WWE Cruiserweight Championship. On the July 24 episode of "205 Live", Itami failed to win a number one contender's fatal four-way match also involving Ali, TJP, and the eventual winner Drew Gulak. On the August 7 episode of "205 Live", Itami defeated Ali in a singles match after which Ali collapsed. On the September 25 episode of "205 Live", Ali and Itami wrestled to a double count out. This led to a Falls Count Anywhere match on the October 24 episode of "205 Live", which Itami lost.
	Since November 2018, Itami formed an alliance with Ariya Daivari. On the January 8, 2019 episode of "205 Live", Itami defeated Cedric Alexander to qualify for the WWE Cruiserweight Championship fatal four-way match involving champion Buddy Murphy, Kalisto, and Tozawa at the Royal Rumble, where he lost after being pinned by Murphy.
	On January 29, it was reported that Itami requested and was granted his release from the company after a five year run. That same day, after a loss to Tozawa on "205 Live", Daivari turned on Itami. This was followed by multiple members of the roster saying goodbye to Itami on social media. On February 4, 2019, the WWE Performance Center YouTube channel that documents the Superstars travel and backstage life released a video chronicling Itami's last week in WWE. The video features Itami working with Daivari and talking about his struggles with learning to speak and understand English. The end of the video sees Hideo walking back to gorilla position and being given a standing ovation from those in the backstage area. On February 22, Kobayashi was officially released by WWE, as the company formally acknowledged his departure on Twitter.
	Kenta made his surprise debut for New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) on June 9, 2019 at the Dominion 6.9 in Osaka-jo Hall event, with Katsuyori Shibata as his manager, announcing his participation in the 2019 G1 Climax tournament. Kenta made his in-ring debut for NJPW on July 6, defeating Kota Ibushi as a part of the tournament. Kenta, competing in the A Block of the tournament, stayed undefeated in singles matches for over a month and a half, defeating Hiroshi Tanahashi, Lance Archer, and Evil before suffering his first defeat against IWGP Heavyweight Champion Kazuchika Okada on July 27, as part of the tournament. Kenta would then lose his next four matches against Sanada, Bad Luck Fale, Will Ospreay and Zack Sabre Jr., failing to win the tournament with a final tally of 8 points.
	On the final night of the tournament, Kenta competed in a six-man tag team match alongside Chaos members Tomohiro Ishii and Yoshi-Hashi against Bullet Club's Bad Luck Fale, Tama Tonga, and Tanga Loa, only to turn on them in the closing moments of the match and assisting the Bullet Club for the victory. As Kenta was going to explain his actions, Katsuyori Shibata rushed into the ring and attacked Kenta until the rest of the Bullet Club members ambushed Shibata. At Royal Quest on August 31, Kenta defeated Ishii for the NEVER Openweight Championship, his first championship in NJPW. The match was criticized because Kobayashi suffered a concussion after a back suplex by Ishii, getting knocked out in the process. However, both continued the match without referee stoppage. He was sent to the hospital after the show. At Destruction in Kagoshima on September 16, Kenta unsuccessfully faced Kota Ibushi for the Tokyo Dome IWGP Heavyweight Championship challenge rights certificate.
	At Power Struggle, Kenta retained his title against Ishii in a rematch. Later in the night, he interfered in the main event between Jay White and Hirooki Goto helping White, a fellow Bullet Club member, retain the title while also once again assaulting Shibata. Kenta lost the NEVER Openweight Championship to Goto at Wrestle Kingdom 14 on January 5, 2020, ending his reign at 127 days with two successful defenses. Later that night, after the main event for both the IWGP Heavyweight Championship and IWGP Intercontinental Championship between Kazuchika Okada and Tetsuya Naito (which Naito won), KENTA attacked Naito and hit him with the GTS, and sat on top of him posing with both of Naito's newly won belts.

= = = Bioswale = = =

	Bioswales are linear channels designed to concentrate and convey stormwater runoff while removing debris and pollution. Bioswales can also be beneficial in recharging groundwater. 
	Bioswales are typically vegetated, mulched, or xeriscaped. They consist of a swaled drainage course with gently sloped sides (less than 6%). Bioswale design is intended to safely maximize the time water spends in the swale, which aids the collection and removal of pollutants, silt and debris. Depending on the site topography, the bioswale channel may be straight or meander. Check dams are also commonly added along the bioswale to increase stormwater infiltration. A bioswale's make-up can be influenced by many different variables, including climate, rainfall patterns, site size, budget, and vegetation suitability. 
	It is important to maintain bioswales to ensure the best possible efficiency and effectiveness in removal of pollutants from stormwater runoff. Planning for maintenance is an important step, which can include the introduction of filters or large rocks to prevent clogging. Annual maintenance through soil testing, visual inspection, and mechanical testing is also crucial to the health of a bioswale. 
	Bioswales are commonly applied along streets and around parking lots, where substantial automotive pollution settles on the pavement and is flushed by the first instance of rain, known as the first flush. Bioswales, or other types of biofilters, can be created around the edges of parking lots to capture and treat stormwater runoff before releasing it to the watershed or storm sewer.
	Bioswales work to remove pollutants through vegetation and the soil. As the storm water runoff flows through the bioswale, the pollutants are captured and settled by the leaves and stems of the plants. The pollutants then enter the soil where they decompose or can be broken down by bacteria in healthy soil.
	There are several classes of water pollutants that may be collected or arrested with bioswales. These fall into the categories of silt, inorganic contaminants, organic chemicals and pathogens.
	Bioswales can be implemented in areas that require stormwater management to regulate the runoff velocity and decontaminate the runoff. Bioswales are created to handle the first flush of pollutants during the event of rain, therefore, locations that have high areas of impervious surface such as roads, parking lots, or rooftops can benefit from additions of bioswales. They can also be integrated into road medians, curb cutouts, sidewalks, or any public space.
	Bioswales are useful low-impact development work to decrease the velocity of stormwater runoff while removing pollutants from the discharge. They are extremely beneficial in protecting surface water and local waterways from excessive pollution from stormwater runoff. The longer the runoff stays within the bioswale, the better the pollutant removal outcome. It is also beneficial in removing standing ponds that could potentially attract mosquitos. Bioswales can also be designed to be aesthetically pleasing and attract animals and create habitats. Bioswales can also be beneficial for groundwater recharge.
	Improper maintenance can lead to high restoration costs to address inefficient bioswales. An accumulation of large sediments, trash, and improper growth of vegetation can all affect the quality and performance of bioswales. It is beneficial at the planning stages to set apart easements to allow for easier maintenance of biowales, whether it be adequate space to locate machinery or safety to those working. Different types of filters can be used to catch sediments. Grass filter strips or rock inlets can be used to filter sediments and particulates; however, without proper maintenance, runoff could flow away from the bioswales due to blockage. Structural inlets have become more common due to the ease of maintenance, use, and its effectiveness. Avoiding the use of floating mulch and selecting the best fit low-maintenance plants ensure better efficiency in the bioswales. Depending on a community's needs for a bioswale, a four step assessment program can be developed. Visual inspection, capacity testing, synthetic runoff, and monitoring are the four steps that can be used to evaluate performance and maintenance of bioswales.
	Routine inspection is required to ensure that the performance and aesthetics of bioswales are not compromised. Time and frequency of inspections vary based on different local governments, but should occur at least once a year. Various aspects of inspection can take place, either visually or mechanically. Visual observation of the vegetation, water, and inlets are all crucial to ensure performance. Some organizations utilize checklists to streamline the visual inspection process.
	There are different methods to determine if a bioswale needs maintenance. Bioswales are benchmarked to meet a specific level of infiltration to determine if maintenance is required. A staff gauge is used to measure the infiltration rate. Soil chemistry testing is also required to determine if the soil has a certain off-level of any pollutant. Phosphorus and high levels of salinity in the soil are two common pollutants that should be attended to. Analysis of inflow and outflow pollutant concentration is also another way to determine the performance level of bioswales.
	Maintenance can span to three different levels of care. Aesthetic maintenance is required to remove weeds that affect the performance of the other plants and the bioswale itself, clean and remove trash, and maintaining the looks of the vegetation. Partial restoration is needed when the inlet is blocked by sediments or when vegetation needs to be replaced. Full restoration is required when the bioswales no longer filter pollutants adequately and overall performance is severely lacking.
	Bioswales experience short, potentially intense, periods of rain, flooding and pollutant loading followed by dry seasons. It is important to take into account how the vegetation selected for the bioswales will grow and understanding what types of plants are considered the best fit. 
	There are four types of bioswales that can be constructed based on the needs of the location.
	Bioswales require a certain soil composition that does not contain more than 5% clay. The soil itself before implementation should not be contaminated. Bioswales should be constructed with a longitudinal slope to allow sediments to settle. Maximum slope of bioswales is 3:1. A minimum clearance is required to ensure that other infrastructure would not be damaged. The overfill drain should be located at least 6 inches above the ground plain to allow for maximum concentration time of stormwater runoff in the bioswales. Rocks can also be used to slow down the runoff velocity. The use of filters is important to prevent inlets from becoming blocked by sediments or trash.
	Two early examples of scientifically designed bioswales for large scale applications are found in the western US. In 1996 for Willamette River Park in Portland, Oregon a total of 2330 lineal feet of bioswale was designed and installed to capture and prevent pollutant runoff from entering the Willamette River. Intermittent check dams were installed to further abet silt capture, which reduced by 50% suspended solids entering the river system.
	A second example of a large scale designed bioswale is at the Carneros Business Park, Sonoma County, California. Starting in 1997 the project design team worked with the California Department of Fish and Game and County of Sonoma to produce a detailed design to channel surface runoff at the perimeter of a large parking area. Surface runoff consists of building roof runoff, parking lot runoff and overland flow from properties to the north of the project site. A total of two lineal miles of bioswale was designed into the project. The purpose of the bioswale was to minimize runoff contaminants from entering Sonoma Creek. The bioswale channel is grass-lined, and nearly linear in form. Downslope gradient is approximately 4% and cross-slope gradient is approximately 6%.
	A relatively recent project established was the Seattle, Washington Street Edge Alternatives project, completed in 2001. Rather than using traditional piping, SEA's goal was to create a natural landscape that represented what the area was like before development. The street was 11% more pervious than a standard street and was characterized with evergreen trees and bioswales. The bioswales were planted on graded slopes with wetland and upland plants. Other landscaping also focused on native and salmon-friendly plants. SEA provided a strong benefit for stormwater runoff mitigation that helped continue to protect Seattle's creek ecology. The project street also created a more inviting and aesthetically pleasing site as opposed to hard landscaping.

= = = Bachelor Island = = =

	Bachelor Island is a small barren rock just off the northeastern coast of Naushon Island in Massachusetts. The rock is southeast of South Shore Road on Naushon Island and southwest of Monohansett Island. It is part of the Town of Gosnold, in Dukes County and the Elizabeth Islands.

= = = Selected Shorts = = =

	Selected Shorts is an event at New York’s Symphony Space on the Upper West Side, in which screen and stage actors read classic and new short fiction before a live audience. The stage show began in 1985 and continues today at Symphony Space's Peter Jay Sharp Theater.
	The annual season of the live events at Symphony Space begins in the mid-fall and ends in mid-spring. There is a theme to each Selected Shorts episode and performance. Several stories are presented around each theme. The stories are always fiction, sometimes classic, sometimes new, always performed by actors from stage, screen and television who bring these short stories to life. Evenings are often co-hosted by writers, literary producers, and other interesting characters.
	Selected Shorts was originally created by Kay Cattarulla, who in 1995 went on to create another successful literary program in Dallas, Arts & Letters Live, which is sponsored by the Dallas Museum of Art.
	Symphony Space's Artistic Director Isaiah Sheffer formerly hosted the live events, although many Selected Shorts also feature guest hosts, often well-known writers, who also choose which stories will be read. Mr. Sheffer died on November 9, 2012 at age 76. Actor BD Wong acts as the host of the live events since the fall of 2012.
	The readings are recorded live and become the basis of a one-hour radio program, hosted by actors, authors, and entertainers such as David Sedaris, Stephen Colbert, Cynthia Nixon, Wyatt Cenac, and Jane Kaczmarek, with literary commentator Hannah Tinti of One Story Magazine, and are produced in conjunction with WNYC. The programs are distributed by Public Radio International and air on PRI-affiliated public radio stations in the United States. The radio program airs weekly throughout the year.
	Originally, the program was distributed by National Public Radio. However, in October 2007, it moved its distribution to PRI, Public Radio International.
	The program's theme is David Peterson's "That's the Deal," performed by the Deardorf/Peterson group. Until 2011, the radio show began and ended with the piano and cello duet "Come to the Meadow" by Roger Kellaway.

= = = Thallium(I) hydroxide = = =

	Thallium(I) hydroxide, also called thallous hydroxide, TlOH, is a hydroxide of thallium, with thallium in oxidation state +1. Thallous hydroxide is a strong base; it is changed to thallous ion, Tl, except in strongly basic conditions. Tl resembles an alkali metal ion, A, such as Li or K.

= = = Abram Petrovich Gannibal = = =

	Abram Petrovich Gannibal, also Hannibal or Ganibal, or Abram Hannibal or Abram Petrov (; 1696 – 14 May 1781), was a Russian military engineer, general, and nobleman of African origin. Kidnapped as a child, Gannibal was taken to Russia and presented as a gift to Peter the Great, where he was freed, adopted and raised in the Emperor's court household as his godson.
	Gannibal eventually rose to become a prominent member of the imperial court in the reign of Peter's daughter Elizabeth. He had 11 children, most of whom became members of the Russian nobility; he was a great-grandfather of the author and poet Alexander Pushkin.
	The main reliable accounts of Gannibal's life come from "The Moor of Peter the Great," Pushkin's unfinished biography of his great-grandfather, published after Pushkin's death in 1837. Scholars argue that Pushkin's account may be inaccurate due to the author’s desire to elevate the status of his ancestors and family. There are a number of contradictions between the biographies of Pushkin and the German novel, "The Blackamoor of Peter the Great" based on his great-grandfather. A historical biography by Gannibal's son-in-law, Rotkirkh, was largely responsible for the myth, propagated by some historians, that Gannibal was born in Ethiopia. However, more recent research by the scholars Dieudonné Gnammankou and Hugh Barnes has established that the general was instead likely born in Central Africa, in an area bordering Lake Chad in present-day Cameroon.
	Richard Pankhurst, the former professor at the Institute of Ethiopian Studies at the University of Addis Ababa in Ethiopia, believed the young Abram, Ibrahim or Abraham, as he named him, was born around 1698. He was the son of a minor "prince" or chief whose capital was Logon (now part of present-day Cameroon). His father was relatively affluent taking several wives and having 19 children. However, after his father died in battle trying to defend his territory from the Ottoman Turks, Abram was abducted and taken to Constantinople by ship. His sister, Lagan, is said to have drowned in the sea in a desperate attempt to save her brother.
	Abram stayed in the Ottoman Empire for about a year in the service of Sultan Ahmed III's household. At the time, the Russian ambassador Sava Vladislavich-Raguzinsky, representing Peter the Great, was looking for "a few clever little African slaves" for the Tsar's palace in Moscow, as was the custom in those days at the great courts in Europe. On orders of Vladislavich's superiors (one of whom was Pyotr Andreyevich Tolstoy, great-grandfather of the celebrated writer Leo Tolstoy), Abram was selected for this purpose and soon ransomed from the Sultan's viziers with a bribe. In 1704, the ambassador immediately dispatched him by land to Moscow in order to be presented to Tsar Peter the Great.
	The Tsar is noted to have taken a liking to the boy’s intelligence and potential for military service, and brought the child into his household.
	Abram was baptized in 1705, in St. Paraskeva Church in Vilnius, with Peter as his godfather. The date of Gannibal’s baptism held personal significance; he used that date as his birthday because he did not know his actual date of birth.
	Abram valued his relationship with his godfather, as well as that of Peter's daughter (Elizabeth), and was loyal to them as if they were family.
	Starting at a young age, the boy Abram would travel alongside the emperor during his military campaigns, and at these military journeys he served as his godfather’s valet.
	In 1717, Abram was sent to Metz to receive an education in the arts, sciences and warfare from the highest institutes available. By then he was fluent in several languages and excelled in mathematics and geometry. In 1718 Abram joined the French Army with hopes of pleasing his godfather by expanding his learning in military engineering. He enrolled in the royal artillery academy at La Fère in 1720.
	During Abram's studies, conflict broke out between France and Spain, and he fought for France in the War of the Quadruple Alliance, rising to the rank of captain. While fighting in the French war against Spain, Abram received a head injury and was captured by the Spanish army. He was released in 1722 and continued his studies in Metz.
	It was during his time in France that Abram adopted the surname "Gannibal" in honor of the Carthaginian general Hannibal ("Gannibal" being the traditional transliteration of the name in Russian). In Paris he met and befriended such Enlightenment figures as the Baron de Montesquieu and Voltaire (this claim by his biographer Hugh Barnes is disputed by reviewer Andrew Kahn). Voltaire called Gannibal the "dark star of the Enlightenment".
	Gannibal returned to Russia the following year, and his advanced training enabled him to apply and successfully acquire posts first as an engineer and then as a mathematics tutor for one of the Tsar's private guard units.
	Gannibal's education was completed by 1723, and he was due to return to Russia. After the death of Peter in 1725, Prince Menshikov gained power in Russia due to his good standing with Peter. However, Menshikov was not fond of Gannibal and was suspicious of his foreign origins and superior education. Gannibal was exiled to Siberia in 1727, some 4,000 miles to the east of Saint Petersburg. He was pardoned in 1730 due to his technical skills, and completed his service in Siberia in 1733. During this time he built a fortress and led several construction projects, where he became a master engineer.
	Elizabeth of Russia became the new monarch in 1741. Gannibal became a prominent member of her court, rose to the rank of major-general, and became superintendent of Reval (now Tallinn, Estonia), a position he held from 1742 to 1752. A letter signed on 22 March 1744 by "A. Ganibal" is held at the Tallinn City Archives. In 1742, the Empress Elizabeth gave him the Mikhailovskoye estate in Pskov Oblast with hundreds of serfs. He retired to this estate in 1762.
	In an official document that Gannibal submitted in 1742 to Empress Elizabeth, while petitioning for the rank of nobility and a coat of arms, he asked for the right to use a family crest emblazoned with an elephant and the mysterious word "FVMMO", which may mean "homeland" in the Kotoko language. In his book, "Gannibal: The Moor of Petersburg", Hugh Barnes writes of meeting with the sultan of Logone-Birni, who gave him the same translation of the word. However, Frances Somers-Cocks, author of "The Moor of St Petersburg: In the Footsteps of a Black Russian", met the same sultan and received a different translation for FVMMO. She also suggested that FVMMO stands for the Latin expression "Fortuna Vitam Meam Mutavit Omnino" which means "Fortune has changed my life entirely."
	Gannibal married twice. His first wife was Evdokia Dioper, a Greek woman. The couple married in 1731. Dioper despised her husband, whom she was forced to marry. The marriage between Dioper and Gannibal was very volatile, and he suspected her of infidelity early in their marriage. Gannibal’s suspicions were confirmed when Dioper gave birth to a white daughter. When Gannibal found out that she had been unfaithful to him, he had her arrested and thrown into prison, where she spent eleven years.
	Gannibal began living with another woman, Christina Regina Siöberg (1705–1781), daughter of Mattias Johan Siöberg and wife Christina Elisabeth d'Albedyll, and married her bigamously in Reval, in 1736, a year after the birth of their first child and while he was still lawfully married to his first wife. His divorce from Dioper did not become final until 1753, upon which a fine and a penance were imposed on Gannibal, and Dioper was sent to a convent for the rest of her life. Gannibal's second marriage was nevertheless deemed lawful after his divorce. Gannibal’s second marriage to Christina was much happier, and he appreciated her fidelity and affection towards him.
	On her paternal side, Gannibal’s second wife was descended from noble families in Scandinavia and Germany: Siöberg (Sweden), Galtung (Norway), and Grabow (Denmark) / von Grabow (Brandenburg). Her paternal grandfather was Gustaf Siöberg, Rittmester til Estrup, who died in 1694, whose wife Clara Maria Lauritzdatter Galtung (ca. 1651–1698) was the daughter of Lauritz Lauritzson Galtung (ca. 1615–1661) and of Barbara Grabow til Pederstrup (1631–1696).
	Abram Gannibal and Christine Regina Siöberg had ten children, including a son, Osip. Osip in turn would have a daughter, Nadezhda, the mother of Alexander Pushkin. Gannibal's oldest son, Ivan, became an accomplished naval officer who helped found the city of Kherson in 1779 and attained the rank of general-in-chief, the second-highest military rank in imperial Russia.
	Some British aristocrats descend from Gannibal, including Natalia Grosvenor, Duchess of Westminster and her sister, Alexandra Hamilton, Duchess of Abercorn. George Mountbatten, 4th Marquess of Milford Haven, a cousin of Queen Elizabeth II, is also a direct descendant, as the grandson of Nadejda Mountbatten, Marchioness of Milford Haven.
	Gannibal's actual place of birth continues to be uncertain, and is subject to speculation by modern historians. Until recent scholarly field work, it was generally assumed that he originated in Ethiopia. Chiefly Russian scholars for many years believed that he was from the vicinity of Medri Bahri, an ancient kingdom in present-day Eritrea. In a letter he wrote to Empress Elizabeth, Peter the Great's daughter, Gannibal stated that he was from the town of "Logon" or "Lagone". Anthropologist Dmitry Anuchin wrote an essay about Alexander Pushkin in which he theorized that "Lagone" referred to Logo-chewa in Eritrea. In 1999, the Russian Institute in Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, also campaigned for a commemorative stamp to honor Pushkin's bicentennial.
	The governments of Ethiopia and Eritrea each claim that Gannibal was born in their respective territories. Under this belief, the Ethiopian government named a street in Addis Ababa after Alexander Pushkin, Gannibal's great-grandson. It also placed a bust of him near the African Union headquarters in 2002, and arranged for a statue of Pushkin to be transferred from Moscow to Addis Ababa in 2014. However, the notion that Gannibal may have been born in Ethiopia holds little currency with the general Ethiopian population. The Eritrean government asserts that Gannibal was instead born in Loggo Sarda, an area in modern Eritrea. It also erected its own statue of Pushkin and named a street for him in 2009.
	Vladimir Nabokov cast doubt on Gannibal's ancestry, based on research findings during his work translating Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin". Nabokov disagreed with Anuchin's theory, stating that it was just as likely that Gannibal was referring to "the Lagona region of equatorial Africa, south of Lake Chad." Support for Anuchin's theory of Ethiopian birth declined after it was exposed as racially based, implying that "hamitic" Ethiopian origins better explained Gannibal's success than "negroid" origins.
	The Beninean historian Dieudonné Gnammankou, an expert on Russia, studied Russian, French and African sources and argued that Gannibal was indeed from Logone-Birni and was most likely the son of a chief in the ancient sultanate. In 1995, Gnammankou asserted that the "Logon" Gannibal wrote about was actually Logone, capital of the old Kotoko kingdom of Logone-Birni, now located in northern Cameroon. He believed that the pattern of slave trade around Lake Chad made that region a more plausible likelihood for Gannibal's birthplace than Gondar, Ethiopia. Gnammankou's biography of Gannibal was translated into Russian, and was voted the best book on Pushkin at the 1999 Moscow Book Fair.
	Gnammankou's findings were in turn buttressed by the field work of Hugh Barnes. After consulting with the Sultan of Logone-Birni, Barnes found that an inscription on Gannibal's crest, which was hitherto undecipherable, corresponded with the term for "homeland" in the local Kotoko language of central Africa.
	In November, 2010, representatives from Russia and Estonia, the ambassador of Cameroon, and the sultan of Logone-Birni went to La Fère, France to unveil a commemorative plaque honoring Abram Petrovich Gannibal as a graduate of La Fère's royal artillery academy. The academy, which closed in the 1990s, had been started by King Louis XV shortly before Gannibal's enrollment there in 1720. The plaque declares that he was a graduate of the royal artillery academy of La Fère, and later became chief military engineer and general-in-chief of the Imperial Russian Army. It also notes that Gannibal is the great-grandfather of Alexander Pushkin, Russia's greatest poet. Dieudonné Gnammankou, whose research into Gannibal's background was largely responsible for the ceremony at La Fère taking place, also served as the main speaker at a symposium following the event.
	Alexander Pushkin used his great-grandfather Abram Gannibal as the model for Ibrahim, the lead character in his unfinished novel "The Moor of Peter the Great". After leaving school in 1817, Pushkin met Abram's last surviving son, Peter. He met Peter again in 1825, after writing in his diary about wanting to "get from him some memoirs about my great-grandfather." He seemed to use his own experiences, along with Gannibal's to create the plot for "The Moor of Peter the Great". A stage version of the work was written by Carlyle Brown and premiered at the Alabama Shakespeare Festival's 13th Southern Writers' Project in March 2001.
	Abram Gannibal is a protagonist of the Soviet comedy movie "How Czar Peter the Great Married Off His Moor", although the film's plot has almost nothing to do with Gannibal's real biography. The film is partly based on Pushkin's "Moor of Peter the Great".
	There are several portraits thought to depict Gannibal, which include a painting of the Battle of Lesnaya by Pierre-Denis Martin the Younger. The young boy present in Martin’s painting is argued to be Gannibal, because of the young boy’s role as valet to Peter during military campaigns and Gannibal’s possible connection to the artist while in France. A portrait by Adriaan Schoonebeeck is also believed to portray Gannibal during his time with Peter the Great. In Schoonebeeck’s portrait of Peter the Great, the young servant boy directly behind Peter is thought to be Gannibal. Although there are a variety of portraits that claim to contain Gannibal, there is little evidence to suggest the claims are accurate.
	In the Lesnaya painting, the young boy is dressed in traditional slave attire, which Gannibal did not wear due to his status under Peter the Great.

= = = Au Wai Lun = = =

	Au Wai Lun (, born 14 August 1971 in Hong Kong) is a retired Hong Kong professional football player. He announced his retirement after being unable to get a contract renewal with South China in Hong Kong First Division League after the 2006–07 season. He was considered to be one of the best strikers in Hong Kong.
	Au made his debut in Hong Kong First Division League for Tin Tin on 20 December 1988, against Happy Valley. He was 17 years old at the time and the final result of the match 0–2.
	Au was the leading goal scorer of the Hong Kong team, but retired from international football after an exhibition match with Manchester United on 23 July 2005.
	On the pitch, Au was recognised easily by his hairstyle – he sports peroxide-blond streaks in his locks. He wore the number 7 jersey for South China and was the captain of the team.
	He is also remembered by his famous "cross passing during 1-on-1" in the final of 2002 Carlsberg Cup against Honduras. In the match, he received a pass from his teammate, and got a goal opportunity. However, he passed the ball back and did not shoot. Further jokes on this were developed after this incident.
	Being a veteran striker, Au is valued for his international experience and his strong aerial ability. The 6' tall striker remains one of the best headers in the League.
	In the 2005–06 season, his good performance throughout the season could not prevent South China from finishing 7th in the league, with 2 points below the relegation line. He scored 8 league goals that season (4th among all players, 1st among Hong Kong players). Two years after retiring, he chose to return and play for Eastern, one of his former clubs.
	In the summer of 2007, after being offered a new contract with a salary cut by South China, he decided to retire. He claimed that the entire squad received new contracts with increments, but he was the only one with a salary cut. He thought the club was being unfair to him, who contributed for many years, even when the team performed so poor for several seasons.
	After his retirement announcement, he was approached by Star Publishing and with the help of a professional writer, published his biography titled, "Lun . Football Biography" (倫．球傳).
	"As of 19 May 2007"

= = = Thallium(III) hydroxide = = =

	Thallium(III) hydroxide, Tl(OH), also known as thallic hydroxide, is a hydroxide of thallium. It is a white solid.
	Thallium(III) hydroxide is a very weak base; it is changed to thallium(III) ion, Tl, only in strongly acid conditions.

= = = Little Cacapon River = = =

	The Little Cacapon River is a free-flowing tributary of the Potomac River in the center of Hampshire County, West Virginia. Via the Potomac River, its waters are part of the Chesapeake Bay watershed, leading to the Atlantic Ocean. The Little Cacapon enters the Potomac at an elevation of near the community of Little Cacapon. For the majority of its course the Little Cacapon is a shallow non-navigable stream. It has been historically referred to as both Little Cacapehon and Little Capecaphon. The name is pronounced or .
	The Little Cacapon is formed at the confluence of two small streams, the North Fork Little Cacapon and the South Fork Little Cacapon, shortly after they both pass north under the Northwestern Turnpike (U.S. Route 50) at Frenchburg. From Frenchburg, the Little Cacapon flows north between Town Hill, high, to its west and Little Cacapon Mountain, high, to its east. Flowing from a hollow in Town Hill, Shawan Run feeds into the Little Cacapon at Barnes Mill. Two miles (3 km) north, Three Churches Run also feeds into the river from Town Hill. At Higginsville on Slanesville Pike (County Route 3) near the old Vinita School, the river is fed by Crooked Run at Queens Ridge ( high). From Higginsville, the Little Cacapon continues northeast along Town Hill with Noland Ridge bounding it to the east. Also in the vicinity of Higginsville, Little Cacapon-Levels Road (County Route 3/3) intersects with Slanesville Pike, and as its name suggests, the road follows the Little Cacapon north until it diverges northwest to Levels via Hoffman Hollow. It is within this stretch of the stream that the Little Cacapon meanders by the community of Creekvale. At the entrance of Neals Run, the Little Cacapon is met to its east by Spring Gap Mountain and then flows beneath the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and empties into the Potomac River.
	The North Fork is a tributary of the Little Cacapon. The North Fork's source lies in a hollow between Piney Mountain and the southwestern end of Stony Mountain. From its source, the North Fork flows northeast along Grassy Lick Road (County Route 10). South Branch Mountain ( high) joins the North Fork to its west, and along with Stony Mountain to its east, the river diverges from Grassy Lick Road and continues its northeastern route to Shanks where it meets US Route 50. From Shanks, the North Fork merges with Camp Run and flows east under US Route 50 at Frenchburg, where it merges with the South Fork to create the Little Cacapon River.
	The South Fork is an tributary of the Little Cacapon. The South Fork is formed at its headwater in a hollow towards the southeastern end of Stony Mountain along South Fork of Little Cacapon Road (County Route 12) between the communities of Kirby and Ruckman. From its source, the South Fork flows northeast toward Bell Hollow, where it meets US Route 50 and turns north through Frye's Flat towards Frenchburg. The South Fork continues north under US Route 50, where it immediately joins with the North Fork to form the Little Cacapon River alongside Little Cacapon River Road (County Route 50/9).
	Tributary streams are listed in order from south to north.

= = = Counter-terrorism in Singapore = = =

	Counter-terrorism in Singapore is a series of detection and prevention measures to minimize the damage caused by terrorism. These measures involve the participation of all levels of society, including defence, internal security, border and infrastructure security, civil defense, and gives special focus on areas such as medical readiness and psychological preparedness.
	Singapore's main counter-terrorism strategy includes cooperation with regional and international partners to achieve a transnational landscape of security. Singapore is instrumental in the passage of international initiatives such as the landmark United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373 which established the legal basis for international action against terrorism. It is also at the forefront of the Southeast Asian counter-terrorism efforts and a United States partner in the Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) that aims to combat the illicit trade and spread of weapons of mass destruction.
	In recent years, Singapore's counter-terrorism initiatives have created political criticism from the country's Muslim population. This was particularly pronounced when Singapore joined the international community's call for Iraq's disarmament, which eventually led to the American invasion of the country.
	These are the events related to terrorism and counter-terrorism in Singapore. Also listed are major terrorist incidents in the world and in Southeast Asia that have influenced counter-terrorism policies in Singapore.
	The main terrorist threat to Singapore is from Jemaah Islamiah (JI), which has links to al-Qaeda and Abu Sayyaf. Jemaah Islamiah is known to have carried out the Bali bombing in 2002, which killed 202 people, as well as the Jakarta bombing in 2004 outside the Australian embassy, killing 11 people.
	After the 11 September 2001 attacks on the United States, an informant revealed information to the Singapore Internal Security Department regarding Muhammad Aslam Yar Ali Khan, a Singaporean of Pakistani descent, who was a member of a group partnered with Al-Qaeda. Muhammad Aslam Yar Ali Khan was placed under surveillance by Singapore Internal Security Department, after which he left for Pakistan on 4 October. This man was captured by Afghan Northern Alliance forces in Afghanistan. His interrogation led investigators to more Jemaah Islamiah members in Singapore.
	On 9 December 2001, 13 suspects were arrested. Soon after that, a video found in an abandoned house in Kabul, Afghanistan showed a narrator in Singapore describing how to attack Americans using explosives. Investigators found similar tapes at the residences of the arrested men. In all, 33 men were arrested in relation to this plot. 
	In August 2002, another 21 members of Jemaah Islamiyah were arrested, demolishing JI's Singaporean cell. Arrests were also made in Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia and Thailand. As of 11 November 2005, 36 alleged members of JI or the Moro Islamic Liberation Front were being detained under the Internal Security Act.
	However, Singapore believes that Jemaah Islamiyah remains active in Southeast Asia and is recruiting new members.
	On 25 August 2005, French investigating magistrate Jean-Louis Bruguière singled out Singapore along with Tokyo and Sydney as potential terrorism targets of the Al-Qaeda. The Ministry of Home Affairs later responded that it had not received any specific information on imminent terrorist threat against Singapore, but added that security measures have been taken to strengthen security at borders, key infrastructure and iconic buildings. 
	The Singapore Police Force has in recent years enhanced security at various locations in the country.
	On 15 August 2005, the newly established Public Transport Security Command began operational patrols on the Mass Rapid Transit network to protect the public transportation system. Personnel from the Special Operations Command (SOC) and the Gurkha Contingent (GC) have also been deployed to complement other police officers on patrol. In addition, the Police Coast Guard (PCG) stepped up its effort to inspect ferries and other vessels in Singapore territorial waters.
	On 26 October 2005, Deputy Prime Minister and Co-ordinating Minister for Security and Defence S Jayakumar announced that Singapore was developing an early warning system, called the Risk Assessment and Horizon Scanning, to identify and assess new emerging threats to national security. The system, developed by the National Security Coordination Secretariat, will be put in place by mid-2007.
	At the forefront in the fight against terrorism are specialised military, law enforcement, and civil defence units, namely:
	In May 2007, the parliament passed an amendment to the SAF Act, giving additional powers to the Singapore Armed Forces. A select group of about 2,000 SAF personnel will be trained to perform security operations in designated areas. These personnel, identified by a Military Security identification card, will be able to search, detain and use reasonable force against terror suspects.
	On 8 January 2006, a large scale emergency preparedness exercise was conducted. Codenamed Exercise Northstar V, it involved 22 agencies and 2,000 emergency personnel. An additional 3,400 commuters also participated in the exercise. The exercise involved a simulated terrorist bomb attack on four MRT stations (Raffles Place, Dhoby Ghaut, Toa Payoh and Marina Bay) and one bus interchange (Toa Payoh). There were 500 mock casualties suffering from "injuries" caused by the "explosions" as well as chemical agents. The exercise is the largest civil emergency exercise ever staged in the country.
	The exercise started at 6:25 am local time on 8 January 2006, a Sunday, and lasted about three hours. To avoid public panic, announcements were made at the affected train stations as well as on television and radio, just before the exercise began. Prominent signages were also displayed.
	Mock explosive devices, such as thunderflashes were detonated near-simultaneously in subway trains and station platforms at four MRT stations (Dhoby Ghaut, Toa Payoh, Raffles Place and Marina Bay) and in a double decker bus at Toa Payoh Bus Interchange. A chemical agent attack was then simulated at Dhoby Ghaut at 6:45 am. An undetonated mock bomb was also placed at the Raffles Place. About 3,400 commuters who were on board the subway trains were evacuated during the drill. Services at 13 MRT stations were temporarily disrupted and roads within the vicinity were also closed to traffic. Shuttle buses were used to ferry commuters affected by the exercise.
	Thunderflashes, smoke generators, and fire simulators were used to simulate the explosion and 500 simulated casualties were deployed to test emergency rescuers at the scene. These mock casualties carried tags to provide paramedics information on the extent of their injuries and this includes injuries related to bomb blasts, such as open wounds and burns. There were also some with injuries related to chemical agents. Dummy mannequins were also used to simulate casualties. 7 hospitals and 2 polyclinics were also involved in the drill as they received the mock casualties. In two hospitals, Singapore General Hospital and Tan Tock Seng Hospital, healthcare workers donned decontamination suits as they prepared to treat victims of chemical agents suspected to be sarin gas.
	Officers from the London Metropolitan Police and the British Transport Police, including Chief Constable Ian Johnston, were present to observe the exercise and to provide feedback to the authorities.
	Following the crackdown on the local Jemaah Islamiyah cell, then-Deputy-Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong held dialogues with the leaders of the Muslim community. Details of the investigation were shared to explain that the arrests were not targeted at the Singapore Muslim community, or Islam. In schools and workplaces, inter-racial confidence circles were formed to promote inter-racial and inter-religious understanding between the different racial and religious communities, while Islamic scholars and counselors in Singapore participated in the rehabilitation of the detained JI members.

= = = Apple Island (Massachusetts) = = =

	Apple Island was an island in Boston Harbor in Massachusetts, one of five islands that were integrated with landfill over the years to form East Boston and Logan International Airport. Noddle's Island, Hog Island, Bird's Island and Governor's Island were the others.
	Distinguished in its early years by waving elms but hard to access because of its expansive flats at low tide, the 10-acre Apple Island was initially part of the town of Boston, used for sheep and cattle grazing. It fell into the private hands of Thomas Hutchinson, father of Royal Governor Thomas Hutchinson, in 1723. Hutchinson the elder willed the island to an English mariner in 1802 , and a gentleman named Mr. Marsh purchased it for $550 in 1822. Marsh died in 1833 and was buried on the island's western slope, and his home burned down two years later.
	Abandoned for years, Apple Island was reacquired by the City of Boston in 1867 and sold to private citizens. Inhabitants were known to haul wrecked steamships onto the island and burn them for their copper and iron parts. These ships included the James Adger, the Baltic (the last steamship in the Collins line), and the Ontario, built in Newburyport for the Transatlantic trade.
	In the 1940s, Apple Island was subsumed into land reclamation for the extension of Boston Airport, which added of landfill in Boston Harbor, taken from Apple, Governor's and Noddle's Islands. In 1943 the state renamed the airport as General Edward Lawrence Logan International Airport after a Spanish–American War officer from South Boston.

= = = Thiocyanic acid = = =

	Thiocyanic acid is a chemical compound with the formula HSCN which exists as a tautomer with isothiocyanic acid (HNCS). The iso- form tends to dominate with the material being about 95% isothiocyanic acid in the vapor phase.
	It is a weak acid, bordering on strong, with a p"K" of 1.1 at 20 °C and extrapolated to zero ionic strength.
	HSCN is predicted to have a triple bond between carbon and nitrogen. It has been observed spectroscopically but has not been isolated as a pure substance.
	The salts and esters of thiocyanic acid are known as thiocyanates. The salts are composed of the thiocyanate ion (SCN) and a suitable metal cation (e.g., potassium thiocyanate, KSCN). The esters of thiocyanic acid have the general structure R–SCN.

= = = Ypiranga Clube = = =

	Ypiranga Clube, or Ypiranga as they are usually called, is a Brazilian football team from Macapá in Amapá, founded on May 15, 1963.
	Home stadium is the Zerão stadium, capacity 5,000. They play in blue and black striped shirts, black shorts and black socks.
	The club was founded on May 15, 1963, by the initiative of the father Vitório Galliani, vicar of Igreja Nossa Senhora da Conceição, who lead young members of Juventude Oratoriana do Trem (JOT), a movement connected to Vitório Galliani's church. Under influence of Vitório Galliani, it was established that the club's official colors would be black and blue, the same colors of Italy's Internazionale, club supported by the father. Guaracy Freitas was elected as the club's first president.
	In 1963, the club joined Federação Amapaense de Desportos. In 1964, Ypiranga disputed its first competition, the Second Division of the Amapaense Amateur Football Championship, and managed by Francisco Sales de Lima (nicknamed "Chicão"), the club won the competition, after defeating Independente 6–3 in the final, at Augusto Antunes Stadium. The champion team was composed of the following players: Manguinha, Lindoval, Barata, Guaracy and Suzico, Adauto and Ary, Peninha, Artur, Narciso and Almeida. The reservers: Elcio, Horácio, Otílio, Gadelha, Lery, Trombone, Tônati, Sabá Balieiro, and Joaquim Neto.
	In 1976, Ypiranga won its first state championship, after the club and Santana drew 0–0 at Estádio Municipal Glicério de Souza Marques. The champion players were Emanuel, Buiuna, Damasceno, Waldir and Pitéo, Duranil and Dival, Ananízio, Tadeu, Jason and Dilermano, and the reserves were Odival, Paulo César, Bolinha, Orlandino, João Oliveira, Padeirinho Dewson and Nena. In 1986, after a poor campaign, Ypiranga was relegated to the Second Division of Campeonato Amapaense. However, the team won the second division in 1987, returning to the first division in 1988.
	In 1991, under the administration of the chairman Luiz Góes, Ypiranga became a professional team. In 1992, Ypiranga reached its first professional competition title, after winning the state championship. The players of that team were Maurício, Zé Preta, Ponga, Cid and Neirivaldo, Edgar, Edvaldo and Serginho, Tiaguinho, Miranda and Jorginho Macapá, managed by Dadá Maravilha, who had won the 1970 World Cup as a player.
	Ypiranga's home stadium is Estádio Milton Corrêa, usually known as Zerão, inaugurated in 1990, with a maximum capacity of 5,000 people. It is famous for having its halfway line positioned exactly over the Equator.
	Ypiranga's logo is uncommon, because it features a church's tower. This church's tower is located at Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Conceição, which is a church located in Trem neighborhood. The club's nickname, Clube da Torre, is also a reference to the church's tower, and means "Tower Club" in English. Ypiranga's mascot is a creature very similar to Warner Brothers' Taz, but wearing the club's shirt, a club's themed Baseball cap and black leather jeans.

= = = Shakespeare Santa Cruz = = =

	Shakespeare Santa Cruz was an annual professional theatre festival in Santa Cruz, California, which ran from 1981 to 2013. After losing the financial support of the University of California, Santa Cruz, the company was relaunched through crowdfunding as Santa Cruz Shakespeare.
	Shakespeare Santa Cruz was founded in 1981 and performed annually on the campus of the University of California, Santa Cruz. Plays by Shakespeare and other great dramatists were performed indoors on the UCSC Theater Arts Mainstage and outdoors in the Sinsheimer-Stanley Festival Glen. Bringing in professional actors, directors and designers from throughout the country, the Company's season ran from July to early September and presented three or four plays that ran concurrently in repertory six days a week (no performance on Mondays). With a mission to “cultivate the imagination, wit, daring, and vision that the greatest playwrights demand of artists and audiences alike," SSC sought to present a festival of theatre which showcased contemporary approaches to directing, designing and acting. Attendance grew from 7,716 people in 1982 to 31,013 in 1992. Since its founding, the company's artistic directors have been Audrey Stanley (1982–86), Michael Edwards (1987–92), Danny Scheie (1993–95), Risa Brainin, Paul Whitworth (1996–2007), and Marco Barricelli (2008–2013). Some of the rising theatre stars who have worked at SSC are: David Aaron Baker, Bryan Cranston, Maria Dizzia, Dan Donohue, Caitlin FitzGerald, Richard Gunn, Peter Jacobson, Carrie Preston, Reg Rogers, and Michael Stuhlbarg.
	In 1997, Artistic Director Paul Whitworth introduced the SSC annual Winter Holiday season. In keeping with the tradition of Shakespeare Santa Cruz’s fresh take on the classics, the holiday shows were original musicals written for SSC by playwright Kate Hawley with music composed by Gregg Coffin, Craig Bohmler and Adam Wernick. A fusion of the traditions of the British pantomime and the American musical, "Cinderella", "Gretel and Hansel", "The Princess and the Pea" and "Sleeping Beauty" were based on traditional fairy tales and appeal to audiences of all ages. The winter season performed in November and December.
	In addition to the summer repertory season and the holiday show, Shakespeare Santa Cruz had two performance programs which sought to engage student actors with Shakespearean and other classical texts---the summer Fringe show and the Shakespeare to Go program. The Fringe show was an opportunity for the summer Company's acting interns to perform their own production in the Glen two nights each summer. Past productions included "Lysistrata", "The Antipodes", "Fools in the Forest", and "The Mock-Tempest". Shakespeare to Go was an educational engagement program—and recipient of National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) funding—featuring University of California Santa Cruz Theater Arts students who toured local schools in the spring performing one-hour versions of one of the full-length plays to be featured in the summer repertory season. Additionally, Shakespeare to Go presented a limited number of free public performances.
	The festival was responsible for supporting itself, but had recently run deficits which were paid by the University of California. In 2008, with California's budget crisis having resulted in reduced funding, the university could no longer afford to cover these debts. An agreement was reached that if the theater could raise $300,000, it could continue operation. Within 10 days of the agreement's announcement, over $400,000 was raised. Claiming continuing financial problems, however, the UCSC Arts Division dean announced several years later that Shakespeare Santa Cruz would end after its 2013 holiday production.
	Following this announcement, the theater company began a campaign to raise money to become an independent company. By February 2014, they raised over $1 million (USD) through crowdfunding to continue on without the financial support of the university. In March 2014, the new company changed its name to Santa Cruz Shakespeare.

= = = Maple River (North Dakota) = = =

	The Maple River is a tributary of the Sheyenne River, about long, in the Red River Valley of eastern North Dakota in the United States. Via the Sheyenne River, the Red River of the North, Lake Winnipeg and the Nelson River, the Maple is part of the watershed of Hudson Bay.
	The Maple River flows through Steele, Barnes, Cass and Ransom counties. It begins as an intermittent stream near the town of Finley in Steele County, and flows generally southward to Enderlin, where it turns to the northeast and flows past Mapleton. It joins the Sheyenne River about north of West Fargo, not far upstream of the Sheyenne's confluence with the Red.
	At Enderlin it collects a short tributary known as the South Branch Maple River, which flows for its entire length in northern Ransom County.

= = = IceCube Neutrino Observatory = = =

	The IceCube Neutrino Observatory (or simply IceCube) is a neutrino observatory constructed at the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica.The project is a recognized CERN experiment (RE10). 
	Its thousands of sensors are located under the Antarctic ice, distributed over a cubic kilometre.
	Similar to its predecessor, the Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA), IceCube consists of spherical optical sensors called Digital Optical Modules (DOMs), each with a photomultiplier tube (PMT) and a single-board data acquisition computer which sends digital data to the counting house on the surface above the array. IceCube was completed on 18 December 2010.
	DOMs are deployed on strings of 60 modules each at depths between 1,450 and 2,450 meters into holes melted in the ice using a hot water drill. IceCube is designed to look for point sources of neutrinos in the TeV range to explore the highest-energy astrophysical processes.
	In November 2013 it was announced that IceCube had detected 28 neutrinos that likely originated outside the Solar System.
	IceCube is part of a series of projects developed and supervised by the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Collaboration and funding are provided by numerous other universities and research institutions worldwide. Construction of IceCube was only possible during the Antarctic austral summer from November to February, when permanent sunlight allows for 24-hour drilling. Construction began in 2005, when the first IceCube string was deployed and sufficient data was collected to verify that the optical sensors functioned correctly. In the 2005–2006 season, an additional eight strings were deployed, making IceCube the largest neutrino telescope in the world. 
	Construction was completed on 17 December 2010. The total cost of the project was $279 million.
	Barco is not mentioned in the "Inquirições" (Inquiries) of 1288, although it is known to have existed at that time.
	The parish of Barco was established by the 15th century, when it was split off from the priory of St. Silvestre da Covilhã and given its own priest. Even before this, there was a small chapel dedicated to Saint Simon the Zealot.
	Until the 19th century the parish was called St. Simon, after which it assumed the common name of Barco. 
	Saint Simon was said to have been martyred by being sawed in half, and the emblem of the parish is a saw.
	Between 1860 and 1950 the parish saw rapid population growth.
	The census of 1878 gave Barco a population of 923, of whom 429 were male and 494 female, in 234 dwellings.
	By 1950 there were 1,800 people. 
	Since then the population has declined steadily.
	In 2011 Barco had a population of just 473.
	Until recently wolfram and tin were mined in the parish. 
	The Mina da Argemela, a tin mine that was abandoned around 1960, is located near Barco.
	Economic activities include trade, industry, agriculture and construction.
	Most people work in agriculture, growing maize, beans, olives and rye.
	Local gastronomical specialties include "Borelhões", sausages, river fish and wild boar.
	Religion plays an important role in local culture, as shown by the many small shrines one sees in the countryside. 
	Festivals include St. Simon (28 October), San Sebastian (4th Sunday of August), St John (June 23) and Our Lady of Fatima (May 30).
	Barco has always been part of Covilhã. There was some uncertainty about the extent of its territory, now .
	The boundary between Barco and the neighboring parish of Peso was only defined on 4 October 1894. 
	From 1872 to 1984 the parish of Coutada was attached to Barco. It was then made a separate parish.
	In 2013 Barco was again merged with the parish of Coutada to form the parish of União das Freguesias de Barco e Coutada.
	Citations
	Sources

= = = Ourense Cathedral = = =

	Ourense Cathedral (Catedral de Ourense or Catedral do San Martiño) is a Roman Catholic church located in Ourense in northwestern Spain. Dedicated to St Martin, it was founded in 550. The first structure was restored by Alonso el Casto. The present mainly Gothic building was raised with the support of Bishop Lorenzo in 1220. Its local patroness is Saint Euphemia. There is a silver-plated shrine, and others of St Facundus and St Primitivus. The Christ's Chapel (Capilla del Cristo Crucificado) was added in 1567 by Bishop San Francisco Triccio. It contains an image of Christ, which was brought in 1330 from a small church on Cape Finisterre. John the Baptist's Chapel (Capilla de San Juan Bautista) was created in 1468 by the Conde de Benavente. The Portal of Paradise is sculptured and enriched with figures of angels and saints, while the antique cloisters were erected in 1204 by Bishop Ederonio. The Capilla de la Maria Madre was restored in 1722, and connected by the cloisters with the cathedral. The eight canons were called Cardenales, as at Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, and they alone did services before the altar; this custom was recognised as "immemorial" by Pope Innocent III, in 1209. The cathedral, which has undergone an impressive transition of architectural styles of Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque and Neoclassical, was built to a Latin Cross plan. It has been a functional basilica since 1887. The cathedral has a crucifix that is held in great reverence all over Galicia.
	The earliest cathedral in Ourense appears to have been the church dedicated to Santa María la Madre. In 550, the Suevian king Chararic built a second church dedicated to St Martin of Tours on the site of today's cathedral of the Auriense diocese. It was also the time when the arch bridge opposite the cathedral was built over the river, facilitating access to the thermal springs. The cathedral was however repeatedly destroyed over the centuries by the Moors and the Northmen who invaded the city. Today's building was constructed as a Romanesque church in the 12th and 13th centuries. Construction was supported by Bishop Lorenzo, who also built the new Ourense bridge and the bishop's palace.
	Gothic additions followed until the early 16th century. There is little historical documentation on the construction of the building but there is a clear record mentioning the consecration of the high altar in 1188.
	The cathedral was classified as a national monument in June 1931. Since 1887, it has officially been designated a basilica.
	The cathedral plan takes the form of a Latin cross, the nave being flanked by slightly lower lateral aisles. It measures in length and across the transversal transept. Completed in 1505 by Rodrigo de Badajoz, the octagonal Gothic lantern tower with its three levels of windows rises above the point where the transept crosses the nave. The former apse was later converted into an ambulatory bordered by a series of chapels including the 15th-century St John's Chapel (Capilla de San Juan) and the 16th-century Chapel of Snows (Capilla de las Nieves). After the chancel had been demolished in the 20th century, the choir stalls were moved into the body of the church and into Christ's Chapel.
	The North Door (Portada Norte), initially of Romanesque design, has a variety of Gothic additions. The tympanum is crowned by a cross where Mary takes possession of Christ's body. Other decorations include an allusion to the miracle of St Martin who is depicted tearing his cloak in two as well as the figure of James the apostle (known as Santiago in Spanish). The turrets on either side of the entrance are no doubt the result of the need to protect the doorway which had been destroyed by Rodrigo Alonso Pimentel in 1471.
	To the right of the South Door (Portada Sur) which is topped by fine decorations, there is a 16th-century clock tower. The south façade was initially symmetrical with two defensive towers but the clock tower now looks less imposing. The east gable is flanked by the unfinished 16th-century Tower of St Martin and the 40-metre-tall bell tower which was repaired at the end of the 19th century as it had been damaged by the earthquake which hit Lisbon in 1755. The 16th-century rose window can still be seen.
	The Gothic influence can be clearly seen in the nave with its decorative arches and vaulted ceiling. Repairs and additions have also led to decorations in the Renaissance and Baroque styles in the chapels. The cathedral's main altarpiece in the flamboyant Gothic style is believed to be the work of Cornielles de Holanda with five vertical panels each divided into horizontal compartments. Martin of Tours is depicted in the central panel as the cathedral's patron saint while scenes from the life of Jesus and Mary can be seen in the other panels. On either side of the main altar, there are two other altars representing the martyred saints of Ourense: Facundus, Primitivus and Euphemia.
	Christ's Chapel (La capilla del Santo Cristo), to the right of the North Door, originally presented the figure of Christ rather than today's altar bearing Our Lady of the Pillar. The chapel owes its origin to Bishop Vasco Pérez Mariño who wished to be buried as close as possible to the figure of Christ. The chapel is decorated in flamboyant Baroque style with a Renaissance screen by Juan Bautista Celma and a canopy by Domingo de Andrade while other decorations are the work of Francisco de Castro Canseco. The Renaissance choir stalls which once stood in the cathedral's chancel were crafted by Diego de Solís and Juan de Angers. The chapel also contains many other offerings including 18th-century paintings with scenes of Christ's life and the evening meal at Emmaus.
	The 13th-century Portico of Paradise (Pórtico del Paraíso) was built by students of Master Mateo who is best known for his Pórtico de la Gloria in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela. Its three arches are supported by slender columns with a central mullion. The apostle St James or Santiago holds a sword reminiscent of his alleged miraculous participation in the legendary Battle of Clavijo. The original 13th-century figure was replaced in the 19th century. The statue of the Virgin of Consolation (Virgen del Consuelo) with the body of Christ which tops the mullion was also added in the 19th century. Other decorations include Christ being tempted by the devil, a medallion of God the Father and a tabernacle presenting St Martin tearing his cloak. The archivolts of the central arch bear the figures of the 24 elders from the Book of Revelation. The columns themselves are sculpted with apostles and prophets while the capitals present a variety of figures including Christ's temptations in the desert, centaurs fighting mermaids, dragons and harpies with frightening faces who were said to have brought the plague. The vividly coloured pilaster figures were restored in the 18th century from the original Romanesque polychrome. The two Baroque side chapels contain a Castro Canseco altarpiece of the Nursing Madonna and a representation of San Francisco Blanco from Ourense who was crucified in Japan in 1597.
	The cathedral was the burial place for several individuals from the 13th to the 15th centuries in chapels of evolving Gothic design. The tomb of Bishop Vasco Pérez Mariño (died 1342) is in the northern transept; Bishop Lorenzo (died mid-12th century) is entombed in the nave of the epistle; Don Alonso González del Padrón is entombed next to the St Luke's chapel; the tomb of the Infantina, who may have been a Castilian princess, is next to the Capilla de las Nieves; two bishops, including Bishop Quevedo, are also entombed on the wall of the epistle.
	The cathedral museum is accessed through the Romanesque door leading to the Gothic cloisters known as Claustra Nova. Artifacts include "El Incunable de Monterrey", the first book published in Galicia in 1494, Enrique de Arfe's processional cross, 13th-century enamels from Limoges, the so-called Treasure of San Rosendo and the oldest Christian tombstone in Galicia from Baños de Bande.

= = = John Trout Greble = = =

	John Trout Greble (January 19, 1834 in Philadelphia – June 10, 1861 in Virginia) was a soldier in the United States Army. He was killed at the battle of Big Bethel, and was the first graduate of the United States Military Academy to be killed in the American Civil War.
	He graduated from the U. S. Military Academy in 1854, was assigned to the 2nd artillery, and stationed at Newport, Rhode Island. In September 1854 he was made 2nd lieutenant and sent to Tampa, Florida, where he served in the Indian troubles for two years. He was compelled, in consequence of a severe fever, to return home on sick leave, but in the beginning of 1856 resumed his duties, acting part of the time as quartermaster and commissary until December 1856, when he was appointed acting assistant professor of geography, history, and ethics in the U.S. Military Academy, where he remained until September 24, 1860. He was promoted to 1st lieutenant on March 3, 1857. 
	He was detailed for active duty at Fort Monroe in late 1860, and rendered efficient service in preventing its seizure. On May 26, 1861, he was sent to Newport News as master of ordnance, superintended the fortifications of that point, and trained the volunteers to artillery practice. When the expedition to Big Bethel was planned, he was unexpectedly detailed to accompany it with two guns, though in his own judgment it was ill-advised. When the Union Army troops were repelled, by his management of the guns he protected them from pursuit and destruction. Just at the close of the action, when he had given the orders to withdraw his guns from the field, he was struck by a rifle ball on the right temple and instantly killed. For his bravery in the two days' action, he was brevetted captain, major, and lieutenant colonel, on the day of his death. First Buried in Philadelphia's Woodland Cemetery he was later reburied in West Laurel Hill Cemetery, Bala Cynwyd, Montgomery County Pennsylvania
	He married Sarah Bradley French, daughter of West Point professor John W. French. Their son, Edwin St. John Greble, who was born at West Point, New York, became a major general of the U.S. Army.

= = = 2013 European Road Championships – Women's junior time trial = = =

	The Women's junior time trial at the 2013 European Road Championships took place on 19 July. The Championships were hosted by the Czech Republic city of Olomouc. The course was 13.2 km long. 39 junior cyclists competed in this discipline.

= = = Waldinger = = =

	Waldinger is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

= = = Privilege (Television Personalities album) = = =

	Privilege is the fifth album by English rock band Television Personalities. It was released in 1990 through Fire Records. The album was recorded as a trio, with former Swell Maps member Jowe Head and drummer Jeffrey Bloom accompanying Dan Treacy.
	Jason Ankeny of Allmusic gave the album a positive review, describing it as "one of the group's most personal and dark records." "The Chicago Tribune" critic David Levinsky wrote that "the LP suffers from overly lush production, supplying one too many monolithic synth chords." Levinsky also stated: "We get a record suffering from the shotgun approach: a couple of exceptional singles and a lot of also-rans." In contrast, Ira Robbins of "Trouser Press" stated: ""Privilege" dresses Treacy's characteristically direct songs with just the right amount of keyboards, and his voice is as boyishly engaging as ever."
	All songs written by Dan Treacy, except where noted.

= = = Salomée Halpir = = =

	Regina Salomée Halpir (1718 – after 1763) was an 18th-century oculist. She often earns the title of the first female doctor from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. What is known about her life is known from her memoirs, written in 1760, which is a unique example of travel memoir and women's literature. Halpir expressed decidedly un-womanly characteristics and ambitions. Instead of dedicating her life to raising children and being a good wife, as dictated by the 18th-century social norms, Halpir strove to become a successful medical doctor and expressed her hunger for travel and adventure.
	She is known under a great variety of names. Her first name is often given as Salomea, Salome, or Salomėja. In her memoir, she referred to herself as Salomea, but she signed the dedication as Regina. Her maiden name is rendered as Rusiecki, Rusiecka, Ruseckaitė, Rusieckich. Halpir or Halpirowa is her married name from the first marriage. Her name from the second marriage is rendered as Pilstein, Pilsztyn, Pilsztynowa, Pilštyniova, or Pichelstein. Even after bitter divorce from her second husband she continued to use his last name, perhaps because it sounded more noble. In the dedication of her memoir she used the fourth surname – Makowska. It has been suggested that it is the surname of her third husband, but the origin of that surname remains unknown.
	Halpir was born near Navahrudak, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, to the family of Joachim Rusiecki of petty nobility. At the age of 14 she was married off to a German Lutheran oculist Dr. Jacob Halpir. The couple moved to Constantinople, Ottoman Empire, where Dr. Halpir practiced medicine and had many clients while facing cut-throat competition from Jewish and Muslim doctors. Despite, or perhaps because of, her being a poorly educated Christian woman in an Islamic country, Halpir was trained by her husband and assisted him in his operations eventually becoming an accomplished physician herself, with a specialty in cataract surgery. Her status as a female helped her find a niche serving female patients and her status as a foreigner helped her skirt Islamic traditions that severely limited women's freedom. Halpir never received any formal training in medicine.
	Later, her husband fell ill. He died leaving Halpir with their 2-year-old daughter, Constance. After this, Halpir embarked on an extensive journey throughout Europe. During the Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–39), she bought four Austrian prisoners of war. Three of them were ransomed by relatives while the fourth, ensign Pilstein, became her second husband. She traveled to Poland where Michał Kazimierz "Rybeńko" Radziwiłł made her husband an officer and offered her the position of doctor's residence in Nesvizh. Harpin traveled to Saint Petersburg to free some Turkish prisoners of war. There she gained access to the imperial court and met Empress Anna of Russia and future Empress Elizabeth of Russia. After several months she returned to Poland. She divorced her second husband, whom she bore two sons, after she accused him of adultery, attempting to poison her, and extortion. She moved to Vienna where Prince József Rákóczi fell in love with her, but she declined his marriage proposal. Halpir became romantically involved with a Polish nobleman, seven years her junior, who took advantage of her wealth. She also accused him of starving one of her sons to death. She returned to Constantinople and became a physician of the women in the harem of sultan Mustafa III. Until recently, her destiny after 1760, when she completed her memoir, was unknown. Dariusz Kołodziejczyk has found that in 1763 she was employed as a physician in the Khan’s harem in Bakhchysarai and as such she served as an informant of the Russian consul Aleksandr Nikiforov.
	Halpir's 388-page autobiography was discovered by a Polish historian Glatman in the library of Prince Czartoryski. The memoir was published as "Proceder podróży i życia mego awantur" (My Life's Travels and Adventures) in Poland in 1957. A number of the events in the memoir seem far-fetched and implausible. For example, she described how her leg became limp and visibly shorter due to a magic omen. Therefore, biographical accuracy of her memoir is disputed and some researchers prefer to treat it more as a work of fiction than factual autobiography.

= = = Millennium Kitchen = = =


= = = Intent (Android) = = =

	An Intent in the Android operating system is a software mechanism that allows users to coordinate the functions of different activities to achieve a task. An Intent is a messaging object which provides a facility for performing late runtime binding between the code in different applications in the Android development environment. Its most significant use is in the launching of activities, where it can be thought of as the glue between activities: Intents provide an inter-application messaging system that encourages collaboration and component reuse.
	An Intent is basically a passive data structure holding an abstract description of an action to be performed. "For Dummies" likens an Intent to flicking a switch: "Your intent is to turn on the light, and to do so, you perform the action of flipping the switch to the On position."
	The concept was created as a way to allow developers to easily remix different apps and allow each type of task (called "activity") to be handled by the application best suited to it, even if provided by a third party. Although the concept was not new, the Android architecture doesn't require elevated privileges to access the components, which makes it an open platform. 
	Activities in Android are defined as classes that control the life cycle of a task in the user interface. The activities supported by an application are declared in a manifest, so that other applications can read what activities are supported. Intents in one application can start particular activities in a different application, if the latter supports the message type of the Intent.
	An analysis in 2011 by researchers from The University of California at Berkeley found that Intents can pose a security risk, allowing attackers to read content in messages and to insert malicious messages between applications. 

= = = 2013 São Paulo Challenger de Tênis – Women's Singles = = =

	This was a new event on the 2013 ITF Women's Circuit at São Paulo's Clube Hebraica as the men's ATP Challenger Tour came to the Brazilian city again after April's IS Open de Tenis.
	Roxane Vaisemberg was the defending champion from 2012's $10,000 event at São Paulo's Clube Painieras do Morumby, but lost in the first round to Bianca Botto.
	Botto went on to win the tournament, defeating Gabriela Cé in the final, 7–6, 5–7, 6–2.

= = = 2013 São Paulo Challenger de Tênis – Women's Doubles = = =

	This was a new event on the 2013 ITF Women's Circuit at São Paulo's Clube Hebraica as the men's ATP Challenger Tour came to the Brazilian city again after April's IS Open de Tenis.
	Paula Cristina Gonçalves and Roxane Vaisemberg were the defending champions from 2012's $10,000 event at São Paulo's Clube Painieras do Morumby, but Gonçalves chose not to defend her title. Vaisemberg partnered up with Flávia Dechandt Araújo, but they lost in the semifinals.
	Laura Pigossi and Carolina Zeballos won the tournament, defeating Nathália Rossi and Luisa Stefani in the final, 6–3, 6–4.

= = = Armand Couaillet = = =

	Armand Couaillet (1865–1954) was a French clock maker from Saint-Nicolas-d'Aliermont in Normandy. 
	In 1890 Couaillet started a business producing carriage clocks; shortly afterwards his three brothers join the business. By the turn of the century, the company employed about 100 workers and were producing 4000 carriage clocks each month.
	On the eve of World War I, The Couaillet brothers employed 300 people and their catalog listed 250 models of clocks, but during the war, the focus of production switched to precision mechanical components for fuses, parts for aircraft engines and field telegraph systems.
	In 1919, after a trip to the United States, he designed and began the production of the “Électricar”, a lightweight, three-wheeled, one-person electric automobile. Only 250 units are sold; the market demanded an internal combustion engine. At the same time, he relaunched his horological business, producing primarily alarm clocks and timers. In 1925 that business was bankrupt, and closed down.

= = = 2013 European Road Championships – Women's junior road race = = =

	The Women's junior road race at the 2013 European Road Championships took place on 21 July. The Championships were hosted by the Czech Republic city of Olomouc. The course was 77 km long. 82 junior cyclists competed in this discipline.

= = = Bhatlapenumarru = = =

	Bhatlapenumarru is a village in the Krishna District of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in the Movva mandal of Machilipatnam revenue division.
	Bhatlapenumarru was previously an agraharam donated to the Brahmin community by the Gajapathi Kings. The first part of the village's name is "bhatla," which is Telugu dialect of plural version of the word "bhat," and the second half "penumarru" means large locality.
	Indian freedom fighter and designer of the Indian National Flag, Sri Pingali Venkayya (August 2, 1878 – July 4, 1963), was born in this village. In honor and remembrance of the man who designed the Indian National Flag, a statue was erected in the center of the village opposite the library.
	Arjuna Award winner Sri Kamineni Eswara Rao was also born in this village. He was adjudged "Strongest Man of India" in the 1954 Senior Nationals and was labelled by American coach Bob Hoffman as "Powerhouse". He represented India as weightlifter in 1956 Melbourne Olympics, 1960 Rome Olympics and the first Asian Games(1951). In 2009, a Gymnasium called "Sri Kamineni" was established in honor of Sri Kamineni Eswara Rao at Pedapudi, in the Kuchipudi Center.
	Bhatlapenumarru is located at . It is at an altitude of approximately 5m (19feet).

= = = Samuel Richardson (disambiguation) = = =

	Samuel Richardson was an 18th-century English novelist and printer. 
	Sam or Samuel Richardson may also refer to:

= = = Environmental Risks and Challenges of Anthropogenic Metals Flows and Cycles = = =

	The report Environmental Risks and Challenges of Anthropogenic Metals Flows and Cycles was the third of six scientific assessments on global metals to be published by the International Resource Panel (IRP) of the United Nations Environment Programme. The IRP provides independent scientific assessments and expert advice on a variety of areas, including:
	Metals and their compounds have been used for millennia because of their unique properties. They are used in highly valued products of modern technology, furthermore, they plan an essential role in renewable energy technologies. After having analyzed issues of metal stocks in society and recycling rates and recycling conditions and opportunities in the previous two reports on metals, Metal Stocks in Society report and Recycling Rates of Metals report, the International Resource Panel decides to address the environmental and energy issues related to the use and the production of metals. In this report, an assessment is made of literature on metal flows and cycles in nature and in society, the way they are connected, and the potential impacted related to them. The four areas of focus are 1) Local impacts of mining, 2) life cycle energy use, 3) non-metal sources, and 4) the need for a final sink. Furthermore, the author point out that a sustainable metals management cannot be defined in isolation, because a global issue like this is linked to many other issues at the global level: population and welfare increase, the concurrent expected rise in demand for food, water, and energy, the availability of metals and other non-renewable materials, the shift to a renewable energy system, dietary choices, etc. Therefore it should be part of an overall effort to steer society towards a more sustainable development.
	The production of different metals has different potentials to impact the environment. The report gives reasons to why metals can become relatively more important from an environmental impact point of view. First of all, the demand for most metals is rising rapidly and this trend is expected to continue in the coming decades. Secondly, a shift towards a renewable energy system implies that the material, especially metal, intensity of energy production will increase substantially. Thirdly, in the future, the energy intensity of production of metals is expected to increase due to the use of lesser grade of ores.

= = = Winklevoss Capital Management = = =

	Winklevoss Capital is a family office founded in 2012 by Tyler Winklevoss and Cameron Winklevoss. The firm invests across multiple asset classes with an emphasis on providing seed funding and infrastructure to early-stage startups. The company is headquartered in New York’s Flatiron District.
	On April 11, 2012, Tyler Winklevoss and Cameron Winklevoss revealed ownership of approximately 1% of bitcoins in circulation, worth about $11 million, via Winklevoss Capital. The brothers began buying bitcoin when the value of a single coin was in the single digits.
	On July 1, 2013, Digital Asset Services, LLC (wholly owned by Winklevoss Capital) filed a Form S-1 with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to create the Winklevoss Bitcoin Trust, an exchange-traded fund for bitcoin.
	In 2013, Winklevoss also lead a funding round for BitInstant, a bitcoin exchange start-up based in New York City. Winklevoss Capital, along with other investors, raised $1.5 million in seed funding to help BitInstant increase its staff and scale up its product.
	In 2019 Winklevoss participated in a $3.5 million seed round in Bitski. Investors included Galaxy Digital, Winklevoss Capital, Kindred Ventures, Coinbase, SV Angel, Animoca Brands, Signia Ventures, and Bobby Goodlatte.
	In 2017, Winklevoss was expected to buy up to $500,000 worth of shares in Eaze, a cannabis delivery startup. After a new Eaze CEO was named, the firm backed out of the deal and in May 2016 was sued in Delaware court for reneging on the deal. Winklevoss is also an investor in Eaze and participated in its series B financing round in 2016.

= = = Shahira Fahmy = = =

	Shahira Fahmy (1974) is an Egyptian architect. She is the founder and principal of Shahira Fahmy Architects (SFA),(2005) in Cairo, Egypt.
	She won the Loeb Fellowship at the Harvard Graduate School of Design for 2015, and currently a recipient of the Berkman fellowship of Berkman Center for Internet & Society for 2016 at Harvard Law School.
	Shahira Fahmy is an Adjunct Assistant Professor at Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation, GSAPP at Columbia University (since 2014).
	In 2005, Fahmy won the Bibliotheca Alexandrina Young Architect Award (2005). Her company has won international competitions in Switzerland and London.
	Fahmy was born in Egypt. She holds a master's degree in Architecture from Cairo University (2004).
	Fahmy was an instructor at Cairo University from 1997 to 2007.
	Fahmy has collaborated with other architects, including working with Legoretta+legorreta, Abdel Halim Ibrahim, and Sasaki on the new campus at American University in Cairo in 2005, with Dar el Handasah on the design of the Ahmed Bahaa El-Din Cultural Center in 2010, and with Bas Princen at the exhibition 'Home in the Arab World' at the 2012 London Festival of Architecture.
	Fahmy has been a guest speaker at Arkimeet, Istanbul (2010), the Royal Institute of British Architects, London (2011), the Harvard Arab Alumni Association (2011), American University Beirut (2012), and American University Cairo (2012).
	In 2012, with London-based Delfina Foundation, Fahmy won an architecture competition and as a result worked on the architectural expansion of the Delfina Foundation headquarters near Buckingham Palace in London., which was completed in 2014. Fahmy also designed the modern Block 36 in Westown, Cairo.
	Fahmy is a board member of the International Community of Red Cross in Egypt. She is a member of the Egyptian Engineering Syndicate and the Friends of Ahmed Bahaa El Din Society. She is an associate member of the Society of Egyptian Architects, UIA National Section, and the Egyptian Earth Construction Association.
	Fahmy has participated in various architectural exhibitions, including the Atlas of The Unbuilt World, The Home in the Arab world, Andermatt Swiss Alps AG, Green Good Design Exhibition, Cityscape Abu Dhabi, +20 Egypt Design, Cairo, Egypt, World Architecture Festival, Cityscape Dubai, MIPIM, Traffic, Furnex, LEAF Award, 100% Design/ 100% Futures, Salone Internationale del Mobile Salone Satellite, and Bibliotheca Alexandrina.
	Fahmy made her acting debut in Hong Sang-soo's 2017 drama film "Claire's Camera", alongside Isabelle Huppert and Kim Min-hee. The feature was screened in the Special Screening section at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival.

= = = Matthew Aid = = =

	Matthew Morris Aid (1958 – August 20, 2018) was an American military historian and author. He was working on signal intelligence and the history of the National Security Agency.
	In 2006, Aid, a former member of the Air Force (now a historian) was performing research about the National Archives and learned that 25,515 records had been removed from the National Archives by five agencies, namely the CIA, the Air Force, the Energy Department, the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the Archives itself. The story was first published by "The New York Times".
	Shortly after interviewing Aid in 2006, "Washington Post" reporter Christopher Lee learned through a Freedom of Information Act request that Aid had been punished 21 years earlier for unauthorized possession of classified information and impersonating an officer while serving as a staff sergeant in the United States Air Force in the United Kingdom. He was court-martialed for unauthorized possession of classified documents and impersonating an officer, received a bad conduct discharge, and was imprisoned for a year in 1986. Aid responded that the release of his military records to the press was done in retaliation for his discovery of the National Archives records removal, which led to an official investigation and press-attention.

= = = 2013 IPC Athletics World Championships – Men's discus throw = = =

	The men's discus throw at the 2013 IPC Athletics World Championships was held at the Stade du Rhône from 20–29 July.

= = = Ponte Vella = = =

	Ponte Vella (Galician, "old bridge", Ponte Romana (Roman bridge), Ponte Maior (great bridge)) is a medieval footbridge built on Roman foundations in Ourense, Spain. Located at the intersection of N120 and Rua Progreso, it spans the Minho River. Its steep rise of above the Minho River makes for safe passage during flash floods. At one time, it was considered to be the biggest bridge in all of Spain.
	The bridge is situated in front of a chapel, connecting Ourense and Santiago de Compostela. The Ponte Maior was the only access across the Minho River until another bridge was constructed in 1816, while Ponte Milenio, a modern bridge, was built later in the millennium.
	The original bridge across the Minho River was built during the first century rule of Emperor Augustus though other sources state that it was built during the Trajan period. A mention is made of this bridge in the will of Doña Urraca, where it is said that it was repaired with funds provided by Ferdinand III. From the Middle Ages, it has provided access to the city of Ourense for trade and pilgrimage. The structure was rebuilt in 1230 by Bishop Lorenzo on Roman foundations (original piers), and repaired in 1449 by Bishop Pedro de Silva. It then measured long, with an arch span of . However, the main arch collapsed in 1499 and the bridge was rebuilt in 1679 to a length of with seven arched spans, the main span measuring . The height of the bridge above the water level is .

= = = English College Johore Bahru = = =

	The English College Johore Bahru, also known as Maktab Sultan Abu Bakar, abbreviated as English College, EC, MSAB, The College, and sometimes dubbed "The Pride Of Johore", is an old premier school in Malaysia. It is an all-boys school in Johor Bahru, Johor. The school is under the royal patronage of the Sultanate of Johor, and it has been awarded the status of Cluster School of Excellence by the Ministry of Education (Malaysia). English College Johore Bahru (EC) is one of the ten oldest English institutions in Malaysia and the oldest school in Johore.
	English College was established on 21 March 1914, with 21 students selected from Bukit Zaharah School. The school was initially located close to the Sungai Chat Palace facing the Lido Beach in Johor Bahru. Remains of the former school site can still be seen but on the site is now the M Suite Hotel, while the campus of vocational studies has been replaced by the old Royal Malaysian Customs of Johore. The 21 students were placed under the tutelage of two teachers brought over from England, Morrison and Holman. These 21 students can be regarded as the pioneers, and from this beginning EC became an educational institution in Johor Bahru.
	The education system of the EC was based on that of the English public school and it adopted the British syllabus, and EC later became a model for other English medium schools in Johor. The teachers of the school were initially recruited from Europe, although later locally trained teachers were used to teach Malay subjects.
	After end of World War I in 1918, the EC held for the first time its " Junior Cambridge" examinations, later followed by" Senior Cambridge" examinations. However, the results for both examinations were poor, and as a consequence the school was closed temporarily in 1928 for reassessment. It reopened in May of the same year, and after remedial actions had been taken by the school administration, the school met its target at the end of 1928. 143 students were selected to study Mathematics, Science and English. Also in 1928, T. Drury, who had been in the Education Service of Malaya since 1921, was appointed the principal of EC.
	At the end of 1930, the school moved to its present location at Jalan Sungei Chat. Of the original school, only stone blocks and steps are left, which can still be seen at its old site. The new EC was officially opened in early 1931, and the school has since produced many outstanding students. Two of its most famous students are Tun Hussein Onn, who later became the Prime Minister and Tun Musa Hitam, the Deputy Prime Minister.
	Some of the notable teachers there were Pendeta Za'Ba, T. Drury, T. Grundy, Mr Bion Dury, Hj. Zulkipli Bin Hj. Mahmod, Victor Joshua Jeyaretnam (father of J. B. Jeyaretnam) and Mohamad Bin Iskandar (father of Tun Mahathir Mohamad).
	During the Japanese occupation of Malaya from 1941 to 1945, the EC was used as a military base, a factory, a military hospital, as well as a prison camp by the Japanese. The school reopened in early 1946 after the end of Japanese occupation. H. L. Hill was appointed the Headmaster of EC, and under his leadership, the EC returned to its status of a prestigious school. In 1949, the first group of girls was admitted to the EC.
	In 1960, following the end of the British rule in Malaya, the name was changed to" 'Maktab Sultan Abu Bakar"' (MSAB) after Sultan Sir Abu Bakar of Johor who was the Father of Modern Johore. More local teachers were employed to teach at the school. In 1961, the school badge and uniforms were introduced for the first time. This was followed by creation of the school song with lyrics written by Yusof bin Karto set to music by Lim Teck Siang.
	In 1974, EC celebrated its Diamond Jubilee, and the then Deputy Prime Minister Tun Hussein Onn as well as all the former students were invited to the celebration. Also in 1974, the first batch of students of Sekolah Menengah Sains Johor was placed temporarily in the English College until the completion of the school's building in the month of April 1974.
	During the 1980s and 1990s, the school was further enlarged and facilities were added for student's use in accordance with the requirements of Ministry of Education and the introduction of Integrated Secondary School Curriculum (ICSS).
	In 2005 EC recorded the best PMR performance for Johor Bahru when three EC students were selected as national top PMR candidates, namely Joshua Soo Iyn Zhou, Mukeshakumar and Wong Guo Wai and Yong Jenn. EC was confirmed by the Ministry of Education as a Premier school. In 2007, the company won the award for Excellent Crew EC Best Company and Best Service in Young Entrepreneurs Convention 11th. PMR 2007 once again recorded excellent results when an EC students selected as outstanding PMR Johor.
	On 5 May 2009, the English College was officially selected by the Ministry of Education as a Cluster School of Excellence. EC was selected based on its excellence in various aspects such as the achievement of excellence in the Paralympic Games, excellence in mathematics in the PMR and SPM, excellence in Orchestra and Rugby team as well as the various programs organised by EC, for example the creation of the Tun Hussein Onn Museum and Visual Arts Gallery EC.
	The college celebrated its centenary on 21 March, an event attended by dignitaries, old boys, and townspeople. Among the attendees were the Sultan of Johor, Sultan Ibrahim Al-Marhum Sultan Iskandar, along with Minister of Johor, Tan Sri Khaled Nordin as well as notable alumni and other old boys and former students of the English College. On this day, a handwritten letter Royal Professor Ungku Aziz Ungku Abd Hamid was read by his daughter Zeti Akhtar Aziz. Centenary Celebration Dinner took place at the school field and was attended by all the old boys and old staff, with performances from Datuk Sheikh Abdullah Ahmad, Ajai, Ayai Illusi and Rahmat Mega, who are also old boys of the college.
	The first building was at Bukit Zaharah Palace in 1914. The Western architectural features can be seen in the use of classical Ionic columns, decorative plasters for the outer walls and interiors of the building and decorative glass above the windows and doors of keystone shape. Similar to other Western architectural features, the windows of this building are of segmental shape. The second school building was initially located close to the Sungai Chat Palace facing the Lido Beach in Johor Bahru. Remains of the former school site can still be seen but on the site is now the M Suite Hotel. The most recognisable feature of the school is The New School (built in 1930), a building with pseudo English Classic Victorian architecture once be a Malay Teacher Training College at Johore Bahru and later on change into the famous English College Johore Bahru in 1931. The school is built to accommodate 300 students initially. Thus, the planning for the construction of the East Wing was considered. The block was completed by 1931 when it took in its first nucleus student. The school compound was enlarged, and a sports complex and a library was constructed. On 2001, an engineering block and a mini auditorium were completed. Furthermore, Seri Budiman Hall was completed and set to be a most advance hall in Malaysia on the year of 1950. On 2008, the Tunku Mahkota of Johor, Tunku Ibrahim Ismail, son of HRH Sultan Iskandar consented to the launching ceremony for the construction of the hall that was named as Sultan Iskandar Hall.
	On every Wednesday, co-curricular activities are usually held. There are two types of co-curricular activities, and these are club & societies and uniformed bodies. Every student has to wear their uniformed body uniforms whatever the activities may be on the day.
	The uniformed bodies that are present in the school are English College Marching Band, Persatuan Kadet Bersatu Malaysia Darat (Army), Malaysian Red Crescent Society (BSMM), 1st Johore BahruScout, 5th Johore Bahru SeaScout, Malaysian Fire Brigade Cadet, Kadet Remaja Sekolah Malaysia, Persatuan Kadet Bersatu Malaysia Laut (Navy), Persatuan Seni Silat Olahraga, Malaysian Police Bridgade Cadet, and St.John Ambulance Bridgade Cadet (Div 1)
	The school has three sport fields. One is in front of the Johor Darul Takzim F.C exercise field, reserved for rugby. The second field is in front of the New School reserved for soccer. The third open space is in front of the Sultan Iskandar Hall reserved for cricket, baseball, hockey practice and it is used for various purposes and competitions. In 2012, The Pavilion suitable for various purposes was completed along with the seatings at the school field. On 2013, The College set to be a first school that has a paintball field in Malaysia.
	The school excels in sports and Olympiad events. It became a powerhouse in rugby during the 1950s and still has one of the best rugby school teams in the Johore. Nicknamed "Stingboks" after the South Africa national rugby union team for its all yellow and green strip, they perform the haka before matches. It has held a match series against Singapore elite schools since 1960. In odd-numbered years, the match is held in Seri Gelam Field( Home of English College Rugby Team). In addition to this, EC competes with rival Royal Military College, Malay College Kuala Kangsar, Sultan Abdul Hamid College, Sultan Ismail College and Tanjung Puteri Vocational College every year in a multi-games carnival.
	Other than rugby, EC has excelled in sports such as Soccer, Hockey, Athletics, Chess, Cricket, Basketball,and Bowling. English College Football Club (ECFC) was a powerhouse in Johore during the 1950s and 1960s, meanwhile English College Bowling Team has produced two of the best national players in Malaysia, one of whom was entered in Sukma Games. English College has produced some of the best and most talented national players of any sport in the country.
	The Annual College Sports Day always held at ruggers field. In 1990, The Annual English College Sports Day start held at Larkin Stadium. On 2013, English College decided that The Annual Sports Day held at school field for the first time since 1981.
	The shield is a symbol of determination, the colour green symbolises "purity", and yellow symbolises "loyalty to king and country". (Yellow is considered a royal colour in Malaysia, and it usually represents the sovereignty of the reigning monarchs)
	On the left and right sides of the shield are laurel wreaths symbolising the close co-operation and understanding among the citizens of EC to keep its glorious hope. The school motto is "Labore Et Honore", which is Latin for "Labour And Honour".
	There has a four sport house and the name of sport house are from the name of headmaster of The College, that is Lowe (Yellow), Grundy (Green), Trusein (Red) and Drury (Blue).The Annual of English College Sports Day held at the rugby field since the 1950s.
	EC have a long-held rivalry with other premier school which are Royal Military College, Malay College Kuala Kangsar,Sultan Ismail College, Sultan Abdul Hamid College and its neighbours, Sekolah Dato' Jaafar, Sultan Ibrahim Girl School SIGS and Tanjung Puteri Vocational College.
	The college have educated two Sultans of Johor (one then become the Yang di-Pertuan Agong), a Prime Minister of Malaysia (Tun Hussein Onn), two Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia, 3 Menteri Besar of Johor, a Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat, a Chief Secretary of Malaysia, two presidents of major political parties in two countries (Malaysia and Singapore), a Leader of Opposition in Malaysia, a Leader of Opposition in Singapore, several national and state's rugby players. The first Regius Professor in Malaysia (Ungku Abdul Aziz) and one of Asia's richest man received their education here. Two Commander of The Malaysian Armed Forces also gained their education in the college.
	The alumni association of EC is known as the English College Old Boys Association (ECOBA) was established in 1939 and change into English College Ex Student Association (ECESA) in the 1960s due to accepted girls student for form six intake. The alumni association is based in the management of ECESA at Sultan Iskandar Hall English College in Johore Bahru.
	The school is accessible by Muafakat Bus route P-101.

= = = Edenton, Ohio = = =

	Edenton is a small unincorporated community in Wayne Township, Clermont County, Ohio. State Routes 133 and 727 intersect through it, and Stonelick State Park is nearby.
	Edenton was established in 1837. A post office called Edenton was established in 1848, and remained in operation until 1983.

= = = Kisumu RFC = = =

	Kisumu Rugby Football Club is a Kenyan rugby union club based in Kisumu. Also known as Lakeside RFC, for the 2015-16 season the club competes in the Nationwide League.
	Kisumu was founded in 1982, by David Mshila, Dennis Awori, Job Owino, Jack Ogal, Jim Owino, and Jos Odaga. They were originally based at the Kisumu Railway Club and the Jomo Kenyatta Sports Ground in Kisumu. Kisumu Boys High School also served as a training venue for years. Kisumu Technical High School (later called Kisumu Polytechnic - Makasembo) (1997) was used as a venue for games because of the good grass facility. In 1983 Kisumu combined with Kakamega, Kitale and Eldoret to form KITUSUMU: an acronym for Kitale and Kisumu.J.B Nyamwange, Jack and Walter Omaido came in from Kitale. Reg ’Pape” Sembi of Kakamega, a Canadian member of the Peace Corps Johnson Travis and Paul Scott of Eldoret. Records indicate that Barclays bank RFC travelled to Kakamega in 1985 playing Kisumu in the Enterprise Cup match. Barclays won the game 47-4. Kisumu and Kitusumu played mainly as a Western Kenya touring side but folded up in 1988.
	It is host to the Dala Sevens tournaments in the Kenya Rugby Football Union Calendar, one part of the Kenya National Sevens Circuit, today Safaricom Sevens series.
	Kisumu RFC was revived in late 1990 by rugby enthusiasts led by Mike Omondi, Bella Maguys, Gordon Raila, Peter Openda, Jim Owino, Dennis Otti, Joseph Owino, Eric Ogot, Sammy Ogot, Susan Nyaribo, Bob Bengo, Paul Okong’o, Nasser Midamba, Trevor Mugwanga, John Mark Magana, Oyunga Pala, Felix Okech and Issa Mohamed Issa amongst others. After the initial positive response to training, Jimmy Owino was appointed club coach. His initial task was to build a team with more commitment and solidarity, and to weed out the complacent ‘feel good attitude’ that had led to the dissipation of the original Kisumu RFC.
	Jimmy’s approach bore rapid results, but the next major obstacle became finance. At a team, "Kamukunji" it was unanimously agreed that Charles Lutta Kasamani be appointed Club patron, should he agree. He agreed. He donated playing kit, rugby balls and a first aid box. Some of the Kisumu-based personalities who raised funds tirelessly at the "infamous" Club Night at the Kisumu Hotel(Hotel Royale) pool side included Nilmar Darbar, Widar Krogsund, Ogweno Omwaga, Franz Bonn, Noel Okoth, Mike Humphreys, Morris Odhiambo, Jacko Omino, Peter Odaga, Paul Okullu, Peter Openda, Jos Odaga Charles Okuthe and many more whose names we cannot include here. An interim office of Charles Okuthe (Chairman) and Bella Maguys (Secretary) organized the first ever rugby tournament in Kisumu which was ‘not too good not too bad ‘in October 1991.
	The same office later organized Kisumu RFC elections which saw a new office of Peter Openda (Chairman) and Paul Okullu (Hon- Secretary) take over, with most of the interim office bearers not seeking re-election.
	From 1991 to 1996, Kisumu steadily concentrated on building a strong foundation by taking part in tournaments such as the Great Rift Valley 10-aside in Nakuru and Mombasa’s Driftwood Sevens. This was by choice because of a small player base and financial limitations. At the same time, the Club hosted the Kisumu Ten-aside event held between 1991 and 1994. With a rich hinterland of players from Maseno School, St. Mary's School Yala, Nyang'ori High School, Moi University and Maseno University there was light at the end of the tunnel. Mombasa businessman Edwin Yinda donated playing kit to the team after the Driftwood finals contested between Mean Machine RFC and Kisumu.
	Kisumu RFC first came to the fore when they reached the Driftwood 7s in Mombasa in 1994 losing in sudden death to Mean Machine RFC. Come 1997, Kisumu again reached the Finals of the Driftwood 7s in 1997 losing to the United States International University Africa.
	It is a Sunday in June 1997 and the George Mwangi Kabeberi Memorial 7s is on at the Nairobi Railway Club. Kenya is playing, using the one-day event as preparation for the Tusker Safari 7s in a couple of week’s time. The squad is composed of Sammy Khakame, Paul Murunga, Tolbert Onyango, Ken Thimba, Gordon Anampiu, Felix 'Toti' Ochieng', Manuel Okoth, Steve Gichuki & Co. Kisumu RFC are also present and the players on show are Andrew Okwaro, Fred Jura, Frank Ndong' Steve Oloo, Issa Matan Issa, Moses Kola, Tony Lamba, Job Odonde and Dan Alego, Gordon Raila, Felix Oketch, Bob Bengo. Two weeks before at the driftwood sevens in Mombasa the lakeside outfit finished runners -up losing 19-7 to USIU-Africa.
	Kisumu had moved away from mere participation to competition and the rugby fraternity had taken notice. Expectations from both the playing unit and fanatics were high. Mean Machine RFC arrived and in the side was Eric 'Shaggy' Mwangi, Biko Ambesta, Ted Okinda, Ken Aswani, Kanyi Gitonga, Eric Musuva, Oyunga Pala, Kevin Matabutu, Sundiya Halwenge and Paul Okong'o.
	And the event kicked off and the usual winners and losers and it looked like a "kawa" event, till Kenya met Kisumu and there was fireworks. Kenya despite her constellation of international players with exposure in Selkirkshire, Dubai, Spain and Singapore struggled to beat Kisumu, but that was just round one. To the semis of the Main Cup and Kisumu again met Kenya while Mean Machine RFC played Nakuru RFC. Nakuru with Ben 'Benways' Otieno, Caleb Langat and the hard hitting and sometimes illegal play were too strong for Machine and that was the end for Machine.
	To the second semi and Kisumu versus Kenya and this was a nip and tuck battle. The crowd at the Railway Club was at full cry behind Kisumu. Tony Lamba after many years in the Ninja's outfit found a new life, and with a new team was in imperious form setting up, Jura, Okwaro, Kola and Co. However Kenya composed themselves and closed the match off to set up a final versus rift Valley side Nakuru. It was not Kenya's day as New winger Caleb Langat scored try after try, taking Kenya's winger's apart. Winners Nakuru RFC
	By Monday of the new week, Call ups to Kenya, Andrew Okwaro and Fred Jura.
	A tour to Uganda in October saw them leave an indelible mark with their trademark hard running, tackling and skills level in a country which was just beginning to pick the game after a lull of over 20 years. The visitor's led 13-7 at halftime before the hosts recovered to win 47-13 in the second-half. This was a 'test' versus Uganda. Putting it mildly, 1997 marked the turning point for Kisumu Rugby. They did not look back and Kisumu became a fertile rugby nursery nurturing young players just out of school into mature club and national team material.
	Kisumu joined the Second division ESS in 1998 after winning the Bowl league in 1997. The ESS would prove tricky for Kisumu. The challenge came from two quarters, one depth in terms of players and two finances to honor 11 away games with most teams based in Nairobi. The league would be honored on and off between 1998 and 2002.
	Away from that the Management Board of Kisumu actively engaged the Union in trying to secure a future. In behind the scenes talks the Kisumu management Board asked the Union for one leg of the National Sevens Circuit. At talks in Moshi, Tanzania in December 2002 a hush-hush deal was done with the Hon-Secretary of the Union Richard Omwela who was scheduled to contest for the Chairmanship in a number of months.
	With Mount Kilimanjaro providing a spectacular backdrop, to the conversation he proposed a deal. In exchange for support from the Lakeside team at the election he agreed to give Kisumu one leg of the National Sevens circuit. Present at the talks were Omwela, Aggrey Chabeda, John Akelola, Andrew Okwaro and Paul Okong'o. Kisumu also actively engaged Max Muniafu who was then Director for Development at the Union and argued for the same. Prior to Moshi talks were held with Max, David Akelola, Phillip Ocholla, Andrew Okwaro and Paul Okong'o at the Junction Inn restaurant in Kisumu to push for the same.
	Surely enough one of the first acts by Omwela & Chabeda on their election as Chair and Secretary of the Kenya Rugby Football Union was to award Kisumu one leg of the National Sevens circuit in early 2003 by 'Executive order'.
	Honors List
“Dala” means home in Dholuo, the language of the Luo who inhabit Kisumu and its environs. Dala Sevens is about returning rugby home and is hosted by Kisumu RFC. Kisumu Dala Sevens was first hosted in May 2003, with defunct Kenya army side Ulinzi winning that event. The Kenya Rugby Football Union Seven aside competition which was hosted by Kenya Rugby Football Union was awarded to Kisumu RFC and they renamed it ‘Dala’. At that inaugural event Saint Mary’s School Yala became the first school side to qualify for the Main Cup Competition with school-boy wonder-boy Teddy Omondi in imperious form.
	In 2004 Kakamega High School defied all the odds to defeat 1st division sides Nakuru RFC and Nondescripts RFC. The event was dropped from the National Sevens Circuit in 2007 due to dire financial straits on the part of hosts Kisumu RFC before making its return in 2009. 32 teams participate in Dala, making it the biggest event in Kenya, East Africa and probably Africa. Anyway, that was before, Kabeberi, Driftwood, Prinsloo, and Christie's followed suit and expanded their tournament's to 32 teams. The Dala Sevens is the primary fundraising event for Kisumu RFC. Kisumu Polytechnic is the venue of the sevens.
	2019
	KCB
	Homboyz
	Some of the big names to emerge from Kisumu in recent years are Teddy Omondi(Kenya & Racing Club of Paris), Andrew Amonde(Kenya & KCB), Benjamin Ayimba (Kenya & Nondies), Derrick Wamalwa(Kenya & Racing Club of Paris), Moses Kola(Kenya & Impala), Curtis Olago(Kenya & KCB), Paul Oimbo(Kenya & Impala), Frank Ndong’(Kenya & Impala) and Victor Oduor ‘Opong’ (Kenya & Quins).
	Kisumu Honours Cup.
	Kisumu introduced an honours cup to award long serving players and officials in 2019.This was awarded at the Dala 7s on 10/8/2019 at Mamboleo Showground.The first two recipients were Paul Okong'o and David Akelola.KRU Chairman Oduor Gangla and Club Patron Louis Ogingo presented the Cup's

= = = José Luís Purcell Rodríguez = = =

	José Luís "Wiso" Purcell Rodríguez, Judge in the Superior Court of Puerto Rico, founded the Puerto Rico Volleyball Federation.
	He was one of the founders and first president of the Puerto Rican Volleyball Federation. He was president of the Volleyball Federation from 1958 to 1962. He was a member of the 1966 Central American and Caribbean Games organizing committee. He was a member and president of Phi Sigma Alpha fraternity.
	In 1986 he was inducted to the "Directorio Inmortale" of the Puerto Rican Sports Hall of Fame.

= = = Gedion Zelalem = = =

	Gedion Zelalem (born January 26, 1997) is a German-born American professional soccer player who plays as a midfielder for Major League Soccer club New York City FC.
	After playing for various youth teams in Germany and the United States, Zelalem initially played with Arsenal's youth squads after joining the team in early 2013, and made his senior squad debut for Arsenal in an FA Cup match in January 2014.
	Internationally, Zelalem made appearances for Germany's under-15 team, under-16 team and under-17 team during 2012 and 2013. He became a U.S. citizen on December 2, 2014, and FIFA subsequently approved his eligibility to play for the United States on May 13, 2015.
	Zelalem was born in Berlin, Germany, to Ethiopian parents. He started playing football at the age of five for German club BFC Germania 1888. After this, he changed to Bundesliga side Hertha BSC's academy.
	Zelalem emigrated to the United States with his father in 2006, following his mother's death in the previous year, and settled in Washington, D.C.. He played with several teams: first with MSC United, Bethesda Soccer Club and BNC Revolution, before joining the elite club team Olney Rangers and the varsity team at Walter Johnson High School in Montgomery County, Maryland.
	Arsenal scout Danny Karbassiyoon discovered Zelalem in the United States playing for Olney Rangers during a Dallas Cup match. After contacting his coaches, Zelalem was flown to London for summer training with the Arsenal youth academy; following the end of this camp, he was offered a permanent place in the Academy. Zelalem started out playing in Arsenal's under-16s squad, before graduating into the under-21s in April 2013. His début for the under-21 side came against Liverpool U21 that month, but was unable to prevent Arsenal slipping to a 3–2 defeat at Anfield; however, he drew praise for his performance. He made his second appearance for the side less than a week later in a 3–2 victory over Wolverhampton Wanderers U21, once again drawing praise for his performance.
	In July 2013, Zelalem was included in Arsenal's 24-man squad for their Asia tour. Although regarded as a surprise inclusion, strong performances against an Indonesia Dream Team, the Vietnam national team and Japanese side Nagoya Grampus led to him being touted as a future star, and being compared favorably to Cesc Fàbregas.
	Following these strong performances, Zelalem stated that he hoped to make a few appearances during the 2013–14 season. He remained in the team for the Emirates Cup match against Galatasaray on August 4, but was unable to keep Arsenal from sliding to a 2–1 defeat. Zelalem was selected on the bench in Arsenal's second Premier League game of the season, a 3–1 victory over Fulham on August 24, but did not make an appearance. However, on September 10 Zelalem announced on Twitter that he had sustained an injury that would keep him out of action for up to two months. Although he announced his return to training in late October, Arsène Wenger confirmed that he would not be fit enough for the League Cup match against Chelsea on October 29, dismissing a previous rumor. He returned to action for Arsenal's youth side a week later in a UEFA Youth League fixture against Borussia Dortmund on November 6, playing the entire match in a 2–2 draw.
	On January 24, 2014, Zelalem made his debut with Arsenal's senior squad, coming on as a substitute for Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain in the 71st minute of their 4–0 home FA Cup victory against Coventry City. And later that year, on March 18, 2014, Zelalem signed a contract extension with Arsenal to last until 2017. Zelalem soon made his second appearance for Arsenal, coming on as a substitute in the beginning of the second half, in a 4–1 away win against Galatasaray in UEFA Champions League on December 9, 2014.
	On August 24, 2015, Zelalem was loaned to Rangers until January. He made his debut in a 5–0 win over Airdrieonians in the Scottish League Cup, setting up goals for Martyn Waghorn and James Tavernier. He made his league debut in Rangers' Scottish Championship game against Queen of the South which Rangers won 5–1. In January 2016 his loan was extended through to the end of the season.
	He played in 21 Championship matches, helping Rangers clinch the second-tier title, and was an unused substitute as they beat Peterhead 4–0 to win the 2015–16 Scottish Challenge Cup. A week later, Rangers played old firm rivals Celtic in the Scottish Cup semifinal. Zelalem converted a penalty in the shootout to help his club progress to the final, and started in that match, which Rangers lost 3–2 to Hibernian.
	On January 24, 2017, Zelalem signed a contract extension with Arsenal and accepted a loan move to Dutch second-tier club VVV-Venlo, lasting until the end of the season. He made nine league appearances as VVV Venlo won the 2016-17 Eerste Divisie title.
	After no first team appearances at Arsenal upon returning in 2017, Zelalem joined MLS club Sporting Kansas City for free on March 10, 2019.
	After Zelalem's option was not picked up by Sporting Kansas City, he signed for fellow Major League Soccer side New York City FC on January 11, 2020.
	Zelalem began training with the United States under-15 side in 2012, but was unable to play in matches at that time due to being classified as a permanent resident, but not yet a U.S. citizen. In May 2014, it was reported that Zelalem's father, Zelalem Wolydes, held U.S. permanent residency and intended to apply for U.S. citizenship. If Wolydes gained U.S. citizenship before his son turned 18, then under the Child Citizenship Act of 2000, Gedion would also acquire U.S. citizenship and become eligible to represent the United States internationally. He would also be able to retain his German passport which allows him to live and work in the European Union without restrictions.
	The "Washington Post" reported that Zelalem became a U.S. citizen on December 29, 2014, and that Zelalem had applied for an expedited U.S. passport. After Zelalem received his citizenship, Sunil Gulati, head of U.S. Soccer, revealed that the board for U.S. Soccer had started the process to allow Zelalem to become eligible to play for the U.S. national team. Due to a FIFA rule designed to prevent players from naturalizing to and representing nations to which they lack ties, Zelalem was subject to waiting a minimum of five years before he could start to represent the United States. Gulati stated U.S. Soccer filed for an exception, since Zelalem attended middle school in the United States. He was approved to play for the United States and was added to the United States squad for the 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup on May 13, 2015. He made his debut against Australia in a U-20 friendly match on May 19, 2015, which the United States won 2–1.
	Before becoming an American citizen, Zelalem had previously played for Germany's youth teams. He played for Germany's under-15 and under-16 sides, making two appearances for the under-15s and eight appearances for the under-16s. In November 2013, Zelalem represented Germany at under-17 level in a friendly versus Spain. But in March 2014, he withdrew from the Germany under-17 national team for the Group 5 2014 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship elite round fixtures, and again turned down the Germany under-18 national team for friendly matches versus France in March 2015, citing his desire to represent the United States instead.
	Prior to making his one-time switch to the United States, Zelalem was eligible to represent Ethiopia internationally, due to his parents' nationality. In October 2013, Ethiopia's coach Sewnet Bishaw and Ethiopian foreign minister Tedros Adhanom stated that they hoped Zelalem would opt to play for Ethiopia, but Zelalem turned down the opportunity.
	Rangers
	VVV-Venlo

= = = Bruz Freeman = = =

	Eldridge Freeman (August 11, 1921 – 2006), also known as "Buzz" Freeman or "Bruz" Freeman, was an American jazz drummer.
	Born in Chicago, with his brothers, guitarist George Freeman and tenor saxophonist Von Freeman, he played for several years in the house band at the Pershing Hotel. He was also the uncle of Chico Freeman, the son of Von Freeman.
	In 1950, he was a member of John Young's trio with LeRoy Jackson on bass, and recorded with Young's orchestra backing vocalist Lurlean Hunter.
	In the mid-1950s, he was a member of the Hampton Hawes Quartet, with Red Mitchell and Jim Hall, and with line-ups led by Herb Geller. In 1950, with his brothers George and Von (originally misidentified as Claude McLin), LeRoy Jackson, and Chris Anderson, he played with Charlie Parker shortly before his death, at a jam session recorded at Bird's apartment which was released in 1960 by Savoy.
	In 1977-8, he joined a short-lived band based in California, led by Kenny Mann and with Britt Woodman on trombone.

= = = Nema aviona za Zagreb = = =

	Nema aviona za Zagreb ("There Is No Plane to Zagreb") is a 2012 Dutch film by Louis van Gasteren. The film is a retrospective of events in the director's life from 1964 to 1969, filmed by him in that period and reflected on from his vantage point over 40 years later at the age of 90. It is also Jan de Bont's first film credit as cinematographer since 1992's "Basic Instinct".
	In 1964 van Gasteren decided to film all his movements, both outward and inner. He narrates early in the film, "I wanted to make a film about my memories, my observations and experiences. As a filmmaker, I can make that visible." Explaining his idea to his wife in the film, he says, "I want to show everything, because every observation I make fits in with that. Look Jacq, every step I take (he takes a deliberate step forward in the room) – also inwards (points to his chest) – everything I am involved in (gestures at the objects in the room)."
	The film crisscrosses the globe. Countries the film is shot in include the Netherlands, Switzerland, England, Yugoslavia, France, Canada, West Germany, the United States, India, and Spain. The film mixes documentary with enacted scenes, and is shot in both color and black-and-white. 
	The film winds up being a journey of a man in search of truth, seeking to shed lies and illusions, as well as reconcile his relationships with human beings. 
	As the film opens, a ninety-year-old Louis van Gasteren—a documentary filmmaker and artist famed in the Netherlands—is seated in a video editing suite, watching scenes of himself in the 1960s, a time when "anything was possible." He reflects on how much he has changed, and that he is that same person and yet is not.
	We then go back to 1964. Van Gasteren is touring a carnival with his second wife, Jacqueline, their baby girl Mardou, and two older children from his first marriage. The family rides the carousel and sees the sights, including a "Fat Lady" exhibit of a mother and daughter weighing 900 pounds.
	From there Louis begins to recall his own youthful memories. His father, Louis van Gasteren, Sr., was a famous actor, and his mother, Elise Menagé Challa, was a singer who gave up the concert stage to promote Communism and traveled rural Spain to learn the songs of the peasants. We learn that his mother died by suicide a few months after his father’s death, and thoughts of his parents are with him every day.
	The film takes a turn of style as Van Gasteren begins to act, playing himself as a good-timer who cheats on his wife with casual encounters. In the course of his travels he runs into an Italian journalist in Belgrade. The two decide to book a flight to Zagreb on a lark, but are told by the travel agent, "Nema aviona za Zagreb" ("There is no plane to Zagreb" in Serbian). Not knowing the language, they find the expression hilarious, and repeat it wherever they go. But later, when alone, the expression begins to haunt Louis. It becomes a personal catchphrase. "What "Nema" expresses is good will and a great incapacity. "Nema" and life as such cannot be tied down. You are in them, yet always off the mark." What this means is never entirely clear, but what we see is that from this point forward Louis becomes a sincere seeker of truth.
	He begins to be more critical of his assumptions about life and what he was told in his youth, and conducts a series of experiments to test them. Next he questions what he really sees, how many different angles and dimensions man can perceive, and whether life is simply one big illusion. To answer these questions, he experiments with LSD, which at that time was permitted for therapeutic use. 
	Shortly afterward, it is reported that a young American has died from jumping out a window while tripping on LSD, apparently believing he could fly like a bird. Troubled by this, Louis travels to a U.S. military base in Germany to talk to the boy’s parents, as well as to Millbrook, New York, to meet the LSD-advocate Timothy Leary. In the two skillfully interwoven interviews, a flower-bedecked Leary boasts that people come to his estate to find God through LSD, while the grieving parents puzzle over what went wrong with their son, who had been so healthy and virtuous. These conversations only leave Louis with more questions. He then goes to India to question the spiritual master Meher Baba about LSD and the search for God. 
	First asserting that his own experience of God is continuous, Meher Baba explains that the upliftment produced by drugs is only temporary and thus not a true realization of Divinity; in the end, drugs lead only to madness, delusion, and hypocrisy. After one more disillusioning scene in Millbrook, Louis closes the door on drugs. He tells us that he stopped using LSD after it became illegal, but adds that had it not been for LSD, he would surely have taken his own life, just as his mother and grandfather did.
	From the time of these encounters, the style and pace of the film quicken. Interspersed with shots of his enchanting baby daughter as she takes her first steps and grows into childhood, Van Gasteren turns his attention to his art, to meeting artists, intellectuals, and scientists of the ’60s in the United States and Canada, and puts on several exhibits of his own photography and sculpture. He purchases an Opel automobile and has it crushed, then mounted in an Amsterdam park, elevated to an art form. Marshall McLuhan introduces an exhibition of New Style painting in Toronto, broadcast on television. Louis talks to jazz composer Mal Waldron about how his music expresses his protest against the lack of communication in our world. And to the accompaniment of live jazz and slides of his art, Louis recites his own Beat poetry in English.
	At last Louis travels to the Spanish seaside and seems to resolve the loss of his mother by rescuing a man-sized living turtle being sold at market. Together with his children, Louis rows the gasping turtle out into the harbor and releases it back into the sea, to the joy of the whole family. The camera shifts to a café in which a flamenco singer improvises for the family a touching tribute to Mardou, "a little angel of God."
	At the end of the film we see Louis drive down a road and reach a dead end where a mountain of rubble has collapsed into the road. He steps out of the car in silence and faces the mountainous obstacle. It seems to symbolize that he had come to a halting place in the film’s story, or a terminus in that phase of his life. In 1969 Louis stopped making the film.
	In his editing room at ninety years old, Louis van Gasteren at last reveals the heart-breaking event that blocked him from completing the film in the ensuing decades. But now, he says, after more than forty years, he finally found the courage to do it. With this we see him jump from an airplane and descend to earth with a parachute.
	The credits roll over a shot of Louis in the 1960s gazing out the window of a train, where he first began to ponder the word "nema," as "Really and Sincerely" by the Bee Gees plays.
	Begun in 1964 when Van Gasteren was 42 years old, "Nema aviona za Zagreb" finally premiered at EYE Film Institute Netherlands on the occasion of Van Gasteren's 90th birthday, 20 November 2012. Louis van Gasteren was present at the opening and afterwards was interviewed by journalist Raymond van den Boogaard. On November 30 there was a public interview with the author by television critic Hans Beerekamp from NRC Handelsblad.
	Vimeo.com called the film "a journey in spiritual and geographical terms" and Realtofilm.nl wrote, "The film not only gives a peak into a fascinating era, it is a highly original autobiographical portrait." Some reviews were negative. Yara Plasman of Filmtotaal.nl described the film as "a veritable hotch-potch/jumble of various images, sometimes spontaneous while at other times obviously enacted, with or without a clear storyline . . ."
	Principal photography for "Nema" began in 1964 in the Netherlands and lasted five years as Louis raised money as he went. Filming eventually covered ten countries. Jan de Bont was the cinematographer on the principal scenes of the film, including scenes in New York, Vancouver, San Francisco, Timothy Leary in Millbrook, and Meher Baba in India. Additional cameramen during the very long shooting period included Milek Knebel, Theo Hogers, Roeland Kerbosch, Olof Smit, Bert Spijkerman, Louis van Gasteren, and Kester Dixon (for final filming in 2012).
	Van Gasteren worked hard to get an interview with Meher Baba for "Nema aviona za Zagreb". In 1967 Meher Baba was near the end of his life and in strict seclusion. Through the help of numerous contacts with people he met in his travels who had met Baba in the 60s, including Irwin Luck, Rick Chapman, and Robert Dreyfuss, Van Gasteren was at last able to reach Baba's secretary and arrange a meeting. Van Gasteren told Baba, "The appearance of the Avatar in my film is more than functional, it is necessary, to give all the other happenings and sequences the final and right dimension." The terms were that the shooting could only take place on September 20, 1967, during a short period when Baba would be coming out of seclusion for three hours in order to wash the feet of seven lepers, the last of such an occasion in Baba's life. Van Gasteren was told that if he was there on time, he could film and interview Baba. Van Gasteren arrived in Bombay on September 17, and at Meherazad at precisely 9:00 A.M. on September 19, accompanied by cameraman Jan de Bont and soundman Peter Brugman, and was shown around the location in preparation for the following day's shoot and met Baba. The following day, September 20, the crew filmed forty minutes of film footage of Baba and the surrounding area, including the interview seen in the film. About half of this footage was released in the 1997 documentary, "Beyond Words".
	Filming stalled in 1969. After two attempts to complete the film in the 70s and 80s, a final attempt to edit the film was begun in 2009 by filmmaker and editor Ilja Lammers who began to gather and assemble the material. The 35mm film was digitized by EYE Film Institute Netherlands in 2010. Completion financing was received from Netherlands Film Fund and EYE Film Institute and the film was finished in 2012, 48 years after principal photography began. The film premiered at EYE on Van Gasteren's 90th birthday. Gasteren was present at the opening.
	The film is in Dutch and English, with small amounts of French, Italian, Serbian, and Spanish. Available with Dutch or English subtitles.

= = = Hello (Kelly Clarkson song) = = =

	"Hello" is a song by American recording artist Kelly Clarkson, from her fifth studio album, "Stronger" (2011). Written by Clarkson, Josh Abraham, Oliver Goldstein, and Bonnie McKee, with production by Abraham and Oligee, "Hello" is a midtempo rock song about searching for companionship in hopes of not being lonely, in which the singer asks, "Hello? Is anybody listening?"
	Upon its release, "Hello" was received with positive reception from music critics, who regarded it as a vocal highlight of "Stronger". Boosted by digital sales during the album's release, the song entered the South Korean Singles Chart at number 47. Clarkson has also performed it a limited live performance during her Stronger Tour in 2012.
	"Hello" was written by Kelly Clarkson Josh Abraham, Oliver Goldstein, and Bonnie McKee, with Abraham and Goldstein (as Ollgee) handling the song's production. During the summer of 2011, Clarkson and McKee had collaborated on tracks such as "Hello" and "Alone", intending it to be recorded for Clarkson's fifth studio album, "Stronger", which was released on October of that same year. An acoustic version of the "Hello" was included as the opening track of her first extended play, "The Smoakstack Sessions" (2011).
	Written in the key of E minor, "Hello" is a midtempo rock song with guitar chords and its hand claps. According to the sheet music published by Kobalt Music Publishing, Clarkson's voice range featured in the song spans from A to E. Jarett Wieselman of "omg! Insider" noted that its chord progression is similar to Katy Perry's single "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)" (2011), a track also written by McKee.
	"Hello" has received positive reviews from music critics. Jason Lipshutz of "Billboard" described it as "a slightly more rugged track that finds its groove in the chorus. The handclaps on the bridge are a nice touch" and added that the song "is gonna be a killer in concert." "Seattle Post-Intelligencer"s Jason Scott described "Hello" as a "Fun" and "cool" track. He compared it to tracks recorded on "All I Ever Wanted" (2009) and noted that the track relies "solely on the "O" vowel to tell a story. "Ignorance isn't wise, but it beats being alone," Clarkson sings before asking if anybody is listening. We hear you loud and clear!" Brian Mansfield of "USA Today" considered "Hello" as a vocal highlight of "Stronger", he wrote in his review: "this rock tune sounds happier than its lyrics, which depict Kelly as feeling alone even when she's not by herself." Sam Lansky of PopCrush compared it to "Mr. Know It All", and described it as a '90s throwback. He wrote, definitely works, especially with the hooky chorus and heartbroken ferocity of the bridge: "Holding onto the memories of when I, I didn't know / Ignorance isn't wise but it beats being alone." Ryan Pearson of "The Huffington Post" noted that "there is an undertone of loneliness and sadness coursing throughout, including some downbeat lyrics co-written by Clarkson herself. "Hello, is anybody listening? Won't somebody show me that I'm not alone," she sings on "Hello"."
	Credits adapted from the "Stronger" liner notes.
	Recording
	Personnel

= = = The Quest Academy, Croydon = = =

	The Quest Academy (formerly known as Selsdon High School and Monks Hill Comprehensive School) is a coeducational secondary school and sixth form with academy status in South Croydon in the London Borough of Croydon, England.
	The school converted to academy status in September 2010 in partnership with Coloma Convent Girls' School. Previously it was a community school under the control of Croydon London Borough Council, and it continues to coordinate with the council on admissions.
	The academy offers GCSEs and OCR Nationals, and sixth-form students can choose a range of A Levels.
	Roy Hodgson, ex-manager of the England national football team, was a teacher at Monks Hill Comprehensive in the 1970s.

= = = Mytäjäinen = = =

	Mytäjäinen may mean

= = = Alfred Owen Crozier = = =

	Alfred Owen Crozier (1863–1939) was a Midwest attorney who wrote eight books on the political, legal, and monetary problems of the United States.
	He is best known for his work "US Money Vs Corporation Currency, "Aldrich Plan," Wall Street Confessions! Great Bank Combine" (1912), which argues against the formation of The Federal Reserve. He feared national banking, but he feared private control of the United States money system even more.

= = = Robert Babikan = = =

	Robert Babikan was a British racing driver. He was most notable for competing in the British GT Championship in 2000 and 2001, and racing in a single round of the European Le Mans Series in 2001. He won the Porsche Cup GB in 1996.
	In 1996, Babikan entered the Porsche Cup GB, and took both the Class 2 title, and the overall title, whilst driving a Porsche 911 Carrera. He moved into the Class 1 of the Porsche Cup GB in 1997, driving a Porsche 911 Carrera 2; he finished fifth in class, with 196 points. In 1998, Babikan remained in the Porsche Cup GB, driving a Porsche 911 Carrera 2. He finished in second in round five, held at Oulton Park, round nine, held at Castle Combe. and in round 12, held at Donington Park.
	Babikan made his first appearance in a major series in 2000, driving a PK Motorsport-entered Porsche 911 GT2 in the British GT Championship. He made his debut in the series in the opening round at Thruxton, partnering Terry Rymer, but retired from the race without completing a lap. The following round, held at Croft, saw the pair last ten laps before retiring once more. He was partnered by Brian Robinson at Oulton Park, and finished for the first time, taking sixth place overall, and fourth in the GT category. At Donington Park, he partnered Fred Moss, and finished fifth. Having missed the next race, held at Silverstone, he and Moss took eighth at Brands Hatch, and another fifth at Donington Park. The team retired after 17 laps in the second Silverstone race of the season, missed the Snetterton round, and retired once more from the Spa-Francorchamps round, having completed six laps. Although initially listed as entering the season finale, held at Silverstone, he did not compete, and was replaced by Michael Pickup. He finished 22nd in the GT category Driver's Championship, with 24 points; three behind David Leslie in 21st, and seven ahead of Charlie Cox in 23rd.
	For 2001, Babikan returned to the Porsche Cup GB. At the opening race of the season, held at Silverstone, he finished sixth in the sprint race, driving a Class 1 Porsche 911 GT3 Supercup, and fifth in the feature race. In the second round, held at Snetterton, he took sixth in both races, which was followed by a fifth and a third in the next round, held at Donington Park. He followed this with a third-place position in the next race at Oulton Park. At Croft, he was replaced by Paul Mace, and he did not enter the sixth round of the season, held at Rockingham. He returned for round 7, held at Brands Hatch, now driving a Class 2 Porsche 911 Carrera (993); he finished tenth overall, and third in class in the sprint race, before finishing twelfth overall, and third in class, in the feature race. Round eight, held at Donington Park, yielded two tenth places in the overall standings, with a fifth and third in class, before he made his first appearance in the European Le Mans Series in 2001 at Most, driving for PK Motorsport in a Porsche 996 GT3-R alongside Piers Masarati and Milan Maderyč; the team were disqualified, having finished eighth, for dangerous driving. Although the team entered Babikan in the following round at Vallelunga, he did not actually drive. Following this, he competed in the Brands Hatch round of the British GT Championship, driving a Porsche 911 GT3-R for Harlow Motorsport alongside Neil Cunningham; the pair finished eighth overall, and fourth in the GTO category. Babikan was classified joint-33rd in the GTO category of the British GT Championship, with eight points; level with Cunningham and Ben McLoughlin.

= = = Alison Saunders = = =

	Dame Alison Margaret Saunders, (born 14 February 1961) is a British barrister and a former Director of Public Prosecutions. She was the first lawyer from within the Crown Prosecution Service and the second woman to hold the appointment. She was also the first holder of this office not to be a Queen's Counsel. She was previously the Chief Crown Prosecutor for CPS London. Her term of office ended 31 October 2018.
	Saunders was born on 14 February 1961 in Aberdeen, Scotland to Hugh Colin Brown and Margaret Bennett Brown. She attended primary school in Brixton, London and St Teilo's Church in Wales High School in Cardiff. Saunders then studied at Runshaw College in Leyland, Lancashire. She read law at the University of Leeds from 1979 to 1982. She graduated Bachelor of Laws (LLB hons).
	Having completed her pupillage and thereby becoming a qualified barrister, Saunders began working for Lloyd's of London. She joined the newly formed CPS in 1986. In 1991, she joined the CPS policy division. She was appointed Branch Crown Prosecutor for Wood Green in 1997, and Assistant Chief Crown Prosecutor of CPS London South in 1999. She took up the appointment of Chief Crown Prosecutor for Sussex in 2001 overseeing the case made against Roy Whiting, who was convicted of murdering Sarah Payne. Between 2003 and 2005, she served as Deputy Legal Advisor to the Attorney General. She then became head of prosecutions for the Organised Crime division of the CPS. She was the Chief Crown Prosecutor for CPS London from 2009 until 2013. During that time, she was involved in the 2011 to 2012 retrial, and subsequent conviction, of the killers of Stephen Lawrence.
	On 23 July 2013, it was announced that she would become the new Director of Public Prosecutions in succession to Sir Keir Starmer, taking up the appointment on 1 November 2013. She was the first head of the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) to be appointed from within the service and the second woman to hold the appointment.
	As the Director of Public Prosecutions, Saunders has faced criticism and controversy around the handling of trials for rape and sexual assault. The CPS has been criticised for the case of Eleanor de Freitas, who killed herself after the CPS decided to take over a private prosecution brought against her by the man she accused of rape. Saunders said that the "evidence in this case was strong and having considered it in light of all of our knowledge and guidance on prosecuting sexual offences and allegedly false rape claims, it is clear there was sufficient evidence for a realistic prospect of conviction for perverting the course of justice". Saunders has also stated that the number of rape prosecutions being brought to court will increase by a third in the year 2015 and has argued that this increase follows improvements in the treatment received by victims by police, courts and the CPS.
	In 2014, Saunders announced the CPS would be seeking to fight against criminals hiding assets abroad and appointed a team of six specialist lawyers to work with legal authorities overseas to recover assets from countries including Spain and the United Arab Emirates.
	In April 2015, Saunders was criticized for her decision not to prosecute Greville Janner on child sexual abuse charges despite his meeting the evidential test for prosecution, citing his poor health, as well as for dropping charges against nine journalists as part of the Operation Elveden case. Saunders defended herself saying, "I’m not here to make popular decisions. I always feel under pressure to make the right decision." In June 2015, "The Guardian" reported that, following a review, the decision not to prosecute Lord Janner would in fact be overturned. Simon Danczuk, then MP for Rochdale, told the Guardian that "if the report is accurate, Saunders will now have to consider her position" as a result of the scrutiny that her initial decision would now be placed under. The decision marks the first time a DPP has had a major prosecuting decision reviewed and overturned. Amid calls for her resignation, she told the BBC that she would not resign. Saunders blamed failings within her department and the police for the collapse of three different police inquiries between 1991 and 2007. Theresa May (then the home secretary, later Prime Minister) said in a radio interview: “I was very concerned when I heard about this decision. It is not my decision, it is entirely a decision for the director of public prosecutions.”
	In 2015, a case was brought against Saunders in the High Court. The Plaintiff, Nikki Kenward, argued that Saunders had amended prosecution policy outside of the democratic process. Saunders released the alleged amendment in October, 2014. In it she suggested that the guidelines on assisted suicide prosecution be understood such that a doctor who is not the patient's immediate care provider, should not be as likely to face prosecution as a doctor who is the patient's immediate care provider. This prompted a backlash from anti-assisted suicide groups who argued that this was a substantial change, which would allow for businesses similar to Dignitas to operate in the UK. Saunders' defence was that she had only clarified the existing guidelines. Nevertheless, Kenward was granted the judicial review against Saunders in April, 2015. It went to the High Court in November, 2015 where the case against Saunders was dismissed.
	As of 2018, Saunders was paid a salary of between £210,000 and £214,999.
	On 2 April 2018, it was announced that Saunders was to stand down at the end of her term as head of the CPS and on 1 November 2018 she was succeeded as Director of Public Prosecutions by Max Hill QC.
	In June 2015, Saunders was accused by journalist Julia Hartley-Brewer of a crusade to criminalise "drunken sexual encounters". In December 2017, "The Daily Telegraph" journalist Allison Pearson called for Saunders to resign following the scandal of several high-profile rape cases falling apart or convictions being overturned due to police withholding key information regarding the innocence of the accused.
	On 23 January 2018, however, Saunders was criticised by victims and survivors' groups because her words could be taken to mean that silence equates to consent.
	After it was announced that Saunders would not be reappointed for a second term, "The Daily Telegraph" also reported in April, 2018 that crime statistics tracking burglary, violent crime and shoplifting all rose significantly under Saunders' tenure ever since she first became Director of Public Prosecutions.
	On 29 December 2018 "The Telegraph" reported that Alison Saunders will be "the first former head of the Crown Prosecution Service not to receive a senior honour after her tenure was marked by a series of scandals". (All of her predecessors "became a knight or a dame either during their tenure, or immediately after their departure.") A week after she stepped down as head of the CPS, it was announced that the CPS had agreed to a five-figure settlement with broadcaster Paul Gambaccini, who was arrested as part of Operation Yewtree and bailed repeatedly for a year over unfounded sex charges before being told he would not be charged. Samuel Armstrong, a former Conservative MP's chief of staff who was acquitted of rape, said the settlement was a "damning indictment" that "should act as the final nail in the coffin for her hopes of a damehood." He added: "Saunders' one-woman crusade to shift the scales of justice in sex cases not only ruined the lives of dozens of young men but of Paul Gambaccini as well."
	In 2019 Saunders joined the law firm Linklaters as Dispute Resolution Partner.
	Saunders is married to Neil Saunders, a lawyer, and has two sons.
	Saunders was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in the 2013 New Year Honours "for services to Law and Order especially after the 2011 London Riots" and Dame Commander of the Order of the Bath (DCB) in the 2020 New Year Honours for services to criminal justice.

= = = The Prophecies of Nostradamus = = =

	The Prophecies of Nostradamus is a 1979 television film based on the writings of Nostradamus. It was also known as "The Man Who Saw Tomorrow".

= = = Mohamed Zein Tahan = = =

	Mohamed Zein El Abidine Tahan (, ; born 20 April 1990), or simply Zein Tahan (), is a Lebanese professional footballer who plays as a full-back for club Safa and the Lebanon national team. Mainly used as a right-back, Zein Tahan can also play on the left side. He known for both his defensive and offensive contribution down the flank.
	In December 2018, he was called up for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup squad.
	Awards
	Performances

= = = Russell Hill (artist) = = =

	Russell Hill (born 1988, Rugby, Warwickshire) is an artist living and working in London, UK who works primarily in sculpture and installation art. He won the 2011 Catlin Art Prize. He is known for his work employing everyday material, such as air fresheners or domestic appliances.
	Hill is a graduate of the BA Fine Art Sculpture programme at Wimbledon College of Art, University of the Arts London and the Royal College of Art MA Sculpture programme under the guidance of Professor Richard Wentworth. He was selected for inclusion in Anticipation, an exhibition curated by art collector Kay Saatchi, alongside Catriona Warren, former editor of Art Review magazine. He was selected for inclusion in the Catlin Guide to the 40 important emerging artists in the UK (a publication which was launched at the London Art Fair) and subsequently won the Annual Catlin Art Prize in 2011, selected by curator Justin Hammond and judged by London gallerist Simon Oldfied, curator Julia Royse and art collector Richard Greer. The Catlin Guide 2011 and its 40 most promising UK art school graduates, including Hill, was featured in "The Independent" newspaper. His work was selected by curator (and creator of the Catlin Art prize) Justin Hammond, to appear in '100 Curators, 100 Days', hosted by Saatchi Online. He is Visiting Tutor at Brit School in Croydon, London and lectures at Wimbledon College of Art and Camberwell College of Arts. He has work in many private collections, in Asia, Europe and America. In 2012 he was profiled in a University of the Arts London film which charted his progress through art college and his experiences on the London contemporary art scene. In 2014 Hill was selected to show a solo presentation at Baltic Center For Contemporary Art. Recently, Hill has worked with toothpaste to create large installations at Baltic Centre For Contemporary Art, Royal College of Art and at John Latham's home and studio, Flat Time House, Peckham, London. Rob Alderson, states 'Hill’s huge piece created using toothpaste has the perfect combination of wit and technical skill'

= = = 1970–71 Soviet Cup (ice hockey) = = =

	The 1970–71 Soviet Cup was the 13th edition of the Soviet Cup ice hockey tournament. 32 teams participated in the tournament, which was won by Spartak Moscow, who claimed their second title.

= = = Mount Powell (Utah) = = =

	Mount Powell is a mountain in the Uinta Mountains in Northeastern Utah and is the thirteenth highest summit in the state. The peak is named after USGS Director John Wesley Powell. The summit is in the High Uintas Wilderness and the Ashley National Forest.

= = = Saraswati Education Society = = =

	Saraswati Education Society is an Indian public charitable trust which was formed on 10 October 2003 by Dr Nandkumar Y. Tasgaonkar, who serves as its chairman. Since its inception, the trust has established ten institutions at Bhivpuri Road station, Karjat, Raigad district, Maharashtra, which provide professional courses in engineering, management and pharmacy. All the post graduate and degree courses are approved by AICTE, UGC and DTE, and affiliated to Mumbai University. The diploma courses are recognised by the respective boards under the State Government of Maharashtra. There are more than eight thousand students and more than one thousand teaching and non-teaching staff.
	Raigad Hospital And Research Center (RHRC)

= = = I Am Pilgrim = = =

	I Am Pilgrim is the debut novel by former journalist and screenwriter, Terry Hayes. It was published on 18 July 2013 in the United Kingdom.
	"Pilgrim" is an American former intelligence agent known as the "Rider of the Blue" who later writes a book on forensic pathology. Pilgrim becomes involved in a case in New York City where a mysterious woman uses his book to commit untraceable murders in the aftermath of 9/11. The "Saracen" is a Saudi who becomes radicalised by watching his father's beheading. He later trains as a doctor and fights in the Soviet–Afghan War. Pilgrim is recalled to the intelligence community who have detected a threat involving the Saracen, who has created a vaccine-resistant strain of the variola major virus.
	In July 2014, MGM bought the movie rights for the book and are set to target a series of films, similar to the Bond franchise, with Matthew Vaughn directing. In April 2018, James Gray was set to direct.

= = = Sarika Sabrin = = =

	Sarika Sabrin (, ) is a Bangladeshi actress and model.
	Sarika started her career in television play "Camellia" directed by Ashutosh Sujon and later acted in "Rumali" which was written by Humayun Ahmed and directed by Arun Chowdhury. She was a brand ambassador of BanglaLink Telecommunication.
	Sabrin's first opportunity to perform in the commercial of the beauty product came from Amitabh Reza Chowdhury which was the advertisement of Aromatic Beauty soap. The advertisement was on air in 2008 and earned Bachsas Awards in critics choice best female model category. After that initial breakthrough she became the brand ambassador of Singer and Aromatic. Now she is the brand ambassador of Walton and Keya and regularly works with Banglalink. She has performed in the twelve commercials of Banglalink. Apart from that she performed as a model in the advertisement of Pran, Amin Jewelers, Elite Mehendi and Walton.
	Sarika married a businessman Mahim Karim on 12 August 2014. They have one daughter.

= = = Queen of the Road = = =

	Queen of the Road is a 1984 Australian television film about two female truckies.

= = = Planet Rugby = = =

	Planet Rugby is a website and forum dedicated to providing the latest news and discussion for rugby union fans of all nationalities. Planet-Rugby and Planet Rugby are brand names of Rivals Digital Media Ltd, a subsidiary of 365 Media Group and British Sky Broadcasting Group. All of these companies are incorporated in England and Wales and share the same registered office at Grant Way, Isleworth, Middlesex. It is also run by Teamtalk media which specializes in the production, publication and commercialisation of sports news. BSkyB acquired the site along with many other sites owned by 365 Media Group for £96 million in December 2006.
	It also runs a rugby forum which boasts over 13,000 users
	It is regarded as one of the biggest rugby news websites in the world . It provides up-to-date news items from the Aviva Premiership, Top 14 rugby, Super Rugby, Pro14, Six Nations, Tri-Nations, ITM Cup, Currie Cup International rugby and many more competitions from around the world.

= = = La Femme aux Phlox = = =

	La Femme aux Phlox, also known as Woman with Phlox or Woman with Flowers, is an oil painting created in 1910 by the French artist and theorist Albert Gleizes (1881–1953). The painting was exhibited in Room 41 at the Salon des Indépendants in the Spring of 1911 (no. 2612); the exhibition that introduced Cubism as a group manifestation to the general public for the first time. The complex collection of geometric masses in restrained colors exhibited in Room 41 created a scandal from which Cubism spread throughout Paris, France, Europe and the rest of the world. It was from the preview of the works by Gleizes, Jean Metzinger, Henri Le Fauconnier, Robert Delaunay, and Fernand Léger at the 1911 Indépendants that the term 'Cubism' can be dated. "La Femme aux Phlox" was again exhibited the following year at the Salon de la Section d'Or, Galerie La Boétie, 1912 (no. 35). "La Femme aux Phlox" was reproduced in "The Cubist Painters, Aesthetic Meditations (Les Peintres Cubistes)" by Guillaume Apollinaire, published in 1913. The same year, the painting was again revealed to the general public, this time in the United States, at the International Exhibition of Modern Art (The Armory Show), New York, Chicago, and Boston (no. 195). The work is now in the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Gift of the Esther Florence Whinery Goodrich Foundation in 1965.
	"La Femme aux Phlox" is an oil on canvas with dimensions 81.6 x 100.2 cm (32.1 by 39.4 inches) signed and dated 'Alb Gleizes 10'. Created during the second half of 1910, the painting represents a woman sitting in an interior setting, with a vase of flowers (phloxes) in front and another to her left. The window behind the sitter opens out onto an exterior scene, the whole blurring the distinction between interior and exterior.
	In 1964 art historian Daniel Robbins writes of "La Femme aux Phlox" in the catalogue of the Gleizes Retrospective at the New York Guggenheim:
	Continuing his new interest in the figure, Gleizes strove to manipulate a genre subject with the same sobriety and broad scale that had always informed his landscapes. Thus, exterior nature is here brought into a room and the distant vista seen through the window is formally resolved with a corresponding interior shape.
	Gleizes had sketched figures often enough, but because his search for a synthetic vision that would reconcile disparate elements had fostered a natural predilection for landscape, his figure paintings were few. The Salon des Indepéndants, 1910, saw the immediate influence of Le Fauconnier in Gleizes' large portrait of René Arcos.
	In 1910 both artists continued to concentrate on figures: Le Fauconnier on a portrait of the poet Paul Castiaux and Gleizes on a majestic portrait of his uncle, Robert Gleizes. The two works are very close and establish Gleizes' debt to Le Fauconnier for having stimulated his interest to encompas a new and important element, the figure.
	With its highly limited color palette Gleizes achieved in "La Femme aux Phlox" a masterful demonstration of monochromism, a relative and paradoxical monochromy, considering the subject matter of a woman with flowers.
	The subject of Gleizes entries at the 1911 Indépendants are discernible to some extent and to some viewers, while it was claimed that others could see nothing. For Gleizes, the subject (the 'figurative support') is used only as an accessory, hidden under other values that are more specifically important. Gleizes writes in his Souvenirs:
	The subject—whether treated sentimentally or adapted to the formula of a gimmick that might be more or less amusing—the originality of a Henner, a Ziem, a Didier-Pouget, even of a Wlaminck—was subordinated to true, essential qualities that correspond to the plastic demands of painting; that certainly was the basis for the state of mind of this first stage in a radical change in the position of the painter, the stage that has, legitimately, the right to the name 'Cubism'. This stage in fact remains respectful of the classical 'three dimensions', emphasising 'volume'. Consequently, it remains within the framework of 'perspective', which suggests on a flat surface an illusion of depth. These are the values which we wanted forcefully to express and to place above those purely emotional concerns with which the mentality of painters of that time was satisfied, leading to a real atrophying of the form which other times had, by contrast, been able to develop and to exalt. (Gleizes, Souvenirs)
	This exhibition comprised more than 6,400 artworks. In room 41 were placed the works by Gleizes, Léger, Metzinger, Delaunay, Le Fauconnier, Archipenko and Laurencin. In room 43 hung works by André Lhote, Roger de La Fresnaye, André Dunoyer de Segonzac, Luc-Albert Moreau and André Mare. In room 42 was a retrospective exhibition of Henri (Le Douanier) Rousseau, who died 2 September 1910.
	The Cubist contribution to the salon created a controversy in the French Parliament about the use of public funds to provide the venue for such 'barbaric art'. Gleizes was a founder of Cubism, and demonstrates the principles of the movement in this monumental painting (over six feet tall) with its projecting planes and fragmented lines. The large size of the painting reflects Gleizes's ambition to show it in the large annual salon exhibitions in Paris, where he was able with others of his entourage to bring Cubism to wider audiences.
	The newly formed group who held meetings not just at Le Fauconnier's studio, but at the cafés "Le Dôme, , , Le Select", and "Café de la Rotonde") together with other young painters who also wanted to emphasize a research into form (as opposed to color) took over the hanging committee of the Salon des Indépendants ensuring that the works of painters soon to be dubbed 'Cubists' would be shown together. Gleizes, Metzinger, Le Fauconnier, Delaunay, Léger and Marie Laurencin (at the request of Apollinaire) were shown together in Room 41.
	Albert Gleizes, in his "Souvenirs", writes of the importance of taking over the hanging commission of the 1911 Indépendants, so that the works of like-minded artists could be hung together forming a coherent group, i.e., so as not to be scattered to the four corners of the salon where the effect produced on the public by a coherent movement would be lost. The task was difficult. To achieve this, they needed to get into a position of influence. After some political maneuvering and a forceful 'last minute thrust' ['manoeuvre de dernière heure'] they succeeded in battering their way through the Committee's routine. Le Fauconnier was unanimously elected as chairman, Gleizes continues:
	So we could get down to business. We divided the exhibitors in two, those who were headed by Signac and Luce, the other made up of artists of the new generation. On one side of the central room the rooms would be given to the older members; on the other, the young painters organised the rooms that had been given to them. For our part, we took Room 41. In the following rooms, André Lhote, Segonzac, La Fresnaye etc. would take their place. It was at this moment that we got to know each other.
	In the Room 41 we were grouped together – Le Fauconnier, Léger, Delaunay, Metzinger and myself, joined, at the insistence of Guillaume Apollinaire, who was following this organisation with the greatest interest, by Marie Laurencin
	Le Fauconnier showed his great "Abondance". Léger his nudes in a landscape in which volumes were treated following the method of differently shaded areas [zones dégradées] used in architecture or in mechanical models. Delaunay "Le Tour Eiffel" and "La Ville". Metzinger [Landscape, Nude, Woman's Head and Still Life], Marie Laurencin some canvasses with people in them. Myself – two landscapes and two canvasses with people: "La Femme au phlox" and "Homme nu sortant du bain".
	That, very precisely, was how Room 41 in the 1911 Indépendants was made up. In the neighbouring room were to be found, if my memory is right, Lhote, Segonzac, Moreau. [...]
	During the few days it took for the hanging commission to do its work, there was nothing that could have enabled us to foresee the effect our pictures were about to produce on the public at large. The painters and critics who walked around the canvasses were clearly very interested, whether they were for or against. But no-one could have thought there was material there for a scandal. And we the first, who certainly never would have wanted it.
	So we were greatly surprised when, at the preview, the explosion took place. (Albert Gleizes)
	"The great complaint that was made against us was of being unreadable; people claimed they could 'see' nothing in our pictures". Gleizes continues:
	Everyone was crushed into our room, people were shouting or laughing, expressing indignation, protesting, getting up to all sorts of antics, they were pushing each other out of the way to get in, those who approved and defended our position and those who condemned it argued with each other... Room 41 was always full.
	In "Intransigeant" Guillaume Apollinaire emphasized the importance of what the Cubists were doing and defended them with passion. Louis Vauxcelles in "Gil Blas" attacked them with a violence that was quite extraordinary. Younger critics who wrote columns in "Comoedia, Excelsior, Action", and "L'Oeuvre" were more reserved, some of them even welcomed the Cubists with sympathy; in "Paris-Journal", the free spirited poet André Salmon wrote an account of Room 41 that was full of intelligence and sympathy. The most important thing for Gleizes was that the younger generation of critics had been won over by Cubism.
	It was from that preview in 1911 that the term 'Cubism' can be dated. Prior to the Salon des Indépendants of 1911 no one had ever been called a Cubist, not even Braque or Picasso.
	What, by contrast, can be established is that from 1911 onwards the term became commonplace and, initially confined as it was to the painters of Room 41, it was afterwards attributed to those who seemed, nearly or at a distance, to approach them, in appearance if not in spirit. Apollinaire himself was initially reticent about this label and it was not until later, after this opening at the "Indépendants", during an exhibition which we held at Brussels, that he accepted definitively on his own and our behalf, the name 'Cubist' by which all sorts of people had designated us in irony. In 1911 the word Cubism was born in the same way as the word 'Impressionism' in 1872.
	Overnight, Gleizes, Metzinger, Léger and Delaunay had become famous. Virtually unknown the previous evening, their names and profiles were spread not only throughout Paris but throughout France and other countries as well. Gleizes writes:
	Painting which, until then, had been the concern of only a small handful of amateurs, passed into the public domain and everyone wanted to be informed, to be let into the secret of those paintings which, it seemed, represented nothing, and whose meaning had to be deciphered like a puzzle.
	The International Exhibition of Modern Art of 1913, known today as the Armory Show, was a landmark event in the history of art. This monumental series of exhibitions showcased the works of the most radical European artists of their time alongside those of progressive American contemporaries. This massive exhibition was presented in varying forms at three venues—New York (69th Regiment Armory, February 17 – March 15), Chicago (Art Institute of Chicago, March 24 – April 16), and Boston (Copley Society, April 23 – May 14). The exhibition introduced the visual language of European modernism to a wide spectrum of the American public, changing the aesthetic outlook for American artists, collectors, critics, galleries and museums.
	In 1913, Gleizes, along with Archipenko, Picabia, Picasso, the Duchamp brothers and others, introduced Cubism to an American audience at the Armory Show in three major cities, New York City, Chicago and Boston. In addition to "La Femme aux Phlox" Gleizes exhibited his 1912 painting "Man on a balcony" (no. 196 of the catalogue).
	Gleizes entries—both of particular importance, had already produced a considerable effect in Paris—practically eclipsed six paintings and a drawing by Picasso, and three paintings by Braque exhibited at the Armory Show.

= = = Fairbridges Attorneys = = =

	Fairbridges Attorneys is a South African law firm. The firm, established on 6 November 1812, is the oldest law firm in South Africa and the southern hemisphere. With offices in Johannesburg and Cape Town, The lawfirm has won the PMR.Africa "Diamond Arrow" award for excellence in the small firm category five times: 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014.

= = = Larkin Sentral = = =

	The Larkin Sentral (Jawi: لرکين سينترل) (formerly Larkin Bus and Taxi Terminal) is a bus terminal located in Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. It has direct bus services to and from many cities and towns in Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and Hat Yai in Thailand. This T-shaped terminal has three levels and about 50 bus bays.
	For SBS Transit Bus Service 160, 170x (Blue Plate), and SMRT Bus Service 950 will loop at JB Sentral (Bus Stop 47701) along Jalan Tun Abdul Razak to head back to Singapore. This is due to the permanent closure of the Kotaraya II Terminal.
	Larkin Sentral received RM 10 million to upgrade their facilities which will be completed on 2016.

= = = Robert Thom (priest) = = =

	Robert Kilgour Thom was Dean of Brechin from 1861 until 1874: he was also the incumbent of Drumlithie.

= = = 1971–72 Soviet Cup (ice hockey) = = =

	The 1971–72 Soviet Cup was the 14th edition of the Soviet Cup ice hockey tournament. 30 teams participated in the tournament, which was won by Dynamo Moscow, who claimed their second title.

= = = Rainbow's End (1995 film) = = =

	Rainbow's End is a 1995 Australian TV film directed by Denny Lawrence and starring Ernie Dingo. It is about a brother and sister who try to find their father.

= = = Democrat Turkey Party = = =

	Democrat Turkey Party (, DTP) is a former political party in Turkey,
	The party was founded by a group of MPs issued from the True Path Party on 7 January 1997. The chairman of the party was Hüsamettin Cindoruk, who was a former chairman of the True Path Party. The party participated in the coalition government of Mesut Yılmaz (30 June 1997 – 11 January 1999). In the 1999 elections they received less than 1% of the vote. Hüsamettin Cindoruk resigned. In later years they tried to survive with different chairmen and names and in 2008 the party decided to merge with the People's Ascent Party.

= = = Samuel Richardson (Baptist) = = =

	Samuel Richardson (fl. 1646) was an English layman and religious controversialist of the 1640s and 1650s, of Baptist views.
	From Northamptonshire, Richardson was probably an army preacher in the early part of the First English Civil War. He became a leading member of one of the seven Baptist churches of London: in the three confessions of faith put forth by these churches in 1643, 1644, and 1646, Richardson's signature stands beside that of John Spilsbury, minister of the congregation at Wapping.
	Richardson supported the action of the parliamentary army and the government of Oliver Cromwell, to whom he had fee access. For a time he had scruples as to the title of "Lord Protector", and told Cromwell so to his face; then, becoming convinced, he tried to reconcile Vavasor Powell and others to the protectorate.
	Richardson defended Baptist practices and held strongly monergistic beliefs about justification similar to those of Tobias Crisp before him, and later John Gill. Salvation is exclusively by the grace of God and never depends on human faith or works, as justification is fully achieved on the cross as a result of the eternal decree of God to save the elect.
	Richardson, as Tobias Crisp, held that the law is not necessary to bring persons to saving faith, and that the Puritan emphasis on the individual believer's consciousness of sin makes subjective sentiments the object of faith, rather than Christ: "We have made a Christ of our works, tears, and crying long enough", Richardson notes.
	Human works as well as faith can only be considered results of God’s work in Christ as the Holy Spirit works in those who are justified. When Paul talks of justification by faith, he by “faith” simply means Christ. We are justified by Christ alone and not by our believing, Richardson claimed. Faith is an evidence of “interest in Christ but not a joint-partner with Christ”.
	Richardson, in his Justification by Christ Alone from 1647, argued that the work of Christ alone is the means of justification:
“[W]e grant God has decreed the end and the means, and whatsoever God has decreed shall unavoidably come to pass. But we deny that faith is any means of our Redemption, Justification, or Salvation. Nothing but the Lord Jesus Christ is the means of our salvation. There are means that are necessary to the revealing and enjoying the comfort of it, as the Holy Spirit and ministers to reveal it and faith to receive it; also, there be fruits and effects of the love of God, as faith, love, and obedience to Christ…yet these are no means of our salvation.” 
	Though holding a position in most of his works that can be described as clearly Particular Baptist and thus Calvinistic, Richardson in his last work expressed a form of eschatological universalism.
	Richardson wrote:
	To Richardson have also been ascribed tentatively "An exact and full Relation of all the Proceedings between the Cavaliers and the Northamptonshire Forces at Banbury", January 1643–4, signed R. S.; "The King's March with the Scots, and a List of the 3 Lords, … that submit to the Parliament upon the surrender of Newark", London, May 1646; and "Oxford agreed to be surrendered to Sir Thomas Fairfax", London, June 1646.

= = = 2013 IPC Athletics World Championships – Women's club throw = = =

	The women's club throw at the 2013 IPC Athletics World Championships was held at the Stade du Rhône from 20–29 July.

= = = Art Holcomb = = =

	Art Holcomb (born December 31, 1955) is an American comic book creator, screenwriter and playwright.
	At age 13, he began his writing career in the sixth grade (at age 13) when one of his plays, "The Birnbaum Guide to Hell on Five Dollars a Day" was professionally performed by the American Conservatory Theater.
	He has published poetry, essays and short stories and has written more than 50 comic book stories for franchises such as X-Men, as well as original and licensed properties for Defiant Comics, Valiant Comics, Acclaim, Big Entertainment, Funimation, Marvel Comics, and DC Comics. His screen work has appeared on UPN, the Sci-Fi Channel and the Showtime Channel and is the co-founder and editor-in-chief of creative development firm Andromedia Entertainment, which consults on and adapts screenplays into graphic novels, creating some of the earliest examples of the “illustrated screenplays”.

= = = Mytäjäinen (pond) = = =

	Mytäjäinen is a small pond in Lahti, Päijänne Tavastia, Finland. Its greatest depth is 11 meters which is quite much because ponds area is so small. Some people swim there also in winter time (Ice swimming). The pond is located near to "Radiomäki" in Lahti city. Mytäjäinen means also a small residential district in Sopenkorpi, Lahti.

= = = 2013 IPC Athletics World Championships – Men's club throw = = =

	The men's club throw at the 2013 IPC Athletics World Championships was held at the Stade du Rhône from 20–29 July.

= = = Hotel Paris (Idaho) = = =

	The Hotel Paris, at 7 S. Main St. in Paris, Idaho, is a historic hotel that was built in 1916.
	The hotel's design includes elements of the Prairie School and bungalow styles. The brick building has flat-roofed porches supported by wooden piers on both street-facing sides. A flat cornice rests below the hotel's roof line. While the Paris Public School also has a horizontal emphasis in its design, the hotel's blend of its two styles is unique in Paris.
	It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.
	The hotel is still in operation. It is located next to the historic LDS Tabernacle and a museum in downtown Paris.

= = = Raw Silk (film) = = =

	Raw Silk is a 1988 Australian film directed by Greg Dee. The plot concerns two barristers.

= = = 1972–73 Soviet Cup (ice hockey) = = =

	The 1972–73 Soviet Cup was the 15th edition of the Soviet Cup ice hockey tournament. 28 teams participated in the tournament, which was won by CSKA Moscow, who claimed their ninth title.

= = = 2013 IPC Athletics World Championships – Women's discus throw = = =

	The women's discus throw at the 2013 IPC Athletics World Championships was held at the Stade du Rhône from 20–29 July.

= = = Necati Bilican = = =

	Necati Bilican (born 1941, Özbaşı, Posof, Ardahan, Turkey) is a retired Turkish civil servant. He was governor of the OHAL state-of-emergency region from 1995 to 1997, and served three terms as Chief of the General Directorate of Security (April 1990 to July 1991; August 1997 to June 1998; July 1998 to June 1999). Bilican was retired in 1999, after his son's gang connections were exposed and the "tele-ear" wire-tapping scandal had seen him go on sick leave for two months. He had also been governor of Denizli Province (1985 - 1990) and Edirne Province (1991 - 1992).

= = = Joe Cocker Classics Volume 4 = = =

	Joe Cocker – Classics, Volume 4 is a greatest hits compilation for Joe Cocker, released in 1987 by A&M Records as part of A&M's classics series of greatest hits albums for artists on its label. This compilation is label-exclusive; therefore, it only contains Joe Cocker's hits on the A&M label.
	http://www.cduniverse.com/productinfo.asp?pid=1509167

= = = Finam Holdings = = =

	Finam Holdings () is a financial services company headquartered in Moscow, Russia. It is the parent company of Finam Investment Company. In April 2017 it was the third largest brokerage firm in Russia, and ranks second among providers of individual investment accounts in the country. 
	Finam’s subsidiaries operate on all major stock, bond, options and futures exchanges, and offer trading on Forex and CFDs. Additionally, Finam runs a number of mutual funds and offers trust management services for assets, pension fund accruals and reserves.
	Finam’s subsidiaries also include CJSC Finam, Asset Management Company Finam Management, Investment Fund Finam Global, WhoTrades Ltd., Finam Bank, Finam Training Center and Finam FM radio station. Finam pursues an active direct investment policy focusing on acquisition of high-tech projects.
	In 1994, Finans-Analytic Investment Company was founded by Viktor Remsha. By 1996, it became a clearing firm on the Russian Stock exchange and opened its first regional branch in Noyabrsk (Tyumen Region). By the end of the decade, the company had continued expanding its offering by becoming member of the National Association of Securities Market Participants (NAUFOR), Moscow Exchange (MSE), St. Petersburg Stock Exchange, Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange (MICEX) and the Russian Trading System.
	In 1999, the company launched its first workshops for investors, which would later become Finam Training Center with over 100,000 yearly students. In 2000, the company began offering online trading services and launched Finam.ru.
	In 2002, the Finans-Analytic group became Finam Holdings. It began offering its clients trading on US securities.
	In 2004, Finam acquired Megavatt Bank, which was later renamed Finam Bank. In 2006, a full-fledged investment company was launched, which would later assist in the IPOs of a number of high-tech companies including OJSC Diod, OJSC Russian Navigation Technologies and OJSC Pharmasynthez.
	By 2010, Finam dominated the Russian equities market with the highest trade volume executing RUB 120,768.24 million in transaction. It expanded internationally by becoming a member of the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. In 2011, it opened a Bangkok, Beijing and New York office.
	In 2012, WhoTrades Ltd. was launched as an investor social network and brokerage company targeting users from around the world. Finam Global Investment Fund was established as a business incubator to support startups geared towards global expansion. Finam FM Radio was ranked among the Top 5 media resources in Moscow. Finam Bank was ranked among the top 40 banks by number of ATMs with a cash-in function.
	Today, Finam has branch offices in over 90 cities in Russia.
	Finam is the leader in Russian IT investment. It has had controlling interest in sites like Mamba, MoneyMail, E-generator, and SMI2. It has had minority stakes in Badoo, and Shape Gmbh. Finam Global direct investment fund manages over 30 companies and has a total portfolio value of USD 900 million.

= = = 1973–74 Soviet Cup (ice hockey) = = =

	The 1973–74 Soviet Cup was the 16th edition of the Soviet Cup ice hockey tournament. 29 teams participated in the tournament, which was won by Krylya Sovetov Moscow, who claimed their second title.

= = = Armenian Native Faith = = =

	The Armenian Native Faith, also termed Armenian Neopaganism or Hetanism (Armenian: Հեթանոսութիւն "Hetanosutiwn"; a cognate word of "Heathenism"), is a modern Pagan new religious movement that harkens back to the historical, pre-Christian belief systems and ethnic religions of the Armenians. The followers of the movement call themselves "Hetans" (Armenian: հեթանոս "Hetanos", which means "Heathen", thus "ethnic", both of them being loanwords from the Greek "ἔθνος", "ethnos") or "Arordi", meaning the "Children of Ari", also rendered as "Arordiners" in some scholarly publications.
	The Arordiner movement has antecedents in the early 20th century, with the doctrine of "Tseghakron" (Ցեղակրօն, literally "national religion") of the philosopher and nationalist political theorist Garegin Nzhdeh. It took an institutional form in 1991, just after the collapse of the Soviet Union in a climate of national reawakening, when the Armenologist Slak Kakosyan founded the "Order of the Children of Ari" ("Arordineri Ukht"). Neopaganism expert Victor Schnirelmann estimated the following of Armenian neopaganism to be "no more than a few hundred people".
	The first organisation of Armenian Native Faith, the "Order of the Children of Ari" (or "Ara"; "Arordineri Ukht" in Armenian) was established in 1991 by the armenologist Slak (Eduard, or Edik) Kakosyan (1936–2005). He belonged to a generation of Armenian dissidents and was exiled in the 1970s from Soviet Armenia; in 1979 he fled to the United States where he became familiar with the ideas of Garegin Nzhdeh (1886–1955).
	Nzhdeh was a philosopher, statesman and "fedayi" of the first half of the twentieth century, who left an enduring legacy in the history of Armenia, and is still one of the driving forces of Armenian nationalism. Kakosyan praised him as the "prophet of the Armenians". Nzhdeh founded a movement named "Tseghakron" ("religion of the nation"), which was among the core doctrines of the Armenian Youth Federation. In Nzhdeh's poetic mythology, the Armenian nation is identified as Atlas upholding the ordered world, and it makes reference to Hayk, the mythical patriarch of the Armenians, and to Vahagn, the solar and warrior god "fighter of the serpent", as means through which to awaken the Armenian nation and raise its spirit. Nzhdeh's movement took place in the aftermath of the Armenian Genocide of 1915.
	During his exile, Slak Kakosyan made extensive use of Nzhdeh's works to codify the "Ukhtagirk" ("Book of Vows"), the sacred text of the Armenian Native Faith movement. In the book, Garegin Nzhdeh is deified as an incarnation of Vahagn, the re-establisher of the true faith of the Armenians and of the Aryan values. While still in the United States, Kakosyan claimed that he had been initiated to the ancient Armenian hereditary priesthood mentioned by Moses of Chorene, changing his forename from "Edik" to "Slak". He likely became acquainted with Zoroastrian communities in the United States.
	Returning to Armenia in 1991, Slak Kakosyan gathered a community and founded the Children of Ari. They began to hold rituals on traditional Armenian holydays. The Temple of Garni became the centre of the community, a council of priests was set up in order to manage the organisation and the rites. During the 1990s, the group reached visibility in wider Armenian society. According to the scholar Yulia Antonyan, the emergence of the Armenian Native Faith is attributable to the same causes which led to the rise of other modern Pagan movements, but also Hindu and Protestant movements, in the other post-Soviet countries: The Armenian Native Faith represents the indigenous answer to the social and cultural upheavals which followed the collapse of Soviet society and of its atheist and materialist ideology.
	Ashot Navasardyan (1950–1997) and Andranik Margaryan (1949–2007), founding fathers of the Republican Party of Armenia, were Arordiners like many other members of the party and took part in the very first ritual at the Temple of Garni. The Republican Party provided financial support for the Children of Ari until recent times, sponsored the publication of "Ukhtagirk" and the set up of a memorial stele to Slak Kakosyan on the grounds of the Temple of Garni. Arordiner festivals are celebrated in some regions with the support of local municipalities. Despite this strong link with the nationalist political scene, the Children of Ari does not declare a political orientation, and the priests are forbidden from joining any political party.
	Although it started among the Armenian intellectual elites as a means to reawaken Armenian identity, in most recent times the Armenian Native Faith movement has expanded its contingent of adherents among the provincial and rural populations, and among the Armenian diaspora. Besides the philosophical approach of the intellectuals, the common people are driven to the Armenian Native Faith by various reasons, ranging from mysticism to a sentimental devotion to the gods. Antonyan documented the case of a thirty-five years-old woman who believed to be infertile, and who joined the Armenian Native Faith movement after she allegedly became pregnant by praying to Anahit, goddess of fertility, and to Astghik, goddess of love and beauty. The woman gave her daughter the name "Nana", another name of the goddess of fertility.
	Local Arordiner communities have been organised in villages outside the capital Yerevan. The structure of the Order of the Children of Ari, and of the local communities themselves, is characterised by a clear hierarchy, with the council of priests, led by an elected chief, handling the organisation of all activities. The highest position within the hierarchy is that of the supreme priest, which has remained vacant since Slak Kakosyan's death in 2005.
	Another party that was closely associated to the Arordiners is the Union of Armenian Aryans, led by Armen Avetisyan, headquartered in Abovyan, a city which is the second most important center of the Armenian Native Faith movement after Yerevan. The relations with the party, known for its extreme views, were cut in 2009 when Avetisyan proclaimed himself a spiritual leader and announced the initiative to build a central temple in Yerevan; as the Children of Ari expressed their opposition to the project, Avetisyan founded a separate religious group, the Armenian Aryan Order.
	Beliefs among the individual Arordiners vary, though there is a common theological underpinning provided by "Ukhtagirk". This theology is a monism: The beginning of the first section of the book recites that "in the beginning was the Ar, and Ara was the creator". The Ar is the impersonal, without qualities, transcendent principle begetting the universe, while Ara is his personal, present form as "the Creator". The book continues telling the myth of how Ara generates the gods and how the goddess Anahit gives birth to Ari (Aryan), the form of mankind. According to Arordiner theology, "Ar" is the life-giving word root, and it is the origin of words like, for instance, "art" ("arable", "cultivation"; culture, art), "aryyun" ("blood"), "argand" ("womb"), "armat" ("root"), "arka" ("king"), "ara" ("male"), "Arev" (the Sun), "Ara" (manifested Ar), "Ari" (acting with Ar), "Chari" (opposing Ar). The "essence of things" and their "perfection" is represented by "swastika" motifs.
	The different deities are conceived by the supreme Ara. Some Arordiners do not consider them to be separate beings, but as "incarnations of different aspects of Ara". They are organised in a cosmic duality, representing the "light side" and the "dark side" of the universal power, with the latter led by Vishap, the great snake, whom is identified as being the same as Yahweh. The history of mankind itself is seen as a constant struggle between these two forces: One represented by Ari (Aryans), the right men of the creative light side; the other one represented by Chari, destructive dark-sided creatures made from soil by Vishap.
	The Armenian Native Faith is polytheistic in practice. The gods of the Arordiners include: Hayk, the mythical founder of the Armenian nation, Aray the god of war, Barsamin the god of sky and weather, Aralez the god of the dead, Anahit the goddess of fertility and war, Mihr the solar god, Astghik the goddess of love and beauty, Nuneh the goddess of wisdom, Tir the god of art and inspiration, Tsovinar the goddess of waters, Amanor the god of hospitality, Spandaramet the goddess of death, and Gissaneh the mother goddess of nature.
	The Arordiners have a cyclical view of reality, and they believe in the reincarnation of individual souls through the genetic lineage. That is to say, men are believed to come back to life in the following generations of their own descendants, in the kin which they begot while living. According to Arordiner doctrines, the entire world goes through similar cycles, from the smaller ones represented by the days and the years, to the greatest ones represented by eras of ten thousand years.
	The struggle between light and dark forces unfolds through the cycle of each era: Order and connection with the ancestors prevail during the world's summer and spring; while disorder, confusion and forsaking of the ancestral roots prevail during the world's autumn and winter. In the latter period, beings are not in harmony with Ara, they are not nourished by cosmic energy, and they fall prey of the evil Chari forces. At the darkest stage of history, though, which according to Arordiners corresponds to the current times, Vahagn manifests again and brings the Ari forces back to life.
	"Ukhtagirk", the holy book of the Armenian Native Faith, may be translated as "Book of Vows". It was the life work of Slak Kakosyan, who finished the manuscript just before his death in 2005. Kakosyan, however, is not credited as the "author" of the "Ukhtagirk", but rather as the "recorder" of an eternal truth understood by inspiration, its "compiler" ("kazmogh"). The book was officially proclaimed the holy text of the Order of the Children of Ari in 2000, a couple of years before its completion, when the religious organisation was officially registered by the Armenian state.
	The book is divided into seven parts: ① "Astvatsashoonch" ("Dictionary"), which explains the Armenian language as a mystical system of symbols related to the root "Ar"; ② "Tsagumnaran" ("Genesis"), which explains in mythical terms the origin of the world, the gods and mankind; ③ "Avetaran" ("Book of Testaments") and ④ "Dzonaran" ("Book of Odes"), which deal with philosophical and ontological categories to explain reality and values; ⑤ "Veharan" ("Book of Greatness") and ⑥ "Patgamaran" ("Book of Commandments"), which present mythologised descriptions of Garegin Nzhdeh's life and ideas, respectively; and the seventh and last chapter, ⑦ "Hymnergaran" ("Book of Hymns"), which is a collection of poems written by Kakosyan and his followers, as well as by authors of the nineteenth and early twentieth century. The mythological parts about creation rely upon Armenian medieval sources and folk knowledge.
	Chanting ritual texts from the book is considered to procure mystical experiences, and the physical book itself is crucial for some ritual activities, such as wedding ceremonies, in which the rings are passed to the bride and groom on top of a copy of the "Ukhtagirk". At the same time, Arordiners do not consider their book unquestionable, but the text is open to corrections as required by changing circumstances. This attitude is supported by a declaration of Slak Kakosyan himself, who conceived the book in the terms of a changeful and adaptable truth.
	Armenian Native Faith practices, rituals and representations mostly rely on the instructions given by the "Ukhtagirk". For instance, it is common for the priests to make pilgrimage to Mount Khustup, where, according to the book, Garegin Nzhdeh experienced the presence of the god Vahagn. The priests' aim is to replicate such experience. The veneration of Nzhdeh and the pilgrimage to his burial site, which is located on the slopes of the Khustup, is also slowly developing within the larger community of Arordiners. In general, mountains are revered as holy, so, besides Khustup, other mountains, including Mount Ararat and Mount Aragats, function as pilgrimage destination for Arordiners.
	The memory of Slak Kakosyan is also part of the cults celebrated by the Arordiner priests. The celebrations in honour of Vahagn at the Temple of Garni usually start at the memorial monument of Kakosyan, set up after his death on the site where his ashes were dispersed. The figure of Kakosyan has been mythologised in a collection of poems composed by Aren Haykyan and published in 2007. In these poems he is described as a divine man. Haykyan is also the author of poems devoted to Nzhdeh and to the gods.
	Armenian Native Faith rituals include the yearly ceremonies performed on Armenian traditional holidays, and three rites of passage: The "knunk", a complex ritual of initiation; the "psak", that is wedding; and death rituals. The death rituals require the cremation of the body, and its return to the four elements. Fire is symbolised by the cremation itself; then the ashes are divided into three parts, of which one is buried in the earth, one is scattered in the air of the Garni Gorge, and the third one is poured in the water of the Garni River. Afterwards, the deceased is memorialised by the collective lighting of a torch. The first Arordiner to be cremated was Kakosyan himself, at a time when cremation was illegal in Armenia. Later, Arordiners obtained by the state the right to cremate their dead.
	The Armenian term "knunk" may be translated as "conversion" or "reversion" (to the native way of life). Yulia Antonyan observed that about ten to twenty people take part to each "knunk" ritual, which is held on the occasion of the public ceremonies at the Temple of Garni. At the same time, there are many Arordiners who believe that in order to worship the native gods of Armenia it is not necessary to undergo an official conversion.
	Arordiner public ceremonies and rituals are held at ancient sacred places, which are often in ruins. The re-appropriation of churches that were built on native sacred sites is also common. The most important of these sites is the first-century Temple of Garni, a temple which was rebuilt in 1975, which has become the main ceremonial center for the Armenian Native Faith movement.
	The Arordiners have reconsecrated the temple to Vahagn, although historically it was dedicated to Mihr. They have also been given approval for the rearrangement of the compound, in order for it to match the ideal structure of ancient Armenian sanctuaries. They have added a holy spring dedicated to Slak Kakosyan and a wood of apricot trees, the holy tree of Armenian Native Faith. The temple is now organised into three sacred spaces: The first is the sacred spring, the second one is the temple proper, and the third one is the holy wood, located on a hillock. The rituals at the Temple of Garni take place following a route which starts from the spring, passes through the temple, and endly reaches the holy wood. Downhill, each newly established local Arordiner community plants a tree, symbolising the unity and well-being of the group itself. These holy trees are adorned with ribbons and handkerchiefs symbolising one's requests to the gods.
	Besides the Temple of Garni, other sites considered holy by the Arordiners and used for their rituals include the Metsamor Castle (third millennium BCE), considered a site for the cult of the mother goddess, the Erebuni Fortress (eighth century BCE), Shengavit (fourth to second millennium BCE) and Zorats Karer (third millennium BCE), and the mountains. Sculptures representing the gods which have been realised within the context of modern Armenian Native Faith are inspired by both historical specimens and the creativity of modern artists.
	The Arordiners celebrate a number of holidays: Terendez, Zatik, Hambardzum, Vardavar and Khaghoghorhnek. To these holy days they add a holy day for the remembrance of ancestors (20 September), the Birth of Vahagn (21 March), the Birth of Mihr (22 December) and the Navasard, the New Year celebrated in August.
	The relations between the Armenian Native Faith movement and the Armenian Apostolic Church have been good and collaborative, since both share the common interest of protecting and promoting Armenian identity, especially against what are perceived as disruptive foreign forces infiltrating the country, such as Protestants, Jehovah's Witnesses and Mormons. The Armenian Apostolic Church generally sees Arordiners as allies. A high-ranking spokesman of the Armenian Apostolic Church declared:
	Similarly, the head of an Armenian institution catering to the victims of destructive cults declared:
	Armenian Native Faith believers' attitude towards Christianity oscillates between two positions: The critique of the religion's role in Armenian history, and the conditional acceptance of the Armenian Apostolic Church as a national institution. Christianity is criticised for having destroyed the rich and highly developed ancient Armenian culture, replacing the values of courage, martial spirit and honour with those of humility, obedience and modesty, thus causing the collapse of Armenian statehood and condemning the nation to centuries of subordination to foreign powers, migrations, persecutions and massacres. According to the strongest accusations, Christianity is responsible for the "first genocide of the Armenians", which coincided with its forceful introduction in the fourth century.
	At the same time, the Armenian Apostolic Church is considered an institution peculiar to the Armenian nation, and the fruit of a synthesis of Christian and indigenous elements, in which the former represent just the surface. The Arordiners find proof of this in the Church's prayers devoted to the Sun and light, in Church festivals overlapping indigenous Armenian festivals, and in the practice of "matagh", Christian animal sacrifice. Moreover, the Arordiners believe that the Armenian alphabet, which Church historiography holds to have been invented by the monk Mesrop Mahtots, is actually an elaboration of ancient Armenian symbolism based on the motif of the "swastika".
	Arordiners generally do not have problems visiting Armenian churches and treating them as holy places, since many of them were built on the site of pre-Christian temples. Furthermore, some figures of the history of the Armenian Apostolic Church are revered as Arordiners in disguise: The "catholicoi" (high-ranking bishops) Vazgen I (in charge 1954–1994) and Garegin I (1995–1999). The former was a supporter of Nzhdeh and on his tombstone, instead of a cross, he has a letter of the Armenian alphabet which is considered a variant of the "swastika" and symbolic of seven Armenian gods. The latter is said to have visited Garni before his death and, despite being terminally ill, to have walked alone to the temple.

= = = Say Lou Lou = = =

	Say Lou Lou (formerly Saint Lou Lou) are a twin sister musical duo hailing from Australia and Sweden. Miranda Anna and Elektra June Kilbey-Jansson (born 7 June 1991) are the daughters of Steve Kilbey, the lead singer of Australian alternative band The Church, and Karin Jansson, ex-girlfriend and recording partner of Kilbey (and before then a member of Swedish new wave band Pink Champagne). They grew up in both Australia and Sweden.
	The duo released their first single in 2012 before forming their own record label, à Deux, in 2013. In December 2013, it was announced that Say Lou Lou had made the BBC Sound of 2014 longlist.
	Over the course of 2012 to 2014, Say Lou Lou released five singles, and their debut studio album, "Lucid Dreaming", was released on 23 February 2015 in Scandinavia and 6 April 2015 elsewhere. In 2018 duet released their second record, "Immortelle".

= = = Tomb of the Triclinium = = =

	The Tomb of the Triclinium () or the Funereal Bed ("") is an Etruscan tomb in the Necropolis of Monterozzi near Tarquinia, Italy. It was discovered in 1830. Stefan Steingraber, Associate Professor at the Italian Research University 'Roma Tre', dates the tomb to approximately 470 BC and calls it one of the most famous of all Etruscan tombs. He considers the artistic quality of the tomb's frescoes to be superior to those of most other Etruscan tombs. The tomb is named after the triclinium, the formal dining room which appears in the frescoes of the tomb.
	Since its discovery the tomb's frescoes have deteriorated and lost some of their color and detail. In 1949 they were moved to the Tarquinia National Museum to conserve them. Thanks to the watercolor copies made by Carlo Ruspi shortly after the discovery of the tomb it is still possible to see the frescoes in their former state.
	The tomb consists of a single room. The fresco on the back wall shows a banquet scene, borrowed from depictions of drinking scenes on Attic red-figure pottery from the early fifth century. The banqueteers recline on three couches called "klinai". On the floor under the "klinai" a cat prowls towards a rooster and a partridge. On the left wall three female dancers, one male dancer and a male musician with a barbiton appear. They are placed between small trees filled with birds. On the right wall a similar scene is shown. On the entry wall two youths jump down from their horses. They may be "apobates" or a reference to the Dioscuri as intermediaries between the earthly life and the afterlife.
	The similarities between the frescoes in the Tomb of the Triclinium and Tomb 5513 (also in the Necropolis of Monterozzi) led Steingraber to conclude that they were the products of the same workshop. The strong influence of red-figure Attic vase painting has convinced some experts that the artist who decorated the tomb was a Greek metic.

= = = Martha Mears (author) = = =

	Martha Mears was an eighteenth-century midwife and author.
	Mears was a midwife, mother, and author in London, England. Her work, "Pupil of Nature", was published in 1797. The full title is "Pupil of Nature: Candid advice to the fair sex, on the subjects of pregnancy, childbirth, the diseases incident to both, the fatal effects of ignorance and quackery, and the most approved means of promoting health, strength and beauty of their offspring." It consists of 10 essays about topics from the state of the womb before and after conception, to the effect of music on nerves. She depicted the pregnant woman as a cluster of symptoms to be managed, particularly with regard to her psychological state. Mears subscribed to the common notion that "irritability" of the pregnant woman’s uterus induced a heightened "sensibility". The organization and broad scope of the text mirrored this representation of the body as a bundle of potential pathologies. A contemporary review of her work describes its purpose being to teach women the important advantages of pursuing nature's plans in everything that relates to the pregnant state. Mears' studied the writings of Harvey, Leake, Smellie and Denman.
	Mears' was the last major contributor to the eighteenth-century midwifery dispute. Her work is considered an eighteenth-century version of the popular prenatal guide "What to Expect When You’re Expecting".

= = = 1975–76 Soviet Cup (ice hockey) = = =

	The 1975–76 Soviet Cup was the 17th edition of the Soviet Cup ice hockey tournament. Dynamo Moscow won the cup for the third time in their history. The cup was divided into four groups, with the top team in each group (top two in Group 2) advancing to the playoffs. Krylya Sovetov Moscow, Spartak Moscow, and CSKA Moscow received byes until the playoffs.

= = = UCMDB = = =

	UCMDB is a software product from Micro Focus that generates and maintains a Configuration Management Database of information technology items. It includes a mechanism for automated discovery of IT infrastructure components, such as computers and network devices.
	UCMDB is included in several HP products and supports ITIL-based configuration management and change management processes.
	The DDMa component (Discovery and Dependency mapping Advanced) of UCMDB works by scanning ranges of IP addresses within pre-set probe IP ranges, using ping, ICMP echo requests and Nmap to locate live IP addresses and open TCP ports, and IP address harvesting techniques by querying ARP/Cache tables of level 3 network devices. Resulting current IP addresses are then translated into CIs which function as input for deeper level discovery. The pyramid model is designed to ensure that only relevant sources are being queried, resulting in lower network and node load.

= = = J. R. Shepherd House = = =

	The J. R. Shepherd House, at 58 W. Center St. in Paris, Idaho is a historic Queen Anne style house that was built in 1890. The house has been called the most architecturally exquisite in Paris, and it is the largest Queen Anne house in the city. Builder H. R. Shepherd built the house in 1890 for his brother J.R., a local businessman who ran the city's Mercantile Store. The house's design inspired other city residents to construct Queen Anne homes; one of these, the Dr. George Ashley House, is also listed on the National Register.
	The design of the Sam Athay House, also NRHP-listed, also follows the design here.
	The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

= = = 2013 IPC Athletics World Championships – Men's javelin throw = = =

	The men's javelin throw at the 2013 IPC Athletics World Championships was held at the Stade du Rhône from 20–29 July.

= = = 1976–77 Soviet Cup (ice hockey) = = =

	The 1976–77 Soviet Cup was the 18th edition of the Soviet Cup ice hockey tournament. CSKA Moscow won the cup for the 10th time in their history. The cup was divided into four groups, with the top team in each group advancing to the playoffs.

= = = 1978–79 Soviet Cup (ice hockey) = = =

	The 1978–79 Soviet Cup was the 19th edition of the Soviet Cup ice hockey tournament. CSKA Moscow won the cup for the 11th time in their history. The cup was divided into four groups, with the top team in each group advancing to the playoffs. CSKA Moscow and Dynamo Moscow received byes until the playoff semifinals.

= = = Joutjärvi = = =

	Joutjärvi is a lake in "Möysä", Lahti, Finland. Its greatest depth is 5 meters. There is a paddlingcenter, "Joutjärven melontakeskus".

= = = 2000 Pan American Race Walking Cup = = =

	The 2000 Pan American Race Walking Cup was held in Poza Rica, Veracruz, México. The track of the Cup runs in the Boulevard Adolfo Ruiz Cortínez.
	A detailed report was given by Juan Ramon Pina. The Mexican Athletics Federation used the event as trials for the Olympic Games in Sydney. Therefore, a great number of guest athletes competed out of competition.
	Complete results, medal winners until 2011, and the results for the Mexican athletes were published.
	The participation of 72 athletes (plus 58 guest athletes) from 12 countries is reported. 

= = = 1987–88 Soviet Cup (ice hockey) = = =

	The 1987–88 Soviet Cup was the 20th edition of the Soviet Cup ice hockey tournament. 20 teams participated in the tournament, which was won by CSKA Moscow, who claimed their 12th title. The first games of the tournament took place in September 1986, with the final being held in August 1988.

= = = Settle Rural District = = =

	Settle Rural District was an administrative district in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England. The rural district was named after the town of Settle and included the civil parishes of Bentham, Clapham cum Newby, Malham, Settle, Stainforth, Austwick, Giggleswick, Ingleton and Horton.
	The rural district was disbanded in local government reorganisation in 1974 and transferred to the Craven district of North Yorkshire.

= = = Pikku-Vesijärvi = = =

	Pikku-Vesijärvi is a pond in Lahti, Päijänne Tavastia, Finland. Its greatest depth is 4.5 meters (1998). Around the pond is an arboretum where is even more than 40 tree species. Also, near Pikku-Vesijärvi is Lanu-puisto, a park where is 12 Olavi Lanu's statues made of concrete. The pond has connection to Vesijärvi. Pikku-Vesijärvi is famous place and it is located very near to Lahti's center.

= = = 2013 IPC Athletics World Championships – Women's javelin throw = = =

	The women's javelin throw at the 2013 IPC Athletics World Championships was held at the Stade du Rhône from 20–29 July.

= = = 1969 Oregon State Beavers football team = = =

	The 1969 Oregon State Beavers football team represented Oregon State University during the 1969 NCAA University Division football season. Home games were played on campus in Corvallis at Parker Stadium, with one at Civic Stadium in Portland. Both installed artificial turf prior to the season.
	Under fifth-year head coach Dee Andros, the Beavers were 6–4 overall and 4–3 in the Pacific-8 Conference (Pac-8). In the Civil War game against Oregon in Eugene, the first on artificial turf, OSU won for the sixth consecutive year.

= = = Browning Block = = =

	The Browning Block, a building on the southeast corner of Main and Center Sts. in Paris, Idaho, was built in 1905. The building has included specialty stores and a local bank. It is centrally located; across the intersection, on the northeast corner, is the Bear Lake County Courthouse, also NRHP-listed. The construction of the building greatly changed the surrounding streetscape; the commercial block absorbed a preexisting bank building and made Main Street narrower by . In addition, the building had some of the most lavish architecture in the city, as it featured a classically inspired frieze and decorative marquees.
	The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

= = = 2012 Team Speedway Junior European Championship = = =

	The 2012 Team Speedway Junior European Championship was the fifth UEM Team Speedway Junior European Championship season. The Final will be place on September 8 2012 in Landshut, Germany. Defending Champion are Russia team. The champion title was won by Poland team (48 points) who beat Denmark (41 pts), Ukraine (19 pts) and a Germany (11 pts).

= = = 1988–89 Soviet League Cup = = =

	The 1988–89 Soviet League Cup was the 21st and final edition of the Soviet Cup ice hockey tournament. Unlike previous editions, the 1989 competition was held as a League Cup, with only the 10 best teams from the Soviet Championship League being eligible to participate. Krylya Sovetov Moscow won the cup for the third time in their history. Six teams participated in the preliminary round, with Dynamo Moscow, Krylya Sovetov Moscow, CSKA Moscow, and Khimik Voskresensk receiving byes until the knockout round.

= = = It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia (season 9) = = =

	The ninth season of the American comedy television series "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia" premiered on the new channel FXX on September 4, 2013. The season consists of 10 episodes, and concluded airing on November 6, 2013. The ninth season was released on DVD in region 1 on September 2, 2014.
	On August 6, 2011, FX announced it had picked up the show for a ninth season. It premiered on the new FXX channel and moved timeslots to Wednesday nights.
	On May 14, 2013, Rob McElhenney revealed that "Game of Thrones" series creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss guest-wrote an episode of the ninth season. Charlie Day revealed it would be a "Flowers for Algernon" type of story about "Charlie getting smarter" in a "Limitless" style, and is called "Flowers for Charlie".
	In addition, there is an episode called "The Gang Tries Desperately to Win an Award", which mocks the show's lack of Emmy or other award nominations, a "Lethal Weapon 6" episode follow-up, and a Thanksgiving special, which brings back Gail the Snail, The McPoyles and other enemies of the Gang. An animated sequence (inspired by a Pixar animation) was created for the 100th episode, "The Gang Saves the Day".
	An Aaron Paul cameo was announced, but he was not able to appear due to scheduling conflicts.
	Rob McElhenney revealed at the 2013 San Diego Comic-Con that he had written an episode for this season involving the gang becoming contestants on the game show "Family Feud." While "Family Feud" producers were receptive to the storyline, FX refused to allow the episode to proceed to production.
	The season premiered on September 4, 2013, and contains 10 episodes. The series' landmark 100th episode aired on October 9.
	The first episode of the season premiered with the lowest number of U.S. viewers since it has been tracked for the show. This was primarily due to the new channel, FXX, being unavailable from many television providers. Many Suddenlink Communications franchises, although carrying the channel, have required the subscriber to buy a "Sports Package" in order to receive the network. Nonetheless, FX Network president John Landgraf said that "the numbers last night [...] far exceeded our highest expectations" and that "To have just launched the channel three days ago and get these ratings is thrilling."
<onlyinclude></onlyinclude>

= = = Lev Aronson = = =

	Lev Zacharovitch Aronson (Lew Aronson, Lev Aronoff, Lev Aronov, Lev Arnoff, Lew Arnow, Lew Arnoff-Aramon, Lew Arnoff-Aronson) (February 7, 1912 – November 12, 1988) was an Eastern European-American cellist and cello teacher.
	Lev Aronson was born February 7, 1912, in Mönchengladbach, Germany. Aronson's parents, Zorach and Pessa, along with their first infant son, had moved to Germany in 1911 so Zorach could study tailoring at the Fachhoschule (School of Fashion) in Berlin. Zorach and Pessa's infant son died in 1911. Lev was born a few weeks before his father graduated from the Fachhoschule. About three weeks after Lev's birth, the family returned to their home in Mitava in the Courland region of the Russian Empire (presently Jelgava, Latvia).
	Aronson's sister, Gerda, was born in 1914, the same year Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated and World War I began. The Russian government, fearing that German and Yiddish-speaking Jews might be or become German spies, took action quickly. On April 18, 1915, the Decree of Expulsion was issued by Czarist Russia, and many Jews were forcibly moved to the interior of Russia. The Aronsons and many other Jews were deported on cattle cars to Voronezh, southeast of Moscow.
	Aronson first heard the cello played by a child of a non-Jewish neighbor in Voronezh. Soon after this, a relative on his mother's side, Nikolai Arnoff, who was a professional cellist, came to Voronezh to give a concert and stayed with the Aronson family. He taught Lev how to hold the instrument and the bow. Lev's father bought him a small cello and arranged with a fellow immigrant, Aron Rafaelovitsch Rubinstein, to teach the child his first cello lessons. Lev was seven.
	In 1920, the family was allowed to leave Voronezh, and they chose to move to Riga, Latvia. Lev attended school in Riga and continued to study cello. As a youth, he performed occasionally with the orchestra at silent movies. Aronson studied cello with Paul Berkowitz, a well-known physician and cellist in Riga.
	Upon his graduation from high school at 16, Aronson moved to Berlin to study law. During his first semester he met a doctor who was an amateur cellist. The doctor, after hearing Aronson play, introduced him to Julius Klengel in Leipzig. Aronson began studying cello with Klengel and soon gave up law to focus on music. After a year with Klengel, Lev began his studies with Alfred von Glehn at the Klindworth-Scharwenka Conservatory in Berlin. When von Glehn died, Gregor Piatigorsky took over his class. Piatigorsky was to become Aronson's life-long mentor and friend. Aronson began performing locally with three German friends in the Peters String Quartet in 1931.
	In 1933, Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany. Anti-Jewish violence in Germany and throughout Europe was on the rise. Aronson decided to change his name to Lev Arnoff, which sounded more Russian than Jewish in an attempt to escape attention and continue performing. Aronson found a patroness, Mrs. Daliba Jones, whom he met in Florence through American conductor Vladimir Shavitch, and began to build a successful performing career throughout Europe as a soloist. He won a competition in Russia. He made several recordings for the Bellacord Electro label. In 1937, he became principal cellist for the Philharmonic Orchestra of Libau. During the late 1930s, Aronson also began teaching cello in Riga, awakening a passion for education that would stay with him for the rest of his life.
	German forces invaded and occupied Riga in June 1941. Aronson's cellos were confiscated. Aronson began work as a slave laborer for the Gestapo. The Jews were moved to a ghetto in the so-called Moscow suburb of Riga. Between November 29 and December 8, 1941, thousands of Jews living in the Riga Ghetto were taken to the Rumbula forest, shot, and buried in mass graves. Among them were Aronson's parents.
	Aronson worked at the clothing depot, Ausekla, for much of the period between the German invasion and 1943. In 1943, the Riga-Kaiserwald concentration camp system was formally established. Many Jews already lived and worked at satellite work camps in the region, which were now considered to be part of the Kaiserwald system. The Riga Ghetto was liquidated, moving the Jews from one horrible situation to another. Most Jews from the ghetto or satellite camps passed through Kaiserwald briefly on their way to work assignments within the system. Aronson worked at the Lenta subcamp, and outgrowth of Ausekla.
	In the fall of 1944, the Germans fled Latvia ahead of the Russian advance. Aronson and a number of other Jews from Kaiserwald and its subcamps, including his sister, were deported to the Stutthof concentration camp. Aronson's sister died at Stutthof.
	From Stutthof, Aronson was transferred to Burggraben and worked in the Danzig shipyards. In 1945, the Germans again moved their Jewish prisoners ahead of the Ally advance. Aronson was among one of the many groups of Jews sent on death marches in the early months of 1945. His group made it to Gotentov (near Lauenberg), where they were liberated on March 10, 1945, by the Russians.
	Aronson, along with many other survivors, was sent to a Soviet repatriation camp in Torun, Poland. Aronson managed to escape and made his way with the help of the Jewish underground through Poland and Germany to the American militarized zone, where he spent nearly two years waiting to be allowed to immigrate to the United States. During his flight, Aronson met dancer Nina Bukowska, and the two fell in love and were married in 1947.
	Some of the musicians from the Riga ghetto survived the war in the same camps as Aronson; the tenor Gregor Shelkan was one of them. After the war, Aronson and Shelkan, memorializing those who died in the war, composed several original pieces. A few of these compositions were published in the Displaced Persons camp Schlachtensee in the American zone of Berlin.
	Aronson and Bukowska immigrated to the United States in 1948. He accepted a contract with the Dallas Symphony Orchestra and moved to Texas. Aronson served as assistant principal cellist in the Dallas Symphony for the 1948-1949 season and then as principal until 1967. Aronson taught cello at Baylor University in Waco, Texas, from 1967 until 1980. In 1980, Aronson began teaching at Southern Methodist University. In the 1970s, Aronson collaborated with Croatian cellist and composer, Rudolf Matz, producing the two volume work, The Complete Cellist.
	Bukowska and Aronson moved to Dallas together but later divorced. Aronson married Deane Wright in 1959 and was subsequently divorced. He married Harriet Snodgrass, a fellow cellist and former pupil, in 1979.
	Lev Aronson died in Dallas on November 12, 1988. In 1990, he was posthumously awarded the "Chevalier du violoncello" by the Janzer Foundation.
	Though a talented performer, Lev Aronson is perhaps best-known as an influential teacher of the cello. During his tenure in the Dallas Symphony, he taught several private cello students. After his retirement from the orchestra, he dedicated more time to teaching, privately and at his university appointments. He founded and conducted the Dal-Hi Chamber Players, a group of young musicians who performed in the United States and abroad in the 1970s. He taught and judged at numerous music festivals, workshops, and competitions. He even taught a course for the Southern Methodist University Continuing Education program, which introduced adults to western art music.
	Aronson's students include Lynn Harrell, Ralph Kirshbaum, Kristi Curb, Brian Thornton, John Sharp, Adron Ming, Brook Pearce, James R. Denton, Christopher Adkins, Laurie Arnold, Alicia Randisi-Hooker, Karen Terbeek, Carol Haski, Philip Taggart, Kevin Dvorak, Richard Pope, Jonathan Reimer, Rebecca Young, and Mitch Maxwell.
	Aronson, Lev. 1985. Interview by Robert Beers. Lev Aronson Musical Score Collection, Martha Blakeney Hodges Special Collections and University Archives, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, NC, USA.
	Brent, Frances. 2009. The Lost Cellos of Lev Aronson. New York: Atlas & Co. Publishers.
	Chism, Olin. "The Incredible Story of Lev Aronson," Dallas Times Herald: Sunday Magazine, January 14, 1979.
	Dean, Martin, and Geoffrey P. Megargee, editors. "The United States Holocaust Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933-1945". Volumes I and II. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2012.
	Lesh, Carolyn. "High Profile: Lev Aronson," Dallas Morning News, March 2, 1986.
	Lev Aronson Cello Music Collection, SC009.1. Martha Blakeney Hodges Special Collections and University Archives, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, NC, USA.
	Lev Aronson Collection, RG 2052. YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, NY, USA.
	Lev Aronson Curriculum Vitae, SC009.2. Lev Aronson Personal Papers Collection, Martha Blakeney Hodges Special Collections and University Archives, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, NC, USA.
	Universitat Hamburg. "Lev Aronson," Lexikon verfolgter Musiker und Musikerinnen der NS-Zeit. Accessed May 27, 2013: http://www.lexm.uni-hamburg.de/object/lexm_lexmperson_00000769

= = = World Piano Competition = = =

	The World Piano Competition Inc. is a not-for-profit arts organization based in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States, dedicated to the promotion of classical piano music. The competition is "America’s oldest annual piano competition for both Artists and Young Artists," and has recently hosted its 57th international piano competition. In the 1970s, André Watts and Arthur Rubinstein were associated with what was then known as the American Music Scholarship Association. The current organization was officially founded in 1985 by Gloria Ackerman.
	Both the international Artist Division and regional Young Artist Division competitions are held annually at the University of Cincinnati – College-Conservatory of Music, and winners in both competitions receive cash prizes and recital opportunities in New York City. Finalists in the Artist Division competition perform with the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra.
	24 competitors are heard in Cincinnati following a pre-screening round. Competitors are expected to play a 40-minute recital, and if successful, a 60-minute recital if they are to advance to the final round. Judges for the 57th competition included Ursula Oppens, Frederic Chiu, Stephen Prutsman, Kyung-Sook Lee and Robert Weirich.
	Awadagin Pratt, Associate Professor of Music at the College-Conservatory of Music, took on the role of artistic director in 2012.

= = = Siege of Ctesiphon (629) = = =

	The Siege of Ctesiphon took place on 27 April 629 between the forces of Shahrbaraz and Ardashir III. Shahrbaraz managed to capture Ctesiphon with a small force, revealing to all the weakness of the Sasanian Empire.
	In 602, the last Byzantine-Sasanian war began; it was the most devastating of the series of wars fought between the two empires. In 618, Khosrau II sent Shahrbaraz to conquer Egypt; one year later the Sasanians managed to capture Alexandria, the capital of Byzantine Egypt. After the fall of Alexandria, the Sasanians gradually extended their rule southwards along the Nile. By 621, the province was securely in Sasanian hands.
	Egypt would remain in Sasanian hands for 10 years, run by general Shahrbaraz from Alexandria. As the new Roman emperor, Heraclius, reversed the tide and defeated Khosrau II, Shahrbaraz was ordered to evacuate the province, but refused. In the end, Heraclius, trying both to recover Egypt and to sow disunion amongst the Iranians, offered to help Shahrbaraz seize the Sasanian throne for himself. An agreement was reached, and in the spring of 629, the Sasanian troops began leaving Egypt.
	Luckily for Shahrbaraz, a civil war began in 628 that divided the resources of the Sasanian Empire, and a devastating plague in the western provinces killed half of the population along with Kavadh II, weakening the empire. Shahrbaraz marched towards Ctesiphon with 6,000 men, besieged it and then captured it, betraying the Sasanian nobles and killing many of them, including two notable ones named Ardabīl and Mah-Adhur Gushnasp.
	After capturing Ctesiphon, Shahrbaraz killed Ardashir III and took the throne for himself. However, his reign did not last long, because he was killed by Sasanian nobles after forty days, and two daughters of Khosrau II reigned in succession.

= = = Three Faces East = = =

	Three Faces East may refer to:

= = = Grinda (surname) = = =

	Grinda is a French surname. Notable people with the surname include:

= = = St. Sebastian Goan High School = = =

	St. Sebastian Goan High School is co-ed English medium school in Mumbai.
	St. Sebastian Goan High School which was started in 1925 is a High School recognized by the Maharashtra State Board of Education. It is a Christian School, established and administered by the Roman Catholic Church. The School is under the religious jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Mumbai.
	The School aims primarily at the education of the Catholic Community and to the extent possible of the members of all other communities. The School stands for academic excellence, development of skills and character formation based on the love of God and the service of man as modeled in Jesus Christ, with a view to training citizens distinguished for their all round development and sincere commitment to God and country.
	Alumni include Jeetendra and Rajesh Khanna, both of whom are Bollywood actors, among others.

= = = Ab Bagh-e Bonari = = =

	Ab Bagh-e Bonari (, also Romanized as Āb Bāgh-e Bonārī; also known as Āb Bāgh) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 27, in 8 families.

= = = Leila; or, The Siege of Granada = = =

	Leila; or, The Siege of Granada is a historical romance novel by Edward Bulwer-Lytton published in 1838. 
	The novel is set in Granada, Spain at the end of the Middle Ages — beginning in the summer of 1491. It was originally published in an expensive form, with many engraved illustrations. The preface to the 1860 edition explains that the novel has been less popular than his other works of fiction due to the prejudice against literary works that are thought to owe their value, in part, to the illustrations.
	In "Leila", as the double title suggests, there is a double storyline: the domestic story of the daughter (Leila) and the public story of the nation. Leila's father, Almamen, switches allegiances between Christian and Moor in what eventually becomes the famous Siege of Granada. Almamen attempts to guard his daughter's Jewish heritage by keeping her away from her Moorish lover, Muza. He inadvertently delivers her into the hands of the Christian monarchs, and Leila is subjected to the procedures of conversion by the queen's intermediary, Donna Inez. In the double story line, the conquest of Muslim Granada runs parallel to the conversion of the Jewish Leila. The characters meet at the altar of a convent in which Leila is about to take her vows as a nun, and her father kills her. The domestic plot parallels the Christianization of Spain.

= = = Ab Balut-e Bonari = = =

	Ab Balut-e Bonari (, also Romanized as Āb Balūṭ-e Bonārī) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 34, in 6 families.

= = = Ab Chendar, Charusa = = =

	Ab Chendar (, also Romanized as Āb Chendār; also known as Ābchendār-e ‘Olyā) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 588, in 107 families.

= = = 1971–72 Serie C = = =

	The 1971–72 Serie C was the thirty-fourth edition of Serie C, the third highest league in the Italian football league system.

= = = Li Keqiang index = = =

	Li Keqiang index or Keqiang index () is an economic measurement index created by "The Economist" to measure China's economy using three indicators, as reportedly preferred by Li Keqiang, currently the Premier of the People's Republic of China, as better economic indicator than official numbers of GDP.
	According to a State Department memo (released by WikiLeaks), Li Keqiang (then the Party Committee Secretary of Liaoning) told a US ambassador in 2007 that the GDP figures in Liaoning were unreliable and that he himself used three other indicators: the railway cargo volume, electricity consumption and loans disbursed by banks.
	The "Keqiang index" is also used by Haitong Securities released in 2013, suggesting decelerating China's economic growth since the beginning of 2013.

= = = Bidirectional cell = = =

	Bidirectional cells are a subset of neurons found in mammalian brains in region MT. They are characterised by having a peak response to visual motion in two, opposing, directions. They were discovered in 1984 by Albright et al.

= = = Paris Public School = = =

	The Paris Public School, at Main and 1st Sts., North, in Paris, Idaho, is a historic school that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is a brick building. It was designed by architect Richard C. Watkins in Prairie School style and was built in 1918.
	It is significant partly for reflecting a local fad: the school, the Hotel Paris, the Les and Hazel Shepherd Bungalow, and the LDS Stake Office Building (all also NRHP-listed in Paris), reflect the Prairie style, which is otherwise relatively rare in Idaho. According to a 1980 study, the style's unusual popularity in Paris gives the city a sense of architectural unity. The same study called the Public School the best and most representative example of the Prairie School in the city.
	It was listed on the National Register in 1982.

= = = Douglas Bernheim = = =

	B. Douglas Bernheim is an American professor of Economics, currently the Edward Ames Edmunds Professor of Economics at Stanford University; his previous academic appointments have included an endowed chair in Economics and Business Policy at Princeton University and an endowed chair in Insurance and Risk Management at Northwestern University’s J.L. Kellogg
	Graduate School of Management, Department of Finance. He has published many articles in academic journals, and has received a number of awards recognizing his contributions to the field of economics. He is a Partner with Bates White, LLC an economic consulting firm with offices in Washington, D.C. and San Diego, California.
	Douglas Bernheim studied from 1975 to 1979 at Harvard University, where he received his Bachelor of Arts (AB), summa cum laude. In 1982, he received his PhD in Economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Subsequently, he was an assistant professor (1982–1987) and associate professor (1987–1988) at Stanford University. Bernheim moved to Northwestern University to serve as the Harold J. Hines Jr. Distinguished Professor of Risk Management (1988–1990) and later moved to Princeton University (1990–1994) to serve as the John L. Weinberg Professor of Economics and Business Policy. Since 1994 he has worked again at Stanford University: From 1994 to 2005 as the Lewis and Virginia Eaton Professor and since 2005 as the Edward Ames Edmonds Professor of Economics. Since 1986, he has also conducted research for the National Bureau of Economic Research.
	Bernheim works in the fields of finance, industrial organization, political economy, behavioral economics, and microeconomics.

= = = Şöbiyet = = =

Şöbiyet is a Turkish dessert similar to baklava. It is stuffed with a cream, which is made from milk and semolina, and also nuts (walnut or pistachio). It has a soft but crusty outside and creamy inside.

= = = Pichi Lucas = = =

	Argimiro Pérez García (born 14 March 1959), commonly known as Pichi Lucas, is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a striker, and is a coach.
	He spent most of his career with Celta, for which he appeared in 288 official games and scored 92 goals. His La Liga input consisted of 113 matches and 18 goals over six seasons, also representing in the competition Compostela.
	Lucas subsequently worked as a manager.
	Born in Camponaraya, Castile and León, Lucas' professional career was solely associated to two Galician clubs, RC Celta de Vigo and SD Compostela. After a loan to lowly Córdoba CF, he returned to the former for the 1981–82 season, scoring a career-best 26 goals in 37 games "en route" to a La Liga promotion.
	Lucas made his debut in the Spanish top flight on 5 September 1982, playing the full 90 minutes in a 0–1 away loss against Sevilla FC. He netted his first goal in the competition twenty days later in a 2–2 home draw with RCD Español, but only added another until the end of the campaign and his team was eventually relegated back; during his tenure with Celta, he experienced a further two promotions and relegations.
	In the summer of 1991, after one year in Segunda División B with neighbouring CD Ourense, Lucas signed for Compostela from Segunda División. He contributed with nine goals in 28 matches in his third season, as the club reached the top flight for the first time in its history.
	Lucas retired at the end of the 1994–95 campaign at the age of 36, after helping "Compos" retain their newfound status by scoring four times in only 14 appearances.
	From 1998 to 2000, Lucas acted as interim manager at Compostela, being in charge for eight second level games combined and winning only two. He subsequently worked mainly in lower league football, helping SD Ponferradina reach division two in 2006, a first-ever for the club.
	Lucas was fired on 30 April 2007 after a 3–3 home draw against UD Vecindario (seven rounds remaining), as the side went on to suffer relegation. In the following years he worked in the third tier, with FC Cartagena, Real Oviedo, Celta de Vigo B and FC Jumilla.
	Celta

= = = Asa de Águia = = =

	Asa de Águia is a Brazilian axé band from Salvador. It has been on top of the Brazilian charts since its inception. The band was one of the main acts in the Carnival of Salvador, which according to the "Guinness Book" is the biggest outdoor party in the world. The band has sold more than five million records worldwide.

= = = The Midnight Chase = = =

	The Midnight Chase is the third album by Swedish hard rock band Crucified Barbara. It was first released in Japan and Europe in 2012.
	The album was recorded in the Music-A-Matic Studio in Göteborg, Sweden. It was produced by Chips Kiesby and mixed by Henryk Lipp.

= = = William Meschin = = =

	William Meschin (sometimes William le Meschin; died between 1130 and 1135) was an Anglo-Norman nobleman and baron. The brother of the earl of Chester, Meschin participated in the First Crusade. After returning to England, he acquired lands both from King Henry I of England and by his marriage to an heiress.
	Meschin built Egremont Castle on his lands and with his wife was a benefactor of a couple of religious foundations. He died sometime between 1130 and 1135, with his estates eventually being divided amongst the descendants of his three daughters.
	Meschin was the brother of Ranulf le Meschin, the Earl of Chester. They were the sons of Ranulf de Briquessart, the viscount of the Bessin, and his wife, Matilda, the daughter of Richard le Goz, Viscount of Avranches. The boys were also nephews of Hugh d'Avranches, who was Earl of Chester. There was also an older brother, Richard, who died young, and a sister, who married Robert de Grandmesnil. Meschin went on the First Crusade and was present at the Siege of Nicaea in 1097.
	Meschin was given Gilsland by his brother, in order to protect the approaches to Carlisle. Due to attacks by the Scots, Meschin was unable to hold it. In compensation, King Henry I of England gave him lands around Allerdale in Cumberland, which centred on Egremont. These lands comprised the lordship, or feudal barony of Egremont. Through his wife, he acquired Skipton, and the lordship, or barony of Skipton. Besides these lands, Meschin also was awarded two escheated properties in Leicestershire, some of which had earlier been lands of Roger de Busli. Other properties in Leicestershire were previously held by Durand Malet and William Blund in the "Domesday Book". Meschin also held lands in Lincolnshire and Cheshire from his brother.
	Meschin built the original parts of Egremont Castle at Egremont. It was a motte-and-bailey stone castle on the River Ehen. He and his wife also founded the Augustinian priory of Embsay Priory. Katrina Legg argues that Meschin's main motive for the foundation was to show support for a monastic order that enjoyed the patronage of King Henry I. Against this, Legg feels that Meschin's wife's motives were more probably religious, as she was close to Thurstan, the Archbishop of York. Another religious foundation of Meschin's was St Bees Priory, a daughter house of St Mary's Abbey, York. St Bees was founded around the same time as Embsay, Embsay was founded between 1120 and 1121, and St Bees was founded sometime after 1120.
	Meschin married Cecily, daughter of Robert de Rumily. They had one son, Ranulf Meschin, and three daughters, Alice, Avice, and Matilda. Another son, Matthew, who was the eldest son, died before his parents.
	Meschin died between 1130 and 1135. His widow married Henry de Tracy, and she died around 1151. Skipton went to Alice, who married William fitzDuncan. Alice and her first husband also acquired Egremont, after the death of her brother Ranulf without heirs. After the death of fitzDuncan, Alice married Alexander fitzGerold. Avice married William de Courcy. Avice married as her second husband William Paynel, son of Ralph Paynel, as his second wife. Before 1153 Avice had married as her third husband Walter, the son of Alan de Percy. Matilda married twice – first to Philip de Belmeis and second to Hugh de Mortimer. All three daughters were the eventual co-heirs of their father, after their brother died without offspring between 1135 and 1140. Meschin's lands were divided between their descendants, with parts ending up with the Counts of Aumale, the family of the Courcys, and the last and smallest part to the Mortimer family.

= = = Nokia Lumia 625 = = =

	The Nokia Lumia 625 is a large Windows Phone with a 4.7-inch IPS LCD WVGA (480x800) screen and 4G support. It was presented on July 23, 2013. It can be loaded up with the latest software update for Windows Phone 8.1, as well as Nokia's firmware update 'Denim' (excluding some features). It borrows features from the Nokia Lumia 1520, the Lumia 1020 and the Lumia 925.
	It is set to cost €220 or £200 in Europe. $300–$350 CAD It was released in China, Europe, Asia Pacific, India, Middle East, Africa and Latin America initially, starting September.
	It features:
	It has one of the lowest pixel densities seen in recent smartphones, as it uses the standard Windows Phone 8 resolution (800×480) but using a large display. So the screen will not appear super-sharp.
	The 512 MB RAM according to some reviewers prevents one from playing high-end games and sometimes mar the multi-tasking experience for power users.

= = = Hribar = = =

	Hribar is a Slovene surname. Notable people with the surname include:

= = = Open water swimming at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships – Team = = =

	The team competition of the Open water swimming events at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships was held on 25 July 2013.
	The race was started at 12:00.

= = = List of largest financial services companies by revenue = = =

	The following is a list of the world's largest publicly traded financial services companies, ordered by annual sales for the latest Fiscal Year that ended March 31, 2018 or prior (Currently all public companies with sales of $25 billion or more are included. Privately held companies are not included.

= = = Žygimantas Skučas = = =

Žygimantas Skučas (born March 18, 1992, Kaunas, Lithuania) is a Lithuanian professional basketball player. His main position is power forward. 
	In 2016, he signed with Lietkabelis Panevėžys and debuted in his first European competition EuroCup on October 12 versus KK MZT Skopje by scoring 15 points, grabbing 4 rebounds and helping his team to start the season with a 90–89 victory. The team also qualified into the TOP16 stage and Skučas finished the debut season with solid 9.2 points, 3.9 rebounds and 1.7 assists averages.
	He won four gold medals with Lithuania national teams: Europe U-16 in 2008, Europe U-18 in 2010, World U-19 in 2011 and Europe U-20 in 2012.

= = = STEM Magnet Academy = = =

	STEM Magnet Academy is located in the Near West Side of Chicago, Illinois (1522 West Fillmore Street, Chicago, IL 60607.) STEM Magnet Academy serves grades K-8 with a curriculum that focuses on science, technology, engineering and math (STEM), along with a strong art component. The school is part of the Chicago Public Schools, CPS, system.
	STEM Magnet Academy is a magnet school that serves students from around the city. Applicants are admitted through a computerized lottery. However, those with a sibling who will remain for the next school year are automatically admitted. After siblings are accounted for, 40% of students living within a 1.5-mile radius are offered admission. The remaining seats are distributed among the four socioeconomic tiers. Those not offered a seat are provided with a waitlist number. 
	The school's STEM curriculum is implemented through the use of cutting-edge technology and an integrated, multidisciplinary approach to teaching and learning. In addition to its core science, technology, engineering, and math component, literacy, art, music, and physical education classes are also a strong integral part of the curriculum.
	STEM Magnet Academy occupies the same facility which once housed Jefferson Elementary School. After extensive renovation, the building re-opened its doors in August, 2011. As the first elementary school of its type in Illinois, it aims to provide a blueprint for other future STEM programs in the city of Chicago. 
	The school was also a pioneer in implementing the longer school day, an educational reform initiative launched by Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel. Maria J. McManus is the current principal. STEM Magnet Academy has had problems with high teacher turnover. In summer of 2015, seven of STEM's twenty-three full time teachers, including the science and engineering teachers, resigned.
	STEM's first LSC (Local School Council) was formed in 2014.

= = = Gil Gutierrez = = =

	Gil Gutiérrez (born May 1, 1962 in Oaxaca, Mexico) is a virtuoso Mexican guitarist
	His mother sent him to study sculpture, painting and ceramics at the art academy in Oaxaca. It was there that he heard the sounds of classical music and learned to play cello on a borrowed instrument. He then switched to a guitar which was a gift from his brother, because his family could not afford a cello. At the Benito Juarez Autonomous University in Oaxaca, Gutiérrez studied classical guitar and his musical interests spread to diverse genres including classical, flamenco, son cubano and jazz.
	At age fourteen he began playing classical guitar in restaurants in Oaxaca and caught the attention of German born guitarist Wolfgang “Lobo” Fink of Willie & Lobo. At 17, he teamed up with Fink to play venues in San Miguel de Allende, Mexico. When Fink returned to Germany, Gutiérrez went to Mexico City to study jazz earning money by playing his guitar on city buses. The guitarist has played in South America and Spain with Ana Gabriel, Ricardo Arjona, Francisco Cespedes, and Pedro Guerra. A virtuoso with the nylon string guitar and tres, Gutiérrez has performed at the Kennedy Center, the Mexican Cultural Institute of the Mexican Embassy in Washington D.C. and to a crowd of 10,000 people at Millennium Park, Chicago.Gutierrez is recognized for his unique ability to connect with the audience and channeling a bit of the local energy into each performance.
	Gutiérrez talent was then discovered by Doc Severinsen who heard him play in a restaurant in San Miguel de Allende. Severinsen led the NBC Orchestra for twenty years on Johnny Carson’s Tonight Show. They recorded their first album together in 2007 called En Mi Corazon. Gutierrez is the band leader, founder and musical director of the group the San Miguel 5 and they have performed with symphony orchestras across the United States. Other musicians of the San Miguel 5 include Grammy award winning violinist Charlie Bisharat, Cuban percussionist Jimmy Branly and bass player Kevin Thomas. In 2011 Gil Gutiérrez and Doc Severinsen played at New York City’s Carnegie Hall accompanied by the New York Pops under the direction of conductor Steven Reineke. Gutiérrez has performed as a soloist with the Minnesota Symphony, Florida Symphony and with the Doc Severinsen Big Band Tour in Dallas, Texas. In 2013 he was the featured artist and directed the ensemble at the Calaca Festival honoring Chavela Vargas in San Miguel de Allende. Constantly pushing boundaries as a musical director he brings together new combinations of musicians and musical styles. These include opera, jazz, cantaor flamenco, Cuban and Mexican styles to create performances considered the cultural vanguard. Among his works are performances of his original compositions with the New York Choral Society and scoring of several films including El Cochero, El Alcazar de Chapultepec and Una Causa Noble. Gutiérrez composed and performed the soundtrack for the documentary film Lost and Found in Mexico. In 2013 Gutierrez was featured in the National Geographic Traveler documentary The Granny Diaries. He was a special guest soloist with Arturo Sandoval in the Mexico City Palace of Fine Arts.
	He continues to tour and perform in Canada, Latin America and the United States.
	Gil Gutiérrez lives in the UNESCO World Heritage city of San Miguel de Allende, Mexico.

= = = Bănică = = =

	Bănică is a Romanian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

= = = Shi Deru = = =

	Shi Deru (), born Liu Xiangyang, English name Shawn Liu, is a 31st generation Grandmaster of Shaolin kung fu. He was a close disciple of abbot Shi Suxi, and close Shaolin brother of Shi Deyang. His nickname is "iron leg".
	He received an OMD from the Wushu Traditional Chinese School of Medicine in Anhui province, China, in 1978, and a MS in Exercise Physiology from the University of South Alabama in Mobile, Alabama, in 1991.
	He was born in China during an era of political upheaval, and he experienced extreme deprivation in early childhood, eating worms and maggots just to survive. He was rescued by Shaolin monks, who taught him their martial arts. Although he is technically a Chinese Buddhist monk, he does not consider himself one, instead stating that he is just "an ordinary Shaolin disciple who happened, since childhood, to have been traveling in Chan."
	From 1993–2003 he served as chief referee for U.S. National and International sanshou competitions. Beginning in 1994, he became head coach of the U.S. Wushu-Kungfu Federation National Sanshou Team. Under his coaching, the team won international victories and produced 5 World Champions.
	In 1999 he opened the Liu Shaolin Institute in Mobile, Alabama, where he teaches kung fu, tai chi, qigong, sanshou, and practices Chinese traditional medicine. Since then, the Institute has opened additional campuses in New Orleans and Atlanta. Notable alumni of the Shaolin Institute include Cung Le and Patrick Barry, a UFC fighter who studied sanshou with Shi Deru and traveled with him to the Shaolin Temple three times to train.
	On 1 August 2002, he was unfairly assaulted by townspeople near the Shaolin Temple, who associated him with the appointed abbot Shi Yongxin. He refrained from retaliating, and was beaten and stoned until elderly people in the crowd recognized him as a disciple of the previous abbot and intervened.

= = = Xestospongia = = =

	Xestospongia is a genus of sponges in the family Petrosiidae. It contains the following species:

= = = List of cabinets of Turkey = = =

	This is a list of the Cabinets of the government of Turkey since 1920 (those numbered I to V are leaders predating the declaration of the Republic of Turkey on October 29, 1923). This includes the single-party period of the Republic of Turkey (1925–1945) and the subsequent multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey (1945–present).
	Including the single party period, shortest government in Turkey's history was DYP minority government led by Tansu Çiller, which only lasted 25 days. Longest government in duty was first cabinet of Recep Tayyip Erdogan, which lasted 1629 days. Longest coalition was DSP, ANAP and MHP coalition led by Bülent Ecevit, which lasted 1270 days.
	Excluding single party period, only 3 governments span into full-extend of their time (came with an election, ended with regular time): first Demirel government, first Özal government and second Erdoğan government.

= = = Petrosiidae = = =

	Petrosiidae is a family of sponges containing the following four genera:

= = = Diego Auzqui = = =

	Diego Orlando Auzqui (born October 19, 1989 in Buenos Aires, Argentina) is an Argentine footballer currently playing for San Luis de Quillota of the Primera B Chilena.

= = = Vicesima hereditatium = = =

	The Vicesima hereditatium was a Roman 5% tax on inheritance money.
	No inheritance tax was recorded for the Roman Republic, despite abundant evidence for testamentary law. The "vicesima hereditatium" ("twentieth of inheritance") was levied by Rome's first emperor, Augustus, in the last decade of his reign. The 5% tax applied only to inheritances received through a will, and close relatives were exempt from paying it, including the deceased's grandparents, parents, children, grandchildren, and siblings. The question of whether a spouse was exempt was complicated—from the late Republic on, husbands and wives kept their own property scrupulously separate, since a Roman woman remained part of her birth family and not under the legal control of her husband. Roman social values on marital devotion probably exempted a spouse. Estates below a certain value were also exempt from the tax, according to one source, but other evidence indicates that this was only the case in the early years of Trajan's reign.

= = = Alice Mary Baldwin = = =

	Alice Mary Baldwin (born January 24, 1879, Lewiston, Maine; died 1960) was a historian and educator, noted as the Dean of the Woman's College of Duke University from 1923 until her retirement in 1947.
	Baldwin was born in 1879 in Lewiston, Maine, the eldest of five children of a Congregationist minister. She moved with her family at the age of nine to East Orange, New Jersey, where she was educated in private school before entering Bates College in 1896. After one year, she transferred to Cornell University where she was named to the Phi Beta Kappa honor society and from where she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in history in 1900.
	Baldwin remained at Cornell to receive her master's degree in history in 1902, and then went to Europe on a fellowship to study at the Sorbonne and research in Sweden. (The subject of her master's thesis had been "Gustavus III of Sweden: A Study in Enlightened Despotism.")
	Returning from Europe in late 1903, Baldwin took a series of teaching positions culminating in a position as Instructor of History, and later head of the Department of History, at the Baldwin School in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. While at the Baldwin School, she pursued graduate studies in history at Bryn Mawr College, Columbia University, the University of Pennsylvania, as well as studies in education at the Teachers College of Columbia University.
	In 1921, Baldwin left the Baldwin School to attend the University of Chicago to pursue her doctorate degree.
	In 1923, Baldwin took the job as Acting Dean of Women at Trinity College in Durham, North Carolina (later to become part of Duke University). Seeing little opportunity for a woman in the 1920s to become a full professor at the University of Chicago, Baldwin remained at Trinity to become Dean of Women and Assistant Professor of History. While at Trinity, Baldwin completed her doctoral thesis (on the topic of New England clergy and the American Revolution) in time to receive her PhD from the University of Chicago in 1926.
	Baldwin's responsibilities as dean and as an active teacher (which she believed necessary to remain effective as an administrator) left her no time for research, and she produced no further scholarly historical material after this time. She did, however, maintain active memberships in various women's educational organizations and North Carolina historical organizations. She also encouraged student participation state and national women's organizations as well as the formation of a number of student-led organizations on campus; under her guidance and example, students launched organizations such as a Forum Committee to invite speakers to East Campus, DISTAFF, a monthly magazine edited entirely by women, the Nereidians, a synchronized swimming club, and numerous honorary and leadership societies such as Ivy, Sandals, and the White Duchy, a counterpart to the Order of The Red Friars.
	Baldwin retired from Duke University in 1947.
	As an historian, Baldwin is best remembered for her doctoral dissertation "The New England Clergy and the American Revolution". Her other writings include:
	Baldwin has been held up as an example of the key issues in the intellectual life of women in the early twentieth century. Upon her retirement, she ordered that her papers and notes be sealed for twenty years. Upon their unveiling, it was revealed that Baldwin had struggled bitterly with her role as a female educator and on the education of women in general. She had found little documentation of interest in her research in the lives of women in colonial times, and left unfinished many papers and treatises in which she expressed the disdain she uncovered for the education of women in America.
	Baldwin remains a much-beloved figure at Duke University and is credited with advancing the prestige of the Woman's College at Duke and the education of young women. One of the most prominent buildings on Duke's East Campus, the auditorium anchoring the campus, is named in her honor in recognition of her dedication to the institution.
	Recognizing Baldwin's contributions to the University, Duke has created the Alice Mary Baldwin Collection within their library, wherein all of Baldwin's papers are available for review and research.

= = = Deividas Pukis = = =

	Deividas Pukis (born January 10, 1992, Kaunas, Lithuania) is a Lithuanian professional basketball player whose position is shooting guard. In 2010 he suffered a serious knee injury, which kept him from basketball court for more than a half year.
	He won four gold medals with Lithuania national teams: Europe U-16 in 2008, Europe U-18 in 2010, World U-19 in 2011 and Europe U-20 in 2012. He also was a part of U-18 all-tournament team in 2008.

= = = Yablonovka = = =

	Yablonovka () is the name of several rural localities in Russia:

= = = Spencer Platt (photographer) = = =

	Spencer Platt (born March 16, 1970) is an American photojournalist. He received several awards, including the 2006 World Press Photo of the Year for a photograph of bombed South Beirut at the end of the 2006 Lebanon War.
	He was born in Dylan Darien, Connecticut.
	Since 2001, he has documented conflicts for Getty Images in the Republic of Congo, Afghanistan, Liberia, Iraq, Ukraine and many other countries. In the Lebanon War 2006 he photographed five young Lebanese driving through the rubble of the bombed Beirut in a cabriolete. This image was named World Press Photo of the Year 2006.

= = = List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants = = =

	Below is a list of communes in France (Overseas departments included) with a legal population over 20,000 as of January 2013. All figures reflect INSEE's "sans doubles comptes" counting method (French: "population municipale").
	For the Overseas territories the legal populations sources are:

= = = Nested neutron spectrometer = = =

	The nested neutron spectrometer (NNS) is a tool used for neutron spectroscopy. The NNS is used to measure the energy spectrum of neutrons in a neutron field. This type of detector is used in both research facilities (for characterization of neutron fields) and workplaces, where neutron radiation maybe encountered, for radiation protection purposes. Due to the difficulty associated with the detection of neutrons, the NNS is one of the few pieces of equipment capable of accurately determining the characteristics of a neutron field.
	The NNS operates under the same principle as a Bonner sphere neutron spectrometer. The sensitive part of the spectrometer is the Helium-3 proportional counter, which detects neutrons through the reaction He(n,p)H. This particular reaction has a significant cross-section only at thermal neutron energies. In order for a higher energy neutrons to be detected their energies must be decreased, or "moderated". To slow down neutrons at higher energies the NNS uses different amounts of high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The He-3 proportional counter is surrounded by varying amounts of HDPE to sample various energy regions of the neutron field. The standard NNS has seven HDPE cylinders which are nested together, similar to Russian nesting dolls, to measure neutrons of higher and higher energies.
	Shown below are spectra of two standard calibration sources measured by the NNS. The measured spectra (blue) is compared to the ISO standard spectra (red). Both Measurements were made at the NIST low scatter facility in Washington, DC.

= = = Aerarium militare = = =

	The aerarium militare was the military treasury of Imperial Rome. It was instituted by Augustus, the first Roman emperor, as a "permanent revenue source" for pensions "(praemia)" for veterans of the Imperial Roman army. The treasury derived its funding from new taxes, an inheritance tax and a sales tax, and regularized the ad hoc provisions for veterans that under the Republic often had involved socially disruptive confiscation of property.
	The "praefecti aerarii militaris" (singular "praefectus") were the three prefects who oversaw the treasury.
	The Imperial biographer and historian Suetonius saw the "aerarium militare" as a response to the uncertainty of retired military men in need who might be inclined to support a coup or foment unrest. The professionalizing of the army during the Republic created the new problem of veterans, since earlier in Rome's history male citizens served short-term to confront specific threats or carry out seasonal campaigns, and then returned to their normal occupations. The solution in the late Republic had been to settle veterans in colonies in conquered territory, or on ostensibly public land in Italy that in fact had been used by the aristocracy for personal gain; the redistribution of this land by military commanders such as Marius and Pompeius was resented by the elite as a popularist currying of favor among the lower ranks of society. A state-supported benefit helped redirect the former soldier's loyalty from his immediate commanding officer to the Roman state as a whole. Under Augustus, monetary grants replaced land redistributions, and were better received by the upper classes, who nevertheless complained about new taxes.
	Augustus included the "aerarium militare" among the accomplishments in his "Res Gestae", the commemorative autobiography published posthumously throughout the Empire. In addressing the Senate on the subject, Augustus had stated his intention to provide for military personnel from enlistment through retirement.
	A soldier earned a one-time "praemium" or discharge benefit upon completing his service (sixteen years for the Praetorian Guard, twenty for regular duty in the army). At the end of Augustus's reign, the pension for a Praetorian guard was 20,000 sesterces "(HS)", and that of a legionary 12,000. In the 1st century, a legionary's retirement benefit would have amounted to about 12 years of service pay. The "praemium" remained stable until the time of Caracalla, who increased it to 20,000 "HS" for a legionary and a higher but unrecorded amount for a Praetorian guard.
	When the treasury experienced a shortfall, the emperor might avoid paying pensions by arbitrarily extending the length of military service, in a form of forced retention or "stop-loss policy".
	The "aerarium militare" was part of an Augustan fiscal initiative that was at first greeted with hostility. In 6 AD, Augustus capitalized the pension fund with 170 million sesterces of his own money, along with voluntary contributions from client kings and cities. The amount was insufficient, and after soliciting proposals on revenue enhancement from senators, all of which he rejected, he finally forced through an inheritance tax of 5 percent "(vicesima hereditatium)". Inheritances left to members of the deceased's immediate family were exempted, as were estates below a certain valuation.
	The other source of tax revenue for the military treasury—a sales tax of 1 percent on goods sold at auction "(centesima rerum venalium)"—is less attested.
	The military treasury was located on the Capitoline Hill at the time of Nero, as attested by a military diploma dating to 65 AD. It is unclear whether it was a physical storehouse for coins brought to the capital in payment of taxes, or an office for paper transactions.
	The treasury was administered by three prefects "(praefecti aerarii militaris)", who were former praetors at first chosen by lot for a term of three years. Later they were appointed by the emperor. Their precise duties are unclear, though they were not charged with collecting the taxes. They may have served mainly to provide financial management and security. Each senatorial prefect was assigned two lictors and other staff, but the later imperially-appointed prefects had no lictors. (The lictor was an honorary bodyguard who was part of the civil service of Rome.) The change to appointment by the emperor may have been made as early as the reign of Claudius. The younger Pliny was a prefect of the military treasury appointed by Domitian.

= = = Tahini roll = = =

	A tahini roll or tahini bread roll (, , ) is a sweet bread roll served commonly in the South Caucasus, Cyprus, Greece, and Turkey.

= = = Alex Guerrero (baseball) = = =

	Alexander Guerrero Perez (born November 20, 1986) is a Cuban-born professional baseball left fielder and third baseman who is a free agent. He played for the Los Angeles Dodgers of the Major League Baseball (MLB) and for the Chunichi Dragons and Yomiuri Giants of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). He defected from Cuba in 2013 to pursue a contract in
	MLB. He signed with the Dodgers and made his MLB debut in 2014. He played primarily shortstop in Cuba, but played third base and left field for the Dodgers, who released him in 2016.
	As a member of Cuba's Las Tunas team in the Cuban National Series, Guerrero was named to the 2010–2011 All-Star team as well as playing for the Cuba national baseball team at the 2012 Haarlem Baseball Week and the 2011 World Port Tournament. He was part of the initial roster for the 2013 World Baseball Classic but did not make the final roster and reportedly sat out the regular season because he was upset at his snub.
	He defected from Cuba in 2013 and obtained residency in Haiti. He began training in the Dominican Republic and on September 9, 2013, it was reported that he had been cleared by the U.S. Office of Foreign Assets Control to sign with U.S. teams.
	Guerrero was rumored to be signing with the Los Angeles Dodgers, with early reports putting his deal in the seven-year, $32 million area. However, his initial agents turned out to not be licensed and he switched to Scott Boras, who said the bidding was now wide open. On October 21, 2013, it was reported that Guerrero had reached a new agreement with the Dodgers, that would be worth $28 million over 4 years. The deal included a $10 million signing bonus and allows him to become a free agent after his age 30 season. The Dodgers officially announced his signing on October 22.
	Guerrero made his professional debut with the Gigantes del Cibao in the Dominican Winter League. However, he dealt with hamstring issues and was limited to only 12 games, during which he hit .289.
	Guerrero made the Dodgers' 25-man opening day roster for the 2014 season. He made his MLB debut as a pinch hitter on March 22, 2014 against the Arizona Diamondbacks, but when Diamondbacks manager Kirk Gibson countered by putting in a right-handed pitcher, Dodgers manager Don Mattingly sent in a left-hander to pinch hit for Guerrero. Guerrero had his first official at-bat the next night, and struck out. After the two-game opening series in Sydney, Australia, Guerrero was optioned to the Triple-A Albuquerque Isotopes.
	During a game against the Salt Lake Bees on May 20, 2014, Guerrero was involved in a dugout scuffle with Albuquerque teammate Miguel Olivo in which Olivo bit off a portion of Guerrero's ear. He had to undergo a complicated plastic surgery operation to reattach the ear, necessitating several days in the hospital. In 65 games for the Isotopes, he played 51 games at second base, 9 in left field, 4 at shortstop and 1 at third base. He hit .329 with 15 homers and 49 RBI. The Dodgers recalled him when rosters expanded on September 1. He recorded his first Major League hit with a single to left field off of Erik Cordier of the San Francisco Giants on September 13. He appeared in 13 games with the Dodgers, primarily as a pinch hitter though he did play in left field for a few innings. He had just the one hit in 13 at-bats.
	In spring training, Guerrero made it clear he intended to exercise an unusual clause in his contract that allowed him to refuse an assignment to the minor leagues. As it happened, he hit so well during spring training that he convinced the Dodgers he belonged on the opening day roster, despite concerns about his defense.
	In his first start of the season, Guerrero had three hits in five at-bats. One of the hits was his first MLB home run, hit off of Óliver Pérez of the Arizona Diamondbacks.
	After two weeks, Guerrero was hitting so well that there was clamor for him to become the regular third baseman, as incumbent Juan Uribe was getting off to a slow start. Uribe, however, picked up his production, and Guerrero continued to be used in a utility role, playing at third base and at left field and pinch hitting. Despite not being a regular starter, Guerrero was named Rookie of the Month for April 2015, his first full month in the Major Leagues. He hit .423 with five homers and 13 RBI in only 13 games.
	On June 2, with the Dodgers trailing the Colorado Rockies by three runs and down to their last strike in the top of the 9th inning, Guerrero hit the first grand slam of his career just over the center field wall to drive in what would be the winning run for the Dodgers.
	His production tailed off down the stretch but he wound up playing in 117 games with 11 homers, 36 RBI and a .224 batting average.
	Guerrero injured his knee in spring training in 2016, causing him to begin the season on the disabled list. In a minor league rehab stint across three different levels in May, he played in 16 games and hit .136. When he was ready to rejoin the team, there was no spot available on the active roster so Guerrero was designated for assignment by the Dodgers on May 31, 2016 and removed from the 40-man roster. The Dodgers released Guerrero on June 8.
	On November 26, 2016, Guerrero signed with the Chunichi Dragons of Nippon Professional Baseball. Guerrero broke a Chunichi record for most consecutive games with a homerun after he cleared the fence against the Rakuten Eagles on 3 June 2017. He however fell short of equalling the NPB record of 7 consecutive games with a homerun set by Randy Bass and Sadaharu Oh as he failed to register a hit in the final match of the series against the Eagles on 4 June. Guerrero was selected for the 2017 Central League All-Star team by choice of the manager. The Dragons released Guerrero on December 2.
	On December 17, 2017, Guerrero signed with the Yomiuri Giants of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for a two-year 800 million yen ($USD million) deal.
	On December 2, 2019, he become free agent.

= = = Laguna del Barco = = =

	Laguna del Barco is a glacial lake in the Sierra de Gredos near the town of El Barco de Ávila, in the province of Ávila, Spain.
	The lake is at an altitude of .
	It lies in a long glacial valley on the north side of Covacha, one of three such valleys. 
	Covacha, with a height of is the highest point on the main ridge of the western Sierra de Gredos.
	The exit from the natural lake has been dammed to increase its storage capacity.
	The lake can be reached on foot from the hamlet of La Erilla in a round trip hike of , that should take about five hours.
	Shepherds huts along the route provide shelter.
	The lake is used as a reservoir, and no camping is allowed in the valley.
	The route, which is not difficult, passes through country of great natural beauty.
	Notes
	Citations
	Sources

= = = Highway Superstar = = =

	Alex Karlinsky (known under his stage name Highway Superstar) is an Israeli record producer of synthwave music. Having been raised in the 1980s, Karlinsky says Highway Superstar is his attempt to recreate musical elements from the period, while combining them with modern production techniques and soundscapes. After several internet singles between 2012–2013, a full album was released via the USA/Canadian label Rosso Corsa Records. His track "Careful Shouting" was featured in the 2015 short film "Kung Fury".
	Karlinsky is also active in the Israeli music scene as a session keyboard player, arranger, producer, mixing and mastering engineer.

= = = Amna Ilyas = = =

	Amna Ilyas () is a Pakistani film and television actress, and model. She is the younger sister of models Salma Ilyas and Uzma Ilyas. Amna began her modeling career at the age of seventeen, and a few years later, moved on to acting in 2013. She is known for her leading roles in films such as "Zinda Bhaag" (2013), "Good Morning Karachi" (2014), "Saat Din Mohabbat In" (2018) "Baaji" (2019) and "Ready Steady No" (2019). Ilyas has also starred in a series of television shows including the romantic drama "Tum Mere Paas Raho" (2015).
	Amna began her modeling career at the age of seventeen in 2007. She began to pursue acting in 2013.
	In 2011 and 2012, she was nominated for Model of the Year (Female) at 11th Lux Style Awards and 12th Lux Style Awards and won the Best Dressed Female Award at the 11th Lux Style Awards and Best Female Model at the 14th Lux Style Awards.
	Amna made her film debut with a leading role in the 2013 Meenu Gaur and Farjad Nabi's co-direction crime drama "Zinda Bhaag" alongside Naseeruddin Shah and Khurram Patras. The film proved to be a commercial success and was declared Super Hit by the box-office Pakistan earning her wide recognition and several awards and nominations in the Best Female Debut and Best Actress category (including Lux Style Awards). The following year, she appeared in critically and commercially successful Sabiha Sumar's drama film "Good Morning Karachi". That same year, she featured in an item song "Kaala Doriya" for the Asad ul Haq's romantic comedy "Dekh Magar Pyar Se".
	In 2015, Ilyas had various projects at different stage productions. She acted in Michael Hudson's action crime drama film "Driven", which revolves around the elite class of Pakistan, and almost entirely filmed in a vintage Mercedes W126 S-Class from 1978, with Javed Sheikh. She was also the female lead in the romantic comedy "Gardaab", alongside Fawad Khan.
	In 2018, Amna was slated to star in Saqib Malik’s debut film Baaji. Filming began in the summer of 2018, and it was released the following summer in 2019. The film was considered incredibly bold by audiences and garnered critical praise nationwide. Ilyas played the role of Neha, a middle class girl with big aspirations who suddenly becomes embroiled in the life of a veteran film star played by Meera Jee. The film is set to be an ode to Lollywood, both old and new. 
	In July 2019, her film Ready, Steady, No! debuted in theaters across Pakistan in which she played the lead female. Directed by Hisham
	Bin Munaver, the film held a lot of witty humor and kept audiences in fits of laughter. The plot revolves around two star crossed lovers who decide to elope after being told they can’t marry one another. Ilyas’s character Raziya, was praised for her playful expressions and stunts. 

= = = Animation Domination High-Def = = =

	Animation Domination High-Def (also called Animation Domination HD, Fox ADHD, and ADHD) is a late-night programming block broadcast by Fox. Originally premiering on July 21, 2013 as a spin-off of the Fox network's Sunday-night "Animation Domination" block, the block originally focused on new, original adult animation series—similarly in style to Adult Swim. The ninety-minute block and its content were primarily produced by Friends Night, a studio headed by Adult Swim alumni Nick Weidenfeld, Hend Baghdady, and creative director Ben Jones (who also created "The Problem Solverz" for Cartoon Network)—including its programs, along with interstitials and other content featured during its programming.
	In April 2014, it was reported that Fox planned to discontinue the ADHD block on television that June, citing an inability to reach the correct demographics among viewers; however, ADHD's digital outlets, which feature additional content such as online shorts, continue to operate. The block's last airings on Fox consisted only of reruns.
	In January 2015, a new block under the "Animation Domination" name premiered on FXX. The new block featured first-run episodes of ADHD programs as well as some shows exclusive to it.
	On January 8, 2013, Fox announced that it would launch a spin-off adult animation block – similar in format to Adult Swim – called Animation Domination High-Def. The block (alternately known as ADHD) ran Saturday late nights, originally airing for 90 minutes from 11:00 p.m. to 12:30 a.m. local time in most markets – later reduced to 11:00 p.m. to 12:00 a.m. on September 7, 2013 with the 12:00 a.m. half-hour being given back to its owned-and-operated stations and affiliates to carry other programming – with some affiliates delaying the block by 30 minutes to an hour to run late evening newscasts. Overruns of Fox Sports broadcasts caused further delays on many evenings.
	Animation Domination High-Def was created to fill the first-run programming hole in Fox's Saturday late night schedule left by the 2010 cancellations of "The Wanda Sykes Show" (a short-lived satirical talk show that replaced "MADtv" the year prior) and "Talkshow with Spike Feresten", with the 90-minute block being filled thereafter by reruns of the network's primetime series. Fox Entertainment Group's president at the time, Kevin Reilly, announced the block would feature alternative programming, highlighting short films and extended film trailers in between the episodes. Nick Weidenfeld, former development head at Adult Swim, was tapped to oversee the block. The block uses various animated bumpers that were produced each week (in comparison to Adult Swim) with a new "Week In Review" piece that aired each Saturday.
	Weidenfeld stated in an interview with "The New York Times" that Animation Domination High-Def would celebrate "the paramount importance of youth and love and friendship and hanging out and being awesome – not ironically awesome, just awesome." His intent was for the block to offer viewers new content with a significant lack of cynicism, which he believed contrasts his former employer (Williams Street, programmer of Adult Swim), which he stated is "not an optimistic channel." Despite this, Weidenfeld allowed Cartoon Network/Adult Swim owner Turner Broadcasting System to purchase commercial time during the premiere night of ADHD (one ad aired at 11:30 p.m. with a Talking Heads reference stating that Adult Swim was first in the format, and the last ad aired at midnight congratulating the crew before the start of a rerun of "The Cleveland Show"). Weidenfeld responded: "We love Adult Swim and we’re happy to receive both their attention and their ad dollars!" Fox executives were not made aware of the local ad buys, which was done without their knowledge.
	All content within the block – the animation for the programs themselves, bumpers and interstitial short films (some of which feature parodies of different characters) – were produced by Friends Night Studios at its offices on Sunset Boulevard in Los Angeles. Along with the short seasons offered for production approval (six to twelve episodes a year) and Fox's ownership of all content in the process, this setup was designed to reduce total costs and significantly shorten the turnaround time for most shows. In addition to the Fox lineup, ADHD's programming is also available for streaming on a dedicated website (FOXADHD.com) and mobile app as well as through Hulu. All of the programs in the lineup were generally shown without commercial interruption, and with few exceptions, aired without editing. The "High School USA!" episode "Best Friends Forever" was released briefly on Hulu and not broadcast on Fox due to content issues with the network's standards and practices department.
	On April 17, 2014, "Broadcasting & Cable" reported that Fox would discontinue Animation Domination High-Def after the June 28, 2014 broadcast of the block, citing an inability to reach the correct demographics during its Saturday late night timeslot—particularly as a result of overrunning college football games. Through the digital platform, Fox planned to reposition ADHD as an "incubator" for new series that could premiere on its Sunday primetime lineup—with plans for Friends Night to produce two half-hour series to debut in June 2015.
	The block itself continued to air on some Fox stations until March 5, 2016, albeit consisting solely of reruns of programs from ADHD and Fox's Sunday lineup. A series created by Ben Jones, entitled "Stone Quackers", premiered on FXX on October 27 as part of a special preview.
	In 2015, Fox began to shift the original series it had produced through ADHD to its cable networks. On December 17, 2014, it was announced that they would encompass a new late-night block on FXX beginning on January 22, 2015, also branded as "Animation Domination", with new episodes of "Axe Cop", "Lucas Bros. Moving Co" and "Stone Quackers" joined by reruns of other ADHD series and shorts. To promote the new block, previews of the two series were aired at midnight ET on January 1, 2015 as a lead-out for a marathon of "The Simpsons", while new episodes of the two series aired following the premiere of the sixth season of "Archer" on FX on January 8, 2015.
	FX Networks' Chuck Saftler viewed the additions as a complement to their existing animated series, explaining that "based on the successful launch of "The Simpsons" on FXX, this is the perfect time to expand our animation offerings and make FXX the after hours destination for animated shorts and series." Reruns of these new episodes can still potentially air on Fox. The FXX adaptation of this block includes an "Everything That Happened This Week" recap that appears in between the first two shows. That recap was discontinued in 2016.

= = = A10 motorway (Romania) = = =

	The A10 motorway (), also known as the Sebeș–Turda Motorway (), is a partially built motorway in the central-western part of Romania, that when completed will connect the A1 and the A3 motorways, between the cities of Sebeș and Turda, also providing access to Alba Iulia and Aiud. It is planned to be 70 km long, with a total cost of 420 million euro, which is financed in proportion of 85% from the European Union funds, the rest of 15% being insured from the state budget. The motorway is divided into four lots: works for lots 3 and 4 began on 20 May 2014, whereas for the other two lots began in 2015. Since 30 July 2018, it is operational on lots 3 and 4, from Aiud to Turda (28.9 km).
	The construction is split into the following four segments, the contracts for which have been awarded in December 2013:

= = = Resilience (engineering and construction) = = =

	In the fields of engineering and construction, resilience is the ability to absorb or avoid damage without suffering complete failure and is an objective of design, maintenance and restoration for buildings and infrastructure, as well as communities. A more comprehensive definition is that it is the ability to respond, absorb, and adapt to, as well as recover in a disruptive event. A resilient structure/system/community is expected to be able to resist to an extreme event with minimal damages and functionality disruptions during the event; after the event, it should be able to rapidly recovery its functionality similar to or even better than the pre-event level. 
	The concept of resilience originated from ecology and then gradually applied to other fields. It is related to that of vulnerability. Both terms are specific to the event perturbation, meaning that a system/infrastructure/community may be more vulnerable or less resilient to one event than another one. However, they are not the same. One obvious difference is that vulnerability focuses on the evaluation of system susceptibility in the pre-event phase; resilience emphasizes the dynamic features in the pre-event, during-event, and post-event phases.
	Resilience is a multi-facet property, covering four dimensions: technical, organization, social and economic. Therefore, using one metric may not be representative to describe and quantify resilience. In engineering, resilience is characterized by four Rs: robustness, redundancy, resourcefulness, and rapidity. Current research studies have developed various ways to quantify resilience from multiple aspects, such as functionality- and socioeconomic- related aspects.
	The first influential quantitative resilience metric based on the functionality recovery curve was proposed by Bruneau et al., where resilience is quantified as the resilience loss as follows. 
	formula_1 
	where formula_2 is the functionality at time formula_3; formula_4 is the time when the event strikes; formula_5 is the time when the functionality full recovers. 
	The resilience loss is a metric of only positive value. It has the advantage of being easily generalized to different structures, infrastructures, and communities. This definition assumes that the functionality is 100% pre-event and will eventually be recovered to a full functionality of 100%. This may not be true in practice. A system may be partially functional when a hurricane strikes and may not be fully recovered due to uneconomic cost-benefit ratio. 
	Resilience index is a normalized metric between 0 and 1, computed from the functionality recovery curve. 
	formula_6 
	where formula_2 is the functionality at time formula_3; formula_4 is the time when the event strikes; formula_10 is the time horizon of interest.
	Thomas Tredgold was the introduced the concept of resilience in 1818 in England. The term was used to describe a property in the strength of timber, as beams were bent and deformed to support heavy load. Tredgold found the timber durable and did not burn readily, despite being planted in bad soil conditions and exposed climates. Resilience was then refined by Mallett in 1856 in relation to the capacity of specific materials to withstand specific disturbances. These definitions can be used in engineering resilience due to the application of a single material that has a stable equilibrium regime rather than the complex adaptive stability of larger systems.
	In his paper "Resilience and Stability of Ecological systems" (1973), C.S. Holling first explored the topic of resilience through its application to the field of ecology. Ecological resilience was defined as a "measure of the persistence of systems and of their ability to absorb change and disturbance and still maintain the same relationships between state variables." Holling found that such a framework can be applied to other forms of resilience. The application to ecosystems was later used to draw into other manners of human, cultural and social applications. The random events described by Holling are not only climatic, but instability to neutral systems can occur through the impact of fires, the changes in forest community or the process of fishing. Stability, on the other hand, is the ability of a system to return to an equilibrium state after a temporary disturbance. Multiple state systems rather than objects should b studied as the world is a heterogeneous space with various biological, physical and chemical characteristics.

= = = Kenneth Reid (legal scholar) = = =

	Kenneth G C Reid CBE, FBA, FRSE, WS, (born 1954) is a legal scholar and former law commissioner who holds the Chair of Scots Law at the University of Edinburgh School of Law.
	Kenneth Reid was educated at the independent Loretto School and St John's College, Cambridge where he studied history, then later at the University of Edinburgh where he studied law. It is here where he first met George Gretton, with whom he would collaborate with extensively during his academic career.
	After working as a solicitor, he became a lecturer in law at the University of Edinburgh in 1980 where he was subsequently appointed to the Chair of Property Law in 1994 and then the Chair of Scots Law in 2008.
	Reid's seminal work is his "The Law of Property in Scotland" published in "The Stair Memorial Encyclopaedia" volume 18 in 1993 and as a book in 1996. He has published widely on property law, as well as on trusts and succession. He has edited several books with Professor Reinhard Zimmermann, including a volume on the history of Scottish private law, a volume comparing Scottish and South African private law and several volumes on aspects of comparative succession law.
	In 1995, he was appointed to the Scottish Law Commission as Commissioner to direct major reforms in property law. He served as a Commissioner until 2005 and was responsible for the reports which resulted in the Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000, the Title Conditions (Scotland) Act 2003 and the Tenements (Scotland) Act 2004. In addition he authored the discussion papers which led ultimately to the Land Registration etc. (Scotland) Act 2012. He was appointed CBE for his law reform work. In 2015 he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Cape Town.

= = = Ab Chendar, Landeh = = =

	Ab Chendar (, also Romanized as Āb Chendār; also known as Ābchenār) is a village in Olya Tayeb Rural District, in the Central District of Landeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 31, in 7 families.

= = = Ab Nuk = = =

	Ab Nuk (, also Romanized as Āb Nūk; also known as Ābnūk) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 191, in 34 families.

= = = Miguel Augusto Rodríguez = = =

	Miguel Augusto Rodríguez Garrido is a Venezuelan actor and model born in Caracas on 20 October 1977. He has appeared in several telenovelas for RCTV and Venevisión.
	He began his career modelling for a famous agency in Caracas. His acting career began when he went for a casting call conducted by RCTV. He was then given a scholarship to study acting at Luz Columba RCTV's acting school. He studied under acting professor Ospino, and this is the time he discovered his passion for acting.
	His first acting role was in the telenovela "La mujer de Judas" in 2003. He has also acted in telenovelas in the United States such as "Sacrificio de Mujer" for Venevisión International and "Aurora" and "La Casa de al Lado" for Telemundo.
	In 2012, he returned to Venezuela to play the role of Eulogio Parra in the telenovela "Válgame Dios".

= = = Pousa, son of Sólyom = = =

	Pousa, son of Sólyom (; died 31 March 1241) was a Hungarian nobleman, who served as voivode of Transylvania twice, in 1227 and 1235 to 1241.
	Pousa served as ispán ("comes") of Vas County in 1225. During the reign of Andrew II, he was a faithful supporter of crown prince Béla, who held the title of Duke of Transylvania after 1226, following the agreement between the king and his son after a series of conflicts for the throne. Sometime Duke Béla acted independently of his father, as it is demonstrated by his grant of tax exemption to Transylvanian knights in 1231 and by his donation of lands situated in Wallachia in 1233. Pousa served as master of the treasury ("camerarius") for Béla in 1225.
	He was appointed voivode of Transylvania in 1227. According to László Markó, he held the office between 1226 and 1229, however existing charters only prove the term of voivodeship in 1227. He served as master of the horse for duke Béla between 1229 and 1233.
	When Béla ascended the throne in 1235, Pousa was appointed voivode of Transylvania for the second time. In 1241, Transylvania suffered during the Mongol invasion of Europe. Güyük Khan invaded the province from the Oituz Pass in March. Voivode Pousa fought them with his royal army near Burzenland (), where he fell in battle on 31 March 1241. The Mongols continued their campaign toward the interior of the Kingdom of Hungary.

= = = AVX-512 = = =

	AVX-512 are 512-bit extensions to the 256-bit Advanced Vector Extensions SIMD instructions for x86 instruction set architecture (ISA) proposed by Intel in July 2013, and implemented in Intel's Xeon Phi x200 (Knights Landing) and Skylake-X CPUs; this includes the Core-X series (excluding the Core i5-7640X and Core i7-7740X), as well as the new Xeon Scalable Processor Family and Xeon D-2100 Embedded Series.
	AVX-512 is not the first 512-bit SIMD instruction set that Intel has introduced in processors: the earlier 512-bit SIMD instructions used in the first generation Xeon Phi coprocessors, derived from Intel's Larrabee project, are similar but not binary compatible and only partially source compatible.
	AVX-512 consists of multiple extensions that may be implemented independently. This policy is a departure from the historical requirement of implementing the entire instruction block. Only the core extension AVX-512F (AVX-512 Foundation) is required by all AVX-512 implementations.
	The AVX-512 instruction set consists of several separate sets each having their own unique CPUID feature bit; however, they are typically grouped by the processor generation that implements them.
	The VEX prefix used by AVX and AVX2, while flexible, did not leave enough room for the features Intel wanted to add to AVX-512. This has led them to define a new prefix called EVEX.
	Compared to VEX, EVEX adds the following benefits:
	The extended registers, SIMD width bit, and opmask registers of AVX-512 are mandatory and all require support from the OS.
	The AVX-512 instructions are designed to mix with 128/256-bit AVX/AVX2 instructions without a performance penalty. However, AVX-512VL extensions allows the use of AVX-512 instructions on 128/256-bit registers XMM/YMM, so most SSE and AVX/AVX2 instructions have new AVX-512 versions encoded with the EVEX prefix which allow access to new features such as opmask and additional registers. Unlike AVX-256, the new instructions do not have new mnemonics but share namespace with AVX, making the distinction between VEX and EVEX encoded versions of an instruction ambiguous in the source code. Since AVX-512F only works on 32- and 64-bit values, SSE and AVX/AVX2 instructions that operate on bytes or words are available only with the AVX-512BW extension (Byte & Word support).
	The width of the SIMD register file is increased from 256 bits to 512 bits, and expanded from 16 to a total of 32 registers ZMM0-ZMM31. These registers can be addressed as 256 bit YMM registers from AVX extensions and 128-bit XMM registers from Streaming SIMD Extensions, and legacy AVX and SSE instructions can be extended to operate on the 16 additional registers XMM16-XMM31 and YMM16-YMM31 when using EVEX encoded form.
	Most AVX-512 instructions may indicate one of 8 opmask registers (k0–k7). For instructions which use a mask register as an opmask, register `k0` is special: a hardcoded constant used to indicate unmasked operations. For other operations, such as those that write to an opmask register or perform arithmetic or logical operations, `k0` is a functioning, valid register. In most instructions, the opmask is used to control which values are written to the destination. A flag controls the opmask behavior, which can either be "zero", which zeros everything not selected by the mask, or "merge", which leaves everything not selected untouched. The merge behavior is identical to the blend instructions.
	The opmask registers are normally 16 bits wide, but can be up to 64 bits with the AVX-512BW extension. How many of the bits are actually used, though, depends on the vector type of the instructions masked. For the 32-bit single float or double words, 16 bits are used to mask the 16 elements in a 512-bit register. For double float and quad words, at most 8 mask bits are used.
	The opmask register is the reason why several bitwise instructions which naturally have no element widths had them added in AVX-512. For instance, bitwise AND, OR or 128-bit shuffle now exist in both double-word and quad-word variants with the only difference being in the final masking.
	The opmask registers have a new mini extension of instructions operating directly on them. Unlike the rest of the AVX-512 instructions, these instructions are all VEX encoded. The initial opmask instructions are all 16-bit (Word) versions. With AVX-512DQ 8-bit (Byte) versions were added to better match the needs of masking 8 64-bit values, and with AVX-512BW 32-bit (Double) and 64-bit (Quad) versions were added so they can mask up to 64 8-bit values. The instructions KORTEST and KTEST can be used to set the x86 flags based on mask registers, so that they may be used together with non-SIMD x86 branch and conditional instructions.
	Many AVX-512 instructions are simply EVEX versions of old SSE or AVX instructions. There are, however, several new instructions, and old instructions that have been replaced with new AVX-512 versions. The new or majorly reworked instructions are listed below. These "foundation" instructions also include the extensions from AVX-512VL and AVX-512BW since those extensions merely add new versions of these instructions instead of new instructions.
	There are no EVEX-prefixed versions of the blend instructions from SSE4; instead, AVX-512 has a new set of blending instructions using mask registers as selectors. Together with the general compare into mask instructions below, these may be used to implement generic ternary operations or cmov, similar to XOP's VPCMOV.
	Since blending is an integral part of the EVEX encoding, these instruction may also be considered basic move instructions. Using the zeroing blend mode, they can also be used as masking instructions.
	AVX-512F has four new compare instructions. Like their XOP counterparts they use the immediate field to select between 8 different comparisons. Unlike their XOP inspiration, however, they save the result to a mask register and initially only support doubleword and quadword comparisons. The AVX-512BW extension provides the byte and word versions. Note that two mask registers may be specified for the instructions, one to write to and one to declare regular masking.
	The final way to set masks is using Logical Set Mask. These instructions perform either AND or NAND, and then set the destination opmask based on the result values being zero or non-zero. Note that like the comparison instructions, these take two opmask registers, one as destination and one a regular opmask.
	The compress and expand instructions match the APL operations of the same name. They use the opmask in a slightly different way from other AVX-512 instructions. Compress only saves the values marked in the mask, but saves them compacted by skipping and not reserving space for unmarked values. Expand operates in the opposite way, by loading as many values as indicated in the mask and then spreading them to the selected positions.
	A new set of permute instructions have been added for full two input permutations. They all take three arguments, two source registers and one index; the result is output by either overwriting the first source register or the index register. AVX-512BW extends the instructions to also include 16-bit (word) versions, and the AVX-512_VBMI extension defines the byte versions of the instructions.
	Two new instructions added can logically implement all possible bitwise operations between three inputs. They take three registers as input and an 8-bit immediate field. Each bit in the output is generated using a lookup of the three corresponding bits in the inputs to select one of the 8 positions in the 8-bit immediate. Since only 8 combinations are possible using three bits, this allow all possible 3 input bitwise operations to be performed.
	These are the only bitwise vector instructions in AVX-512F; EVEX versions of the two source SSE and AVX bitwise vector instructions AND, ANDN, OR and XOR were added in AVX-512DQ.
	The difference in the doubleword and quadword versions is only the application of the opmask.
	Truth table:
	A number of conversion or move instructions were added; these complete the set of conversion instructions available from SSE2.
	Among the unique new features in AVX-512F are instructions to decompose floating-point values and handle special floating-point values. Since these methods are completely new, they also exist in scalar versions.
	This is the second set of new floating-point methods, which includes new scaling and approximate calculation of reciprocal, and reciprocal of square root. The approximate reciprocal instructions guarantee to have at most a relative error of 2.
	The instructions in AVX-512 conflict detection (AVX-512CD) are designed to help efficiently calculate conflict-free subsets of elements in loops that normally could not be safely vectorized.
	AVX-512 exponential and reciprocal instructions contain more accurate approximate reciprocal instructions than those in the AVX-512 foundation; relative error is at most 2. They also contain two new exponential functions that have a relative error of at most 2.
	AVX-512 prefetch instructions contain new prefetch operations for the new scatter and gather functionality introduced in AVX2 and AVX-512. codice_1 prefetch means prefetching into level 1 cache and codice_2 means prefetching into level 2 cache.
	AVX-512DQ adds new doubleword and quadword instructions. AVX-512BW adds byte and words versions of the same instructions, and adds byte and word version of doubleword/quadword instructions in AVX-512F. A few instructions which get only word forms with AVX-512BW acquire byte forms with the AVX-512_VBMI extension (codice_3, codice_4, codice_5, codice_6).
	Two new instructions were added to the mask instructions set: codice_7 and codice_8 (B and W forms with AVX-512DQ, D and Q with AVX-512BW). The rest of mask instructions, which had only word forms, got byte forms with AVX-512DQ and doubleword/quadword forms with AVX-512BW. codice_9 was extended to codice_10 and codice_11 by AVX-512BW.
	Among the instructions added by AVX-512DQ are several SSE, AVX instruction that didn't get AVX-512 versions with AVX-512F, among those are all the two input bitwise instructions and extract/insert integer instructions.
	Instructions that are completely new are covered below.
	Three new floating point operations are introduced. Since they are not only new to AVX-512 they have both packed/SIMD and scalar versions.
	The codice_12 instructions tests if the floating point value is one of eight special floating-point values, which of the eight values will trigger a bit in the output mask register is controlled by the immediate field. The codice_13 instructions perform minimum or maximum operations depending on the value of the immediate field, which can also control if the operation is done absolute or not and separately how the sign is handled. The codice_14 instructions operate on a single source, and subtract from that the integer part of the source value plus a number of bits specified in the immediate field of its fraction.
	Extend VPCOMPRESS and VPEXPAND with byte and word variants. Shift instructions are new.
	Vector Neural Network Instructions.
	EVEX-encoded Galois field new instructions:
	VPCLMULQDQ with AVX-512F adds EVEX-encoded 512-bit version of PCLMULQDQ instruction. With AVX-512VL, it adds EVEX-encoded 256- and 128-bit versions. VPCLMULQDQ alone (that is, on non-AVX512 CPUs) adds only VEX-encoded 256-bit version. (Availability of the VEX-encoded 128-bit version is indicated by different CPUID bits: PCLMULQDQ and AVX.) The wider than 128-bit variations of the instruction perform the same operation on each 128-bit portion of input registers, but they do not extend it to select quadwords from different 128-bit fields (the meaning of imm8 operand is the same: either low or high quadword of the 128-bit field is selected).
	EVEX-encoded AES instructions. The wider than 128-bit variations of the instruction perform the same operation on each 128-bit portion of input registers.
	AI acceleration instructions operating on the Bfloat16 format.
	Intel "Vectorization" Advisor (starting from version 2016 Update 3) supports native AVX-512 performance and vector code quality analysis for 2nd generation Intel Xeon Phi (codenamed Knights Landing) processor. Along with traditional hotspots profile, Advisor Recommendations and "seamless" integration of Intel Compiler vectorization diagnostics, Advisor Survey analysis also provides AVX-512 ISA metrics and new AVX-512-specific "traits", e.g. Scatter, Compress/Expand, mask utilization.

= = = Estefanía Banini = = =

	Estefanía Romina Banini Ruiz (born 21 June 1990) is an Argentine footballer who plays as a forward on loan for Spanish club Levante UD. She also plays for the Washington Spirit in the NWSL and the Argentina women's national team.
	Banini has previously spent four seasons with Colo-Colo of the Chilean women's football championship, two seasons with the Spirit, and a season with Valencia. Banini is a member of the Argentine women's national team. She is often referred to as the female equivalent of male football star Lionel Messi and the Marta of Argentina.
	Banini played for Colo-Colo in Chile from 2011 to 2014. In December 2014, she captained the team to win its ninth consecutive national title after scoring twice and defeating Santiago Morning 3–1.
	In January 2015, it was announced that Banini had signed with the Washington Spirit for the third season of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL). Of her signing, Spirit head coach Mark Parsons said, "Estefania is an exceptional talent and I do not think there is a player like her in the league. She is going to give the team a very different dynamic and provide us with real quality in the final third." She played and started in the first four games of the 2015 season before sustaining an injury which sidelined her for the rest of the year. Banini came back strong midway through the 2016 season, scoring five goals in a seven-game period before sustaining another injury. The Argentine was awarded the Spirit 2016 Golden Boot award, NWSL Goal of the Week for Week 13, NWSL Player of the Week for Week 13, and NWSL Player of the Month for July.
	In October 2016 Banini transferred to Spain's Primera División club Valencia CF Femenino.
	Banini re-signed with the Washington Spirit on 19 June 2017. she appeared in 9 games in 2017, and scored 1 goal. In 2018 Banini only appeared in 12 games for the Spirit as she missed time due to the 2018 Copa América and missed the last seven games of the season due to a knee injury.
	On 4 December 2018 Banini re-signed with the Spirit for the 2019 NWSL season.
	On 17 October 2018 Banini joined Levante in the Spanish Primera División.
	Banini has played for the Argentina women's national football team since 2010. In September 2014, she scored a penalty kick in a match against Brazil helping Argentina win 2–0 during the Copa América Femenina tournament. Banini scored three goals at the 2018 Copa América Femenina.
	"Scores and results list Argentina's goal tally first"
	Individual
	Team

= = = Freddy Ngoza = = =

	Thato Frederick Ntandyenkosi Ngoza (born 20 October 1991 in Piet Retief) is a South African rugby union player who last played for the in the Currie Cup and the Rugby Challenge. His regular position is as a loose-forward or a lock.
	He represented the at the 2008 Under–18 Academy Week and the 2009 Under–18 Craven Week tournaments. He then joined the Griffons and played for the team in the 2010 Under-19 Provincial Championship tournament.
	He was included in the side for the 2011 Vodacom Cup competition and made his debut when he started in a 60–0 defeat to . He also featured the following match against the .
	He played for the side in the 2011 Under-21 Provincial Championship and 2012 Under-21 Provincial Championship competitions. In 2013, he was included in the Vodacom Cup side and made two substitute appearances, also scoring a last-minute try in their match against the 
	He was included in their squad for the 2013 Currie Cup Premier Division, but actually made his Currie Cup debut during a loan spell at former side , coming on as a substitute against the .
	Ngoza signed a deal with Pretoria-based side the for the 2016 and 2017 seasons.
	Ngoza also played Varsity Cup rugby for , representing them in the 2011, 2012 and 2013 seasons.

= = = Ab Darreh-ye Mushemi = = =

	Ab Darreh-e Mushemi (, also Romanized as Āb Darreh-e Mūshemī; also known as Āb Darreh) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.

= = = LEROS = = =

	LEROS is a family of chemical rocket engines manufactured by Nammo at Westcott, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom. LEROS engines have been used as primary apogee engines for telecommunications satellites such as the Lockheed Martin A2100 as well as deep space missions such as "Juno".
	The family of engines derives from the LEROS 1 which was developed and qualified in the 1990s by Royal Ordnance. The in-space propulsion business was acquired by British Aerospace, then had a sequence of owners including American Pacific Corporation, Moog (from 2012) and Nammo (2017). The LEROS engines are made of niobium alloy, which is traditionally used for liquid rocket engines such as the attitude control thrusters of the Apollo Lunar Module. As of 2011, more than 70 LEROS 1 series engines had been flown successfully.
	LEROS engines have been used on a number of NASA and other space agency missions:
	There have been helium check valve problems on "Juno" leading to postponed maneuvers, and a failure after the first burn on Intelsat 33e requiring backup low-thrust jets to be used to bring the satellite to its intended orbit.

= = = Ab Darreh, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad = = =

	Ab Darreh (, also Romanized as Āb Darreh) is a village in Tayebi-ye Garmsiri-ye Shomali Rural District, in the Central District of Landeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 27, in 4 families.

= = = Churchill County Courthouse = = =

	The Churchill County Courthouse, at 10 Williams St. in Fallon, Nevada, was built in 1903. It was designed by Reno, Nevada, architect Ben Leon in Classical Revival style, including a monumental portico with two pairs of columns having Ionic capitals. It served as the county courthouse until 1973 and then was used for offices.
	It is significant as "one of the most substantial buildings in Churchill County" and as one of only two surviving frame courthouses in Nevada.
	It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

= = = Edrag = = =

	Edrag (; also known as Edraj) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 294, in 64 families.

= = = Almur = = =

	Almur (, also Romanized as Almūr; also known as Almūd) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 295, in 64 families.

= = = Anjireh, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad = = =

	Anjireh (, also Romanized as Anjīreh; also known as Mazra‘eh-ye Anjīr) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 244, in 47 families.

= = = Cotton Factory = = =

	Cotton Factory is an historic industrial complex formerly known as The Imperial Cotton Company Limited in the industrial north end of Hamilton, Canada. The complex has been renamed the Cotton Factory and is repurposed for small manufacturing and office space for creative professionals.
	The five buildings on the site were built in 1900 and stand today in their original structures. It is one of the few historic complexes built in the late 19th to early 20th century that remain today in Hamilton, Ontario.
	The growth of Hamilton's economic landscape during the late 19th and early 20th century is accredited to textile production, the city's second largest industry, second only to the steel mills. The men responsible for this city's economic expansion are the "5 Johns" of Hamilton (John Morison Gibson, John Moodie, John Sutherland, John Dickenson and John Patterson). The men opened the "Catract Power Company" in 1896 which brought cheap electricity to the city. They were Hamilton's major landowners in the region, both of which brought manufactures and entrepreneurs from all over North America.
	The general manager of the company was Charles T. Crantham, pioneer of the cotton duck industry in Canada and responsible for the creation of the Imperial Cotton Company Ltd. From Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, Grantham was the bookkeeper for a cotton duck mill in 1883 to fix the company's books. Four years after his employment, he resigned to open a rival company in Hamilton, Ontario; bringing with him many workers and experts. Grantham had the help of John Patterson of the "5 Johns" to fund his cotton mill venture and build the cotton mill on the land that he owned. It was also decided that his brother Edmond Patterson would be the architect. By, 1900, the Imperial Cotton Company" "was born and looked after by James M. Young, the first President, who was the son of John Young, an original investor with the Dundas Cotton Company (1860–1891) and a now distant relative of Bob Young, the current owner of the Hamilton Tiger-Cats.
	The Imperial Cotton Company at 270 Sherman was the second largest cotton mill in the city and attracted customers from the around the world. Orders were taken from using the telegraphic system and codebook that can be found in Hamilton's Public Library to date. The Imperial Cotton codebook helped workers simplify orders and organize classes of cotton. The company manufactures heavy grades of cotton duck, used for making vessel sails, mechanical belting and hose, railway car roofing, binder canvasses, tarpaulins, tents, awnings, filters and cotton paper dryers. The products of the company are sold mainly to manufacturers, cutters-up, railways, implement and paper makers.
	The Cotton Factory has always been a "people first" kind of place. The Imperial Cotton Company produced a quarterly newsletter called, "The Fabricator", to bring news to the staff about group insurance plans, a cafeteria unit that seated 165 people, upgrades of new technology such as electric refrigerators and a newly purchased lunchroom piano by the Entertainment Committee. News among the staff members are also featured in the Fabricator, highlighting marriages, births, and deaths and recounted vacation stories by the mill employees.
	In 1924, the Imperial Cotton merged with Cosmos Cotton Mills (formerly Yarmouth Duck & Cotton). The new company, Cosmos-Imperial Mills Limited, owned and operated the complex until 1972, when most of its machinery and workers were sent back to Nova Scotia. A textile museum in Yarmouth houses many of the "Big Looms" that may have been used at 270 Sherman.
	The mill building, which housed 1,220 spinning spindles, 3,735 spindles, 98 duck looms and looms for the manufacture of cotton drayer felts, is constructed out of brick and timber with "slow burning" wood beams positioned across the 30,000 square feet of space on the second and third floor Mill.
	Next to the Mill Building is a smokestack that was used by three original boiler systems. Adjacent to the smokestack is a storage warehouse that was originally used for sorting, painting, finishing, shipping and waterproofing cotton. Centre of the mill courtyard is the Mills Arts Building, which was a later addition to the 270 Sherman complex and used today for artists to work their private units. Occupants of the building include professional artists that do photography, oil painting, sculpturing and designing to name a few.
	The Cotton Factory is also a popular location for film and television productions. Its exteriors have been used for scenes from the mid-1800s to modern day and even future apocalypses. 

= = = Biseytun = = =

	Biseytun (, also Romanized as Bīseytūn; also known as Bīseydūn-e ‘Olyā) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 100, in 18 families.

= = = Henry Clay Sevier = = =

	Henry Clay "Happy" Sevier, Sr. (January 24, 1896 – June 1, 1974) was a lawyer and politician from Tallulah, Louisiana. One of a large political family, he served from 1936 to 1952 as a Democratic member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from Madison Parish.
	Sevier was born in 1896 in Madison Parish, Louisiana, a son of the former Roxie Roberta Allen and James Douglas Sevier, Sr., a native of Port Gibson, in Claiborne County in southwestern Mississippi. His parents moved to Madison Parish in 1880, where his father became a planter. Sevier attended local segregated schools for his lower education. He graduated in 1917 from Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge.
	His father's family were descended from John Sevier, a veteran of the American Revolution, and pioneer and first governor of Tennessee. He was the namesake of Sevierville in Sevier County in eastern Tennessee. His line became prominent in northeastern Louisiana. One of Henry's cousins was Andrew L. Sevier, who served as a Louisiana State Senator with repeated reelection, from 1932 until his death in office in 1962.
	During World War I, Henry Sevier served as a second lieutenant in the United States Army. He was wounded sixteen times in France, and received the Purple Heart and the Silver Star medals.
	After the war, in 1918 Sevier married the former Retta Brooks (1899-1992) of Shreveport in northwestern Louisiana. The couple had three children: Carolyn S. Yerger (1921-1997), who married Rufus Taft Yerger, Sr. (1914-1973); Roberta Sevier Gandy (1924-2006), who married Robert Wyly Gandy, Jr. (1915-1987), and Henry Clay Sevier, Jr. (born c. 1926), who became an attorney and a partner in his father's law firm for a time. He later moved to Covington in St. Tammany Parish.
	Sevier and his wife went to New York City, where he completed postgraduate work at Columbia University in 1921. He graduated from the Louisiana State University Law Center, and they settled in Tallulah.
	There Sevier entered into practice with Jefferson B. Snyder of Tallulah, the political boss of the delta parishes in northeastern Louisiana. Snyder wielded power for more than 40 years as the regional district attorney, from 1904 to 1948.
	Sevier decided to enter politics. A member of the Democratic Party, in 1936 Sevier was elected to the Louisiana House from Madison Parish to succeed fellow Democrat, Mason Spencer of Tallulah. Spencer was the husband of his Sevier cousin, Rosa Vertner Sevier Spencer (1891-1978).
	Sevier was elected a few months after the assassination of Governor Huey Pierce Long, Jr.. At the time, there was much voter sympathy for the pro-Long faction. The staunchly anti-Long Mason Spencer had earlier announced that he would run for governor, but he withdrew before the election. Richard Leche of New Orleans, the choice of the Long faction, won the election uncontested.
	After his law partner Snyder died in 1951, Sevier formed the Sevier, Yerger, and Sevier law firm in Tallulah. (His son Henry became an attorney and his partner in the firm for a period of time.) The senior Sevier was also president of the Tallulah State Bank and Trust Company. Given these additional responsibilities, and having served eight terms in the state house, he chose not to run again after his term ending in 1952.
	Like Snyder, Sevier was active in the Democratic State Central Committee. He was the national committeeman during the first administration of Governor Jimmie Davis. Afterward he was selected as the state Democratic Party chairman under Governor Earl Kemp Long.
	He belonged to the Presbyterian church with his wife. He was affiliated with the 6th Judicial District Bar Association, Rotary International, and the Masonic lodge.
	Sevier died in 1974 in Mercy Hospital in Vicksburg, Mississippi. Along with many Sevier family members, Sevier and his wife are interred at Silver Cross Cemetery in Tallulah.

= = = Laurence Coriat = = =

	Laurence Coriat is a French screenwriter and short film director, best known for her work with Michael Winterbottom.
	Coriat was born in France and moved to England in her twenties.
	In 1999, she teamed with British filmmaker Michael Winterbottom on "Wonderland" which was selected in competition at Cannes in 1999 and won the best British Independent Film award that year. She would work with Winterbottom again on "A Summer in Genoa". Other features include "Me Without You", "Hunky Dory" and "Patagonia".
	In 2018, she wrote for the British crime drama television series "McMafia", inspired by the book "McMafia: A Journey Through the Global Criminal Underworld" (2008) by journalist Misha Glenny.

= = = Harry Collyer = = =

	Harold W. "Harry" Collyer (born c. 1885) was an English footballer who played for Crystal Palace as a full back.
	Collyer joined Palace in 1906, the club's second season and their first in the Southern League First Division. He made his debut on Boxing Day away to Watford, and initially played as a left back. However, he quickly switched to right back and established himself in the team, remaining at the club until the outbreak of World War I. Described by former Palace chaplain Reverend Nigel Sands as "a tough, sturdy, strong, muscular full-back with a giant-sized heart", Collyer was the first Palace player to earn a testimonial match, the 1912 home match against Coventry City. Collyer made 263 Southern League appearances for the club, and a further 18 in the FA Cup, totalling 281 outings at Palace, netting just one goal. By the time of the First World War, Collyer was the longest serving player at the club, his total not beaten until Albert Harry in the 1930s.

= = = Ab Gavan-e Kuchek = = =

	Ab Gavan-e Kuchek (, also Romanized as Āb Gāvān-e Kūchek) is a village in Vahdat Rural District, Mugarmun District, Landeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 71, in 12 families.

= = = Thomas Lewis (controversialist) = = =

	Thomas Lewis (1689–in or after 1737) was an English cleric, noted as a vitriolic High Church writer of the Bangorian controversy.
	The son of Stephen Lewis, vicar of Weobly and rector of Holgate, Shropshire, he was born at Kington, Herefordshire, on 14 March 1689. He was educated at Hereford Free School, under a Mr. Traherne. He was admitted a Bible clerk at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he matriculated 3 July 1704, and graduated B.A. in 1711. He does not appear to have proceeded M.A., but was ordained priest in 1713 at Worcester.
	In 1717 Lewis established "The Scourge, in vindication of the Church of England", a periodical sheet that appeared every Monday. It abused dissenters, latitudinarians, and Catholics. On 15 July 1717 Lewis denounced Benjamin Hoadly from the text, "Who is this uncircumcised Philistine that he should defie the Armes of the Living God?" Six weeks later he launched an attack on Scottish presbyterianism with the words "Every beast loveth his like". The paper was presented by the grand jury of Westminster as the work of a libeller and an embroiler of the nation, and Lewis, who absconded, was ordered to stand his trial for sedition at the court of king's bench. In the meantime there appeared "The Scourge Scourged, or a short Account of the Life of the Author of the Scourge", vilifying Lewis and his "weekly excrement".
	From his hiding-place Lewis issued "The Danger of the Church Establishment of England". This epistle, which included a further attack upon Hoadly, passed through two editions, and was answered by "A brief Answer to a long Libel". Lewis had the last word in the controversy with his "Anatomy of the Heretical Synod of Dissenters at Salter's Hall", 1719.
	About 1720 Lewis appears to have been acting as curate at St Clement Danes. In 1735 he been keeping a private boarding-school for several years, in Hampstead. Leaving there in 1737 he settled at Chelsea, and sent an account of his life to Thomas Rawlinson on 12 September 1737.
	Lewis also wrote:
	Lewis also edited a translation of Robert Sanderson's "Casus Conscientiæ", as "A Preservation against Schism and Rebellion", 1722.

= = = Ab Gavan-e Bozorg = = =

	Ab Gavan-e Bozorg (, also Romanized as Āb Gāvān-e Bozorg) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 101, in 17 families.

= = = Battle of Islay = = =

	The Battle of Islay (Spanish: "Batalla de Islay" or "Combate Naval de Islay") was a confrontation that occurred on January 12 and 13, 1838, during the War of the Confederation, a conflict between Chile and the Peru–Bolivian Confederation.
	After the Treaty of Paucarpata had been repudiated, the Chilean government again dispatched its fleet, composed of 5 battleships ("Aquiles" and "Arequipeño", the corvettes "Libertad" and "Valparaíso" and the "Monteagudo") under the command of Robert Simpson, to disrupt Peruvian commerce. On January 12, 1838 they met a Confederate squadron near the Peruvian port of Islay, on what is known as the Naval Battle of Islay. The Confederate squadron was conformed by the "Socabaya", "Junín" and "Fundador" under the command of commander Juan José Panizo. Simpson attacked but Panizo managed to head him off for several hours until able to escape under the cover of darkness. Both sides claimed victory, but the result was mostly a stalemate that did not affect the course of the war.
	Marshal Andres de Santa Cruz had distributed his ships, the corvette "Socabaya" and the brig "Founder" in Islay, commanded by the frigate Captain Juan José Panizo and the brig "Junín" in Arica commanded by Commander Miguel Saldívar.
	On January 3, 1838, the commander Miguel Saldivar learned that Chile had disapproved the treaty and that his squadron was heading to Peru, so he sailed to Islay to concentrate the Confederate naval forces, anchoring in that port on January 8.
	On January 12, 1838, the Chilean squadron surprised the confederate in Islay, which largely surpassed in tonnage and fire hydrants fled to the north being persecuted by Simpson. The persecution lasted all night, turning the Confederate ships to shoot the corvette "Libertad", which due to its greater speed had overtaken the rest of its squad, to continue the flight, meanwhile the slowest of the Confederate ships brig "Junín" had lagged behind, which would continue to force the other two Confederate ships to engage in unfavorable combat or abandon it and continue north.
	Before this situation Panizo used a clever stratagem, turning round with the "Socabaya" and the "Founder" broke fire on the Chilean ships delaying them and allowing the "Junin" to gain distance, to then turn again towards the north. Three times he performed the same maneuver until the "Junín" was out of danger, before the darkness of the night Simpson ordered to stop the pursuit and continued to Callao, where he arrived on January 17.
	The controversy over the outcome of this combat is very similar to that which occurred during the Battle of Chipana during the War of the Pacific. While the Peruvian historiography maintains that it was a Confederate victory - because Commander Panizo managed to prevent his ships from being captured or sunk by a materially superior enemy, even saving the slowest of his ships and successfully responding to enemy fire. in its retreat, Chilean historiography considers this combat as a minor action of the war - where the Confederate fleet only limited to successfully fleeing thanks to Panizo's expertise - in which Simpson did not continue the fight because the Confederate ships were owners from the windward, that is, from the favorable side of the wind.

= = = Ab Gavan = = =

	Ab Gavan () may refer to:

= = = Ab Razgeh = = =

	Ab Razgeh (, also Romanized as Āb Razgeh and Āb-e Razgeh; also known as Āb Zargeh and Āb Zarkeh) is a village in Tayebi-ye Garmsiri-ye Shomali Rural District, in the Central District of Landeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 261, in 46 families.

= = = Ab Razgeh-ye Melleh Ivazi = = =

	Ab Razgeh-ye Melleh Ivazi (, also Romanized as Āb Razgeh-ye Melleh ʿIvaz̤ī) is a village in Tayebi-ye Garmsiri-ye Shomali Rural District, in the Central District of Landeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.

= = = Anant Mane = = =

	Anant Mane was a film director from Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India who directed approximately 60 movies during the golden era of Marathi cinema. He was known for making films based on the folk art form Tamasha, and also directed a number of family melodramas. He teamed up with the music director Vasant Pawar and directed several hit movies in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s.
	Mane's 1961 film "Manini" won the President's Silver Medal for best regional film of the year.
	In 2006, the Lokmanch Charitable Trust, Kolhapur, instituted an annual Anant Mane award for outstanding contribution to the Marathi film industry.

= = = El Barco Lake = = =

	El Barco Lake (Laguna El Barco or Lago El Barco) is a lake in the Bío Bío Region of Chile, near the Callaqui stratovolcano.
	The terrain is volcanic in origin.
	Ignimbrites and lavas about 2.65 million years old can be seen in region around the lake.
	The lake can be reached by a road that runs up the east side of the Callaqui volcano and the Ralco National Reserve.
	It has a campsite with hot showers run by the local Pehuenche community, with craft sales, horse riding and MTB rentals.
	The site is open in summer only, from December to March. In winter there may be as much as of snow.
	In 1997 Endesa proposed to increase exploitation of the tourist potential of the lake and the Río Quillaileo. 
	The first step was to obtain additional financing.
	Citations
	Sources

= = = Samaritan Hospital Nottingham = = =

	The Samaritan Hospital (or Nottingham Samaritan Hospital) was a hospital in Raleigh Street, Nottingham, England.
	The hospital opened in March 1885 in a building which had originally been known as Sandfield House. The Raleigh Bicycle Company was founded on the same street, just two years later, in 1887.
	In the 1894 White’s Directory of Nottinghamshire the following was listed in relation to the hospital:
	In 1923 it merged with Nottingham Castle Gate Hospital, 29-31 Castle Gate, to become the Nottingham Women's Hospital in Peel Street. The building in Raleigh Street became a private nursing facility known as St Mary's Nursing Home which closed in 1972.

= = = Baluchestan-e Shutavar = = =

	Baluchestan-e Shutavar (, also Romanized as Balūchestān-e Shūtāvar; also known as Balūchestān Yek) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 145, in 28 families.

= = = Leo A. Walton = = =

	Major General Leo Andrew Walton (October 7, 1890 – September 7, 1961) was one of the original members of the Aviation Section of the Signal Corps of 1916 and a veteran of World War II.
	Leo Andrew Walton was born on October 7, 1890, in Salem, Oregon. He attended United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, and graduated in 1915 as a part of "the class the stars fell on" (because 59 members of this class became general officers). He was commissioned a second lieutenant of cavalry on June 12, 1915, and subsequently participated in the Pancho Villa Expedition in Mexico under general John J. Pershing.
	When he came back from his assignment in 1916, he decided to study aviation. In August 1917, he graduated from Brooks Field, Texas and became the officer in charge of flying at Brooks Field in March 1918. Two years later, on July 1, he was repositioned from the field artillery to air artillery.
	In November 1920, he enrolled at the Field Officers' School in Langley Field, Virginia, and graduated in August 1921. He was then assigned to the Office, Chief of the Air Service, in Washington, D.C. In June 1923, he was assigned to the McCook Field, Ohio, where he attended the Air Service Engineering School and a year later became assistant chief in there. In August 1925 he was stationed in the Philippines as commanding officer at Kindley Field, Fort Mills. Later on he became a commander at Clark Field, where he was in charge of the 3rd Pursuit Squadron till May 1928. The same year he came back home, and became an assistant commandant at March Field, California.
	In September 1937, Walton was enrolled into the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, after which he was stationed at Maxwell Field, Alabama, in the Air Corps Tactical School. Three years later he was transferred into the Air Corps Advanced Flying School at Stockton Army Airfield in Stockton, California.
	When World War II began, he was sent to the headquarters of the West Coast Training Center at Santa Ana, California, where he served as chief of staff, which position he held till 1945. He also held that position while working with 6th Air Force and the Caribbean Defense Command. He was stationed in China as an air inspector in July 1945, for which he was awarded the Bronze Star.
	He was also awarded Legion of Merit award for his resourceful planning at the Western Flying Training Command. Walton retired from the Air Force on June 30, 1949 and died September 7, 1961. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

= = = J. Kenyon Mason = = =

	John Kenyon Mason (19 December 1919 – 26 January 2017), CBE, MD, LLD, FRCPath, DMJ, FRCPE, FRSE, and known as Ken Mason, was an emeritus professor of Forensic Medicine at the University of Edinburgh School of Law.
 

= = = Marie Jonet Dugès = = =

	Marie Jonet Dugès (1730–1797) was a French midwife.
	Jonet Dugès' daughter, Marie Lachapelle, is also a renowned midwife. From an early age, her daughter was a constant companion and assisted at births. Dugès taught her everything she knew about midwifery.
	Jonet Dugès was first a sworn midwife ("sage-femme jurée") at the Chatelet Hospital. Later, in 1775, she was promoted to the position of Midwife-in-Chief of the Hôtel-Dieu. She performed her duties with such zeal, ability, and faithfulness that when she retired the government awarded her a liberal pension.
	Marie Jonet Dugès is remembered as one of the most significant midwives attached to the Hôtel-Dieu, and for her improvement of French midwifery.

= = = Bontuf-e Mohamid-e Biseytun = = =

	Bontuf-e Mohamid-e Biseytun (, also Romanized as Bonṭūf-e Moḥamīd-e Bīseytūn) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 27, in 8 families.

= = = Bard Rasun-e Olya = = =

	Bard Rasun-e Olya (, also Romanized as Bard Rāsūn-e ‘Olyā) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 135, in 25 families.

= = = Bard Rasun-e Sofla = = =

	Bard Rasun-e Sofla (, also Romanized as Bard Rāsūn-e Soflá) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 25, in 5 families.

= = = Bard Rasun = = =

	Bard Rasun () may refer to:

= = = Chal Geru = = =

	Chal Geru (, also Romanized as Chāl Gerū) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 69, in 11 families.

= = = Chal Kola = = =

	Chal Kola (, also Romanized as Chāl Kolā) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 240, in 44 families.

= = = Chahar Rah, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad = = =

	Chahar Rah (, also Romanized as Chahār Rāh and Chehār Rāh) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 219, in 38 families.

= = = B. R. Deodhar = = =

	Professor B. R. Deodhar (11 September 1901 – 10 March 1990) was an Indian classical singer, musicologist and music educator. He was a vocalist of Khayal-genre of Hindustani classical music.
	He was awarded the 1964 Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship, the highest honour conferred by Sangeet Natak Akademi, India's National Academy for Music, Dance and Drama. Thereafter in 1976, he was awarded the Padma Shri, by Government of India.
	Deodhar was born in Miraj in present Sangli district of Maharashtra on 11 September 1901. He started his musical training with Nilkanth Buwa Alurmath, the "guru bhai" of noted singer and educator Vishnu Digambar Paluskar (1872–1931), and a disciple of Balakrishnabuwa Ichalkaranjikar of Gwalior gharana. Thereafter, he also received training under Abdul Karim Khan of Kirana gharana and Vinayakrao Patwardhan, another disciple of Paluskar. Later he joined the Gandharva Mahavidyalaya, where he became a leading disciple of Vishnu Digambar Paluskar, the founder of institution. Deodhar was the only student of Paluskar who was allowed to also pursue formal education. Thus after matriculation he also pursued higher education and later received a B.A. degree. He also studied Western classical music.
	In the coming years, he continued his musical education from leading musicians of various traditions including those from Agra gharana, Mohanrao Pakelar from Jaipur Gharana, sarangi-player Majeed Khan, Inayat Khan, Ganpatrao Dewaskar, Pt. Sadashivbuwa Jadhav of Gokhale gharana, Shinde Khan of Gwalior gharana, binkaar Murad Khan of Indore gharana, and most importantly, Bade Ghulam Ali Khan of Patiala gharana, with whom he remained associated for many years, and became an important musical influence on his "gayaki", singing style. Thus, he incorporate styles of several traditions, gharanas into his singing, and this also paved way for his career as a musicologist. In time, he also collected musical compositions, rare ragas from all the traditions he was associated with, through his career.
	He established the Deodhar School of Music in Mumbai, breaking from the gharana tradition.
	He also edited Hindi music monthly magazine, "Sangeet Kala Vihar", and also published several books on music and musicians.
	In 1964, he was awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship the highest honour conferred by Sangeet Natak Akademi, India's National Academy for Music, Dance and Drama. This was followed by Padma Shri, by Government of India in 1976.
	Amongst his noted disciples, were singer Kumar Gandharva, Saraswati Rane, and Laxmi Ganesh Tewari. In 1993, his monthly columns, in "Sangeet Kala Vihar", which included biographies of 19th-century Indian musicians, were published as book, "Pillars of Hindustani music".
	He died on 10 March 1990 in Mumbai.

= = = Volkswagen Bratislava Plant = = =

	The Volkswagen Bratislava Plant is an automotive factory and co-located test track in Bratislava, Slovakia owned by Volkswagen Group.
	Funded by the ruling Communist Party to expand car production across Czechoslovakia, it agreed a partnership in 1969 with Italian automaker Alfa Romeo, but the proposed new-model was never developed beyond the clay-mock-up.
	On 1 July 1971, Bratislavské Automobilové Závody (BAZ) was founded, sub-contracted to produce Škoda Auto models, but with all pressings and parts supplied by the Czech-based partner. The factory began producing the Mladá Boleslav-designed 731 (saloon) and 732 (station wagon), as well as other BAZ marketed small (MNA) and medium-sized trucks (SNA). Later vehicles developed included the 3-door Locusta coupé.
	After developing a partnership with Tatra, the company also produced military vehicles, including the popular Praga V3S.
	BAZ vehicle production ended in 1982, when the production of the Škoda Garde was started, with the resultant development of the factory spurring the construction of new apartment blocks in the borough of Devínska Nová Ves. However, parts supply from the parent plant in the Czech Republic was slow, resulting often in a number of part-finished vehicles being held in storage, often awaiting singular parts. The factory later produced the Škoda Rapid 130/135/136, as well as a variety of parts for other car manufacturers in Czechoslovakia.
	Some prototypes from BAZ can be seen in Museum of Transport in Bratislava.
	After the fall of the Iron Curtain, in May 1991 Volkswagen Group bought an 80% share of BAZ. Skoda Auto production continued, and was expanded to include other models within the VW Group portfolio, initially the Volkswagen Passat. In 1998 Volkswagen Group bought out the remaining company shares, and renamed the company Volkswagen Slovakia. Volkswagen then bought the remaining shares in Skoda Auto in 2000.
	Since VW developed their large SUV platform, the factory has become a specialist producer of all VW Group marques large SUV's, which presently include the Audi Q7 and the Volkswagen Touareg, and the co-designed Porsche Cayenne which is based on the same platform. It is also the only VW Group factory to produce the Golf Syncro four-wheel drive. Since December 2011 the factory has produced the VW up!, as well as the badge-engineered SEAT Mii and Škoda Citigo for European markets.
	The factory area of the plant currently covers an area of . Bodies are assembled and welded in one of two body shops, and then painted with one of 26 standard colours in the paint shop. The co-located Aggregate/Modules hall produces gearboxes for both on-site consumption and various models of the VW Group brands. The bodies are moved to the assembly hall, which covers an area equivalent to 21 football pitches, where the painted body is mated with the pre-assembled under-body and chassis. The VW Group and Porsche models then split.
	The Audi Q7 and Volkswagen Toureg and Up! variants are completed by installing the finishing components including wiring, wheels, seats and the steering wheel. The final assembled SUV is then transported via cable car to the co-located test track for a final on-road test. If the car then passes a further inspection, it is prepared for dealer delivery.
	Since 2016, the Bentley Bentayga has also been produced at Bratislava.
	DHL handle all shipping and distribution arrangements from the site, via railway (70%) or road. Aside from on-site body pressings, gearbox production, and various under-body and drive train components sourced from the Martin plant; 90% of parts are delivered to site from Volkswagen's component consolidation centre in Wolfsburg, Germany, shipped directly to site via 10 daily trains.
	First and second generation Porsche Cayenne models were sent direct to shipping once the body has been mated with under body. They were then shipped directly by rail to the Porsche factory in Leipzig, Germany, where interior fitting out, finishing and inspection were completed. Third generation Porsche Cayenne are being completely produced, and finished directly in Bratislava.

= = = Scènes de ballet (Stravinsky) = = =

	Scènes de Ballet is a suite of dance movements composed in 1944 by Igor Stravinsky. It was commissioned by Broadway producer Billy Rose for inclusion in the revue "The Seven Lively Arts" that opened at the Ziegfeld Theater on December 7, 1944.
	"The Seven Lively Arts" brought together a number of notable performers: Beatrice Lillie, Bert Lahr, Benny Goodman, and "Doc" Rockwell as well as showgirls - "the prettiest around at the moment," according to "The New York Times" review.
	The solo dancers for the "Scènes de Ballet" were Alicia Markova and Anton Dolin (who was also the choreographer). Although Rose had requested a 15-minute work, "the music was cut to a fraction of its original length when "The Seven Lively Arts" ... opened in New York."
	"Scènes de ballet" is a score of between 16 and 18 minutes' duration, written in 1944. It was commissioned by Billy Rose for a Broadway revue. The music occasioned one of the best-known Stravinsky anecdotes. Rose telegraphed Stravinsky: "" To which Stravinsky telegraphed back: ""
	The score is in nine sections. The timings are those of the composer's 1963 recording.
	On 8 December 1944 Lewis Nichols wrote a generally favorable review of the show, although he observed: "Markova and Dolin also have a couple of numbers, one to Stravinsky music, which probably is not the best they ever have done."
	Stravinsky himself later observed: ""Scènes de Ballet" is a period piece, a portrait of Broadway in the last years of the War. It is featherweight and sugared—my sweet tooth was not yet carious, then—but I will not deprecate it, not even the second Pantomime, and all of it is at least well made."

= = = Chub Kani = = =

	Chub Kani (, also Romanized as Chūb Kanī; also known as Cheh Kanīm) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.

= = = Dar Espid-e Mushemi = = =

	Dar Espid-e Mushemi (, also Romanized as Dār Espīd-e Mūshemī) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 165, in 32 families.

= = = Pavol Horov Gymnasium = = =

	Pavol Horov Gymnasium () is an upper secondary school located in the city of Michalovce in Kosice Region, Slovakia. Established in 1922, it is the oldest Slovak Gymnasium east of the Mátra-Slanec Area and is one of two main providers of secondary school education in Michalovce, along with "Gymnázium na ulici Ľudovíta Štúra".
	Before the Czechoslovak declaration of independence on 28 October 1918, the area of surrounding the city of Michalovce was a part of the former Hungarian County of Kosice (). At that time, there was only three secondary schools in the entire county, all of which was purely Hungarian, located in the then cultural centers of Kosice, Presov and Uzhgorod.
	After becoming independent, patriotic sentiment ran high and Slovaks sensed immediately the need to establish a Slovak high school in the area, in order to provide higher education in Slovak language for the populace in eastern Slovakia. At first the choice stood between three sites in the Zemplin region, which were the cities of Humenne, Trebisov and Michalovce. Due to its ability to provide sufficient funds and staffing, Michalovce soon became the obvious choice for the construction of the new school.
	The new school was finished in 1922 and in the period 1922 - 1938 the school bore the name "Czechoslovak state gymnasium." At the stage, the education was conducted in a way that emphasized the idea of the single Czechoslovak nation, and the language taught was the "českoslovenčina", or Czechoslovak language.The School's administrators constantly struggled with finding teachers with sufficient qualifications, teaching post was often filled with engineers, and often the school was dependent on the assistance of local school teachers.
	In 1931, the school marked its first graduating class, of the 22 students, 18 managed to graduate. Seven years later the school was markedly affected by the First Vienna Award, which saw the departure of all Czech professors along with their families from Michalovce. These were highly skilled academics which undoubtedly contributed to the high reputation of the school.
	Following the Munich treaty in November 1938, the Name of the school was changed to "Slovak real high school" (). In connection with the events of Munich, the beginning of the 1938-39 school year the school was occupied by the army (mobilization). Teaching was suspended from 24 September 1938 to 10 October 1938. After the First Vienna Award the new students came from schools from the Hungarian territories, (mainly Uzhhorod).
	After Slovak students started moving to nearby Sobrance and the number of classes was reduced from 19 to 16 by April 1939, teaching in at the school year was interrupted again. When Hungarian troops invaded Slovakia on March 23, 1939 and the subsequent Slovak–Hungarian War, Slovak troops occupied the school and returned Slovak language to the curriculum. This education highlighted growing Slovak national consciousness and nationalism. At this time the Head teacher was also the government commissioner of Michalovce and later the leader of the Hlinka Youth (Slovak paramilitary scout movement, modeled after the Hitler Youth). In school year 1939/40 that organization counted 118 of the schools students. Two years later the count was 590 boys and girls. In 1944 it was 694 students out of a total 875. Influenced in part by the ideas of Slovak nationalist Andrej Hlinka, Catholicism became an important part of the school year, the year began with worship of Veni Sancte Spiritus, a school celebration, ending a solemn Te Deum. During the closing phase of World War II, the school became a military hospital for the Wehrmacht, and after November 1944, for the Red Army.
	The school education programme consists of 8 semesters (4 years), divided into two parts of two years each. Each part includes subjects such as General education, Foreign languages (usually Russian, French, German and English), Physical Education, Informatics and Science/technology.

= = = Dar Ganji = = =

	Dar Ganji (, also Romanized as Dār Ganjī) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 179, in 31 families.

= = = Deh Emamzadeh-ye Biseytun = = =

	Deh Emamzadeh-ye Biseytun (, also Romanized as Deh Emāmzādeh-ye Bīseytūn) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 422, in 83 families.

= = = Darreh Khvajeh = = =

	Darreh Khvajeh (, also Romanized as Darreh Khvājeh) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 237, in 47 families.

= = = Thomas Ellis (Irish emigrant) = = =

	Thomas Ellis was the first European settler in the area known today as Penticton, British Columbia, Canada. He was the biggest cattle baron in the South Okanagan area.
	Thomas Ellis was born in Ireland but left for British Columbia when he was nineteen. In January 1865, Ellis sailed for British Columbia and arrived in Victoria in March 1865. It was in the late 1860s that Ellis began to accumulate large acreages in the South Okanagan. His original holding had 642.35 acres and was located on a large piece of land in modern-day Penticton.
	Ellis returned to Ireland and married Wilhemina Wade on February 10, 1873. Ellis and his wife would have nine children together. Wilhemina would become well known for her nursing skills in the Okanagan.
	After his marriage, Ellis returned to the Okanagan and by the 1890s he had 20,000 heads of cattle and 31,000 acres of land from the South Okanagan all the way to the Canada–US border. Mining companies provided a good market for his beef. Although Ellis claimed all of that land as his own, much of the land that his cattle roamed on was not actually owned by him, but he built up his empire based on grazing rights.
	In the 1890s, Ellis arrived in the Mission Valley and purchased a pioneer ranch. Ellis' ranch had three stacks of premium hay in the yard. When he brought up his cattle he found two-thirds of his premium hay had burned. In the following investigation and trial, Arthur Booth (A.B.) Knox was found guilty of arson, although there was much doubt from early Kelowna residents as to whether he actually burned the hay.
	Ellis later entered into a partnership with Captain Thomas Shorts and he invested in Shorts' next business venture; a large ferry boat which was to be called the "Penticton". The boat only lasted a short time before Ellis and Thomas Shorts sold the boat to Leon Lequime for five thousand dollars in 1892.
	In the early half of the 1890s, Ellis started to think about selling his empire. He entered an agreement with the Penticton Townsite Company. he sold his land and it became part of the City of Penticton. Ellis also sold some of his land to Southern Okanagan Land Company who then sold to the Okanagan Falls Townsite for development.

= = = David Fahm = = =

	David Fahm is a Zambian-British film, theatre and television actor. Fahm is best known for such films and television series as Michael Winterbottom's "Wonderland", "Wing Commander", "Code 46", "Spice World", "The Bill" and "Who Is Alice".

= = = John Kittmer = = =

	John Kittmer (born 6 July 1967) is a British former diplomat. He was formerly the Commissioner for the British Indian Ocean Territory jointly with the British Antarctic Territory.
	Kittmer was born in Sussex in 1967. From the years 1978—1985, he was educated at Hymers College, an independent day school in Hull in the East Riding of Yorkshire in Northern England, where he was taught Ancient Greek by Larry Trewartha and Gerald Thompson. Kittmer then attended Christ's College at the University of Cambridge, where he obtained a BA in Classics (1988), King's College London where he obtained an MA in Greek Studies (2007), and Magdalen College at the University of Oxford, at which he also studied Classics.
	Kittmer joined the civil service in 1993, first at the Department for Education and Employment before moving to the UK's Permanent Representation to the European Union in Brussels in 1998 as a First Secretary. He returned to London for posts in the FCO in 2002, DEFRA from 2004, the Cabinet Office in 2006–7, and back to DEFRA until 2012.
	Kittmer served as the British Ambassador to Greece from January 2013 until December 2016. He was succeeded in this role by Kate Smith in January 2017.
	Kittmer was appointed to replace Peter Hayes as the Commissioner for the British Overseas Territories of the British Indian Ocean Territory and the British Antarctic Territory starting in December 2016. In June 2017, he left this post on a career break to continue his academic studies. In June 2019, he left the civil service permanently.
	Kittmer currently sits on the board of directors of the Greek oil tanker company Okeanis.
	Kittmer entered into a civil partnership with David Bates in 2007.

= = = Taipei Expo Park = = =

	The Taipei Expo Park () is a multifunctional park in Zhongshan District, Taipei, Taiwan.
	The Taipei Expo Park consists of:
	The park is accessible within walking distance east from Yuanshan Station of the Taipei Metro.

= = = Darreh Sureh = = =

	Darreh Sureh (, also Romanized as Darreh Sūreh; also known as Darrehsūr) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 150, in 25 families.

= = = Darreh Tang Ti = = =

	Darreh Tang Ti (, also Romanized as Darreh Tang Tī) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 44, in 8 families.

= = = Dastgerd, Charusa = = =

	Dastgerd () is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 183, in 32 families.

= = = Dulab-e Shirin = = =

	Dulab-e Shirin (, also Romanized as Dūlāb-e Shīrīn; also known as Dūlābshīrīn) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 122, in 24 families.

= = = Dulab-e Talkh = = =

	Dulab-e Talkh (, also Romanized as Dūlāb-e Talkh; also known as Dūlāb) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 92, in 17 families.

= = = Dastgerd, Kohgiluyeh = = =

	Dastgerd (; also known as Dasht-e Khvord, Dasht-i-Khurd, and Dastjerd) is a village in Dehdasht-e Sharqi Rural District, in the Central District of Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 473, in 85 families.

= = = Gavpash Kesteh = = =

	Gavpash Kesteh (, also Romanized as Gāvpāsh Kesteh) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 52, in 13 families.

= = = Jelu, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad = = =

	Jelu (, also Romanized as Jelū) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 294, in 66 families.

= = = Gandomkal = = =

	Gandomkal (, also Romanized as Gandomkāl; also known as Gandomkār) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 100, in 15 families.

= = = Garab, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad = = =

	Garab (, also Romanized as Garāb; also known as Garm Ab) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 305, in 67 families.

= = = Punta della Dogana = = =

	Punta della Dogana is an art museum in one of Venice's old customs buildings, the "Dogana da Mar". It also refers to the triangular area of Venice where the Grand Canal meets the Giudecca Canal, and its collection of buildings: Santa Maria della Salute, (hence the area is also known as Punta della Salute), the Patriarchal Seminary of Venice, and Dogana da Mar at the triangle's tip.
	Punta della Dogana is located between the Grand and Giudecca Canals at the tip of an island in the Dorsoduro district. Adjacent to each other are the Dogana da Mar, Patriarchal Seminary, and Santa Maria della Salute. It is diagonal from the Piazza San Marco.
	The point was used for docking and customs as early as the beginning of the 15th century. The temporary structures built to store merchandise and customs workers were replaced by the Punta della Dogana, whose construction began in 1677.
	The museum's art is housed in and around the Dogana da Mar building. It was built between 1678 and 1682 as a customs house. by Giuseppe Benoni. The arcade styles reflect their construction in different eras. Atop the building are two statues of Atlas holding a golden globe upon which 's "Fortune" stands. The 17th-century statue turns in the wind. The group was built by Bernardo Falconi
	to represent the supremacy of the Republic of Venice. The last renovation of the building was done by Alvise Pigazzi in 1838.
	The building was restored by Tadao Ando from January 2008 to March 2009, funded by François Pinault, a French billionaire and art collector. He signed a 33-year agreement with the city. The building had been empty for decades prior, with failed plans to turn it into apartments or a hotel. Dogana da Mar's stuccoed brick exterior was restored without additions, and is the only part of the original structure left intact. Cosmetic imperfections and the stucco were repaired, and bad areas were reinforced with stainless steel anchors, but areas with visible brick were left exposed. The interiors were left bare without surface treatment, and bricks were replaced sparingly. The room partitions from the last two centuries were replaced with parallel, rectangular halls. The roof was replaced by a similar roof with timber gables, with added skylights. The new floors are made of exposed and polished concrete, in some places covered with linoleum. Frank Peter Jäger called these smooth surfaces Ando's trademark, along with glass and steel fixtures that clash with the raw irregularities of the unfinished walls. He added that, for Ando, this combination "symbolizes the union of past, present, and future", the building, his architecture, and the art within it, respectively. Ando wanted to make the western entrance's face out of concrete slabs, but the change was opposed by the city. Exibart's Jacqueline Ceresoli described the building as having "industrial and minimalist soul" with red brick walls. The renovation cost was .
	In June 2009, Punta della Dogana reopened to the public and since then has been presenting temporary exhibitions of the Pinault Collection: 
	"Complex"s Elisa Carmichael called Punta della Dogana's "Prima Materia" show of about 80 works from the Pinault Collection an "absolute must-see" outside of the 2013 Venice Biennale. Exibart's Jacqueline Ceresoli had similar praise for the show.
	François Pinault commissioned a statue for the tip of Punta della Dogana from Charles Ray upon receiving approval from the city to start the museum. Ray made an eight-foot-tall boy holding a frog by its leg intended as a public sculpture called "Boy with Frog". The sculpture's permit was set to be negotiated four times annually. "Boy with Frog" was originally encased upon the museum's July 2009 opening after protests following its installation. The city moved in early 2013 to replace the statue with a reproduction of the streetlamp once situated there. Its spokesperson said that the sculpture's installation was designed to be temporary. Ray refused an offer to relocate the sculpture to Palazzo Grassi, opting to put the sculpture into storage. Independent curator Francesco Bonami wrote in "La Stampa" that the removal was "administrative cowardice" and the lamppost represented "cultural darkness".

= = = Lobo-Marte mine = = =

	The Lobo-Marte mine is one of the largest gold mines in Chile and in the world. The mine is located in the north of the country in the Atacama Region. The mine has estimated reserves of 9.77 million oz of gold.

= = = Guri, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad = = =

	Guri (, also Romanized as Gūrī) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 72, in 14 families.

= = = Rathold Rátót = = =

	Rathold (I) from the kindred Rátót () was a Hungarian distinguished nobleman from the "gens" Rátót, who served as ispán ("comes") of Somogy County in 1203.
	He was the eldest son of voivode Leustach Rátót. As his brother, Julius I Rátót had no successors, Rathold was the ancestor of the Gyulafi branch of the Rátót clan.

= = = David Heron (statistician) = = =

	David Heron (28 April 1881 - 4 November 1969) was a Scottish statistician who was president of the Royal Statistical Society from 1947–1949.

= = = Kal Bazar = = =

	Kal Bazar (, also Romanized as Kāl Bāzār) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 81, in 14 families.

= = = Kal Kalab = = =

	Kal Kalab (, also Romanized as Kal Kalāb) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 182, in 31 families.

= = = Kalab-e Ahmad = = =

	Kalab-e Ahmad (, also Romanized as Kalāb-e Aḩmad; also known as Kalāb) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 123, in 24 families.

= = = Philipp Gottfried Gaertner = = =

	Philipp Gottfried Gaertner (29 October 1754, Hanau – 27 December 1825, Hanau) was a German botanist.
	An apothecary from Hanau, Gaertner spent several years in Strasbourg as a student of botany. With Bernhard Meyer and Johannes Scherbius, he was co-author of ""Oekonomisch-technische Flora der Wetterau"", a publication in which the three men described various botanical genera and species.
	It is possible that during his lifetime he was known as Gottfried Gaertner, and that "Philipp" was added after his death. That may have been because it was the custom of the time to add the name of his father after death, or because "Dr. Phil. Gottfired Gaertner" on his death notice was interpreted as Dr. Philipp instead of "Doctor of Philosophy".

= = = Kalat, Charusa = = =

	Kalat (, also Romanized as Kalāt; also known as Kalāt-e Yek) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 60, in 14 families.

= = = Kalat, Kohgiluyeh = = =

	Kalat (, also Romanized as Kalāt) is a village in Doshman Ziari Rural District, in the Central District of Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 575, in 120 families.

= = = Kareh Kareh = = =

	Kareh Kareh () is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 44, in 7 families.

= = = T. H. C. Stevenson = = =

	Thomas Henry Craig Stevenson CBE (1870 – 12 September 1932) was an Irish statistician.
	He was born in Strabane, County Tyrone and educated at University College, London, before receiving his MB at the University of London. He set up in practice and read for an MD in State Medicine, after which he was offered a post in the Brighton Public Health Department. After posts in public health elsewhere he became the School Medical Officer of Somerset County Council. In 1909 he was appointed Superintendent of Statistics in the General Register Office.
	He was awarded the Guy Medal in Gold by the Royal Statistical Society in 1920 and the Edward Jenner Medal of the Royal Society of Medicine. He was appointed a CBE in 1919.

= = = East Ironbound = = =

	East Ironbound is an inhabited island located off the Aspotogan Peninsula in Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia, between St. Margarets Bay and Mahone Bay.
	The East Ironbound Combined Lighthouse and Dwelling is a registered historic place.
	The island is the focal point of the novel "Rockbound".
	In the summer of 1945 Jack L. Gray boarded with the Young family on the island and made many sketches of island life which subsequently were turned into large paintings.
	Part of the film "Deeply" was filmed on East Ironbound.

= = = Port of Salem = = =

	The Port of Salem is a shallow-draft port in the vicinity of the Salem River Cut-Off on the Salem River in Salem, New Jersey in the United States about east of the Delaware River and about from the Atlantic Ocean. It was re-designated a port of entry in 1984 and became a foreign trade zone (FTZ) in 1987. Transloading operations include the handling of a variety of bulk cargo, notably of construction aggregate, break bulk cargo, and containers for clothing, fishing apparel, agricultural produce, and other consumer goods, and has at times involved lighterage. It is operated under the auspices of the South Jersey Port Corporation.
	The Delaware River estuary was the territory of the Lenape. European settlement of the region around today's Salem began in 1638 when the colony of New Sweden was established and the Salem River was called Varkens Kill or Hogg Creek. Tradition holds that ethnic Finns settled inland from Finns Point in 1638. In 1641, a group from the New Haven Colony settled around Varkens Kill. In 1655, it was re-claimed by New Netherland and in 1664 it became part of the Province of New Jersey. In 1675, a land patent was given to John Fenwick, who founded the town. Originally, Salem's wharves were located along Fenwick Creek and Salem Creek, and received calls from Philadelphia, Boston and the Caribbean. During the American Revolutionary War, it was occupied by the British to prevent supplies from reaching American troops. Steamer service between Salem and Philadelphia began in 1825. The Salem Railroad opened in 1863.
	The Salem River Cut-off, which bypasses a large bend in the river at the port, was authorized in 1925. For much of the 20th century, the waterfront along the Salem River Cut-off and Fenwick Creek was dominated by industries centered around glass manufacturing, food processing, and mineral/oil storage. From 1905 to 1978, H. J. Heinz Company operated a large processing plant along Fenwick Creek. Mannington Mills, Anchor Glass, and AluChem are located proximate to the port, as well as the South Jersey Farmers Exchange in nearby Woodstown.
	Salem was originally designated a port of entry in 1682 by royal commission of the British Crown.
	The City of Salem established a municipal port authority in 1982. In 1984, the port resumed international shipping operations and the United States Customs Service granted it status as a "water port of entry", the first such designation made since the 1930s. It is now a port of entry in United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) District 21, which is headquartered in Newark and covers New Jersey.
	Along with Millville Municipal Airport, portions of the port have been part of foreign trade zone #142 since 1987. Subzones associated with FTZ142 are located at the Port of Paulsboro and other locations in South Jersey.
	The Delaware and Salem rivers are tidal. The Delaware River Main Channel has been maintained at a depth of . Dredging to a depth of was completed in 2017. Reach C, which includes the entrance to the Salem Port, was completed in 2010. The shipping channel of the Salem River is much shallower, making the city a shallow draft port, which prohibits use by Handymax class ships. The Salem River and Cut-Off were first channelized in 1925 to a depth of . The river is entered though Salem Cove about from the Atlantic Ocean at the entrance of the Delaware Bay. The channel travels along the southeast side of the cove for and continues another to the Cut-Off and to the head of navigation at the first bridge crossing (Route 49).
	The Delaware River is served by various range lights. Reedy Island is approximately southwest of the mouth of the Salem River. Reedy Island Front Light works in conjunction with the Reedy Island Range Rear Light for navigation of the Salem reach of the river. The Finns Point Range Light upstream of the Salem River was deactivated in 1950. From the Delaware River, entrance to the port is guided by the Salem River Range Lights, the Salem River Directional Light (), and 11 other lighted navigational aids.
	The city and county of Salem have a long history of glass manufacturing, along with the site of the first successful glass production facility in North America. Adjacent to the port is the oldest manufacturing facility for glass containers in the United States, established in 1863 and long known as Anchor Glass, once owned by Anchor Hocking and now part of the Ardagh Group.
	The rail line serving the port is called the Glass House Running Track and is an extension of the Salem Branch. On the verge of abandonment by Conrail, the southern section of the route from Swedesboro to Salem was purchased by the county in 1983 and is leased to Southern Railroad of New Jersey (SRNJ). Long neglected, it is in poor condition and travel speeds are very slow. The line is undergoing upgrades to the rail bed, trackage, a trestle at Oldman's Creek, and other work. At Swedesboro, SRNJ interchanges with Conrail Shared Assets Operations to reach Pavonia Yard, the regional rail center.
	Route 45 and Route 49 provide access to Interstate 295, the New Jersey Turnpike and the nearby Delaware Memorial Bridge. In 2005, the Route 49 bascule bridge built in 1927 over the Salem River was replaced with a fixed bridge that can be converted to a vertical lift bridge and has been dedicated the "Veteran’s of Salem County Memorial Bridge".
	The Salem Municipal Port Authority was established in 1982 with the intention to revitalize and coordinate shipping in the port district. In 2005, the Salem City Industrial District Brownfield Development Area was created to spur re-use of brownfields, including numerous properties within and adjacent to the port district, which is located along the southern banks of the river between the Salem River Cut-Off and the Route 49 bridge just outside the downtown area. It encompasses several terminal and wharf facilities for barges and container ships for bulk and break bulk cargo, and shipping containers.
	In 2006, the municipal port authority described the typical container ship making use of the port as carrying 150 containers and taking approximately 12 hours to unload and reload. The "Bermuda Islander", a Dutch-flagged container ship, calls regularly at Salem.
	The South Jersey Port Corporation operates three terminals at the Port of Camden and is expanding operations to the Port of Paulsboro. The agency owns and operates the Salem Terminal, which had been publicly operated as the Salem Municipal Wharf and privately operated by Salem Terminals Ltd. and Del Stevedoring. It includes berth-side truck access to of berthing space with of beam (breadth). There is of covered shed and warehouse storage space. The terminal handles barges and container ships for construction aggregate, clothing, fishing apparel, motor vehicles, agricultural produce, seafood, and consumer goods.
	Mid-Atlantic Shipping and Stevedoring relocated from Maine to Salem in the 1980s to be closer to the source of products they export and utilize the newly established port facilities. In 1990, they opened the Mid-Atlantic Shipping and Stevedoring Wharf, a small wharf terminal that is also utilized by several other shipping companies and located approximately above the entrance of the Salem River at 128 Tilbury Road on the east side of Barber's Basin marina, to handle bulk and break bulk cargo, and shipping containers. It has of berthing space with water depth. It includes of open storage space and utility connections for refrigerated containers. While the wharf is currently owned by Bermuda International Terminals, it is operated by Mid-Atlantic.
	Mid-Atlantic also operates the Tilbury Road Associates owned wharf with of berthing space, utility connections for refrigerated containers, and of open storage space on the west side of Barber's Basin.
	The Port Inland Distribution Network involves new or expanded transportation systems for redistribution by barge and rail for the shipped goods and containers that are delivered at area ports in an effort to curtail the use of trucks and their burden on the environment, traffic, and highway systems. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ), New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT), and Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission (DVRPC), are involved in initiatives to review and develop this network.
	While it was determined that Salem was not an ideal location within the program for handling container shipping for intermodal freight transport, a private sector service provider began in 2010 the short sea shipping of aggregate products with a barge service between Salem and Tremley Point, Linden on the Arthur Kill in the Port of New York and New Jersey. It addresses a critical missing link in multimodal freight transport between ports in the Delaware Valley and the Northern New Jersey's urban Gateway Region.
	America's Marine Highway is a similar US Department of Transportation initiative to capitalize on US waterways for the transport of goods for which NJDOT applied and received approval for review and potential development of their initiative into a federally supported project. Salem would be considered for increased transportation by shipping vessels to customers along the East Coast.
	Barber's Basin is a marina between the two wharfs operated by Mid-Atlantic Shipping and Stevedoring. It is home to the United States Coast Guard Small Salem Station, a seasonal unit in operation from late May to mid-October. In 2013, the Coast Guard reduced staffing from daily to weekend operations. The private docks of the Salem Boating Club, across the river in Pennsville, also serve pleasure craft.
	Delaware River and Bay Authority's Three Forts Ferry Crossing was renamed the Delaware City–Salem Ferry in 2013 to reflect changes in service due to Hurricane Sandy damages. The seasonal service, rather than traveling to Fort Mott, departs from Barber's Basin with service across the river to Delaware City, which has the nearby Fort DuPont State Park, with connecting service to Fort Delaware on Pea Patch Island effective May 4, 2013 for the summer seasonal service. The ferry returned to serving Fort Mott on its previous route (instead of Salem) in 2015 and is now called the Forts Ferry Crossing.
	Salem has been an occasional port of call for promotional and educational functions for the A. J. Meerwald, the New Jersey State Tall Ship.

= = = Droid MAXX = = =

	The Droid Maxx is a high end smartphone developed by Motorola Mobility. It is the first Droid to be a high end smartphone exclusively developed by Motorola for Verizon Wireless. It is part of the Verizon Droid line, and was announced on 23 July 2013 along with the Droid Ultra and Droid Mini at a joint Motorola and Verizon Wireless press conference.
	The Droid Maxx maintains a similar design shape to its predecessor, the Droid Razr HD, including the Dupont Kevlar unibody form. It included Motorola's proprietary X8 Mobile Computing System, which consists of 8 cores: 2-core Qualcomm Snapdragon S4 Pro applications processor, 4-core Adreno 320 graphics processor, 1 low-power core for natural language processing, and 1 low-power core for contextual awareness processing to enable the new Touchless control feature. The internal battery was increased in size to 3,500 mAh. The on-screen buttons for back, home, and multitask functions were moved to off-screen capacitive soft-keys below the screen. The Droid Maxx also includes Motorola's Active Notification feature.
	Reception towards the device was mostly positive, with the caveat that the device is only available on the US carrier, Verizon Wireless. Some reviewing outlets called the device "the best Android device available on Verizon Wireless". Many others praised Motorola's Active Notification system, which turns on part of the AMOLED screen to "blink" notifications to the user, in lieu of a traditional LED notification light. The soft touch kevlar unibody as well as the overall physical design was praised as well. Reviewers were mixed to the device's continued use of a 720p HD resolution at a 5 in (130 mm) screen size, though complimented the AMOLED display's brightness, deep blacks, and its benefits to battery conservation.
	The Droid Maxx runs a mostly stock version of Google's Android mobile operating system, initially shipping with the version 4.2.2 "Jellybean". Jellybean 4.2 included various improvements to accessibility, new lock screen features with quick access to the camera, support for wireless display (Miracast), and a new built-in clock application with world clock, stopwatch, and timer. Motorola and Verizon released an update to Android 4.4 "KitKat" on 19 December 2013, and an additional update to Android 4.4.4 on 15 July 2014. KitKat brought restyled navigation bars, "immersive" full-screen mode, strongNer security, power management and some other minor improvements. Motorola also enhanced its proprietary camera software for better color, exposure, and dynamic range accuracy and included the updated Google Hangouts application which included SMS/MMS messaging functionality. Finally, support for the Square credit card reader was added. The KitKat 4.4.4 update brought further improvements to camera functionality, improved Bluetooth connectivity, and added Isis Mobile Wallet (now called Softcard).
	The smartphone can share its internet connection over WiFi (hotspot), and can access the Google Play Store, an online distribution platform for the Android OS managed by Google. Users may purchase and download applications developed using the Android SDK, music, movies, television shows, books, and magazine subscriptions.
	The Droid Maxx, like its Moto X sibling, showcases the Google Now function via Touchless Control. By speaking the hot phrase: "Ok Google Now" (even while the phone is asleep), the device will launch a voice assistant which taps into Google Now to control the phone and run natural language queries with the Google search engine without requiring physical input from the user. This function makes use of the natural language processor in the X8 system.
	Active Notifications displays relevant notifications to the user while the phone is face-up. The minimalist notifications show on the lock screen as white icons against a black background; power is conserved by not turning on pixels that would display the black background. Furthermore, by use of the Contextual Awareness processor in the X8 system and proximity sensor, the Droid Maxx "knows" when it is face-down or in a pocket, and will not display Active Notifications.
	The Droid Maxx user interface consists of three soft keys: back, home, and multitask, lock/power button, and volume rocker keys.
	The construction is a unibody design (no removable panels) and consists of a thin black bezel devoid of any branding surrounding the screen and a DuPont Kevlar sealed back plate in either matte clear or glossy red tint finish. The shape maintains the tapered corner look of the Droid [RAZR] design language. Size has been increased to house a 5 in (130 mm) Super AMOLED touchscreen, with a resolution of 720x1280 pixels at 294 ppi and made of Corning Gorilla Glass 3. The device is 8.5 mm (0.33 in) thick and weighs 167 grams (5.9 oz).
	Droid Maxx is powered by the proprietary Motorola X8 system-on-chip. It includes a total of 8 cores with various functions: 2-core Qualcomm Snapdragon S4 Pro applications processor clocked at 1.7 GHz, 4-core Adreno 320 graphics processor, and 2 low-power cores: for natural language processing and for contextual awareness processing. The X8 system is designed to conserve power by utilizing low-power cores for the language and contextual processing.
	The device's battery is 3500 mAh, which provides a claimed 48 hours of "typical" usage. The phone comes with either 16 or 32 gigabytes of on board storage as well as NFC capability and Qi wireless charging.

= = = Pogo mine = = =

	The Pogo mine is a gold mine in the state of Alaska. By 31 December 2017 Pogo had produced 3.6 million ounces of gold at a grade of 13.6 g/t. The mine has estimated indicated and inferred mineral resources of 4.15 million ounces of gold at a grade of 14.7 g/t (JORC). It is located northeast of Delta Junction and east of Fairbanks.
	The orebody consists of numerous highly irregular quartz veins, ranging in thickness from with being typical, and ranging in dip from horizontal to vertical with 30-45 degrees being normal. A complex system of faulting offsets the veins both parallel and perpendicular to the strike, resulting in a "chopped-up" orebody. Until 2019 the mine utilized drift-and-fill and overhand cut-and-fill mining methods when, under new owner Northern Star Resources, the mining method was changed to longhole stoping. Access to the orebody is via decline and spiral ramp. After blasting, ore is trucked to the central underground "ore bin", where it is then fed to a conveyor that takes it out of the mine directly to the mill. Typical daily production is about 2,500 tons of ore yielding approximately 1,000 troy ounces of gold.
	Pogo is notable for its paste backfill system, where 20% of the mine's tailings from which gold has been extracted are mixed with cement and then pumped back underground to support subsequent further excavation. This has the additional environmental benefit of reducing the amount of tailings that need to be stored on surface, minimizing the footprint of the mine's dry-stack tailings storage facility.

= = = Leh Howzi = = =

	Leh Howzi (, also Romanized as Leh Ḩowẕī; also known as Leh Ḩowẕ) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 175, in 34 families.

= = = Lilun = = =

	Lilun (, also Romanized as Līlūn; also known as Nargargī) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 65, in 13 families.

= = = George W. Simpson = = =

	George W. Simpson (December 21, 1870 in Baltimore, Maryland – August 17, 1951 in Manhattan, New York City) was an American lawyer and politician from New York.
	The family removed to New York City shortly after George was born.
	Simpson contested the election of Progressive Henry Salant to the New York State Senate (19th D.), and was seated on April 29, 1913, in the 136th New York State Legislature. He remained in the State Senate until 1916, sitting in the 137th, 138th and 139th New York State Legislatures.
	He was a City Magistrate from 1918 to 1931 when he resigned from the bench.
	He died on August 17, 1951, at his home at 425 West 57th Street in Manhattan.

= = = Bridget Perrier = = =

	Bridget Perrier (born 1977) is an activist and former trafficked prostitute who cofounded Sex Trade 101 with Natasha Falle. She became a child prostitute at the age of 12 while she was staying at a group home and an older girl there persuaded her to become a runaway in order to sell sex to a pedophile named Charlie. She had a son, Tanner, who developed cancer as an infant and died at the age of five with the dying wish that his mother get out of the sex industry. In 2000, she moved to Toronto from Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. She is the stepmother of Angel, whose biological mother was Brenda Wolfe, one of Robert Pickton's murder victims. In 2009, Perrier accompanied Angel at Toronto's Native Women's Resource Centre for the Sisters in Spirit vigil in remembrance of Wolfe and the other more than 500 Canadian Aboriginal women who have been murdered or gone missing over the past 30 years. In 2010, Perrier picketed a courthouse in downtown Toronto in recognition of International Day of No Prostitution. She was joined by Trisha Baptie, Natasha Falle, Katarina MacLeod, and Christine Barkhouse, all former human trafficking victims. In 2012, after being removed from a news conference relating to "Bedford v. Canada", Perrier demonstrated a pimp stick to the media, saying that she had been battered with a pimp stick by her pimp every day that he prostituted her. Perrier opposed the legalization of brothels as proposed in "Bedford v. Canada", saying, "Having a legal bawdy house is not going to make it any safer. You are still going to attract serial killers, rapists, perverts." Bridget shared her story in the ground breaking article by Dr. Vincent J. Felitti in Cancer InCytes magazine (Volume 2, Issue 1) about how childhood trauma is associated with chronic diseases during adulthood, and how child trafficking will eventually worsen the economic burden on civil governance.

= = = Dial M for Murder (TV series) = = =

	Dial M for Murder was a British TV crime drama, episode 12 of the third season of the series "Sunday Night Theatre". It was aired on 23 March 1952.
	The script was based on the eponymous play by Frederick Knott, which later was filmed by Alfred Hitchcock in 1954.

= = = Liseh Dar Gonji = = =

	Liseh Dar Gonji (, also Romanized as Līseh Dār Gonjī; also known as Dār Gonjī) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 30, in 4 families.

= = = Lukireh = = =

	Lukireh (, also Romanized as Lūkīreh) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 109, in 21 families.

= = = Mehrabad, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad = = =

	Mehrabad (, also Romanized as Mehrābād) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 99, in 22 families.

= = = Thomas Shorts = = =

	Thomas Dolman Shorts was a Canadian sailor, and one of the early captains on the Okanagan Lake. Shorts started the lakeboat service on Okanagan Lake in the Penticton area.
	"Ruth Shorts" was Thomas Shorts's first boat. She was named for his mother. "Ruth Shorts" was a rowboat that could make a roundtrip from Penticton to Okanagan Landing in nine days. "Ruth Shorts" could carry 2.5 tons of cargo as well as a few passengers. Occasionally, the boat would sport a sail if the weather permitted it. Captain Shorts had no schedule; he left when he wanted or when there was enough people to make the trip worthwhile. Shorts would row during the day and when dusk fell he would row ashore and camp on land with his passengers for the night. Captain Shorts would row sixty-five miles per trip.
	In 1884, Shorts owned and operated the "Mary Victoria Greenhow". She was a steamer that operated on the same route the "Ruth Shorts" did. The "Mary Victoria Greenhow" had the capacity to carry five tons of freight and several passengers. She ran on kerosene. After only a short time in operation, the "Mary Victoria Greenhow" was destroyed by a fire.
	In 1887, Shorts salvaged the engine from the burned "Mary Victoria Greenhow" and modified it so that it was powered by burning wood, and he installed this engine in his new boat, the "Jubilee". The "Jubilee" was thirty feet long and could tow a barge. In 1889, only two years after she began operation, she sank.
	In 1890, Shorts partnered with Thomas Ellis to improve the lake service in the Okanagan. Ellis could provide the funds that Shorts needed. Together, they had a new boat ordered. Meanwhile, Shorts took the engine from the "Jubilee" and attached it to a scow and called his new creation the "City of Vernon". He used the "City of Vernon" until the new boat was ready. The new boat, named "Penticton," was a twin screw steamer. After only two years of operation, Shorts and Ellis sold the "Penticton" to Leon Lequime of Kelowna for five thousand dollars.
	Shorts had never been big on luxury, so when the Canadian Pacific Railway entered the lake service with the SS "Aberdeen", Shorts could not, despite his many efforts, compete with them. Not long after the "Aberdeen" was launched Shorts left the lake service. He headed for the Klondike hoping to strike it rich.

= = = Mowrd, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad = = =

	Mowrd () is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 110, in 20 families.

= = = Pas Resh = = =

	Pas Resh (; also known as Pasrīsh and Pas Rīsh) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 355, in 65 families.

= = = Thomas Nelson House (Yorktown, Virginia) = = =

	Thomas Nelson House is an historic Colonial home in Yorktown, Virginia. It was built around 1730 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.
	It was built by Thomas "Scotch Tom" Nelson around 1730, and occupied by his son, Thomas Nelson, Jr.
	It was damaged during the siege of Yorktown.
	It served as a hospital, during the Civil War. 
	In 1914, Captain and Mrs. George P. Blow bought it and called it, "York Hall". In 1968, the National Park Service bought it and restored it. It is open for tours as part of the Yorktown Battlefield attractions.

= = = Poshteh-ye Ab Chendar = = =

	Poshteh-ye Ab Chendar (, also Romanized as Poshteh-ye Āb Chendār) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.

= = = Ruchek = = =

	Ruchek (, also Romanized as Rūchek) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 80, in 16 families.

= = = Shahr Kheybonari-ye Fathi = = =

	Shahr Kheybonari-ye Fathi (, also Romanized as Shahr Kheybonārī-ye Fatḥī) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 48, in 9 families.

= = = Sarcheshmeh-ye Mushemi = = =

	Sarcheshmeh-ye Mushemi (, also Romanized as Sarcheshmeh-ye Mūshemī) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 123, in 27 families.

= = = McAfee Peak = = =

	McAfee Peak is the highest mountain in the Independence Mountains of northern Elko County, Nevada, United States. It ranks twenty-first among the most topographically prominent peaks in the state. The peak is located within the Mountain City Ranger District of the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest.

= = = Max Hoelz = = =

	Max Hoelz (14 October 1889 – 15 September 1933) was a German Communist, most known for his role as a 'Communist Bandit' in the Vogtland region.
	Hoelz was born the son of a day labourer and emigrated to Britain in 1905 to become a mechanic.
	Hoelz served in the German army during the World War I but was wounded and worked on the railways. Towards the end of the war he was working in a reinforced concrete construction company near Mulhouse in Alsace where he received news his wife in Vogtland was ill, leading him to travel back to Falkenstein with soldiers returning from the front, amongst whom he helped form the Falkenstein Workers' and Soldiers' Council on 9 November 1918. However, he was shortly forced out of the council by his co-chair Sturl, a USPD member, but despite this he joined the USPD and got a job selling subscription to their new journal for the Vogtland, Vogtlandische Volkszeitung. Hoelz went on to found the local branch of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) in Falkenstein in Spring 1919 and became a leader of the unemployed in the town.
	During the Kapp Putsch Hoelz helped form a Red Army in Vogtland. However the activities of his mobile detachment consisting of sometimes as many as 200 armed men caused dismay to the KPD leaders, and soon Heinrich Brandler of the Chemnitz KPD ensure he was expelled from the party. As the Communist Workers Party of Germany (KAPD) was at that time bringing together former KPD activists who were disillusioned with the moderate politics of the KPD leadership, he soon joined them, finding himself more at home amongst their ranks. In the aftermath of the crushing of the Ruhr Red Army, the Vogtland was surrounded by 50,000 government troops and Hoelz led his army to the border with Czechoslovakia where they were surrounded by the Reichswehr. The Red Army split up into detachments to avoid the Reichswehr and Hoelz was eventually arrested in Czechoslovakia and then deported to Austria.
	After returning to Vogtland in late 1920, Hoelz organised a band of around 50 men equipped with arms and bicycles to try and free those detained after the Kapp Putsch. The first bombing he organised was of the Falkenstein Rathaus on 6 March 1921 and others targeted courthouses throughout Germany.
	Later in his 1929 autobiography 'From the "White Cross" to the Red Flag' he regretted taking part in this these attacks,
	"It was a serious political error to approve, and sometimes even take part, in raids on bank buildings, post offices, etc. by expropriation squads. These funds flowed into the hands of the then leaders of the KAPD, thus fulfilling a political purpose by financing the printing of newspapers and leaflets. Only a small part was used over the years to help comrades who were living illegally in various parts of Germany. Unfortunately, the proletarian relief organization Rote Hilfe Deutschland (Red Aid Germany) did not exist at that time."<
	Hoelz was one of the leaders of armed groups during the March Action in the Mansfelder district and ended up on trial in Berlin in May 1921 where he was sentenced to life imprisonment.
	He was released by an amnesty in 1928 and moved to the Soviet Union where he remained critical of Communist Parties of Germany and the Soviet Union as well as of the Comintern as a whole. His request to return to Germany was turned down. He drowned in the Oka River near Nizhny Novgorod on 15 September, 1933.

= = = Sarkun-e Biseytun = = =

	Sarkun-e Biseytun (, also Romanized as Sarkūn-e Bīseytūn) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 40, in 7 families.

= = = Sar Rash = = =

	Sar Rash (; also known as Sar Rashīl and Sar Rīsh) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 88, in 17 families.

= = = Sartal-e Abdarreh = = =

	Sartal-e Abdarreh (, also Romanized as Sartal-e Ābdarreh; also known as Sartal and Sar Tūl) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 50, in 10 families.

= = = Livengood gold deposit = = =

	The Livengood gold deposit is an advanced gold exploration project located northwest of Fairbanks, Alaska. 
	Placer gold was discovered in Livengood Creek in 1914. The hardrock Livengood gold deposit was located by drilling by AngloGold Ashanti (U.S.A.) Exploration Inc. in 2003 and 2004. Livengood was acquired from AngloGold Ashanti in 2006 by the current project owner International Tower Hill Mines (ITHM). In 2016 ITHM reported proven and probable reserves of 391.66 million tonnes of ore at a grade of 0.71 g/t of gold for 8.97 million ounces.

= = = List of Northeast Corridor infrastructure = = =

	This is a list of major infrastructure on the Northeast Corridor, a rail line running through the northeast United States. The list includes major interlockings, bridges, tunnels, and past and present stations, including MBTA Orange Line, WMATA Orange Line, and PATH stations on separate tracks but sharing the right-of-way. It is intended as a companion to the list of stations in the main article.

= = = Sar Tang ol Majan = = =

	Sar Tang ol Majan (; also known as Sar Tang) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 27, in 6 families.

= = = Virtual Boy hardware = = =

	The Virtual Boy hardware includes the console as well as a variety of accessories. The Virtual Boy is Nintendo's first 32-bit system.
	The PPU is 16-bit, and the hardware control unit is 8-bit.
	The Virtual Boy system uses a pair of 1×224 linear arrays (one per eye) and rapidly scans the array across the eye's field of view using flat oscillating mirrors. These mirrors vibrate back and forth at a very high speed, thus the mechanical humming noise from inside the unit. Each Virtual Boy game cartridge has a yes/no option to automatically pause every 15–30 minutes so that the player may take a break.
	One speaker per ear provides the player with audio.
	The Virtual Boy Console was the first video game console that was supposed to be capable of displaying "true 3D graphics" out of the box, in a form of virtual reality. Whereas most video games use monocular cues to achieve the illusion of three dimensions on a two-dimensional screen, the Virtual Boy creates an illusion of depth through the effect known as parallax. In a manner similar to using a head-mounted display, the user looks into an eyepiece made of neoprene on the front of the machine, and then an eyeglass-style projector allows viewing of the monochromatic (in this case, red) image.
	The Virtual Boy uses an oscillating mirror to transform a single line of LED-based pixels into a full field of pixels.
	Nintendo claimed that a color display would have made the system too expensive and resulted in "jumpy" images, so the company opted for a monochrome display. To achieve a color display, Nintendo would have used a combination of red, green, and blue LEDs. At the time, blue LEDs were still considerably expensive and would in turn raise the price of the final product. This in combination with the other drawbacks helped influence Nintendo's decision to release the Virtual Boy as a monochrome device.
	The Virtual Boy was meant to be used sitting down at a table, although Nintendo said it would release a harness for players to use while standing.
	The Virtual Boy, being a system with heavy emphasis on three-dimensional movement, needed a controller that could operate along a Z axis. The Virtual Boy's controller was an attempt to implement dual digital "D-pads" to control elements in the aforementioned 3D environment. And, until the Nintendo 3DS's Circle Pad Pro accessory was released, the Virtual Boy was Nintendo's only handheld that had a second directional input.
	The controller itself is shaped like an "M" (similar to a Gamecube controller). Players hold onto the sides of the controller and the part that dips down in the middle contains the battery pack. There are six buttons on the controller (A, B, Start, Select, L, and R), two D-pads, and the system's "on/off" switch. The two directional pads are located on either side of the controller at the top. The "A" and "B" buttons are located below the pad on the right side and the "Start" and "Select" buttons are located in the same spot on the left side. What would normally be called "shoulder buttons" ("L" and "R") are located behind the area where the pads are, on the back of the controller, functioning more as triggers.
	In more traditional 2-dimensional games, the two directional pads are interchangeable. For others with a more 3D environment, like "Red Alarm", "3D Tetris", or "Teleroboxer", each pad controls a different feature. The symmetry of the controller also allows left-handed gamers to reverse the controls (similar to the Atari Lynx).
	One of the unique features of the controller is the extendable power supply that slides onto the back. It houses the six AA batteries required to power the system. This can be substituted with a wall adapter, though a "slide on" attachment is required for the switchout. Once the slide on adapter is installed, a power adapter can be attached to provide constant power.
	During development, Nintendo promised the ability to link systems for competitive play. The system's EXT (extension) port, located on the underside of the system below the controller port, was never officially supported since no "official" multiplayer games were ever published, nor was an official link cable released. (Although "Waterworld" and "Faceball" were going to use the EXT port for multiplayer play, the multiplayer features in the former were removed and the latter was canceled.)

= = = Shutavar = = =

	Shutavar (, also Romanized as Shūtāvar, Shootavar, and Showtāvar) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,247, in 221 families.

= = = Tal Badam = = =

	Tal Badam (, also Romanized as Tal Bādām) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 30, in 7 families.

= = = Ab Anjir-e Delik = = =

	Ab Anjir-e Delik (, also Romanized as Āb Anjīr-e Delīk; also known as Āb Anjīr) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.

= = = Nintendo 64 technical specifications = = =

	This article describes the processor, memory, and other components of the 1996 Nintendo 64 home video game console. It then goes on to explain the specs of the Nintendo 64's components in more detail, and details the sub components therein.
	The Nintendo 64's central processing unit (CPU) is the NEC VR4300, a licensed variant of the 64-bit MIPS Technologies R4300i, itself a cost-reduced derivative of the MIPS R4200. Built by NEC on a 350 nm process, the VR4300 is a RISC 5-stage scalar in-order execution processor, internal 24 KB direct-mapped L1 cache (16 KB for instructions, 8 KB for data). Although a floating-point unit exists as a logical coprocessor, there is no dedicated physical FPU datapath on the VR4300; instead, the integer pipeline is shared for this purpose, meaning that floating-point instructions will stall the pipeline. The 4.6 million transistor CPU is cooled passively by an aluminum heatspreader that makes contact with a steel heat sink above.
	With a clock rate of 93.75 MHz, the N64's VR4300 is generally considered to be the most powerful console CPU of the fifth generation of video game consoles. Except for its narrower 32-bit system bus, the VR4300 retains the computational abilities of the 64-bit MIPS R4200, though few titles take advantage of 64-bit data precision operations. N64 game titles generally use faster and more compact 32-bit data-operations, as these are sufficient to generate 3D scene data for the console's RSP (Reality Signal Processor) unit. In addition, 32-bit code executes faster and requires less storage space, which came at a premium with contemporary technology. The CPU is constrained by a 562.5 MB/s bus to the system RAM, and in order to access the RAM, the CPU must go through the Reality Coprocessor (RCP), and can not use DMA to do so as the RCP can. This issue is further compounded by the RDRAM's high access latency.
	Programs emulating the Nintendo 64 benefit from the scarcity of 64-bit operations in the game's executable code, especially when running with a 32-bit machine architecture as a host. Most of these emulators perform the majority of calculations at 32-bit precision and trap the few subroutines that actually make use of 64-bit instructions.
	Nintendo 64's graphics and audio duties are performed by the 64-bit SGI coprocessor, named the Reality Coprocessor, or RCP. The RCP is a 62.5 MHz chip split internally into two major components, the Reality Display Processor (RDP) and the Reality Signal Processor (RSP). Each area communicates with the other by way of a 128-bit internal data bus that provides 1.0 GB/s of bandwidth. The RSP is a MIPS R4000-based 128-bit integer vector processor. It is programmable through microcode, allowing the chip's functions to be significantly altered by each software title if necessary, to allow for different types of work, precision, and workloads. A number of microcodes were provided by Nintendo, while a few companies, such as Rare and Factor 5, would later develop their own microcodes. The RSP performs transform, clipping and lighting calculations, and triangle setup. The Reality Display Processor is primarily the Nintendo 64's pixel rasterizer, and also handles the console's Z-buffer compute.
	The RCP was developed by SGI's Nintendo Operations department, led by engineer Dr. Wei Yen (who later founded ArtX in 1997). The RCP was manufactured by NEC, using its 350 nm 3LM CMOS process, which NEC had introduced in 1994. The processor contains 2.6million transistors manufactured using this process. The processor has a size of 81 mm², giving it a transistor density of over 32,000 per square mm.
	Instead of a discrete sound processor, the RSP frequently performs audio functions, although the CPU can be tasked with this as well. It can play back most types of audio (dependent on software codecs) including uncompressed PCM, MP3, MIDI, and tracker music. The RSP is theoretically capable of a maximum of 100 channels of PCM at a time, but only in a case where all system resources are devoted to audio. It has a maximum sampling rate of 48 kHz with 16-bit audio. In practice, however, storage limitations caused by the ROM cartridge format limit the audio size and thus quality. Some game titles are designed for higher quality audio when storage expansions are available, as with "F-Zero X Expansion Kit".
	The RDP performs rasterization, converting images into raster format before output to the display. The RCP also provides the CPU's access to main system memory via a 562.5 MB/s bus. Unfortunately, this link does not allow direct memory access for the CPU. The RCP, like the CPU, is passively cooled by an aluminum heatspreader that makes contact with a steel heat sink above.
	The final major component in the system is the random-access memory, or RAM. Following its design heritage in SGI supercomputing, the Nintendo 64 implemented a unified memory architecture (UMA), instead of having separate banks of memory for CPU, audio, and video, as seen on its competitors. The RAM itself consists of 4.5 megabytes (0.5 MB for anti-aliasing) of Rambus RDRAM, fabricated by NEC. System RAM is expandable to a total of 9 MB with the Expansion Pak. The RAM has a 9-bit data bus at 250 MHz; as RDRAM transfers data at both the rising and falling edge of the signal (a technique also known as DDR), it provides the system with 562.5 MB/s peak bandwidth, shared between CPU and RCP.
	Rambus technology was quite new at the time and offered Nintendo a way to provide a large amount of bandwidth at a relatively low cost. The narrow bus makes board design easier and cheaper than the higher width data buses required for high bandwidth out of slower-clocked RAM types (such as VRAM or EDO DRAM); this way, the N64 mainboard could be designed with only 2 layers. However, RDRAM, at the time, came with a very high access latency. The combination of high bandwidth and high latency meant that significant effort was required from developers to achieve optimal results. Early N64 revisions use two 18 Mbit RAM chips; in ca. 1998 these were replaced with a single 36 Mbit chip, same as was used on the Expansion Pak.
	The Nintendo 64 Game Pak ROM cartridges are much faster than contemporary CD-ROM drives that data can be streamed in real-time from cartridges as if they are additional RAM, thus maximizing the efficiency of the system's RAM. This was a common practice for developers of many games, such as Nintendo EAD's "Super Mario 64" or Factor 5's "Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine".
	The system allows for video output in two formats: composite video and S-Video. This is accomplished through the proprietary "MULTI OUT" connector on the rear of the system, which was carried over from the SNES and later reused on the GameCube. Although the digital-to-analog converter chip used in early models had the capability to produce RGB video, it was not connected by default for this purpose, and later revisions lacked the pin connections for this purpose entirely. 
	The system came bundled with a composite cable (labeled Stereo A/V cable by Nintendo). Available separately (and included with the system in the UK) were a RF modulator and switch set (for connection to older televisions) and an official S-Video cable, although the latter was only sold at retail stores in Japan. In the U.S., the official S-Video cable could only be ordered direct from Nintendo of America, while in PAL territories, no S-Video cable was officially sold altogether. Furthermore, Nintendo omitted several components from the S-Video signal path in PAL consoles, meaning that using an unmodified NTSC S-Video cable will result in an overbright, garish image, or no image at all.
	The system supports standard-definition resolutions up to 480i (576i for PAL units). Few games make use of this mode, and most of those which do also require use of the Expansion Pak RAM upgrade. Most games instead use the system's low-definition 240p (288p for PAL models) modes. A number of games also support widescreen display ratios using either anamorphic widescreen or letterboxing. Games with support for this include "Banjo-Tooie", "Donkey Kong 64", "GoldenEye 007", "", "Jet Force Gemini", "Perfect Dark", "", "", "", "", "Hybrid Heaven", and "South Park".

= = = Ab Riz-e Haft Cheshmeh-ye Mahtab = = =

	Ab Riz-e Haft Cheshmeh-ye Mahtab (, also Romanized as Āb Rīz-e Haft Cheshmeh-ye Mahtāb; also known as Āb Rīz) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.

= = = Yerrapalli Formation = = =

	The Yerrapalli Formation is a Triassic rock formation consisting primarily of mudstones that outcrops in the Pranhita–Godavari Basin in southeastern India. The Yerrapalli Formation preserves fossils of freshwater and terrestrial vertebrates as well as trace fossils of invertebrates. The tetrapod fauna includes temnospondyl amphibians, archosauromorph reptiles, and dicynodonts.
	Most of the Yerrapalli Formation consists of red mudstones. The mudstones were deposited across a floodplain during the Anisian stage of the Middle Triassic. Smaller lenses of calcareous sandstone represent ephemeral streams that branched off from the larger channels that were the source of the floodplain sediments. The climate of the region during the time is thought to have been monsoonal with both wet and dry seasons.
	The Yerrapalli Formation overlies the Kamthi Formation, underlies the Bhimaram Formation, and is conformable with both formations. Two members of the Yerrapalli Formation have been recognized; a lower member consisting of layers of red and purple clay with lenses of pale green clay and an upper member consisting of alternating layers of clay and fine-grained sandstone.
	The paleobiota of the Yerrapalli Formation is similar to that of the overlying Maleri Formation, which also preserves fossils of temnospondyls and archosauromorphs. The main difference between the Yerrapalli and the Maleri faunae is the presence of dicynodonts in the former. The discovery of dicynodont fossils in the Pranhita-Godavari Basin in 1964 was one of the earliest indications that the Yerrapalli Formation represented a distinct paleofauna. Before this discovery, Yerrapalli strata were grouped within the Maleri Formation. The dicynodonts of the Yerrapalli Formation are similar to those of the Ntavere Formation in Zambia, which also dates back to the Anisian. During the Middle Triassic, what is now India and southern Africa formed one continuous landmass as part of the supercontinent Gondwana.

= = = Macarena Reyes = = =

	Macarena Rocío Reyes Meneses (born 30 March 1984 in San Fernando, Chile) is a Chilean athlete who competes in the long jump and heptathlon.
	She holds national records in the long jump, triple jump and heptathlon.

= = = Ab Ti-ye Mahtab = = =

	Ab Ti-ye Mahtab (, also Romanized as Āb Tī-ye Mahtāb; also known as Āb Tī) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 17, in 5 families.

= = = Clive Hirschhorn = = =

	Clive Hirschhorn (born February 20, 1940) is a South African writer and critic known for his long tenure as film and theater critic for the British "Sunday Express" newspaper and as the author of several books.
	Born in Johannesburg, South Africa, son of hotelier Colin Kalman and Pearl (Rabinowitz) Hirschhorn, He attended the University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, receiving a B.A. in 1960.
	While still a student at the University of Witwatersrand, Hirschhorn wrote "A State of Innocence", a play which was presented at the Library Theatre in Johannesburg. Between 1960 and 1963, he was deputy film and theater critic of the Johannesburg's "Sunday Times" and freelanced for both "The Rand Daily Mail" and the "Johannesburg Sunday Express".
	Hirschhorn left South Africa for London in April, 1963 and in 1964 became a story editor at the UK's ABC, a franchise holder for the ITV network.
	The following year, he briefly worked as a pop-columnist for the "Daily Mail", before joining the "Sunday Express" in 1965 as an interviewer. In 1966, in addition to his feature writing, he was appointed the paper’s film and theater critic, a position he held for nearly 30 years, until he left the paper in 1995. Among the many luminaries Hirschhorn interviewed and profiled for the Sunday Express were Tennessee Williams, Marlene Dietrich, Mae West (who was also the subject of a biography by Hirschhorn), Noël Coward, Jack Nicholson, Dustin Hoffman, Judy Garland (in her very last interview), Rita Hayworth, Bing Crosby, Billy Wilder, George Burns, James Stewart, Alfred Hitchcock, Woody Allen, Mel Brooks, Rosalind Russell, Betty Grable, David Niven, Rex Harrison, Yul Brynner, Sammy Davis, Jr., Julie Andrews, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Kirk Douglas, Tony Curtis, Mickey Rooney, and Ginger Rogers.
	In 1996, Hirschhorn became editor of the theater magazine "Applause" and since 1998 has been the theater critic of the magazine "This Is London".
	Beyond the many features, reviews and interviews written for the Sunday Express, Hirschhorn is the author of several well-received books about the film industry and its stars:
	"Library Journal" called his authorized biography of Gene Kelly "well-researched" and praised its "warmth and immediacy". Writing in the "Chicago Tribune Book World", Richard Christiansen named "The Warner Bros. Story" a "bounteous treasure trove of information and entertainment" while remarked that Hirschhorn's entries for the films were "frequently witty and even critical…they are reviews as much as they are narratives". "Newsweek" admired "The Hollywood Musical" because Hirschhorn "aims at a kind of completeness entirely in keeping with the grandiosity of his subject", a sentiment echoed by Seymour Peck in "The New York Times Book Review", who noted that Hirschhorn "sets himself the goal of absolute completeness…and seems to have achieved it."
	Hirschhorn has given lectures on the Hollywood musical at the University of Cape Town's annual Summer School and at the Oxford Literary Festival.
	Beginning in the mid-1980s, Hirschhorn has put together "one of the world's finest collections of rare first-edition books", largely consisting of "almost all the most notable 20th-century authors". The collection included all the major work of Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Graham Greene, William Faulkner and John Steinbeck.
	In October 2012, Hirschhorn made news when he put up for auction a significant portion of his extensive collection. "The Express" reported around 500 in all. Among the "highspots" were a jacketed first edition of "The Great Gatsby", an inscribed copy (to Hirschhorn by Harper Lee) of "To Kill A Mockingbird", Ian Fleming's first Bond novel, ""Casino Royale"", Graham Greene's personal copy (with his signature on the front end-paper) of Bram Stoker's "Dracula", an inscribed copy of Evelyn Waugh's "A Handful of Dust" and a signed copy of "Gone with the Wind".
	Hirschhorn maintains an ongoing collection of film and theater-related material which is not for sale, with the aim to make it one of the most comprehensive private collections of film and theater material in the world.

= = = Ab Zahli-ye Tarzayi = = =

	Ab Zahli-ye Tarzayi (, also Romanized as Āb Zahlī-ye Tārz̤āyī) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 43, in 9 families.

= = = Ableh, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad = = =

	Ableh (, also Romanized as Ābleh) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. According to the 2006 census, it had a population of 355, in 67 families.

= = = Abza-ye Kalat Tayebi = = =

	Abza-ye Kalat Tayebi (, also Romanized as Ābzā-ye Kalāt Ţayebī; also known as Ābzā) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.

= = = Ahmad-e Naseri = = =

	Ahmad-e Naseri (, also Romanized as Aḩmad-e Nāşerī; also known as Aḩmad-e Nāẕerī) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 115, in 23 families.

= = = Ahmad Salar-e Kalat Tayebi = = =

	Ahmad Salar-e Kalat Tayebi (, also Romanized as Aḩmad Sālār-e Kalāt Ţayebī; also known as Aḩmad Sālār) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 166, in 32 families.

= = = Ayneh Bazar-e Mahtab = = =

	Ayneh Bazar-e Mahtab (, also Romanized as Ayneh Bāzār-e Mahtāb; also known as Aeenehbāzār-e Mahtāb) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 56, in 9 families.

= = = Anjir-e Siah, Kohgiluyeh = = =

	Anjir-e Siah (, also Romanized as Anjīr-e Sīāh) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.

= = = Bataveh-ye Najak = = =

	Bataveh-ye Najak (, also Romanized as Bātāveh-ye Nājak) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. In a 2006 census, its population was 109, in 18 families.

= = = 1972–73 Serie C = = =

	The 1972–73 Serie C was the thirty-fifth edition of Serie C, the third highest league in the Italian football league system.

= = = Testdroid = = =

	Testdroid is a set of mobile software development and testing products by Bitbar Technologies Limited.
	Bitbar was founded in 2009, with offices in Cambridge, United Kingdom, Wrocław, Poland, and Oulu, Finland.
	Marko Kaasila is a founder and serves as chief executive officer.
	Other founders included Sakari Rautiainen and Jouko Kaasila. Initial seed funding came from angel investors and Finnvera Venture Capital in December 2012.
	By 2013, Bitbar was reported to have offices in San Francisco, Helsinki and in Wrocław.
	An investment of US$3 million was announced in April 2013, from Creathor Ventures, DFJ Esprit, Finnvera Venture Capital, Finland's TEKES and Qualcomm.
	Investors were quoted as being attracted because customers already included Google, Facebook, LinkedIn, Flipboard, Pinterest, and eBay.
	In May 2014, a research by the company found out several aspects that fragment Android ecosystem for developers and users.
	In September 2014, company enabled free access to Intel Atom based Android devices for mobile application and game testers.
	Testdroid comprises three different products: Testdroid Cloud, Testdroid Recorder and Testdroid Enterprise.
	Testdroid provides an application programming interface through open source software available on GitHub.
	Testdroid can use testing frameworks, such as Robotium, Appium and uiautomator for native and Selenium for web applications, targeted for mobile application and game developers.
	Testdroid Cloud contains real Android and iOS powered devices, some of which are available for users.
	Testdroid Cloud lets users run tests simultaneously on cloud-based service.
	Testdroid Recorder is a tool for developers and testers for recording user-actions and producing JUnit based test cases on mobile application and games. Testdroid Recorder is available at the Eclipse marketplace.
	Testdroid Enterprise is a server software for managing automated testing on multiple real Android and iOS powered devices, supporting Gradle build system and Jenkins Continuous Integration.
	Testdroid appeared at Google I/O in 2012 and 2013.

= = = Badam Gerdaki = = =

	Badam Gerdaki (, also Romanized as Bādām Gerdakī) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 60, in 9 families.

= = = Badarreh = = =

	Badarreh (, also Romanized as Bādarreh) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 69, in 14 families.

= = = Imre Balog = = =

	Imre Balog (born October 28, 1991) is a Hungarian chess grandmaster. Balog won the Arad Open in 2011, and won it for a second time in 2012. He earned his International Master title in 2007 and gained his grandmaster norms in 2010 and was awarded the grandmaster title in early 2011.

= = = Bifah Zari = = =

	Bifah Zari (, also Romanized as Bīfah Zārī; also known as Būfah Zārī) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 58, in 11 families.

= = = Bolviri = = =

	Bolviri (, also Romanized as Bolvīrī) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 266, in 47 families.

= = = Bamuni Dam Tang-e Divan-e Mahtab = = =

	Bamuni Dam Tang-e Divan-e Mahtab (, also Romanized as Bamūnī Dam Tang-e Dīvan-e Mahtāb) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 38, in 6 families.

= = = Bareh Gorg Khurdeh = = =

	Bareh Gorg Khurdeh (, also Romanized as Bareh Gorg Khūrdeh) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.

= = = 2013–14 Karlsruher SC season = = =

	The 2013–14 Karlsruher SC season is the 62nd season in the club's football history. In 2013–14 the club plays in the 2. Bundesliga, the second tier of German football.

= = = Chah Gorgi = = =

	Chah Gorgi (, also Romanized as Chāh Gorgī) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 309, in 55 families.

= = = 2008 Black-Eyed Susan Stakes = = =

	The 2008 Black-Eyed Susan Stakes was the 84th running of the Black-Eyed Susan Stakes. The race took place in Baltimore, Maryland on May 16, 2008, and was televised in the United States on the Bravo TV network owned by NBC. Ridden by jockey Channing Hill, Sweet Vendetta, won the race by one and one half lengths over runner-up Shes All Eltish. Approximate post time on the evening before the Preakness Stakes was 5:50 p.m. Eastern Time and the race was run for a purse of $150,000. The race was run over a fast track in a final time of 1:49.60. The Maryland Jockey Club reported total attendance of 18,407.
	The 84th Black-Eyed Susan Stakes Payout Schedule
$2 Exacta: (2–8) paid $85.80
$2 Trifecta: (2–8–6) paid $514.20
$1 Superfecta: (2–8–6–4) paid $904.70

= = = Cham Lapeh = = =

	Cham Lapeh (; also known as Cham Kapū and Cham Lapū) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 245, in 51 families.

= = = Indian Pharmacist Association = = =

	The Indian Pharmacist Association (IPA) is the professional body for pharmacists of India. Members include hospital pharmacists, manufacturing pharmacists, teachers and clinical pharmacists. Founded in 2011, the association is a member of the Global Health Workforce Alliance (WHO). The IPA is emerging as one of the largest organizations of pharmacists in India. The main objective of IPA is proper placement of pharmacists to play a role in the health care sector in India.
	Indian Pharmacist Association (IPA) recently organised a national conference on Indian pharmacists at Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences in Delhi. The theme for the conference was ‘Challenges Today and Tomorrow.’ Different associations representing various states participated in the conference.

= = = Dar Boland = = =

	Dar Boland (, also Romanized as Dār Boland) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 46, in 8 families.

= = = Deh-e Nar, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad = = =

	Deh-e Nar (, also Romanized as Deh-e Nār; also known as Deh-e Anār) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 168, in 25 families.

= = = Nintendo 64 Game Pak = = =

	Nintendo 64 Game Paks (NUS-006) are ROM cartridges that store game data for the Nintendo 64. Their sizes vary from 4 MiB (32 Mibit, such as "Automobili Lamborghini" and "Dr. Mario 64") to 64 MiB (512 Mibit, such as "Resident Evil 2" and "Conker's Bad Fur Day"). The Game Pak's design tradeoffs were intended to achieve maximal system speed and minimal system cost, with a lesser storage space and a higher unit cost per game.
	Launched in 1996, the Nintendo 64 was the last major home console to use a cartridge as its primary storage format until the release of the Nintendo Switch in 2017. Portable systems such as the PlayStation Vita, Nintendo DS, and Nintendo 3DS also use cartridges.
	Nintendo's data storage strategy with the Nintendo 64 had always been to develop a complementary higher-capacity peripheral to accompany the Nintendo 64 Game Pak. This strategy resulted in 1999's 64DD, an aftermarket peripheral which was launched years late and only in Japan as a commercial failure, leaving the Game Pak as the Nintendo 64's sole storage medium.
	To complement the company's two previous high-speed cartridge-based console generations, Nintendo had already developed high-capacity secondary storage devices such as the Famicom Disk System and the cancelled SNES-CD. The company had always intended to do likewise with this generation. In a 1994 interview, Nintendo summarized its analysis of the continued advantages of cartridges for its upcoming console, eventually known as the Nintendo 64.
	That sentiment was soon revised; also in 1994, Nintendo's vice president of marketing Peter Main stated that "The choice we made is not cartridge versus CD, it's silicon over optical. When it comes to speed, no other format approaches the silicon-based cartridge."
	The Great Hanshin earthquake of 1995, which destroyed a major RAM factory in Japan, increased the prices of RAM in the 1990s. Nintendo planned to continue to supplement the use of system RAM through innovations in high speed ROM cartridges. SGI suggested that Nintendo should utilize cartridges to keep the console's costs low and performance high.
	At Shoshinkai of 1995, Nintendo announced its development of the complementary 64DD, a rewritable magnetic disk based peripheral with several times faster transfer rates and seek time than competing CD-ROM consoles. In 1997, Nintendo game designer Shigesato Itoi explained, "CD holds a lot of data, DD holds a moderate amount of data and backs the data up, and [cartridge] ROMs hold the least data and process the fastest. By attaching a DD to the game console, we can drastically increase the number of possible genres. ... I think we'll make the game on a cartridge first, then ... finish it up as a full-out 64DD game." Many Nintendo 64 games were developed in a way that depended upon or were expanded by that device. However, after the device's launch had been delayed several years until 1999 and restricted to Japan, it was discontinued early as a commercial failure.
	In 1996, prior to the Nintendo 64's launch, President of Nintendo Hiroshi Yamauchi praised the user experience of the cartridge format:
	Until the launch of the Switch in 2017, the Nintendo 64 was the latest major home console to use the cartridge as its primary storage format, although most handheld systems (with the exception of the PlayStation Portable) continued to use cartridges. Most home systems began using disc, flash, and online formats. With the Nintendo GameCube, the company utilized the optical disc format instead of the cartridge format, in a boon to some developers. The company's stated goal was to reduce manufacturing costs; Nintendo did not cite storage space as a rationale. While the new console lacks backwards compatibility with Nintendo 64 Game Paks, Nintendo said players could simply keep their Nintendo 64.
	Some Game Paks include internal EEPROM, flash memory, or battery-backed-up RAM for saved game storage. Otherwise, game saves are put onto a separate memory card, marketed by Nintendo as a Controller Pak.
	Each Nintendo 64 Game Pak contains a lockout chip (conceptually similar to the 10NES) to prevent manufacturers from creating unauthorized copies of games and discourage production of unlicensed games. Unlike previous versions, the N64 lockout chip contains a seed value which is used to calculate a checksum of the game's boot code. To discourage playing of copied games by piggybacking on a real Game Pak, Nintendo produced five different versions of the chip. During the boot process, and occasionally while the game is running, the N64 computes the checksum of the boot code and verifies it with the lockout chip in the Game Pak, failing to boot if the check fails.
	On June 2, 1997, a U.S. District Court issued a temporary restraining order against Games City for its Game Doctor and Doctor V64 products, which allow users to copy from a Game Pak to a CD or hard disk drive. Games City was ordered to stop importing, distributing, advertising, or selling any such devices.
	The Nintendo 64 Game Pak medium provides essential benefits alongside a number of drawbacks. While they provide the fastest possible load times and greater durability, the format is more expensive to produce and has less storage space than the competing CD-ROM format.
	Nintendo was concerned that a CD-ROM drive would increase the cost of the console in a price-sensitive market. Nintendo software engineering manager Jim Merrick said, "We're very sensitive to the cost of the console. We could get an eight-speed CD-ROM mechanism in the unit, but in the under-$200 console market, it would be hard to pull that off."
	Specified at 5 to 50 MiB/s, Nintendo cited the ROM cartridges' very fast load times in comparison to disc-based games. Few contemporary CD-ROM drives have speeds above 4×, and the competing consoles Sega Saturn and Sony PlayStation have 2× drives running at about with high latency. This can be observed on the loading screens that appear in many PlayStation games but are typically nonexistent in Nintendo 64 games. ROM cartridges are so much faster than contemporary CD-ROM drives that data can be streamed in real-time from cartridges as if they are additional RAM, thus maximizing the efficiency of the system's RAM. This was a common practice for developers in many games, such as Nintendo EAD's "Super Mario 64" or Factor 5's "Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine". Howard Lincoln said, "[Genyo Takeda, the Nintendo engineer working with Silicon Graphics to design Project Reality] and those guys felt very strongly that it was absolutely essential to have it on a cartridge in order to do the kind of things that we wanted to do with "Super Mario"."
	Sega countered by claiming that load times on CD-ROMs could eventually be minimized. "We are finding more and more ways to mask the load factor," Ted Hoff, vice president of sales and marketing at Sega, said. "We are working out ways to overlay or leapfrog the loading time."
	Game Paks are far more durable than compact discs, the latter of which must be carefully used and stored in protective cases. It also prevents accidental scratches and subsequent read errors. While Game Paks are more resistant than CDs to physical damage, they are sometimes less resistant to long-term environmental damage, particularly oxidation (although this can be simply cleaned off) or wear of their electrical contacts causing a blank or frozen screen, or static electricity.
	Due to complex manufacturing processes, cartridge-based games are more expensive and difficult to manufacture than their optical counterparts. PlayStation CD-ROMs reportedly cost $1 to manufacture, while cartridges for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System cost $15 and Nintendo 64 cartridges reportedly cost more than $30.
	Publishers had to pass these higher expenses to the consumer and as a result, Nintendo 64 games tended to sell for higher prices than PlayStation games. While most PlayStation games rarely exceeded US$50, Nintendo 64 cartridges could reach US$79.99, such as the first pressing of "The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time". Games in Sony's line of PlayStation Greatest Hits budget line retailed for US$19.95, while Nintendo's equivalent Player's Choice line retailed for US$29.95. In the United Kingdom, Nintendo 64 games were priced £54.95 at their time of release, while PlayStation games were priced at £44.95. In the United States, the typical price of a third-party game was around in the system's first year on the market, though this dropped incrementally after Nintendo reduced wholesale prices on the cartridges.
	Game Paks took longer to manufacture than CDs, with each production run (from order to delivery) taking two weeks or more. By contrast, extra copies of a CD based game could be ordered with a lead time of a few days. This meant that publishers of N64 titles had less flexibility to forecast demand for their titles. Publishers had to attempt to predict demand for a game ahead of its release. They risked being left with a surplus of expensive Game Paks for a failed game or a weeks-long shortage of product if they underestimated a game's popularity.
	Sony used this shortcoming to appeal to publishers. Andrew House, vice president of marketing at Sony Computer Entertainment America, said "They can manufacture the appropriate amount of software without taking a tremendous inventory risk associated with the cartridge business."
	During the Nintendo 64's development in 1995, Nintendo reported that the then-realized maximum cartridge size was 96 megabits (12 megabytes), with a theoretical maximum at the time of 256 megabits (32 megabytes). As fifth generation games became more complex in content, sound and graphics, they pushed Game Paks to the limits of their storage capacity. In practice, the few largest vintage Game Paks can hold up to 512 megabits (64 megabytes) of data, whereas CDs can hold more than 650 MiB. Games ported from other media may utilize more aggressive data compression (as with "Resident Evil 2") or altered content (as with "Spider-Man" and "") so that they may be released on the Nintendo 64. Exceptionally large games on CD-based systems can be made to span across multiple discs, while most Nintendo 64 games are contained within one Game Pak, as the use of an additional Game Pak or of one maximally sized Game Pak was often considered prohibitively expensive, and the 64DD expansion drive was released late and discontinued early.
	Due to the Game Pak's space limitations, full motion video is not usually feasible for use in cutscenes. A notable exception is "Resident Evil 2", which contains the equivalent material of the two CD-ROM discs of the original PlayStation version, plus some expanded content, plus higher quality audio samples and unique surround sound technology, making it what IGN calls "the best version of the game". Some games contain significant cinematic scenes whose graphics are generated by the system in real-time, as with "". Nintendo downplayed the importance of studio-prerendered videos, with software engineering manager Jim Merrick saying, "Full-motion video demos really well on a CD-ROM, but once you get into the software, as a gamer, you're thinking 'let's get on with the game.'"
	Nintendo also countered that developers did not generally use the full 650MiB capacity of CD-ROMs, stating that the smaller storage space encouraged developers to focus on gameplay rather than flashy visuals. Many CD-ROM games are known to simply consist of cartridge sized games alongside a prerendered audio track, or just a copy of a game already released on cartridge. The relatively few games that have ever been released based on full motion video typically have very high production costs and timeframes.
	CD-ROMs are known for relative ease of illicit copying on personal computers, whereas Game Paks are physically proprietary and more difficult to copy.
	John Ricciardi, writing for "Electronic Gaming Monthly", called Nintendo's decision to stick with a cartridge format for the Nintendo 64 "stubborn". The author called it a major contributor to the company's competitive disadvantages, even more so than the failed partnership with Sony to create a CD format and console. Brian Dipert, writing for "EDN Magazine", said that the Nintendo 64 Game Paks are "bulky and expensive, eating into Nintendo's profit margins compared with competitors’ inexpensive CD and DVD plastic discs". On a more positive side of the topic, Aaron Curtiss of The "Los Angeles Times" praised Nintendo's choice of the cartridge medium with its "nonexistent" load times and "continuous, fast-paced action CD-ROMs simply cannot deliver", concluding that "the cartridge-based Nintendo 64 delivers blistering speed and tack-sharp graphics that are unheard of on personal computers and make competing 32-bit, disc-based consoles from Sega [Saturn] and Sony [PlayStation] seem downright sluggish". Describing the quality control incentives associated with cartridge-based development, Curtiss cited Nintendo's position that cartridge game developers tend to "place a premium on substance over flash", and noted that the launch titles lack the "poorly acted live-action sequences or half-baked musical overtures" which he believed were usually found on CD-ROM games at the time.
	As part of the controversial technological tradeoffs between storage and performance, which has been endemic to the entire computing industry, and which Nintendo had faced since the Famicom's cassette and floppy disk systems, the selection of a cartridge format for the Nintendo 64 was essential to several developers' ability to deliver top quality games. However, the choice of cartridge format coupled with the commercial failure of the supplemental 64DD were also key factors in Nintendo losing its dominant position in the gaming market. Some of the Game Pak's advantages are actually nullified by its disadvantages.
	That generation's primary competitors, the Sony PlayStation and the Sega Saturn, rely completely upon 2× CD-ROM drives for game storage. These discs are much cheaper and faster to manufacture and distribute, resulting in lower manufacturing costs to third-party game publishers. As a result, some game developers who had traditionally supported Nintendo game consoles prior to Nintendo 64 were now developing games for the competition.
	Some third-party developers switched to the PlayStation. This includes Square who had produced a "Final Fantasy" technology prototype using the same SGI-based development platform used by Nintendo, and Enix whose "Dragon Warrior VII" was initially pre-planned for the Nintendo 64 and its yet-unreleased 64DD disk drive peripheral at least by 1996, but reluctantly migrated due to the developers' increasingly ambitious use of storage space with their fundamentally cinematic game format. Shiny Entertainment had been planning to develop "MDK" for the Nintendo 64, but switched to PC when they found the cartridge space was insufficient for their plans for the game and Nintendo failed to produce the promised 64DD in a timely manner.
	Some developers who remained on Nintendo 64 released fewer games for the system. Konami was the biggest example of this, releasing 29 Nintendo 64 games but more than 50 on the PlayStation. Overall, new game releases were less frequent for the Nintendo 64 than those for the PlayStation.
	Aside from the difficulties with some third parties, the Nintendo 64 supports some of the most popular, genre-defining, and critically acclaimed games such as "Super Mario 64", "", and "GoldenEye 007", having given the system a long market lifespan. Much of this success was credited to Nintendo's strong first-party franchises, such as "Mario", which had strong name brand appeal, and by Nintendo's own second-party developers such as Rare.
	When interviewed by "Computer & Video Games" at Shoshinkai of 1995, about how the theoretical use of CD instead of cartridge could have impacted its past game development, Rare reportedly said that ""Blastdozer" would require more time and much more RAM", and that ""Goldeneye" would require twice the RAM". In the 2013 Director's Commentary video about "Conker's Bad Fur Day", after observing the imperceptible loading times and the "seamless" transitions between major scenes of the game, Rare programmers declare that "the thing about cartridges is … it's solid state ... so it's actually a much more advanced, better medium than discs. You can't have as much [content] on there—or, rather, you can but it's very expensive—but as a medium, cartridge is [vastly] ahead in superiority to any blu-ray or disc … [or] hard drives."
	Upon Factor 5's introduction to the Nintendo 64, the developer had already delivered highly optimized multiplatform games for almost a decade, ranging from 8-bit home computers to 32-bit CD-ROM. After having developed innovative techniques for CD-ROM media in two different Lucasarts releases for PlayStation, Factor 5's cofounder Julian Eggebrecht said this:
	Eggebrecht identified RAM, not storage, as the key bottleneck for any console; so he identified CD-ROM performance of the day as exacerbating that bottleneck and favored cartridges to virtually eliminate the bottleneck. Even after having designed "Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine" for personal computers equipped with hard drives, Eggebrecht significantly attributed the technologically and aesthetically superior nature of Factor 5's Nintendo 64 port, to his programmers' aggressive utilization of the cartridge format.

= = = Deh-e Nar = = =

	Deh-e Nar or Deh Nar () may refer to:

= = = Bunge Church = = =

	Bunge Church () is a medieval church in Bunge on the Swedish island of Gotland. The church seen today was largely built during the 14th century and is in a High Gothic style typical for churches on Gotland. Inside, the church is richly decorated with medieval frescos, including depictions of medieval knights whose significance remain contested. Bunge Church belongs to the Church of Sweden and lies in the Diocese of Visby (Sweden).
	Archaeological excavations carried out in 1916 and 1971 have shown that the present, mainly Gothic church was pre-dated by a Romanesque church, dating from the 12th century. The massive, fortress-like tower of the church is somewhat later but belonged to this first edifice. The nave and choir were built in the 14th century in a form of High Gothic typical for Gotland: the nave is high and spacious, divided into two by slender columns; the choir lacks an apse; and the east end of the church instead finishes in a straight wall adorned with three slender windows.
	The church and churchyard are surrounded by a wall which originally reached much higher and had a defensive purpose. Four medieval gates still survive in the wall. The church complex evidently has fulfilled a defensive role, as there are marks from pikes and crossbow bolts in the sturdy tower-door, still preserved in its original place. In addition, the inside of the church is profusely decorated with frescos depicting, among other things, fighting knights. The frescos and the church wall may date from the short period in history when Gotland belonged to the Teutonic Order. This has led some scholars to speculate whether the church for a time might have been owned by the crusading Order, and turned into an "Ordensburg" (albeit on a small scale).
	The church today belongs to the Church of Sweden and lies within the Diocese of Visby.
	The church is one of the largest on northern Gotland. As mentioned, it displays a mix between Romanesque (the tower) and Gothic (the nave and choir). The church has a southern portal, rich in sculpture, and a northern portal with Romanesque details, possibly partially incorporated from the earlier church building.
	The most distinguishing feature of the interior is no doubt the richly painted walls, with frescos executed by a master painter probably from Prussia or Bohemia. These are from the late 14th century or early 15th and depict different Christian themes, like the Last Judgement, the crucifixion, a few of the apostles but also the Mass of Saint Gregory and legends of saints. As for the previously mentioned depicted knights, scholars have different views of what they may depict or represent. One theory is that they are Teutonic knights. Another claims that they represent a depiction of the Battle of Visby, while others believe they are, in line with the other paintings, representing the Christian theme of the martyrdom of the Theban Legion. A single remaining painted glass window remains, a baptismal font from the 13th century and an oddity: a mite box in stone, which is signed by the stonemason in runes, "Lafrans made this stone".

= = = Deli Hermun = = =

	Deli Hermun (, also Romanized as Delī Hermūn; also known as Delī Hermū) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 19, in 4 families.

= = = Delik-e Tayebi = = =

	Delik-e Tayebi (, also Romanized as Delīk-e Ţayebī) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 32, in 8 families.

= = = Delik = = =

	Delik () may refer to:

= = = Dam Tang-e Hermu-ye Mahtab = = =

	Dam Tang-e Hermu-ye Mahtab (, also Romanized as Dam Tang-e Hermū-ye Mahtāb) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.

= = = Dam Tang-e Nal Ashkenan-e Mahtab = = =

	Dam Tang-e Nal Ashkenan-e Mahtab (, also Romanized as Dam Tang Naʿl Ashkenān-e Mahtāb) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 16, in 5 families.

= = = Dasht-e Azadi-ye Javardeh = = =

	Dasht-e Azadi-ye Javardeh (, also Romanized as Dasht-e Āzādī-ye Jāvardeh; also known as Dast Āzādī) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 670, in 119 families.

= = = Sarah Bixby Smith = = =

	Sarah Bixby Smith (1871–1935) was a California writer and an advocate of women's education. "Adobe Days", her memoir of growing up in southern California, is considered a classic of the genre.
	Sarah Hathaway Bixby Smith was born at Rancho San Justo near San Juan Bautista, California, in 1871. Her parents were Llewellyn Bixby, a rancher, and Mary Hathaway Bixby. Llewellyn Bixby was a sheepman, and with other members of the Bixby family had come to California in 1852, driving sheep and cattle from the East. Llewellyn, together with his brother Jotham and three cousins (John William Bixby, Thomas Flint, and Benjamin Flint), formed the Flint-Bixby Company in 1855 to buy land to run their livestock. By the mid-1880s they had amassed large landholdings: in addition to Rancho San Justo were Rancho Los Cerritos and Rancho Los Alamitos in Long Beach, California (both now run as museums), Rancho San Juan Cajón de Santa Ana, and part of Rancho de los Palos Verdes. Sarah spent her childhood on the San Justo, Los Cerritos, and Los Alamitos ranches.
	She earned her bachelor's degree from Wellesley College in 1894 and became a writer and advocate for women's independence and higher education.
	Bixby Smith wrote both lyric poetry and nonfiction. Her volumes of poetry include "My Sage-brush Garden" (1924), "Pasear" (1926), "Wind Upon My Face" (1930), and "The Bending Tree" (1933).
	Bixby Smith is best known for three highly personal memoirs of California history. The first, "A Little Girl of Old California" (1920), was a brief memoir of her girlhood, later expanded into the book "Adobe Days" (1925). "Adobe Days" uses details of Smith's childhood on the family sheep ranches to tell the intertwined stories of the pioneering Bixby family as it rose to prominence in California and the development of Los Angeles from its frontier-town days to the end of the 19th century. It has been called "deservedly a classic of California autobiography ... [capturing] perfectly that intersection of civilization and frontier, New Englandism and Spanish Southwest, which turn-of-the-century California defined as its own special heritage." She also wrote "Milestones in Los Angeles: Being a Brief Narrative of Los Angeles Through Five Decades" (ca. 1933). At the time of her death, she was working on a book about the history of southern California.
	Bixby Smith collaborated with second husband Paul Jordan-Smith on a manifesto extolling an elevated and spiritual feminism. Entitled "The Soul of Woman: An Interpretation of the Philosophy of Feminism", it was published under his name in 1916.
	Bixby Smith was involved with women's groups and served at various times as president of the Friday Morning Club and vice-president of the American Association of University Women. She was also a trustee of Scripps College and a member of the Claremont School Board and the Historical Society of Southern California board. In the early 1930s, she was a delegate to the Pacific Relations Conference in Shanghai.
	Bixby Smith was an amateur painter of landscapes and portraits in a realist style that hearkens back to the mid-nineteenth century. Her paintings prompted her second husband Paul Jordan-Smith's Disumbrationism hoax.
	Bixby Smith was married and divorced twice. In 1896, she married Arthur Maxson Smith. With her inherited wealth, she financed Arthur’s graduate divinity school studies at the University of Chicago and Harvard on his way to becoming a Unitarian minister. In 1900, they moved to Hawaii for two years when Arthur was appointed the head of Honolulu’s Oahu College and Punahou School. They returned to the mainland as a result of Arthur's liaisons with Oahu College students and moved to Claremont, California, where Arthur taught philosophy at Pomona College from 1904 to 1909. They commissioned architect Arthur B. Benton to build them a 14-room mansion on 20 acres directly across the street from the campus.
	In 1909, when Bixby Smith discovered that her husband had been having an affair with the children's au pair, she helped him to get a new position in northern California at the First Unitarian Church in Berkeley. Smith's life became more complicated when she got romantically involved with Paul Jordan-Smith, a married minister at the same church, who was also a graduate student in the English Department at the University of California, Berkeley. When their liaison was discovered, the English Department faculty voted not to renew his fellowship.
	After Bixby Smith's 1916 divorce from Arthur and marriage the same year to Paul, the couple moved with the children to her mansion in Claremont, which had in the meantime been turned into a school for boys by W. E. Garrison. In 1917, the school's lease ended and they began renovating the house back into a private residence, which they named Erewhon on completion. Around this time, they met and subsequently became friends with one of Bixby Smith's cousins, the photographer Edward Weston, who made a photographic portrait of her around 1919. There are also a number of Weston photographs of bathers shot around Erewhon's indoor pool. Later, the couple moved to a mansion on Los Feliz Boulevard in Los Angeles, where their dinner parties were famous for bringing members of the city's bohemian circles together with the ruling oligarchy. Eventually, Paul left Bixby Smith and they got divorced.
	From her marriage to Arthur Maxson Smith, she had five children: Arthur Jr. (known as Maxson), Bradford, Llewellyn, Roger, and Janet. Her marriage to Paul added his three children from a prior marriage to the household: Isabel, Ralph, and Wilbur Smith.
	Bixby Smith died of a trichinosis infection in Long Beach, California, on September 13, 1935, at the age of 64.
	Bixby Smith's correspondence, along with photographs, press clippings, and other documents, are in the Charles E. Young Research Library Department of Special Collections at the University of California, Los Angeles. Rancho Los Cerritos (now run as a museum) houses the Sarah Bixby Smith Manuscript Collection and has four of her oil paintings on display.

= = = Claude Bertrand (actor) = = =

	Claude Bertrand (24 March 1919—14 December 1986) was a French film, television and voiceover actor.
	In a career that has spanned four decades, Bertrand was best known in French film and television as a voice over actor. He was the French dub for Roger Moore, Charles Bronson, John Wayne, Bud Spencer and Burt Lancaster. He also shared his voice in animation, he provided the voice of Baloo in the French version of The Jungle Book, O'Malley in The Aristocats and Little John in Robin Hood. He also voiced Captain Haddock in Tintin and the Temple of the Sun and Tintin and the Lake of Sharks.
	He also dubbed Roger Moore into French in the James Bond series between 1973 and 1985.
	Bertrand died in 1986 after suffering from cancer.

= = = Do Bandab Chati-ye Mahtab = = =

	Do Bandab Chati-ye Mahtab (, also Romanized as Do Bandāb Chātī-ye Mahtāb) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 22, in 5 families.

= = = Faryab Tut = = =

	Faryab Tut (, also Romanized as Fāryāb Tūt; also known as Pāryāb Tūt) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 224, in 41 families.

= = = Steve Rizzo = = =

	Steve Rizzo is an American motivational speaker, author, and former stand-up comedian, who is notable for his humorous style of motivational speaking and writing. Rizzo is a member of the National Speakers Association (NSA) and an inductee of its "Council of Peers Award for Excellence" (CPAE) Speaker Hall of Fame. His book, "Becoming a Humor Being: The Power to Choose a Better Way" won the Writer's Digest International Self-Published Book Awards.
	Steve Rizzo is a native of Brooklyn in New York City. While growing up, "Rizzo was [once] told by a [high school] guidance counselor that he didn't have the intelligence for college." He went on to study at the Long Island University C. W. Post Campus, earning a Bachelor of Arts in English and Education (with Honors) and Master of Arts in Theater Arts.
	Rizzo was once an English teacher for the 7th and 8th grade students at West Babylon Junior High School in West Babylon, New York, and counselor to students with behavioral problems in the 9th to 12th grades. He later became a comedian, and was roommate to Drew Carey, had Dennis Miller and Rosie O'Donnell open shows for him and shared the stage with Eddie Murphy, Rodney Dangerfield, Jerry Seinfeld and Ellen DeGeneres before moving on to become a motivational speaker. Rizzo left a promising career of over 18 years in stand-up comedy to pursue a new career in motivational speaking; he became a professional speaker in 1994.
	As a stand-up comic, Rizzo performed at various comedy clubs, including the Pittsburgh Comedy Club in Dormont and the Improv. He also was featured in many television comedy shows, including An Evening at the Improv, Showtime Special, The Comedy Channel and Fox TV's "Comic Strip Live". In "The Pittsburgh Press" of June 2, 1983, Lenny Litman described Rizzo's comedy style as "whip-cracking satire cushioned with warm and funny stories."
	While Rizzo was transitioning from being a stand-up comedian to a motivational speaker, after one of his shows at a New Jersey comedy club, he met Al Parinello, president of the National Speakers Association (NSA)—New Jersey chapter, he encouraged Rizzo to attend a workshop of the National Speakers Association. After the workshop, Rizzo was asked to present "How to Add Humor to Your Presentations" at a national convention of the National Speakers Association. At this transitioning period, Rizzo also met Nancy Lauterbach, the founder of Five Star Speakers and Trainers after a show in Orlando, Florida, and according to Kelli Vrla in "Speaker" (a publication of National Speakers Association) of September 2010, "she took him under her wing and helped him structure his presentation. In his first showcase, Rizzo ranked dead last out of 23 speakers because he tried to sound like a "serious motivational speaker." He soon realized his humor was the key to his authenticity. "I was light years ahead of many professional speakers because I had command of an audience," Rizzo says. When Rizzo incorporated humor in his next showcase, buyers immediately hired him. He signed an exclusive agreement with Five Star, and his speaking business took off. Rizzo credits Lauterbach with helping him establish a foothold in his new career."
	Rizzo had a PBS Special which he created by himself, and he was also the executive producer. In an article published on December 08, 2006 by Oprah Radio (via Oprah.com), Mehmet Oz wrote that "Steve Rizzo is the author of "Becoming a Humor Being", and the creator and executive producer of his own nationally syndicated PBS special. After doing stand-up comedy for many years, Steve transitioned to being a professional humorist speaker." A publication by McGraw-Hill (introducing Rizzo's book, "Get Your SHIFT Together: How to Think, Laugh, and Enjoy Your Way to Success in Business and in Life") says, "[Rizzo reaches] well over 50,000 people a year through his talks and weekly Rizzo-Gram e-mails."
	Rizzo was featured on MSNBC and Oprah and Friends radio network as a consultant. In the introduction of Rizzo's book, "Get Your SHIFT Together: How to Think, Laugh, and Enjoy Your Way to Success in Business and in Life", published on the website of McGraw-Hill, Rizzo is described as ""The Attitude Adjuster", is a personal development expert whose clients include American Airlines, BP, JPMorgan Chase, Scholastic, and Sprint, among others. As a standup comic, he has headlined with many titans of comedy, including Jerry Seinfeld, Eddie Murphy, Drew Carey, and Ellen DeGeneres."
	At a National Association of Trailer Manufacturers (NATM)'s event in 2002, Rizzo was a keynote speaker. While addressing the members of the association on "How to be a Humor Being", he described himself as a "Professional Humor Being (PhB)". Rizzo was also a speaker at ISPA EXPO 2006, where he "kept his [International Sleep Products Association] audience laughing while they learned how to deal with every-day stressors and embrace change in their lives during the ISPA Industry Breakfast." At the "Community Leaders Breakfast" at the Decatur Confenrence Center and Hotel in Decatur, Illinois in 2008, "Rizzo spoke of the benefits of unleashing your "humor being" as a way to bring out the best in yourself during trying times." Rizzo was also a speaker at "Surf Summit 13", an event organized jointly by the Surf Industry Manufacturers Association (SIMA) and the Board Retailers Association (BRA), which was held in Los Cabos, Mexico in 2010; he made a presentation on "The Atti-Tools for Success".
	Rizzo has written some notable inspirational books, including:
	In the description of Rizzo's book, "Get Your SHIFT Together: How to Think, Laugh, and Enjoy Your Way to Success in Business and in Life", published on the website of McGraw-Hill, Mehmet Oz is quoted to have said that "Through shifting your focus and way of thinking, Steve Rizzo shows how to succeed on all levels of life, while actually enjoying the process. What could be better?! You will love the truth, the humor, and the wisdom this book contains."
	Rizzo is an inductee of the National Speakers Association's "Council of Peers Award for Excellence" (CPAE) Speaker Hall of Fame, "a lifetime award for speaking excellence and professionalism."
	The Writer's Digest magazine awarded Rizzo's book, "Becoming a Humor Being: The Power to Choose a Better Way" with its 10th Annual International Self-Published Book Awards in the inspirational books category.

= = = Piper–Beebe House = = =

	The Piper–Beebe House, located at 2 S. A St. in Virginia City, Nevada, is a historic Italianate house that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was an 1876 work of Virginia City builder/architect A.F. MacKay, the only one of his works in Virginia City that survives. It was built after the "Great Fire" of 1875 that destroyed much of the city.
	The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993. It has also been known as the Piper–Clegg House. It is also listed on the National Register as a contributing building within the National Historic Landmark Virginia City Historic District. It was deemed significant for association with its owners and for its architecture.

= = = Nepal Government Railway = = =

	The Nepal Government Railway (NGR) was Nepal's first railway. Established in 1927 and closed in 1965, it linked Amlekhganj with Raxaul across the border in India in the south. The narrow gauge railway was 47 km long.
	In 1923, a short narrow gauge railway was built by J. V. Collier of the Indian Forest Service to transport Nepalese timber to India. Collier had been assigned by Nepal's Rana prime minister to manage the forest department in Nepal. In the winter of 1924, Martin and Co. of Kolkata conducted a survey to construct a light railway from the border north to Bichako (Amlekhganj).
	Construction began in March 1926, and the Nepal Government Railway opened on 16 February 1927. The narrow gauge railway used a track gauge of . The railway possessed seven steam locomotives, 12 coaches and 82 wagons. It operated steam-powered Garratt locomotives manufactured by Beyer, Peacock and Company of the United Kingdom.
	Until the highway was built, the Amlekhganj-Raxaul railway was the only route indirectly connecting the capital Kathmandu with India. From Kathmandu, travellers journeyed over the hills on foot, and then by lorry to Amlekhganj where they took the train to India. The need to walk was eliminated after Tribhuvan Highway linking Kathmandu with Amlekhganj was built in 1956. The first daily bus service began operating on it in 1959, conducted by a private company named Nepal Transport Service.
	The Nepal Government Railway remained in service till 1965 when the construction of the highway linking the southern border made it redundant. The railway was closed down 1965 subsequently.
	The Nepal Government Railway appears in the opening scenes of the first Nepali film "Aama" ("Mother") made by the government of Nepal and released in 1964. It shows the hero, a Gurkha soldier returning to Nepal on leave, travelling on the train as he heads for home.

= = = Javardeh, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad = = =

	Javardeh (, also Romanized as Jāvardeh and Jāvar Deh) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,582, in 239 families.

= = = Leilane Neubarth = = =

	Leilane Neubarth Teixeira (Rio de Janeiro-RJ, November 15, 1958) is a Brazilian journalist, news presenter and writer.
	Neubarth was born in Rio de Janeiro, daughter of an Ad Executive father and a speech therapist mother. Her parents moved to Brasilia while she was still a child and she grew up there. Leilane made her television career debut in 1979 at Rede Globo as a trainee, while still in university. In 1982, after graduation, Neubarth moved back to Rio de Janeiro, seeking for better career opportunities. She achieved a deep interest in news covering. In 1986, she married the SporTV production designer, Olivio Petit, with whom she remains married until now.
	During her years, Neubarth was developing a new type of journalism, very fit to plenty different sorts of coverage, from documentaries to interviews, daily news programs and music events, such as Rock in Rio. In 1990, she left Globo and joined Rede Manchete, where she hosted a Sunday night show, focused on many issues and sorts of news. A year later, Globo invited her back to present their Sunday night show "Fantástico". Years later, following her instinct of daily journalism, Leilane began presenting Bom Dia Brasil with Renato Machado from its studios in Rio de Janeiro. In 1999, she had a participation in the Granada-Dakar Rally as the navigator, which she published her experiences in the book "Faróis de Milha", in 2000.
	Later, Neubarth moved to Globonews, the Cable TV channel from "Rede Globo", where she currently presents the news at 18:00.

= = = Gol Zadini-ye Zirkal = = =

	Gol Zadini-ye Zirkal (, also Romanized as Gol Zadanī-ye Zīrkal; also known as Gol Zadanī) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 21, in 6 families.

= = = Gashtiari = = =

	Gashtiari (, also Romanized as Gashtīārī) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 142, in 29 families.

= = = Gudkhani = = =

	Gudkhani (, also Romanized as Gūdkhānī) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.

= = = Gurab, Kohgiluyeh = = =

	Gurab (, also Romanized as Gūrāb; also known as Gerdāb) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 163, in 34 families.

= = = List of signers of the Georgia Ordinance of Secession = = =

	Georgia's Ordinance of Secession was adopted at the Georgia Secession Convention of 1861. It was put to the vote on January 19, 1861; concluding at 2:00 P.M. ("the vote was 208 in favor of immediate secession with 89 opposed"). Prior to signing the ordinance, Eugenius A. Nisbet tabled a motion suggesting that the ordinance should be signed by all of the convention's delegates, irrespective of their vote – as a pledge of support and to signal a unified purpose. Nisbet's motion passed, and at 12 o'clock M., Convention President, George W. Crawford, announced that the hour had arrived for signing the Ordinance of Secession.
	Crawford signed the ordinance; becoming its first signatory, and then he instructed Secretary Lamar to "call the delegates forward, by county, to sign the ordinance." Some delegates withheld signing; with six delegates insisting that a protest be incorporated into the ordinance. The list below shows the delegate's name, ("as it was recorded on the convention's roster"), the county which they represent, whether they had signed the ordinance or not, and how they had voted when the ordinance passed. 

= = = Heridun-e Zirkal = = =

	Heridun-e Zirkal (, also Romanized as Herīdūn-e Zīrkal; also known as Herīdūn) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 30, in 4 families.

= = = Kamardugh = = =

	Kamardugh (, also Romanized as Kamardūgh) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 201, in 38 families.

= = = Kunmesi = = =

	Kunmesi (, also Romanized as Kūnmesī) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 103, in 14 families.

= = = Kunmish = = =

	Kunmish (, also Romanized as Kūnmīsh; also known as Kūnmīshī) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 46, in 9 families.

= = = Lash, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad = = =

	Lash (, also Romanized as Lāsh) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 34, in 9 families.

= = = Lirkari = = =

	Lirkari (, also Romanized as Līrkārī) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 53, in 9 families.

= = = Mohammad Taladam Tang Divan-e Mahtab = = =

	Mohammad Taladam Tang Divan-e Mahtab (, also Romanized as Moḩammad Ţalādam Tang Dīvan-e Mahtāb) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 36, in 6 families.

= = = Misavun = = =

	Misavun (, also Romanized as Mīsāvūn and Mīsāvon) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.

= = = Thomas More Catholic School, Purley = = =

	Thomas More Catholic School is a Roman Catholic secondary school and sixth form, located in the Purley area of the London Borough of Croydon, England. The Margaret Roper Primary School is located adjacent to Thomas More Catholic School.
	The school was established in 1962 in buildings formerly used as an orphanage. It is a voluntary aided school, under the direction of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Southwark and Croydon London Borough Council. The school has also been awarded the International School Award, since 2008.
	Thomas More Catholic School offers GCSEs and BTECs as programmes of study for pupils, whilst sixth form students can choose to study from a range of A Levels and BTEC Nationals.

= = = Melleh Shahal = = =

	Melleh Shahal (, also Romanized as Melleh Shahāl) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.

= = = Man Darreh Algan = = =

	Man Darreh Algan () is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 71, in 11 families.

= = = Murd Risheh = = =

	Murd Risheh (, also Romanized as Mūrd Rīsheh) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 49, in 7 families.

= = = Murd-e Seyyed Gambuli = = =

	Murd-e Seyyed Gambuli (, also Romanized as Mūrd-e Seyyed Gambūlī; also known as Mūrd-e Seyyed) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 100, in 16 families.

= = = High Highs = = =

	High Highs are an indie rock band from Sydney, Australia, formed by Jack Milas and Oli Chang in 2010.
	In October 2011, the group released their first, eponymous EP through Small Plates Records/Rocket Music. In January 2013, High Highs released their debut album "Open Season" via Fine Time/Sony Music. The band toured extensively in support of the album, playing the Laneway Festival Australia in January 2013, and toured throughout the US with Vampire Weekend, Sky Ferreira, How To Dress Well, Stars and Oh Land. On May 30/31, 2013, High Highs joined Empire of the Sun for two nights at the Sydney Opera House as part of VIVID Festival.
	The band's music has been featured in various films and advertisements. Their song "Open Season" featured in major commercials for Amazon Kindle and Pacífico Beer. It also featured in the 2012 comedy film "Pitch Perfect", as well as the 2015 romantic comedy "Sleeping With Other People." will.i.am sampled "Flowers Bloom" for his song "Good Morning".
	Their second album, entitled "Cascades" was released on February 5, 2016.
	Since 2017, Jack Milas and Oli Chang have been releasing solo songs, both announced on High Highs' social media profiles. In October, they said they'd work on their solo projects alongside the band. After one year of silence, their website was taken down. The domain name is now up for sale. 

= = = Nakhudkal = = =

	Nakhudkal (, also Romanized as Nakhūdkāl) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 35, in 6 families.

= = = Pataveh-ye Charusa = = =

	Pataveh-ye Charusa (, also Romanized as Pātāveh-ye Chārūsā; also known as Pātāveh-ye ‘Olyā) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 325, in 60 families.

= = = Fan print with two bugaku dancers = = =

	Fan print with two bugaku dancers is an "ukiyo-e" woodblock print dating to sometime between the mid 1820s and 1844 by celebrated Edo period artist Utagawa Kunisada, also known as Toyokuni III. This print is simultaneously an example of the "uchiwa-e" (fan print) and "aizuri-e" (monochromatic blue print) genres. It is part of the permanent collection of the Prince Takamado Gallery of Japan at the Royal Ontario Museum, Canada.
	"Uchiwa" (団扇) are non-folding, flat, oval fans. They are still used today for cooling rice in the preparation of sushi, in dance performances, and as a cooling tool. Historically, "uchiwa" were a predominantly female accessory, men typically carrying folding fans known as "ōgi" (扇), "suehiro" (末広) or "sensu" (扇子). They are associated with summer, traditionally having been sold only during the summer months, and decorated with summer imagery. At least one modern critic argues that, due to their use by women during periods of heat, "uchiwa" "can have suggestive connotations."
	Like "ōgi-e" (扇絵) folding fan prints, "uchiwa-e" were traditionally made from "washi" rice paper mounted on a wooden frame. Images were printed on paper, then cut along the margins and pasted onto a skeletal bamboo frame. As a result of their frequent handling, few pristine mounted examples remain.
	Also known as "aizome-e" (藍染絵) and "ai-e" (藍絵), "aizuri-e" (藍摺絵) translates literally as "blue printed picture," and describes prints that are produced entirely or predominantly in shades of blue. A counterpart to ostensibly red and pink "benizuri-e" (紅摺絵), "aizuri-e" were a late Edo period development. Perhaps due to the fact that single colour prints were cheaper to produce, the "aizuri" technique was particularly popular for "uchiwa-e".
	In the past, some art historians theorized that "aizuri-e" arose as a result of an 1841 government ban on the use of lavish colour in the then-dominant "nishiki-e" (錦絵), multi-coloured woodblock prints. The existence of a number of prominent examples predating the ban, however, suggests that "aizuri-e" did not simply come about as an alternative to poly-chromatic images. While the earliest recorded use is in an 1829 print by Eisen, Utagawa Sadahide, Hokusai, Hiroshige, Toyokuni II and Kunisada all produced notable examples.
	The increased popularity of "aizuri-e" is directly linked to the 1829 importation of the first synthetic colouring agent to Japan. Known in the west as Prussian Blue, Berlin Blue, or "bero" (ベロ) as it came to be known, effectively challenged natural indigo as an "ukiyo-e" mainstay due to its lower price and decreased susceptibility to fading from light exposure. "Aizuri" has been described by one critic as having "revolutionized landscape prints."
	Given the lack of colour contrast in the monochromatic "aizuri-e", late Edo artists began to experiment with techniques to increase image complexity. This led to the development of "bokashi", a printing technique which allowed for the reproduction and mixing of differing colour tones within a single image. This is achieved through carefully graded applications of water and pigment mixtures to the woodblock with a "hake" brush. The result is a single-coloured print characterised by shading and tonality. It was practiced most effectively in the rendering of skies and water. While "aizuri-e" themselves were inexpensive to print, "bokashi" was costly. It is therefore generally seen in formal prints, and not regularly seen in cheaper media such as "uchiwa-e". Kunisada has, however, used the technique on this fan print, most notably in the cloud and ground regions, where the value of the blue pigment deepens from very pale blue to near-black opacity.
	Utagawa Kunisada (歌川国貞) was born in 1786 in the Honjō district of Edo (present-day Tokyo) into a wealthy family of ferry service owners. He began an apprenticeship with the head of the prestigious Utagawa school of artists, Toyokuni I, in 1807, and took the artist name Kunisada to include the second character (国 - kuni) of his mentor's name. In 1844, Kunisada succeeded his master as Toyokuni III (三代歌川豊国).
	Kunisada emerged as a book illustrator in 1807 with the series "Twelve Hours of the Courtesans" ("Keisei jūnitoki"). "Kuchi-e" book illustrations were essential to the success of the then popular "sharebon" and "kibyōshi" books, and this soon became a lucrative market for Kunisada due to his talent and ambition. His position within the Utagawa studio afforded him access to training from the finest masters, and connections to publishers, actors, theatres and poet's associations. This, in turn, led to many commissions. By the early 1810s, he had opened his own studio, and demand for his illustrations had outstripped that for his master's. His great success was also reputedly linked to his "convivial and balanced demeanor, and [the fact that] he delivered his commissions on time."
	Kunisada was "without a doubt... the most prolific and successful print artist of all time." He was incredibly prodigious, creating between 35 and 40 thousand designs for individual "ukiyo-e" prints during his lifetime. His studio was larger than that of any other print artist, and he had a large stable of several dozen students. As a further indication of his unprecedented success, when he died in 1865 after having headed the Utagawa school for around 40 years, he was the subject of four separate "shini-e" memorial portraits. He is buried on the grounds of Banshōin Kōunji Temple in present-day Nakano ward, Tokyo, alongside Toyokuni I (1769–1825) and Kunisada II (1823–1880).
	Like many artists of the Edo period, Kunisada was associated with a number of names throughout his lifetime.
	Although Kunisada designed many "surimono" and fan pictures, most of his works are in the "ōban" format. He also produced over sixty paintings.
	Given his incredible output, it is not surprising that Kunisada was active in various genres, including "kabuki-e" and "yakusha-e" ("kabuki" actor pictures), "bijin-ga" (pictures of beauties), "yūrei-zu" (ghost pictures), "sumō-e" (sumo wrestler pictures), "shunga" (erotica), "musha-e" (warrior prints), and "uchiwa-e". He is also credited with popularizing "Genji-e", a print genre related to the 11th century novel "The Tale of Genji", through his 1829-1842 book series, "Nise Murasaki inaka Genji" ("A Country Genji by a Fake Murasaki"). In 1808, he began creating "yakusha-e", and these were to become the mainstay of his production, making up 60 to 70% of his total works. So prolific was he, that he came to be known as "Kunisada, the Portraitist of Actors ("yakusha-e no Kunisada")."
	Two popular genres which are under-represented in Kunisada's oeuvre are nature images ("kachō-e"/ 花鳥絵) and landscapes ("fūkei-e"/ 風景絵). He rarely designed pure landscapes, but began in the 1820s or 1830s to incorporate landscape elements into prints featuring beautiful women and actors. "Fan Print with two Bugaku Dancers" with its spare background landscape, is an example of this type of piece.
	Despite his success during his own period, Kunisada was not highly regarded in the west until quite recently. Critics today consider Kunisada to have been "a trendsetter... in tune with the tastes of urban society," and credit him with a "more humanized" style than his contemporaries, and with bringing a sense of realism to "ukiyo-e", particularly in his depiction of the female form.
	Many argue, however, that the quality of Kunisada's later works degraded into "gaudy and ostentatious" use of colour, and "lost... elegance in the human figure". "Ukiyo-e" specialist Rupert Faulkner is particularly scathing, asserting that Kunisada's work "became noticeably coarser and somewhat clumsy, revealing a cheap and gaudy caricaturism of grotesque facial expressions and exaggerated poses." It has been suggested that his production generally suffered "because of over-production and lowering of artistic standards," as well as possible mental or physical health issues, which led to Kunisada becoming a near-recluse in 1847. As art historian J. Hillier notes, "Kunisada's career tells the tragedy of the downfall of ukiyo-e. With evident talent and tremendous verve, his early prints have qualities that link him with the great days of the school, but the great mass of his prints are hastily designed, over-coloured and badly printed."
	The scene depicted on the fan is of two male "bugaku" dancers in full ceremonial costume, who appear to be performing a dance in lock-step with no audience in evidence. "Bugaku", made up of the characters for 'dance' (舞-bu) and 'music' or 'entertainment' (楽-gaku), joined Japanese culture from China, Korea, India and Southeast Asia in the late 8th century, as a form of dance performed at the imperial court, as well as at temples and shrines. Dancers assume stylized hand, arm and foot poses accompanied by drumming and the world's oldest surviving orchestral music, "gagaku". "Bugaku" is often performed by dancers wearing masks to represent fictional characters, though not in Kunisada's print. There are four "bugaku" genres: civil, warrior, children's, and running dances. The figures here appear to be performing the latter.
	From the late 1820s, Kunisada began studying painting under Hanabusa Ikkei (英一珪), master of the Itchō school. The art-name appearing on this print, "Kōchōrō" (香蝶楼), borrows characters from his teacher's pseudonym (Shinkō) and from the name of the school's founder, Hanabusa Itchō (英一蝶). Both of these artists painted "bugaku" scenes prior to "Fan Print with two Bugaku Dancers," which are very different in style from Kunisada's image.
	The print is signed near the right edge of the fan. It reads vertically from right to left and top to bottom as follows:
	The double circle mark below Kunisada's signature is a "toshidama-in", the distinctive seal used by all generations of the Utagawa school after Toyokuni I first adopted it, for reasons unknown, in 1808 or 1809. It is a lucky symbol, referencing gifts of coins given to children at New Year's. Kunisada gave the mark his own unique twist, elongating it and making it a yellow frame with red infill containing his signature. From 1850, he used this cartouche-style almost exclusively.
	The ROM dates the print to sometime between the mid-1820s and 1844; however, there are indications that the date can be narrowed to between 1830 and 1843. Synthetic blue pigment was not introduced to Japan until 1829, and it is unlikely that expensive natural indigo would be used on a medium as cheap as "uchiwa-e". Kunisada's signature is flanked by two circular "toshidama-in" seals rather than appearing within an oblong, stylized "toshidama" cartouche. This suggests the print belongs to his early career.
	The print was donated to the ROM by Sir Edmund Walker (1848–1924), who was the long-time president of the Canadian Bank of Commerce, and served as the first Chairman of the Board of Trustees for the ROM. Walker began collecting Japanese art in the 1870s, making him one of the earliest collectors in North America. He bought many of his pieces in New York between 1873–1875 and 1881–1886, and during a trip to London in 1909. In 1919, after travelling to Japan, China and Korea, he was named Honorary Consul-General of Japan for Toronto.

= = = Pataveh-ye Pey Rah = = =

	Pataveh-ye Pey Rah (, also Romanized as Pātāveh-ye Pey Rāh; also known as Pātāveh-ye Soflá) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 202, in 40 families.

= = = Edward Freeman (cricketer, born 1860) = = =

	Edward Freeman (7 December 1860 – 16 October 1939) was an English cricketer. He played for Essex between 1894 and 1896.

= = = Pir-e Sefid = = =

	Pir-e Sefid (, also Romanized as Pīr-e Sefīd) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 76, in 14 families.

= = = Parvizak = = =

	Parvizak (, also Romanized as Parvīzak) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 103, in 20 families.

= = = Poshteh Ab Bal = = =

	Poshteh Ab Bal (, also Romanized as Poshteh Āb Bāl) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 50, in 23 families.

= = = Putab = = =

	Putab (, also Romanized as Pūtāb) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 43, in 8 families.

= = = Qalehbani = = =

	Qalehbani (, also Romanized as Qal‘ehbabnī) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 247, in 49 families.

= = = Rise of the Turtles = = =

	"Rise of the Turtles" is the 2-part series premiere of the 2012 "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" animated series. Both parts aired on Nickelodeon on September 29, 2012.
	The Turtles rise to the surface for the first time since being mutated, and witness the Kraang, a race of brain-like aliens with robotic bodies, capturing April O'Neil and her father, Kirby. The Turtles attempt to rescue the O'Neils while learning that the strange green ooze possessed by the Kraang could hold many secrets relating to their mutations.
	After having a training session, Splinter (Hamato Yoshi) and the Turtles celebrate their 15th anniversary of being mutated, and Splinter tells them the story of how they came to be. After the story, the Turtles convince Splinter to allow them to travel to the surface.
	After taking a trip out of the sewers for the first time since being mutated, the Turtles witness April O'Neil and her father Kirby getting captured by The Kraang. Donatello develops a crush upon seeing April and concludes that the Turtles must save her and her father. The Turtles have a brief battle with the Kraang, but they are defeated since they aren't used to fighting as a team. As a result, the Kraang escape, with April and Kirby as their prisoners.
	Back at the lair, Splinter agrees that the Turtles must save April and Kirby, and picks Leonardo as the leader of the team, much to Raphael's irritation.
	While searching for April and Kirby, they meet Snake, a guy who works for the Kraang. Raph threatens to pour mutagen on him if he doesn't tell the Turtles information about the Kraang. Snake confesses, telling them everything he knows, before Michelangelo accidentally lets him escape. At the lair, Splinter tells Leo that failure is a possibility that every leader must face, and tells him the story of how he and Oroku Saki the Shredder were once friends, but became enemies.
	The Turtles eventually find the Kraang, and Snake accidentally gets mutagen ooze poured on him, and becomes a mutated plant. The Turtles enters the Kraang's facility, and begin to battle them, but before they can reach April and Kirby, they come across Snake in his mutant form, which Mikey dubs "Snakeweed". Snakeweed is seeking revenge against the Turtles for his mutation, and they go on to fight him. Donnie goes on to save April and Kirby while Leo, Raph and Mikey continue to fight Snakeweed. Donnie manages to save April, but the Kraang escape with Kirby. Snakeweed eventually blows up and the Turtles and April escape from the Kraang. However, Snakeweed's heart starts beating again, indicating this isn't the last they'll see of him.
	The Turtles made the news, but the Shredder watches the news back at Tokyo, Japan, discovering Splinter's symbol on the ninja star, concluding that he and the Foot Clan must relocate to New York to finish off Splinter.
	Max Nicholson of IGN gave "Rise of The Turtles" a rating of 8.5/10, saying "The action sequences are fluid, fast-paced and exciting, and the dialogue-heavy scenes are usually peppered with entertaining slapstick." Toon Zone reviewer Grant White gave the episode a positive review, saying "Although I enjoyed this premiere, not everything sat well with me. There are some parts of both the writing and animation that felt poor and sometimes overlapped." Noel Kirkpatrick at TV.com called the episode "a tad on the bland side". He cites that while there's plenty for surprises for the show's plot, "in laying the groundwork, this pilot didn't really do anything new". Matt Edwards at Den of Geek opined that the episode is "so polished and ell executed," and praised it for its balance of comedy and action, stating "A very strong start to the series, then, and one I’ve found myself revisiting frequently."
	The episode's original run garnered approximately 3.9 million viewers within the United States.

= = = Qasli Uza = = =

	Qasli Uza (, also Romanized as Qaşīl Ūzā) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.

= = = Sadat Gerdeli Lash = = =

	Sadat Gerdeli Lash (, also Romanized as Sādāt Gerdelī Lāsh) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 28, in 6 families.

= = = Sabur-e Bozorg = = =

	Sabur-e Bozorg (, also Romanized as Şabūr-e Bozorg) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 200, in 34 families.

= = = Sabur-e Kuchek = = =

	Sabur-e Kuchek (, also Romanized as Şabūr-e Kūchek) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 48, in 7 families.

= = = Sar Darreh, Charusa = = =

	Sar Darreh () is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 222, in 50 families.

= = = Wave (gesture) = = =

	A wave is a nonverbal communication gesture that consists of the movement of the hand and/or entire arm that people commonly use to greet each other, but it can also be used to say goodbye, acknowledge another's presence, call for silence, or deny someone. The different ways that humans communicate with one another are plentiful, but the wave gesture is one of the clearest examples of how researchers get a better understanding of how they are essential part to language and thought.
	The waving of the hand is a nonverbal gesture that has an unclear origin but is said to have dated back to as far as the 18th century however, it was not called waving and was not used as saying "hello", or "goodbye." The original gesture of waving was saluting. In the 18th century, knights removed the guard of their helmets to show their identity, following with a salute to show they come in peace; saluting is also used to show others that they are not armed with weapons and do not pose a threat. The action of saluting was formalised only in the 1780s by European armies, and since then, it has become a common way of properly addressing one another in the military setting. There is also an alternate ASL origin. In the 1800s, waving handkerchiefs was a way to show approval or excitement or to call attention for the deaf, and the Romans, which is known as the "Chautauqua salute." It is recorded during a Canadian event in 1884 that multiple attendees forgot their handkerchief and so waved their hands in the air as a way to clap during the event.. In modern days, the accepted and common way for a deaf individual to applaud is raising hands in the air and simultaneously shaking their open hand and moving their fingers back and forth.
	Waving "hello" or "goodbye" to the deaf requires a different protocol and has an alternate meaning than the standard, one action waving gesture that means both "hello" or "goodbye." For an ASL user or a deaf individual, saying "goodbye" is done by repeatedly opening and closing the right hand, and it faces the receiver of the gesture. This method is used to say "goodbye" to a group of people; saying "goodbye" to an individual is done with a different method. Saying "hello" is done by the traditional waving of the right hand. This method is used to say "hello" to a group of people, likewise with implying "goodbye", there is a different method to say "hello" to an individual.
	The waving of the hand has multiple variables and styles of performing the gesture. The common waving of the hand to mean "hello" or "goodbye" is done by moving the hand side to side, but there are more than one form of waving, each form having its own meaning.
	Waving has four variables: the open palm (is the palm curved or straight), the angle of the wave (big waves or short waves), the elevation of the hand (above the head or held low), and the movement pattern of the wave (sideways rotation, up and down motion, side to side motion).
	There are different ways to wave the hand; some include the standard side-to-side wave, palm wide wave, wiggly wave (finger wiggle wave), "flirtatious" wave, open-and close finger wave, arm wave, and the "Miss America" wave.
	People wave by raising their hand and moving it from side to side. Another common wave is to raise one's hand and repeatedly move the fingers downward toward the palm. A variant known as the wiggly wave consists of holding the hand near shoulder level and wiggling the fingers randomly. This can be used to appear cute or flirtatious to the target of the wave. The gesture can be used to attract attention at a distance. Most commonly, though, the gesture means quite simply "hello" or "goodbye
	The royal wave, also known as a regal wave, pageant wave, parade wave, or Miss America wave, is a similar but distinct kind of hand waving gesture in which a person executes something alternatively described as either a 'plastic grin' with 'fingers cupped' and 'forearm swaying side-to-side' or a "vertical hand with a slight twist from the wrist". The gesture is often performed, to various degrees, by different members of the British royal family, signaling anything from regality, class and control to elegance, restraint and character.
	In American culture, waving is a known gesture that means "hello" or "goodbye". That gesture can also be used to call the attention of someone, for example waving down a taxi, or waving at a friend from a great distance. That gesture can may be interpreted differently and have a different meaning or even be highly offensive in South Korea, Europe, Nigeria, Greece, Bulgaria, Latin American countries, India, Japan, and other places.<ref name="book/web ref"></ref>
	In Nigeria, waving the hand with the palm facing outward in front of someone's face is highly offensive and should be avoided.
	In China, women greet other women by waving.
	In Japan, hand waving while the palm is kept outward and near the face is a gesture used to display confusion or that the individual waving does not know or understand.
	In South Korea, it is inappropriate to call the attention of someone with a palm-up arm wave. Instead, the proper way to wave to someone or call for attention is to wave vertically, making sure the palm of the hand is in a downward position. It is not uncommon to see waving among the younger population (in South Korea) to display their departure rather than bowing, which is the traditional way of greeting one another. Waving the hand outward towards the face is also used to grab the attention of a pet or child.
	In Europe, there are two different common forms of waving: the palm-show and the palm-hide. The palm-show is dominant across most of Europe, but Italy predominantly uses the palm-hide wave.
	Waving the hand to say "hello" or "goodbye" is done by moving the fingers down towards the wrist and back to an open palm position while keeping the palm facing out. Another way to say "goodbye" is done by wagging the fingers. That motion (wagging fingers) is also used to say "no."
	In Greece, waving the hand with the palm facing out is an insult, rather than a greeting.
	Holding the hand out, palm facing out and all five fingers exposed is offensive and dates back to the Byzantine times, when "moutza" would involve prisoners' faces being tainted with charcoal by their own hands and being forced to parade down town streets, "moutza". In American culture, holding the hand out like that can be used to call someone's attention or to greet someone.
	In Ireland, the deaf use the hand wave to greet one another. Deaf women use an "open palms up half moon shape" type of wave to greet one another. Men, however, use a different way of greeting one another or women.
	In Latin American countries, people greet one another by kissing, hugging or shaking hands. Waving their hand is uncommon, but it neither has any negative representation nor causes offense.
	In Nicaragua, waving to someone is tolerated but does not display proper etiquette. Instead, it is common to hug, kiss, or shake hands, following with the proper time of day ("good morning," "good afternoon," or "good evening").

= = = Edward Freeman (cricketer, born 1880) = = =

	Edward Freeman (16 October 1880 – 22 February 1964) was an English cricketer. He played for Essex between 1904 and 1912.

= = = Porter Kilbert = = =

	Porter Kilbert (June 10, 1921 – October 23, 1960) was a jazz alto and tenor saxophonist.
	In September 1942, he replaced Preston Love as lead alto saxophonist in Nat Towles' band, before going on to spend two years with Benny Carter's band, playing in line-ups including Willard Brown, Curly Russell, Max Roach, Oscar Bradley, Ulysses Livingston, Sonny White, Teddy Brannon, Bumps Myers, Gene Porter, Alton Moore, J.J. Johnson, Shorty Haughton, Claude Dunson, Snooky Young, Freddie Webster, Gerald Wilson, and Jake Porter.
	After a brief spell with Roy Eldridge's band, he joined Red Saunders' band in New York in September 1946. The band later took up residency at Chicago's Club DeLisa, and Kilbert would remain with the Saunders band until January 1952, when he left to form his own band.
	In December 1946, he was in a line-up led by Coleman Hawkins, recording for Prestige, with Fats Navarro, Milt Jackson, JJ Johnson, Hank Jones, Curley Russell and Max Roach.
	In 1947, he led an orchestra backing Clarence Samuels recording for Aristocrat.
	In 1954, he was a member of the Horace Henderson big band and in 1955 and 1956, he participated in a series of "battles of the saxes" with Tom Archia at the C&C Lounge.
	In 1960, having recorded the previous year for bandleader Quincy Jones, featuring as soloist on some of the tracks, he toured Europe with Jones' big band (with fellow altoist Phil Woods).

= = = Sar Darreh, Kohgiluyeh = = =

	Sar Darreh () is a village in Doshman Ziari Rural District, in the Central District of Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 17, in 4 families.

= = = UBiome = = =

	uBiome was a biotechnology company based in San Francisco that has developed technology to sequence the human microbiomes.
	The company was founded by Jessica Richman, Zachary Apte, and Will Ludington who were scientists in the California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences. In November 2012, uBiome generated $350,000 through a crowdfunding campaign. The founders received mentoring and funding from Y Combinator and further funding from Andreessen Horowitz and 8VC.
	As of 2015, uBiome offered a $1 million grant program to researchers and citizen scientists for microbiome sampling and related analysis. One winner of the first round of such grants was the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
	The company currently employs 100 individuals.
	The company filed for bankruptcy on September 4, 2019 in Delaware (case number 19-11938). In an affidavit filed contemporaneously with the bankruptcy petition, Curtis Solsvig, III the acting CEO stated that the bankruptcy action was taken to allow the company to reorganize amidst "investigations by certain federal and state investigatory bodies."
	Customers purchase kits to sample one or more parts of their body, including the gut, genitals, mouth, nose, or skin. After swabbing, a participant takes a survey which is used to make correlations with microbiome data. The participant sends the kit to the company in the mail and receives data in a few weeks; he or she can compare their data with that of uBiome’s data set. In 2015 uBiome received Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) certification from the State of California. In 2016, uBiome received accreditation from the College of American Pathologists.
, the company first amplifies a portion of the bacterial gene that encodes 16S ribosomal RNA using PCR, then sequences the amplified 16S ribosomal RNA gene, in order to categorize the bacteria at the genus level. The company has proprietary machine learning algorithms that analyze the sequence data and compare it with the company's proprietary database of microbiomes, built from the samples that partners and single customers send to them, and web-based software that allows individuals to view their microbiome and make certain comparisons. A 2014 report in "Xconomy" said the company outsources the sequencing. The sequencing is done on the Illumina NextSeq500 sequencer.
	In October 2015 the company introduced an app on iOS using ResearchKit that allowed customers to view their results on mobile devices.
	uBiome has been compared with Theranos and 23andMe, each of which are also biotechnology companies influenced by Silicon Valley.
	Amy Dockser Marcus noted in a 2014 essay in The Wall Street Journal that when Ubiome raised its initial round of crowdfunding in early 2013, many questions were raised by bioethicists about the company's citizen science business model - namely whether it had actually obtained informed consent from its customers, and whether direct to consumer genetic testing initiatives could be ethically conducted at all, and its lack of Institutional review board (IRB) approval. The Wall Street Journal essay also noted that questions were raised about the quality of data obtained in citizen science initiatives, with regard to self-selection and other issues. 
	The company obtained IRB approval in July 2013. 
	In 2014, people experienced in biotechnology entrepreneurship also raised questions about the ethics of crowdfunding a biotech company, as the risks of such ventures are high even for people with scientific and business sophistication.
	In April 2019, FBI agents raided the UBiome office in an investigation over possible insurance fraud. Cofounders Apte and Richman were put on administrative leave pending an investigation by the company's board.
	In March 2018, uBiome made Fast Company's list for The World's Most Innovative Companies in Data Science, acknowledging uBiome's work collecting data to develop tests for HPV and STIs.

= = = ITV Cymru Wales = = =

	ITV Cymru Wales, previously known as Harlech Television and HTV Wales, is the ITV franchise for Wales. The new separate licence began on 1 January 2014, replacing the long-serving dual franchise region serving Wales and the West of England. 
	The licence continues to be held by ITV Broadcasting Ltd, who hold all nationwide Channel 3 licences.
	As of January 2014, the former HTV companies are still legally named ITV Wales and West Group Ltd and ITV Wales and West Ltd. Each of these companies is, along with most other regional companies, owned by ITV plc, though listed at Companies House as a "dormant company".
	The broadcasting licence was created following the split of ITV Wales & West. It is hoped that the separate licence will benefit local viewers.
	In May 2012, Ofcom raised the possibility of a stand-alone licence for Wales. 
	On 25 August 2015, ITV Cymru Wales began broadcasting in HD (prior to this HD viewers in Wales received ITV Central HD), including the company's news service and non-news programming including current affairs and documentaries.
	ITV Cymru Wales produces around six hours a week of national news, current affairs and features programming in English – its flagship programme "" broadcasts each weeknight at 6pm with shorter "ITV News Cymru Wales" bulletins throughout the day and during the weekend. 
	The news service is supplemented by regular current affairs programmes including "Newsweek Wales" on Sunday lunchtimes, the long-running investigative series "Wales This Week" and the political review "Sharp End" on Monday nights. Several feature series are also broadcast throughout the year – including rural affairs series "Coast and Country", political interview strand "Face to Face", sports chat show "In Touch" and documentary series such as "Helimeds" and "Time of Your Life". 
	ITV Cymru Wales also produces Welsh language output for S4C – in the fields of current affairs, features, drama and entertainment. Two of its flagship titles figure among S4C's longest-running and most popular programmes - the rural documentary series with Dai Jones and the investigative current affairs programmes and .
 

= = = Zeb Kendall House = = =

	The Zeb Kendall House, at 159 University Ave. in Tonopah, Nevada, United States, was built in 1906. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.
	It was deemed significant for its association with Zebeniezer "Zeb" Kendall (d.1954), a prominent Tonopah citizen who developed mining interests, operated the Palace Hotel, and represented Nye County in the Nevada state legislature. It is also significant for its architecture as a well-preserved Neo-Colonial wood frame structure.

= = = Arnold Read = = =

	Arnold Read (24 January 1880 – 20 May 1957) was an English cricketer. He played for Essex between 1904 and 1910.

= = = Will Gilbey = = =

	Will Gilbey (18 July 1979) is a British screenwriter.
	Gilbey works frequently with his brother, film director Julian Gilbey, and is best known for such films as "Reckoning Day", "Rollin' With The Nines", "Rise of the Footsoldier", "Doghouse" and "A Lonely Place to Die".
	In 2013 he co-wrote the international thriller "Plastic" with Julian Gilbey and Chris Howard.
	His great-grandfather was British actor Nigel Bruce.

= = = Patrick Craigie = = =

	Patrick George Craigie (29 May 1843 – 10 January 1930) was a British agricultural statistician. He was born in Perth and educated at Edinburgh and Cambridge Universities. Craigie headed the Statistical, Intelligence, and Educational Branch of the Board of Agriculture from 1890 until his retirement in 1906 and was prominent in the Royal Statistical Society, serving as its President from 1902–1904. In 1908 he was awarded the Society's highest honour, the Guy Medal in Gold, recognising his "extraordinary services to statistical science in connection with the development of agricultural statistics." From 1861 to 1882 Craigie served in the Royal Perth Militia: his military rank served as a title and so in later years he was generally referred to as Major Craigie. 

= = = Frank Gillingham = = =

	Frank Hay Gillingham (6 September 1875 – 1 April 1953) was an English cricketer. He played for Essex between 1903 and 1928.
	Born in Tokyo to a J. Gillingham, he was educated at Dulwich College and Durham University. He worked in the city of London for a while but was ordained as a priest in 1899 and became curate of Leyton. He later became an army chaplain with the 2nd Battalion The South Wales Borderers at Tidworth from 1905 to 1907 and again as Temporary Chaplain to the Forces during the First World War.
	As an amateur cricketer he was a member of the Essex XI who in 1905 beat the Australians at Leyton by 19 runs. He then went on to tour Jamaica with the Hon. L H Tennyson's team in 1927. That year he also made the first ball-by-ball cricket commentary for the BBC, speaking for a total of 25 minutes over four sessions. He was reportedly fired by BBC chairman Lord Reith for reading advertisement placards out on air to fill time during a rain break.
	In 1939, the Reverend Gillingham was appointed Chaplain to the Royal household.

= = = Acokanthera oblongifolia = = =

	Acokanthera oblongifolia (commonly known as African wintersweet, dune poison bush, Hottentot's poison, poison arrow plant or wintersweet) is a plant in the family Apocynaceae. It grows as an evergreen shrub or small tree up to tall. Its fragrant flowers feature a white tinged pink corolla. The berries are purple when ripe. Its habitat is dry forest and coastal thickets. "Acokanthera oblongifolia" is used in local African medicinal treatments for snakebites, itches and internal worms. The plant has been used as arrow poison. The species is native to Mozambique and South Africa.
	It was first described in 1844 by Christian Ferdinand Friedrich Hochstetter as "Carissa oblongifolia," reassigned in 1876 to the genus, "Acokanthera", by George Bentham and Joseph Hooker, but not validly, and finally, in 1895, validly published by Benjamin Daydon Jackson as "Acokanthera oblongifolia".

= = = 4630 Bochum = = =

	4630 Bochum is the fifth studio album released by German rock/pop singer Herbert Grönemeyer. It was released on 14 August 1984, by EMI.
	"4630 Bochum" was recorded between January and March 1984 in EMI studios in Cologne. It was his first album for EMI after the end of his contact with Intercord Tonträger GmbH (a record label owned by Verlagsgruppe Georg von Holtzbrinck).
	The album spent 79 weeks in the German albums chart, making it the most successful album of 1984 in Germany. With certified sales in excess of 2.5 million, it is currently the third-best-selling album in Germany, having been certified quintuple platinum. In Switzerland and Austria, the album spent 13 and 24 weeks respectively in the charts. The single release "Männer" in particular established Grönemeyer's fame in Germany.
	The cover shows the title hand-written in the style of an address in white chalk on a black background:
	At the time, 4630 was the postal code for the city of Bochum where Grönemeyer grew up and had worked as a musician.

= = = Edward Rigby (physician) = = =

	Edward Rigby (1747–1821) was an English physician, writer, and local politician.
	The son of John Rigby, by his wife Sarah (d. 1773), daughter of John Taylor, he was born at Chowbent, Lancashire, on 27 December 1747. 
	One of his sisters married Dr. Caleb Hillier Parry, and became the mother of Sir William Edward Parry. 
	Educated at Norwich School and Warrington Academy, Rigby was apprenticed in 1762 to David Martineau, surgeon, of Norwich, and then studied in London. Admitted a member of the Corporation of Surgeons on 4 May 1769, he married in the same year, and settled in Norwich.
	In 1786 Rigby took the lead in establishing the Norfolk Benevolent Society for the relief of the widows and orphans of medical men. In July 1789 he visited France and other parts of the continent, witnessing the storming of the Bastille. A practical agriculturist, he was the friend of Thomas William Coke of Holkham, he experimented on his own farm at Framingham Earl, about five miles from Norwich.
	In 1783 Rigby became a member of the corporation of guardians of Norwich, and promoted the economical administration of the Poor Laws. Meeting with much opposition, he resigned in the following year. He became alderman in 1802 in a very tight contest for the North Ward, sheriff in 1803, and mayor of Norwich in 1805, presiding over a meeting addressing the issue of smallpox in the city. Rigby is said to have made known the flying shuttle to Norwich manufacturers, and to have introduced vaccination.
	In politics Rigby was a Whig, and a supporter of William Windham. In 1794, however, when Windham became Secretary at War and had to stand again for Norwich, Rigby was one of the disillusioned Whigs who backed James Mingay against him, and proposed the candidate. Windham was elected, but Mingay's reputation as a Whig was boosted.
	Rigby died on 27 October 1821, and was buried at Framingham.
	In 1776 Rigby published "An Essay on the Uterine Hæmorrhage which precedes the Delivery of the full-grown Fœtus" (3rd edit. 1784; 6th edit., with a memoir by John Cross, Norwich, 1822). This work was translated into French, by Marie-Anne-Victoire Gallain Boivin (1818), and German, and made Rigby's professional reputation. He wrote also:
	His "Letters from France", addressed to his wife in 1789, were first published by his daughter Lady Eastlake, London, 1880.
	Rigby married, first, Sarah, coheir of John Dybal, by whom he left two daughters, and secondly, in 1803, Anne Palgrave, daughter of William Palgrave of Great Yarmouth, by whom he had twelve children, four of whom, three girls and a boy, were the production of one birth on 15 August 1817. Edward Rigby (1804–1860) and Elizabeth Eastlake were among them.

= = = HNLMS O 21 = = =

	O 21, laid down K XXI was an of the Royal Netherlands Navy that saw service during World War II. During the war she sank several ships, among them the German submarine U-95.
	The submarine was laid down on 20 November 1937 as "K XXI" at the "Koninklijke Maatschappij De Schelde", Vlissingen During construction she was renamed "O 21", and was finally launched on 21 October 1939. Following the German invasion of 10 May 1940, the "O 21" was hastily commissioned, still incomplete, and sailed for England on 12 May together with her sister and the tugboat "B.V. 37", to be finally completed at the "Navy yard" in Rosyth.
	During the war she operated around England, the Mediterranean sea, Colombo in the Indian Ocean and Fremantle off the west coast of Australia. She survived the war and was decommissioned on 2 November 1957 and sold for scrap the following year.
	Ships sunk and damaged by "O 21".

= = = Colin McIver = = =

	Colin McIver (23 January 1881 – 13 May 1954) was an English cricketer. He played for Essex between 1902 and 1934.

= = = List of CCHA Player of the Year = = =

	The CCHA Player of the Year was an annual award given out at the conclusion of the Central Collegiate Hockey Association regular season to the best player in the conference as voted by the coaches of each CCHA team.
	The Player of the Year was first awarded in 1977 and every year thereafter until 2013 when the CCHA was dissolved as a consequence of the Big Ten forming its men's ice hockey conference.
	Two players (Brendan Morrison and Ryan Miller) have received the award two separate times, both doing so in consecutive years.

= = = BroadR-Reach = = =

	BroadR-Reach technology is an Ethernet physical layer standard designed for use in automotive connectivity applications. BroadR-Reach technology allows multiple in-vehicle systems to simultaneously access information over unshielded single twisted pair cable. Benefits for automotive manufacturers integrating the BroadR-Reach Ethernet standard include reduced connectivity costs and cabling weight, according to Broadcom Corporation, now Broadcom Limited, inventor of the BroadR-Reach standard.
	Using BroadR-Reach technology in automotive enables the migration from multiple closed applications to a single open, scalable Ethernet-based network within the automobile. This allows automotive manufacturers to incorporate multiple electronic systems and devices, such as advanced safety features (i.e. 360- degree surround view parking assistance, rear-view cameras and collision avoidance systems) and comfort and infotainment features. The automotive-qualified BroadR-Reach Ethernet physical layer standard can be combined with IEEE 802.3 compliant switch technology to deliver 100Mbit/s over unshielded single twisted pair cable. This innovation bypasses traditional cabling for Ethernet connectivity, allowing all vehicle components to connect using wires that are lighter and more cost effective.
	The BroadR-Reach automotive Ethernet standard realizes simultaneous transmit and receive (i.e., full-duplex) operations on a single-pair cable. In order to better de-correlate the signal, the digital signal processor (DSP) uses a highly optimized scrambler when compared to the scrambler used in 100BASE-TX. This provides a robust and efficient signaling scheme required by automotive applications. The BroadR-Reach automotive Ethernet standard uses a signaling scheme with higher spectral efficiency than that of 100BASE-TX. This limits the signal bandwidth of Automotive Ethernet to 33.3 MHz, which is about half the bandwidth of 100BASE-TX. A lower signal bandwidth improves return loss, reduces crosstalk, and ensures that BroadR-Reach automotive Ethernet standard passes the stringent automotive electromagnetic emission requirements.
	The OPEN Alliance SIG is a special interest group formed by BMW, Broadcom, Freescale, Harman, Hyundai, NXP and STMicroelectronics to establish BroadR-Reach as an open standard and to encourage wide scale adoption of automotive Ethernet as the connectivity standard in automotive networking applications. Since its inception in late 2011, membership has reached more than 140 members as of May 31, 2013.
	IEEE 802.3 has standardized 100BASE-T1 in IEEE 802.3bw-2015 Clause 96.
	The BroadR-Reach automotive Ethernet standard was officially released in December 2011, following the formation of The OPEN (One-Pair Ether-Net) Alliance Special Interest Group (SIG) (OPEN Alliance SIG). License to the specification for BroadR-Reach is available to all interested OPEN Alliance SIG members under RAND terms via a license from Broadcom Corporation.

= = = Motorcycling greetings = = =

	Motorcycling greetings can include several gestures made between motorcyclists on the road. Titles for this greeting include "Biker wave", "Motorcyclist wave", "Motorcycle wave" or just "The Wave." The greeting made can include a number of gestures including a nod, a pointed finger, palm-out V sign, or an actual raised-hand wave.
	Motorcyclists may use specialized hand signals to both greet and warn oncoming riders:
	The use of specific gestures may be culturally or regionally dependent. Some observers have commented that waving is common amongst riders in North America but uncommon in some European countries, like Germany. 
	French riders will stick their foot out when overtaking another motorcycle, and while lane splitting when a car facilitates it.. In Britain, vehicles drive on the left hand side of the road, and so bikers will most commonly give eachother a nod, rather than releasing the throttle to wave, or waving with the clutch hand which would likely be difficult to see.

= = = Country Place = = =

	Country Place is a residential neighbourhood near the geographical centre of Ottawa, Canada and part of the former city of Nepean. It is a mature residential subdivision with about 400 houses located just inside the Ottawa greenbelt near the Rideau River, and about 11 km from downtown Ottawa. It is bordered by the Black Rapids Creek and the greenbelt to the south, Prince of Wales Drive to the east, Merivale Road to the west, and the Pineglen community to the north. Amberwood Crescent meanders through the community, exiting onto Prince of Wales and Merivale. Tennyson Drive links Country Place to Pineglen.
	Houses in Country Place were built mostly in the early 1970s and are similar in size and design. The only exceptions are houses on Campfield Ct. which was built in the 1980s on land that had originally been set aside for a possible school.
	The community has an active community association that runs events several times a year, maintains an outdoor rink in the winter, and helps promote the interests of the residents. Country Place is within the Knoxdale-Merivale Ward of the City of Ottawa.
	Overall, transit access to the community is limited due to its low densities. The community is served by OC Transpo route 187 which supplies morning and evening rush hour connections to Baseline Station. Route 80 runs down Merivale Road at the edge of the community, connecting the community to Barrhaven and central Ottawa. Route 199 also runs on Merivale Road and serves people arriving from the east in the morning, and heading to the RCMP headquarters in Barrhaven. Limited service is also available on a branch of Route 96 on the northern edge of the community and links the community to areas east of the Rideau River.
	The community is a short drive to the Fallowfield railway station served by Via Rail. This can be reached also on foot or by bicycle using the Greenbelt Pathway.
	There are no schools or churches within the boundaries of Country Place, although St. Monica's Church is just across Merivale Road. The closest School is St. Monica's School, which is within walking distance and is part of the Ottawa Catholic School Board. Other schools attended by children of Country Place include Meadowlands Public School, Sir Winston Churchill Public School, Merivale High School and St Pius X High School.
	On Merivale Road there is a small plaza containing several businesses.
	The community is 1.5 km south of the Nepean South Business Park, which contains a major oil terminal, and numerous other industrial enterprises. It is 3 km south of the Nepean Crossroads retail area where there are many big box stores, including Costco, Canadian Tire and Rona. Additional large retail establishments lie further to the north.
	There are no restaurants in the community currently. Within walking distance on Prince of Wales Drive there is a Tim Horton's, and the Restaurant at the Ramada Hotel. There is also a nearby Chinese restaurant on Merivale Road named after the community, and many other restaurants lie to the north along Merivale Road.
	The closest full-service grocery store is the Metro, located 4 km north along Merivale Road.
	There are plans to widen Prince of Wales to four lanes by about 2020.

= = = 2003 in hip hop music = = =

	This article summarizes the events, album releases, and album release dates in hip hop music for the year 2003.

= = = William Garrett (cricketer) = = =

	William Garrett (9 January 1876 – 16 February 1953) was an English cricketer. He played for Essex between 1900 and 1903.

= = = 1916 Berwickshire by-election = = =

	The Berwickshire by-election, 1916 was a parliamentary by-election held for the House of Commons constituency of Berwickshire in the Scottish Borders on 18 July 1916.
	Under the provisions of the Succession to the Crown Act of 1707 and a number of subsequent Acts, MPs appointed to certain ministerial and legal offices were at this time required to seek re-election. The by-election in Berwickshire was caused by the appointment of the sitting Liberal MP, Harold “Jack” Tennant as Secretary for Scotland.
	The writ for the by-election was moved in Parliament on 10 July and the returning officer, the Sheriff of Berwickshire, fixed 18 July for the nomination of candidates.
	As the other political parties were collaborating in the wartime coalition government of H H Asquith, the Tories were not expected to oppose Tennant and there was not, as yet, any tradition of Labour contesting Berwickshire. In the absence of any other candidate, Tennant was duly returned unopposed on 18 July and, introduced by the Prime Minister and Eugene Wason MP, re-took his seat in the House of Commons on 20 July to cheers as Secretary for Scotland.

= = = National Rural Livelihood Mission = = =

	National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) is a poverty alleviation project implemented by Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India. This scheme is focused on promoting self-employment and organization of rural poor. The basic idea behind this programme is to organize the poor into SHG (Self Help Groups) groups and make them capable for self-employment. In 1999 after restructuring Integrated Rural Development Programme(IRDP), Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) launched Swarnajayanti Grameen Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY) to focus on promoting self-employment among rural poor. SGSY is now remodeled to form NRLM thereby plugging the shortfalls of SGSY programme. This scheme was launched in 2011 with a budget of $5.1 billion and is one of the flagship programmes of Ministry of Rural Development. This is one of the world's largest initiatives to improve the livelihood of poor. This programme is supported by the World Bank with a credit of $1 Billion. The scheme was succeeded by Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana on 25 September 2015.
	The basic idea behind this scheme was to form SHG groups and help them to start some entrepreneurial activities but later SHG group failed.
	The core belief of National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) is that the poor have innate capabilities and a strong desire to come out of poverty. They are entrepreneurial, an essential coping mechanism to survive under conditions of poverty. The challenge is to unleash their capabilities to generate meaningful livelihoods and enable them to come out of poverty.
	"To reduce poverty by enabling the poor households to access gainful self- employment and skilled wage employment opportunities resulting in appreciable improvement in their livelihoods on a sustainable basis, through building strong and sustainable grassroots institutions of the poor."
	The core values which guide all the activities under NRLM are as follows:
	In order to build, support and sustain livelihood of the poor, NRLM will harness their capability and complement them with capacities (information, knowledge, skill, tools, finance and collectivization), so that the poor can deal with the external world. NRLM works on three pillars – enhancing and expanding existing livelihoods options of the poor; building skills for the job market outside; and nurturing self-employed and entrepreneurs.
	NRLM will be implemented in a mission mode. This enables:
(a) shift from the present allocation based strategy to a demand driven strategy, enabling the states to formulate their own livelihoods-based poverty reduction action plans.
(b) focus on targets, outcomes and time bound delivery.
(c) continuous capacity building, imparting requisite skills and creating linkages with livelihoods opportunities for the poor, including those emerging in the organized sector.
(d) monitoring against targets of poverty outcomes.
	As NRLM follows a demand driven strategy, the States have the flexibility to develop their own livelihoods-based perspective plans and annual action plans for poverty reduction. The overall plans would be within the allocation for the state based on inter-se poverty ratios.
	The second dimension of demand driven strategy implies that the ultimate objective is that the poor will drive the agenda, through participatory planning at grassroots level, implementation of their own plans, reviewing and generating further plans based on their experiences. The plans will not only be demand driven, they will also be dynamic.
	NRLM is one of the major programme run by Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD). But it has some serious shortcomings.

= = = 1968 Iowa Hawkeyes football team = = =

	The 1968 Iowa Hawkeyes football team represented the University of Iowa in the 1968 Big Ten Conference football season.
	It was a record-setting day for the Hawkeyes. Iowa established a Big Ten record for total offense with 639 yards (431 rushing). Ed Podolak rushed for 286 yards (setting Iowa and Big Ten records) and two touchdowns on 17 carries. His performance still ranks #2 on Iowa's single-game rushing list.
 
	After winning only 4 games combined over the previous three seasons, the Hawkeyes earned their 5th victory of the season.

= = = Hawtin = = =

	Hawtin is a surname and may refer to:

= = = Jeff Dresser = = =

	Jeff Dresser is a retired American soccer midfielder who played professionally in the USL A-League.
	Dresser played for the Michigan Arrows youth club growing up. He graduated from Flint Southwestern Academy, then attended Cornerstone University, where he was a 1993 NAIA Second-Team All-American In 1994, he earned First-Team All-American honors. In 1995, Dresser, while playing for the Grand Rapids Explosion, tied with Gabe Jones for the goal scoring lead in the 1995 USISL Premier League season. In 1996, he turned professional with the Charlotte Eagles in the USISL Pro League. In 1997, the Eagles moved down to the USISL D-3 Pro League. In 1998, Dresser left the Eagles to sign with the Indiana Blast. In 1999, the Blast moved up from the D-3 Pro League to the USL A-League. Dresser remained with Indiana through the 2003 season.

= = = John Gregovich House = = =

	The John Gregovich House, at 101 Summit in Tonopah, Nevada, United States, is a historic house built in 1906 that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Like the Zeb Kendall House, also built in Tonopah in 1906 and also NRHP-listed, it is of Neo-Colonial style.
	It was deemed significant for its architecture and for its association with Tonopah merchant and member of the Nevada Senate John Gregovich, who built the house at about the time he established his business on Main Street. The house was converted later to be used as a boarding house, in the 1920s.
	It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

= = = John Sibley Williams = = =

	John Sibley Williams (born December 7, 1978, Melrose, MA) is an American poet, educator, and literary agent. He is the author of "As One Fire Consumes Another" (winner of the 2018 Orison Poetry Prize), "Skin Memory"(winner of the 2018 Backwaters Poetry Prize, "Disinheritance", and "Controlled Hallucinations", as well as six chapbooks. He has edited three regional poetry collections and works as editor of the poetry journal "The Inflectionist Review".
	Williams received a B.A. from the University at Albany, SUNY in 2003 and an M.A. in Creative Writing in 2005 from Rivier University. After traveling abroad for three years, he moved to Portland, Oregon in 2009 and earned his M.A. in Book Publishing from Portland State University. There he worked as Acquisitions Manager of Ooligan Press at Portland State University and was instrumental in the production of the "Alive at the Center", the Pacific Poetry Project’s first volume poetry anthology.
	In 2012, Williams and fellow poets A. Molotkov and David Cooke became co-directors of the Walt Whitman 150 organization, a biannual celebration of Whitman’s legacy. The following year, he and Molotkov started "The Inflectionist Review", an international poetry and art magazine.
	His work has appeared over 500 journals, including "The Yale Review", "Southern Review", "Colorado Review", "Prairie Schooner", "The Massachusetts Review", "Midwest Quartery", "Poetry Northwest", "Atlanta Review", "Third Coast", "RHINO", and various anthologies.
	Williams lives in Milwaukie, Oregon with his wife, twin toddlers, Boston terrier, and three cats.
	A nineteen-time Pushcart nominee, Williamsis the winner of numerous awards, including the Philip Booth Award, American Literary Review Poetry Contest, Phyllis Smart-Young Prize, The 46er Prize, Nancy D. Hargrove Editors' Prize, Confrontation Poetry Prize, and Laux/Millar Prize. 

= = = Bert Tremlin = = =

	Bert Tremlin (18 September 1877 – 12 April 1936) was an English cricketer. He played for Essex between 1900 and 1919.

= = = Edward J. Bebb = = =

	Edward J. Bebb (April 28, 1839 – July 12, 1916) was an American soldier who fought in the American Civil War. Bebb was awarded the country's highest award for bravery during combat, the Medal of Honor, for his action in Columbus, Georgia on April 16, 1865. He was honored with the award on June 17, 1865.
	Bebb was born in Ohio to Edward (1800 - 1868) and Margaret Evans Bebb (1805 - 1868) on April 28, 1839. He moved to Iowa at age 12. Bebb enlisted into Company D of the 4th Iowa Cavalry on September 25, 1861 and was a private throughout his military career. On 16 April 1865 he formed part of a regiment, under the direction of General J. H. Wilson's, that were undertaking to capture the Chattahoochee River bridge to gain entry into the city. Bebb is reported to have captured a flag while the enemies were fleeing. He was awarded the Medal of Honor for his valor at this event.
	Bebb married Mary Adeline Hungerford (1845 - 1900) in Wapello, Iowa on March 8, 1866 having mustered out of the army soon after the conclusion of the Civil War.

= = = Papers, Please = = =

	Papers, Please is a puzzle simulation video game created by indie game developer Lucas Pope, developed and published through his production company, 3909 LLC. The game was released on August 8, 2013 for Microsoft Windows and OS X, for Linux on February 12, 2014 and for iOS on December 12, 2014. A port for the PlayStation Vita was announced in August 2014, and was then released on December 12, 2017.
	In "Papers, Please", the player takes on the role of a border-crossing immigration officer in the fictional dystopian Eastern Bloc-like country of Arstotzka, which has been and continues to be at political hostilities with its neighboring countries. The game takes place at a migration checkpoint in Grestin, a border city split between Arstotzka and the neighboring country of Kolechia, and a fictional parallel of the Cold War-era division between East and West Berlin. As the immigration officer, the player must review each immigrant and return citizen's passports and other supporting paperwork against an ever-growing list of rules using a number of tools and guides, allowing in only those with the proper paperwork while rejecting those without all proper forms, and at times detaining those with falsified information. The player is rewarded in their daily salary for how many people they have processed correctly in that day, while also being fined for making mistakes; the salary is used to help provide shelter, food and heat for the player's in-game family. In some cases, the player will be presented with moral decisions, such as approving entry of a pleading spouse of a citizen despite the lack of proper paperwork, knowing this will affect their salary. The game deals with the issues of keeping up with immigration policy in an ever-changing political environment. In addition to a story mode which follows several scripted events that occur within Arstotzka, the game includes an endless mode that challenges the player to process as many immigrants as possible.
	Pope came upon the idea of passport-checking as a gameplay mechanic after witnessing the behavior of immigration officers through his own international travels. He coupled this with a narrative inspired by spy thriller films, having the immigration officer be one to challenge spies trying to move in or out of countries with fake travel documents. He was able to build on principles and concepts from some of his earlier games, including his "The Republia Times" from which he also borrowed the setting of Arstotzka. Pope publicly shared details of the game's development from its onset, leading to high interest in the title and encouraging him to put more effort into it; though he initially planned to only spend a few weeks, Pope ended up spending about nine months on the game.
	"Papers, Please" was positively received on its release, and it has come to be seen as an example of an empathy game and a demonstration of video games as an art form. The game was recognized with various awards and nominations from the Independent Games Festival, Game Developers Choice Awards, and BAFTA Video Games Awards, and was named by "Wired" and "The New Yorker" as one of the top games of 2013. Pope reported that by 2016, more than 1.8 million copies of the title had been sold.
	The gameplay of "Papers, Please" focuses on the work life of an immigration inspector at a border checkpoint for the fictional country of Arstotzka in the year 1982. At the time frame of the game, Arstotzka has recently ended a six-year long war with the neighboring country of Kolechia yet political tensions between them and other nearby countries remain high.
	As the checkpoint inspector, the player reviews arrivals' documents and uses an array of tools to determine whether the papers are in order for the purpose of arresting certain individuals such as terrorists, wanted criminals, smugglers and entrants with forged or stolen documents; keeping other undesired individuals like those with no polio vaccine including anti-vaxxers, expired vaccines, missing required paperwork or expired paperwork out of the country; and allowing the rest through. For each in-game day, the player is given specific rules on what documentation is required and conditions to allow or deny entry which become progressively more complex as each day passes. One by one, immigrants arrive at the checkpoint and provide their paperwork. The player can use a number of tools to review the paperwork to make sure it is in order. When discrepancies are discovered, the player may interrogate the applicant, demand missing documents, take the applicant's fingerprints while simultaneously ordering a copy of the applicant's identity record in order to prove or clear either name or physical description discrepancies, order a full body scan in order to clear or prove weight or apparent biological sex discrepancies or find enough incriminating evidence required to arrest the entrant. There are opportunities for the player to have the applicant detained and the applicant may, at times, attempt to bribe the inspector. The player ultimately must stamp the entrant's passport (or temporary visa slip if the individual has no passport) to accept or deny entry unless the player orders the arrest of the entrant. If the player has violated the protocol, a citation will be issued to the player shortly after the entrant leaves. Generally the player can make two violations without penalty, but subsequent violations will cost the player increasing monetary penalties from their day's salaries. The player has a limited amount of real time, representing a full day shift at the checkpoint, to process as many arrivals as possible.
	At the end of each in-game day, the player earns money based on how many people have been processed (5 credits for each individual that enters the booth before the shift ends) and bribes collected, less any penalties for protocol violations and then must decide on a simple budget to spend that money on rent, food, heat and other necessities in low-class housing for themselves and their family. The player must also make certain not to earn too much money in illegitimate ways, lest his family be reported and have all the money they had accumulated thus far confiscated by the government. As relations between Arstotzka and nearby countries deteriorate, sometimes due to terrorist attacks, new sets of rules are gradually added, based on the game's story, such as denying entry to citizens of specific countries or demanding new types of documentation. The player may be challenged with moral dilemmas as the game progresses, such as allowing the supposed spouse of an immigrant through despite lacking complete papers at the risk of accepting a terrorist into the country. The game uses a mix of randomly generated entrants and scripted encounters. Randomly generated entrants are created using templates.
	A mysterious organization known as EZIC also appears, with several of its members appearing at the checkpoint, giving the inspector orders to help bring down the government and establish a new one; the player can choose whether to help this organization or not, letting their members through to assassinate certain powerful individuals the organization deems too corrupt to live and even personally killing two rival agents for the organization.
	The game has a scripted story mode with twenty possible endings depending on the player's actions, as well as some unlockable randomized endless-play modes.
	"Papers, Please" was developed by Lucas Pope, a former developer for Naughty Dog on the "Uncharted" series. Pope opted to leave Naughty Dog around 2010, after "" was released, to move to Saitama, Japan, along with his wife Keiko, a game designer herself. Part of this move was to be closer to her family, but Pope also had been developing smaller games along with Keiko during his time at Naughty Dog, and wanted to move away from "the definite formula" of the "Uncharted" series toward developing more exploratory ideas for his own games. The two worked on a few independent game titles while there, and they briefly relocated to Singapore to help another friend with their game. From his travels in Asia and some return trips to the United States, he became interested in the work of immigration and passport inspectors: "They have a specific thing they’re doing and they’re just doing it over and over again." He recognized the passport checking experience, which he considered "tense", could be made into a fun game.
	While he had been able to come up with the mechanics of the passport checking, Pope lacked a story to drive the game. He was then inspired by films like "Argo" and the "Bourne" series, which feature characters attempting to infiltrate into or out of other countries with subterfuge. Pope saw the opportunity to reverse those scenarios, putting the player as the role of the immigration officer as to stop these types of agents, matching up with his existing gameplay mechanics. He crafted the fictional nation of Arstotzka, fashioned as a totalitarian, 1982 Eastern Bloc state, with the player guided to uphold the glory of this country by rigorously checking passports and defeating those that might infiltrate it. Arstotzka was partially derived from the setting of Pope's earlier game "The Republia Times", where the player acts as editor-in-chief of a newspaper in a totalitarian state and must decide on which stories to include or falsify to uphold the interests of the state. Pope also based aspects of the border crossing for Arstotzka and its neighbors on the Berlin Wall and issues between East and West Germany, stating he was "naturally attracted to Orwellian communist bureaucracy". He made sure to avoid including any specific references to these inspirations, such as avoiding the word "comrade" in both the English and translated versions, as it would directly allude to a Soviet Russia implication. Using a fictional country gave Pope more freedom in the narrative, not having to base events in the game on any real-world politics and avoiding preconceived assumptions.
	Work on the game began in November 2012; Pope used his personal financial reserves from his time at Naughty Dog for what he thought would be a few weeks worth of effort to complete and then move onto a more commercially viable title. Pope used the Haxe programming language and the NME framework, both open-source. He was able to build up structures he and his wife developed for "Helsing's Fire", an iOS game they developed after moving to Japan, as this provided the means to set how much information about a character could or could not be shown to the player. This also enabled him to include random and semi-random encounters, in which similar events would occur in separate games, but the immigrant's name or details would be different. Much of the game's design was about the purposely-"clunky" user interface elements of checking paperwork, something that Pope was inspired by from his earlier programming experiences from using visual programming languages like HyperCard. Pope found that there was a very careful balance of what rules and randomness could be introduced without overwhelming the player or causing the balance of the game to falter, and cut back on some of the randomness he initially wanted. Pope attempted to keep the narrative non-judgemental about the choices the player made, allowing them to imagine their own take on the events, and further kept elements like the player-character's family status screen shown at the end of each day simple so that it would not affect the player's take on these results.
	As Pope developed the game, he regularly posted updates to TIGSource, a forum for independent developers, and got helpful feedback on some of the game's direction. He also created a publicly available demonstration of the game, which further had positive feedback to him. Pope opted to try to have the game submitted to the Steam storefront through the user-voted Greenlight process in April 2013; he was hesitant that the niche nature of the game would put off potential voters and had expected that he would gain more interest from upcoming gaming expositions. However, due to attention drawn by several YouTube streamers that played through the demo, "Papers, Please" was voted through Greenlight within days.
	With new attention to the project, Pope estimated that the game would now take six months to complete, though it ultimately took nine months. One area he expanded on was to create several unique character names for the various citizens that would pass through the game. He opened up to the public to supply names, but ended up with over 30,000 entries, with more than half he considered unusable as they did not figure the types of Eastern European names he wanted or were otherwise "joke names". After the Greenlight process, Pope started to add other features that required the player, as a lowly checkpoint worker, to make significant moral decisions within the game. One such design was the inclusion of the body scanner, where Pope envisioned that the player would recognize this being an invasion of privacy but necessary to detect a suicide bomber. These also helped to drive the game's narrative as to provide rationale for why the player as the passport checker would need to have access to these new tools in response to the larger events in the game's fiction. After being successfully voted on Greenlight, "Papers, Please" was being touted as an "empathy game", similar to "Cart Life" (2011), helping Pope to justify his narrative choices. Pope also recognized that not all players would necessarily appreciate the narrative aspects, and started to develop the "endless" mode where players would simply need to process a queue of immigrants limited only by the player making a certain number of mistakes.
	Pope released the game on August 8, 2013 for Windows and OS X systems, and for Linux machines on February 12, 2014.
	Pope had ported the game to the iPad, and was considering a port to the PlayStation Vita though noted that with the handheld, there are several challenges related to the game's user interface that may have to be revamped. The Vita version was formally announced at the 2014 Gamescom convention in August 2014. With the iOS release, Apple required Pope to censor the full body scanner feature from the game, considering the aspect to be pornographic content. However Apple later commented that the rejection was due to a "misunderstanding" and allowed Pope to resubmit the uncensored game by including a "nudity option". The iPad version was subsequently released on December 12, 2014. The Vita's version was released on December 12, 2017.
	By March 2014, Pope stated that he was "kind of sick to death" of "Papers, Please", in that he wanted to continue to focus on more smaller games that would only take a few months of time to create and release, and had already spent far too much in his mind on this one. He expected to keep supporting "Papers, Please" and its ports, but had no plans to expand the game or release downloadable content, but does not rule out revisiting the Arstotzka setting again in a future game.
	"Papers, Please" received positive reviews on release, receiving "generally favorable reviews" from 40 reviews on Metacritic. "Papers, Please" has been praised for the sense of immersion provided by the game mechanics, and the intense emotional reaction. CBC News' Jonathan Ore called "Papers, Please" a "nerve-racking sleuthing game with relentless pacing and dozens of compelling characters – all from a desk job". Simon Parkin writing for "The New Yorker" blog declared "Papers, Please" the top video game of 2013. He wrote: "Grim yet affecting, it’s a game that may change your attitude the next time you’re in line at the airport." Some critics received the story very well: Ben "Yahtzee" Croshaw of The Escapist's series "Zero Punctuation" lauded the game for being a truly unique entry for 2013 and even made it one of his top five games for that year; he cited the game's morality as his reasoning by explaining that "["Papers, Please"] presents us constant moral choices, but makes it really hard to be a good person... while you could waive the rules to reunite a couple [...] you do it at the expense of your own family... You have to decide if you want to create a better world or just look after you and yours." 
	"Wired" listed "Papers, Please" as their top game for 2013, recognizing that the game's title, often coupled with the Hollywood representation of Nazi officials stopping people and demanding to see their identification, alongside the drab presentation captured the ideas of living as a lowly worker in a police state. In 2019, the game was ranked 45th on "The Guardian" newspaper's The 50 Best Video Games of the 21st Century list.
	Some critics reacted against the paperwork gameplay. Stephanie Bendixsen from the ABC's game review show "Good Game" found the game "tedious", commenting "while I found the issues that arose from the decisions you are forced to make quite interesting, I was just so bored that I just struggled to go from one day to the next. I was torn between wanting to find out more, and just wanting it all to stop."
	"Papers, Please" is considered by several journalists as an example of video games as an art form. "Papers, Please" is frequently categorized as an "empathy game", a type of role-playing game that "asks players to inhabit their character's emotional worlds", as described by Patrick Begley of the "Sydney Morning Herald", or as described by Pope himself, "other people simulators". Pope noted that he had not set out to make an empathy game, but the emotional ties created by his scenarios came about naturally from developing the core mechanics.
	"" includes an Easter egg to "Papers, Please", when its protagonist Nathan Drake compares a line of people waiting at a passport station to the situation in Arstotzka. A nod to "Papers, Please" was briefly shown on the episode "Playtest" of the series "Black Mirror", where a fictional cover of "Edge" includes a cover story regarding "Papers, Please III".
	"Papers, Please" won the Seumas McNally Grand Prize, "Excellence in Narrative", and "Excellence in Design" awards at the 2014 Independent Games Festival Awards and was nominated for the Nuovo Award. The title also won the "Innovation Award" and "Best Downloadable Game" at the 2014 Game Developers Choice Awards. The game won "Best Simulation Game" and was nominated in the categories of "Best Game", "Game Design", and "Game Innovation" at the 2014 BAFTA Video Games Awards.
	As of March 2014, at the time of the BAFTA awards, Pope stated that the game had sold 500,000 copies. By August 2016, three years from release, Pope stated that more than 1.8 million copies had been sold across all platforms.
	Two Russian filmmakers, Liliya Tkach and Nikita Ordynskiy of Kinodom Productions, developed an 11-minute live-action film based on "Papers, Please", entitled "Papers, Please: The Short Film", starring Igor Savochkin as the passport inspector. The film was authorized by Lucas Pope after Ordynskiy sent him the screenplay via email. The film premiered at the Trekhgorka House of Culture in Moscow, Russia, on January 27, 2018. The film debuted worldwide via YouTube and the Steam storefront on February 24, 2018. The film received "Overwhelmingly Positive" reviews on Steam upon its release. The short film's success led Tkach and Ordynskiy to pursue a similar short film for "Beholder", another game set in a totalitarian state. Ordynskiy would later voice Seaman Aleksei Toporov in "Return of the Obra Dinn", a 2018 video game developed by Pope, which was also a Seumas McNally Grand Prize winner.

= = = Campbell and Kelly Building = = =

	The Campbell and Kelly Building, at Corona and Main Sts. in Tonopah, Nevada, is a historic building built c. 1912. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.
	It was deemed significant for its commercial architecture as "a fine example of metal clad commercial construction with the original store fronts and other detailing still intact", and for its association with leading citizens H. P. Campbell and Rube Kelly, who developed machine works and foundry operations in Tonopah. This building was bought by them in 1915 to expand their automobile sales and service business.

= = = Greatest Hits (David Cassidy album) = = =

	Greatest Hits is a compilation album by David Cassidy, initially released in 1974 by Bell Records. 
	This album contains songs that were recorded during the first phase of David Cassidy's musical career. All of the songs contained in this collection were recorded between 1970 and 1974 during the time he was starring in The Partridge Family television series. Of the eleven songs contained in this compilation, three songs were taken from Partridge Family albums and the song "If I Didn't Care" had only been released as a single in Europe and was not available in the U.S. prior to this album. Also note that Could It Be Forever was not issued as noted on the album. Instead it was the B-side of that song called Blind Hope. Clearly an error.
	Produced by Wes Farrell, except
	This album was released in United States in 1974 by Bell Records under the catalog number Bell 1321.
	The catalog number was changed in 1976 to Arista 2014.

= = = Bob Crouch = = =

	Bob Crouch is Chief Executive Officer at Adecco Group North America, a professional recruiting, staffing, consulting and business services provider headquartered in Jacksonville, Florida.
	In 2010, the company purchased staffing company Modis.

= = = Jonas Rønning = = =

	Jonas Rønning (born 8 August 1970 in Jevnaker) is a Norwegian comedian, actor and cabaret artist. Notable performances include the musical "Olsenbanden Jr. - At Circus" (based on the film "Olsenbanden Jr. på Cirkus") at the Oslo Nye Teater, and appearances in entertainment programs on TV, including a regular role in the long-running television drama series "Hotel Cæsar", and appearances on the musical variety show "Beat for Beat", which airs weekly on the national television channel NRK1. As a stand-up comedian he is best known as "the man with the megaphone" and for "Hønefosskålen".
	In 2002 Rønning received the (Stand-up Prize) from , the largest booking agency for comedians in Norway.
	Rønning and set up an annual summer revue in Hønefoss. In October to December 2007 he performed his show "Et Fønny Sjow" at Victoria Nasjonal Jazzscene with Morten Grøtnes. In December 2012, Rønning and Grøtnes performed the Christmas show "Julelatter 2012" ("Christmas Laughter 2012").

= = = Sar Dasht-e Abdolreza = = =

	Sar Dasht-e Abdolreza (, also Romanized as Sar Dasht-e ʿAbdolrez̤ā) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 36, in 8 families.

= = = Sargar Kuh-e Panbeh = = =

	Sargar Kuh-e Panbeh (, also Romanized as Sargar Kūh-e Panbeh) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 59, in 9 families.

= = = Michel Klein = = =

	Michel Klein (born 1958) is a French fashion designer.
	In 2005, "Itokin" was the Michel Klein ready-to-wear license holder in Japan with retail value of €70 million.

= = = Surmurd = = =

	Surmurd (, also Romanized as Sūrmūrd) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 132, in 27 families.

= = = Tarob = = =

	Tarob (, also Romanized as Ţārob, Ţārb, and Torab) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 91, in 20 families.

= = = Talkheh Dan Mahtab = = =

	Talkheh Dan Mahtab (, also Romanized as Talkheh Dān Mahtāb) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.

= = = Talkheh Zar, Kohgiluyeh = = =

	Talkheh Zar (, also Romanized as Talkheh Zār; also known as Talkhehzār) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 77, in 11 families.

= = = Tang-e Mahlab-e Mahtab = = =

	Tang-e Mahlab-e Mahtab (, also Romanized as Tang-e Mahlāb-e Mahtāb) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 23, in 7 families.

= = = Thomas Rede = = =

	Thomas Rede (c. 1390– c. 1455) was a merchant, landholder, knight and public official of Roche Castle near Laugharne, Carmarthenshire.
	He was the son of William Rede and Jonet Wirriot. His father was born about 1370, the bastard son of Thomas Rede, a wealthy merchant of Carmarthen and Bristol. His mother was the daughter of Sir Wilcock Wirriot of Orielton in Pembrokeshire.
	Thomas was closely associated with Gruffudd ap Nicholas, a powerful figure in South Wales in the mid-15th century, as well as being Thomas’ father-in-law. In 1446 Thomas and Gruffudd farmed part of Cockmill in Carmarthen, and in 1449 they were involved together in a lease of the town. While not nearly as prominent in politics as his father-in-law, father or grandfather, Thomas did serve as beadle in Widigada from 1451 to 1452, and he was apparently knighted.
	Thomas married as his second wife Margred Dwnn, the cousin of his first wife, and daughter of another prominent Carmarthenshire family. By these two wives, and others, he had at least nine children.
	Thomas Rede, knight, was buried in Grey Friars church in Carmarthen, along with his father-in-law Gruffudd ap Nicholas and other members of the family. Thomas’ tomb lay on the south side of the choir. His coat of arms is described as: “Thomas Rede of Ye Roche -- quarterly, argent 3 pipes (elsewhere reeds) in fess, banded azure; and on a chief azure a lion passant sable.” The quartered coat of arms is for Wirriot, his mother’s family.
	Thomas’ principal estate was The Roche, near Talacharn (Laugharne) in Carmarthenshire, which appears on maps today as the ruin of Roche Castle. Later heralds in England rendered it “Rodes Court,” undoubtedly due to the confusion of the distance of time and place.
	The Roche was originally known as Machrells Walles, built in the 13th century by John de la Roche. Over the course of the ensuing century the property passed from one family member to another until in 1392 it came into the possession of David Fleming, who immediately granted it to Sir Thomas Fleming, knight and other Irish land owners. Subsequently, according to a successful 16th-century petition of James Reede, gentleman of London it became the property of Gruffudd Nicholas (Gruffudd ap Nicholas) and Thomas Nicholas, who granted it to William Rede and Jonet Wirriot as part of their marriage settlement.
	Decades later, in 1439, perhaps at the death of William who would have been 69 years old, Richard Rede conveyed the property to Thomas Nicoll (Thomas ap Gruffudd ap Nicholas?), “as of the gift of William Rede brother of the said Richard”. A conveyance by fine implies an agreed exchange, so it may have been by previous agreement that Thomas Nicoll conveyed Machrells Walles to William’s son, Richard. In 1452 Richard Rede, esquire and his wife Maud transferred Machrells Walles and other properties by quitclaim to Richard’s brother, Thomas Rede, esquire. The Roche remained in the family for an additional 120 years until James Rede sold it to Sir John Perrot in 1572.
	The coat of arms for Rede of Roche is a pun on the name. It always contains three reeds (golden or silver) on a sable field, and sometimes carries the pun further by adding three roaches (a type of fish) on a red field. The red field might even be considered a pun of the name Rede - one Welsh homonym for Rede being “rhudd,” which means red.

= = = Tarakak = = =

	Tarakak () is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 159, in 30 families.

= = = Zir Kal = = =

	Zir Kal (, also Romanized as Zīr Kal; also known as Zīr Chāl) is a village in Tayebi-ye Sarhadi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Charusa District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 217, in 40 families.

= = = Ab Chati-ye Ajam = = =

	Ab Chati-ye Ajam (, also Romanized as Āb Chātī-ye Ājam) is a village in Ajam Rural District, Dishmok District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.

= = = Garde Church = = =

	Garde Church (, sometimes also Garda Church) is a medieval church in Garde on the Swedish island of Gotland. Built in stages during the Middle Ages, it retains much of its medieval character. It contains medieval frescos, some of which were probably executed by artists from present-day Russia. It lies in the Diocese of Visby.
	The remains of an early stave church were discovered at the site of the presently visible church during an excavation in 1968. In the vicinity, Christian graves from the Viking Age have also been discovered, still containing the clothes of the deceased. A number of picture stones, pre-dating Christian times, have also been uncovered in the church, where they were used by the earliest builders as building material.
	The first stone church was begun in the 1130s, remains of which are still preserved in the nave of the church, including a few still usable, carved stone benches, and the base of the tower. The tower was heightened during the 13th century to its present altitude. The choir is the most recent part of the church. It is from the second quarter of the 14th century and replaced an earlier, Romanesque choir with an apse. The construction of the new choir was planned as the first step in a major rebuilding scheme; however for one reason or another, the builders seem to have run out of funds and the rest of the plans were never executed - hence the somewhat unusual shape of the church. A similar fate is not uncommon for churches on Gotland, as the region suffered an economic downturn at the end of the Middle Ages.
	The church retains much of the ambience of the earliest churches on Gotland: it is rather dark, the windows are small, the ceiling is flat and wooden, and the portals narrow.
	One of the most distinguishing features of the interior are a number of wall paintings or frescos. They depict two saints and were probably executed by a Russian artist (possibly from Staraja Ladoga) as they are Russo-Byzantine in style. The church also has a baptismal font made by the anonymous sculptor Byzantios sometime during the middle of the 12th century, and a triumphal cross made in the 13th century. The altarpiece is Baroque in style, and locally crafted.

= = = Dar Boland-e Ajam = = =

	Dar Boland-e Ajam (, also Romanized as Dār Boland-e Ājam; also known as Dār Boland) is a village in Ajam Rural District, Dishmok District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.

= = = La Haine (drama) = = =

	La Haine "(Hatred)" is a drama in five acts and eight tableaux by Victorien Sardou, premiered at the Théâtre de la Gaîté in Paris on 3 December 1874. Jacques Offenbach, director of the theatre, composed extensive incidental music for chorus and orchestra to accompany the play.
	Offenbach had composed songs and incidental music for eleven classical and modern dramas for the Comédie Française in the early 1850s, gaining valuable experience in writing for the theatre. Sardou and Offenbach created their first joint work in 1872 with the opéra-bouffe-féerie "Le Roi Carotte", which ran for 195 performances, and this encouraged the two to renew their collaboration.
	By 1874, Jacques Offenbach had become the director of the Théâtre de la Gaîté. To follow a revival of "Orphée aux Enfers" on 7 February, he decided to mount Sardou's drame using the under-used theatrical troupe at the theatre.
	"Orphée aux Enfers" closed on the 18 November to allow the rehearsals for "La Haine" to start, directed by Sardou himself who did not spare his efforts. "Le Figaro" reported that "Sardou is the most meticulous director in the world" and that he "places particular importance on the extras being actively involved as much as any of the actors." Rehearsals increased and the dress rehearsal took place on 27 November.
	The premiere was announced for the 29 November, but was postponed on the day itself, due to the flu epidemic in the capital which indisposed two principal actors, Lafontaine et Clément Just. First of all it was postponed until 30 November but only took place on Thursday 3 December, but as the actors had not completely recovered, Sardou cut the final scene.
	The premiere audience marvelled at the magnificence of the production. The scenery was especially dazzling. Francisque Sarcey noted "It is only right to recognize that, of the décors, several are masterpieces of exquisite taste; the cathedral dome is a marvel of lightness and grave; the inside of the church is superb."
	Everything was done to dazzle : dramatist and composer went so far as to transport a Cavaillé-Coll organ into the theatre. The settings were grand and impressive: the stage accommodated 535 persons.: "The war-cries of the soldiers, the moans of the terrified women, the clanking of armour, the booming of guns, the conquerors' entrance in the city, the sacking of the palace, all was of an exact and admirable motion."
	The words of Victorien Sardou were also noted, but critics commented that the direction was rather against the drama. Francisque Sarcey regretted that the principal roles appeared crushed : "The supernumeraries and props are too prominent. The crowd is the principal character. Tableaux follow tableaux, and in this new work, they are equally dark."
	For Auguste Vitu the play evoked painful memories of 1870 : "Streets full of bodies, palaces in flames, the homeland forsaken in the presence of the dumbfounded foreigner, and as if scandalized by so many distractions, such are the unforgettable sights which our consciousness is still soured, and of which our hearts still bleed. The widows and orphans in black, I have seen them bowed in our churches, the air rent with their sobs. The door of deathly memory re-opens wide within us; and sadness envelops us with its great black wings."
	While receipts came to around 8,000 francs per performance in mid-December, they fell to around 5,000 francs during the second fortnight On 28 December "Le Figaro" printed a letter from Sardou requesting that Offenbach recall his piece from the stage; Offenbach replied that as the public prefer lively art he would bring back "Orphée". The announcement had the effect of filling the theatre for the last performances of "La Haine". After 27 performances the play closed on 29 December 1874 and "Orphée aux Enfers" was brought back. The short run left the theatre in a parlous financial position. Some costumes were used in the revised version of "Geneviève de Brabant" which opened on 25 February 1875.
	Despite the failure, Sardou and Offenbach did contemplate a further collaboration on a spectacular production of the playwright's "Don Quichotte".
	A modern performance with reduced text but complete score took place on 19 July 2009 at the Festival de Radio France et Montpellier Languedoc Roussillon, with Fanny Ardant and Gérard Depardieu playing Cordelia and Orso. The concert was broadcast on France Musique on 30 July 2009.
	Guelph chiefs
	In 2006 the autograph orchestral score of the incidental music was found in the archive of the Offenbach family.
	Some early sketches preserved in the Archives Historiques de la ville de Cologne were destroyed in an accident on 3 March 2009.
	Jean-Christophe Keck, responsible for the 2009 critical edition, commented that "Offenbach composed a rich score of 30 numbers. The first sketches were noted down while travelling in his barouche where he had set up a work-table - the manuscripts bear witness to the jumping pen as it rode over Parisian cobbles. It consists of many mélodrames, off-stage choruses, interludes...".
	During Offenbach's tour of the USA, he conducted with much success the Marche religieuse from "La Haine" for American audiences.
	Keck notes that just before he died, Offenbach recalled the opening of the overture to "La Haine" in the opening bars of the finale of the Venetian act from "Contes d'Hoffmann".
	The action takes place in Siena in 1369. Historically, the Republic of Siena has passed through much civil unrest and political upheavals at that period, and in general Siena tended to be Ghibelline, in opposition to Florence's Guelph position. The play's specific events and its main characters are, however, fictional. 
	In the 13th century, (this conflict formed the backdrop for some of Dante Alighieri's "Divine Comedy", completed in 1320).
	A crossroads near the rue Camollia. On the outskirts of Sienna, the banned Guelphs and the reigning Ghibellines fight. The Guelphs are led by Orso who had been banished for having dared to throw a garland to the Ghibelline Cordelia Saracini. From the battle the guelfes emerge victorious at the portcullis of the Saracini palace. Orso demands that Cordelia appear at the balcony and open the gates to the town. Cordelia replies to him: « … now is not the time to open the gates, when thieves are in the town! » Orso give orders for an assault, the gate rises and he enters the Saracini palace bent on vengeance. Rather than throw Cordelia from the window as the screaming crowd demands, he drags her half-strangled back into the palace.
	Premier tableau – a great hall in the Seigniory palace. Despite their apparent victory, the Guelphs only control but half of the city. Among the dead on the Ghibelline side is Andreino, the fifteen-year-old son of Uberta, Cordelia's old nurse. The Guelphs request a truce in order to tend to the injured and bury the dead : plague is feared. The Saracini palace is on fire. Cordelia comes back, alive, but tells her brothers Ercole and Giugurta, as well as her nurse, that she has been raped by a man of whom all she can remember is the voice.
	Deuxième tableau – the cathedral square. Guelphs and Ghibellines attend the solemn mass for the Virgin in the cathedral. At the point of coming to blows, the Bishop Azzolino steps forward and upbraids them : « Siennois, is this what you call a truce for the Virgin ? Church is God's house alone ! – Faithless and unworthy Christians put your weapons down or I will close these doors and will open them only to admit your coffins! » They defer in the face of the threat; Orso only speaking a word but it is enough for Cordelia to recognize as she follows the men into the church.
	Premier tableau – a cloister. While Cordelia recognizes Orso as her torturer, Uberta learns by chance that the killer of her son is also Orso ! The two women argue over which should kill him. Cordelia decides with her plea : « You only mourn a death; I, I mourn myself, alive! ». Cordelia strikes Orso, and he falls to the ground, his throat cut with a dagger thrust. As a fight ensues, his men carry him, still breathing, to the shade of a church porch. When Cordelia and Uberta retrace steps to finish their vengeance, they cannot find the body and wonder if he was only injured. Cordelia cries out : « God of vengeance ! let him be dead ! I will not finish the task ! ».
	Deuxième tableau – the square. Cordelia discovers Orso in agony and pleading for a drink. Faced with this suffering, she pities him and pours fresh water on his lips.
	Premier tableau – a room in the Saracini palace. Cordelia has concealed Orso in the burnt palace. Giugurta, beaten, must flee the town. He wants to leave the palace by the gardens but to do that must pass through the room where Orso is hiding, convalescent. Cordelia puts him off with such insistence that Uberta becomes suspicious. A horrific explanation finally reveals the truth to Uberta, but Cordelia asks for mercy in the name of Andreino who would have condemned this bloody sacrifice. Cordelia and Orso find themselves alone. Two images alternate in the mind of Orso : the woman who stabbed him and the woman who saved him. The two make one victim of him; his repentance bursts forth and to restore her honour he asks to marry her. Cordelia replies that he is also guilty to his country riven by war. Orso promises her : « You will see me again when I have triumphed over discord and vanquished hatred! » He leaves the palace and it is announced that Giugurta has been arrested by the Guelphs, masters of the city.
	Deuxième tableau – ruins of the old Seigniory palace. The captured Ghibelline prisoners including Giurgurta are about to be executed. Orso enters and proposes to the people that the prisoners be freed, in order to march against the Emperor laying siege to the city and demanding 50,000 florins to lift the siege. The people accept. As they set off for battle Giugurta catches a glance and words from Cordelia to Orso, and says that he will return and question her after the battle.
	Sienna cathedral. The Siennese return victorious. Cordelia, frightened by her brother's threats has taken refuge in the cathedral. Giugurta find her there having extracted the information before killing Uberta. After proud protests, Cordelia faints on the altar steps, and he takes advantage to make her swallow poison. The victors come in with Orso at their head. Cordelia has convulsions which are mistaken for the plague. The crowd disperses in horror, and Orso takes Cordelia in his arms. So doing, he condemns himself to be trapped with her in the place tainted by the plague. At their pleas, Azollino joins them in marriage. Alone, they exchange parting words : Orso's wound has re-opened, and the two lovers die side by side.
	"As created this page was a translation of the equivalent page in French Wikipedia."

= = = Lisa Dietlin = = =

	Lisa M. Dietlin (born August 20, 1963) is speaker and writer on the subject of philanthropy. She is the author of four books about the subject, and she is the President and CEO of the philanthropic consulting company The Institute of Transformational Philanthropy.
	Dietlin was born in Alpena, Michigan, and spent her childhood in Michigan and Montana. Her father died when she was 13, and she and her siblings were raised by her mother. After graduating from Alpena High School and Alpena Community College, Dietlin earned a degree from Michigan State University. She received a Master of Arts degree in Philanthropy and Development from St. Mary's University of Minnesota. Dietlin served as the President for the Michigan Young Democrats, and then was the Legislative Services Specialist for the Michigan State University Senate from 1986-1991.
	At Michigan Technological University, Dietlin served as Associate Director of Corporate Relations, Director of Major Gifts and Senior Advancement Director. She moved to Chicago in 1998 and worked as Assistant Dean of Development at University of Illinois at Chicago and an adjunct professor at North Park University.
	In 2000, Dietlin founded Lisa M. Dietlin & Associates, Inc. in Chicago, and served as President and CEO. LMDA worked to create philanthropic strategies for its clients, mainly entrepreneurs and non-profit organizations. Dietlin served on the Board of the Ms. Foundation and WomenOnCall.
	Dietlin's first book, "Transformational Philanthropy: Entrepreneurs and Nonprofits", was published in 2010. She later authored three more books, the "Making A Difference" series, which provides tips, ideas and stories about creating positive impact through giving. Two additional books authored by Lisa are "The Power of Three: How to achieve your goals by simply doing three things a day" and "I Got Hit By a Taxi but You Look Run Over: Life Lessons about happiness and joy."
	Dietlin was featured by the Chicago Tribune in their ebook "Remarkable Women: Interviews with Inspiring Chicagoland Women" In 2013 she was named one of the Top 50 Singles by "Today's Chicago Woman" magazine. She has also named as a "SheSource" expert on strategic fundraising, philanthropy, nonprofits, media and entertainment.
	Dietlin has been a guest on many television and radio programs including NBC., CBS, Fox News, Better TV, WGN Radio, Oprah & Friends Radio NPR and First Business, giving information and ideas about how to get involved in charitable work. She appeared regularly on CBS 2 as its Chicago Charity Contributor, and was a national judge for the Tom’s of Maine "50 States for Good" charity recognition awards for several years. Dietlin has also contributed articles to, and been featured and quoted in various newspapers and magazines and in "The Chronicle of Philanthropy". She has been a regular Huffington Post contributor through her blog "Making A Difference®: The World of Giving".

= = = Darreh Zari-ye Ajam = = =

	Darreh Zari-ye Ajam (, also Romanized as Darreh Zarī-ye Ājam; also known as Darreh Raẕī) is a village in Ajam Rural District, Dishmok District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 21, in 4 families.

= = = Gerdeh Pey-e Ajam = = =

	Gerdeh Pey-e Ajam (, also Romanized as Gerdeh Pey-e Ājam; also known as Gerd Pey) is a village in Ajam Rural District, Dishmok District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 26, in 4 families.

= = = Heydari-ye Ajam = = =

	Heydari-ye Ajam (, also Romanized as Ḩeydarī-ye Ājam; also known as Ḩeydarī) is a village in Ajam Rural District, Dishmok District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.

= = = Kizeh-ye Ajam = = =

	Kizeh-ye Ajam (, also Romanized as Kīzeh-ye Ājam) is a village in Ajam Rural District, Dishmok District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.

= = = Litun-e Ajam = = =

	Litun-e Ajam (, also Romanized as Līṭūn-e Ājam) is a village in Ajam Rural District, Dishmok District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.

= = = Bailey De Young = = =

	Bailey Marie De Young ("née" Buntain; September 16, 1989) is an American actress and dancer best known for playing the characters Ginny Thompson on "Bunheads", Lauren Cooper on "Faking It", and Imogene Cleary on "The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel".
	De Young is a native of Sacramento, California. She is a dancer, starting around the age of seven, with a focus in jazz, tap, and ballet. Additionally, she is a trained soprano and has various theater credits. She graduated from the American Musical and Dramatic Academy. After that, she landed a leading role as Ginny Thompson in the ABC Family series "Bunheads". In 2014, she made a guest appearance in the sitcom "Baby Daddy" as Bailey, and Jenna Taylor on "The Middle". In 2014, she was cast in the MTV sitcom "Faking It" as Lauren. She then went on to star as Imogene Cleary on the Amazon prime series, The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel.
	She and musician Tyler De Young were married on August 3, 2014. They welcomed their first child, a daughter, in September 2018.

= = = Meydan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad = = =

	Meydan (, also Romanized as Meydān) is a village in Ajam Rural District, Dishmok District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 48, in 9 families.

= = = Muri-ye Ajam = = =

	Muri-ye Ajam (, also Romanized as Mūrī-ye Ājam) is a village in Ajam Rural District, Dishmok District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 65, in 11 families.

= = = George Cromwell = = =

	George Cromwell (July 3, 1860 – September 17, 1934) was an American lawyer and politician from New York.
	He was the son of Henry Bowman Cromwell, founder of the Cromwell Shipping Line, and Sarah (Seaman) Cromwell. He attended Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, and graduated from Yale College in 1883. He graduated from Columbia Law School in 1886, and practiced law with the firm of Elihu Root until 1889. He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Richmond County) in 1888.
	From 1889 to 1897, he practiced law with the firm of Butler, Stillman & Hubbard, and was in charge of the admiralty law branch. In 1897, he opened his own law office on Broadway (Manhattan).
	After the consolidation of New York City, he was elected the first Borough President of Richmond in a very close and contested election, with a margin of only six votes, that was decided by the New York State Court of Appeals. He was elected three times, and served from 1898 to 1913.
	He was a member of the New York State Senate (23rd D.) from 1915 to 1918, sitting in the 138th, 139th, 140th and 141st New York State Legislatures. He declined to run for re-election in 1918. On June 1, 1915, in his first senate term, he married Hermine de Rouville, a member of the noted Hertel de Rouville family of Quebec. They had no children.
	On September 11, 1934, he suffered a stroke, and died six days later in Dongan Hills, Staten Island. He was buried at the Moravian Cemetery in New Dorp, Staten Island.

= = = Pataveh-ye Ajam = = =

	Pataveh-ye Ajam (, also Romanized as Pātāveh-ye Ājam and Pātāveh Ājam) is a village in Ajam Rural District, Dishmok District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 113, in 19 families.

= = = Rud Rish = = =

	Rud Rish (, also Romanized as Rūd Rīsh and Rūd-e Rīsh; also known as Rūrīsh) is a village in Ajam Rural District, Dishmok District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 290, in 52 families.

= = = Sar Asiab-e Ajam = = =

	Sar Asiab-e Ajam (, also Romanized as Sar Āsīāb-e Ājam; also known as Sar Āsīāb, Sar Asiyab, Sar Āsyāb, and Tang-e Sar Āsīāb) is a village in Ajam Rural District, Dishmok District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 33, in 6 families.

= = = Tang Asiab-e Ajam = = =

	Tang Asiab-e Ajam (, also Romanized as Tang Āsīāb-e Ājam; also known as Tang Āsīāb) is a village in Ajam Rural District, Dishmok District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 26, in 5 families.

= = = Esfandan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad = = =

	Esfandan (, also Romanized as Esfandān; also known as Estandān) is a village in Bahmayi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Dishmok District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 976, in 194 families.

= = = Mhairi Gilmour = = =

	Mhairi Catherine Gilmour-McGuire (born 9 June 1980) is a Scottish international footballer who plays as a midfielder or forward for Scottish Women's Premier League (SWPL) club Celtic. Previously, Gilmour played full-time club football with Djurgårdens of Sweden and ÍBV of Iceland.
	Gilmour made her debut for the Scotland women's national team in 1996 against Brazil and went on to win 39 caps, scoring twice. The teenaged Julie Fleeting was Gilmour's contemporary at Ayr United and in the Scottish national team.
	In August 2002 Gilmour signed for Swedish Damallsvenskan club Djurgårdens. She also played professionally in Iceland for ÍBV between 2003–2004, alongside compatriot Michelle Barr.

= = = Deh-e Tol, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad = = =

	Deh-e Tol (, also Romanized as Dehtal; also known as Darreh Tol) is a village in Bahmayi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Dishmok District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 363, in 65 families.

= = = Deh Now-e Darghak = = =

	Deh Now-e Darghak (; also known as Deh Now) is a village in Bahmayi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Dishmok District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 201, in 36 families.

= = = Deli, Kohgiluyeh = = =

	Deli (, also Romanized as Delī) is a village in Bahmayi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Dishmok District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 700, in 121 families.

= = = Sycamore Creek (Kings River tributary) = = =

	Sycamore Creek is a stream, tributary to the Kings River, in Fresno County, California.
	It has its source on the south face of Pine Ridge, in the Sierra National Forest at an elevation of 5540 feet, about 2 miles SW of Sierra Cedars, California, near Shaver Lake. It descends steeply to its confluence with its north fork at just below 2000 feet elevation and continues southward to its mouth on Pine Flat Lake on the Kings River at 968 feet.
	Sycamore Creek is about long, flowing in a generally southeasterly direction, with tributary North Fork Sycamore Creek and Watts Creek adding to its waters along the way. Prior to the construction of the Pine Flat Dam and the creation of Pine Flat Lake, Sycamore Creek flowed directly into the Kings River above the original site of the town of Trimmer, California.
	The flats at the mouth of Sycamore Creek along the Kings River was the site of the 1850 settler cabin and farm of William Mayfield an early pioneer settler of the San Joaquin Valley and father of Thomas Jefferson Mayfield who grew up there and across the river in the village of the friendly Choinumni, Yokut people after his stepmother died. The site of the cabin and village are now under Pine Flats Lake.

= = = Dam Rud-e Ayuk Dar Kheyari = = =

	Dam Rud-e Ayuk Dar Kheyari (, also Romanized as Dam Rūd-e Ayūk Dār Kheyārī) is a village in Bahmayi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Dishmok District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 49, in 10 families.

= = = List of Belizean people = = =

	This is a list of notable and well-known Belizean people, ordered alphabetically.

= = = Fraser Patrick = = =

	Fraser Patrick (born 8 November 1985) is a Scottish professional snooker player from Glasgow.
	Patrick started his professional career in 2002 by playing Challenge Tour, where he spent three seasons without success. In 2007 Patrick earned the Scottish nomination to make his Main Tour debut. Aside from Grand Prix, where he won four matches at the round-robin qualifying stage and finished third in his group, he was to struggle for wins during his debut season and was relegated from the tour.
	With the introduction of Q School, Patrick came agonisingly close to regaining his tour place, twice losing his final match both in 2011 and 2012. Nevertheless thanks to his high Q School ranking Patrick was able to compete in all the major ranking tournaments of the 2012/13 season as an amateur. He enjoyed his best ever performance at the 2013 German Masters, where he beat Michael White and Martin Gould to qualify to the venue stages and was leading Ali Carter 3–1 before eventually losing 5–3. He also recorded an impressive 10–6 win against Luca Brecel at the World Championship qualifiers. Patrick was to end the season on a high note, as in the final round of Q School Event 3 he edged out Ashley Carty 4–3 to regain his place on the main tour.
	Patrick managed to win just three matches during the 2013/2014 season, all of them in the minor-ranking European Tour events, to end up ranked world number 119.
	His 2014/2015 season was much better as he started it by beating Jimmy White 5–2 to qualify for the 2014 Wuxi Classic. In Patrick's debut at a Chinese ranking event he lost 5–3 to Sam Baird. He whitewashed Stuart Bingham 4–0 at the minor-ranking Paul Hunter Classic and then defeated Matthew Stevens 4–3 and Jamie Jones 4–1 to reach the last 16, where Rod Lawler ended his run 4–0.<ref name="2014/15"></ref> Patrick won his first ever match at the venue stage of a ranking event by seeing off Jamie Burnett 6–4 at the UK Championship. He then knocked out world number 22 Ryan Day 6–4, during which he made a 139 break which went on to be the third highest of the event. In his second last 32 appearance at a ranking event he lost 6–3 to Judd Trump. Patrick qualified for the Indian Open, but lost 4–2 to Jamie Cope in the first round. Patrick could not get into the top 64 in the world rankings (he was 77th), but by finishing 40th on the European Order of Merit he earned himself a new two-year tour place.
	Patrick began the 2015/2016 season by whitewashing Michael Williams 5–0 and beating Tom Ford 5–1 to reach the third qualifying round of the Australian Goldfields Open, but lost 5–3 to David Morris. He was knocked out in the first round of the UK Championship 6–4 by Michael Holt. Patrick lost in a deciding frame to world number three Neil Robertson in the first round of the Welsh Open.
	At the 2016 English Open, Patrick eliminated Zak Surety 4–1 and James Wattana 4–2 and then narrowly lost 4–3 to John Higgins in the third round. He reached the same stage of the Northern Ireland Open after only conceding one frame during wins over Marc Davis and Duane Jones, but he was thrashed 4–0 by Barry Hawkins. Patrick lost the final two frames both times in his 6–5 and 5–4 first round defeats to Michael White and Mark Joyce at the UK Championship and China Open respectively. He entered Q School to try and stay on the tour as he has finished the season outside of the top 64 in the rankings at world number 105, but failed to advance beyond the third round of either event.
	In May 2019, Patrick came through Q-School - Event 2 by winning six matches to earn a two-year card on the World Snooker Tour for the 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 seasons.

= = = Darghak = = =

	Darghak (, also Romanized as Dorghak; also known as Darghak-e Pā’īn) is a village in Bahmayi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Dishmok District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran which separated to two parts, Darghak-e Pā’īn and Darghak-e Bā’lā’, by a valley its name is Daray-e Dā’rghak . At the 2006 census, its population was 1,464, in 260 families . At the 2016 census, its population decreased to 1,222, and the families numbers raised to 292.
	Gelim Mosh'teh, a kind of rug, is the handcraft which only can be found in this village.

= = = Second Ganzouri Cabinet = = =

	The Second Ganzouri Cabinet was led by Egyptian prime minister Kamal Ganzouri from 7 December 2011 to 26 June 2012. 28 ministers were sworn into Ganzouri's cabinet. The Cabinet headquarters in Cairo were the site of protests in mid-December 2011.

= = = Darreh Narzineh = = =

	Darreh Narzineh (, also Romanized as Darreh Narzīneh) is a village in Bahmayi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Dishmok District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.

= = = Darreh Shirin = = =

	Darreh Shirin (, also Romanized as Darreh Shīrīn) is a village in Bahmayi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Dishmok District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 28, in 7 families.

= = = Gudband = = =

	Gudband (, also Romanized as Gūdband) is a village in Bahmayi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Dishmok District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 151, in 33 families.

= = = Hiati = = =

	Hiati (, also Romanized as Ḩīāṭī) is a village in Bahmayi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Dishmok District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 32, in 4 families.

= = = Kandeh Kuh Sardu = = =

	Kandeh Kuh Sardu (, also Romanized as Kandeh Kūh Sardū) is a village in Bahmayi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Dishmok District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 64, in 11 families.

= = = Mazeh Farj-e Esfandan = = =

	Mazeh Farj-e Esfandan (, also Romanized as Māzeh Farj-e Esfandān) is a village in Bahmayi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Dishmok District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 176, in 28 families.

= = = Cuthbert Sidney Wallace = = =

	Sir Cuthbert Sidney Wallace, 1st Baronet (20 June 1867 – 24 May 1944) was a British surgeon.
	He was born in Surbiton, Surrey, the youngest son of the Rev. John Wallace and educated at Winchester House School, Haileybury College, 1881–86, and St Thomas's Hospital, London.
	At St Thomas's he was successively appointed house surgeon, senior obstetric house physician, surgical registrar and in 1897, resident assistant surgeon. During the Boer War (1899–1900) he volunteered to work at the Portland Field Hospital in Bloemfontein under Anthony Bowlby. 
	After the war he returned to St Thomas's as assistant surgeon and was in 1913 promoted to surgeon. He was also surgeon to the East London Hospital for Children.
	During the First World War he served in France as consulting surgeon to the First Army, British Expeditionary Force, with the temporary rank of colonel, Army Medical Services, being promoted to major-general in 1917. For his war service he was created C.M.G in 1916 and C.B. in 1918, and promoted K.C.M.G. in 1919.
	After the war he again returned to St Thomas's to serve as senior surgeon and director of the surgical unit for several years, before being elected consultant surgeon and dean of the medical school. He was also dean of the Medical Faculty of the University of London.
	He was on the council of the Royal College of Surgeons of England for 24 years, was a vice-president in 1926-27, and president in 1935-38. He delivered the Bradshaw Lecture (on prostate enlargement) in 1927 and gave the Hunterian oration in 1934. He was created a Baronet in 1937. In his later career he sat on a number of committees and commissions. During the Second World War he was appointed chairman of the consultant advisers to the Ministry of Health's emergency medical service, was a member of the Army Medical Advisory Board, and was appointed chairman of the Medical Research Council's committee for the application of the results of new research to the treatment of war wounds.
	He died in Mount Vernon Hospital, London on 24 May 1944. He had married Florence Mildred, the daughter of Herbert Jackson of Sussex Place, Regent's Park, but had no children.

= = = Nar Mirza Ali Rud Sameh = = =

	Nar Mirza Ali Rud Sameh (, also Romanized as Nar Mīrzā ʿAlī Rūd Sameh) is a village in Bahmayi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Dishmok District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.

= = = Pay Par Rud Sameh = = =

	Pay Par Rud Sameh (, also Romanized as Pāy Par Rūd Sameh) is a village in Bahmayi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Dishmok District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 113, in 20 families.

= = = Pataveh-ye Rud Sameh = = =

	Pataveh-ye Rud Sameh (, also Romanized as Pāţāveh-ye Rūd Sameh; also known as Pāţāveh) is a village in Bahmayi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Dishmok District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 92, in 16 families.

= = = Rostam Zemani = = =

	Rostam Zemani (, also Romanized as Rostam Zemānī) is a village in Bahmayi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Dishmok District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 71, in 13 families.

= = = Rud-e Ayuk Dar Kheyari = = =

	Rud-e Ayuk Dar Kheyari (, also Romanized as Rūd-e Ayūk Dār Kheyārī; also known as Rūd-e Ayūk and Rūd-e Ayyūk) is a village in Bahmayi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Dishmok District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 605, in 109 families.

= = = Rud Sameh = = =

	Rud Sameh (, also Romanized as Rūd Sameh, Rūd-e Semeh, and Rūd Semeh) is a village in Bahmayi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Dishmok District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 191, in 30 families.

= = = Shah Vali, Kohgiluyeh = = =

	Shah Vali (, also Romanized as Shah Valī) is a village in Bahmayi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Dishmok District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 155, in 29 families.

= = = Shahsavari, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad = = =

	Shahsavari (, also Romanized as Shahsavārī) is a village in Bahmayi-ye Sarhadi-ye Gharbi Rural District, Dishmok District, Kohgiluyeh County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 160, in 26 families.

= = = Madeleine Sandig = = =

	Madeleine Sandig (born 12 August 1983 in Frankfurt am Main, Germany) is a German road and track racing cyclist.
	Sandig won the under-23 individual time trial at the 2005 European Road Championships after finishing second in 2004.
= = = Oxygen compatibility = = =

	Oxygen compatibility is the issue of compatibility of materials for service in high concentrations of oxygen. It is a critical issue in space, aircraft, medical, underwater diving and industrial applications. 
	Aspects include effects of increased oxygen concentration on the ignition and burning of materials and components exposed to these concentrations in service.
	Understanding of fire hazards is necessary when designing, operating, and maintaining oxygen systems so that fires can be prevented. Ignition risks can be minimized by controlling heat sources and using materials that will not ignite or will not support burning in the applicable environment. Some materials are more susceptible to ignition in oxygen-rich environments, and compatibility should be assessed before a component is introduced into an oxygen system. Both pertial pressure and concentration of oxygen affect the fire hazard.
	The issues of cleaning and design are closely related to the compatibility of materials for safety and durability in oxygen service.
	Fires occur when oxygen, fuel, and heat energy combine in a self-sustaining chemical reaction. In an oxygen system the presence of oxygen is implied, and in a sufficiently high partial pressure of oxygen, most materials can be considered fuel. Potential ignition sources are present in almost all oxygen systems, but fire hazards can be mitigated by controlling the risk factors associated with the oxygen, fuel, or heat, which can limit the tendency for a chemical reaction to occur.
	Materials are easier to ignite and burn more readily as oxygen pressure or concentration increase. so operating oxygen systems at the lowest practicable pressure and concentration may be enough to avoid ignition and burning. 
	Use of materials which are inherently more difficult to ignite or are resistant to sustained burning, or which release less energy when they burn, can, in some cases, eliminate the possibility of fire or minimize the damage caused by a fire. 
	Although heat sources may be inherent in the operation of an oxygen system, initiation of the chemical reaction between the system materials and oxygen can be limited by controlling the ability of those heat sources to cause ignition. Design features which can limit or dissipate the heat generated to keep temperatures below the ignition temperatures of the system materials will prevent ignition. 
	An oxygen system should also be protected from external heat sources.
	The process of assessment of oxygen compatibility would generally include the following stages:
	Compatibility analysis would also consider the history of use of the component or material in similar conditions, or of a similar component.
	Oxygen service implies use in contact with high partial pressures of oxygen. Generally this is taken to mean a higher partial pressure than possible from compressed air, but also can occur at lower pressures when the concentration is high.
	Oxygen cleaning is preparation for oxygen service by ensuring that the surfaces that may come into contact with high partial pressures of oxygen while in use are free of contaminants that increase the risk of ignition.
	Oxygen cleaning is a necessary, but not always a sufficient condition for high partial pressure or high concentration oxygen service. The materials used must also be oxygen compatible at all expected service conditions. Aluminium and titanium components are specifically not suitable for oxygen service. 
	In the case of diving equipment, oxygen cleaning generally involves the stripping down of the equipment into individual components which are then thoroughly cleaned of hydrocarbon and other combustible contaminants using non-flammable, non-toxic cleaners. Once dry, the equipment is reasssembled under clean conditions. Lubricants are replaced by specifically oxygen- compatible substitutes during reassembly.
	The standard and requirements for oxygen cleaning of diving apparatus varies depending on the application and applicable legislation and codes of practice.
	For scuba equipment, the industry standard is that breathing apparatus which will be exposed to concentrations in excess of 40% oxygen by volume should be oxygen cleaned before being put into such service. Surface supplied equipment may be subject to more stringent requirements, as the diver may not be able to remove the equipment in an accident. Oxygen cleaning may be required for concentrations as low as 23%
	Cleaning agents used range from heavy-duty industrial solvents and detergents such as liquid freon, trichlorethylene and anhydrous trisodium phosphate, followed by rinsing in deionised water. These materials are now generally deprecated as being environmentally unsound and an unnecessary health hazard. Some strong all-purpose household detergents have been found to do the job adequately. They are diluted with water before use, and used hot for maximum efficacy. Ultrasonic agitation, shaking, pressure spraying and tumbling using glass or stainless steel beads or mild ceramic abrasives are effectively used to speed up the process where appropriate. Thorough rinsing and drying is necessary to ensure that the equipment is not contaminated by the cleaning agent. Rinsing should continue until the rinse water is clear and does not form a persistent foam when shaken. Drying using heated gas – usually hot air – is common and speeds up the process. Use of a low oxygen fraction drying gas can reduce flash-rusting of the interior of steel cylinders.
	After cleaning and drying, and before reassembly, the cleaned surfaces are inspected and where appropriate, tested for the presence of contaminants. Inspection under ultraviolet illumination can show the presence of fluorescent contaminants, but is not guaranteed to show all contaminants.
	Design for oxygen service includes several aspects:
	As a general rule, oxygen compatibility is associated with a high ignition temperature, and a low rate of reaction once ignited.
	Organic materials generally have lower ignition temperatures than metals considered suitable for oxygen service. Therefore the use of organic materials in contact with oxygen should be avoided or minimised, particularly when the material is directly exposed to gas flow. When an organic material must be used for parts such as diaphragms, seals, packing or valve seats, the material with the highest ignition temperature for the required mechanical properties is usually chosen. Fluoroelastomers are preferred where large areas are in direct contact with oxygen flow. Other materials may be acceptable for static seals where the flow does not come into direct contact with the component.
	Only tested and certified oxygen compatible lubricants and sealants should be used, and in as small quantities as is reasonably practicable for effective function. Projection of excess sealant or contamination by lubricant into flow regions should be avoided.
	Commonly used engineering metals with a high resistance to ignition in oxygen include copper, copper alloys, and nickel-copper alloys, and these metals also do not normally propagate combustion, making them generally suitable for oxygen service. They are also available in free-cutting, castable or highly ductile alloys, and are reasonably strong, so are useful for a wide range of components for oxygen service.
	Aluminium alloys have a relatively low ignition temperature, and release a large amount of heat during combustion and are not considered suitable for oxygen service where they will be directly exposed to flow, but are acceptable for storage cylinders where the flow rate and temperatures are low.
	Hazards analyses are performed on materials, components, and systems; and failure analyses determine the cause of fires. Results are used in design and operation of safe oxygen systems.

= = = WSVE = = =

	WSVE was a radio station licensed in Jacksonville, Florida. WSVE was owned by Willis & Sons. WSVE last operated on 1280 kHz with 5,000 watts of power daytime & 133 watts nighttime.
	WIVY started broadcasting on 1050 kilohertz in August 1948. Its initial power was 1,000 watts, daytime only. It was affiliated with MacGregor, World & Hearst's INS. In 1971 it held a construction permit to move to 1280 kHz and in increase power from 1,000 watts daytime-only to 5,000 watts daytime-only. It also spawned WIVY-FM/102.9 in 1965. It changed callsigns to WEXI circa 1976.
	When WIVY changed calls to WEXI, WIVY-FM remained under its old callsign. WIVY/1280 aired a contemporary music format. It switched to all-news by 1978. WEXI became WXOZ circa 1985.
	Bishop Levi Willis, Sr.'s Willis & Sons, Inc. bought the station on July 14, 1986. It was by then WXOZ with a children's educational format. On March 14, 1987 it became WSVE.
	Stemming from a 1999 FCC investigation, Willis was fined over $84,000 in fines from the regulatory agency. Partially to satisfy this debt, Willis agreed to surrender the licenses of 4 stations: WSVE, WCRY, KVLA & KLRG. Of those 4 stations, KLRG is still on the air under different ownership.

= = = Mediated communication = = =

	Mediated communication or mediated interaction (less often, mediated discourse) refers to communication carried out by the use of information communication technology and can be contrasted to face-to-face communication. While nowadays the technology we use is often related to computers, giving rise to the popular term computer-mediated communication, mediated technology need not be computerized as writing a letter using a pen and a piece of paper is also using mediated communication. Thus, Davis defines mediated communication as the use of any technical medium for transmission across time and space.
	Historically, mediated communication was much rarer than the face-to-face method. Even though humans possessed the technology to communicate in space and time for millennia, the majority of the world's population lacked skills such as literacy to use them. This began to change in Europe with the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg that led to the spread of printed texts and rising literacy from the 15th century. Separately, the first print culture was Chinese in origin. Whatever the tradition, face-to-face interaction has begun to steadily lose ground to mediated communication.
	Compared to face-to-face communication, mediated communication engages fewer senses, transmits fewer symbolic cues (most mediated communication does not transmit facial expressions) and is seen as more private. Parties usually require some technical expertise to operate the mediating technologies. New computerized media, such as mobile telephones or instant messaging, allow mediated communication to transmit more oral and nonverbal symbols than the older generation of tools.
	The type of mediated technology used can also influence its meaning. This is most famously rendered in Marshall McLuhan's maxim "the medium is the message".
	Lundby (2009) distinguished between three forms of mediated communication: mediated interpersonal communication, interactive communication, and mass communication. Thompson (1995), however, treated mass communication not as a part of mediated communication, but on par with mediated and face-to-face communication, terming it "mediated quasi-interaction".
	There are only a few ways that mediated communication and face-to-face communication function similarly. One of them is that interpersonal coordination is present in both face-to-face and mediated communication. However, mediated communication has vast differences and limitations compared with face-to-face communication. Writing in communication media and speech in face-to-face communication are different in terms of their lexical density, range of grammatical structures, varied connectivity between sentences, syntax, permanence, etc. These differences in each type of communication can change the message. Texting and e-mail, for example, contain combined forms of writing and speech, which is evident by slang and shorthand. Verbal (or textual) cues are used instead of nonverbal ones to convey the same messages.
	Individuals send more information at a time through computer media than any other form of communication, including face-to-face communication. This increased rate of information transfer allows abusive forms of communication like cyberbullying and phishing to occur. The disassociation and disinhibition associated with mediated communication can cause people who are being deceived to have trouble interpreting the reactions of the deceiver since information sent through media instead of face-to-face can lose or have change the nonverbal cues within it, and, with that, signs of deception. The decreased availability of these nonverbal cues increases disassociation and anonymity. It is easier to trust someone else through mediated communication, but people with less trust can detect deception better online.
	Because of the limitations of mediated communication, Nardi and Whittaker (2002) note, "Many theorists imply that face-to-face communication is the gold standard of communication." Mediated communication has been, however, described as preferable in some situations, particularly where time and geographical distance are an issue. For example, in maintaining long-distance friendship, face-to-face communication was only the fourth most common way of maintaining ties, after mediated communication tools of telephone, email and instant messaging.
	Individuals will use different types of media depending on their motivations, communication purpose, institutional factors, and situational factors. Also, people will be more inclined to use a particular medium of communication if others associated with them use that medium; this is called the network effect. Motivations for using certain media are divided into strong- and weak-tie communication. There are five communication purposes: coordination, knowledge-sharing, information gathering, relationship development, and conflict resolution. Institutional factors include the physical structure of work units, social structure, and incentives. Situational factors include task characteristics, message content, and urgency.
	Mediated communication is not as commonly used as face-to-face communication in the workplace, but there are different preferred media of communication for simple forms of coordination. E-mails and phone calls tend to be used for simple or complex coordination, but e-mails are also useful for retaining information and recording the exchange of information. In terms of communication solutions to certain situational factors, e-mails are used for recording the transfer of information and sending long, complex, and non-textual information, and phone calls and pagers are used for immediate communication. E-mails and phone calls are also used in knowledge sharing and information gathering. E-mails are rarely used to accomplish relationship goals, but they are used for conflict resolution. Individuals have a higher motivation to use cell-phone texting for weak-tie communication. The network effect has the most impact on e-mail, meaning that people tend to use e-mail more if their peers use it, too.
	Email
	Electronic mail is digital mechanism for exchanging messages through internet or intranet communication platforms. The first message that was sent through a computer was on October 29, 1969. Raymond Tomlinson is known as the father of email, he was the first person who sent a message electronically. Email messages consist of three different components: message envelope, message header, and message body. There are also multiple benefits to using email. It is easy to use, free of charge, fast, and delivers information in a digital format. Email is one of the earliest and most basic resources on the internet and those many computers may not be able to access other internet services they are still usually able to exchange emails with machines on the internet. There are many reasons why using email is more suitable when it comes to the workforce. the first reason is because it is faster than a conventional mail so that usually reaches its destination and minutes even when it's sent from different countries. Another reason why an email is more conventional is because of the fact that there is less physical efforts .while using email you don't have to worry about buying stamps or envelopes or taking a trip to the post office. Also the use of email helps in the financial state because once you have gotten the hardware and software together it is basically free from there on. Email messaging also helps when having to send the same message to multiple people because of the fact that it allows you to send the same information simultaneously.
	Text message
	A text message is defined as a short message sent electronically usually from one cellphone to another. The first text message was sent in December 3, 1992. The engineer that discovered text messaging was named Matti Makkonen. Along with the development of text messaging came a new development of dialogue when texting. As I stated in while texting people tend to exaggerate how they usually talk. An example of this or shown in blank where somebody may state that "this homework is so hard I'm going to kill myself!!" This dialogue is normal and texting but not entirely appropriate and other scenarios. Another thing that texting changed was a person's grammar or writing style. In it showed that 75% of friends noted that their best friends grammar or writing styles. Though only 25% of acquaintances noticed that their friends grammar or writing styles had changed. The evolution of texting is evolving and its uses it is not only being used to communicate with friends and family but it is also spreading to the workforce. According to in Zambia they are finding the results of HIV testing faster due to mobile phone texting. The turnaround time for results notifying went from health facilities reporting the results in 44.2 days pre-implementation to 26.7 days post inflammation due to texting. They developed a customized software built to deliver the test results automatically and directly from the processing laboratory to the health facilities of sample origin via short text message service text.

= = = Ubach (surname) = = =

	Ubach is a surname. Notable people of the surname include the following:

= = = The Escape to Nice = = =

	The Escape to Nice () is a 1932 German comedy crime film directed by James Bauer and starring Fritz Fischer, Georg Alexander and Else Elster. The film is based on the novel "Orje Lehmann wird Detektiv" by Dolly Bruck (Hans Mahner-Mons). It premiered on 14 June 1932.

= = = Lukas Burkhart = = =

	Lukas Burkhart (born 27 April 1991 in Luzern) is a professional squash player who represents Switzerland. He reached a career-high world ranking of World No. 167 in June 2013.

= = = Give It to Me (album) = = =

	Give It to Me is the second and final studio album by South Korean girl group Sistar. The album was released on June 11, 2013 by Starship Entertainment and distributed by LOEN Entertainment, with the song of the same title used as the promotional song. The album contains 11 songs.
	Starship Entertainment announced on May 16, 2013 that Sistar will return mid-June, with another confirmation on June 2 stating that they will be making their comeback with a second full album.
	On June 3, 2013, teaser photos featuring members Dasom and Bora were released. On June 4, Sistar release photo teasers of all the members for "Give It to Me" and revealed that they will have a Moulin Rouge theme. A video teaser for "Give It to Me" was released on June 6.
	On June 11, 2013 Sistar released the full album as well as the music video for "Give It to Me".
	Sistar performed at their showcase songs like "Give It to Me", "Hey You", "Miss Sistar" and "Crying".
	Promotions for the album started on June 13, in Mnet's "M! Countdown". The girls also promoted on KBS's "Music Bank", MBC's "Music Core" and SBS's "Inkigayo". The songs "Hey You" and "Miss Sistar" ware chosen to be part of their comeback.
	The band released "The Way You Make Me Melt" as second single of the album.
	"Summer Time" was released as promotional single of the album and was promoted in various shows and was released in August 2013.
	"Crying" as the third single of the album and was released on September 2013.
	The fourth and ultimate single was released in October 2013 and was "Bad Boy".
	The second promotional single was released on November 2 and as "Hey You".
	The title track, "Give It to Me", peaked at number 1 on Gaon's singles chart and "Billboard"'s K-Pop Hot 100.
	"Give It to Me" also received numerous first place award in various music show broadcasts, Triple Crown in Mnet's "M! Countdown" (June 20, 27 and July 4) and in KBS "Music Bank" (June 21, 28 and July 5), Double crown in MBC "Music Core" (June 22 and 29) and in SBS "Inkigayo" (June 23 and 30) and a single win in MBC Music "Show Champion" (June 26).

= = = 2007 APRA Silver Scroll Awards = = =

	The 2007 APRA Silver Scroll Awards were held on Tuesday 18 September 2007 at the Auckland Town Hall, celebrating excellence in New Zealand songwriting. The Silver Scroll Award was presented to Brooke Fraser for her song "Albertine", and singer Jordan Luck was inducted into the New Zealand Music Hall of Fame as its inaugural member. This was also the first year that the finalists and winners were selected by online votes by APRA members instead of an anonymous panel.
	The Silver Scroll Award celebrates outstanding achievement in songwriting of original New Zealand pop music.
	In July 2007 a top-20 long list was announced. The list was selected by a panel of judges, with APRA members voting on it to select the five finalists and winner.
	Brooke Fraser "Albertine" (Brooke Fraser)
	Greg Johnson and Ted Brown "Anyone Can Say Goodbye" (Greg Johnson)
	Sean Donnelly "Beautiful Haze" (SJD)
	Sean Cunningham, Ben Campbell and Beth Campbell "Crawl" (Atlas)
	Ruban Nielson "Crazy? Yes! Dumb? No!" (The Mint Chicks)
	Brooke Fraser "Deciphering Me" (Brooke Fraser)
	Neil Finn "Don't Stop Now" (Crowded House)
	Boh Runga "For a While" (Stellar)
	Miriam Clancy "Girl About Town" (Miriam Clancy)
	Hollie Smith and Jeremy Toy "I Will Do" (Hollie Smith)
	Sean Donnelly "I Will Not Let You Down" (Don McGlashan)
	Dann Hume and Jon Hume "Light Surrounding You" (Evermore)
	Jason Kerrison, Bobby Kennedy, Matt Treacy and Clinton Harris "Maybe" (Opshop)
	Redford Grenell, Devin Abrams, Nick Robinson, Sam Trevethick and Paora Apera "One" (Shapeshifter)
	Jeremy Toy, Julien Dyne, Lewis McCallum and Tyra Hammond "Rise Up (part 2)" (Opensouls)
	Liam Finn "Second Chance" (Liam Finn)
	Julia Deans, Andrew Bain and Simon Braxton "The Way To Breathe" (Fur Patrol)
	Victoria Girling-Butcher "This Soldier" (Lucid 3)
	Buzz Moller "We're So Lost" (Voom)
	Shayne Carter "What's A Few Tears To the Ocean" (Dimmer)
	Singer and songwriter Jordan Luck was inducted into the New Zealand Music Hall of Fame by Mike Chunn. Luck was the inaugural member of the newly formed Hall of Fame.
	Four other awards were presented at the Silver Scroll Awards: APRA Maioha Award (for excellence in contemporary Maori music), SOUNZ Contemporary Award (for creativity and inspiration in classical composition) and two awards acknowledging songs with the most radio and television play in New Zealand and overseas.
	Outside of the Silver Scroll Awards, APRA presented two genre awards in 2007. The APRA Best Pacific Song was presented at the Pacific Music Awards, the APRA Best Country Music Song was presented at the New Zealand Country Music Awards and the inaugural APRA Children’s Song of the Year and "What Now" Video of the Year were presented at StarFest.

= = = Lekgotla Mosope = = =

	Lekgotla Mosope (born July 25, 1983 in Botswana) is a professional squash player who represents Botswana. He reached a career-high world ranking of World No. 132 in March 2010.

= = = G. Mott Williams = = =

	Gershom Mott Williams (February 11, 1857 – April 14, 1923) was first Episcopalian bishop of Marquette. He was a church journalist, author, and translator. Williams graduated from Cornell University and received his Master's Degree and Doctor of Divinity from Hobart College. Although he passed the bar in 1879, Williams began an extensive career in the Episcopal clergy, having positions in Buffalo, Milwaukee, and Detroit before being made bishop. He was involved in many church commissions, include preparation and attendance at the Lambeth Conference of 1908.
	Williams was the grandson of John R. Williams, the first mayor of Detroit and a delegate to the convention by which Michigan acceded to the Constitution of the United States. His father, Thomas Williams, served as a Civil War general and died in the Battle of Baton Rouge (1862). Williams himself was a member of the Sons of the American Revolution and member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion, and served for four years as the chaplain to the state militia of Michigan.
	Williams, born February 11, 1857 at Fort Hamilton in Brooklyn, New York, was the son of Civil War General Thomas Williams and Mary Neosho Williams. His father died in the Battle of Baton Rouge in 1862. Gershom published his father's personal papers. His grandfather was John R. Williams, the first mayor of the city. Williams' great-grandfather, Thomas Williams, settled in Detroit in 1765 and the Williams family remained there from that time. Prior to Detroit, the Williams family had settled in Albany, New York in 1690. His paternal ancestors were Roman Catholics who at some point converted to the Episcopal Church. His mother was the daughter of Dr. Joseph Bailey, who served in the U.S. Army. Her Dutch ancestors were from the Hudson River Valley area and New England. Williams was a member of the Sons of the American Revolution.
	He had a brother, John R. Williams and sister Mary Josepha Williams. Josepha, was a physician and like her mother, Mary Neosho WIlliams, a significant landowner in Evergreen, Colorado. Josepha was married in 1896 to Canon Charles Winfred Douglas,
	Following his father's death in 1862, Williams lived in Newburgh, New York where he was confirmed by Rev. Horatio Potter.
	He attended private and public schools before attending and in 1871 graduation from the Newburgh Academy Williams had jobs as a timekeeper and bookkeeper before winning a two-year scholarship to Cornell University. During that time, from December 1874 to the spring of 1875, he traveled through Europe. He graduated from Cornell University in 1877. Williams received a Master's Degree in 1889 and a Doctor of Divinity in 1895 from Hobart College. He moved to Detroit in 1877 to work in a law office and settle his father's estate.
	On December 29, 1879, Williams was admitted to the bar in Michigan. He was ordained a deacon by Bishop Harris in 1880 and served at St. John's in Detroit. Then, until 1884, he was rector at the Church of the Messiah. After that, he continued to serve as a rector at St. George's until 1889. During this time he was a church journalist and in charge of the African-American church, St. Matthew's. He had positions at St. Paul's in Buffalo and All Saint's in Milwaukee before becoming administrator and archdeacon in the Episcopal Diocese of Northern Michigan in 1891. Williams was elected first bishop of Marquette on November 14, 1895 and consecrated May 1, 1896.
	He was on the commission appointed by the Archbishop of Canterbury in pursuance of resolution 74 of the Lambeth Conference of 1908 on the relation of the Anglican Communion to the Church of Sweden. Williams traveled to Sweden in 1920 in advance of the Lambeth Conference to ascertain Scandinavian Church relations
	Williams was deputy of the General Conventions twice. He sat on the commission and was Bishop-in-Charge of the American Churches in Europe, officiating at the service dedicating the Church of the Holy Trinity in Paris as the Episcopal cathedral in Europe in 1923. He also sat on commissions to revise the hymnal and to create a Swedish version of the Prayer Book. Williams translated the Common Prayer Book from English to Swedish.
	Williams resigned October 1919 due to a long-standing illness.
	Williams played a key role in Michigan's statehood as the president of the Constitutional Convention of Assent. Williams organized and was the state's first Major-General of the Michigan state troops. He was chaplain to the Fourth Regiment (Detroit) of the Michigan state troops for four years, beginning December 18, 1883. He was a member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion.
	Williams married Eliza (Lily) Biddle of Detroit in 1879. She descended from the Biddle family of Philadelphia. Her father was William S. Biddle of Grosse Ile, Michigan and she was granddaughter of John Biddle, an early mayor of Detroit and Congressman. Her mother was Susan D. Ogden and her maternal grandfather was Judge Elias B. D. Ogden of the Supreme Court of New Jersey. Lily was sister to Dr. Andrew P. Biddle, General John Biddle, and First Lieutenant William S. Biddle, Jr.
	The couple had seven children: Susan, Thomas Victor, Dayton Ogden, Cecil, Rhoda, John, and Mary Josepha Williams. He died April 14, 1923 in Paris, France.

= = = MG Srinivas = = =

	MG Srinivas (Bangalore) is an Indian film actor, director and screenwriter in Kannada cinema.
	His second short film Simply Kailawesome won the Platinum Remi Award during the 44th Houston Film Festival in 2011. This led to his first feature film in Kannada language, Topiwala, with Upendra in the lead.
	He was educated at Bangalore's Presidency School. After completing his graduation and acquiring his BSc degree from Seshadripuram College he commenced his career as a dance choreographer and successfully completed couple of stage performances. Later in 2007, he joined RedFM as a professional Radio jockey. During this period, he was in charge of a popular prime time show titled 'Blade Raja' which was aired in the morning. The show was a Super-hit and he hosted it for three consecutive years before moving to the film industry.
	Waving goodbye to his profession as a Radio jockey, MGS moved on to make short films so as to realize his dream of becoming a film director. His first movie, "Rules", grabbed attention for its slapstick comedy inter-twined with satirical tone on speed breakers. The short film was officially screened in the Australian Film Festival Bollywood and Beyond. He also acted in a small role in 2010 Kannada movie "Just Maath Maathalli" as Ramya's music freak brother.
	The stint continued with MGS who commenced his education at Abhinaya Tharanga to learn the nuances of acting. During this period, he was inspired by the stage play Typical Arathi by AS Murthy. The inspiration evolved into reality when he made the short film "Simply Kailawesome" which was strongly based on TP Kailasm. Simply Kailawesome's win of the Platinum Remi Award paved way for a formal introduction with Kannada superstar Upendra.
	The project 'Topiwala' was directed by MG Srinivas and released in Karnataka, to positive critical response. He continues to be the youngest director to have directed the Sandalwood superstar in his first stint as a director.
	MG Srinivas next directed a romantic comedy entertainer, Srinivasa Kalyana, produced by Bharat Jain under Mars Films. Music for the movie was scored by Midhun Mukundhan and Raghu Thane. This movie also saw MG Srinivas making his debut as a lead actor for the first time alongside Kavitha, Nikhila Rao while Achyuth Kumar, Sujay Shastry and Dattanna were seen in important roles.
	Srinivasa Kalyana opened to positive reviews across the state. Deccan Chronicle gave the movie 3/5 and praised the movie for its light hearted comedy and youthful charm which showed philosophy in such simple manner. Times of India rated 3.5/5 and praised the sass touch to this candyfloss romance. IndiaGlitz gave a rating of 4/5 calling the movie a jovial journey and praised MG Srinivas for his commendable debut.
	The movie was released and sustained for two weeks in USA and Australia(Melbourne and Sydney) after a critical and commercial success in India. 
	MG Srinivas is currently working on his next venture, a crime thriller titled Birbal Trilogy. It is a series of 3 films and is said to be the first of its kind in the Kannada Film Industry. The first part is, Case No.1 : Finding Vajramuni followed by Case No.2 : Avrn bitt, Ivrn bitt, Ivryaru? and the last one is Case No.3 : Turremane.
	He is currently shooting for the first film, Birbal Trilogy - Case No. 1 : Finding Vajramuni, which stars himself in the lead and Rukmini Vasanth, Sujay Shastry, Suresh Heblikar, Madhusudhan Rao are seen in prominent roles and released in 18 January 2019.
	MG Srinivas is currently working on his next film OLD MONK and doing auditions in various cities like Mangalore, Hubli, Mysore, Shimoga and Bengaluru. He is going to star in and direct this film. The New Indian express Published a article about his new movie.

= = = Dinhard railway station = = =

	Dinhard railway station is a railway station in the Swiss canton of Zurich and municipality of Dinhard. The station is located on the Winterthur to Etzwilen line and is served by Zurich S-Bahn line S29, which links Winterthur and Stein am Rhein.
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= = = Kuok Khoon Hong = = =

	Kuok Khoon Hong (; born 1949) is a Singaporean business magnate, entrepreneur and philanthropist. He is the co-founder, Chairman and CEO of Wilmar International, having built it into Asia's leading agribusiness and the "world's largest palm oil trader". He is also the Chairman of Perennial Real Estate Holdings Ltd. He has an estimated net worth of $2.4 billion as of March 2019.
	Kuok earned a Bachelor of Business Administration degree from the National University of Singapore, and began his career in 1973 trading soft commodities at Kuok Oils and Grains. He eventually became Managing Director of the business, and developed the Pasir Gudang Edible Oils refining complex in Johor, followed by China's first edible oil refinery, South Seas Oils and Fats.
	In 1991, he left the Kuok Group to start Wilmar, with Martua Sitorus soon after coming on board as a co-founder. Starting as a small commodities trading company with S$2m in seed capital from the mortgage of his family home, and further seed funding obtained from Kuok Hock Swee and Sons, his father's investment company. Wilmar grew rapidly from the outset, with initial growth in the Indonesian edible oil market, followed up with development of Sumatran oil palm plantations and Indonesian edible oil refineries. A large expansion into edible oil refining in mainland China, and a joint venture with the Adani Group in India subsequently placed it in leading positions within Asia's largest consumer edible oil markets. In 1994, a meeting with the legendary then-chairman of ADM, Dwayne Andreas, resulted in a US$30m investment into the company after the first meeting, and ADM coming on board as a long term strategic partner.
	In 2006, Wilmar International launched an Initial Public Offering on the Singapore Stock Exchange with a capitalisation of S$2.38Bn. In 2007, after a 16-year estrangement, he agreed with his uncle Robert Kuok to merge the Kuok Group's edible oil, trading and oil palm plantation assets into Wilmar in return for a 31% stake in the company. The merger resulted in the unification of Kuok's previous early career contributions to the Kuok Group with the rapidly growth of Wilmar International led by him and Martua Sitorus since 1991.
	Kuok's family investment vehicle HPRY Holdings acquired the Aviva Tower in the City of London in 2011 in a joint purchase with Martua Sitorus valued at £290m. The property subsequently received planning approval by the City of London for redevelopment into the Eric Parry designed 'Trellis', slated to be at 1000 ft the tallest building in the City and the second tallest building in Western Europe.
	Besides holding stakes in music, media and biotechnology businesses, HPRY is a substantial shareholder in Perennial Real Estate Holdings, which is a developer of commercial mixed use integrated developments and healthcare projects in China. It owns several iconic properties in Singapore including CHIJMES, the Capitol and AXA Tower. HPRY was a seed/angel round investor in SEA Ltd, a SouthEast Asian gaming and internet unicorn listed on the NYSE, whose co-founder Ye Gang was a Wilmar employee at the time the business was created.
	Kuok was born in the seaside village of Mersing in Johor, Malaysia, the second of four children of Kuok Hock Swee and Tan Sek Meng. His father was a cousin of Malaysian billionaire Robert Kuok. He was educated at Sri Mersing Primary, St Joseph's School and the English College, Johor Bahru.
	His father, Kuok Hock Swee, had arrived in then British Malaya from Foochow in Southern China at the age of 18, eventually setting up a provision store in Mersing that he expanded into a thriving business distributing foodstuffs along the east coast of Peninsula Malaysia. This was subsequently merged with the Kuok Group in exchange for an equity stake in Robert Kuok's rapidly expanding business which by then included the first ShangriLa Hotel in Singapore.
	The Kuok family traces its ancestry to the 8th century Tang Dynasty general Guo Ziyi, whose descendants included several famous generals under Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire. Guo Ziyi was notably mentioned by the Nestorian Christians (known as the Church of the East) as perhaps the earliest high ranking patron of the Christian Church in Tang Dynasty China.
	Kuok is married with four children - 3 sons and 1 daughter. His second son, Kuok Meng Ru, is a Singapore-based music industry entrepreneur and investor, who co-founded the cloud-based music creation platform BandLab Technologies, and acquired the Asian music retail chain Swee Lee and a 49% stake in Rolling Stone Magazine.

= = = Stein am Rhein railway station = = =

	Stein am Rhein railway station () is a railway station in the Swiss canton of Schaffhausen and the municipality Stein am Rhein. The station is situated on the opposite (southern) bank of the Rhine to the historic centre of the town, a walk of some .
	The station is located on the Lake railway line (), which links Schaffhausen with Konstanz. It is served by Zurich S-Bahn line S29, which runs to and from Winterthur, and by the S8 of the St. Gallen S-Bahn, which operates over the Lake Line from Schaffhausen to St. Gallen.

= = = Nuno Rolão = = =

	Nuno Filipe Sousa Rolão Dias Santos (born 24 September 1976 in Castelo Branco) is a Portuguese retired professional footballer who played as a central defender.

= = = One by Two (2014 film) = = =

	One By Two is a 2014 Hindi romantic comedy directed by Devika Bhagat. It released on 31 January 2014 at multiplexes, showing on approximately 500 screens in India. This is the story of Amit and Samara who meet each other while living in Mumbai The music of the film has been composed by Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy. The film was panned by critics.
	Amit Sharma (Abhay Deol) is living a dull personal and professional life. His girlfriend Radhika recently dumped him and he's still not over her. His colleagues constantly mock him. On his parents recommendation he meets a girl named Shishika(Yashika Dhillon) but doesn't gets over Radhika. 
	Samara Patel (Preeti Desai) wants to become a great dancer. She lives with her alcoholic mother (Lillete Dubey) . Samara and Jonathan (Yudishtir Urs) are together, Jonathan constantly wants to make out while doesn't want any "Love" in between. During a rehearsal Samara gets close to a guy while Jonathan finds it unable to handle and rejects her name for a mega dance campaign. Samara gets herself enrolled for a dance reality show. Amit gets to know Radhika left him for a show producer Ranjan (Diwakar Pundir) who in turn is the producer of the Dance Reality show Samara is participating. To belittle Ranjan and to win back Radhika, Amit hacks the list of Dance Reality Show's winners. While he changes the list, and those who are accustomed to win, gets eliminated. The show loses its charm and Ranjan faces abuses from the audience. While due to Amit's childish behaviour Samara who was performing outstandingly gets eliminated. 
	Amit again visits Radhika and proposes her. She calls him boring and useless. Samara meets her father who left her mother due to her alcoholism. Her father asks her to leave her Mom and move back with him. Samara and her mother shares an heated argument regarding the same. Samara finds that her father doesn't loves her when he during a party doesn't acknowledge her as his daughter. 
	Amit finds Shishika irritating. At a party in a bathroom, Amit gives Samara toilet paper when she accidentally sneaks into Men's bathroom. But they both doesn't meet each other. 
	During a family interrogation with Shishika's parents, Amit gets his guitar and sings in front of them wearing a vest and short, thus embarrassing in a discontented mood. With the help of his dance partner, Samara choreographs a dance album. It gets instant views and liking. Unknowingly its on the song made by Amit. Samara and his friend got the song when Amit accidentally dropped the Hard Disk on the road bumping to Samara one day. They give credits to Amit. 
	Radhika comes back, to reunite back with Amit, but he refuses to accept her. He promises her that he will sing the song for her dance show, which will be played after the contestant wins the show. As a wildcard entry Samara gets back into the dance show she previously got eliminated. Radhika asks her producers not to play Amit's song, in turn Samara takes the song for her final dance. Jonathan comes back to Samara to rekindle. After a make out session when Jonathan asks her to come back to Amsterdam she refuses and asks Jonathan to leave. Samara rekindles her relationship with her mom and tells her father that she will stay with her mother and will not come with him. 
	Everyone watches, including Amit the breathtaking performance of Samara. At the time of results, Samara sneaks out with her mother. The show declares someone else as winner, because Samara just Vanished without telling. Everyone gets astonished as Samara hasn't won the show. 
	Lastly, Samara through an accident in a pub finally meets Amit, while he praises her for her dance during the show and she for his song. 
	Samara's mom, Amit, his friends all finally together meet each other.
	The film was panned by critics.
	Film critic Subhash K Jha writes that "One by Two" is "irresistible in parts" and "never disappoints." He says there is a "winsome, bubbly bouncy and ebullient quality to this take on urban aspirations."
	Abhay Deol had a falling out with music company T-Series after the composers from his film Shankar Ehsaan Loy were asked to sign, what they believed to be illegal clauses which would hand over their [the author's] rights to royalty over to the music company. Abhay Deol took to social media and blamed T-Series for delaying the music launch of his film as well as not promoting the movie due to him and the composers not agreeing to sign the documents. This allegation was denied by T-Series who claimed that they had uploaded 3 songs from the movie on its YouTube page and claimed "In the absence thereof [of appropriate agreements], we cannot be expected to release music when there is no clarity with respect to the rights granted to the producer" In another statement, T-Series expressed the fact that they had been assured by the company Viacom 18 that they owned all the rights (including the music rights) and that they did not understand why they were being dragged into this dispute which should be between Mr. Deol and Viacom 18. T-Series eventually relinquished their hold on the music rights after a campaign was run by the composers and artists against the music company. Eventually the music for the film was launched after music companies Crecendo and Unisys who took over, with the former releasing the physical copies and the latter releasing the digital copies of the music online. The music was released 5 days before the films theatrical release.
	"One By Two" collected Rs 2.25-2.50 crore nett in its first week, mostly from multiplexes in Mumbai and Delhi. Box Office India called the business "very poor".

= = = Jakob Dirnberger = = =

	Jakob Dirnberger (born May 7, 1980 in Hallein) is a professional squash player who represents Austria. He reached a career-high world ranking of World No. 123 in January 2008.

= = = Neoblastobasis ximeniaella = = =

	Neoblastobasis ximeniaella is a moth in the family Blastobasidae. It is found in Kenya, where it is known from coastal lowland habitats in the south-east of the country.
	The length of the forewings is 6.1–6.7 mm. The forewings are pale brown intermixed with a few dark grey scales. The hindwings are pale grey.
	The larvae feed on "Ximenia caffra" and "Calophyllum inophyllum".
	The species epithet, "ximeniaella", refers to the generic name of the plant from which the moth was first reared.

= = = George Emil Eminsang = = =

	George Emil Eminsang (ca. 1833 – May 1898) was a prominent Euro-African merchant and political leader on the Gold Coast, who played a prominent role in the last years of Dutch colonial rule on the Gold Coast. After the Dutch Gold Coast was transferred to the United Kingdom, Eminsang became a diplomat for the Netherlands and later for the United States and the Congo Free State. Together with James Bannerman Hyde and James Hutton Brew, Eminsang was one of the first so-called "country lawyers" on the Gold Coast.
	Eminsang was an important leader of the No. 10 Akrampafo "asafo" ward of Elmina and owner of the most famous hotel of Elmina, St. George's Hotel. Besides his native Twi, he spoke and wrote Dutch, English, Portuguese and German.
	Eminsang was born in Elmina to Joseph Emil Eminsang, a merchant and innkeeper, and an unknown lady from a prominent Dutch/Fanti Euro-African family. He was educated in the Netherlands and Germany, before returning to teach for several years at the Elmina Castle School, where he had completed his primary education.
	In the 1850s, Eminsang established himself as a merchant on the Gold Coast. In 1859, while doing business in Kumasi, Eminsang had a conflict with the Asante chief Kwasi Brantuo, whose porters lost five textiles from a shipment Eminsang had ordered from Anomabu. Asantehene Kwaku Dua I Panyin ruled in favour of Eminsang and ordered that Brantuo pay 15 Engels compensation to Eminsang. Eminsang still refused to pay the wages of the porters, however, leading Brantuo to complain to Asante chief Akyempon Yaw, who regulated Elmina affairs in Kumasi. The conflict became so heated that the Dutch agent in Kumasi, Pieter de Heer, offered to pay Eminsang's debt from his own pocket, but Eminsang flatly refused and swore a Coromantee oath that no payment would take place. After Eminsang started to insult the Asantehene, he was arrested and imprisoned. Eventually, Pieter de Heer managed to persuade Asantehene Kwaku Dua to release Eminsang to send him for trial by the Dutch governor in Elmina.
	Eminsang played a prominent role in colonial affairs in the last years of Dutch rule on the Gold Coast. When in 1868 the Fante Confederacy tried to take Elmina in the aftermath of the redistribution of Dutch and British forts on the Gold Coast, Eminsang was sent by the Elmina government to the Netherlands to plead the case for Elmina with Minister of the Colonies Engelbertus de Waal. After meeting with Eminsang, De Waal proceeded in replacing governor George Pieter Willem Boers with the experienced former governor Cornelis Nagtglas, who as a government commissioner was tasked with finding a solution for the conflict with the Fante.
	Eminsang travelled back to the Gold Coast on the same ship that carried Nagtglas there. Upon arrival, Nagtglas appointed Eminsang as a member of the Colonial Council of the Dutch Gold Coast. When it became apparent that the Dutch were negotiating a treaty to transfer their possessions on the Gold Coast to the United Kingdom, Eminsang led the attempts by the Elminese to stop the transfer, and together with other Dutch loyalists paid for a visit to The Hague by David Mill Graves, in an ultimate attempt to stop the ratification of the treaty. Eminsang wrote a letter to the German ambassador in The Hague asking German Emperor William I for mediation and protection, to be handed over by Mill Graves.
	After it became clear that Mill Graves's mission could not prevent the handing over of Elmina to the British, Eminsang withdrew his protest, keen on keeping his influential positions in the colonial government. Apart from being a member of the Colonial Council of the Dutch Gold Coast, Eminsang had also become a substitute judge on the Court of Justice, a sworn attorney, and a justice of the Small Causes Court. Eminsang's "volte face" proved very worthwhile for him, as he was appointed a member of the Committee for the Regularisation of the Affairs of the Netherlands on the Coast of Guinea headed by J. M. C. W. Joost, as well as notary and public registrar.
	When Elmina was finally transferred to the British on 6 April, the British Governor of the Gold Coast John Pope Hennessy appointed Eminsang Civil Commandant, Collector of Customs, Postmaster and Deputy Superintendent of Police. As it appeared that Eminsang was rewarded for his sudden change of opinion, many Elminese grew angry with the situation. On 26 April, people from various "asafo" wards, mainly numbers 6, 7 and 8, marched with muskets, knives and Dutch flags to Eminsang's house, where a meeting was held between the Regularisation Committee and colonel De Haes, the Dutch military officer who had been entrusted with effecting the transfer of sovereignty. An altercation followed on the streets and eventually shots were fired, which hit J. M. C. W. Joost, who died of his wounds the next day.
	Eminsang could no longer remain in Elmina and fled to Cape Coast. He was released of his duties to the Regularisation Committee by colonel De Haes on 30 April. Eminsang later returned to Elmina, however, and served as acting consul general of the Netherlands in Elmina in 1878 and 1879 during the absence of Pieter Simon Hamel, and as consul to the Congo and the United States in Cape Coast in 1890.
	In the preface of his book "Fanti Customary Laws", John Mensah Sarbah wrote:
	Eminsang had at least three children with Anna Abraba Smith. One of them, Marianne Eminsang (about 1859–1915), was grandmother to Robert Patrick Baffour. Anna Abraba Smith previously had a child with Cornelis Nagtglas.
	Eminsang married Mary Ellen De Lyons on 14 April 1860 at the American Episcopal Church in Harper, Liberia. She however abandoned him for the British colonial administrator Herbert Taylor Ussher. Eminsang then tried to indict Ussher for fornication and adultery at the Cape Coast court of justice, but after this attempt failed he decided to divorce De Lyons. The divorce was finalised on 11 September 1867.
	Eminsang also had a child with Sarah Rühle and a son with a woman named Adayesa.

= = = Rodrigo Pezzota = = =

	Rodrigo Pezzota (born October 31, 1984 in Rosario), is an Argentinian professional squash player. He reached a career-high world ranking of World No. 140 in December 2014. Rodrigo won the bronze medal at the 2015 Pan American Games.

= = = Pemberton, Virginia = = =

	Pemberton is an unincorporated community in Goochland County, Virginia, United States. Virginia State Route 45 passes by Pemberton, located about west of Goochland, the county seat. It was named for the family that owned Clover Forest Plantation. Nearby is Howard's Neck Plantation, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
	This hamlet was named for the owners of Clover Forest Plantation. The settlement overlooks the James River and was once a hub of rural trading activity. A dam and canal lock were built on the James at Pemberton to enable passage by boats. The lock lowered boats from the Kanawha Canal into the James River just below Cartersville, Cumberland County, Virginia and connected with Tamworth, Virginia and its mill. Trade moved from the Cartersville port and Willis River downriver on the James. 
	Pemberton became connected to other markets via the Cartersville-Fredericksburg State Road, that began in Cartersville, crossed the James, and continued northward. The Cartersville Bridge, built across the James River in 1824, connected Cartersville and Pemberton; it was the first James River bridge built in Goochland County. At the time, all other river crossings were by ferry. 
	In the late 1800s the Richmond-Allegheny Railroad (later the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, and currently CSX) was built through the area along the tow path of the abandoned Kanawha Canal. Pemberton was one of the railroad stops. Trains arrived in the village daily, carrying passengers and mail. 
	By the early 1920s the rural village of Pemberton consisted of a large combined general store and post office, a lumber mill and pulp yards. Prominent Goochland County residents living in Pemberton included William Henry (Bill) Hall, a veteran of the American Civil War; and Bland Selden Hobson, the only Goochland woman known to have served overseas in World War I.

= = = Neoblastobasis eurotella = = =

	Neoblastobasis eurotella is a moth in the family Blastobasidae. It is found in the United Arab Emirates and Pakistan.

= = = Maaseide = = =

	Maaseide is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

= = = Michel Bernholc = = =

	Michel Bernholc (1941–2002) was a French composer, arranger and producer. Using the pseudonym Mike Steiphenson, he wrote and produced the 1971 hit "Burundi Black", which made #31 on the UK Singles Chart.
	He also wrote the Victoire Scott song "La Licorne D’or", which was covered by the Swedish symphonic metal band Therion on their fifteenth full-length musical album Les Fleurs du Mal.
	On 5 June 2002, Bernholc committed suicide.

= = = Cedar Point, Virginia = = =

	Cedar Point is an unincorporated community in Goochland County, Virginia, United States. Cedar Point is located on the James River west of Goochland. The Lock-Keeper's House, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is located near Cedar Point.

= = = Johnny Steals Europe = = =

	Johnny Steals Europe () is a 1932 German comedy crime film directed by Harry Piel and Andrew Marton and starring Piel, Dary Holm and Alfred Abel. The film was based on a novel by Werner Scheff. Released by the German branch of Universal Pictures, it premiered on 15 June 1932. A German helps a group of Americans to recover Europa, their stolen horse.

= = = Shinnosuke Tsukue = = =


= = = Calosima arguta = = =

	Calosima arguta is a moth in the family Blastobasidae. It is found in South Africa.
	The length of the forewings is 6.7–7 mm. The scales on the forewings are brown or dark brown tipped with white, intermixed with pale brown scales, some tipped with white. The hindwings are pale brown, slightly darkening towards the apex.

= = = Calosima albafaciella = = =

	Calosima albafaciella is a moth in the family Blastobasidae which is endemic to Thailand.

= = = Yuta Fukui = = =


= = = James Campbell (land commissioner) = = =

	Lieutenant-Colonel James Campbell (1787 – 7 July 1858) was a lieutenant-colonel of the British army who distinguished himself in the Peninsular War. He emigrated to New Zealand and was appointed as a land commissioner, and later as Registrar of Deeds, in Canterbury.
	Campbell was born in 1787. He descends from the Campbells of Skerrington at Cumnock in East Ayrshire, Scotland.
	Campbell was an officer with the 45th and the 50th Regiment of Foot, serving in the 3rd Division and the 7th Division. He joined the British Army at a young age, purchasing ensign and lieutenant commissions with the 45th Regiment on 2 October 1801. He was appointed as an adjutant on 12 November 1803, captain on 29 December 1808, brevet major on 3 March 1814 and lieutenant colonel on 21 January 1819.
	In 1806 Campbell sailed with the 45th regiment as part of Major-general Robert Craufurd's unsuccessful campaign to South America as part of the British invasions of the River Plate. In 1807 he was taken prisoner during the second battle of Buenos Ayres (Argentina); he was released and (after 75 weeks away from home) evacuated back to Ireland when the commanding officer Lieutenant-general John Whitelocke surrendered and agreed to withdraw from the River Plate and Montevideo (Uruguay).
	In 1808 he sailed with his regiment to Portugal for the Peninsular War on the Iberian Peninsula and saw action in the battles of Roliça (17 August 1808), Vimeiro (21 August 1808) and Talavera (July 1809), after which he returned to England for a short period.
	In 1810 he returned to Portugal with the 45th Regiment and, as part of the 3rd Division commanded by Lieutenant-general Sir Thomas Picton, fought in the battles of Bussaco (September 1810), Sabugal (April 1811), Fuentes de Oñoro (May 1811), El Bodón (September 1811), Ciudad Rodrigo (January 1812), Badajoz (March – April 1812, where he was appointed as brigade major for Major-General Sir James Kempt's brigade), Salamanca (July 1812), and Buen Retiro Palace (Madrid, August 1812, where a significant French garrison was surrendered).
	Serving in the 3rd Division in the same brigade, now commanded by Major-general Sir Thomas Brisbane, he fought in the battles of Vitoria (June 1813), the Pyrenees (July – August 1813), Nivelle (November 1813), Nive (December 1813), Orthez (February 1814, where he was promoted to the rank of major), and Toulouse (April 1814).
	After Napoleon's surrender in April 1814, Campbell sailed from Bordeaux for North America to serve in the American War of 1812. As brigade major for Major-General Sir Thomas Brisbane's brigade, he took part in the Battle of Plattsburgh in September 1814.
	In July 1815 he returned to France and was brigade major for a brigade in the 7th Division and, on the formation of the Army of Occupation in France, to the 1st brigade in the 3rd Division. When the occupation force was reduced in 1817 he returned to Ireland.
	According to Burnham and McGuigan Campbell was one of only 15 men to receive 14 or more clasps on the Military General Service Medal. His obituary in the "Nelson Examiner and New Zealand Chronicle" states:
	""The ranks of Major and Lieutenant-Colonel were successively conferred on him for his services in the field, and he had also the honour of receiving a war medal different from those usually conferred, and no fewer than fourteen clasps, (being one more than any officer in the British service had been honoured with).""
	In 1840, Campbell published the book "A British army, as it was, – is, – and ought to be", which recounts some of his experience in the Peninsular War and the Battle of Plattsburgh (see Bibliography below). In Volume 1 of "Excursions, Adventures, and Field-sports in Ceylon" Campbell notes that, from the start of his service in the army, he was in the habit of keeping a journal. However the night before the Battle of Talavera, thinking that he would be likely to die the next day and not wanting his journal to fall into enemy hands, he burnt it, and thus destroyed the record of events from the previous eight years.
	In February 1819, after promotion to the rank of lieutenant-colonel, Campbell sailed with a command of 300 men to Ceylon. For two years he was the commander of the Galle District and then for a further period he was commander and Judicial Officer (Magistrate) of the Sath (Seven) Korles district.
	He repeatedly became ill in Ceylon from jungle fever and had to return England, where he sold his commission and retired from the army.
	Campbell was married to Charlotte Alicia (1793 – 5 January 1860) and had two children, a son and a daughter. His son, Major Francis Eastwood Campbell (1823–1911), was Clerk of the New Zealand House of Representatives for 35 years. Campbell's granddaughter from his Son's marriage to Elizabeth ("Eliza") Susan Downing was Jessie Mary, who married Arthur Hylton Brisco, son of Sir Robert Brisco the 3rd Brisco Baronet of Crofton Place.
	Campbell's daughter, Blanche Emily, married AG Anderson. Campbell's granddaughter from his daughter's marriage was Dame Adelaide Mary Anderson.
	After Campbell returned from Ceylon (around 1823) he resided at Ravensdale Estate in the parish of Ballaugh on the Isle of Man, where he was appointed as a magistrate. Around 1846 Lieutenant Governor John Ready selected Campbell to serve as a member of the House of Keys. However Campbell refused to attend the swearing in at Castle Rushen as he disagreed with the way in which members of the House of Keys were appointed, having previously been a signatory to a petition to Queen Victoria requesting that she change the appointment process.
	During this period Campbell wrote books on the British army (published 1840), Ceylon (two volumes in 1843) and Ireland (published 1847). See Bibliography below for further details.
	Campbell had mixed fortunes after leaving the army. He became interested in matters relating to British colonization of lands such as New Zealand. In "Excursions, Adventures, and Field-sports in Ceylon" (Preface and Appendix O of Volume 1 and chapter 13 of Volume 2 – see Bibliography below) he set out his views on colonization, including the merits of providing colonists with cheap passage, land and labour (including convict labour).
	Campbell was appointed to the Committee of Management of the Society of Canterbury Colonists when it was formed in London on 25 April 1850. The Society was formed ""for the purpose of making suggestions and expressing the opinions of the Colonists upon matters relating to the welfare of the proposed Colony"" being established by the Canterbury Association in Canterbury New Zealand. The other members of the Society's first Committee of Management were Guise Brittan (Chairman), James FitzGerald, Rev Dr Thomas Rowley, Henry Phillips, Henry Sewell, Conway Lucas Rose and Edward Ward (brother of Crosbie Ward), who was appointed secretary of the society. After elections on 18 July 1850 C L Rose and Rev Dr Thomas Rowley were replaced on the Committee by George Leslie Lee, Charles Maunsell, John Watts Russell, Henry John Tancred, James Townsend (father of Mary Townsend) and Felix Wakefield; however, Lee and Sewell immediately vacated their appointments.
	Later in 1850 Campbell fell out with the Society of Canterbury Colonists. On 17 August 1850 Edward Gibbon Wakefield wrote to John Robert Godley, calling Campbell a ""mere self-seeker, but hardly a respectable, perhaps a very discreditable one: all wrong about money-matters, and very incompetent to boot"" and advising Godley to keep Campbell ""at full arms length"".
	On 1 November 1851 the Lyttelton Times (under the editorship of James FitzGerald) reported that Campbell: ""joined the Canterbury scheme... in the hope of obtaining appointment of Resident Magistrate in the settlement; he professed himself a warm advocate of the plan of the colony, and announced his intention of purchasing land largely; he even took cabins in , which were retained for him for a considerable time; he was in constant communication with the colonists for many weeks; and [when] he was not recommended to the appointment he wished to obtain, or any other appointment... he ceased to frequent the colonists' rooms in London, gave up his cabins, bought no land, and in a short time after the sailing of the first four ships, he left England, and was lost sight of until he turned up in Auckland.""
	Campbell boarded the "Victory" in London on 10 October 1850, arriving in Auckland on or about 1 February 1851. He was accompanied on the voyage by his wife, son Francis Eastwood Campbell, his daughter Blanche Emily and a servant.
	Campbell came to New Zealand with recommendations from the British government. On 27 September 1851 Governor of New Zealand George Grey appointed him as a Magistrate of the Province of New Munster, and to the three separate commissionerships within the ""Middle District of the Middle" [i.e. South] "Island"": Commissioner of Crown Lands under the Crown Lands Ordinance (excluding the Canterbury District), Commissioner for hearing claims under the New Zealand Company's Land Claimant's Ordinance and Commissioner for investigating and reporting upon claims to Land under the Land Claims Ordinance. As a result of the Parliament of the United Kingdom passing the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 the Provinces of New Zealand came into effect on 17 January 1853. The boundaries of the Canterbury Province were gazetted on 28 February 1853 and Campbell then became the ""Commissioner of Crown Lands for the Province of Canterbury, exclusive of the Canterbury Block""
	Campbell's commissionership appointments gave him responsibility for adjudicating land claims for around half of the South Island; from Kaikoura and Westport in the north, to Glenavy and Cascade Point in the south. He also had responsibility for issuing pasturage licences on Crown Land outside the block of land purchased by the Canterbury Association (the "Canterbury Block"). As Commissioner of Crown Lands he issued over 50 pasturage licences covering an area of over one million acres. Unfortunately these licences were later declared invalid and quashed, creating considerable confusion and litigation. His outward letter-book contains more than 200 letters covering the period October 1851 to November 1853.
	It is possible that Grey's antipathy towards the Canterbury Association led him to appoint Campbell in order to frustrate the plans of the Colonists and delay the settlement of claims and the issuing of pasturage licences. Certainly Campbell, and George Grey's appointment of him as Commissioner, were strongly criticized by the press and prominent colonists. The Lyttelton Times and the Daily Southern Cross published articles stating:""There never was a more unfortunate or more offensive appointment than that of Col. Campbell... he was considered by all who came in contact with him to be wholly incompetent to discharge the duties of any responsible station... there could hardly have been found another man whose presence within this settlement, as an official, would have been so offensive to its inhabitants.""
	An editorial in the Otago Witness expressed similar views about Campbell and added that his ""gross ignorance"" and ""hostility to the [Canterbury] scheme"" made him ""an object of derision, sorrow and dislike"". The Nelson Examiner and New Zealand Chronicle complained about the large area of land that Campbell was expected to administer and that his office was in Christchurch, while the Lyttelton Times harshly criticised the language and grammar Campbell used in his official notices.
	Henry Sewell described Campbell on 21 April 1853 as that:""doited old idiot who is about as fit to be Crown Commissioner as he is to be Lord Chancellor. He is in truth a compound of conceit, stupidity, ignorance and self importance, with a total incapacity for business of the meanest kind; withal he is mischievous and malignant; altogether as great an infliction on the poor Province of Canterbury as could have been sent, and for this Canterbury has to thank the tender mercies of Sir Geo. Grey.""
	William Travers sarcastically referred to him as a ""genius"" and Charlotte Godley (the wife of "father of Canterbury" John Robert Godley) described Campbell in letters to her mother by saying:""There is a certain old Colonel Campbell, who had many dealings with the C. Assoc. in early days, and ended by quarrelling with everyone and writing an insulting letter to Lord Lyttelton, after innumerable statements on his part had turned out to be perfectly false... He is naturally predisposed to dislike the plan, and the Colonists, and goes about abusing the place, the land, and all belonging to it, to anyone who will listen to him. The new-comers are his especial prey...he is a very bad element in our society. He is now going over to Akaroa to decide summarily certain claims of some of the old settlers there, and my husband intends to go over and watch what he is about; he can hardly help making mistakes, as he has no knowledge whatever of his subject... vexatious, underhand way of doing business... an overweening idea of his own importance...""
	Howard Jacobson, owner of the "Akaroa Mail and Banks Peninsula Advertiser" (father of Ethel May Jacobson), later wrote:""Colonel Campbell did not make things at all pleasant for the Canterbury Association settlers. He was a disappointed man, having taken great interest in the foundation of the settlement when in London, and fully expected to be appointed first agent, a post that was afterwards given to Mr. Godley.""
	Alfred Hamish Reed notes that Campbell: ""was looked upon by his fellows as a renegade. He had further aroused the hostility of the leaders of the settlement by his decisions on certain "pre-Adamite"" [i.e. settlers that had arrived before the first Canterbury Association ships in December 1850] "Banks Peninsula land claims, and by his support for Sir George Grey's cheap land policy.""
	Johannes Carl Andersen notes that at least some of the Canterbury Colonists' criticism of Campbell appears to have been warranted: ""The Colonel wrote in a very minute, nervous hand and his letters were extraordinarily diffuse, even as compared with other letters in those days of formal long-drawn-out and often tedious official correspondence... He located his office at Akaroa" (some 50 miles by bush track from the main settlement at Christchurch) "and sometimes published instructions to Canterbury stock-owners in the Wellington Spectator"" (i.e. in the New Zealand Spectator and Cook's Strait Guardian, a Wellington publication).
	In February 1853 Campbell stood for election to the newly created office of Superintendent of the Canterbury Province. He campaigned strongly, his catchcry being "cheap land, cheap bread and no Chinese labour".
	The price of land was the dominant election issue: The business strategy of the Canterbury Association was to sell land at a price that was sufficient to finance all the development that was necessary for the new settlement. The other two candidates, James FitzGerald and Henry Tancred, were therefore both proponents of a high land price. Campbell on the other hand was in favour of setting a low price for land outside the Canterbury Block. Hence there was a real possibility that vote splitting would result in neither Tancred nor FitzGerald being elected.
	Resident Magistrate for Akaroa John Watson removed Campbell from the electoral roll on the grounds that he did not believe Campbell met the property qualifications to either vote or stand for election. Captain Charles Simeon, returning officer for the election, allowed Campbell to be nominated, but at the same time impressed on electors the fact that if Campbell received the most votes he would not be declared as superintendent. Simeon stated that ""all votes for Colonel Campbell would be thrown away"". The New Zealand Spectator and Cook's Strait Guardian stated: ""This seems to have acted very prejudicially to Colonel Campbell in the Christchurch District, where the declaration was made, and to have lost him his election.""
	The election result was: Fitzgerald 135 votes, Campbell 94 votes and Tancred 89 votes. Campbell was supported by the French settlers at Akaroa, where he topped the poll. He just headed off FitzGerald at Lyttelton, but the majority of Christchurch voters favoured FitzGerald.
	Campbell claimed he had been unfairly beaten and took the matter of his eligibility to stand as a candidate to court. However his protest came to nothing, and Fitzgerald was declared the first Superintendent of the Canterbury Province.
	Campbell's handling of land issues resulted in Governor of New Zealand George Grey receiving a large number of complaints about Campbell, as well as voluminous correspondence from him about colonists and run-holders. Campbell did not acknowledge James FitzGerald as superintendent and, despite repeated requests, refused to provide FitzGerald a return of revenue from land leases. Gerald Hensley points out that Campbell was ""maintaining with a splendid inconsistency that he had not received the Governor's dispatch instructing him to do so, even while quoting parts of it in his long and argumentative letters."" During late 1853 there was a heated exchange of letters between the two men, into which Governor Grey was copied.
	On 5 October 1853 Alfred Domett, who was at that time Civil Secretary for central government, told Campbell that he was relieved of his commissionerships and that he was to hand over his records to William Guise Brittan, who had been appointed in his place (Brittan was already Commissioner within the Canterbury Block so this effectively amalgamated the two Canterbury Land Offices). Campbell was instead appointed as ""Registrar of Deeds for the Provence of Canterbury"", replacing Brittan in this role.
	On 11 November 1853 the Canterbury Provincial Council, apparently unaware that Campbell had already been removed from the land commissionerships (probably because Campbell took no action to relinquish office while he appealed to the Governor), adopted the following resolution agreeing to ask the Governor of New Zealand to remove Campbell from office:""This Council, having taken into account the various papers upon their table in reference to the proceedings of the Commissioner of Crown Lands: resolve; That the Commissioner of Crown Lands, having as it appears to this Council, acted in disregard of the law, and having refused to afford this Council any information on the affairs of his office, and having otherwise shown himself wholly incompetent to the discharge of the duties thereof, an address be presented from this Council to His Excellency the Governor, praying His Excellency to be pleased to remove Colonel Campbell from the office of Commissioner of Crown Lands.""
	On 23 November 1853 the Canterbury Provincial Council discussed Campbell's appointment as Registrar of Deeds. John Hall stated Campbell was ""even less qualified to be Registrar of Deeds, an office which particularly required to be filled by a person of business habits."" The Council then adopted the following resolutions asking Governor Grey to remove Campbell as Registrar of Deeds and to combine registration of deeds with that of births, deaths and marriages in the same office under the Deputy Registrar of the Supreme Court:""1. That this Council has learned with great surprise and regret that Lieutenant Colonel Campbell, after having been removed from the office of Commissioner of Crown Lands, has been appointed as Registrar of Deeds for this Province. 2. That, considering how largely the interest of individuals may be affected by the Acts of the Registrar, and the extensive evil which may result from incompetence or mal-administration: this Council are of opinion that that office ought to be entrusted only to some person possessing the fullest confidence of the public. 3. The Council are of opinion that the office of Registrar of Deeds is one which ought, if possible, be filled by a person having a legal education, and that for the purposes of economy its duties might for the present be most conveniently performed by the Deputy Registrar of the Supreme Court..""
	Campbell refused to register any land deeds and, when the Provincial Council complained, Campbell ""denounced them as calumniators and prepared to sue the Superintendent and executive on an extraordinary variety of grounds ranging from usurpation to illegal absence from the province... [and] that the whole provincial establishment was illegal""
	In December 1854 (after George Grey had completed his first term as Governor of New Zealand) the central Government finally agreed to the removal of Campbell from office. The grounds for his removal were ""general unfitness for the duties of his office, willful and continued neglect of duty and a determined spirit of opposition and resistance to the Provincial Government, and disrespect towards its executive officers."" Superintendent James FitzGerald appointed lawyer and court registrar Christopher Alderson Calvert as Registrar of Deeds in place of Campbell.
	Campbell went on to sue Superintendent of the Province of Canterbury James FitzGerald for libel on the grounds that he had been defamed in FitzGerald's letter to Governor of New Zealand George Grey while seeking Campbell's removal from office. Fitzgerald's letter to the Governor said ""I request the removal of an officer who has been condemned by the united voice of the public as wholly unfit to be entrusted with any public office whatever"". Campbell initially won the case but the verdict was overturned on appeal on the basis that FitzGerald's letter to the Governor was privileged, that Campbell had not proven that FitzGerald acted in malice, and that Campbell had misstated the alleged libel.
	After removal as Land Commissioner Campbell is reported to have lived at Isabella (AKA Isabel) Lodge, an ""elegant and commodious house"" located on Isabel Farm on Ferry Road, Christchurch, the property of Alexander 'Russian' Sherwood Jackson and his wife Isabella Mary Jackson.
	Campbell died in Christchurch aged 71, on 7 July 1858. The cause of death was stated as apoplexy He is buried with his wife at Barbadoes Street Cemetery Christchurch. Obituaries appeared in several papers.

= = = Zafarani gas field = = =

	The Zafarani gas field is a natural gas field located in the Indian Ocean. It was discovered in 2012 and developed by and Statoil. The well that discovered Zafarani gas field was spudded in 2012. The total proven reserves of the Zafarani gas field are around 5 trillion cubic feet (143×10m³), and production is slated to be around 100 million cubic feet/day (2.9×10m³).

= = = Petr Martin = = =

	Petr Martin (born 21 June 1989 in Prague) is a professional squash player who represented Czech Republic. He reached a career-high world ranking of World No. 168 in May 2010.

= = = Holcocera lignyodes = = =

	Holcocera lignyodes is a moth in the family Blastobasidae. It is found in Malawi.

= = = Kipkemboi = = =

	Kipkemboi is both a surname and a given name of Kenyan origin that stems from the name Kemboi and the prefix "Kip-" (meaning "son of"). Notable people with the name include:

= = = Kimeli = = =

	Kimeli is both a surname and a given name. Notable people with the name include:

= = = Marina Rebeka = = =

	Marina Rebeka (born 1980) is a Latvian opera, song and concert soprano.
	Marina Rebeka is one of the leading sopranos of our time and considered one of the 
	world's best Violettas in Verdi's “La Traviata”. She has also gained a wide reputation as one 
	of the greatest Rossini and Mozart singers in the world.
	Since her international breakthrough at the Salzburg Festival in 2009 under the baton of Riccardo Muti, Marina has been a regular guest at the world's most prestigious concert halls and opera houses, such as Metropolitan Opera and Carnegie Hall (New York), Teatro alla Scala (Milan), Royal Opera House Covent Garden (London), Concertgebouw (Amsterdam), Bavarian State Opera (Munich), Bavarian State Opera, Musikverein (Vienna), and Zurich Opera House.
	She collaborates with leading conductors such as Riccardo Muti, Zubin Mehta, Antonio Pappano, Fabio Luisi, Yannick Nézet-Séguin, Daniele Gatti, Marco Armiliato, Michele Mariotti, Thomas Hengelbrock, Paolo Carignani, Kent Nagano, and Ottavio Dantone.
	Outstanding is her varied repertoire, which ranges from Baroque (Handel) to Bel Canto 
(Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti), and Verdi (La Traviata) to Tchaikovsky (Eugene Onegin) and 
	Britten (War Requiem).
	As an active and widely noticed concert performer, she has given recitals at the Rossini Opera Festival in Pesaro, the “Rudolfinum” Concert Hall in Prague, St. John's Hall in London, Teatro alla Scala in Milan, Großes Festspielhaus Salzburg, Palau de la Música in Barcelona and Festspielhaus Baden-Baden, accompanied by such ensembles as the Mahler Chamber Orchestra, Royal Scottish National Orchestra, Czech Philharmonic Orchestra, Orchestra Teatro Comunale di Bologna, Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, and Filarmonici della Scala.
	Her first solo CD, “Mozart Arias” with Speranza Scappucci and the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra, was released by EMI (Warner Classics) in November 2013. Her next album, “Amor fatale” – Rossini arias with Marco Armiliato and the Münchner Rundfunkorchester - was released in the summer of 2017 by BR-Klassik.
	Born in Riga, Marina Rebeka began her musical studies in Latvia and continued in Italy, where she graduated from the Conservatorio di Santa Cecilia in Rome (2007). During her studies, she also attended the International Summer Academy in Salzburg and Rossini Academy in Pesaro. 
	In the 2017/18 season she was named the first-ever artist in residence by the Münchner Rundfunkorchester. In December 2016 she was granted Order of the Three Stars, the highest award of the Republic of Latvia, for her cultural achievements.

= = = Ondřej Ertl = = =

	Ondřej Ertl (born 22 July 1987 in Klatovy) is a professional squash player who represented Czech Republic. He reached a career-high world ranking of World No. 164 in May 2013.

= = = Nasality = = =

	Nasality may refer to:

= = = Affine gauge theory = = =

	Affine gauge theory is classical gauge theory where gauge fields are affine connections on the tangent bundle over a smooth manifold formula_1. For instance, these are gauge theory of dislocations in continuous media when formula_2, the generalization of metric-affine gravitation theory when formula_1 is a world manifold and, in particular, gauge theory of the fifth force.
	Being a vector bundle, the tangent bundle formula_4 of an formula_5-dimensional manifold formula_1 admits a natural structure of an affine bundle formula_7, called the "affine tangent bundle", possessing bundle atlases with affine transition functions. It is associated to a principal bundle formula_8 of affine frames in tangent space over formula_1, whose structure group is a general affine group formula_10.
	The tangent bundle formula_4 is associated to a principal linear frame bundle formula_12, whose structure group is a general linear group formula_13. This is a subgroup of formula_10 so that the latter is a semidirect product of formula_13 and a group formula_16 of translations.
	There is the canonical imbedding of formula_12 to formula_8 onto a reduced principal subbundle which corresponds to the canonical structure of a vector bundle formula_4 as the affine one.
	Given linear bundle coordinates
	on the tangent bundle formula_4, the affine tangent bundle can be provided with affine bundle coordinates
	and, in particular, with the linear coordinates (1).
	The affine tangent bundle formula_7 admits an affine connection formula_24 which is associated to a principal connection on an affine frame bundle formula_8. In affine gauge theory, it is treated as an "affine gauge field".
	Given the linear bundle coordinates (1) on formula_26, an affine connection formula_24 is represented by a connection tangent-valued form
	This affine connection defines a unique linear connection
	on formula_4, which is associated to a principal connection on formula_12.
	Conversely, every linear connection formula_32 (4) on formula_33 is extended to the affine one formula_34 on formula_7 which is given by the same expression (4) as formula_32 with respect to the bundle coordinates (1) on formula_26, but it takes a form
	relative to the affine coordinates (2).
	Then any affine connection formula_24 (3) on formula_40 is represented by a sum
	of the extended linear connection formula_34 and a basic soldering form
	on formula_4, where formula_45 due to the canonical isomorphism formula_46 of the vertical tangent bundle formula_47 of formula_7.
	Relative to the linear coordinates (1), the sum (5) is brought into a sum formula_49
	of a linear connection formula_32 and the soldering form formula_51 (6). In this case, the soldering form formula_51 (6) often is treated as a "translation gauge field", though it is not a connection.
	Let us note that a true translation gauge field (i.e., an affine connection which yields a flat linear connection on formula_4) is well defined only on a parallelizable manifold formula_1.
	In field theory, one meets a problem of physical interpretation of translation gauge fields because there are no fields subject to gauge translations formula_55. At the same time, one observes such a field in gauge theory of dislocations in continuous media because, in the presence of dislocations, displacement vectors formula_56, formula_57, of small deformations are determined only with accuracy to gauge translations formula_58.
	In this case, let formula_2, and let an affine connection take a form
	with respect to the affine bundle coordinates (2). This is a translation gauge field whose coefficients formula_61 describe plastic distortion, covariant derivatives formula_62 coincide with elastic distortion, and a strength formula_63 is a dislocation density.
	Equations of gauge theory of dislocations are derived from a gauge invariant Lagrangian density
	where formula_65 and formula_66 are the Lamé parameters of isotropic media. These equations however are not independent since a displacement field formula_67 can be removed by gauge translations and, thereby, it fails to be a dynamic variable.
	In gauge gravitation theory on a world manifold formula_1, one can consider an affine, but not linear connection on the tangent bundle formula_4 of formula_1. Given bundle coordinates (1) on formula_4, it takes the form (3) where the linear connection formula_32 (4) and the basic soldering form formula_51 (6) are considered as independent variables.
	As was mentioned above, the soldering form formula_51 (6) often is treated as a translation gauge field, though it is not a connection. On another side, one mistakenly identifies formula_51 with a tetrad field. However, these are different mathematical object because a soldering form is a section of the tensor bundle formula_76, whereas a tetrad field is a local section of a Lorentz reduced subbundle of a frame bundle formula_12.
	In the spirit of the above-mentioned gauge theory of dislocations, it has been suggested that a soldering field formula_51 can describe "sui generi" deformations of a world manifold formula_1 which are given by a bundle morphism
	where formula_81 is a tautological one-form.
	Then one considers metric-affine gravitation theory formula_82 on a deformed world manifold as that with a deformed pseudo-Riemannian metric formula_83 when a Lagrangian of a soldering field formula_51 takes a form
	where formula_86 is the Levi-Civita symbol, and
	is the torsion of a linear connection formula_32 with respect to a soldering form formula_51.
	In particular, let us consider this gauge model in the case of small gravitational and soldering fields whose matter source is a point mass. Then one comes to a modified Newtonian potential of the fifth force type.

= = = Tasneem Noorani = = =

	Tasneem Noorani is a retired Pakistani civil servant who has served in BPS-22 grade as the Interior Secretary and Commerce Secretary of Pakistan.
	Tasneem attended Pakistan Air Force School Sargodha for high school from 1956 to 1960. He holds a master's degree in geology from University of the Punjab, Lahore where he studied from 1962 to 1966. After joining the civil service, he got a degree in Finance from Iran Centre of Management Studies Tehran in 1979.
	From January 2001 to May 2004, Tasneem Noorani served as the Interior Secretary of Pakistan in Pervez Musharraf's regime.
	Noorani has also served as Commerce Secretary of Pakistan and Pakistan Secretary of Industries and Production.
	After retirement from his civil service career, Noorani joined the Pakistani political party Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf and served as the party's chief election commissioner, but left the party in 2016 after some differences with the party chief Imran Khan.
	Tasneem Noorani now serves as a Member of the Board of Directors of Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation. Before this, he had served as a Director of Karachi Electric Supply Company.

= = = Holcocera extensa = = =

	Holcocera extensa is a moth in the family Blastobasidae. It is found in South Africa.
	The length of the forewings is 8.2–8.5 mm. The forewings are greyish brown intermixed with greyish brown scales tipped with pale grey and pale grey scales. The hindwings are pale greyish brown.

= = = Mirzapur railway station = = =

	Mirzapur station code "MZP" is a railway station in Mirzapur district of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It lies on the Howrah-Delhi main line and Howrah-Allahabad-Mumbai line. It serves Mirzapur and the surrounding areas.
	The Howrah-Delhi line of East Indian Railway Company was ready up to Naini in 1864 and after the Old Naini Bridge was completed through trains started running in 1865-66.
	This is very old bridge .
	The Dagmagpur-Cheoki section was electrified in 1965-66.
	Mirzapur railway station has two double-bedded non-AC retiring rooms.

= = = Holcocera irroratella = = =

	Holcocera irroratella is a moth in the family Blastobasidae. It is found in South Africa and Gambia.
	The length of the forewings is 6.6 mm. The forewings are white intermixed with white scales tipped with brown and some brown scales. The hindwings are pale brown, gradually darkening towards the apex.

= = = No Jin-hyuk = = =

	No Jin-hyuk (Hangul: 노진혁, Hanja: 盧珍赫; born July 15, 1989 in Gwangju, South Korea) is a South Korean shortstop for the NC Dinos in the Korea Baseball Organization. He bats left-handed and throws right-handed.
	As a five-tool player No was a fixture in the starting lineup beginning his freshman year at Sungkyunkwan University. Although he primarily played as a shortstop, No was utilized at third base and first base as well. As an amateur player No was selected for the South Korea national baseball team and competed in the Baseball World Cup twice in 2009 and 2011.
	No was selected 21st overall by the NC Dinos in the 2012 KBO Draft. Although No batted a disappointing .194 with 2 home runs and 25 RBI in the 2012 Futures League, he became the Dinos' starting shortstop showing great defensive skills.
	The Dinos' starting shortstop for the 2013 season was 2007 KBO batting champion Lee Hyun-gon who was traded from the Kia Tigers as a free agent. However, he was replaced by No early on, who showed better offensive and defensive stats as a backup shortstop. On April 27, 2013, No hit his first KBO league home run, which was an inside the park, against starting pitcher Kim Sun-woo of the Doosan Bears.

= = = Gutty Sereno = = =

	Paulo Jorge Fernandes Sereno (born 24 October 1983 in Santarém, Portugal), known as Gutty Sereno, is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Vilafranquense as a midfielder.

= = = 1996–97 Slovenian Third League = = =

	The 1996–97 Slovenian Third League was the fifth season of the Slovenian Third League, the third highest level in the Slovenian football system.

= = = Six Days of Justice = = =

	Six Days of Justice is a British television drama anthology series of single plays created by Thames Television and shown on ITV from 1972 to 1975, over four seasons of six episodes apiece.
	As suggested by the series title, each series of "Six Days of Justice" is made up of six separate plays, set in and around a courtroom and the corridor and waiting area outside. Focusing on magistrate and children's courts rather than the High Court, the series was praised for its naturalistic setting, lack of melodrama and low-key approach to small-time crime.
	Series 1
	Series 2
	Series 3
	Series 4
	Series 1 and series 2 were released by Network DVD in 2012.

= = = Jenny Pausacker = = =

	Jenny Pausacker (born 2 November 1948 in Adelaide) is an Australian author.
	Pausacker won her first literary competition prize at the age of ten, shortly after the death of her father. She finished her first novel at the age of sixteen, whilst attending Methodist Ladies' College, Melbourne, though it was rejected. Pausacker went on to do a Bachelor of Arts with Honours at Melbourne University in 1969, and a Master of Arts in 1972. In 1972 her first book was published, a picture book entitled "The Three Dragons". She lectured in children's literature at Flinders University from 1975 until she obtained her PhD in that field in 1981. Pausacker has lectured at five other Australian universities, and also at the University of Bristol and the University of British Columbia. She has published over sixty books for children and young adults, and also wrote reviews for "The Australian" for 5 years. She has written under the pen names Jaye Francis, Jade Forrester, Mary Forrest and Rosa Tomaselli.
	Her book "What Are Ya?" was shortlisted for the 1998 Victorian Premier's Literary Award. "Mr Enigmatic" won the 1995 New South Wales Premier's Literary Award. "Getting Somewhere", was short-listed for the of the 1996 Children's Book Council Awards, and "The Rings" was listed as a notable book at the 1998 Children's Book Council Awards. "Dancing on Knives" was shortlisted for the 2005 Ethel Turner Prize for Young People's Literature.

= = = Dary Holm = = =

	Dary Holm (16 April 1897 – 29 August 1960) was a German actress. She was married to the film star Harry Piel. Holm starred alongside Piel in several films, such as "Johnny Steals Europe" (1932).

= = = Paraburkholderia bryophila = = =

	Paraburkholderia bryophila is a Gram-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, non-spore-forming, and nonmotile bacterium of the genus "Paraburkholderia" and the family Burkholderiaceae. Research has shown that "P. bryophila" demonstrates anti-fungal activity against phytopathogens and the growth of plant-associated properties.

= = = Mariastern Abbey = = =

	Mariastern Abbey may refer to:

= = = List of Asian Games medalists in cue sports = = =

	This is the complete list of Asian Games medalists in cue sports from 1998 to 2010.

= = = Blastobasis bassii = = =

	Blastobasis bassii is a moth in the family Blastobasidae. It is found on Madeira.

= = = Vladimir Kramar = = =

	Vladimir Kramar (; born April 14, 1993) is a Russian professional ice hockey goalie currently playing for the Barys Astana.

= = = The Singular Adventures of The Style Council = = =

	The Singular Adventures of The Style Council is the first greatest hits album by The Style Council, released in 1989. Subtitled Greatest Hits Vol.1, there was never a 'Volume 2' although other Style Council singles albums have been released, such as "Greatest Hits" in 2000. However, the two compilations have different track listings in that "Singular Adventures" generally features full length versions, alongside some album tracks, is not run in chronological order and contains two less songs. 
	The album cover is a photograph showing all four members taken in 1987, an outtake from the photo session producing the US album cover to "The Cost of Loving". Other photographs from the session were later used for "Here's Some That Got Away" and "Greatest Hits".
	"Promised Land", a non-album single from 1989, was from the sessions for the band's "" album, recorded in 1989 but unreleased due to Polydor's demands (this album was released instead) and not released until 1998. The single was released as a new song from this album. The album was released in June 1989 around the time of the band's split to positive reviews and reached number 3 in the UK Album Chart.

= = = 2013–14 FK Khazar Lankaran season = = =

	The Khazar Lankaran 2013-14 season is Khazar Lankaran's ninth Azerbaijan Premier League season. It is their first full season with John Toshack as manager. They started the season by competing in the 2013–14 UEFA Europa League, reaching the 2nd qualifying round, after defeating Sliema Wanderers, before losing 0-10 on aggregate to Maccabi Haifa. As runners up in the previous season Azerbaijan Cup, Khazar took part in the revamped Azerbaijan Supercup, emerging victorious against Neftchi Baku. They currently taking part in the 2013–14 Azerbaijan Cup and 2013–14 Azerbaijan Premier League.
	After a poor start to the season, in which Khazar only picked up 14 points from 14 games, Toshack resigned from his post following their 3-0 defeat to Baku on 22 November 2013. Giovanni Melkiorrenin was placed in temporary charge with Mustafa Denizli taking over on 3 December 2013, on a 1.5 year contract. On 16 May 2014, Denizli had his contract with Khazar mutually terminated.
	In:
	Out:
	In:
	Out:
	Qarabağ have played their home games at the Tofiq Bahramov Stadium since 1993 due to the ongoing situation in Quzanlı. Qarabağ vs Khazar Lankaran was played at the Bakcell Arena due to the Tofiq Bahramov Stadium pitch being relaid.

= = = Palikulo Bay Airfield = = =

	Palikulo Bay Airfield or Bomber Field #1 is a former World War II airfield on the island of Espiritu Santo in the New Hebrides Islands.
	The 7th Naval Construction Battalion arrived on Santo on 11 August 1942 and began construction of more extensive air facilities to support the Guadalcanal Campaign. After completing a second fighter airfield at Turtle Bay they began constructing a bomber field at Palikulo Bay. The runway was by built of PSP over a coral base. The 15th Naval Construction Battalion arrived on Santo on 13 October 1942 and added taxiways, revetments, and a extension to the runway for air transport operation.
	Units of the 5th Bombardment Group based at Palikulo included the 23d Bombardment Squadron operating B-17Es and later B-24s from 1 December 1942 until 3 January 1944, and the 72d Bombardment Squadron and 394th Bombardment Squadron both operating B-17s. On 13 August B-17E #41-2463 of the 394th Bombardment Squadron piloted by Gene Roddenberry crashed on takeoff due to mechanical failure.
	Navy and USMC units based at Palikulo included:
	Following the sinking of the USS Wasp (CV-7) on 15 September 1942, VF-71 operating F4Fs was temporarily based at Palikulo.
	On the nights of 15 and 23 October 1942 Palikulo was shelled by a Japanese submarine however no serious damage resulted.
	Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) units based at Palikulo included:
	The RNZAF operated a base depot at Palikulo that assembled aircraft that arrived aboard US ships and were then assigned to RNZAF Squadrons.
	NOB Espiritu Santo disestablished on 12 June 1946. Part of the airfield forms part of the main road along Palikulo Bay, while the remainder together with all taxiways and base facilities is largely overgrown with vegetation.

= = = Happy Valley Football Club = = =

	The Happy Valley Football Club is an Australian rules football club that competes in the Southern Football League.
	The club first formed in 1952 playing in the former Hills Central Football League. In 1964, Happy Valley transferred to the Glenelg-South-West District Football Association and adopted the colours Black and Gold to avoid a clash with the Glandore club (having previously worn Blue and Gold).
	In 1980, Happy Valley joined the Southern Football League Division 2 competition and in 1984 were promoted to Division 1. Since joining Division 1, Happy Valley have been a very successful club, winning 8 A-Grade Premierships.
	The Happy Valley FC continues to field teams in Senior and Junior grades in the Southern Football League and Senior women's teams in the Adelaide Football League.
	Happy Valley FC has produced a number of Australian Football League (AFL) players including Ben Rutten (Adelaide), Nathan Eagleton (Western Bulldogs, Port Adelaide), Jason Porplyzia (Adelaide), Beau Waters (West Coast), Matthew Rogers (Richmond) and Tom McNamara (Melbourne).
	Happy Valley received media coverage in May 2015 when it sacked its then club coach, Stephen Keam, only 4 games into the season after a 124-point loss to Reynella.
	1970 Glenelg-South Adelaide Football Association Division 3
	1974 Glenelg-South Adelaide Football Association Division 3
	1992 Southern Football League Division 1
	1993 Southern Football League Division 1
	1995 Southern Football League Division 1
	1996 Southern Football League Division 1
	1998 Southern Football League Division 1
	1999 Southern Football League Division 1
	2003 Southern Football League A-Grade
	2012 Southern Football League A-Grade
 

= = = Blastobasis centralasiae = = =

	Blastobasis centralasiae is a moth in the family Blastobasidae. It is found in Central Asia and the southern part of European Russia.

= = = All the Fat Children = = =

	All The Fat Children (ATFC) is a Bengaluru-based rock band that was formed in June 2008.
	ATFC is composed of Eben Johnson on guitar and vocals, Vickram "Vicky" Kiran on bass and vocals, Sachin Savio Dane on drums. Naveen Thomas Joseph and Bryden Stephen Lewis play guitars on occasion.
	ATFC plays Fat Rock, a genre they coined to term their "fat" sound.
	ATFC has its roots as a college band from Christ University. The three members met up at university while studying and decided to form the band. The band had performed in Bangalore with Motherjane and Pentagram. They have performed more than 200 shows so far with 30 original compositions to their credit. 
	ATFC are managed by India's biggest beatboxer, Vineeth Vincent. They released their first single called "I Can Fly", which was also released as a video produced by Qyuki, an initiative by A.R. Rehman and Shekhar Kapur. 
	A second single "Somebody Else" was released in 2015, also released as a self-produced video. The video also received air time on TV channels such as VH1 and Pepsi MTV Indies. The video was shot in a warehouse, which was painted and the process took less than twenty four hours. 
	The band does not believe in producing an album as yet, preferring to produce singles and videos to accompany them. “We realised one thing over the years. People expect us to have an album around. We don’t have one. We have never supported the idea of an album. I have personally bought only two albums in my life. I never saw the point in it. The idea of a single was good. Now we are thinking of doing an EP just for the people who know our songs, want to listen to them together and hear a lot more of us.” says Eben, the vocalist and guitarist. The video has received praise and appreciation from celebrities and bands such as Vir Das and Avial. The band is known for their live act including instances of Eben wearing a nightgown with lipstick and a bindi. 
	The band's recent single "Somebody Else" was selected by Rolling Stone India as one of its 10 Best Indian Singles of 2015.

= = = Linger (surname) = = =

	Linger is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

= = = Timmapur, Gadag district = = =

	Timmapur is a village in the Gadag district of Karnataka State in India.
	Per the 2011 Census of India, Timmapur has a total population of 3077; of whom 1564 are male and 1513 female.
	Timmapur is 20 km from Gadag. The nearest railway station is in Harlapur, Gadag.

= = = Wen Peng = = =

	Wen Peng (, 1497–1573), also known as Shou Cheng and San Qiao, was a maker of personal seals during the Ming dynasty.
	He was born in Shanghai and raised in Suzhou, the son of painter Wen Zhengming. Employed as a lecturer by the Guozijian (in both Beijing and Nanjing), he was widely regarded as the founder of modern seal-carving. Wen founded the Sanqiao (Wumen) School of seal engraving.
	Wen worked originally in ivory, creating calligraphic designs that were incised into the material by his colleague Li Wenpu. However, after creating some experimental seals using soapstone, he switched to using stone for his work, and his later career focuses exclusively on this material. Prior to this, seals had been carved from ivory, bronze or pottery. Wen also developed the modern recipe for the red paste () used to create the seal's stamp; he recommended a mixture of ground cinnabar, castor oil and moxa. He Zhen, founder of the Huizhou (Xingyuang) school of seal-engraving, was Wen's student.

= = = Bootlegged, Broke and in Solvent Seas = = =

	Bootlegged, Broke and in Solvent Seas is a live album by Canadian electro-industrial band Skinny Puppy. It was recorded in Warsaw, Bratislava, Hildesheim, and Budapest during the band's 2010 European tour and saw release on June 12, 2012 through Metropolis Records in the US and on June 15, 2012 through Dependent Records in Germany.

= = = Sobral (surname) = = =

	Sobral is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

= = = Logan Campbell = = =

	Logan Campbell may refer to:

= = = Paraburkholderia diazotrophica = = =

	Paraburkholderia diazotrophica is a gram-negative, catalase and oxidase-positive, aerobic, non-spore-forming, motile bacterium from the genus "Paraburkholderia" and the family Burkholderiaceae which was isolated from the nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots of a "Mimosa". Colonies of "Paraburkholderia diazotrophica" are yellow pigmented.

= = = Lotika Sarkar = = =

	Lotika Sarkar (4 January 1923 – 23 February 2013) was a noted Indian feminist, social worker, educator and lawyer, who was a pioneer in the field of women's studies and women's rights in India. She was a founding member of Centre for Women's Development Studies (CWDS), Delhi, established in 1980, and also Indian Association for Women Studies, established in 1982. Starting in 1951, she taught law at Faculty of Law, University of Delhi till 1983, and also remained the head of the Law Faculty, thereafter she taught at Indian Law Institute. She was the first Indian woman to graduate from Cambridge University, and later in 1951 she also became the first woman to receive a PhD degree in law from the university.
	Born in 1923, she was raise in an aristocratic family in West Bengal, where her father Sir Dhiren Mitra was leading lawyer of India.
	Sarkar studied law at Newnham College, Cambridge and became the first Indian woman to study and also then graduate from the university. Later she wrote a PhD in Law, also at Cambridge University, awarded in 1951. Thereafter in 1960, she studied international law at the Harvard University, where she was one of four Indian students, returning to India in 1961.
	In 1953, when Sarkar started teaching at the Law Faculty, University of Delhi, she was the first female lecturer in the faculty. Law was still a new field for women, initially there were only 10 girls in the course, a number which grew to 80–100 by the 1960s . She taught here till 1983, teaching eminent jurist and lawyers, and finally became the Head of the Law Faculty, and also the university don.
	In 1971, she became a member of the Committee on the Status of Women in India (CSWI), where along with her colleague, Vina Mazumdar, who joined in 1973 as Member-Secretary, there went on to publish the seminal, "Towards Equality: The Report of the Committee on the Status of Women in India" (1974–75) In 1979, the Supreme Court of India reversed the judgment of Bombay High Court in the Mathura rape case, in which two policemen were sentenced for raping of sixteen-year-old girl within a police station. The acquittal, went largely unnoticed until September 1979, when professors Upendra Baxi, Raghunath Kelkar and Sarkar of Delhi University and Vasudha Dhagamwar of Pune, wrote an open letter to the Supreme Court, protesting the concept of consent in the judgment. "Consent involves submission, but the converse is not necessarily true...From the facts of case, all that is established is submission, and not consent...Is the taboo against pre-marital sex so strong as to provide a license to Indian police to rape young girls." Later in January 1980 she formed the first feminist group against rape, "Forum Against Rape", widespread protests followed and eventually Indian Penal Code was amended.
	In 1980, she became a founder member of Centre for Women's Development Studies (CWDS), Delhi, founded by Vina Mazumdar, and which went on to become an influential institution, impacting the course of women's studies in India. Through the 1980s and 90s, she taught criminal law at the Indian Law Institute in Delhi. She was also a founding member of Indian Association for Women's Studies, established in 1982.
	She met Chanchal Sarkar in 1951, while he too was studying at Cambridge, they married in 1957. Chanchal Sarkar went on to become an eminent journalist, assistant editor of "The Statesman" and founding director of the Press Institute of India in 1963; he died on 10 October 2005 in Delhi. The couple had no children.
	She continued to live thereafter at their Hauz Khas, Delhi residence, which she was disposed of January 2009 by the tenants, which led to a media furore Several leading intellectuals, jurists, academics, journalists, activists and over a dozen national groups and institutions came forward in her support demanding speedy justice, some even met the President, before the house was restored to her by the courts in November 2009.
	She died in New Delhi on 23 February 2013, at the age of 90.

= = = Harlapur, Gadag = = =

	Harlapur is a village in the Gadag district of Karnataka State in India. 
	Per the 2011 Census of India, Harlapur has a total population of 4714; of whom 2406 are male and 2308 female.
	Harlapur is 15 km from Gadag. There is a railway station in Harlapur.

= = = Visi Media Asia = = =

	PT Visi Media Asia Tbk (branded as Viva) is a business subsidiary of Bakrie Global Ventura of Bakrie Group. It started as an agribusiness organization in 1951 and expanded into telecommunications, media, metal, and coal mining industries. According to the 2011 edition of "Forbes" magazine, Aburizal Bakrie, the founder of the Bakrie Group, was the 30th richest person in Indonesia. He was also a potential presidential candidate for the Golkar Party.
	Visi Media Asia was started in 2004 by Bakrie Global Ventura. It provides news, sports, and lifestyle content on traditional and online platforms. It owns two television channels, tvOne and antv, and the online news website VIVANews (now VIVA.co.id), which has an application available for BlackBerry, SMS, Android, and Brew.
	In 2012, Visi Media Asia buys broadcast rights to 2014 FIFA World Cup.
	In 2013, Visi Media Asia and other subsidiaries of Bakrie Group faced a huge financial crisis. The Bakrie family decided to sell their majority interest in Visi Media Asia to buy coal assets from London-listed Bumi Plc. Offering approximately 51% of the stakes, they received a number of bids, including two from MNC Group, CT Corp. and Elang Mahkota Teknologi (which controls SCTV).
	The Bakries sought a valuation of $1.2-2 billion for the media unit, although Viva’s market capitalization was only $845 million.
	Through its subsidiary PT. Viva Media Baru, VIVA operates an online news and community portal named VIVA.co.id. PT Viva Media Baru operates some portals: VIVAnews (news portal), VIVAbola (sports portal), VIVAlife (lifestyle portal), VIVAlog (blog sharing platform), VIVAforum (discussion forum), VIVAsocio (social platform), and Gonla.com (booking service).
	Visi Media Asia Tbk (VIVA) posted a net profit of 72.92 billion Indonesian rupiah in 2012. This marked an increase of about 177% compared to the 2011 net profit of 26.26 billion rupiah. In its financial report, net-profit growth triggered the increase of income to 1.24 trillion rupiah, which was an increase from 992.63 billion rupiah in 2011.
	Meanwhile, the company's total assets during 2012 reached 2.99 trillion rupiah, increasing 23% compared to total assets of 2.42 trillion rupiah in 2011.

= = = Survata = = =

	Survata is a brand intelligence research company based in San Francisco, California. It operates a network of ""SurveyWalls"", short surveys that run on its affiliate sites that must be completed to access the content of that website, a function comparable to Google Surveys. Survata uses this network to provide ad measurement and market research.
	Survata was founded by Chris Kelly, former McKinsey consultant and Matrix Partners analyst who started the company in response to the difficulty he had as a buyer of market research. Survata was a member of the Summer 2012 Y Combinator class.
	In June 2013, they raised a $1.5 million seed round from PivotNorth Capital and SoftTech VC, and in June 2015 Survata raised an additional $6 million in a Series A round led by IDG Ventures, with participation from Bloomberg Beta, previous investors SoftTech and PivotNorth, and angel investors such as Alexis Ohanian, Garry Tan, and Tom Patterson. 
	In 2016, Survata began partnering with data management platforms such as Krux Data, allowing advertisers to interview consumers prior to the launch of ad campaigns targeting the Krux segments that advertisers plan to run their campaigns against. In 2017, they partnered with the data management platform Lotame, and announced Segment Validation. Advertisers can use Survata with their data management platforms to create their own segments, validate existing segments, and conduct ad effectiveness studies. 

= = = 1997–98 Slovenian Third League = = =

	The 1997–98 Slovenian Third League was the sixth season of the Slovenian Third League, the third highest level in the Slovenian football system.

= = = Valsan Koorma Kolleri = = =

	Valsan Koorma Kolleri (born 1953) is an Indian sculptor.
	Born in Pattiam, Kerala, Kolleri studied at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts, Paris (1985–86), the Faculty of Fine Art, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda (1976–79) and the Government College of Fine Arts, Chennai (1971–76).
	Solo Exhibitions

= = = Blastobasis ponticella = = =

	Blastobasis ponticella is a moth in the family Blastobasidae. It is found in the north-western Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Crimea and the southern part of European Russia.

= = = Frederick Charles Lincoln = = =

	Frederick Charles Lincoln (5 May 1892 – 16 September 1960) was an American ornithologist.
	Lincoln was born on 5 May 1892 in Denver, Colorado.
	As a teenager working at the Colorado Museum of Natural History in 1909, Lincoln learned to prepare specimens from Alexander Wetmore (who was then a student working at the museum) and L. J. Hershey, the museum's Curator of Ornithology. Lincoln's interest in birds continued to develop, and he eventually went on to succeed Hershey as curator in 1913, a post which he held until 1920. He took time out in 1918–1919 to serve as pigeon expert in the U.S. Army Signal Corps. The professional relationship with Wetmore would continue: the two scientists took field trips together in Washington and Hispaniola and co-wrote eight publications.
	In 1920, Lincoln joined the U.S. Bureau of Biological Survey (at the time, a unit of the United States Department of Agriculture, and now part of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service ) and was given the task of organizing and expanding the bird banding program nationwide. The Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 had established federal responsibility for migratory birds; the result was that the North American Bird Banding Program took the place of earlier smaller-scale efforts by individuals and the short-lived American Bird Banding Association. During the period of his tenure, 1920–1946, Lincoln was highly influential: he improved methods for trapping and banding, developed record-keeping procedures, recruited banders, fostered international cooperation, and promoted banding as a tool for research and wildlife management. He proposed a means to estimate the continent-wide population size of a bird species, using reports from hunters and counting "returns" (birds killed that are wearing bands); this metric became known as the Lincoln index. He developed the flyway concept, a key idea in the management and regulation of hunting of migratory birds.
	Lincoln joined the American Ornithologists' Union in 1910 and was elected a Fellow of the organization in 1934.
	Lincoln died on 16 September 1960 in Washington, D.C. and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.
	Lincoln received an honorary Doctor of Science degree from the University of Colorado in 1956; in 1957, the Department of the Interior recognized him with its Distinguished Service Award.

= = = Marion Football Club = = =

	The Marion Football Club is an Australian rules football club first formed in 1891 as the Sturt Football Club (no relation to the SANFL’s Sturt Football Club). In 1912, Sturt joined the Sturt Football Association, playing against the Blackwood, Mitcham, Brighton, Sturt Ramblers and Glenelg Imperials clubs.
	In 1920, Sturt joined the Mid-Southern Football Association along with Blackwood and Brighton, winning the Premiership that season. The Mid-Southern Football Association became the Glenelg District Football Association in 1931, with Sturt once again winning the first premiership.
	During the Second World War, Sturt combined with the Brighton and Seacliff club from 1942 to 1945, winning two premierships as a combined entity.
	In 1956, Sturt renamed itself the Marion Football Club to avoid confusion with the SANFL team of the same name. Marion continued in the competition known as the Glenelg District Football Association, Glenelg-South-West District Football Association, Glenelg-South Adelaide Football Association and finally the Southern Metropolitan Football League until it folded at the end of the 1986 season.
	In 1987, Marion joined the Southern Football League Division 1 competition. In 2018 Marion joined the SAAFL in Division 7.
	Marion's Guernsey is predominantly green with a gold sash, like Richmond's Guernsey in the AFL. In 2018 the Rams will wear a new Guernsey design.
	Marion FC has produced one Australian Football League (AFL) player, Scott Welsh, formerly of the North Melbourne, Adelaide, and Western Bulldogs clubs.
	1920 Mid-Southern Football Association
	1921 Mid-Southern Football Association
	1926 Mid-Southern Football Association
	1931 Glenelg District Football Association 
	1944 Glenelg District Football Association (as Sturt-Brighton)
	1945 Glenelg District Football Association (as Sturt-Brighton) 
	1951 Glenelg-South-West District Football Association A1
	1957 Glenelg-South-West District Football Association A2
	1958 Glenelg-South-West District Football Association A1
	1967 Glenelg-South-West District Football Association A2
	2000 Southern Football League Division 1
	2018 Adelaide Football League (SAAFL) Division 7
 

= = = Jazz May = = =

	The Jazz May is an annual international jazz festival held in Penza, Russia. From the beginning the main organizer of the festival is The Penza State Philharmonic.
	The Jazz May festival was conceived by Alexey Lvov-Belov, the head of The Penza State Philharmonic (2010-2013) and The Jazz-Cruise Band (2007-2014). First time it was held in 2011, lasted four days. The event was deemed a success, and this helped to make it annual.
	In 2014 Oleg Rubtsov who took part in preparation for previous festivals became a major organizer. All the festival's performances were held in a new building of The Penza State Philharmonic, Penza Music Hall and at the square between them. In order to make the square more comfortable for visitors a fundraising was successfully done.
	The idea of the festival is to gather on a stage famous jazz musicians and those who just start their careers.
	Festival events
	2011
	2012
	Official photographers - Gulnara Hamatova (Moscow, Russia), Pavel Korbut (Moscow, Russia)
	2013
	Official photographers - Andrey Scorobogatov (Penza, Russia) and Boris Tishulin (Penza, Russia)
	2014
	The festival was nominated for 2012 Russian Event Awards and became The Best Cultural Project of the year.
	In the early 2013 during the preparation for the regular festival an intellectual property rights conflict took place. Among other things it referred to the Jazz May brand. In the media there was a statement on possibility of making two independent festivals. As a result there was the only Jazz May but the main organizer (The Penza State Philharmonic) had to change its logo.

= = = Curtis Lazar = = =

	Curtis Lazar (born February 2, 1995) is a Canadian professional hockey player who is currently playing for the Buffalo Sabres of the National Hockey League (NHL). Lazar was selected by the Ottawa Senators in the first round (17th overall) of the 2013 NHL Entry Draft. He played his junior hockey with the Edmonton Oil Kings of the Western Hockey League (WHL) with whom he won the 2014 Memorial Cup Championship.
	In February 2011, Lazar captained Team British Columbia to win the gold medal in ice hockey at the 2011 Canada Winter Games. He broke the tournament goal scoring record previously set by Steven Stamkos (12) and Sidney Crosby's points mark (17) in six games. He was the second overall choice in the 2010 WHL Bantam Draft. Lazar played at the Pursuit of Excellence Hockey Academy before playing in the CSSHL with the Okanagan Hockey Academy during the 2010–11 season. During the 2011–12 season he helped his Edmonton Oil Kings team capture the Ed Chynoweth Cup as the WHL Champions. During the 2012–13 season he played with Team Canada to win a gold medal at the 2012 Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament, and was an invited participant at the 2013 CHL Top Prospects Game.
	Lazar's playing style had been compared to that of Edmonton Oilers' forward Milan Lucic and former Senators' forward Mike Fisher. At the NHL Entry Draft on June 30, 2013, he was selected 17th overall in the first round by the Ottawa Senators. On September 17, 2013, he signed a three-year entry-level contract with the Senators.
	Lazar made the Senators' 2014–15 opening night lineup and scored his first NHL goal against Jhonas Enroth of the Buffalo Sabres on December 15, 2014. Lazar was given permission by the Senators to represent Team Canada at the 2015 IIHF World Junior Championship in which Canada would win gold. In the tournament Lazar served as the team captain. Following the tournament's conclusion, Lazar rejoined the Senators.
	In the 2016–17 season, Lazar's development with the Senators stalled as his produced 1 assist in 33 games including a demotion to the AHL with the Binghamton Senators. On March 1, 2017, Lazar was dealt at the NHL trade deadline by the Senators along with Michael Kostka to the Calgary Flames in exchange for a 2017 second-round pick and Jyrki Jokipakka.
	On July 14, 2017, the Flames re-signed Lazar to a two-year, $1.9 million contract extension worth $950,000 annually.
	In the 2018–19 season, Lazar after clearing waivers was assigned to play the majority of the year with AHL affiliate, the Stockton Heat. Having made just one appearance with Calgary in the regular season he was not tendered a qualifying offer with the Flames on June 25, 2019, enabling him to become a free agent.
	On July 1, 2019, Lazar agreed to a one-year $700,000 contract with his third NHL club, the Buffalo Sabres.
	Lazar was born in Salmon Arm, British Columbia, but grew up in Vernon, British Columbia. His parents, Dave and Karen Lazar, have three other children, Jenna, Ryan and Cory. Lazar lists Joe Sakic and Ryan Getzlaf as his favourite hockey players growing up.

= = = Theodor Altermann = = =

	Theodor Altermann (24 November 1885, Visja tavern, Visja village, Kohila Parish – 1 April 1915, Tallinn) was an Estonian actor, theatre director and producer. He was one of the founders of professional theatre in Estonia.
	His father was Jüri Altermann, his mother was Miina Nurm. 

= = = Martin Luther (1923 film) = = =

	Martin Luther is a 1923 German silent historical film directed by Karl Wüstenhagen and starring Wüstenhagen, Dary Holm and Anton Walbrook. The film depicts the life of the 16th century Christian reformer Martin Luther. It was shot at historic sites in Erfurt and the Wartburg.
	The film is still extant, but only through copies intended for distribution outside Germany.

= = = He Zhen (artist) = = =

	He Zhen, also known as Zhou Cheng, Chang Qing, Xue Yu (1541 – 1606) was a Chinese artist during the Ming Dynasty, who specialised in carving personal seals. Along with his teacher Wen Peng, he was one of the first seal-engravers to use soapstone as a medium for his work.
	He Zhen was from Wuyuan County, but spent much of his time in Nanjing. He had a wide-ranging influence, and founded the Huizhou (Xingyuang) or Wan (Anhui) school of seal-carving.
	He's work aspired to an antique, ancient appearance, and he was known to chip or otherwise artificially weather his seals to create the impression of age. He created this effect by exploiting natural fracture lines in the stone, or by emphasising the knife-marks made whilst incising the inscription. His calligraphy attempted to echo that of the Han Dynasty, and he used the simplicity of that script to ameliorate the elaborate stylistic flourishes of the popular Yuan-style calligraphy that had previously been used for Ming-era seals.

= = = Streeter–Peterson House = = =

	The Streeter–Peterson House, located at 1121 9th St. in Aurora, Nebraska, was built in 1900 by local builders Johnson & Henthorn. It is designed in "classical" Queen Anne style. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991; the listing included two contributing buildings.
	The home was built for the family William H. Streeter, a founding personage in the banking field of the area, and was later owned by A. Einer Peterson, a successful merchant to the fields of education and medicine.
	It was deemed significant as "a significant local example of early twentieth century Neoclassical Queen Anne domestic architecture in Aurora, Nebraska". It was evaluated to be "the most impressive and architecturally sophisticated" of comparables in Aurora.

= = = Kanavi = = =

	Kanavi is a village in the Gadag district of Karnataka State in India.
	Per the 2011 Census of India, Kanavi has a total population of 3132; of whom 1623 are male and 1509 female.
	The nearest railway station is in Gadag.

= = = 2013 Franken Challenge – Singles = = =

	Blaž Kavčič was the defending champion but lost in the second round.<br>
	João Sousa defeated Wayne Odesnik 3–6, 6–3, 6–4 in the final to win the title.

= = = McGirr ministry (1947) = = =

	The McGirr ministry (1947) or First McGirr ministry was the 52nd ministry of the New South Wales Government, and was led by the 28th Premier, the Honourable Jim McGirr, MLA, of the Labor Party. The ministry was the first of three occasions when the Government was led by McGirr, as Premier.
	McGirr was first elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1922 and served continuously until 1952, holding the various seats of Cootamundra, Cumberland, Bankstown, and Liverpool. Having served in the third ministry of Jack Lang, and the first and second ministries of William McKell, McGirr was variously torn between Lang Labor and the newly formed Australian Labor Party. When McKell stood aside as Premier in 1947 in order to take up an appointment as Governor-General of Australia, McGirr was elected Labor Leader and became Premier.
	This ministry covers just 102 days, from 6 February 1947 until the 1947 state election, held on 19 May when McGirr led Labor to victory and the Second McGirr ministry was sworn in.
	The composition of the ministry was announced by Premier McGirr on 6 February 1947 and covers until 19 May 1947 when the 1947 state election was held. Ministers are listed in order of seniority and in all cases, serve the full term of parliament.

= = = 42nd Oklahoma Legislature = = =

	The Forty-second Oklahoma Legislature was a meeting of the legislative branch of the government of Oklahoma, composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. It met in Oklahoma City from January 3, 1989, to January 8, 1991, during the term of Governor Henry Bellmon. In 1989, a ballot question designated the sine die adjournment day, or last day of session, as the last Friday in May. Combined with the 90-day requirement, this moved the session start day to February, leaving the original start day in January as an organizational day.
	Previous: 41st Legislature • Next: 43rd Legislature
	Democratic State Senator Robert V. Cullison served as President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate.
	Democratic State Senator Darryl F. Roberts served as Majority Leader of the Oklahoma Senate
	Jim Barker served as Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives during the first regular session in 1989, but was ousted on May 17, 1989, due to political infighting. He was replaced by Steve Lewis, who served during the special and second regular sessions.
	Joe Heaton served as Republican Minority leader.

= = = Eino Kettunen = = =

	Eino Kettunen (May 13, 1894 - August 15, 1964) was a Finnish composer and lyricist. His most popular piece of work Ievan Polkka, was popularized when a website named leekspin.com was created, the website shows an endless flash animation loop(from the anime series Bleach) of an Orihime Inoue spinning a leek while singing the song.

= = = International Code of Medical Ethics = = =

	The International Code of Medical Ethics was adopted by the General Assembly of the World Medical Association at London in 1949, amended in 1968, 1983 and 2006. It is a code based on the Declaration of Geneva and the main goal is to establish the ethical principles of the physicians worldwide, based on his duties in general, to his patients and to his colleagues.
	After the approval of the Declaration of Geneva, the II General Assembly of the World Medical Association analysed a report on "War Crimes and Medicine". This prompted the WMA Council to appoint another Study Committee to prepare an International Code of Medical Ethics, which after an extensive discussion, was adopted in 1949 by the III General Assembly.

= = = Blastobasis decolorella = = =

	Blastobasis decolorella is a moth in the family Blastobasidae. It is found on Madeira and in Portugal. Records from England and possibly also the Netherlands are based on misidentifications of "Blastobasis lacticolella".

= = = USS Molala (ATF-106) = = =

	USS "Molala" (AT-106/ATF-106) was a US Navy tugboat, named after the Molala people of Oregon.
	She was laid down as AT‑106 on 26 July 1942, by United Engineering Co., of Alameda, California; launched 23 December 1942; sponsored by Miss Molly Fay; and commissioned 29 September 1943, with Lt. Rudolph L. Ward in command.
	Following shakedown off California, "Molala" steamed to Hawaii, arriving at Pearl Harbor 14 December 1943. Between February and June 1944, she operated from the Marshall Islands, towing damaged ships to Pearl Harbor. During that time, she was reclassified ATF‑106, effective 15 May. After taking part in the Battle of Saipan, she continued towing and salvage operations between the Marianas and Gilberts, returning 2 September 1944 to Pearl Harbor. Assigned to the Third Fleet, "Molala" was involved in the Battle of Luzon in November 1944. She departed Ulithi 29 December, supporting Third Fleet China Sea operations, returning 27 January 1945.
	Reassigned to the Fifth Fleet, she joined a carrier group in February 1945, striking at Tokyo in support of the Iwo Jima invasion. She arrived Ulithi 7 March with in tow, and four days later fought a fire on . For almost a month she rendered valuable assistance to the Okinawa invasion forces, performing her duties despite the threat of Kamikaze suicide attacks. She departed Kerama Retto 6 May 1945, and spent the next three months between the Philippines and Marianas. She arrived Japan 4 September 1945 for occupation duty before returning to the West Coast.
	Between 1947 and 1952, she was assigned duties in the Hawaiian Islands, Alaska, and WESTPAC. In 1953 she steamed to Korea, to aid in the struggle against Communist aggression, arriving in October. She conducted diving operations until the cessation of hostilities. For the next three years she operated off Alaska and the West Coast. She steamed to the Far East 4 February 1957, returning 19 July to San Diego.
	"Molala" spent the next seven years making regular deployments to northern and western Pacific waters. In September 1964, she patrolled the troubled waters off South Vietnam returning to Vietnam in the winter of 1965 to carry out salvage work before steaming to the West Coast the following year. She departed San Diego 4 January 1967 for WESTPAC duty, during which time she again entered Vietnamese waters, returning 29 July to San Diego. She departed San Diego April 1968, for another tour of duty in the Far East, and operated off Japan into 1969.
	In 1975, USS "Molala" won the Pacific Fleet's Marjorie Sterrett Battleship Fund Award.
	On 1 August 1978, she was decommissioned, stricken from the Naval Register, and sold to Mexico under the Security Assistance Program. In Mexican service, who was named ARM "Otomi" (A-17), and later renamed ARM "Kukulkan" (A-52). She was afloat as of 2017.
	Molala received five battle stars for World War II service, three for Korean service, and four campaign stars for Vietnam War service.
	List of Auxiliaries of the United States Navy: Fleet Ocean Tugs (ATF, T-ATF)

= = = Çukurova Media Group = = =

Çukurova Media Group ("Çukurova Medya Grubu") is a Turkish media conglomerate established, part of the Çukurova Holding conglomerate. On 18 May 2013 it transferred a substantial number of its properties to the state TMSF, in partial settlement of a tax debt.
	The newspaper portfolio included "Akşam", "Tercüman" and "Güneş". In January 2009, it acquired a stake in Editions des Deux Terres, a French publisher. The company's magazine portfolio includes Alem (lifestyle magazine launched in 1993), Autocar (launched in 1895), Fourfourtwo (football magazine launched in 2006), Stuff (gadget magazine), Total Film (film magazine launched in 2007), Platin and World Business (business and economy magazine launched in 2006), Maxim (launched in 2007), and Eve.
Çukurova suffered during the financial crisis, and it closed down "Tercüman" in 2010.
	TurkMedya operated Alem FM (first private radio station in Turkey) and Lig Radyo. Both stations are available through Digiturk, satellite receivers and yayinonline.com. Alem FM broadcasts in 49 regions.
	AKS Televizyon Reklamcilik ve Filmcilik was established in 1992 and commenced broadcasting as Show TV in Turkey. Skyturk was founded in 2002 by Atlas Yayinclik. It commenced broadcasting on cable and digital platforms in February 2003. Aks Uluslararasi Yayincilik has broadcast ShowTurk since 2005 and ShowMax TV since 2006. ShowPlus is also available through Digiturk, a digital platform.

= = = Mont Malamot = = =

	Mont Malamot (Italian: "Monte Malamot"; also called "Pointe Droset" in French) is a mountain in the northern Cottian Alps, near the Mont Cenis pass. It has an elevation of .
	Nowadays entirely included in French territory, it separates the valleys of Dora Riparia and Arc. At the top is a large fortification built by the Italian Regio Esercito in 1889, on two floors, which could house some 200 troops. The area was further fortified in 1932-1940 during the construction of the Alpine Wall.

= = = Biosphere reserves in Singapore = = =

	The Singaporean government has established some five biosphere reserves in Singapore. There are namely: Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, Central Catchment Nature Reserve, Chek Jawa, Labrador Nature Reserve, and Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve.
	One of the first notions of biosphere reserves in Singapore was thought up by the then-Singapore Botanical Gardens Supritendent N. C. Cantley who, in 1882, proposed that select areas of land be preserved. In as early as 1883, the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve (as it is now known) was established, making it the inaugural biosphere reserve in Singapore. The Singapore Nature Reserves Act officially came into action in 1971. In 1984, biosphere reserves took up some of the country's land. This figure has been increased to , as of 2009.
	The Public Utilities Board-maintained Central Catchment Nature Reserve is Singapore's largest biosphere reserve. The Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve aids in the conservation of both bird species and mangrove plants. The Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, albeit small-sized at , hosts myriad plant and animal lifeforms. Chek Jawa is situated in eastern Pulau Ubin. Teeming with various kinds of marine life, Chek Jawa was "discovered" (much publicised) in 2001. The Labrador Nature Reserve is located by the sea. Described as "an oasis of tranquility and natural wonders", it teems with vast animal life, as well as plant life by the cliff. The large Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve comprises mostly wetland and a few bird species, most notably the shorebird, can be spotted there. It is cited as the "first wetlands reserve to be gazetted in Singapore".
	Owing to rapid urban development, the country is in need of more land for things such as housing, which is deemed more important than nature reservation. One possible issue faced by the biosphere reserves in Singapore is that they will be turned into nothingness by the government when the need arises. There was an instance when the government had wanted to reclaim part of Chek Jawa, but this was opposed by conservationists and it was ultimately not reclaimed.

= = = Sufi Comics = = =

	Sufi Comics or Sufi Studios is a Bangalore based Indian comic book publisher. In 2012 it was the first Indian publisher ever to participate in the Comic-Con International at San Diego.
	They have till now published two comics:
	The authors of both comics are Mohammed Ali Vakil and Mohammed Arif Vakil. While the first book was written and illustrated by the brothers, the brothers teamed up with Rahil Mohsin, who illustrated the Wise Fool of Baghdad. The comics are short stories taken from Islamic history to illustrate the eternal spiritual truths in the teachings of Islam. They are working on 300 plus pages graphic novel on poems of Sufi poet Rumi.
	Sufi comics took part in following comics events:

= = = Paraburkholderia endofungorum = = =

	Paraburkholderia endofungorum is a gram-negative, catalase and oxidase-positive, motile bacterium which is able to grow under aerobic and microaerophilic conditions without a CO atmosphere, from the genus "Paraburkholderia" and the family Burkholderiaceae.

= = = Dorothy Lee (theologian) = = =

	Dorothy Ann Lee (born 1953) is an Australian theologian and Anglican priest, formerly dean of the Trinity College Theological School, Melbourne, a college of the University of Divinity, and continuing as Frank Woods Distinguished Professor of New Testament. Her main research interests include the narrative and theology of the Gospels, particularly the Gospel of John, spirituality in the New Testament, the Transfiguration and Anglican worship.
	Lee was born in Scotland. Her father was a Presbyterian minister and her childhood was shared between the United Kingdom and Australia. She studied classics at the University of Newcastle, New South Wales, graduating BA(Hons) in 1975 before completing a BD(Hons) in 1984 and a PhD in 1991 at the University of Sydney. She was ordained as a minister of the Uniting Church in Australia in 1984 before being received into the Anglican Church of Australia in 2008.
	Between 1983 and 1989, Lee lectured in New Testament at the University of Sydney and the United Theological College in Sydney. She then moved to Melbourne as lecturer at the Uniting Church Theological Hall, being appointed professor of New Testament in 1994. From 1998 to 2008 she also held the position of dean of chapel at Queen's College (University of Melbourne). After becoming an Anglican, Lee was appointed as lecturer at the Trinity College Theological School in 2008, becoming its dean in 2011.
	Lee has acted as president of the Fellowship for Biblical Studies and is a member of the Doctrine Commission of the Anglican Church of Australia. She also holds an adjunct title of senior fellow in classics in the School of Historical Studies at the University of Melbourne.
	In October 2012, Lee was elected one of the 10 foundation professors of the MCD University of Divinity, Australia's first specialist university. In October 2014 she was elected a canon of St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne.
	Lee is the sister of Australian composer Ruth Lee Martin.

= = = William Rush (disambiguation) = = =

	William Rush (1756–1833) was an American sculptor
	William Rush may also refer to:

= = = Editta Braun Company = = =

	The editta braun company is an award-winning dance company founded in Salzburg, Austria in 1989 by the Austrian choreographer, dancer and dance instructor Editta Braun. Members of the multi-national team include dancers, composers, dramatic advisors and light designers. The editta braun company’s work pursues political themes, including intercultural communication and feminist questions. The company is particularly known for the "body theatre" performance pieces "Lufus", "Luvos, vol. 2", "planet LUVOS, Close Up, Close Up 2.0 and Fanghoumé". The editta braun company has toured in Europe, Asia, Africa and performs at both large and specialty festivals.
	Editta Braun was one of a group of students who formed the dance collective Vorgänge in 1982. She founded her own company shortly before the group broke up in 1989. In 1997, French composer and musician Thierry Zaboitzeff began creating sound tracks to accompany the group's productions; most have been released as albums. Thomas Hinterberger and Peter Thalhamer have designed the lighting for many pieces.
	The company collaborated with Egyptian director Mahmoud Aboudoma and his drama ensemble to create "Coppercity 2001", based on one of the tales from 1001 Nights.
	In 2002, the company began to incorporate texts into their productions, for example, Manfred Wöhlcke’s sociological essay "Soziale Entropie" and literary variations of the Arthur myth. In 2004, Austrian author Barbara Neuwirth wrote the text for "Eurydike", a piece which was commissioned for the Brucknerfest in Linz, and included a chamber orchestra, drama and dance ensemble. 
	In 2004, the company increased its staff of artistic directors and choreographers to include Arturas Valudskis, Rebecca Murgi, Shlomo Bitton, Teresa Ranieri, Mahmoud Aboudoma, Robert Pienz and Iris Heitzinger.
	Over the years, outstanding artists from various disciplines (besides dance: drama, composition, direction, writing, dramaturgy, video, light design) have contributed their creative potential to the company. In the beginning, the company’s dance style was especially influenced by Céline Guillaume and Georg Blaschke, the work together with dance legend Jean Babilée, for whom Jean Cocteau and Roland Petit created Le jeune homme et la mort, was particularly sensational, immensely furthering the company’s international acclaim. Composer Peter Valentin contributed his work during this time.
	For ten years, dancer Barbara Motschiunik played a main role in each production; in 2006, Anna Maria Müller and Tomaz Simatovic joined the group, together with Juan Dante Murillo Bobadilla.
	Since 2010, several younger performers have joined the company, including Iris Heitzinger, Martyna Lorenc, Jerca Roznik Novak and others. Many performances have been developed with dramaticist Gerda Poschmann-Reichenau.
	"Luvos" is a series of body theater performances. The series premiered in 1985 as Kollektiv Vorgänge’s "Lufus".
	Between 2001 and 2012, "Luvos, vol.2" was performed worldwide before audiences totalling about 15,000 people, in Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, Thessaloniki, Novosibirsk and Moscow, Marseille, Limassol and Nicosia, Brussels, Tallinn, Kaunas, Riga, Vienna, Salzburg and Linz. In 2012, the piece was performed at the Manipulate Visual Theatre Festival in Edinburgh
	"planet LUVOS" was performed in 2012 during the Brucknerfest in Linz and at Manipulate in 2014.
	"Close Up" was performed at Manipulate in 2016.
	The editta braun company has mounted more than 100 performances of "Luvos", and has been reviewed positively among others in "Neue Westfälische", "Neue Kronenzeitung", and "TV Bomb"
	In 2009, to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the founding of the editta braun company, the volume Tanz Kunst Leben. 20 Jahre editta braun company, edited by Gerda Poschmann-Reichenau and designed by Bettina Frenzel, was published. It contains reminiscences from people who have accompanied the company on its journey, descriptions and pictures from the dance-theater productions presented in the past 20 years in chronological order, as well as interviews with founder Editta Braun and participating artists.

= = = Valērijs Kalmikovs = = =

	Valērijs "Val" Kalmikovs (born March 4, 1973) is a Latvian former swimmer, who specialized in breaststroke and individual medley events. He is a two-time Olympian (1996 and 2000) and a top 16 finalist in the 200 m breaststroke on his Olympic debut in Atlanta (1996). He still holds a Latvian record in the 200 m breaststroke (2:16.21) that stood for more than a decade. While studying in the United States, Kalmikovs achieved a sixth-fastest of all time in the 200-yard breaststroke at the 2000 NCAA Men's Swimming and Diving Championships. He has also been named a three-time Big-12 Conference Champion and a nine-time All-American, as a member of the University of Nebraska swimming and diving team. Since his sporting career ended in 2004, Kalmikovs has extensively traveled across the United States and Europe, working as a swimming coach.
	Kalmikovs, a native of Riga, Latvia, started swimming at the very young age under a Soviet system. Both of his parents were swimming coaches that motivated and inspired him to undergo training to an elite level and to become part of the Latvian squad. He has one younger sister, Margarita Kalmikova, who is also an elite breaststroke swimmer. Kalmikovs and his sister shared a sibling tandem in the sport, when they both competed together in two editions of the Olympic Games (1996 and 2000).
	Kalmikovs accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, Nebraska, where he competed for the Nebraska Cornhuskers swimming and diving team under head coach Cal Bentz. While swimming for the Cornhuskers, Kalmikovs received a total of nine All-American honors, captured three Big 12 Conference titles, and held four school records in the 100 and 200-yard breaststroke. At the 2000 NCAA Men's Swimming and Diving Championships, during his junior year, Kalmikovs posted a sixth-fastest time of 2:10.64 in the 200-yard breaststroke, where Ed Moses set a new world record. In his senior season, Kalmikovs served as an assistant volunteer coach for the team before he graduated from the University in 2001 with a bachelor of arts degree in international affairs.
	Kalmikovs made his official debut, along with his sister Margarita Kalmikova, at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. He failed to reach the top 16 final in two out of his three attempts, finishing twenty-first in the 200 m individual medley (2:06.16), and eighteenth in the 400 m individual medley (4:28.04). In his third attempt, 200 m breaststroke, Kalmikovs powered home with a thirteenth-place effort in the B-Final at 2:16.23.
	At the 1998 FINA World Championships in Perth, Australia, Kalmikovs placed twenty-second in the 200 m breaststroke (2:21.22), and thirty-eighth in the 200 m individual medley (2:10.28), all from the prelims.
	At the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Kalmikovs decided to drop half of his medley double, and experiment instead with 100 m breaststroke. He achieved FINA B-standards of 1:04.89 (100 m breaststroke), 2:16.30 (200 m breaststroke), and 2:04.83 (200 m individual medley) from the European Championships in Helsinki. On the first day of the Games, Kalmikovs placed thirty-fourth in the 100 m breaststroke. Swimming in heat four, he enjoyed a sprint finish with Puerto Rico's Arsenio López, as they both hit the wall first in a matching time of 1:04.02. Three days later, in the 200 m breaststroke, Kalmikovs established a new Latvian record of 2:16.21 to pull off a nineteenth-place effort from the heats, but missed the semifinal cut by more than half a second (0.50). In his final event, 200 m individual medley, Kalmikovs placed twenty-fourth on the morning prelims. Swimming again in heat four, he came up short in second place by 0.11 of a second behind New Zealand's Dean Kent in a lifetime best of 2:04.18.
	At the 2001 FINA World Championships in Fukuoka, Japan, Kalmikovs competed only in a breaststroke double. He failed to produce best results for the semifinals in any of his individual events, finishing thirty-fifth in the 100 m breaststroke (1:05.36), and twenty-first in the 200 m breaststroke (2:19.23).
	Kalmikovs also sought his bid for his third Olympics in Athens, but forced to drop out from the Games, because of a wrist injury. Shortly after his qualifying bid, he announced his retirement from swimming.
	Since he graduated from the University of Nebraska in 2001, Kalmikovs continued to serve as an assistant swimming coach. He completed his master's degree in sports management and athletic administration at Valparaiso University in 2003, and later moved to California to coach numerous age group swimmers for Bakersfield Swim Club. He was awarded the 2004 Central California Coach of the Year after a few of his swimmers won USA Junior National Championships.
	Since his sporting career ended in 2004, Kalmikovs has extensively traveled across the United States and Europe, working as a swimming coach. He is married to Australian swimmer Joy Symons, and currently resided together in Rockhampton, Queensland, along with their two children Jett and Cooper.

= = = Wolfram Euler = = =

	Wolfram Euler (born 5 May 1950) is a German historical linguist and Indo-Europeanist.
	Euler gained his doctorate (Ph.D.) in 1979 at Gießen university (Prof. Rolf Hiersche) with a theses on parallels in nominal formation between Indo-Iranian languages and Greek. The study was received as a contribution to the identification of Greek being part of the phylogenetic Eastern group of indoeuropean languages, despite of the Western geographic location of Greece. Up until today, Euler has published about 80 scientific articles and books covering most branches of the Indoeuropean languages; major contributions refer to the Baltic, Indo-Iranian, Greek and Germanic languages.
	Wolfram Euler is a distant relative of the mathematician Leonhard Euler (1707–1783). He lives in Munich, is married and father of a son.

= = = Big TV (album) = = =

	Big TV (stylised as BIG TV) is the third studio album by the British indie rock band White Lies. It was released on 12 August 2013 by Fiction Records in the UK and Europe, and on 20 August 2013 in the US (Harvest Records) and Canada (Universal Music Canada).
	The album was produced by Ed Buller at ICP Studios in Brussels, Belgium
	On 18 August 2013, the album debuted at No. 4 on the UK Albums Chart.
	In an interview with "NME" in January 2013, bassist Charles Cave said that the album was the band's most melodic record, but continued the definitive White Lies sound. The album follows a story of a couple who leave a provincial area for a big city and, according to Cave, the idea of equality in a relationship is a recurring theme.
	"Big TV" was the first White Lies album to feature 12 rather than 10 tracks, two of which ("Space I" and "Space II") are instrumental interludes.
	The album was released as both as a regular CD and a deluxe 2CD hardback book edition, featuring seven original demos of songs from the album and stills from the studio sessions. The Japanese version included the seven demos from the hardback book edition as well as a remix of "There Goes Our Love Again", all on one disc. "Big TV" was also released digitally and on 180gsm vinyl.
	The cover artwork for the album is a painting, "Pilot 2", by New York City-based artist Michael Kagan.
	The track "Getting Even" was released on 4 June 2013 as a free download on White Lies' SoundCloud page. The song charted on Polish radio station Eska Rock, peaking at No. 1.
	"There Goes Our Love Again", the first official single from the album, was released on 5 August 2013. The song was played on the air for the first time on 18 June 2013, exclusively on Zane Lowe's BBC Radio 1 show.
	In July 2013, White Lies played three intimate shows at Hoxton Square Bar & Kitchen in London, celebrating the five-year anniversary of the band's first ever gig at the same venue. They played tracks from "Big TV" and some of their earlier songs in front of 300 fans each night. In August 2013, they made their Main Stage debut at Reading and Leeds Festivals. During their summer/fall 2013 tour, the band played more than 30 concerts in Europe and North America.
	On 29 July 2013, the band made the song "Change" available to stream on their official SoundCloud page.
	On 16 September 2013, White Lies announced that the next single from the album would be "First Time Caller", and they released an official music video for the song.
	"Big TV" received generally favourable reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 64, based on 18 reviews.
	Matt Collar of AllMusic wrote that White Lies "sound even more engaged and clear-eyed than on the ambitious, stylized "Ritual"," and they "combine the urgent passions of their debut with the conceptual ambitions of their sophomore effort and by doing so, make the best album of their career". Cai Trefor of "Clash" magazine rated the album 7 out of 10, and described it as leaning towards retro, but also sounding firmly in the present, "utilising electronic samples with classic valve-driven guitar chords to accompany the trademark baritone of McVeigh". The Line of Best Fit's reviewer Ryan Thomas noted the album's 1980s atmosphere but said that "with influences visible, nods clearly marked, White Lies aren't just repackaging yesterday's hits as their own. Instead they're making use of abandoned utensils to create anew, achieving catharsis through resourcefulness. Yes, they are working with a previously-explored aesthetic, but they are molding it into a beautifully-original product, per a vision that refuses to forget music's former greatness".
	White Lies
	Production

= = = Dream Love + Pray = = =

	Dream Love + Pray is the third studio album release by Canadian Christian pop and a cappella group Rhythm & News, in 1994.

= = = Sabdharatnajyoti Saravanamuttu = = =

	Lieutenant colonel Sabdharatnajyoti "Thambirajah" Saravanamuttu (1898 – 17 July 1957; also known as S. Sara) was a Ceylon Tamil lawyer, politician, military officer, cricketer and sports administrator.
	Saravanamuttu was born in 1898 in Colombo, Ceylon. He was the son of Vetharniam Saravanamuttu, a physician from Colombo. His mother's family were from Vaddukoddai in northern Ceylon. His paternal grandfather Vetharniam is reputed to be the founder of Chunnakam, a small town in northern Ceylon. Saravanamuttu had five eminent brothers: Ratnasothy, Nanasothy, Tharmasothy, Paikiasothy and Manicasothy. He was educated at S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia where he was captain of the cricket team (1916–18) and scored the fastest century in Ceylon. He was also head prefect and boxing champion at S. Thomas. He then joined St Catharine's College, Cambridge to study engineering. He played cricket at Cambridge between 1921 and 1923 but failed to win a blue for Cambridge University Cricket Club.
	Saravanamuttu was a member of Colombo Municipal Council from May 1937 to December 1946. Saravanamuttu served in the Ceylon Army during World War II, rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel. He was in command of one of the two Ceylon Light Infantry battalions deployed along the eastern coast of Ceylon to protect against Japanese invasion. After the war he qualified as a lawyer and practised law.
	Saravanamuttu was captain of the Ceylon national cricket team twice and of Tamil Union Cricket and Athletic Club in 1934 and from 1936 to 1941. He played in the European-Ceylonese Test series and for Ceylon against Australia, New Zealand and Marylebone Cricket Club. He was president of the Board of Control for Cricket in Ceylon.
	Saravanamuttu was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire. He died on 17 July 1957 in Colombo aged 59.

= = = Leydy Bonilla = = =

	Leydy Bonilla(born 1980) is a Dominican-American bachata singer. Bonilla was born and raised in Nagua, Dominican Republic. At the age of 16, she moved with her family to The Bronx, New York, where she began competing in talent shows. She was signed to record for JM Records of Spain. Following the release of her first album, "Nada sin ti (Nothing without You)" which featured merengues and cumbias, she toured in Europe. In 2001 she released her 2nd album "Estoy Enamorada (I'm In Love)" which sold more than 50,000 records. In 2004 she moved to Charlotte, North Carolina.

= = = Tennessee Medical Association = = =

	The Tennessee Medical Association (TMA) is a professional organization for Doctors of Medicine (M.D.) and Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) in Tennessee. The group predates the national association of which it is a part, the American Medical Association, by well over a decade.
	Felix Robertson was a charter member of the TMA and president of the "Medical Society of Tennessee" (original name) in 1834–1840 and 1853–1855.
	The TMA organizes an annual conference and publishes a journal, "Tennessee Medicine".
	In May 2013 Christopher E. Young became the 159th president of the TMA.

= = = GeeksPhone Peak = = =

	The GeeksPhone Peak is a low-end smartphone released by GeeksPhone in April 2013. It is intended for software developers wanting to build and test mobile applications on the new Firefox OS, not for general consumers.
	The Peak and the entry-level Keon are the first commercially available mobile devices running Firefox OS.
	GeeksPhone Keon and Peak initially became available on 23 April 2013 and the first batch sold out in a few hours.
	Unlike the lower-end GeeksPhone Keon, the Peak is not fully open source as it contains and requires some proprietary Qualcomm code.
	The GeeksPhone Peak+, an improved version of the original Peak, was first announced on 16 July 2013. Unlike the original Peak, Peak+ is a customer-oriented device, which features twice the RAM of the original Peak and an added compass sensor. The Peak+ also features the same exterior dimensions as the peak.
	GeeksPhone estimated that the shipping of the Peak+ devices would start in November 2013, but had some issues with material providers not meeting schedules.
	Mozilla does not allow the GeeksPhone Peak+ to be called a "Firefox OS device" and insists that it should be described as a "device based on Boot to Gecko technology". It has been said that Mozilla is yet to make up its mind regarding what "Firefox OS certification" entails and that it favors its carrier supports over start-ups, such as GeeksPhone. GeeksPhone assures that despite Mozilla not wanting to support the Peak/Peak+ display resolution, the internals of Peak+ will be exactly the same as those of the original Peak, only without the Mozilla logos. The Peak + is now running a certified copy of Firefox OS 1.1.
	The Geeksphone Peak+ was cancelled as of 28 November 2013.

= = = Manouk Avedissian = = =

	Manouk Avedissian (1841–1925), more commonly known as Bechara Effendi (or Bechara Effendi al-Muhandis, Bechara Afandi, also Bechara Effendi el-Dob ""the bear"") was an Ottoman administrator and the chief engineer of the Vilayet of Syria and later of the Vilayet of Beirut. Avedissian, who is considered as one of the founding fathers of Lebanese architecture and urban planning, is of Armenian descent.
	In 1887, Bechara Effendi was dispatched by order from the Porte to assist with the excavations conducted by Osman Hamdi Bey and Yervant Voskan at the necropolis near Sidon, Lebanon which unearthed the Alexander Sarcophagus among other artifacts. He is credited with discovering new burial chambers and with devising transport mechanisms and superintending the transit of the massive troves to a frigate bound for Constantinople's museum.
	His works marked the landscape of Beirut with governmental buildings and monuments. Some of his work include the Petit Serail, the Sanayeh school complex, the Ottoman Bank in Beirut. Avedisian worked closely with Youssef Aftimus who would marry his daughter Rose in 1899.

= = = Automobili = = =

	Automobili is an album by Italian singer-songwriter Lucio Dalla, released in 1976 by RCA Italiana. It was the last work in collaboration with poet Roberto Roversi: the following LP, "Com'è profondo il mare", was entirely (not only the music) written by Dalla.
	The album originated from a theatrical show devised by Dalla and Roversi in 1976, entitled "Il futuro dell'automobile e altre storie" ("The Future of Cars and Other Stories"). However, polemics between Roversi and Italian state television RAI, as well as with Dalla himself, led to the poet's decision to sign the album with a pseudonym ("Norisso"), and to abandon the collaboration with the Bolognese musician. Some of the songs from the show were not recorded and remained unpublished, with the exception of "Ho cambiato la faccia di un Dio", which appeared in Dalla's 1990 album "Cambio", with the title "Comunista".
	The album was the most successful of the three written together by Dalla and Roversi, in particular for the song "Nuvolari", about 1930s race driver Tazio Nuvolari. All the songs deal in general with cars, starting from the first track, "Intervista con l'Avvocato", in which Dalla scat sings meaningless replies by FIAT owner, Gianni Agnelli, to a journalist from "Manchester Guardian"; this is followed by "Mille Miglia", dedicated to the eponymous race car, and by "Il motore del 2000".

= = = List of largest unfragmented rivers = = =

	This is a list of the largest river basins without fragmentation by dams in their catchments, ordered by average annual discharge.
	To qualify for inclusion, a river must not only have no dams on its “main” stem, but also no dams on any tributary. For this reason, major world rivers such as the Amazon, Lena, Irrawaddy, Amur, and Fraser are disqualified because of dams on tributary streams.
	Many of the rivers in this list have uncertain discharges. With the exception of those in Russia, streamgauges have seldom (if ever) been placed on the majority of the largest unfragmented river systems, due to the remoteness and/or ruggedness of the terrain in which they are located. Apart from the Fly which is clearly the largest, all ranks listed here are not perfectly certain, and there also exist a number of rivers in Sundaland that might qualify with reliable discharge data, such as the Kapuas.

= = = News Light = = =

	News Light is the flagship news program of Light TV News and Public Affairs in the Philippines, it presents round-about newscasts and gives the viewers an alternative view of daily news of which they are part of. With the tagline “Ang mga balitang dapat niyong malaman sa loob ng 30 minuto.” ("All the news that you need to know within 30 minutes"), "News Light" aims to deliver today’s top stories and headlines.
	"News Light" airs on Light TV from Monday to Friday at 6:00 PM and 9:30 PM (PST), with news updates at 11:30 AM and 2:00 PM.
	News Light sa Umaga is the flagship morning newscast of AM station DZJV 1458 in the Philippines anchored by Christian Mitra and Sarah Lagsac. The radio program is also simulcast nationwide via DZJV 1458 Radyo Calabarzon, DWZB-FM 91.1 in Palawan and also on Light TV.

= = = H. K. Patil = = =

	Hanumanthagowda Krishnegowda Patil (born 15 August 1953) is an Indian politician from Gadag in Karnataka, India. He was the Minister for Rural Development and Panchayat Raj in the Government of Karnataka headed by Shri. Siddaramaiah. He currently represents the Gadag Assembly Constituency in Karnataka Legislative Assembly. He is the son of Late Sri. K. H. Patil, a renowned politician and former Minister for Co-operation, Government of Karnataka. Popularly known as Tiger of Hulkoti, Patil got widespread accolades for enthusiastically involving himself with the expansion of Irrigation across the state and spearheading the attempt for Cloud Seeding while being the Minister for Water Resources of Karnataka. A veteran Congressman, he was also the Minister for textiles major irrigation, agriculture and Law and Parliamentary Affairs, Government of Karnataka and Leader of Opposition and Member of Karnataka Legislative Council. During his term as Minister for Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Government of Karnataka, Karnataka bagged the E-Award instituted by the Centre for effective use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the Panchayat Raj department for the year 2015-16. Prime Minister Narendra Modi presented the award on 24 April 2017 in Lucknow during an event to mark National Panchayat Raj Day. His Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, Government of Karnataka department won National awards successively for record 4 years from 2014-15 to 2017-18.

= = = Blastobasis desertarum = = =

	Blastobasis desertarum is a moth in the family Blastobasidae. It is found on Madeira and the Azores. The species was recorded from greenhouses in Berlin in 2005, where it was incidentally introduced.
	It is regarded a pest on ornamental plants. The larvae feed on "Aeonium" and other Crassulaceae species. They feed within the stem and tunnel in the roots of their host plant.

= = = C5H8N2O3 = = =

	The molecular formula CHNO (molar mass: 144.130 g/mol) may refer to:

= = = Lens (surname) = = =

	Lens is a Dutch patronymic surname. The given name "Lens" is a now rare short form of Laurens. Notable people with the surname include:

= = = Boone Jenner = = =

	Boone Jenner (born June 15, 1993) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player and alternate captain for the Columbus Blue Jackets of the National Hockey League (NHL). Jenner was selected by Columbus in the second round, 37th overall, of the 2011 NHL Entry Draft.
	Jenner played four seasons (2009–2013) of major junior hockey with the Oshawa Generals of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL), where he scored 111 goals and 135 assists for 246 points, while earning 265 penalty minutes, in 227 games played.
	On March 28, 2012, the Columbus Blue Jackets signed Jenner to a three-year, entry-level contract. Jenner scored his first and second NHL goals on October 17, 2013, against Carey Price of the Montreal Canadiens. He scored his first NHL career hat-trick on March 12, 2019, against the Boston Bruins in the Blue Jackets' 7–4 home victory.
	Jenner's uncle Billy Carroll is a four-time Stanley Cup winner, winning three times with the New York Islanders and once with the Edmonton Oilers. Jenner's oldest brother Leo played five seasons with the OHL's Plymouth Whalers and played hockey for Acadia University. As well, his cousin Marcus Carroll (Billy Carroll's son) played five OHL seasons for the Owen Sound Attack and two seasons with the ECHL's Utah Grizzlies.

= = = See the Whirl = = =

	See the Whirl is the first and only album by Leeds post-punk band Delta 5.
	Side A
	Side B
	with:

= = = Monksville = = =

	Monksville may refer to:

= = = Maeva Méline = = =

	Maeva Méline (born 20 January 1980, Paris, France) is a French singer and actress.
	Influenced by pop and folk, she took lessons in piano, self-taught guitar playing and singing which transformed her natural talent into beautiful music. She graduated law school. She starting performing in a jazz and funk band at small venues in Paris, drawing the attention of Warner Music Group, which offered her a record deal on their label. In 2008, Maeva was cast for the role of Nannerl in the highly acclaimed French musical Mozart, l'opéra rock, which brought her worldwide fame and recognition.
	In 2008, Maeva Méline was selected for the role of Nannerl, sister of Mozart in the NRJ Award winning musical "Mozart, l'opéra rock".
	In 2010, she provided the vocals for the song "How to Believe" in the French version of "Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue ()." Also, Maeva was the voice actress and singer for Rapunzel in the French version of the Disney animated movie "Tangled" ("").
	In 2011, Maeva released her singles : "À Genoux" and "La Lumière". She returned to her role as a voice actress of Rapunzel for the French version of the Tangled sequel Tangled Ever After (). Maeva also performed the vocals of princess Merida for the French version of the Disney/Pixar animated film "Brave" (")".
	In 2013, she participated in the with the song "Skinny Love" by Bon Iver.

= = = Halo: Spartan Assault = = =

	Halo: Spartan Assault is a 2013 twin stick shooter video game developed by 343 Industries and Vanguard Games. Part of the "Halo" media franchise, it was released on July 18, 2013, for Microsoft's Windows 8 and Windows Phone 8 platforms. The game subsequently released on Xbox One, Xbox 360, Steam and iOS.
	"Halo: Spartan Assault" is set between the events of "Halo 3" and "Halo 4". Players control the human soldiers Sarah Palmer and Edward Davis as they fight a splinter faction of the alien Covenant. The game launched with 25 single-player missions, with an additional campaign released as downloadable content. The console versions feature an exclusive cooperative horde mode.
	After years of rumored or cancelled handheld "Halo" projects, "Spartan Assault" was the franchise's first mobile game. The developers spent time adapting "Halo"s distinctive elements to a touchscreen game meant to be played in short bursts. The game received mixed reviews on release, with the game praised for its success at pinpointing "Halo"s aesthetic; the mobile versions of the game received lower average scores. "Spartan Assault" was followed by a sequel, "", in 2015.
	"Halo: Spartan Assault" is a shooter game where players view gameplay from an overhead top-down perspective. The control method for the game depends on the host device. On touchscreen mobile devices, players control the character through virtual joysticks—the left stick controls movement and the right stick controls the direction of the character's fire—along with buttons along the edge of the screen. Xbox 360 and Xbox One players use a physical gamepad, while Windows players can use either a gamepad, or keyboard and mouse.
	The game features classic weapons and vehicles from the franchise. To assist players, many weapons auto-target enemies in the direction the player is firing.
	Gameplay of "Halo: Spartan Assault" earns the player experience points (XP), Achievements, and emblems for a "Halo 4" Spartan career.
	The Xbox 360 and the Xbox One versions of the game feature an additional cooperative game mode, designed to be different from that of the main campaign. Two players team up to survive against waves of enemy Flood.
	"Halo: Spartan Assault" takes place in the 26th century between the events of "Halo 3" and "Halo 4". Following the events of "Halo 3", the human UNSC and alien Covenant separatists signed a ceasefire to end a decades-long war. Gameplay follows through the perspective of the Spartan supersoldiers Sarah Palmer or Spartan Davis. The campaign is divided into chapters, then further subdivided into individual missions.
	Spartans Palmer and Davis are stationed on the planet Draetheus V when it comes under attack from a rogue group of Covenant who have ignored the ceasefire. Palmer and Davis work to repel the invaders. This new Covenant leadership discovers that Draetheus' moon is actually a weapon built by an ancient race known as the Forerunners. The Covenant activates the weapon, tearing apart Draetheus and triggering an evacuation. Spartan Davis gives his life to allow the remaining human forces enough time to escape. Spartan Palmer tracks down the Covenant leader Merg Vol, kills him, sabotages the Forerunner weapon, and escapes the moon.
	In the Operation Hydra campaign, Spartan Palmer returns to X50 in search of a mysterious signal. She discovers that the signal is actually a distress signal from Spartan Davis. Palmer reaches the core of X50, but finds Davis dead; the moon is using his remains to create an unknown device, which Palmer extracts for study.
	Over the years, rumors swirled of a handheld or mobile version of "Halo" for the Game Boy Advance, Gizmondo, Ultra-Mobile PC, and Nintendo DS. Then-"Halo" developer Bungie quashed speculation they were developing an Xbox Live Arcade title in 2006. When "Halo" overseer 343 Industries was interested in developing a mobile game, Franchise Development Director Frank O'Connor recommended an arcade shooter, having wanted for years to see a "Halo" game in the vein of "Moon Patrol".
	343 Industries Executive Producer Dan Ayoub described the challenge of adapting "Halo" for a portable device as crafting the right experience for the device. "If we'd gone down the first-person shooter route, we might have built something compelling, but it couldn't on its own merit play as well as a traditional "Halo" game," O'Connor recalled. While focusing on optimizing the game for touch controls, the developers wanted to make sure the elements that made "Halo" distinctive—its weapon sandbox, abilities, and look—remained. The focus on a mobile game experience also meant that the developers broke up the game's missions into smaller chunks for short playthroughs. During development, the game was known by the codename "Bootcamp".
	Tom Salta composed "Spartan Assault"s music. The game was the first time Salta had worked on a project where the sound had been established by another composer—Salta called the original music of Combat Evolved "sacred ground for me" and his inspiration to compose for video games. Previous to "Spartan Assault" Salta was part of the team that reorchestrated and recorded the music for "".
	Because the game was designed to be played on mobile devices, Salta and the music team worked to make sure audio quality would be high on small mobile speakers as well as through headphones or higher-end hardware. Since there was a limited budget for the music, Salta chose which sounds and instruments he would record live. Salta starts composing on a keyboard and uses Logic.
	"Spartan Assault" was released in North America and Europe on July 18 and 19, respectively. In the United States, the game was initially restricted to Verizon phones before being released to all Windows 8 enabled devices. An Xbox One version of the game released on December 24, 2013, followed by an Xbox 360 version on January 31, 2014. It was released on Steam on April 4, 2014, the first game in the series to be distributed on the platform. On April 16, 2015, the game was released for iOS. The game's release coincided with a tie-in comic series, "Halo: Initiation", which detailed Palmer's path to becoming a Spartan.
	Operation Hydra, a free update to the game, was released August 29. The update added new missions and achievements, the ability to buy certain power weapons with XP rather than real currency, and support for the Xbox 360 controller. A demo version of the game, featuring a tutorial and single mission, was released on August 30. The update also added compatibility for Windows Phone hardware with 512MB of RAM, and enabled play using an Xbox gamepad on Windows computers.
	"Halo: Spartan Assault" was released as part of the "Games with Gold" program in June 2014 alongside "".
	"Spartan Assault" received mixed to positive reviews upon release; the game has a weighted aggregate rating of 70/100 on Metacritic, based on 17 reviews. Critics including Harry Slater of Pocket Gamer and Chris Carter of Destructoid wrote that while "Spartan Assault" was not going to be a Windows 8 killer app, it was a worthwhile purchase for gamers on the Windows 8 platform.
	Reviewers praised the game for its authentic "Halo" look and feel. "Game Informer"s Kyle Hillard called "Spartan Assault" "a true "Halo" game, even if the series’ signature scope and size are scaled down", with the game featuring familiar "Halo" moments, enemies, and sounds.
	The microtransaction features of "Spartan Assault" were generally negatively received. While reviewers such as Destructoid's Carter felt that the microtransactions could be ignored and did not impact enjoyment of the game, Hillard wrote that "it’s hard not to feel as though an important part of the game is being withheld after buying into the agreed-upon price of admission."
	"GameZone" Jake Valentine gave the Xbox One version a 5/10, stating " Halo: Spartan Assault is a soulless, boring, chore of a game. The small glimpses of fun arcade like gameplay are drowned away by frustration and money grabbing."
	In October 2014 Vanguard Games and 343 Industries announced the sequel to "Halo: Spartan Assault" under the title "". This game was released as a digital download for Windows 8/8.1 and Windows Phone 8/8.1 devices and Steam early in 2015.

= = = Fernando Espinoza (politician) = = =

	Fernando Espinoza (Villa Luzuriaga, La Matanza, Buenos Aires, December 30, 1968) is a politician from Argentina, and is the current Intendente (Mayor) of La Matanza.
	Fernando Espinoza studied in the Jorge Newbery college from San Justo, where he was part of the student center of the institution while he was studying for his high-school degree.
	After graduating, he entered the Juventud Peronista (Peronist Youth) and the "Movimiento de Unidad, Solidaridad y Organización" (MUSO). There, he met Alberto Balestrini, who became his political mentor.
	In 1995 he became a secretary in the Juventud Peronista in the "Consejo del Partido Justicialista" (Justicialist Party Council) in the district of La Matanza.
	On 24 October 1999 he was elected as councillor from the party, and chosen by his peers as the president of the Honorable Concejo Deliberante (part of the legislature), a position he would hold from 2002 to 2003, and then again, after being re-elected from 2003 to 2005.
	In the year 2005 he abandoned the legislative position and appointed as the "Intendente" of La Matanza, after Ballestrini was elected as the head of the "Cámara de Diputados de La Nación". He was sworn in at the San Justo Cathedral by recognizing himself as a devotee of "Nuestra Señora del Buen Viaje".
	In the elections for the national executive held on October 28, 2007, he declared himself again as candidate for the city mayor, winning the election with over 50% of the votes.
	Espinoza was re-elected as a mayor in the elections held in 2011, with more than 60% of the votes of the citizens, becoming the incumbent mayor.
	The government of Espinoza as mayor of La Matanza was marked by the start of a decentralization policy, dividing the territory in communes.
	He also founded the "Centro de Operaciones Municipales (COM)" (District Operations Center) and the Local Patrol in response to a growing request from the population for security improvements. During his administration a local book fair, along with music festivals and artistic events, have been held in the city.
	In the health policy, three new hospitals were built between 2005 and 2013.
	In 2008 he won the Public Service Award, in the category "poverty reduction" by his programs towards the social inclusion.
	In September 2009, as part of a charity dinner held once a year by the "Obra del Padre Mario Pantaleo", Espinoza got the "Solidarity Hand" for his "Work for the wealth of the community".

= = = Bernt Stilluf Karlsen = = =

	Bernt Stilluf Karlsen (born 25 April 1950) is a Norwegian businessperson and politician for the Liberal Party.
	He holds the siv.øk. degree from the Norwegian School of Economics and military training from the Befalsskolen for Infanteriet i Sør-Norge. He has been an executive in Vard, Maritime Group, Iko, Aker Norcem and Saga. He has also worked as a civil servant in the Ministry of the Environment, the Ministry of Industry and as secretary in the Standing Committee on Local Government. From 1995 to 1999 he worked as a partner and broker in Fondsfinans. He has thereafter been an adviser in ProCorp, which notably was contracted by Yukos Oil in 2001.
	He joined the Liberal Party in 1973, was deputy chair of the Young Liberals of Norway and was named by them as the Liberal Party's representative in Oslo Port Authority; he has chaired the board since 1999. He also chaired Oslo Sporveier from 2006 to 2007 and Ruter from 2012. From 1999 to 2000 he was a member of the Committee on Defence Policy named by Bondevik's First Cabinet. He has also been a board member of "Dagbladet".
	He resides on a small farm at Krokskogen in northern Bærum.

= = = Turgay Ciner = = =

	Turgay Ciner (born 1956) is a Turkish industrialist whose investments are located in Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. Ciner Group is a conglomerate which carries out its activities in four main groups;  Energy and Mining,  Glass and Chemicals, Shipping and Maritime, Media.

= = = Turtle Bay Airfield = = =

	Turtle Bay Airfield or Fighter Field #1 is a former World War II airfield on the island of Espiritu Santo in the New Hebrides Islands.
	The first bases on Espiritu Santo were established as defensive bases to guard the existing facility at Efate and to support the Solomon Islands Campaign, however its strategic location led to its expansion into one of the largest advance bases in the South Pacific.
	A group of Seebees from the 3rd Construction Battalion detachment with a Marine anti-aircraft battery and a company of colored infantrymen arrived on Santo on 8 July 1942 to begin work on Turtle Bay airfield. The Seebees were given twenty days in which to construct the airfield, assisted by 295 infantrymen, 90 Marines, and 50 natives. A runway was cleared and surfaced with coral in time to meet the deadline. On 28 July the first fighter squadron came in and was followed the next day by B-17s of the 26th Bombardment Squadron. The planes were fueled from drums and carried out their first attack on Japanese forces on Guadalcanal on 30 July.
	USAAF units based at Turtle Bay included:
	US Navy and USMC units based at Turtle Bay included:
	On 26 October 1944 PBJ-1D #35152 of VMB-611 crash-landed at Turtle Bay, the plane was written off
	Fighter One was disestablished on 2 January 1945. NOB Espiritu Santo disestablished on 12 June 1946. The airfield is largely overgrown with vegetation.

= = = Vadim Tatarov = = =

	Vadim Tatarov (born May 3, 1971) is a Moldovan former swimmer, who specialized in breaststroke events. He is a two-time Olympian (1996 and 2000), and a former Moldovan record holder in both 100 and 200 m breaststroke.
	Tatarov made his Olympic debut, as a 25-year-old, at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. He failed to reach the top 16 final in any of his individual events, finishing thirtieth in the 100 m breaststroke (1:04.87), and twenty-eighth in the 200 m breaststroke (2:21.34).
	At the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Tatarov swam only in the 100 m breaststroke. He achieved a FINA B-standard entry time of 1:05.53 from the Russian Open Championships in Saint Petersburg. He established a Moldovan record of 1:04.12 to power past the entire field with an unexpected triumph in heat three, coming from an outside lane. Tatarov's first-place effort was not enough to put him through to the semifinals, as he placed thirty-sixth overall in the prelims.

= = = Blastobasis divisus = = =

	Blastobasis divisus is a moth in the family Blastobasidae. It is found on Madeira.
	The wingspan is 12–17 mm. The forewings are shiny bronzy-brown with a slightly waved narrow whitish line. The outer half of the wing is slightly paler than the base. The hindwings are bronzy-grey.

= = = Campo Grande (Valladolid) = = =

	The Campo Grande (English: "Large Field") is a large public park located in the heart of the city of Valladolid, Spain. It is triangular, has a 115.000 m (11.5 ha) surface and is limited by the street Acera de Recoletos, the Paseo de los Filipinos and the Paseo de Zorrilla. Its main entrance is in the Plaza de Zorrilla, where together with a modern bill gate lies a floral shield of the city. The park is closed around its perimeter by a simple fence that runs between pillars, with doors on all sides.
	Compared with the Retiro Park in Madrid it is 10 times smaller in size (11'5 hectares compared to 118), and almost 30 times smaller in size than Central Park in New York City (11'5 hectares compared to 341).
	Its origin as a park or, more specifically, as a garden area, dates back to 1787, although from the fifteenth century it must be regarded as an important urban space. A notable feature of the park is the abundant bird population. Spread over the surface lies a Faisanera, an aviary and a loft belonging to Castilla Pigeon Club, which make the peacocks, pheasants and pigeons very numerous and they've become the real inhabitants of the park. It has a variety of trees that makes it a true botanical garden.
	At various points in its history it was called the Field of Truth and then the Field of Mars, but it finally consolidated as Campo Grande.

= = = Shahnaz Himmeti = = =

	Shahnaz Himmeti (died June 3, 2013) was an Afghan politician, who was the MP for Herat.
	On June 3, 2013, she died in a traffic collision.

= = = List of C.D. Luis Ángel Firpo managers = = =

	C.D. Luis Angel Firpo has had many coaches in its history.
	The majority of coaches Firpo have had have been Salvadorians. Of the coaches to have managed Firpo, 14 have been Spaniards and 17 foreigners. In some cases, the Spanish coaches have been former players of the club that agreed to take charge after the sacking of the regular coach that season.
	The main nationalities of the coaches of Firpo barring Salvadorians have been Argentina (7 coaches), Chilean (3) and Yugoslavian (2). The club has also had two Uruguayan coaches, a Brazilians, a Paraguayan, and a Peruvian.
	"Information correct as of match played March 3, 2014. Only competitive matches are counted."

= = = Blastobasis exclusa = = =

	Blastobasis exclusa is a moth in the family Blastobasidae. It is found on the Canary Islands.
	The wingspan is 12–14 mm. The forewings are pale stony grey, sparsely sprinkled with fuscous and rust-brown scales. The hindwings are grey.

= = = Edgar N. Sloan = = =

	Edgar N. Sloan (April 1859 – aft. 1930) was Warden of the Borough of Norwalk, Connecticut in 1893. He was the last warden of the borough of Norwalk before it was incorporated as the city of Norwalk.
	He was the son of Nicolas Sloan and Sarah E. Sloan.
	He retired to Kissimmee, Florida.

= = = Hasan Tawfiq = = =

	Hasan Tawfiq (, ; 31 August 1943 – 30 June 2014) was an Egyptian poet, literary critic and journalist. He belongs to the third wave of the Arabic and Egyptian literary movement known as "The New Poetry." A major part of Tawfiq's poems consist of free verses. Tawfiq was known in the Arab world as a journalist and in Egypt he worked for some time as editor-in-chief of the "Ar-Raya" journal. Tawfiq wrote articles for the "Culture" section of the Qatar-based "Ash-Sharq" journal. The literary alias of Tawfiq is "Magnoon al-Arab." It derives from a Middle Eastern tragic love story, Majnun and Layla.
	Tawfiq was born in Cairo, Egypt on 31 August 1943. In 1965 he graduated from the University of Cairo, Faculty of Literature and received a Bachelor diploma. After 13 years, in 1978, he received the Master diploma in Arabic literature. He takes an active part in the cultural life of Egypt, and belongs to different Literature associations, including the Writers Association of Egypt since 1966, The Writer's Workshop of Cairo since 1967 and the Association of New Literature of Cairo since 1971.
	Tawfiq noted who had a significant influence on his future works:
	"After my teacher, miss Suheir al-Qalmawi, has read my verses, I became her favorite student. That made me very glad because al-Qalmawi was the first person who discovered me like a poet. She compared me with known American writer Edgar Allan Poe. I have heard about this author but never read any of his texts. That's why just next day I found a book with Poe's verses and read there his poem "The Raven". I didn't understand some moments, but soon I found my teacher, professor Muhammad Mandur, who translated this poem into Arabic. He, and the other professor, Yusef Khalif, helped me on my way to become a poet in future".
	Tawfiq noted the influence of the Writers Association of Egypt on his future literary preferences, stating
	"I will never forget, that through Writers Association of Egypt, authors of my generation had opportunity to become acquainted with such famous writers and poets as Salah Abdel Sabour, Farouk Khorshid, Abdelgafar Makawi, Izuddin Ismail, Husein Nisar, Abdel Qader al-Qytt, Abdel Rahman al-Sharqawi, Ahmad Kemal Zaki, Ahmad Husein as-Saui, Muhammad Abdel Wahid, Malek Abdel Aziz and others ..." 
	In 1990 Tawfiq's "Sinbad and the New Voyage" won the award for best poem in the Foundation of Abdulaziz Saud al-Babtain's Prize for Poetic Creativity in Cairo.
	Tawfiq grouped his works into three parts.
	In his poetic anthology "Al A'mal Ash-Shi'riyya" (الأعمال الشعرية) and in preface to "Blossoming Rose" Tawfiq stated that he does not support poetry in prose, because it does not sound like a good verse, but at the same time Tawfiq insisted that he supported existence of this genre itself. Like other specialists of Arabic literature, Tawfiq knew the poetry of al-Mutanabbi. In his own verses Tawfiq appealed to al-Mutanabbi's qasidas and biography, using a lot of inter-textual elements. Also Tawfiq gave an estimate of al-Mutanabbi's panegyrics, raising the question of engagement of poetry and politics. Tawfiq compared al-Mutanabbi's panegyrics to Sayf al-Daula, with Mohamed Hassanein Heikal's essays to late Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser.

= = = Naft Maysan FC = = =

	Naft Maysan () is a football club based in Amarah, Maysan that plays in Iraqi Premier League.
	Naft Maysan Sport Club was founded in 2003 by the Ministry of Oil. In 2009–10 season, the club was playing in the Iraqi Premier League until it relegated to Iraq Division One in the 2011 season. But the team returned to play in the Iraqi Premier League after winning the runner-up in the 2012–13 Iraq Division One where it remains.
	In addition to the club's participation in the Iraqi Premier League and Iraq FA Cup, the club participates in the “ Oil Minister's Cup “ championship with the clubs belonging to the Ministry of Oil periodically.

= = = Chris Reed = = =

	Chris or Christopher Reed may refer to:

= = = Robert E. Page Jr. = = =

	Robert E. Page Jr. (born 12 November 1949) is one of the foremost honey bee geneticists in the world and a Foundation Chair of Life Sciences of Arizona State University. An author of more than 250 research papers and articles, his work on the self-organizing regulatory networks of honey bees has been outlined in his book, "The Spirit of the Hive: The Mechanisms of Social Evolution," published by Harvard University Press in 2013. Page currently holds the titles of Arizona State University Provost Emeritus and Regents Professor Emeritus. He is also Chair and Professor Emeritus at the University of California-Davis and an External Professor at the Santa Fe Institute.
	Page was born in Bakersfield, CA and spent his childhood there until he attended high school in Porterville, California. He served in the U.S. Army from 1969-1972. With support from the G.I. Bill, he received his undergraduate degree in entomology, with a minor in chemistry, from San Jose State University in 1976. He was awarded his Ph.D. in entomology from University of California-Davis in 1980. He began his career as an assistant professor in the Department of Entomology with The Ohio State University in 1986, moving to the University of California-Davis in 1989, where he became chair for UC-Davis's Department of Entomology in 1999. He joined Arizona State University (ASU) in 2004 as founding director of ASU's School of Life Sciences, one of the first interdisciplinary academic units developed under President Michael Crow's vision of the "New American University."
	His background is in behavior and population genetics and the focus of his current research is on the evolution of complex social behavior. Using the honey bee as a model, Professor Page has dissected bee's complex foraging division of labor at all levels of biological organization - from gene networks to complex social interactions. An internationally recognized scholar, he has published more than 230 research papers and articles. In 2005, he was listed as an ISI's Highly Cited author in plant and animal science - representing the top ½ percent of publishing researchers.
	He served as provost of Arizona State University (2013-2015), and vice provost and dean of the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, the largest college in the university (2011-2013). During this period he forged a platform to accelerate ASU’s transdisciplinary collaboration in the U.S. and Europe, advance educational reform, and jumpstart cutting-edge "virtual" learning formats. He also established ASU's Honey Bee Research Facility.
	Robert Page's background is in behavior and population genetics and the focus of his current research is on the evolution of complex social behavior. Using the honey bee as a model, he has dissected bee's complex foraging division of labor at all levels of biological organization - from gene networks to complex social interactions. His work, as well as that of his distinguished students, is outlined in his publication "The Spirit of the Hive: The Mechanisms of Social Evolution," released by Harvard University Press in 2013. As described on the fly leaf: "This book presents a comprehensive picture of the genetic and physiological mechanisms underlying the division of labor in honey bee colonies and explains how bees' complex social behavior has evolved over millions of years." His work has been cited in more than 18,000 publications and has an h-index value of 74.
	Robert Page has authored or coauthored more than 250 scientific studies or review articles on genetics and evolution of social insect behavior.

= = = Friedrich Carl Albert Schreuel = = =

	Friedrich Carl Albert Schreuel, also known as Frederik Karel Albert Schreuel and Jan Christian Aelbert Schreuel (14 June 1773 – 1853), was a Dutch-born painter.
	Schreuel was born in Maastricht, the Netherlands, on 14 June 1773. He joined the Dutch military at a young age. He is recorded as painting by 1788 and eventually left the military to begin studying art, first in Berlin then, in 1805, in Dresden. He spent some time studying under Josef Grassi of the Dresden Academy and soon made a name for himself by painting portrait miniatures. One of his portraits, known from an oval engraving by C. Bolt, was of Frederick IV, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. Schreuel would also copy works held at the Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister in Dresden. By 1840 he had been appointed a professor of painting by the King of Saxony.
	Schreuel is believed to have painted the portrait of the Javanese artist Raden Saleh, who was then studying in Europe, that is now in the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. The painting dates to before 1841, because Saleh is depicted dressed as a European dandy, not as a Javanese prince, which was how he dressed beginning in that year. The painting was first recorded at the Dresden Academy exhibition, at which it was a critical success. However, it has also been attributed to Saleh himself; in 2005 the Rijksmuseum was still referring to the work as a self-portrait. The pose is one traditional in self-portraits, and no other portraits by Schreuel are known to have survived, while the style of his miniatures is different; however, this would be the only unsigned painting by Saleh, he knew Schreuel (whom he called 'Schruil'), and the brushwork is freer than is characteristic of his work. According to the Tropenmuseum, they have the only known self-portrait by Saleh.
	Schreuel died in Dresden, Germany, in 1853.

= = = Naft Al-Wasat SC = = =

	Naft Al-Wasat Sports Club () is an Iraqi sports club based in Najaf, Iraq. Its professional football team plays in the Iraqi Premier League, the top tier of the Iraqi football. The club's home stadium is An-Najaf Stadium.
	Founded in 2008, Naft Al-Wasat spent three seasons in the Iraq Division Two and another three in the Iraq Division One until they were promoted from the 2013–14 Iraq Division One to the Iraqi Premier League. In their first season in the Iraqi Premier League, Naft Al-Wasat became the champions by achieving the 2014–15 Iraqi Premier League.
	Their futsal club has participated in the AFC Futsal Club Championship.
	Naft Al-Wasat SC was found on 1 July 2008 by the Ministry of Oil. The founding board consisted of Riyadh Bahr Al-Ouloom, Abbas Fakhruddin, Firas Nouri, Haitham Abbas, Ali Juwad, Yasin Khudhair, Mustafa Mohammed, Hassan Juwad, Wisam Fawzi and Basim Radhi. The club entered the Iraq Division Two and was promoted to the Iraq Division One in the 2010–11 season. In the 2011–12 season, Naft Al-Wasat made their first transfer from other clubs, signing Karrar Abd from Kufa FC in January 2012. In the 2011–12 season, Naft Al-Wasat barely qualified to the second stage, after having 8 wins, 6 draws and 4 losses, only a point away from Kufa FC. In the second stage, Naft Al-Wasat finished in 4th place of the Group 2, at 12 points, after having 4 wins and 4 losses, ending their first season in the Division One with failure.
	In the 2012–13 season, Naft Al-Wasat failed again to qualify. In the groups stage, they became in top of Group D, at 27 points, being won 7 matches, drawn in 5 and lost only one. In the second stage they had a big breakdown, finishing in 5th place in Group 2, after winning only one match, drawing in 5 and losing 3. In the 2012–13 Iraq FA Cup, they reached the third round before being eliminated. In the first round, they defeated Samawa 4–0, and in the second round they eliminated Al-Sinaat Al-Kahrabaiya by beating them 4–3 on aggregate (the first leg was 1–1 and the second leg was 3–2). In the third round, they lost the first leg to Masafi Al-Wasat 2–1 and drew the second leg 2–2, being knocked out 4–3 on aggregate.<ref name="Iraqi FA Cup 2012/2013"></ref>
	After the 2012–13 season, the technical staff was changed, signing the manager, Abdul Ghani Shahad, on 27 August 2013. In the 2013–14 season, Naft Al-Wasat were promoted for the first time in their history. They were in top of Group E at 34 points, 8 points away from Al-Diwaniya FC, which was a big difference from last seasons. In the second stage, Naft Al-Wasat took the Group 4 lead, at 20 points, by winning 6 matches and drawing in two. They ended their season as the leaders of Group 1 in the last stage, claiming promotion to the Iraqi Premier League.
	After the end of the 2013–14 season, the club made major changes to get ready for the 2014–15 Iraqi Premier League with the total of 8 players signed, but the most important signing was Noor Sabri. Naft Al-Wasat were one of the teams that weren't expected to qualify to the second stage. Despite losing a third of their games in the first stage, finishing in 4th position out of ten teams in their group, Naft Al-Wasat just about managed to qualify for the final stage, after wins against the likes of Erbil and Al-Zawraa; this itself was considered a big success for the young team. In the second stage, the team surprised everyone by defeating Al Shorta SC (the defending champions and one of the strongest contenders for the league championship) twice. After taking the Group 1 lead, Naft Al-Wasat got qualified to the league final, where they won over Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya via a penalty shoot-out.
	Their league title win qualified them for the 2016 AFC Cup. They finished top of Group B with a record of five wins and one loss, but they lost 1–0 in the round of 16 to Al-Jaish. They were not allowed to play their home matches in Iraq in this tournament due to security concerns. In the 2015–16 Iraqi Premier League, Naft Al-Wasat finished in second place in their group, behind eventual champions Al-Zawraa, to qualify for the final stage. In the final stage, Naft Al-Wasat finished as runners-up, again behind Al-Zawraa. As the league's runners-up, Naft Al-Wasat qualified for the 2016–17 Arab Club Championship, where they got revenge on Al-Jaish by knocking them out to qualify for the group stage.
	Crest of Naft Al-Wasat consists of the colors, green and white. In the top side of the crest there are two drilling rigs with fire coming out of its top and across the rigs, an Iraqi flag coming out of the five-ringed symbol of the Olympic Games and under it (2008 N.W.S.C), the foundation date and a short version of the team's English name. In the bottom side is the Arabic name of the club and their hometown name, Najaf, written under it.
	After achieving the 2014–15 Iraqi Premier League, Naft Al-Wasat became the second team to be crowned as the Iraqi Premier League champions in their first season, the other being Al-Zawra'a in the 1975–76 season.<ref name="Iraq 1975/76"></ref> Naft Al-Wasat are also the first team from Najaf to achieve the league and the fifth team that isn't from Baghdad to achieve it since its start in 1974. When the final match of the 2014–15 season, between Naft Al-Wasat and Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya, ended in a 6–5 win for Naft Al-Wasat via a penalty shoot-out, Noor Sabri remained undefeated in every penalty shoot-out throughout his career since 1999.
	In 2017, Naft Al Wasat became the first non Baghdad team to reach the final of the Iraq FA Cup
	The season-by-season performance of the club over the recent years:
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= = = Grammy Award for Best American Roots Song = = =

	The Grammy Award for Best American Roots Song is a new award category at the annual Grammy Awards, a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards, to recording artists for quality songs in the American Roots Music genres such as blues, bluegrass, folk, Americana and regional roots music. Honors in several categories are presented at the ceremony annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to "honor artistic achievement, technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry, without regard to album sales or chart position".
	The award was first approved by the Board of Trustees of the Grammy Awards in Spring 2013.
	The award was first presented at the 2014 Grammy Awards ceremony to Edie Brickell and Steve Martin, the songwriters of the awarded song.

= = = Blastobasis helleri = = =

	Blastobasis helleri is a moth in the family Blastobasidae. It is found on the Canary Islands.
	The length of the forewings is about 6 mm. The forewings are white, with blackish-brown markings. The hindwings are shining grey.

= = = Tuz FC = = =

	Tuz FC () is an Iraqi football team based in Tuz Khurmatu, Saladin Governorate. Tuz has the largest Turkmen community in Saladin Province. Tuz is a word of Turkish origin which means "salt".
	Currently Tuz is runner-up in the 2012–13 Iraq Division 1 Group A and in their way to qualify to the Iraq Premier League.

= = = 2013 European Amateur Boxing Championships = = =

	The Men's 2013 European Amateur Boxing Championships were held in Minsk, Belarus from June 1 to June 8, 2013. It is the 40th edition of this biennial competition organised by the European governing body for amateur boxing, the EUBC.
	37 countries, 208 sportsmen took part in the competition.
	The organization of this championships cost 11 billion Br (Belarusian currency, 1 mln. Eu) for the Belarusian government.
	From 1 June–3 June the preliminaries were held, on June 4–05 the quarterfinals in all categories were held. The semifinals took place on June 7 with the finals at June 08.

= = = Bangladesh–Indonesia relations = = =

	Bangladesh–Indonesia relations refers to the bilateral relations of Bangladesh and Indonesia. Indonesia is the world's largest Muslim country, whereas Bangladesh is the world's fourth largest Muslim country. They are partners in the United Nations and various multilateral organisations, particularly in international peacekeeping, the Developing 8 Countries, the Non-Aligned Movement, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Bangladesh has an embassy in Jakarta, whereas Indonesia has an embassy in Dhaka. Official diplomatic relations were established in 1972 after Indonesia became one of the first Muslim countries to recognise independent Bangladesh.
	The contacts between the Bay of Bengal region with Indonesian archipelago has commenced since centuries ago. Indonesia and Bangladesh were connected to maritime Silk Road of Indian Ocean trade network, where goods travels and ideas exchanged. Since early 4th-century Indonesia has received Hindu, and subsequently Buddhist influences from Indian subcontinent. In 9th-century the Srivijaya empire established contacts through religious and education relations with Buddhist schools, monasteries and universities in ancient India and Bangladesh, such as Nalanda and Somapura.
	After the separation of Bangladesh from Pakistan, Indonesia along with other non-Arab Muslim countries such as Malaysia, Turkey and Afghanistan immediately recognised Bangladesh sovereignty in 1971. Subsequently, Bangladesh soon after its independence in 1971 established diplomatic relations with Indonesia and the Embassy started functioning from May 1972.
	Both nations welcomes initiatives in furthering the bilateral co-operation in various areas including trade and investment, agriculture, defence, education, food security, good governance, counter-terrorism, research and technology as well as disaster mitigation and management. Besides bilateral co-operation, both nations exchanged their views on the two countries' co-operation in regional and global fora. As the Muslim majority countries, both nations also exchange view and voiced their concern on addressing the Rohingya Muslim refugees issue in neighbouring Myanmar.
	At the end of October, both Bangladesh and Indonesia saw strikes involving millions of low-wage workers demanding substantial increases in their minimum wages. Semen Indonesia, the country's largest cement maker, is mulling over plans to expand its business to Bangladesh in efforts to capitalize on Bangladesh's rising consumer demand. Bangladesh, Indonesia and Iran were rated as the nations most at risk from extreme weather and geophysical events according to a 2010 study.
, Global risks advisory firm Maplecroft, had developed the Natural Disasters Risk Index (NDRI) to enable businesses and insurance companies to identify risks to international assets.
	Indonesia have recently signed a deal with a Bangladesh pharmaceutical company to export its goods to their country where Bangladesh sees another potential market for its pharmaceutical products. Trade between the two countries amounted to US$1.53 billion in 2017.

= = = 2013–14 FC Anzhi Makhachkala season = = =

	The 2013–14 FC Anzhi Makhachkala season was the 4th successive season that Anzhi played in the Russian Premier League, the highest tier of football in Russia, in which they suffered relegation after finishing the season in 16th place. They were knocked out of the Russian Cup at the Round of 32 stage by Alania Vladikavkaz, and they reached the Last 16 of the Europa League where they were defeated by AZ.
	Anzhi started the season in the same manor as the previous season, entering the transfer market and signing Igor Denisov from Zenit Saint Petersburg, Aleksei Ionov from Kuban Krasnodar, Aleksandr Kokorin from Dynamo Moscow and resigning Christopher Samba from QPR. Following a draw and a defeat in their opening two games, Guus Hiddink resigned as manager on 22 July 2013.
	Recently appointed Assistant Coach Rene Meulensteen was then put in charge of the team in a caretaker capacity until 8 August 2013, when Gadzhi Gadzhiyev was appointed as the club's manager for a fifth time. The previous day, the club confirmed that Kerimov had decided to make drastic cuts to the team's budget, and the club's president, Konstantin Remchukov, suggested on Twitter that "a lot of expensive players will leave". As a result, Igor Denisov, Yuri Zhirkov and Aleksandr Kokorin, before Kokorin had made his debut, all left Anzhi in a package deal for Dynamo Moscow whilst Oleg Shatov left the club shortly after joining Zenit St. Petersburg.
	These sales prompted the club to recall Nikita Burmistrov and Serder Serderov from their loan deals, before Mbark Boussoufa and Lassana Diarra then joined Lokomotiv Moscow. On 29 August Arseniy Logashov joined Lokomotiv Moscow, whilst Vladimir Gabulov, Christopher Samba and Aleksei Ionov all joined Dynamo Moscow, and Samuel Eto'o joined Chelsea.
	", according to the RFPL official website
	Reserves are eligible to play in the league.
	In:
	Out:
	In:
	Out:

= = = Com'è profondo il mare = = =

	Com'è profondo il mare (""How deep is the sea"") is an album by Italian singer-songwriter Lucio Dalla, released in 1977 by RCA Italiana. It was the first work in which Dalla wrote both the music and lyrics, after three albums in which the latter had been provided by poet Roberto Roversi.

= = = Thomann (retailer) = = =

	Musikhaus Thomann is a German-based retailer of musical instruments, studio, lighting, and pro-audio equipment. Thomann became widely known primarily due to its large online retail operation, Thomann Cyberstore. According to a 2014 article in the largest Upper Franconian newspaper based in Bavaria, the "Fränkischer Tag" , Musikhaus Thomann is the largest online retailer of its category of merchandise, worldwide. Hans Thomann, Sr., founded the company years ago (in 1954) as a family business in — part of the village of Burgebrach, in Bavaria, Germany — where the Musikhaus Thomann headquarters endures today (2020). And, as of 2020, the company is still family-owned.
	The company has been managed by Hans Thomann, Jr, representative of the second Thomann generation, since 1990. Since 1997, Thomann have been selling products through their own web site. In the first year, online turnover ran to DM 800,000.
	Musikhaus Thomann is divided into three business units:
	Between 2004 and 2012, the number of customers has almost tripled and now slightly exceeds 3 million.
	In 2004, the company achieved a turnover of EUR 10m. In 2006, the company disclosed a turnover of EUR 129m, making it one of the fifty fastest-growing companies in Bavaria once more.
	In September 2010, Musikhaus Thomann received the Versender des Jahres (Mail Order Business of the Year) Award, which the German Association of Mail Order Companies' hands out annually. The panel of judges chose Musikhaus Thomann for its strong growth, commitment to innovation, and high level of customer satisfaction.
	In 2011, Musikhaus Thomann was presented with the Global E-Commerce award (Gold) at the Global E-Commerse Summit in Barcelona. Eight national winners competed for the European prize. Thomann was the German nominee, having won the 2010 mail Order Business of the Year Award. The Jury noted that Thomann was "Demonstrating the ability to tap into a market segment that a few years ago nobody believed could be served through internet retail" 
	Thomann sells several store brands, including:

= = = Basketball at the 2013 Summer Universiade = = =

	Basketball was contested at the 2013 Summer Universiade from July 7 to July 16 in Kazan, Russia. In total, 40 teams competed in the 2013 Summer Universiade (24 men's teams and 16 women's teams).

= = = Wagon with opening roof = = =

	The wagon with opening roof is a type of railway goods wagon that is, nowadays, defined and standardised by the International Union of Railways (UIC) as Class "T". They are a large category of rail vehicle, predominantly used for the transport of hygroscopic bulk commodities such as cement, plaster, lime, potash and grain.
	To date, there are four different types of wagon with an opening roof (by way of example, the years refer to when they entered service with the German carrier, DB):
	The overall design and use of these wagons is however governed far more by the configuration of their wagon floors and walls than the methods of loading and unloading. These features, which are also coded by index letters, form the basis of this article's structure.
	The classic lidded wagon for the transport of hygroscopic bulk goods was only procured by railway authorities in relatively small batches in comparison with other types of goods wagon. They were used by on standard, as well as narrow gauge, railways (e.g. the Saxon narrow gauge railways). Their design was based closely on that of contemporary open wagons.
	They were loaded from above and unloaded, like covered wagons, through the side doors. Because unloading involved a lot of manual work, alternatives were already being sought by the 1920s. In the 1950s the self-discharging wagon with roof (see below) completely ousted the lidded wagon from its original field of operations. The last large batch of lidded wagons was procured by the East German Deutsche Reichsbahn in 1958.
	Standard gauge, lidded wagons may be viewed at a number of railway museums and, on several Saxon narrow gauge railways, lidded wagons can occasionally still be seen working at special goods train events.
	Sliding-roof wagons were developed for the DB in the 1950s. From a design perspective they were initially just a development of the classic lidded wagon. However, they were no longer intended for bulk goods, but for awkward, moisture-sensitive part-load goods. The latter could be loaded and unloaded vertically by crane, the sliding roof enabling half the available length of the wagon floor to be available at one time.
	Soon the small side doors were replaced by large, sliding sides (index letter "i"), in order to enable loading and unloading of palletised goods by forklift trucks. For example, the wagons could be loaded at a port directly from the ship by crane; at their destination they could then be unloaded through the side doors.
	In the 1970s it became clear that the movable roof was only rarely used for palettised goods whilst, for larger, awkward loads, swing-roof wagons (see below) were better suited. As a result, the railways went over to a sliding-side wagon with a fixed roof; development of the sliding-side wagon being started in 1977.
	For transporting heavier, even more awkward and moisture-sensitive goods the DB has, since 1964, four-axled wagons with movable roofs. To begin with these were swing-roofs that were divided in two along their longitudinal axis and folded out to the sides. In order to avoid breaching the loading gauge when the roof was opened, these were abandoned in favour of rolling roofs.
	In terms of design, these wagons are closely related to the four-axled standard open wagon. For example, even the major dimensions of the UIC-standardized rolling roof wagon matches its open wagon counterpart, the Class Ea(o)s:
	The swing-roof and rolling-roof wagons with level floors feature a high loading limit of at least 50 t and are therefore often used in heavy industry. In addition, they are good for hygroscopic bulk commodities which have to be loaded from above. This type of wagon shares its sphere of operations with flat wagons with tarpaulins or hoods in classes K, R and S.
	In order to rationalize the loading and unloading of bulk goods, the Deutsche Reichsbahn, before the Second World War, had Self-discharging wagons with lids ("Selbstentladewagen mit Klappdeckeln") built. They were designed as saddle wagons which enabled rapid gravity discharge.
	Since 1958, the Self-discharging wagon with swing-roof has been employed in large numbers in Europe. In the transport of hygroscopic bulk commodities, they have fully replaced both the wagon with opening roof and level floor (see above) as well as the standard covered wagon.
	Most of these wagons enable high-level side discharge and, like the open wagons with gravity discharge, there are two basic types:
	Even the main dimensions of the two UIC standard wagons are identical with those of the open goods wagons (Fcs and Fals):
	The wagons are normally reserved for one type of commodity in order to avoid having to clean them after use, but also because certain goods require the loading space to be lined in order to avoid them sticking to the walls or, with chemicals, to protect the walls from corrosion. Many Td wagons are exclusively used for the transport of foodstuffs and therefore bear the index letter "g".
	In addition there are special types for specific purposes, for example those with low-level apertures for gravity discharging (Class "T…oo…").
	The distinction with UIC Class U wagons is fluid. Especially when wagons do not conform to the UIC standard wagon or only have a roof hatch for loading instead of a movable roof, they count as special wagons. Many French grain wagons therefore have a 9 instead of a 0 in their wagon numbers.

= = = Joseph R. Jelinek = = =

	Joseph R. Jelinek (May 26, 1919—May 13, 1978) was a United States Army Brigadier General who served as Deputy Director of the Army National Guard.
	Joseph Richard Jelinek was born in Omaha, Nebraska on May 26, 1919. He attended Creighton University and in 1939 joined Company L, 134th Infantry Regiment, a unit of the Nebraska Army National Guard.
	Jelinek was a Corporal when his unit was activated for training in anticipation of United States entry into World War II. He graduated from Officer Candidate School in 1943 and received his commission as a Second Lieutenant of Infantry.
	He served in the Pacific Theater with the 32nd Infantry Division, and received the Bronze Star Medal, Purple Heart and Combat Infantryman Badge.
	Jelinek remained in the National Guard, primarily in command and staff positions with the 34th Infantry Division and the Nebraska Army National Guard.
	He served as Chief of the National Guard Bureau's Office of Plans, Policy and Programs from 1967 to 1969, and as the Executive Officer to the Chief of the National Guard Bureau from 1969 to 1971. From 1971 to 1973 he served on the staff in the Office of the Secretary of Defense.
	He was appointed Deputy Director of the Army National Guard in 1973 and promoted to Brigadier General. Jelinek served in this position until 1976.
	In addition to his World War II awards, Jelinek was a recipient of the Legion of Merit and the Meritorious Service Medal.
	In 1991 Jelinek was named to the Nebraska Army National Guard Regional Training Institute's Hall of Fame.
	Jelinek died in Fairfax, Virginia on May 13, 1978, following an extended illness. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, Section 11, Grave 681-1.
	In 1941 Jelinek married Eleanor Dreier (1921-1984). They were the parents of one daughter and four sons: Cindy; Donald Paul; Joseph Michael; Steven Richard; and David Alan.

= = = Roberto Roversi = = =

	Roberto Roversi (28 January 1923 – 14 September 2012) was an Italian poet, writer and journalist.
	Born in Bologna, he participated as an adolescent to the Italian resistance movement in Piedmont. From 1948 to 2006 he managed the antiquarian bookshop Libreria Palmaverda in Bologna.
	In 1955, together with Francesco Leonetti and Pier Paolo Pasolini, he founded the magazine "Officina". In 1961 he started another literary magazine, "Rendiconti". In the same period, Roversi decided to stop selling his works to large publishers, and distributed them autonomously, often in amateur printing editions.
	In the early 1970s Roversi edited the far-left newspaper "Lotta Continua". In 1973-1976, Roversi wrote lyrics for three albums by fellow Bolognese musician Lucio Dalla: "Il giorno aveva cinque teste", "Anidride solforosa" and "Automobili", the latter under the pseudonym Norisso. He also wrote lyrics for the Bolognese band Stadio, including "Chiedi chi erano i Beatles". His song "Anidride solforosa" was sung in the 1990s also by Francesco De Gregori and Angela Baraldi.
	Roversi died in 2012 in Bologna.

= = = Eagle's Nest Hill = = =

	Eagle's Nest Hill (Russian: Орлиное Гнездо) is a hill in the Russian city of Vladivostok.
	Previously called Klykova, the peak was renamed in honour of the Russian troops who fought at Mt. St Nicholas in the Shipka Pass during the Russo-Turkish war of 1878.
	Geologically the Eagle's Nest is an extinct volcano, part of the Sikhote Alin range.

= = = Mary Whately = = =

	Mary Whately may refer to:

= = = Wong Wai = = =

	Wong Wai (; born 27 August 1992 in Hong Kong) is a Hong Kong footballer who currently plays as a midfielder for Hong Kong Premier League club Eastern.
	Wong Wai studied in Yu Chun Keung Memorial College and graduated after form 5 study. He represented various youth levels of the national team.
	He joined Third Division club Sham Shui Po when he was young. In 2008, youth team members were all promoted to the club's first team in order to gain experience. In the first season, the club reached the final of Junior Shield, which they eventually lost 0–2 to Shatin. Wong Wai played 5 out of 6 games and scored a goal in the semi-finals.
	In his second season, he scored 12 goals throughout the season, including 3 goals in the promotion play-offs, which he helped the club gain promotion to the Second Division.
	Wong Wai helped the club gain promotion to the First Division for the first time in club history by scoring 12 goals in 19 games in the 2010–11 season. In the 2011–12 season, he failed to help the team prevent relegation to the Second Division, although he featured in most of the matches.
	He linked up with former Sham Shui Po player and manager Lee Chi Kin and joined Metro Gallery in July 2012.
	After the conclusion of his contract, Wong once again followed Lee Chi Kin, this time to newly promoted HKPL club Tai Po. He was revealed as a Tai Po player during the club's season kick off event on 19 July 2016.
	On 17 July 2019, it was revealed that Wong had left Tai Po at the end of his contract.
	On 27 September 2019, once again following Lee Chi Kin, Wong signed for Eastern. 
	He had represented the Hong Kong national under-19 football team and participated in the 2010 AFC U-19 Championship qualification held in Indonesia. He scored one goal in four games.
	On 16 February 2013, he received his first call-up from the senior team for the 2015 AFC Asian Cup qualification against Vietnam. However, he was excluded from the final squad announced on 15 March 2013.
	On 31 May 2013, he was included into the 20-men final squad for an international friendly match against the Philippines held on 4 June. He made his debut during the match, as he entered in the 77th minute as a substitute for Leung Chun Pong.

= = = Rao Kandhal = = =

	Rao Kandhal was the ruler of Chachabad (in the present day Rajasthan state of India). He was known as Rawat Kandhal, or Rao Kandhal, after being bestowed with the hereditary title of Rao by his elder brother, Rao Jodha. He was instrumental in wresting back Marwar from Rana Kumbha along with his brother and establishing the separate kingdom of Bikaner for his nephew Rao Bika. Later, he established his own principality of Chachabad and was killed in an ambush while fighting the Delhi Sultanate forces at the age of 73.
	While camping at village Chattriyan, near Sirsa, Rao Kandhal was ambushed by the forces of Bahlol Lodi. He called on his sons Rajsi and Sura for help, who were with him; however they fled leaving their father cornered. With only fifteen men around him, they gave fight with Rao Kandhal slaying nine men and drawing swords with Bahlol Lodi himself. The battle resulted in the death of the 73-year-old Rathore chief.
	Rao Bagha at the time was at Chachabad along with his son Rao Banir. Along with the forces of Rao Bika of Bikaner and Rao Jodha of Jodhpur, Rao Bagha led his forces against Bahlol Lodi and exacted revenge for his father's death. He was killed in this battle.
	After his death, instead of his grandson Rao Banir who was then a minor, the titles of Rao Kandhal went to Rao Rajsi (of Rajasar, later Rawatsar) owing to political intrigue. Rao Banir went to Sahawa, and later shifted his seat to Shivgarh Ghanghu where he finally settled. Many junior thikanas emerged from Shivgarh Ghanghu later on, including Churu, Ghantel, Lohsana, Karanpura, Depalsar, Dudwa, Lakhau, Jhariya, Jhanjhani, among others.

= = = Wizkid = = =

	Ayodeji Ibrahim Balogun (born 16 July 1990), known professionally as Wizkid (sometimes stylized as WizKid), is a Nigerian singer and songwriter. He started recording music at the age of 11 and managed to release a collaborative album with the Glorious Five, a group he and a couple of his church friends formed. Wizkid signed a record deal with Empire Mates Entertainment (E.M.E) in 2009. He rose to prominence after releasing "Holla at Your Boy", the lead single from his debut studio album "Superstar" (2011). "Tease Me/Bad Guys", "Don't Dull", "Love My Baby", "Pakurumo" and "Oluwa Lo Ni" were also released as singles from the "Superstar" album. In February 2014, Wizkid became the first ever Nigerian musician to have over 1 million followers on Twitter. "Ayo", his self-titled second studio album, was released in September 2014. It was supported by six singles: "Jaiye Jaiye", "On Top Your Matter", "One Question", "Joy", "Bombay" and "Show You the Money". Wizkid left E.M.E after his contract expired.
	In 2016, Wizkid achieved international recognition following his collaboration with Drake on the global hit, "One Dance", which reached number one in 15 countries, including the United States, United Kingdom, Canada and Australia. He signed a multi-album deal with RCA Records in March 2017. His third studio album "Sounds from the Other Side" was released on 14 July 2017. It serves as his major label debut and was primarily a Caribbean-influenced record. "SFTOS" was supported by five singles: "Daddy Yo", "Sweet Love", "Come Closer", "African Bad Gyal" and "Naughty Ride".
	In addition to his solo work, Wizkid has collaborated with several other artists and was featured on the hits "Brown Skin Girl" (with Beyonce), "Energy (Stay Far Away)" (with Skepta), "Sexy Mama" (with Iyanya), "Slow Down" (with R2Bees), "The Matter" (with Maleek Berry), "Pull Over" (with KCee) and "Bad Girl" (with Jesse Jagz). Moreover, he became the first Afrobeats artist to appear in the 2018 "Guinness World Records" for his contribution to "One Dance".
	Wizkid was born on 16 July 1990, in Surulere, Lagos. He grew up in an interfaith household with twelve female siblings. His mother is a Pentecostal Christian and his father practices Islam. Wizkid attended Ijebu Ode Grammar School and grew up listening to King Sunny Ade, Fela Kuti and Bob Marley. In a radio interview with Tim Westwood in 2012, he said his father has three wives. In another interview with Adesope of Factory 78 TV, Wizkid said he formed a group called the Glorious Five with a couple of his church friends. The group managed to release an album prior to disbanding. Wizkid went by the stage name Lil Prinz until 2006. He later met OJB Jezreel, a record producer who prevented him from recording for a year. While visiting OJB's Point Beat Studios frequently, he watched 2 Face Idibia record songs for his "Grass 2 Grace" album. He was also present during the recording sessions for Sound Sultan's debut album "Jagbajantis". He cited Naeto C as one of the people who mentored and coached him when he was 15 years old. Wizkid inked a record deal with Empire Mates Entertainment in 2009. He co-wrote "Omoge You Too Much", a song from Banky W.'s "The W Experience" album. He also worked with Naeto C, Ikechukwu and M.I while developing his craft. In mid-2009, he dropped out of Lagos State University (LASU). He later attended Lead City University, but dropped out after completing two sessions.
	Wizkid began recording his debut studio album "Superstar" in 2009. He released "Holla at Your Boy" as the album's lead single on 2 January 2010. The song earned him the Next Rated award at The Headies 2011. In addition to winning the award, he was awarded a 2012 Hyundai Sonata courtesy of the organizers. "Holla at Your Boy" was nominated for Best Pop Single at the aforementioned awards show. Its music video was nominated for Most Gifted Newcomer Video at the 2011 Channel O Music Video Awards.
	On 2 April 2010, Wizkid released "Tease Me/Bad Guys" as the album's second single. It was initially released as a freestyle. "Don't Dull", the album's third single, was released on 6 December 2010. "Superstar" was recorded in English and Yoruba. It was released on 12 June 2011, by Empire Mates Entertainment. The album incorporates elements of Afrobeats, R&B, dancehall and reggae. While working on "Superstar", Wizkid collaborated with record producers such as E-Kelly, Jay Sleek, Shizzi, DJ Klem, Masterkraft, Q-Beats and Samklef. The album features guest appearances from Banky W., Skales, D'Prince and Wande Coal. It was initially scheduled for release on 14 February 2011, but was later pushed back. On 12 June 2011, Wizkid hosted a launch party for the album at the Expo Hall of the Eko Hotel and Suites. The launch party featured performances from Banky W, Skales, 2face Idibia, Samklef, Wande Coal, D'Prince, Olamide, eLDee, Jesse Jagz, Ice Prince, Lynxxx and Seyi Shay. "Superstar" garnered Best Album of the Year at the 2012 Nigeria Entertainment Awards, and was nominated for Album of the Year at The Headies 2012.
	Wizkid toured London in 2012 and performed at the HMV Apollo on 4 June 2012. He worked with Banky W., Skales, Shaydee and Niyola to record E.M.E's compilation album "Empire Mates State of Mind" (2012). Following the album's release, E.M.E acts toured the United States. The tour kicked off in July and ended in September 2012. EME acts performed in several different cities, including Houston, Dallas, Toronto, Vancouver, New York City, Providence, Calgary, Atlanta, Washington DC and Chicago. On 12 November 2012, Wizkid performed at the BBC Radio 1Xtra Live 02 Academy in Brixton alongside Trey Songz, Tulisa, Kendrick Lamar and Angel.
	Wizkid recorded his second studio album "Ayo" between 2012 and 2014. It features guest appearances from Femi Kuti, Banky W., Seyi Shay, Phyno, Tyga, Akon and Wale. The album's production was handled by Sarz, Shizzi, Uhuru, Del B, Dokta Frabz, Maleek Berry, Legendury Beatz and Spellz. It was initially titled "Chosen". According to MTV Base, the album suffered from a pushed back release date. It was earlier reported that the album would feature Don Jazzy, Efya and Olamide. On 6 September 2014, Wizkid revealed the album's cover art and track listing. Prior to announcing plans for a second studio album, Wizkid had plans of releasing a mixtape in April 2013. In an interview with Ok!Nigeria TV at Disturbing Headquarters in London, he said the mixtape would be released in April. He also said it would feature Wale and Tinie Tempah. Wizkid later announced that he would be releasing his second studio album on 12 June 2013. In an interview with HipTV, Banky W revealed the album's initial title and commented on the delayed album. In addition, he gave an estimated time-frame for the album's release.
	On 2 May 2013, Wizkid released the album's lead single "Jaiye Jaiye". It features Grammy-nominated Nigerian musician Femi Kuti. Wizkid told Showtime Celebrity he collaborated with Femi Kuti in order to prevent people from depicting him as an artist whose lyrics revolve around girls, cars and materialistic things. On 17 October 2013, he performed at the 2013 edition of Felabration, a yearly concert dedicated to Fela Kuti. The Del B-produced "On Top Your Matter" was released as the album's second single on 26 October 2013. The music video for the song was shot and directed in South Africa by Sesan. On 2 November 2013, Wizkid performed at the Guinness Colorful World of More concert alongside D'banj, Tiwa Savage, P-Square, Davido, Ice Prince, Burna Boy, Olamide and Phyno. The concert took place at the Eko Convention Centre of the Eko Hotels and Suites. On 23 November 2013, he performed at the Guinness Big Eruption Concert.
	In July 2014, Wizkid visited The Beat 99.9 FM studio in Lagos and told Toolz he collaborated with Barbadian singer Rihanna. Wizkid was invited as a special guest for some shows in Tinie Tempah's tour of the UK in 2014.
	On 5 January 2015, Wizkid released the music video for "Ojuelegba", a song that highlights the struggles he endured in the early years of his recording career. The song's official remix features vocals from Drake and Skepta; it premiered on OVO Sound Radio in July 2015. Wizkid first announced that he was working on a new album during a visit to London in October 2014. He revealed "African Bad Gyal" as his collaborative single with Chris Brown and said it would be the lead single from his third studio album. In April 2015, both Wizkid and Chris Brown performed "African Bad Gyal" together at the latter's concert in Durban, South Africa. In May 2015, Wizkid released "Expensive Shit", an Afrobeats song built on light guitars, saxophone lines and acoustic percussion; the song was reported as being a likely inclusion on the album. In July 2015, Wizkid announced on Twitter that Angélique Kidjo would be featured on the album. In September 2015, he said he was dropping his EP and postponing the release of his third studio album. He made this announcement on Instagram shortly after the conclusion of 2Face Idibia's Fortified tribute concert.
	On 5 April 2016, Wizkid became Nigeria's first artist to emerge on Billboard’s Twitter Last 24 hours chart following his guest feature on Drake's Afrobeats-infused "One Dance" single, which charted at number 21. On 12 May 2016, the song reached number-one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, a position it kept for 10 non-consecutive weeks. "One Dance" went on to become an international smash hit, topping the charts in 15 different countries, including the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, France and Germany. The single thereby became Wizkid's first number-one single as a featured artist in these territories.
	On 5 June 2016, Wizkid released the promotional single "Like This". The song premiered on Drake's OVO Sound Radio in June 2016. It was produced by Amsterdam-based Ghanaian producer DJ Henry X. "Pitchfork" writer Sheldon Pearce said the song is a "frolicking, summery jam that revels in all the work he [Wizkid]’s put in." In May 2015, Wizkid joined Chris Brown on his "One Hell of a Nite" world tour.
	Wizkid released his third studio album "Sounds from the Other Side" on 14 July 2017. Primarily a Caribbean-influenced record, "SFTOS" encompasses several other genres, including Afrobeats, EDM, R&B, and house. The album features guest appearances from Drake, Major Lazer, Chris Brown, Ty Dolla Sign, Efya, Bucie and Trey Songz. Its production was handled by Sarz, Del B, Spellz, Dre Skull, DJ Mustard, Major Lazer, and the Picard Brothers. The album was made available for purchase and online streaming on several music platforms, including Apple Music, Amazon Music, Spotify, Deezer and Google Play. "SFTOS" debuted at number 107 on the US "Billboard" 200. It also debuted at number 58 on the Canadian Albums Chart. The album's release was preceded by three singles: "Daddy Yo" featuring Efya, "Sweet Love", and "Come Closer" featuring Drake. "African Bad Gyal" was released alongside the pre-order of the album on June 9, 2017, and "Naughty Ride" was released as a promotional track on June 23, 2017.
	In 2012, Wizkid signed a one-year endorsement deal with Pepsi reportedly worth 350,000 U.S dollars. He travelled to Beirut, Lebanon with Tiwa Savage for a Pepsi commercial shoot. On 28 May 2013, "Premium Times" reported that Wizkid signed a one-year deal with MTN Nigeria. The newspaper also reported that Wizkid's Pepsi contract was renewed for two additional years. In November 2013, Wizkid signed an endorsement deal with Guinness for the Guinness World of More concert, held at the Eko Convention Centre of the Eko Hotel and Suites in Victoria Island, Lagos. In June 2015, Pulse Nigeria reported that Wizkid ditched MTN and signed a ₦128 million deal with GLO.
	In February 2013, Wizkid tweeted a subliminal message and tweaked his Twitter account. He also moved out of the E.M.E mansion in Lagos and acquired his own home in the Lekki Phase 1 area. Prior to Wizkid's subliminal tweets, Banky W pacified fans by assuring them that nothing was amiss. Furthermore, it was reported that troubles within E.M.E started as early as the E.M.E All Stars concert in 2012. It was also reported that money was at the centre of the controversy. On 30 April 2013, "Nigerian Entertainment Today" reported that Wizkid and E.M.E reunited after contract negotiations. Wizkid departed E.M.E following the release of his second studio album and expiration of his 5-year contract. In a video interview with Capital Xtra in October 2019, Wizkid said he left E.M.E without any money.
	Wizkid established his label imprint Starboy Entertainment in March 2013. He revealed to Yvonne Ekwere of Silverbird Television that he planned on signing new acts to the label. In an interview with Showtime Celebrity, he said he established his own record label to give up-and-coming artists a platform to showcase their talent. In April 2013, Wizkid signed Maleek Berry and Legendury Beatz to his imprint. His work credits with the former include "Lagos to Soweto" and "The Matter". In May 2013, he unveiled photos of himself with the aforementioned acts signed. In August 2013, Wizkid debuted the music video for "Caro" and announced the signing of L.A.X. On 7 May 2016, Wizkid also announced the signings of Efya, R2Bees, and Mr Eazi; he made the announcement following his performance at the 17th edition of the Ghana Music Awards.
	Wizkid has three boy children with three different women.
	In August 2011, "Nigerian Entertainment Today" reported Wizkid fathered his first child at the age of 21. After a thorough investigation, the newspaper concluded Wizkid impregnated then-undergraduate student Sola Ogudugu. When the story broke out, close friends and associates of Wizkid didn't confirm the story due to DNA results that were pending at the time. Wizkid broke his silence on the story in several interviews. In an interview with a "Nigerian Entertainment Today" editor, he denied having a child. In another interview conducted in Ogudu-GRA, Lagos, he said he really doesn't want to find himself in that peculiar situation. In December 2012, Wizkid denied the baby scandal during an interview with Nonye Ben-Nwankwo of "The Punch". In October 2013, he uploaded a picture of he and his 2-year-old son, Boluwatife Balogun, onto his Instagram account. The photo confirmed the report published by "Nigerian Entertainment Today" in 2011.
	Wizkid became engulfed in rifts with several artists, including his erstwhile boss Banky W and former label mate Skales. Other artists include Davido, Dammy Krane, Saeon, Tonto Dikeh, Samklef and blogger Linda Ikeji.
	In an interview with Alex Frank of "Vogue" magazine in February 2015, Wizkid said he wears a mixture of street wear and traditional Nigerian clothes. He cited Pharrell Williams as one of his fashion style icons. Moreover, he revealed plans to establish a clothing line following the release of "Sounds from the Other Side".
	Wizkid's contributions to the Nigerian music industry have earned him several achievements. He received an ASCAP plaque for his songwriting contributions to Drake's "One Dance".

= = = Tyrolit = = =

	Tyrolit is an Austrian company that develops, manufactures and markets abrasive products as well as concrete sawing and drilling equipment. With 26 production locations on 5 continents, the TYROLIT group belongs to the world’s largest producers of bonded abrasives. The company is based in Schwaz, Tyrol, Austria. TYROLIT, a registered trademark, was named after the mineral Tyrolite, first described in 1845 in Tyrol.
	Tyrolit was co-founded on the 13th of February 1919 by Daniel Swarovski to manufacture grinding wheels for the production of Swarovski-Crystals. During World War I, the Swarovski Group was cut off from supplies of grinding wheels and was forced to develop and produce its own grinding wheels. After the war, it was decided to commercialize this activity and to start a separate company: Tyrolit was born.
	In 1950, the company relocated from the Swarovski Headquarters in Wattens to a new location in Schwaz. One of the largest drivers of growth of the company was the market launch of the glass fibre reinforced cut-off and grinding wheel SECUR in 1952. The glass fibre reinforcement greatly improved the security of the tools against centrifugal breakage.
	In 1991 Tyrolit acquired the US company Diamond Products and the Swiss company Hydrostress. These acquisitions added significant presence in the market for concrete drilling and sawing systems.
	Further major acquisitions took place in 2004 with the purchasing of the Czech company Carborundum Electrite, in 2009 with the purchasing of the US company Radiac and in 2014 with the purchasing of the South African company Grinding Techniques.
	The Tyrolit Group is organized in four divisions:
	The Tyrolit Group operates under the following brands:

= = = Kennedy J. Reed = = =

	Kennedy J. Reed is a theoretical atomic physicist in the Theory Group in the Physics & Advanced Technologies Directorate at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and a founder of the National Physical Science Consortium (NPSC), a group of about 30 universities that provides physics fellowships for women and minorities.
	Reed earned his Ph.D. at the University of Nebraska, was a professor of physics at Morehouse College, in Atlanta, Georgia and is known for his work related to ionization and atomic collisions in high temperature plasmas. He has published more than 100 papers.
	Demonstrating a commitment to improving the participation of minority and female students in the physical sciences, Dr. Reed has helped more than 100 such students to earn their doctorates and, through the NPSC consortium, awarded over 300 graduate fellowships.
	In 2003, Professor Reed received the American Physical Society’s John Wheatley Award. He was the recipient of the 2009 Presidential Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics and Engineering Mentoring and is a fellow of the American Physical Society from President Barack Obama.
	In 2011, he was awarded the distinction of being elected as a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
	He was president of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) from 2017 to October 2019 when he chose to step down for personal reasons. He also serves on the National Academy of Sciences Board on International Scientific Organizations and is a charter fellow and previous president of the National Society of Black Physicists.
	Named after Kennedy Reed for his outstanding contribution in theoretical physics, APS Farwest section established Kennedy Reed award for Best Theoretical Research to recognize the best research in theoretical physics by a graduate student in the annual meeting of APS Farwest section.
	Cited for his work in promoting physics research and education in Africa, and collaborative projects between African and African American scientists, Reed has been a visiting scientist at the Cheikh Anta Diop University in Senegal and at the University of Cape Coast in Ghana. He lectures at numerous other African universities and has organized numerous international scientific conferences connected with Africa.
	He has also organized U.S. visits for African physicists including formal meetings and presentations at universities and high-level meetings in Washington, DC with government agencies such as the National Science Foundation, USAID, American Astronomical Society, and United States National Research Council and is on the international advisory panel for the African School on Electronic Structure Methods and Applications.

= = = Ribbon category = = =

	In mathematics, a ribbon category, also called a tortile category, is a particular type of braided monoidal category.
	A monoidal category formula_1 is, loosely speaking, a category equipped with a notion resembling the tensor product (of vector spaces, say). That is, for any two objects formula_2, there is an object formula_3. The assignment formula_4 is supposed to be functorial and needs to require a number of further properties such as a unit object 1 and an associativity isomorphism. Such a category is called braided if there are isomorphisms
	A braided monoidal category is called a ribbon category if the category is left rigid and has a family of "twists". The former means that for each object formula_6 there is another object (called the left dual), formula_7, with maps
	such that the compositions
	equals the identity of formula_7, and similarly with formula_6. The twists are maps 
	such that
	To be a ribbon category, the duals have to be compatible with the braiding and the twists in a certain way.
	An example is the category of projective modules over a commutative ring. In this category, the monoidal structure is the tensor product, the dual object is the dual in the sense of (linear) algebra, which is again projective. The twists in this case are the identity maps. A more sophisticated example of a ribbon category are finite-dimensional representations of a quantum group.
	The name ribbon category is motivated by a graphical depiction of morphisms.
	A strongly ribbon category is a ribbon category C equipped with a dagger structure such that the functor †: C → C coherently preserves the ribbon structure.

= = = Blastobasis insularis = = =

	Blastobasis insularis is a moth in the family Blastobasidae. It is found on the Canary Islands and Madeira.

= = = Share My Love = = =

	Share My Love may refer to:

= = = USS Wild Cat (1822) = = =

	USS "Wildcat" was a two masted schooner of 48 tons and was part of a naval fleet, the "West Indies Squadron", that sailed to the Caribbean to subdue the occurrence of pirate raids on merchant ships that had increased to almost 3,000 by the early 1820s. She was armed with three guns and had a crew of 31. "Wildcat" was commanded by Lieutenant Legare' who sailed her to Washington with a dispatch regarding the disposition of the squadron and other matters concerning the war against piracy in the Caribbean. On 28 October 1824 "Wildcat" was lost in a gale with all hands while sailing between Cuba and Thompson's Island, West Indies. Approximately 31 drowned. 

= = = Saarbahn = = =

	The Saarbahn is a regional Stadtbahn operating on the tram-train principle in the German state of the Saarland. It consists of a core line in Saarbrücken and Riegelsberg operating under tram operating procedures (BOStrab), connected to two lines that are operated under railway operating procedures (EBO), the Lebach–Völklingen railway to the north and the Saarbrücken–Sarreguemines railway in the south. "Stadtbahn Saar GmbH" is responsible for the infrastructure of the central section of line, while the outer tracks are operated by the national railway infrastructure companies, DB Netz AG in Germany and Réseau Ferré de France in France. "Saarbahn GmbH" is the train operating company for the whole system.
	The route of the new line of the Saarbahn that was opened in central Saarbrücken in 1997 is essentially line 5 of the Saarbrücken tramway, which was closed in 1965. This line ran between Rastpfuhl and Schafbrücke and was the last line of the old metre-gauge network.
, the current network operates on of route, and serves 43 stations.
	The first considerations of building a regional rail network in and around Saarbrücken began in the 1990s. The bus service in central Saarbrücken then ran at such a high density that the vehicles sometimes operated at one-minute intervals. Following the example of the Karlsruhe model, which had operated with great success since 1992, the Saarland began to plan to build a regional Stadtbahn. The core of the concept was the building of an inner-city railway line, while the outer branches would share the existing Deutsche Bahn railway infrastructure. As early as 1992, it borrowed a light rail vehicle from the Karlsruhe Stadtbahn and ran it on the Fürstenhausen–Gersweiler Bahnhof–Saarbrücken Messebahnhof route on the Rossel Valley Railway ("Rosseltalbahn"), south of the Saar.
	Before the opening of the Saarbrücken city centre line, there was a trial operation between Saarbrücken Central Station ("Hauptbahnhof") and Hanweiler with Saarbahn vehicles. However, as it was still in the Deutsche Bahn timetable, replacing the previously locomotive-hauled trains on this section, it was operated by Deutsche Bahn. This forward operation began on 29 September 1997 and ended on 24 October 1997, the opening day of the new line through the city centre.
	On 24 October 2007, the Saarbrücken Stadtbahn celebrated its tenth train anniversary. Since inception more than 100 million passengers had been carried, almost twice as many as originally planned. Thus, it had become a great success as a model for other cities considering the establishment of a light railway.
	The core of the Saarbahn—the new line between Brebach station and Ludwigstraße—was put into operation on 24 October 1997, after just under two and a half years of construction. Since its opening, there has been a system separation point between Römerkastell and Brebach station. This is a 90-metre-long non-energised section of the overhead line, which is traversed using momentum, while the vehicle's electric system automatically switches to the other system. Saarbahn railcars coming from central Saarbrücken change from 750 volts DC to 15,000 volts AC and run via Kleinblittersdorf to Sarreguemines, Lorraine. The French section from the border station at Hanweiler has been equipped with the German electric system since 1983. The first light rail vehicle that reached Saarguemines was two-system railcar 810 of the Albtal-Verkehrs-Gesellschaft (AVG), which ran there on 11 September 1993 during a presentation ride.
	The extension in the northerly direction took place in several stages. It was extended to Cottbuser Platz on 31 July 1999, to Siedlerheim on 13 November 2000, to Riegelsberg Süd on 24 September 2001 and to Walpershofen/Etzenhofen on 26 September 2009. Construction of the Riegelsberg Süd–Walpershofen/Etzenhofen section, required the contribution of additional costs of around €630,000 per year (an amount that was until recently disputed) from the city of Saarbrücken, the municipality of Riegelsberg and indirectly from the Saarland. Clearing work was performed on the former route of the Koller Valley Railway (Lebach–Völklingen railway) through Walpershofen and Dilsburg in January and February 2009, the railway overpass in the center of Walpershofen was renewed in 2009/10 and the reactivation of Heusweiler Markt was largely completed in the summer of 2011. This stretch of track was inaugurated on 30 October 2011.
	Although another system separation point between BOStrab and EEO was instituted at Walpershofen in 2011, the electrical system does not change there because the electric system for the Saarbahn on the Koller Valley Railway also runs at 750 volts DC.
	With the exception of a small section between Riegelsberg-Güchenbach and Walpershofen/Etzenhofen over which the Saarbahn runs in an east-west direction along the Russenweg (L 267), which had never been used by a railway, the Saarbahn follows two very different historical railway lines:
	From Saarbrücken through the Köllertaler Wald (Köller valley forest) and Riegelsberg to Riegelsberg-Güchenbach, Saarbahn follows the course of the historical Riegelsberg tramway: an interurban tram line from St.Johann/Saarbrücken via Riegelsberg to Heusweiler, which was opened in 1907. The line broadly followed today's federal highway 268, which also continues directly from Güchenbach to Heusweiler. The line served the mines in Heusweiler-Dilsburg and Von der Heydt. The tramway was replaced by trolleybuses in 1953 and was replaced in turn by diesel-powered buses in 1964.
	After the new section between Riegelsberg-Güchenbach and Walpershofen/Etzenhofen, the Saarbahn reaches, at the Walpershofen/Etzenhofen stop, the line of the former Koller Valley Railway, over which it continues north through Walpershofen to its temporary terminus at Heusweiler Markt.
	A extension of the current line, from the current northern terminus, Heusweiler Markt, north to Lebach-Jabach opened for service on 5 October 2014. This extension will expand the Saarbahn line to cover a total of of route.
	Currently the cross-city route is operated as line S1 between Heusweiler Markt and Sarreguemines, with services every 7.5 minutes during the day on the core section between Siedlerheim and Brebach station. Originally, a five-minute interval service was planned for the central area, but this was rejected because it would have led to operational problems. On the sections using rail tracks between Brebach and Kleinblittersdorf and between Heusweiler Markt and Siedlerheim there is a 15-minute interval service and on the Kleinblittersdorf–Sarreguemines section services operate every 30 minutes only in the morning and every 60 minutes at other times.
	In the off peak hour, services operate at 15-minute intervals in the central section, every 30 minutes to Kleinblittersdorf or Siedlerheim and every 60 minutes to Sarreguemines. In the morning peak for professional and school transport and in the afternoon peak, coupled vehicles are used, otherwise single sets are operated. The Saarbahn carries approximately 40,000 passengers daily.
	Currently there are 28 Flexity Link tram-trains in use, which were manufactured by Bombardier in Vienna and Bruges. Six sets were temporarily loaned to Kassel, where they operated trial runs for RegioTram Kassel. From the timetable change in December 2009, three tram-trains were lent to the Stadtbahn Karlsruhe for use on line S9.
	A line is proposed towards Schafbrücke. Another proposal would include an extension via Burbach to Völklingen station, but this plan has been put on hold, as the effects of mining have to be remedied first. Other plans include an extension to the University, to Rotenbühl, to Alt-Saarbrücken, to Forbach and to Eschberg. , no work has been carried out on any of these proposals.

= = = Thalheim-Altikon railway station = = =

	Thalheim-Altikon railway station is a railway station in the Swiss canton of Zurich and municipality of Thalheim an der Thur. It takes its name from Thalheim and the adjoining municipality of Altikon. The station is located on the Winterthur to Etzwilen line and is served by Zurich S-Bahn line S29, which links Winterthur and Stein am Rhein.

= = = 2013 ISAF Women's Match Racing World Championship = = =

	The 2013 ISAF Women's Match World Championship was held in Busan, South Korea between June 4 and June 9, 2013.

= = = Galef = = =

	Galef is a surname of Ashkenazic origin. Notable people with the surname include:

= = = Jean Nicolle = = =

	Jean Nicolle (1610 - 1650) was a French Norman painter.
	Jean Nicolle, born in Louviers in 1610. Not much is known about his life except through his works. Some of his paintings decorate the choir of Notre-Dame de Louviers, others are at the City Museum.

= = = Battle of Brenta = = =

	The Battle of Brenta was fought between the cavalry of the Kingdom of Italy under king Berengar I and the Hungarians, hired by the East Francian king Arnulf of Carinthia, against him, at an unidentified location in northern Italian Peninsula along the river Brenta on 24 September 899. It was one of the earliest battles of the Hungarian invasions of Europe. The result was a crushing defeat for Berengar I, opening the following raids for the Hungarians against Italy. The Hungarian invasion resulted in the burning of many cities, like Feltre, Vercelli, Modena and monasteries like the monastery in Nonantola, and attacking even Venice, however without success.
	In the meantime Berengar's arch enemy, Arnulf of Carinthia died in December 899, as a result the Hungarians, whom he hired against the Italian king, left the kingdom in the next year with all their plunders, not before concluding peace with Berengar, who gave them many hostages and "gifts". On their way home the Hungarians made an "amphibious assault", a unique achievement from an exclusively land army in the pre-modern times, crossing the Adriatic Sea in order to attack Venice.
	In some historians' opinion the returning army had a role also in the conquering of Pannonia, as part of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin, from the Bavarians by the Hungarians in late 900.
	Many contemporary sources mention this battle, like the "Chronicon" of Regino of Prüm, the "Annales Fuldenses", the "Chronicon Sagornini" of John the Deacon, "Catalogus abbatum nonantulorum", etc. The most important source is "Antapodosis, seu rerum per Europam gestarum", written by Liutprand of Cremona, which gives the most detailed description of the events which led to the battle and battle itself.
	At the end of the IX. century the Carolingian Empire of Charlemagne was long gone, in its place remained three kingdoms (West Francia, East Francia, Kingdom of Italy), led by kings of Carolingian bloodline, which disputed the supremacy among them. Arnulf of Carinthia, the son of the East Francian king Carloman, who became German king in 887, wanted to recreate the Carolingian Empire, thus in 894, as result of his Italian campaign, became King of Italy, and in 896 he was even crowned as Holy Roman Emperor at Rome by the pope. To his goals in Italy he was helped by Berengar of Friuli, the grandson of Charlemagne, who after 898 started to see himself more worthy for the title of emperor, because he considered himself as a truer Carolingian than Arnulf, considering the latter to be an illegitimate son of Carloman. 
	Berengar was king of Italy from 888 but lost his lands to Guy III of Spoleto who proclaimed himself king of Italy and emperor. Berengar was saved by the intervention of Arnulf of Carinthia in 894, defeating Guy of Spoleto, who died shortly after. Arnulf in 896, crowned himself as King of Italy (and emperor), but named his illegitimate son Ratold as sub-king of Italy. Ratold and Berengar agreed to divide Italy between themselves, but shortly after they started to fight for supremacy. Ratold died unexpectedly, so Berengar remained as single ruler, and started to aspire for the title of emperor. Aware of this, Arnulf, very ill, could not go personally in campaign in Italy, but concluded an alliance with the leaders of the Hungarians, who in 895-896 occupied the Eastern parts of the Carpathian Basin, convincing them to send an army to attack Berengar. Arnulf was accused by enemies that he concluded the alliance with the Hungarians by cutting a dog and a wolf in two. This was the way of making alliances by the nomadic people, the parties swearing that they will keep the alliance, and cursed themselves to die like the animals they cut in a half, if they break their oath. So, probably beside the Christian way, about which the chronicles do not write anything, Arnulf had to conclude this alliance also in the Hungarians "pagan" way. This shows that Arnulf was aware of the Hungarian danger for the Eastern provinces of his realm: mainly the March of Pannonia. So with this alliance had two purposes: to punish Berengar and to divert their energies far away from Pannonia, so at least for a while he could be assured that they will not attack him. And of course, maybe he hoped that these two dangerous neighbours will weaken each other.
	Hungarian armies never went to Italy before. Military intelligence was one of the most important features of nomadic warfare. Starting a war without knowing the enemies power, number of soldiers, will to fight, etc., was unimaginable in the nomadic societies. This is why in late October 898 they sent a light armored, quick moving small unit on reconnaissance, which crossed Pannonia on their way to Northern Italy, then arrived in Italy in Friuli. They camped three days with their tents near the river Brenta, sending their scouts in small groups to reconnoitre the land, its wealth, the number and the fighting spirit of the enemy troops, the routes of attack and retreat, the places which can be chosen as battlefields, where the most spoils are to find, the number of the cities, castles and the strength of their defence system. It is certain that the place of the future battle was chosen during this minor incursion. We do not know the exact numbers of this scout unit, but according to Marco Polo, in the Mongolian Empire the reconnaissance units were composed of 200 riders. So we can presume that the Hungarian scout unit, which went in 898 into Italy, had a number around 100-200. After three days the small groups they sent in every direction, returned, analyzed the information they gained, then returned home.
	As Liutprand of Cremona mentions, after returning home, the Hungarians used the winter to prepare their weapons, sharpen their arrowheads, and to teach to the youth how to fight. Then in 899, a Hungarian army, crossing Pannonia, headed to Italy. The historians do not agree about the road they took. Gyula Kristó argues that they bypassed Pannonia, and went westwards following the courses of the rivers Sava and Drava, and entering Italy near Aquileia, on the road named after them "Strata Hungarorum", due to the fact that they used it so often during the next decades and centuries. According to István Bóna, the Hungarian army, with the permission of Arnulf, crossed Pannonia, then headed towards Italy on the ancient road Via Gemina, which linked the ancient cities Celeia, Ljubljana and Aquileia, arrived in Italy. The historians' opinions differ also about the period of the year in which the Hungarian army arrived to Italy. According to Kristó, basing on the account of Liutprand, they arrived in February–March. Bóna believes, according to the account of "Catalogus abbatum nonantulorum" that they arrived in August 899.
	They entered Italy they passed next to the big walls of Aquileia, without attacking it, then scattered in smaller units, spread in many directions, attacking the surroundings of Treviso, Vicenza, Verona, Brescia, Bergamo, Milano, Pavia, destroying Feltre, one of their unit reaching in the West even the Great St Bernard Pass. Usually the Hungarian nomadic warriors did not attack the castles and big cities surrounded by walls, because they were not skilled in sieges, and having no siege machinery, so they plundered and burned monasteries, gathering spoils in the way.
	As Liutprand of Cremona mentions, hearing about the apparition of the Hungarians in his kingdom, Berengar I. was very surprised how this army from a nation, about which he never heard of, appeared so suddenly. Then he sent envoys and letters in every corners of his country demanding to everybody to send their troops to him to fight the Hungarians. After all his troops gathered his army became three times bigger than the Magyar army. According to "Chronicon Sagornini" of John the Deacon, the Italian army was 15,000, so we can conclude, that the Hungarians were 5,000. This number could be exaggerated, like the medieval chroniclers often did with the numbers of the armies, but the affirmation that the Italians were three times more than the Hungarians, has no reason not to be accepted, because usually the chroniclers exaggerate the number of the enemy armies and diminish the number of the troops of their own, so we can accept that the Italians heavily outnumbered the Hungarians. Noticing his superiority, Berengar started to think too much of himself, and instead of attacking the Hungarian army immediately, he spent his time in a town carousing with his men. This gave time to the Hungarian troops, scattered to plunder in every corner of the Italian kingdom, to retreat towards the gathering place, one precisely not specified place on the bank of the river Brenta, which, as shown before, probably was chosen from the beginning to be the place of the battle. Seeing this, king Berengar thought that they were frightened from the number of his troops, and started to chase them, thinking that he already won. His mounted troops even managed to surprise a Hungarian troop and force it to cross in haste the river Adda causing the drowning of many of them. But generally the retreat was a success, because the Hungarians light armors and weapons (the commoners, who usually made the pillaging raids, wear no or just leather armours, only the leaders had lamellar armours, their weapons were always composite bows, the hand-to-hand weapons were sabres, and rarely battle axes or maces) enabled their horses to be more rapid than the heavy armored and weaponed Carolingian type Italian cavalry. The Hungarians retreated on the old Roman road Via Postumia towards the future battlefield.
	The Hungarians retreat also served as was part of their psychological warfare, which had the goal to induce self-confidence in Berengar and the belief that he already won the war against them, with this lulling his vigilance. To augment this they sent envoys to Berengar, which promised that they will renounce to all of their plunders, and asked only their safe return to their homeland, but the over confident Berengar and his commanders refused this, believing that it will be an easy task to make them all prisoners. Although the chronicler Liutprand believes that the Hungarians were frightened, hopeless, and just wanted to escape alive, but the modern historians realized that this was only a clever role playing in order to induce the Italians in the mood, which eased their future defeat. The role playing of the Hungarian army was almost exposed when the Italian vanguard reached the Hungarian rearguard at the "wide fields" of Verona and forced it to fight, and the Magyars were forced to defeat the Italians, in order to escape, although probably it was not among the commanders' plans to expose their strength before the final battle. But when Berengar's main forces arrived, the Hungarian rearguard ran away, continuing its retreat. But Berengar did not took this sign too serious, and continued to chase the fleeing Hungarians.
	After this long pursuit, on 24 September 899, the Hungarians and the Italians arrived to the river Brenta, after the "most ingenious planned flight of the world history", as István Bóna points. He probably names this retreat so, because of the multiple results it produced: 
	The nomadic armies used the tactic of feigned retreat very often in the ancient and medieval times, and the Hungarians were masters of it, using it in many battles of the period of their invasions of Europe (899-970). Liutprand mentions that the horses of the Hungarians were very tired, but they had the strength to cross the river before the Italians arrived, so Brenta separated the two armies from each other. The heavily armored Italians could not pass the river so easily, so they remained on the other side, and both armies assembled their battle lines on the both sides of the river.
	Then the Hungarians again sent envoys to the Italian side, this time with even more alluring propositions for the Italians; in return for their safe return home, they promised to give them everything: prisoners, equipment, weapons, horses, keeping only one for each of them for their homecoming. To show how serious they are about this proposal, they promised that they will never return to Italy, and as guarantees for this, they will send their own sons to the Italians. With these exaggerate but still unacceptable promises (knowing that Berengar will not accept their departure after the destruction they caused, and would want to take them all prisoners), the Hungarians managed to totally convince the king that their fate depends only from his goodwill. So the Italians responded harshly, threatening them, probably wanting their total surrender.
	The Hungarians waited for this moment. The Italians assembled a fortified camp, which however was not sufficiently guarded, left their guard down, and many of them started to eat and drink, to refresh after the long and exhausting pursuit, waiting the continuation of the negotiations, because Berengar thought that the Magyars are too weak and tired to fight, so they are at his mercy. But at the other side of the Brenta river was probably not only the tired, pursued Magyar army group, but other Hungarian troops too which at the start of the campaign, were sent in other directions to plunder, and in the meantime they returned for the battle, and also those who remained in their permanent camp placed in that very place from the beginning of the campaign, because it was chosen a year ago in their reconnaissance incursion. In their campaigns in Europe, the Hungarians in every country they stayed longer, chose a place to be their permanent camp during their stay in the region (in 926 the Abbey of Saint Gall, in 937 in France the Abbey of Saint Basolus near Verzy, in the same year the meadows of Galliano near Capua, where they stood for 12 days), so knowing these, it is highly probable, that the principal camp and the rallying point of the Hungarians was on the meadows near the Brenta river. So, without Berengar's knowledge, on the other side of the river were a great number of fresh troops with fresh horses, which just waited to start the battle.
	When the Italians were totally unaware and relaxed, the Hungarians sent three troops to cross the river on some remote places, and to place themselves on different strategical points around the Italian camp. When these units took their places, the main Hungarian army crossed the river, at an area away from the detection of the Italians, and directly charged the unsuspecting Italians outside the camp, starting a massacre among them.
	The majority of the Italians were in the fortified camp, eating and drinking, when the three Hungarian units sent in ambush, encircled the camp and started to shoot arrows, and caught the Italians so off guard, that Liutprand writes that many of them still ate in the moment, when the Hungarians arrows, or lances pierced the food in their throats. Of course, Liutprand could be exaggerating when he writes that the Italians were killed with the food in their throats, but nevertheless he expresses with this image the total surprise caused by the Hungarian attack to the Italians. This simultaneous attack on the Italians inside and outside of the camp, prevented them from helping each other. The Hungarians who attacked the camp, destroyed the defences preventing the Italians from barricading themselves in the camp, shot continuously arrows on the Italians trapped in it, and probably waited for the main army to finish the Italians outside, then they stormed together inside the fortified camp, because the Italians, due to their surprise and terror, were in impossibility to organize a defence of it, and started a slaughter. The Italians were totally off guard, and was impossible for them to organize a resistance, being caught in this way, so the only option was to flee. But when some of them arrived to the place where their horses were camped, they saw that it was already taken by Hungarian warriors, so these Italians were massacred by them. Probably one of the three Hungarian units sent before to encircle the Italian camp had the duty to occupy the stables before the battle even started.
	Some Italians tried to stay away from the little pockets of fight, where groups of their fellows tried to resist, hoping that if they show themselves peaceful and friends to the Hungarians, they will be spared, but they too were massacred.
	The Hungarians, after crushing all tiny attempts of resistance, showed no mercy to the Italians, who in the course of the days spent in chasing them, then after their arriving to the Brenta river, when they sent their envoys asking for an agreement, insulted them so many times, so they killed even those who wanted to surrender.
	The number of the Italian losses was huge. Annales Fuldenses show the number of the Italians killed as 20,000 men. This is of course an exaggerated number, knowing that the Italian army composed maximum 15,000 men, but shows that the losses were really high. "Catalogus abbatum nonantulorum" writes about thousands of Christian deaths, the "Chronicon" of Regino of Prüm writes about the uncountable masses of the people killed with arrows, or "Chronicon Sagornini" of John the Deacon points that "few of them [the Italians] turned back home". The Hungarian losses were low, since they encountered almost no resistance.
	King Berengar managed to escape to Pavia, changing his dress with the clothing of one of his soldiers.
	This battle is a vivid example of the ingenuity and the multitude of methods and strategies which the armies of the nomadic societies used in order to achieve victory including choosing the right battlefield which assured superiority over the enemy days or weeks before the battle, deceiving military moves, psychological warfare, the importance of surprise attacks and preponderance of archery in the battle.
	After this victory the whole Italian Kingdom lied on the mercy of the Hungarians. With no Italian army to oppose them, the Hungarians decided to spend the mild winter in Italy, continuing to attack monasteries, castles and cities, trying to conquer them, like they did before they had started to be chased by Berengar's army.
	On 13 December 899 they attacked Vercelli, where the bishop of Vercelli and archchancellor of the Carolingian Empire, Liutward, trying to escape them, taking with him his treasures, accidentally stumbled upon them, so he was killed and his treasures taken away. On 26 January 900 they conquered Modena, and two days later the Abbey of Nonantola, where they burned the monastery and the church, and killed monks.
	In the meantime, on 8 December 899, emperor Arnulf died in Regensburg, so the alliance between East Francia and the Principality of Hungary lost its validity. The Hungarian envoys sent from the new home of the Hungarians, the eastern part of the Carpathian Basin, to negotiate the renewal of the alliance, were seen as spies by the guardian and councillor of the new king, the 6 year old Louis the Child, Hatto I, Archbishop of Mainz and his advisers, and sent home, having achieved nothing. This started a state of war between the two political communities, so the Principality of Hungary needed the Hungarian army from Italy, which, because they became an important task in the conquest of Pannonia, which was planned by the Hungarians. They had to attack the Bavarian province from South West in the same time when another Hungarian army attacked it from East.
	Before the Hungarians left Italy, in the spring of 900, they concluded peace with Berengar, who gave them in exchange for they departure hostages, and money for the peace. After this defeat, or at the latest from 904, Berengar started to pay them tribute regularly, and until his death in 924, and in exchange the Hungarians helped him against every enemies that he had. As Liuprand writes, the Hungarians became Berengar's friends. It seems that, in time, some of the Hungarian leaders became his personal friends.
	On their way back home, the Hungarians accomplished a military performance, which was never even tried by a land army in the history. Having no ships, boats or any kind of water crafts, on 29 June 900, they "embarked" on a sea campaign against Venice. As "Chronicon Sagornini" of John the Deacon writes that with their horses and "leather ships" to attack first the cities from the coast, then also the city of Venice itself. The "leather ship" here refer to an animal skin (goat, sheep, maybe cow) tied up to form something like a huge bota bag, filled with air, tied on their horses sides, which helped the warrior and his horse to float, with which the Hungarians and the warriors of other nomadic societies usually used to cross rivers. They first attacked and burned the coastal towns like Equilio, Cittanova, Fine, Capo d'Argine, then tying the filled animal skins to their horses, they crossed the waters of the Lagoon of Venice, and sacked the island town of Chioggia, which was a part of the Dogado (homeland of the Republic of Venice). Then on the day of the martyrdom of Saint Peter and Saint Paul (29 June), on their "leather ships", they tried to enter Rialto and Malamocco, but before they reached the islands, on the place called Albiola the doge of Venice Pietro Tribuno met them with the Venetian war fleet, forcing them to retreat. Although they lost this unusual sea battle, the Hungarians achieved something what was never done by a land army: attacking islands lying in the sea. And although the attack from 29 June was unsuccessful, they succeeded in the attack on the island of Chioggia. This attack was not a violation of the agreement with Berengar, because at that time Venice was not part of the Italian kingdom, but was an autonomous republic under Byzantine influence.
	Historians disagree about the route taken by which the army returned to the Hungarian lands. On one hand György Szabados believes that the Hungarian army turned back home from Italy without entering Pannonia, avoiding it from the south, because in his opinion they were exhausted of continuous fighting in Italy in the last year, and were loaded up with plunders, so they would not be capable to accomplish such an important mission. The same opinion had György Györffy too in 1974.
	On the other hand, Gyula Kristó and István Bóna think that the Hungarian army returning from Italy took part in the conquest of Pannonia, but in different ways. Kristó believes that the returning Hungarian army had the task only to plunder the land, weakening the capability of the inhabitants to withstand the final attack, then crossed the Danube, turning home, and after that two new Hungarian armies, coming from East accomplished the occupation. Bóna believes that the returning Hungarian army played an active role in the conquest of Pannonia, coming from the southwest, when other armies coming from east, from the Eastern part of the Carpathian Basin, crossed the Danube, attacking it from the north and east. He thinks that the Hungarian army came back from Italy because they received an order from home to come help in the conquering of Pannonia, accomplishing it with an encircling movement.

= = = Leaf (payment platform) = = =

	Leaf Holdings, Inc., also known as Leaf, is a platform technology that serves as a central hub for small business commerce. The Leaf platform consists of a tablet computer built specifically for Point of Sale (POS), and a cloud-based software tool for business management, analytics, and customer engagement. Leaf is designed to help retail stores, restaurants, and other small businesses improve the speed and ease of checkout, and to help business owners obtain better insight into, and control over their operations.
	Leaf was founded in January 2011 by Aron Schwarzkopf and Sebastian Castro and is financially backed by angel investors. Schwarzkopf graduated from Babson College with a degree in entrepreneurship in 2010 and a vague idea of how he wanted to revolutionize the way local companies do business in a world increasingly shifting to the cloud. Since then, he has led Leaf from an idea on a napkin through the introduction of its built-for-business tablet in late 2012, to a platform that processes more than $30 million a year in payments. Leaf started in the Boston metro market and recently revealed plans to move into more than 12 US markets in 2013.
	The Leaf platform is made up of three distinct pieces that work together to serve as the hub for small business commerce: The LeafPresenter, LeafBusiness, and the Leaf App Store.

= = = David L. Soltz = = =

	David Lee Soltz is an American environmental biologist and the 18th President of Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania.
	Stolz studied as an undergraduate at University of California, Berkeley, and received his PhD in biology in 1974 from the University of California, Los Angeles, with a doctoral dissertation on variation in the life history and social organization of Nevada pupfish populations. After receiving his PhD, he joined the faculty of California State University at Los Angeles, eventually serving as Dean of its College of Natural and Social Sciences. He then served as Provost and senior vice president for academic affairs at Central Washington University in Ellensburg, Washington from 2001 to 2007. In November 2007, he was appointed President of Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania and took up his post in January 2008.

= = = Theodore C. Almquist = = =

	Theodore C. Almquist (November 29, 1941 – April 22, 2010) was a Brigadier General in the United States Air Force.
	From 1966 to 1967, Almquist was a dental intern at Wilford Hall Medical Center at Lackland Air Force Base. Afterwards, he was assigned to RAF Upper Heyford in England until 1970, at which time he returned to Wilford Hall Medical Center.
	In 1972, Almquist became the chief dentist assistant director of general medical practices at Chanute Air Force Base. He remained there until 1975 when he was stationed at Ramstein Air Force Base in West Germany.
	From June 1976 to June 1978 he was stationed at Hessich Oldendorf Germany.
	In 1978, Almquist again returned to Wilford Hall Medical Center. Two years later, he was assigned to Brooks Air Force Base. From 1984 to 1988, Almquist was Director of Dental Service at Offutt Air Force Base. Later, he was named Command Dental Surgeon for Alaskan Air Command and Base Dental Surgeon at Elmendorf Air Force Base.
	Almquist became Assistant Surgeon General for Dental Services of the Air Force and assumed command and Chairman of the first region of Tricare in 1995. He retired in 1998.
	Awards he received during his career include the Legion of Merit, the Meritorious Service Medal with four oak leaf clusters, the Air Force Commendation Medal, the Outstanding Unit Award with three oak leaf clusters and the National Defense Service Medal with service star.
	Having been diagnosed with colon cancer two years earlier, Almquist died in his sleep on the morning of April 22, 2010.

= = = Dave Garrison = = =

	David (Dave) H. Garrison is the Host of the Faith & Liberty Talk Show, an American businessman, lawyer, and former Republican candidate for Congress from Texas. Garrison received national attention for his 2012 bid for United States Congress in the 25th district of Texas.
	Garrison earned his Bachelor of Arts from the University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown Pre-Law (Political Science & History double major) in 1988. He earned his Doctor of Jurisprudence degree from South Texas College of Law in 1997.
	He has been licensed to practice law in the State of Texas since 1997.
	Garrison was a senior executive with several companies including Halliburton Corporation and Brown & Root Inc. At Halliburton he worked for several years under former Vice President Dick Cheney who was Halliburton's CEO. Garrison was directly responsible for many of Halliburton's international operations in more than fifty-six countries with 4500 subordinates. He also, has over thirty-eight years of business experience primarily as a senior executive with Fortune 100 companies such as USAA Inc., In January 2008, Dave retired as the Executive Vice President of Corporate Services for USAA Inc. where he had responsibility for many aspects of corporate operations.
	Dave is also the author of over 100 newspaper columns published in the Washington Examiner, Gannett Newspapers, and The Circleville Herald
	Garrison ran for U.S. Congress in 2012 (TX-R CD25) where he was one of the leading candidates in a field of twelve candidates. Dave received the only A+ rating from Heritage Alliance and the Texas Eagle Forum. Further, Dave received the highest ratings possible from the National Right to Life (NRLC) and the National Rifle Association (NRA).
	He came in fourth in the Republican primary on May 29, 2012, with slightly less than 12% of the vote, being beaten by Wes Riddle and Roger Williams, who advanced to the run-off; Williams was elected in November 2012.
	Garrison teaches in the Ohio Christian University Business program, where he created new majors, conducted a regular Rome, Italy study abroad program, added a Business plan competition and developed a Business Advisory Council. He was named as the “Faculty of the Year” for 2010/2011 for Ohio Christian University.
	He is the Dean of the School of Business & Government Department for Ohio Christian University. He is also the founder, producer, and host for the Faith & Liberty Talk Show (a podcast), a production of the Ohio Christian University Business & Government Department. The Faith & Liberty Talk Show premiered on January 18, 2013. During the show, he interviews many different nationally known authorities who have had significant accomplishments in politics, literature, business, economics, religion, and many other areas relevant to Christians engaging the political and civil arena.

= = = Sambha gompa = = =

	Kamtsang Dargye Choekhorling Monastery, known locally as Sambha (Samba, Sampa) gompa (goenpa), is situated in Mustang district, Tukuche Village development committee (VDC), in the Western Development Region, Nepal. It is about within Tukuche town on the Annapurna trekking route/ gravel road from Pokhara to Jomsom in the Dhaulagiri zone. In 2013 the local higher secondary school, Shree Yogendra HSS was being expanded, and the entrance to the gompa is within the school site; off the main Beni Jomson road, west of the Kali Gandaki river.
	The founder of Sambha gompa is understood to have come from the DoKham area of Tibet, but his name is unknown. He lived in the village of Tukuche for some time and died during a period of mediation. Seven days after his death he became a rainbow body confirming his achievement of enlightenment. In 1935 the gompa was re-established by members of the Tulachan family.
	The first and second incarnations (tulku) are understood to have been born into the Kharghar caste and came from Tibet.
	3rd incarnation: Bhattachan family
	During the tenure of the third incarnation the location of the gompa was moved to its current location. At the time there was no bridge and the river was difficult to cross. Therefore the villagers offered land to the monks to relocate the gompa within Tukuche village to ease their access.
	4th incarnation: Was from the Tulachan family based in Tukuche, whose given name was Karma Tashi Singye, but known locally as Dr Mangal Singh, having gained a medical doctorate in Switzerland. He died aged 49.
	5th incarnation: Born 28 years after the death of the previous incarnation, also from the Tulachan family in Tukuche has the monastic name Karma Dhomchhe Norbu Tenpi Gyaltshen Palsamgpo Rinpoche. He is the nephew of current head lama (2016) of Chhairo gompa Shashi Dhoj Tulachan. He was recognised by three senior rinpoches including Tai Situpa Rinpoche. He was enthroned aged 8 in 2004 in India. 
	He is currently studying at Palpung Monastery in Himachal Pradesh under Kenting Tai Situpa. In order for the young tulku to be accepted by the thakali community, he needs to be enthroned in Sambha gompa, requiring extensive reconstruction of the residential quarters of the monastery.
	Lama Chh'eon-che, of the Gtsag Bris school of painting, was responsible for paintings on the wall behind the altar c. 1994.
	Other frescoes in the gompa depicting the sixteen Arhat on the south, north and eastern walls are by Khaipa Chhogyal, a distant relative of Kamal Dhoj Tulachan, Shashi Dhoj Tulachan's late father.
	Khaipa of Lupra is believed to have painted the Sin-yeb, but this painting no longer remains.
	Damaged roof timbers mean that water ingress has damaged many paintings in recent years. Although roof repairs commenced in 2015, this has yet to be completed due to lack of funds.
	In 2013 there was very limited monastic activity. Tukuche has lost much of its population due to changes in trade routes and rural urban migration suffered by many small villages. This first occurred in the 1960s when China tried to restrict movement of Tibetans and most recently during the 2008 Olympics. 
	Lama Shashi Dhoj Tulachan an artist from Tukuche village, is responsible for the continued management of the gompa and is seeking support for its physical and spiritual renovation, in addition to the restoration work at Chhairo gompa which he is also responsible for.
	A nun (anim) who also takes care of Rani gompa, looks after the site.
	There is a part time monk sponsored by the current Ven Gyalpo Rinpoche who undertakes monastic rituals as required.
	To the south of the monastery are the historical residential quarters for the monk body.
	These facilities are not currently habitable and the courtyard is used for general storage from the gompa next door.
	The gompa was restored in the 2000s.
	A stupa was constructed in the courtyard in memory of a Japanese man, married to a local Nepali, who was a donor for the reconstruction works.
	Water ingress and damaged roof timbers required roof repairs to be started in 2015, however this has stalled due to lack of funds.
	Reconstruction of the tulku and lama quarters is planned to enable enthronement of the current tulku, who is studying in India. Funding limitations have delayed this work and the frescoes continue to be affected by rain water.
	Shrine imagery was removed whilst the roof was replaced. A number of items remain with individual villagers until the work is completed.

= = = Life Sciences Switzerland = = =

	Life Sciences Switzerland (LS2) is the Swiss federation of scientific societies for life sciences. It was formerly known as the Union of the Swiss Societies for Experimental Biology (USGEB).
	Life Sciences Switzerland is a member of the Swiss Academy of Natural Sciences (SCNAT).
	Its members are:

= = = Fluroxypyr = = =

	Fluroxypyr is an herbicide in the class of synthetic auxins. It is used to control broadleaf weeds and woody brush. It is formulated as the 1-methylheptyl ester (fluroxypyr-MHE).

= = = Rineloricaria lanceolata = = =

	Rineloricaria lanceolata (chocolate-colored catfish) is a very common species of suckermouth (family Loricariidae). It rasps algae off river rocks, and with its suction-cup like mouth it sticks to them, even in the most oxygenated, fast-flowing mountain streams. It sometimes even resides in Iguazú Falls in the Misiones Province, Argentina. It will also take small aquatic isopods, amphipods and even takes parasitic ostracods off other fish (preferably characins') bodies. It ranges from Mexico south to Chile. This species is very easy to keep in captivity. It will take live brine shrimp, freeze-dried bloodworms and algae flakes and pellets.

= = = Taxonomic contributions of Major P. H. G. Powell-Cotton = = =

	This is a list of the taxonomic contributions of Major Percy Horace Gordon Powell-Cotton.
	The natural history specimens and cultural objects collected by Major Powell-Cotton (1866–1940) on his expeditions to Africa and Asia are finely preserved in the Powell-Cotton Museum. According to the Mammal Catalogue produced by the Powell-Cotton Museum, the species of over 6400 specimens (more than 230 species) preserved in the Museum belong to the following 42 families and 149 genera:
	The majority of the specimens fall within the scope of the genera Alcelaphus, Anomalurus, Cephalophus, Cercocebus, Cercopithecus, Colobus, Euoticus, Felis, Gazella, Gorilla, Kobus, Pan, Redunca, Sylvicapra, Syncerus and Tragelaphuse (number of the specimens exceeds 100). And, except the two presented specimens of chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) collected in Swiss Alps in 1905, all the mammal specimens in the Powell-Cotton Museum were collected in Africa and Asia at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, which came from the following countries or regions: Abyssinia, Algeria, Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Ethiopia, Guinea, Guinea, India, Kashmir, Kenya, Morocco, Nigeria, Ogaden, Pakistan, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Tibet, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
	The large mammal specimen collection was built up on the basis of Powell-Cotton's forty years’ exploration in Africa and the Indian subcontinent, which is helpful in conducting taxonomic, zoological, ethnobiological/ethnomedical and ethnographic studies. The mammal type specimens identified from the total specimens are listed as follows:
	The mammal species named after Major P. H. G. Powell-Cotton can be distinguished by the subspecies name “cottoni” or “powelli”. The specimens collected by Major P. H. G. Powell-Cotton play an important role in scientific studies because the existence of some of the cottoni species are in danger now, for example, the B/W Colobus (Colobus angolensis cottoni) was rated “Least Concern” in The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species published in 2008. The accounts of Major P. H. G. Powell-Cotton's specimen collection activities can be found in his books and articles. And, there is no difference between some of his writings and adventure stories. For example, in Black rhinoceros hunting which is included in Big Game Shooting in Africa, he vividly recorded the hunting of a black Rhino:
	Aside from the two books titled “A Sporting Trip through Abyssinia” (1902) and “In Unknown Africa” (1904) and the book chapter titled “Black rhinoceros hunting”, his writings were published in journals and magazines, including The Antiquaries Journal (e.g. vol. 4, no. 3, 1924), The Geographical Journal (vol. 30, 1907), Journal of the Society for the Preservation of the Fauna of the Empire (e.g. Jan. 1937), Journal of the Royal African Society (e.g. vol. 7, 1907), The Wide World Magazine (e.g. Feb. 1904) and Man (e.g. vol. 29, 1929). The content of these writings includes the records of mammal hunting, accounts of the biological characteristics of mammals and descriptions of local (primarily African) culture and nature.
	The mammal specimens (skulls, skeletons, skin, horns, etc.) in the Powell-Cotton Museum are exhibits as well as objects of study. Some academics from universities and research institutes such as University of Cambridge, University College London, University of Sheffield, University of Kent, University of Exeter, The University of Bradford, University of the Witwatersrand, University of California, Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris III, University of Melbourne, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Canterbury Christchurch University, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital and University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna used to visit this museum in order to obtain skeletal data, collect samples for DNA or dietary analysis and so on. One of the famous academic visitors is Professor Colin Groves of the Australian National University, whose research interests include but are not limited to mammalian taxonomy (especially primate taxonomy), human evolution and taxonomic history of mammals. In addition to the specimens preserved in the museums such as Natural History Museum (London), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (Paris), Museum voor Middenafrika (Tervuren), Naturalis (Leiden), Musée Royale d’Histoire Naturelle (Brussels), Kenya National Museums (Nairobi), Zoologisches Museum A. Humboldt (Berlin) and Museum A. Koenig (Bonn), he also utilized the mammal specimens provided by the Powell-Cotton Museum and hence conducted many comparative studies, for example, he used to measure the skulls of Northern White Rhinoceros, and examine the colobus material and the specimens of musk-deer at the Museum. Some of these studies can be found in his noted book “Primate Taxonomy” which is considered to relabel museum cabinets. And, he thought highly of the Powell-Cotton Museum.
	Under the joint effort of Bernard Wood, University Professor of Human Origins at The George Washington University, Adam D. Gordon, an anthropologist and assistant professor at the University at Albany, State University of New York and Malcolm Harman, curator of the Powell-Cotton Museum, the “Human Origin Database” project, which is funded by The G. Harold & Leila Y. Mathers Foundation and aims to provide information about fossil hominin specimens and extant hominoid specimens, has been developed. In addition to the measurements and skeletal element information in Professor Wood's 1991 book Koobi Fora Research Project. Volume 4: Hominid Cranial Remains, the complete skeletal element inventory of the chimpanzee and gorilla collections preserved in the Powell-Cotton Museum is also included in this database.

= = = Steve McMahon (consultant) = = =

	Steve McMahon is an American lawyer and media consultant who has worked on political campaigns for Democratic candidates including Ted Kennedy, Howard Dean, and Dick Gephardt, in addition to his work with elected officials. He is a founding partner of Purple Strategies, a bipartisan communications firm located in Alexandria, Virginia, and McMahon Squier and Associates, a media consulting firm.
	Steve McMahon trained as an attorney and helped with Senator Ted Kennedy's 1980 presidential campaign before starting his professional career as an assistant press secretary in Kennedy's Senate office. He later became a deputy director of Kennedy's political action committee, the Fund for a Democratic Majority. In 1987, he transitioned into media consulting when he was hired as a vice president at Doak, Shrum and Associates, an Arlington, Virginia-based media consulting firm. While at the firm his notable work included consulting for Dick Gephardt's 1988 presidential campaign and other political campaigns.
	In 1991, McMahon co-founded the media consulting firm Trippi McMahon and Squier with Mark Squier and Joe Trippi. McMahon's early work for the firm included a role as media strategist for California governor Jerry Brown's 1992 presidential campaign. Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, McMahon and his partners worked on all five of Howard Dean's gubernatorial campaigns. McMahon was also a strategist and consultant for Dean's 2004 campaign for the US presidency. Following Dean's departure from the race, McMahon's firm served as the lead advertising partner for the Media Fund, which produced ads in support of then-Senator John Kerry's presidential campaign. After the 2004 presidential election, McMahon worked on Dean's successful 2005 campaign for chairman of the Democratic National Committee.
	In addition to leading Trippi McMahon and Squier, in 1999 McMahon and his partners also established a second company, Issue & Image, which focused on advocacy advertising.
	During the 2008 election cycle, McMahon produced advertisements for the Democratic National Committee in support of Barack Obama's presidential campaign. He also worked as a senior media consultant for the 2008 Democratic National Convention, which was co-produced by his partner Mark Squier.
	McMahon's firm went through several name changes in the mid to late 2000s, including following the departure of Joe Trippi in 2004. From 2009 onwards, the firm has been called McMahon Squier and Associates.
	In 2008, McMahon merged Issue & Image, the advocacy advertising firm established in 1999, with Republican Alex Castellanos' firm National Media Public Affairs, to form the communications firm Purple Strategies. McMahon and Castellanos had often met each other while pitching to clients and decided to form Purple Strategies as a bipartisan consultancy, blending their "blue" and "red" political backgrounds. Other founding partners of the Alexandria, Virginia-based firm include Bruce Haynes and Mark Squier. At Purple Strategies, McMahon has worked with BP, PhRMA and the United States Chamber of Commerce. Other clients of the firm include Time Warner Cable, Coca-Cola and McDonald's.
	In addition to his role as a consultant, McMahon is a regular guest commentator on television and has appeared on "Today", "Good Morning America", "Meet the Press", MSNBC's "Hardball with Chris Matthews" and "Andrea Mitchell Reports" not to mention frequent appearances on C-SPAN's morning call-in show, Washington Journal.

= = = Duncan Taylor (rugby union) = = =

	Duncan Taylor (born 5 September 1989) is a Scottish Rugby Union player. His regular playing position is centre. He plays for Saracens in the English Premiership.
	Taylor travelled extensively during his childhood and lived in England, Scotland and Australia. He qualifies for Scotland through his Scottish parents.
	Taylor first earned international honours representing Scotland A during their 2013 campaign. He scored a famous try in their first ever victory away to England Saxons at the sixth time of trying.
	His impressive performances during the 2012–2013 season were rewarded when he was called up the senior Scotland squad for their Summer tour to South Africa.
	Taylor has suffered from concussion injuries.

= = = Habertürk TV = = =

	Habertürk TV is a Turkish nationwide TV channel established in 2001 by Turkish journalist Ufuk Güldemir. It is owned by the Ciner Media Group (since 2007). In 2009 Ciner created the "Habertürk" newspaper, drawing on Habertürk TV's brand.
	In June 2013, Habertürk TV's relative lack of coverage of the 2013–14 protests in Turkey saw hundreds of protestors gather in front of its head office in Istanbul.

= = = Willer Bordon = = =

	Willer Bordon (16 January 1949 – 14 July 2015) was an Italian, academic, businessman and former politician who served in different cabinet posts at the end of the 1990s and 2000s.
	Bordon was born in Muggia, Trieste, on 16 January 1949.
	Bordon was the mayor of Muggia for eleven years. In 1987, he was elected to the Italian parliament, being a deputy for Trieste. He founded Democratic Alliance, a small centre-left party, in 1992. He resigned from the party in June 1994 following the poor achievement in the general election. Later he joined the Margherita party. From 1998 to 1999 he served as the minister for public works. He was appointed minister of environment to the cabinet led by Prime Minister Giuliano Amato in April 2000. Bordon replaced Edo Ronchi as minister of environment.
	Bordon also served as the member of the Italian senate. In 2008 Bordon retired from the Senate. After leaving politics, he became the president of the Enalg SpA. In addition, he also began to work as a professor of political science at La Sapienza University.
	Bordon died at the age of 66 on 14 July 2015.

= = = Man Without a Name (1932 film) = = =

	Man Without a Name () is a 1932 German drama film directed by Gustav Ucicky and starring Werner Krauss, Helene Thimig and Mathias Wieman. It premiered on 1 July 1932. It was based on a novel by Honoré de Balzac. A separate French-language version " Un homme sans nom" was also produced.

= = = 2010 FC Anzhi Makhachkala season = = =

	The 2010 FC Anzhi Makhachkala season was the 1st season that the club played in the Russian Premier League, the highest tier of football in Russia since their relegation in 2002. They finished 11th in the league and also took part in the 2010–11 Russian Cup, exiting at the round of 16 stage.
	Reserves are eligible to play in the league.
	In:
	Out:
	In:
	Out:
	"Round 16" took place during the 2011–12 season.

= = = Condesa por amor = = =

	Condesa por Amor is a 2009 telenovela produced by Venevisión International. It is a remake of the 1997 telenovela Girasoles para Lucía. This new version stars Eileen Abad and Gerónimo Gil as the main protagonists with the antagonistic participation of Bernie Paz and Michelle Vargas.
	This telenovela was filmed in the Dominican Republic.
	Ana Paula Treviño dreams of falling in love with Aníbal Paz-Soldán, one of the richest millionaires in the country. One day while walking in the streets, Ana Paula's purse is snatched, and she unfortunately mistakes a witness by-stander, Fernando, to be the thief. Fernando is captivated by Ana Paula's beauty and charm, and he is instantly attracted to her. Fernando later discovers that Ana Paula is poor and must work hard in her father's boarding house in order to try to pay their debts. So, he decides to conquer Ana Paula's heart by omitting that he is a Paz-Soldán, and lying that he is merely an employee at the Paz-Soldán company.
	Although Ana Paula and Fernando develop a close friendship, she cannot stop thinking about Aníbal, the man of her dreams. Aníbal is the opposite of Fernando: he is proud and arrogant, looks down upon people below his class, and would not even bother to look at a girl like Ana Paula twice. However, a misunderstanding brings Aníbal and Ana Paula together when he mistakes her for Catalina Lampedusa, an Italian aristocrat known as the Countess of Cogorno.
	So, Ana Paula continues to pretend to be a rich countess in order to win Aníbal's heart. However, this is not easy for her, as she has to face Adriana, Aníbal's lover, who will go to any lengths to expose her, and her feelings for her true prince charming, Fernando.

= = = Nikola Savčić = = =

	Nikola Savčić (born March 13, 1974) is a Serbian former swimmer, who specialized in breaststroke events. He held numerous Yugoslav records in a sprint breaststroke double, and later represented Yugoslavia at the 2000 Summer Olympics. Savcic is also a resident athlete for PK April 11 in Belgrade, and a member of Yugoslav national swimming team since 1990.
	Savcic swam only in the 100 m breaststroke, as a member of the former Yugoslav squad, at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. He achieved a FINA B-standard entry time of 1:04.75 from the Akropolis International Meet in Athens. He challenged seven other swimmers in heat four, including two-time Olympians Valērijs Kalmikovs of Latvia and Arsenio López of Puerto Rico. He raced to the fourth seed by a 0.62-second deficit behind joint winners Kalmikovs and Lopez in 1:04.64, worthy enough for a Yugoslav record. Savcic failed to advance into the semifinals, as he placed forty-second overall on the first day of prelims. 
	Since 2001, Savcic currently resides in the United States, where he works as part of an age group coaching staff for the Lakeridge Swim Team in Reno, Nevada.

= = = Nanto-Bordelaise Company = = =

	The Nanto-Bordelaise Company — formally "La Compagnie de Bordeaux et de Nantes pour la Colonisation de l’Île du Sud de la Nouvelle Zélande et ses Dépendances" — was a French company inaugurated in 1839 by a group of merchants from the cities of Nantes and Bordeaux, with the purpose of founding a French colony in the South Island of New Zealand.
	The company was formed after negotiations in August 1838 between whaling boat captain Jean-François Langlois and several Ngai Tahu Māori chiefs for the purchase of several thousand acres of land on Banks Peninsula, for which Langlois promised to pay a total of 1,000 francs. Upon returning to France in 1839, Langlois set about founding a company with the help of several financial backers, the eventual aim of which was to claim the entirety of the South Island for France. Government support was obtained in December of the same year via King Louis-Philippe to transport 80 settlers to Port Louis-Philippe (now Akaroa). A warship, the corvette "Aube", would travel to New Zealand, followed a month later by the colonists aboard . "Aube" left for the Pacific in February 1840, captained by Charles François Lavaud, who had been appointed as Commissaire du Roi.
	Aware of the potential threat of losing sovereignty of parts of the New Zealand island chain to the French, during early 1840, Lieutenant-Governor William Hobson was tasked with securing the whole of the country for the British Government. To this end, the Treaty of Waitangi was signed as an agreement between the British Crown and the indigenous Māori population. By the time "Aube" arrived at the Bay of Islands in June 1840, the acquisition of the country by Britain was effectively complete. Faced with no prospect of anything more than a small colonial settlement, Lavaud left for Banks Peninsula to oversee the arrival of "Comte de Paris". Hobson also sent a ship, HMS "Britomart", on board which were colonial magistrates. 
	On arriving at Akaroa, Lavaud discovered that the agreement between Langlois and the local Māori was not as clear-cut as had been promised. Despite this, the founding of the colony went ahead, under an amalgam of French and British jurisdiction. C.B. Robinson, one of the magistrates sent on "Britomart", worked alongside Lavaud in the organisation of the settlement. Lavaud retired in 1843, and was succeeded as Commissaire du Roi by Post-Captain A. Bérard, who remained in this position until 1846, when formal agreements between the French government and the Nanto-Bordelaise Company settlement ended.
	The question of sovereignty remained a complex one, which the local colonial authorities were unable to solve. Eventually, the British Government resolved that the company would be awarded four acres of land for every £1 they could prove to have spent on the settlement. On 30 June 1849, the company's remaining New Zealand properties were bought by the New Zealand Company for the sum of £4,500. A second ship carrying more French settlers, "Monarch", arrived at Akaroa in 1850.
	Akaroa and the nearby smaller settlement of Duvauchelle both retain a pride in their French history, with many of the local streets having French names. A biennial French festival is held in odd-numbered years in Akaroa.

= = = Basketball at the 2013 Summer Universiade – Men's tournament = = =

	The men's tournament of basketball at the 2013 Summer Universiade in Kazan began on July 7 and end on July 16. Russia won the tournament after beating Australia in the final.
	"Note: Philippines has been disqualified because of leaving the tournament before the quarterfinal round. All their matches have been cancelled and assigned defeats by 0–20."

= = = 2013 Aegon Trophy – Men's Doubles = = =

	Treat Huey and Dominic Inglot were the defending champions but they decided not to participate.<br>
	Jamie Murray and John Peers defeated Ken and Neal Skupski 6–2, 6–7, [10–6] in the final to win the title.

= = = Sahi school health programme = = =

	Sahi (from the Arabic word صاحي meaning healthy) is a non profit school health programme in Ras al-Khaimah, United Arab Emirates initiated in 2011 in collaboration with Arabian Healthcare Group, and the pilot was implemented in September 2012. Its objectives, services and themes are to promote preventive health services, and improve and promote health and safety-related attributes and behaviors in schools. It will also provide health screenings, health reports, health education workshops, and individual and/or family counselling.
	The programme is run by the Arabian Healthcare Group and headed by Francesca Rodgers, a therapist from the United Kingdom. The medical side of the programme is supported by staff from RAK Hospital.

= = = Tuncer Ören = = =

	Tuncer Ören (born c. 1935 in İstanbul) is Turkish Canadian systems engineer, professor emeritus of Computer Science at the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS) of the University of Ottawa, Canada, and Director, The McLeod Modeling and Simulation Network (M&SNet) of the SCS. He is known for his contributions to the methodology of modelling and simulation.
Ören received his MA in Mechanical Engineering at the Technical University of Istanbul, and his PhD in Systems Engineering from the University of Arizona, under A. Wayne Wymore.
Őren started his working life in the industry in 1963 as Systems Engineer for IBM Türk in Istanbul, where he coordinated effort in the textile industry, and in education. In 1970, he started his academic career as assistant professor at the Computer Science Department of the University of Ottawa, where in 1981 he became full professor. he has been visiting professor at National Space Activities Commission of Brazil, Sao Jose dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil in 1971; at the Institute of Systems Sciences, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria in 1983; at the Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey in 1983 and 1991; at the University of Vienna, Austria in 1984–85; and at the Université Paul Cézanne – Aix Marseille 3, Marseille since 2004.
Őren has been awarded SCS Modeling and Simulation Hall of Fame – Lifetime Achievement Award, and the "Information Age Award" from the Turkish Ministry of Culture.
Ören has published over 475 publications. Books, a selection:
	Articles, a selection:

= = = Fox Park, Wyoming = = =

	Fox Park is a census-designated place (CDP) in Albany County, Wyoming, United States. The population was 22 at the 2010 census.
	According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.0 square miles (28.5 km²), all of which was land.
	The CDP is located entirely within the Medicine Bow National Forest.
	Public education in the community of Albany is provided by Albany County School District #1.

= = = Basketball at the 2013 Summer Universiade – Women's tournament = = =

	The women's tournament of basketball at the 2013 Summer Universiade in Kazan was held from July 8 to July 15.

= = = McGirr ministry (1947–50) = = =

	The McGirr ministry (1947–1950) or Second McGirr ministry was the 53rd ministry of the New South Wales Government, and was led by the 28th Premier, the Honourable Jim McGirr, MLA, of the Labor Party. The ministry was the second of three consecutive occasions when the Government was led by McGirr, as Premier.
	McGirr was first elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1922 and served continuously until 1952, holding the various seats of Cootamundra, Cumberland, Bankstown, and Liverpool. Having served in the third ministry of Jack Lang, and the first and second ministries of William McKell, McGirr was variously torn between Lang Labor and the newly formed Australian Labor Party. When McKell stood aside as Premier in 1947 in order to take up an appointment as Governor-General of Australia, McGirr was elected Labor Leader and became Premier. McGirr led Labor to victory at the 1947 state election.
	This ministry covers the period from 19 May 1947 until the 1950 state election, held on 30 June when McGirr led Labor to victory and the Third McGirr ministry was sworn in.
	The composition of the ministry was announced by Premier McGirr on 19 May 1947 and covers the period up to 21 September 1949; with several minor rearrangements. Ministers are listed in order of seniority and in some cases, serve the full term of parliament.
	The rearrangement of the Ministry was triggered by the resignation of Deputy Premier, Jack Baddeley on 8 September 1949. Baddeley suffered a heart attack in December 1948 while serving as Acting Premier. Joseph Cahill succeeded Baddeley as Deputy Premier. Ministers are listed in order of seniority. Only changes in portfolios are shown and covers the period up until the 1950 state election.

= = = Luostari = = =

	Luostari () is the name of several rural localities in Russia and an airbase:

= = = Alexis Peyrotte = = =

	Alexis Peyrotte (1699 - 1769) was a French decorator painter.
	Peyrotte was born in Avignon, and was the son of a sculptor. Early in his career he painted in the region of Carpentras parishes and congregations. He participated with Joseph Duplessis to produce art decorations in the pharmacy of the Hôtel-Dieu of Carpentras.
	In 1736, he moved to Paris. His decorating work included apartments of the king and queen at Versailles (1738 and 1747), and the Board Room of the Palace of Fontainebleau with Charles-André van Loo, and the Château de Marly. He also worked with the Gobelins Manufactory. He was particularly known for his chinoiserie. A number of his works were engraved and printed by Gabriel Huquier.

= = = Corno da tirarsi = = =

	The corno da tirarsi ("pull horn") is a Baroque brass instrument. Johann Sebastian Bach wrote for the instrument when he was working in Leipzig, and it appears to have been played for him by Gottfried Reiche. 
	It has been stated that it appears in four Bach cantatas. 
	However, it is only called for in three cantatas by name, BWV 46, 162 and 67. 
	Its characteristics are debated, but it was most likely a horn that resembled the "Inventions" horn of the late 18th century: "a freely-moving, double (cylindrical) tuning slide positioned diametrically across its circular body". It may also have been a slide trumpet.

= = = Peter Lalor Vocational College = = =

	Peter Lalor Vocational College is a public, co-educational high school located in Lalor, Victoria, Australia. It was created in 2012 from Peter Lalor Secondary College.

= = = Satish Vyas = = =

	Satish Vyas is an Indian santoor player. He is the son of the Indian classical singer C. R. Vyas. From 1978 he studied santoor with Shivkumar Sharma.

= = = Akhisar Şehir Stadium = = =

	Akhisar Şehir Stadium is the stadium used by Akhisar Belediyespor. The stadium has a capacity of 5,000 seats. Since 1970 it was the stadium of Akhisarspor, but the stadium finally closed in 2012.

= = = 2013 FINA Women's Water Polo World League = = =

	The 2011 FINA Women's Water Polo World League was the tenth edition of the event, organised by the world's governing body in aquatics, the FINA. After playing in groups within the same continent, eight teams qualify to play in a final tournament, called the Super Final in Beijing, China from June 1 to June 6, 2012.
	Yang Jun, Teng Fei, Liu Ping, Sun Yujun, He Jin, Sun Yating, Song Donglun, Zhu Yajing, Mei Xiaohan, Ma Huanhuan, Zhang Cong, Zhang Lei, Wang Yi. Head Coach: Alexander Kleymenov.
<br>
<br>

= = = Sharan Prakash Patil = = =

	Dr. Sharanaparakash Rudrappa Patil (Kannada: ಡಾ. ಶರಣ ಪ್ರಕಾಶ್ ಪಾಟೀಲ್, also known as Sharan Prakash Patil) is the Minister for Medical Education in the Government of Karnataka.
	Dr. Patil was a 3 time MLA, representing the Sedam constituency in Gulbarga District. He is a doctor by profession and holds a master's degree in dermatology.

= = = Joe Kyong-fan = = =

	Joe Kyong-fan (also "Jo Gyeong-Hwan", ; born May 11, 1982) is a South Korean former swimmer, who specialized in breaststroke events. Joe competed in a breaststroke double at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. He achieved FINA B-standards of 1:05.00 (100 m breaststroke) and 2:20.20 (200 m breaststroke) from the Dong-A Swimming Tournament in Ulsan. In the 100 m breaststroke, held on the first day of the Games, Joe challenged seven other swimmers in heat four, including two-time Olympians Valērijs Kalmikovs of Latvia and Arsenio López of Puerto Rico. He earned a fifth spot and forty-fifth overall by almost seven-tenths of a second (0.70) behind joint winners Kalmikovs and Lopez in 1:04.71, worthy enough for a personal best. Three days later, in the 200 m breaststroke, Joe placed twenty-ninth on the morning prelims. He set a new South Korean record of 2:19.16 to overhaul a 2:20 barrier and to touch the wall first in heat three.

= = = Valley India Times = = =

	Valley India Times is an Indian American newspaper based in Arizona, mailed out to readers on a monthly basis. The newspaper delivers to all major counties within the state, as well as to out of state subscribers. It was created in 2000; the original name for the Indian newspaper, which was used during the first year of publishing, was "AZ India". Due to the purchasing agreement when business ownership changed in 2000, the name was changed. "Valley India Times" is the only Indian American newspaper in Arizona. The paper, a complimentary mailing, has a website and social media networks. Local businesses, holy establishments, and restaurants receive copies of the newspaper.
	This newspaper was sold in the summer of 2016 and the last issue published as Valley India Times was the June 2016 issue.
	The owners tout the newspaper as "an artifact of the Indo-American society's presence within Arizona". It also links religious establishments with worshipers and those interested in cultural activities hosted at temples and community centers.

= = = 2013 FINA Men's Water Polo World League = = =

	The 2013 FINA Men's Water Polo World League was played between November 2012 and June 2013, and was open to all men's water polo national teams.
	The Super Final was playing from 11–16 June 2013 in Chelyabinsk, Russia.

= = = Viktor Rosenzweig = = =

	Viktor Rosenzweig (1914–1941) was a Croatian Jewish communist, poet and writer.
	Rosenzweig was born in Ruma in 1914. During high school education he became a member of the Young Communist League of Yugoslavia - SKOJ (from Serbo-Croatian: "Savez komunističke omladine Jugoslavije"). Rosenzweig studied and graduated from the Faculty of Agriculture at University of Zagreb. At the university he was one of the most observed and noticed Marxist around. In 1934, he became a member of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. In 1935, as a communist, he was sentenced to six months in prison. Rosenweig was a poet who wrote number of poems. Some of his poets were later published in a revolutionary writers collection "Riječi i Djela" ("Words and Acts"). In April 1941, after Independent State of Croatia establishment, Rosenzweig was arrested and imprisoned at Savska cesta prison. On July 9, 1941 Rosenzweig was killed by Ustaše together with Božidar Adžija, Otokar Keršovani, Ognjen Prica and Zvonimir Richtmann.

= = = John D. Kimmey = = =

	John D. Kimmey (born May 21, 1828) was Warden of the Borough of Norwalk, Connecticut from 1892 to 1893.
	He born May 21, 1828 in Coeymans, New York, the son of David I. Kimmey and Maria Niver. He married Adeline Hoyt on October 14, 1849.
	In 1880, he was first vice president of the Republican Party for New York's 23rd assembly district.
	In 1881, he was elected an alternate to the New York Republican Convention.
	In 1886, he moved to Norwalk.
	In 1888, he was a member of the board of directors of the American Loan and Trust Company of 113 Broadway, New York City.
	He was an investor and director of the Roton Point Improvement Company.
	In 1901, he was an original incorporator of the South Norwalk Trust Company.
	He was chairman of the Norwalk Sewers Committee.

= = = Richard Buckner (artist) = = =

	Richard Buckner (born Woolwich, London, 25 October 1812; died 12 August 1883), was an English portrait painter. He did not marry.
	He was the son of Lieutenant-Colonel Richard Buckner (1772-1837), of Whyke House, Rumboldswhyke, Chichester, Royal Regiment of Artillery and a Deputy Lieutenant of Sussex, (a son of Admiral Charles Buckner), by his wife Mary Marsh Pierce. 
	Buckner first worked in a studio in Whyke House, his family home. After serving in the army in 1832 and 1833 as a Second Lieutenant in The King's Royal Rifle Corps he studied painting under Giovanni Battista Cassevari in Rome. While in Rome Buckner gave advice to Frederick (Lord) Leighton, later PRA, when he was starting his career. Buckner lived in and had his studio in Cleveland Row, opposite St James's Palace, in London.
	He first painted miniatures but then changed to painting larger portraits. He painted Italian genre subjects and later elegant and fashionable Victorian ladies. He first sent work to galleries for sale in 1840. He exhibited at the Royal Academy of Arts in 1842 and then every year from 1846 to 1877; 77 paintings in all of which only 7 were of Italian subjects and was nominated as a candidate for the academy. He also exhibited 22 paintings at The British Institution, 44 at The Royal Society of British Artists, 3 at The Grosvenor Gallery and 3 at The Royal Scottish Gallery.
	Buckner's commission book has entries from 1840-1 to 1877. It lists 989 commissions, a few of which were not executed. It also includes a financial summary from 1842-3 to 1874-5 with fees totalling £67249. The financial summary indicates that he was in Rome full-time in 1842-3 and 1843-4 and then partly in Rome and partly in London each year from 1844-5 until 1847-8 and again partly in Rome and London 1849-50, 1850-1, 1853-4, 1854-5 and 1856-7 and then partly in Dieppe 1861-2 and Boulogne 1862-3. In 1875, he was commissioned to execute a painting at a price of 500 guineas.
	Many engravings based on his works are in the National Portrait Gallery, London. His oil paintings "Portrait of a boy" and "Portrait of a Boy Chorister of the Chapel Royal" are in the Victoria and Albert Museum. Eight National Trust properties have Buckner paintings; images for most of them can be seen on the NT website. There are also works by Buckner at the British Museum, the National Army Museum, Windsor Castle, Osborne House, Woburn Abbey, the Birmingham Art Gallery, Harewood House, the Foundling Hospital, County Hall, Maidstone and Castle Leslie in Ireland. Queen Adelaide, Queen Victoria and Prince Albert commissioned some of his paintings.

= = = Ari-Pekka Selin = = =

	Ari-Pekka Selin (born May 17, 1963) is a former professional ice hockey player and coach. During the 2013–2014 season, he coached both Barys Astana of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) and the Kazakhstan men's national ice hockey team.
	He was hired to be the Barys' head coach on June 4, 2013, replacing Vladimir Krikunov. On June 11, 2014, he was relieved as coach of the Kazakh National Team. It was reported a week later that he had been replaced as coach of Barys by Andrei Nazarov.
	He previously served as the head coach of SaPKo Savonlinna, Ilves Tampere, SaiPa Lappeenranta and HPK Hämeenlinna.

= = = Nimavar school = = =

	Nimavar school () is a historical school in Isfahan, Iran. It's located in Nimavar Bazaar and belongs to Safavid era. This school was built in 1691 in the era of Suleiman I.

= = = Richard Buckner = = =

	Richard Buckner may refer to:

= = = P. A. McHugh = = =

	Patrick Aloysius "P.A." McHugh (1858 – 30 May 1909), also spelt M’Hugh, was an Irish Nationalist politician. He sat in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom as the Member of Parliament for North Leitrim, from 1892 to 1906, and for North Sligo from 1906 until his death in 1909.
	McHugh was born at Annagh, Glenfarne, County Leitrim. He was the son of a tenant farmer, Peter M’Hugh of Leitrim, and of Anne McDermott. He entered a Catholic seminary, but left without taking orders. He went to Paris and engaged in journalism, and taught science and classics in the Athlone and Sligo Intermediate schools. In 1882 he married Mary Harte, daughter of a J. Harte of Sligo. She died in 1894. He became owner of "The Sligo Champion" in 1885. He was Mayor of Sligo in 1888, and again in 1895-98 and 1900. He was elected to Sligo County Council on its establishment in 1899 and became its first chairman.
	He was elected MP for North Leitrim as an Anti-Parnellite Nationalist in 1892, winning comfortably over the Unionist candidate with 87% of the vote. He retained the seat unopposed in 1895. At this election he also challenged the Parnellite Willie Redmond in East Clare, losing by only 57 votes in a poll of over 6,500. In 1900, standing for the reunited Irish Parliamentary Party, he was again challenged in North Leitrim by a Unionist, but again won comfortably, with 91% of the vote. In April 1901 he was imprisoned for six months following conviction for ‘seditious libel’ on account of an article on Jury Packing in Sligo published in his newspaper. The article had attacked jurymen who had convicted two men of intimidating persons who rented farms from which the former owners had been evicted. On his release he was given a celebratory lunch by the Lord Mayor of Dublin. In September the following year, he stood before the Irish Court of Bankruptcy after a petition from the Crown Solicitor for Sligo, but this apparently did not affect his political standing. In 1906 he was returned unopposed both for North Leitrim and for North Sligo, and chose to sit for the latter constituency, which he represented until his death in 1909.
	A monument erected to him outside the main post office was moved to the town hall in the 1970s; 2007 plans to move it again during roadworks were opposed by the council.
 

= = = Garance Doré = = =

	Garance Doré née Mariline Fiori (born May 1, 1975 in Corsica, France) is a French photographer, illustrator and author, best known for her fashion blog.
	Doré, born Mariline Fiori, was working as a freelance illustrator in France before beginning her blog, garancedore.com in 2006. Her original illustrations have been featured by Louis Vuitton, Dior, Kate Spade, and Gap. Shortly after beginning her blog, Doré began incorporating writing into her posts.
	In 2007, Doré began to feature photography of people around Paris on her blog, a format now known as "streetstyle". Since this time, she has worked with Chloé, Chopard, David Yurman, Tiffany & Co., and J. Crew on photography collaborations. She was named in a "New York Times" article as the "guardian of all style".
	In 2009, Doré began creating video content for her blog. Within a few months she was collaborating on video content with major brands, such as Dior, Chopard, Tiffany & Co., Petit Bateau, J. Crew, Max Mara and Kering, and, in 2012, had developed her own YouTube series "Pardon My French". Previous "Pardon My French" episodes have focused on Fashion Week and interviews with Stella McCartney, Jenna Lyons, Dries van Noten and Anna Dello Russo. In 2012, Doré and then-boyfriend Scott Schuman won the Council of Fashion Designers of America Media Award.
	In 2014 Doré and long time boyfriend Scott Schuman, of "The Sartorialist," announced the end of their relationship.
	Garance’s first book Love Style Life Spiegel & Grau was published October 27th, 2015. Poised as a visual memoir, the book layered personal stories about subjects from style to love along with original photos and illustrations. 
	In 2016, Doré became engaged to jazz musician, Chris Norton. They separated in 2018.
	She currently resides in Venice, Los Angeles.
	Doré's work has been featured in "Harper’s Bazaar", "GQ", "Vogue", "Self Service" and "French Elle (magazine)". Her work as a photographer, illustrator and author has appeared in a variety of publications, including "The New York Times", "", "New York Magazine", "Vogue", "British Vogue", "The Guardian", and "Elle (magazine)".
	She was graced the cover of Domino Magazine’s Spring 2019 issue. 
	In 2012, Doré and Schuman won the CFDA’s Eugenia Sheppard Media Award, and were the first bloggers to receive this award.

= = = Coucher de soleil no. 1 = = =

	Coucher de soleil no. 1 (also called Landscape, Paysage, Landschap, or Sunset No. 1) is an oil painting created circa 1906 by the French artist and theorist Jean Metzinger (1883–1956). "Coucher de soleil no. 1" is a work executed in a mosaic-like Divisionist style with a Fauve palette. The reverberating image of the sun in Metzinger's painting is an homage to the decomposition of spectral light at the core of Neo-Impressionist color theory.
	"Coucher de soleil" was exhibited in Paris during the spring of 1907 at the Salon des Indépendants (n. 3457), along with "Bacchante" and four other works by Metzinger.
	The painting had been in the collection of Helene Kröller-Müller since 1921 or prior, now in the collection of the Kröller-Müller Museum, Otterlo, Netherlands.
	"Coucher de soleil no. 1" is an oil painting on canvas in a horizontal format with dimensions 72.5 x 100 cm (28.5 by 39.25 in), signed "J.Metzinger" (lower right), and titled on the verso "Coucher de soleil no. 1". Also on the verso is another painting by Metzinger representing a river scene with ships.
	The work represents two nude women relaxing in a lush Mediterranean landscape with semi-tropical vegetation, hills, trees, a body of water and a radiating setting sun beyond. The plants to the lower left resemble the agave, a species found in the south of France, Spain and Greece. "Agave" is also the name of three characters in Greek mythology:
	The two nudes appear to play a secondary role in the overall composition due to their small size. But their prominent location in the foreground and the provocative nature of public nudity propels them to a position that cannot be ignored.
	In this luscious setting—as in "Luxe, Calme et Volupté" by Henri Matisse—Metzinger makes use all the colors in the spectrum of visible light. Unlike Matisse's work, Metzinger's brushstrokes are large, forming a mosaic-like lattice of squares or cubes of similar size and shape throughout, juxtaposed in a wide variety of angles relative to one another, creating an overall rhythm that would otherwise not be present.
	Evidence suggests that this work was completed prior to Metzinger's paintings entitled "La danse (Bacchante)" or "Two Nudes in an Exotic Landscape": (1) there exists an oil on canvas study of the latter dated circa 1905-1906, located at the University of Iowa with the title "Two Nudes in a garden", 91.4 x 63.8 cm with a similar radiating sun above the bathers. (2) The brushstrokes are smaller in size consistent with Metzinger's style of late 1905. (3) In 1906 and 1907 Metzinger's brushstrokes became larger and more organized, structured within a highly geometrized framework already proto-Cubist in appearance. (4) As its name implies, "Coucher de soleil no. 1" might have been the first in a series of sunsets. Though no other works by Metzinger are known by the titles "Coucher de soleil no. 2" or "No. 3", the artist did produce other works with sunsets during the same period: "Landscape with Fountain", for example, an oil on canvas measuring 53.3 x 73.6 cm; "Paysage pointilliste", 1906-07, an oil on canvas measuring 54.5 x 73 cm; "Matin au Parc Montsouris", ca. 1906, oil on canvas, 49.9 x 67.7 cm; or even "La tour de Batz au coucher de soleil", 54 x 73 cm, an oil on canvas ca. 1905.
	Indeed, these clues would seem to suggest "Coucher de soleil no. 1" was painted during the later months of 1905, or early 1906, just before Metzinger and Robert Delaunay began painting portraits of one another, rather than circa 1908 as indicated by the Kröller-Müller Museum.
	The Fauves (many of whom would become Cubists), were heavily influenced by Neo-Impressionism, calling upon rational and scientific thought and creating highly abstract visions with the goal of producing the effects of real color-light. Mechanical brushwork suppressed the personality of the artist in an act of conspicuous defiance against the Impressionists. The Symbolists too would strip away the casual and accidental features of reality, revealing the true 'essence of form.' Whether such a revelation could be backed up by a scientific theory or not, there were still examples that could be codified. The problem was that pigments "reflect" light, they are not a light source themselves. Colors in the spectra of light did not respond in the same way as color pigments painted on canvas. For example, red and blue light rays result in white light, but the same colors in pigments make violet.
	Metzinger's response in "Coucher de soleil no. 1", in addition to illustrating actual radiation emanating in concentric circles from the sun, was to separate colors in such a way as to avoid mixtures, leading to inert tones. Contrary to the Impressionists related hues, often placed on top of one another while still wet—leading to a result the Divisionists found dull—contrasting hues placed side by side for the effect or creating optical vibrations were essential to Divisionists.
	The basic elements of art—the line, particle of color—like words could be treated autonomously, each possessing an abstract value independent of one another, if so chose the artist. The line, independent of its topographical role, possesses an calculable abstract value, in addition to the particles of color and the relation of both to the observer's emotion. The underlying theory behind Neo-Impressionsim, something Divisionists like the Metzinger would push to the extreme, would have a lasting effect on the works produced in the coming years by Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay and Gino Severini.
	The impulse toward abstraction was a primary quality of the time, even prior to Metzinger's "Sunset No. 1". "Neo-Impressionism" wrote Paul Adam, "wants to reproduce the pure phenomenon, the subjective appearance of things. It is a school of abstraction."
	By "abstract," writes Robert Herbert, "writers and painters of the period did not mean "devoid of reference to the real world", as we now use the term. They meant to draw away from nature, in the sense of disdaining imitation in order to concentrate upon the distillation of essential shapes and movements. These distilled forms were superior to nature because they partook of "idea", and represented the dominance of the artist over the mere stuff of nature. In embryo, the Symbolists and Neo-Impressionists did establish the philosophical defense of pure abstraction, but nature still formed part of the basic dialogue."
	By 1905 Metzinger began to favor the abstract qualities of larger brushstrokes and luminous colors. Following the lead of Georges Seurat, Henri-Edmond Cross and Paul Cézanne, Metzinger began incorporating a new geometry into his works that signified a further departure still from naturalism.
	Robert Herbert writes of Metzinger's "Coucher de soleil" and its importance during the Neo-Impressionist period and thereafter:
	The vibrating image of the sun in Metzinger's painting, and of Delaunay's "Paysage au disque" (1906-1907), writes Herbert, "is an homage to the decomposition of spectral light that lay at the heart of Neo-Impressionist color theory..."
	"The Neo-Impressionists" according to Maurice Denis, "inaugurated a vision, a technique, and esthetic based on the recent discoveries of physics, on a scientific conception of the world and of life."
	In 1904-05 Henri Poincaré discovered a graphical tool for visualizing different types of polarized light (known as Poincaré sphere). The Poincaré homology sphere, also called Poincaré dodecahedral space, is a particular example of a homology sphere. Being a spherical 3-manifold, it is the only homology 3-sphere, besides the 3-sphere itself, with a finite fundamental group. While it is not known the extent to which such discoveries influenced Metzinger's representation of the radiating sun in "Coucher de soleil no. 1", his interest and prowess in mathematics is well documented.

= = = Huntsville Fire = = =

	The Huntsville Fire was an American professional indoor soccer team based in Huntsville, Alabama. The Fire played in the Eastern Indoor Soccer League during both of the league's seasons from 1997 to 1998. They played their home games in the Von Braun Center. The team began the 1997 season as the Florida-based Daytona Beach Speedkings before financial struggles forced a sale early in the season.
	During their existence, the Fire/Speedkings played a combined total of 52 games, winning 29, two via shootout, and losing 23, two via shootout. They scored a total of 810 goals and allowed a total of 702 goals and notched 87 total standings points out of a possible 156 points. The EISL awarded 3 standings points for a win, 2 for a shootout win, 1 for a shootout loss, and 0 for a loss in regulation.
	The team, a charter member of the Eastern Indoor Soccer League, was founded as the Daytona Beach Speedkings. They played their home games at the Ocean Center in Daytona Beach, Florida, under the direction of coach Scott Cooper. The team played the first-ever game in EISL history, losing to the Savannah Rug Ratz in front of a "disappointing" crowd of 600 fans. Despite having a winning record (5–3) and the league's top offense, the team failed to draw fans and suffered financially. Before the season, team owner Blake Cullen told the "Orlando Sentinel" that the team would need to average about 3,000 fans per game to break even. The team's official home attendance average was 609 per game but the bulk of those were complimentary tickets with the SpeedKings selling fewer than 200 tickets per game.
	This failure prompted Cullen to sell the team to Major League Indoor Football, Inc., based in Clearwater, Florida, who announced the team would relocate to the Von Braun Center in Huntsville, Alabama. In just three weeks the new management headed by team president Bryan Dresden, moved the team from Daytona Beach opening to an inaugural crowd of over 2500 new fans in Huntsville, Alabama. The renamed Huntsville Fire finished the season with a record of 13 wins and 11 losses, including 1 shootout win. This gave the team a total of 38 points for the 1997 season and 4th place in the seven-team league.
	The Fire returned for the 1998 season. They finished the season with a record of 16 wins and 12 losses (including 1 shootout win and two shootout losses) for 49 points. This placed them 3rd overall in the seven-team league. The Fire made the playoffs, losing to the Mississippi Beach Kings 2 games to 1 in the semi-final round. The Fire averaged 2,535 fans per game, fourth-best in the EISL where the average league game saw 2,733 fans in attendance.
	Lee Edgerton was named EISL Most Valuable Player for the 1998 season. Ed Carmean was honored with the EISL's first Sportsmanship Award, presented to the player who "displays gentlemanly play and the ability to treat players, fans and officials with genuine respect and kindness." Huntsville Fire players named to the 1998 EISL All-League Team included midfielder Lee Edgerton and defender Ed Carmean. Players named to the EISL All-League Third Team included defender Carlton Williams. Players receiving All-League Honorable Mentions included defender Abraham Francois and midfielder Jamie Harding.
	After the season, in late September 1998, the team fired its five-person staff, including head coach Scott Cooper and general manager Jim Krause, citing "significant" financial losses. Team president Bryan Dresden said he would not move or fold the team but that additional local investors were required for the team to continue. This became moot when the EISL itself folded in late December 1998.

= = = Clouds of Sils Maria = = =

	Clouds of Sils Maria (known simply as Sils Maria in some territories) is a 2014 drama film written and directed by Olivier Assayas, and starring Juliette Binoche, Kristen Stewart, and Chloë Grace Moretz. The film is a French-German-Swiss co-production. Principal photography took place from August to October 2013, with most of the filming taking place in Sils Maria, Switzerland. The film follows an established middle-aged actress (Binoche) who is cast as the older lover in a romantic lesbian drama opposite an upstart young starlet (Moretz). She is overcome with personal insecurities and professional jealousies—all while sexual tension simmers between her and her personal assistant (Stewart). The screenplay was written with Binoche in mind and incorporates elements from her life into the plot.
	"Clouds of Sils Maria" was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or in the main competition section at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival on 23 May 2014, and also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival and New York Film Festival. The film received positive reviews, with critics lauding the work as psychologically complex and praising the lead actresses' performances. It won the Louis Delluc Prize for Best Film in December 2014, and received six César Award nominations. Stewart received the César Award for Best Supporting Actress in February 2015.
	Maria Enders (Juliette Binoche) is an international film star and stage actress. She travels with a loyal young American assistant, Valentine (Kristen Stewart). Twenty years earlier, Maria got her big break when she was cast and successfully performed as a young girl "Sigrid" in both the play and film versions of "" by Wilhelm Melchior, a Swiss playwright who is now elderly. The play centers on the tempestuous relationship between Sigrid and "Helena," a vulnerable older woman. Helena commits suicide after Sigrid takes advantage of her, and dumps her.
	While traveling to Zurich to accept an award on behalf of Wilhelm, and planning to visit him at home the following day at his house in Sils Maria – a remote settlement in the Alps – Maria learns of his death. His widow Rosa later confides that Wilhelm had ended his life and had been terminally ill. During the awards ceremony, Maria is approached by Klaus Diesterweg, a popular theater director. He wants to persuade her to appear on stage in "Maloja Snake" again, but this time in the role of Helena, the older woman.
	Maria is torn and reluctantly accepts. To prepare for the role, she accepts Rosa's offer to stay at the Melchiors' house in Sils Maria. Rosa is leaving to escape her memories of Wilhelm. Maria's discussions with Valentine and their read-throughs of the play's scenes evoke uncertainty about the nature of their relationship. A young American actress, 19-year-old Jo-Ann Ellis (Chloë Grace Moretz), has been chosen to interpret the role of Sigrid. Researching her on Google and the internet, Valentine tells Maria, who is out of touch with social media, that Ellis has been involved in numerous scandals.
	Questions soon multiply regarding aging, time, culture and the blurring line between the Sigrid/Helena and the Valentine/Maria relationships. Maria and Jo-Ann finally meet, but their relationship is complicated. Jo-Ann appears to be implicated in the attempted suicide of the wife of her new (and married) boyfriend.
	During their time at Sils Maria, Maria and Valentine spend much of their days hiking in the Alps. On one such final outing, they hike to the Maloja Pass – to observe a fascinating early morning cloud phenomenon that appears low in the pass (the "Maloja Snake" of the play's title, but also the "Clouds of Sils Maria" in the film's title). Valentine suggests that Helena may not commit suicide but simply walk away to start a new life. Maria protests that Helena walks into the mountains never to return and must therefore be dead. After suggesting that their approaches to the play are too different for her (Valentine) to be a useful assistant, a disconsolate Valentine disappears without explanation, never to reappear.
	A few weeks later, a young filmmaker who has previously sent a script to Maria visits her by appointment five minutes before the curtain rises on the opening night of "Maloja Snake" in London. Maria seems preoccupied, so near to curtain rise, and dismisses his suggested ideas about the proposed film role he is offering her as "too abstract for me". When she says the role he has written is too young for her and would suit Jo-Ann better, he suggests that the character is ageless and that he does not relate to his era with its internet scandals and trashy values. Clearly he admires her and her work. Maria does not give him a reply as to whether she will take part in the film. Then she is on stage, smoking and waiting for Sigrid.
	Principal photography of "Clouds of Sils Maria" began on 22 August 2013 and ended on 4 October. The film was shot on location in the titular village of Sils Maria, Switzerland as well as Zurich; Leipzig, Germany; and South Tyrol, Italy.
	In an interview, Olivier Assayas said that all the film's interiors were shot in Germany. The production moved to Sils Maria to film the hiking scenes, and moved again to film the scenes in and around the chalet in South Tyrol.
	The Chanel company debuted in film financing with this production. In addition it supplied the actresses with clothes, jewelry, accessories, and makeup, and the brand was scripted in as a provider of the same to Maria. Chanel provided some of the budget to allow Olivier Assayas to fulfill his dream of shooting a film on 35-mm film instead of digitally. 
	Assayas has described the fictional play "Maloja Snake" as a "condensed, brutalized version" of "The Bitter Tears of Petra von Kant," a play by Rainer Werner Fassbinder (it was later adapted as a film of the same name).
	The American title of the film is "Clouds of Sils Maria." In France the film was released as "Sils Maria," Assayas' original name.
	The first trailer for the film was released on 22 May 2014. Another international trailer followed on 7 July.
	The film was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or in the main competition section at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival on 23 May 2014. It also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival and New York Film Festival.
	"Clouds of Sils Maria" premiered at the Cannes Film Festival to positive reviews.
	Robbie Collin of "The Daily Telegraph" stated, "This is a complex, bewitching and melancholy drama, another fearlessly intelligent film from Assayas." He said, "Binoche plays the role with elegance and melancholic wit – her character slips between fiction and fact in a way that recalls her role in Abbas Kiarostami's "Certified Copy." But it's Stewart who really shines here. Valentine is probably her best role to date: she's sharp and subtle, knowable and then suddenly distant, and a late, surprising twist is handled with a brilliant lightness of touch."
	Peter Debruge of "Variety" said it was Assayas' "daring rejoinder, a multi-layered, femme-driven meta-fiction that pushes all involved—including next-gen starlets Kristen Stewart and Chloë Grace Moretz — to new heights." Matt Risley of "Total Film" called it "an elegant, intelligent drama, enlivened by strong performances by Binoche, Moretz and especially Stewart, for whom this will surely usher in a new dawn."
	Stephanie Zacharek of "The Village Voice" wrote: "But the movie's true center, the meteorological phenomenon that makes it so pleasurable to watch, is the half-prickly, half-affectionate interplay between Binoche and Stewart." Ben Sachs of "Chicago Reader" wrote: "This recalls Ingmar Bergman's chamber dramas in the intensity and psychological complexity of the central relationship, yet the filmmaking is breathtakingly fluid, evoking a sense of romantic abandon."
	However, Kyle Smith of the "New York Post" writes: "A backstage drama that has all the sizzle of a glass of water resting on the windowsill, [...] "Clouds of Sils Maria" mistakes lack of dramatic imagination for smoldering subtlety." Richard Brody from "The New Yorker" writes: "Clouds of Sils Maria, as the title suggests, is a sort of travelogue, a commercial for European cultural tourism, and, as such, it's the perfect image of the very system that created it. There's almost no independent filmmaking in France, and there isn't supposed to be. If there were, it would stand as a threat to the system that, by way of training, enticements, and restrictions, is the source of the comforts that the movie depicts and that the movie reflects. The mediocrity is stifling." 
	The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports a "Certified Fresh" score of 90% based on 169 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Bolstered by a trio of powerful performances from its talented leads, "Clouds of Sils Maria" is an absorbing, richly detailed drama with impressive depth and intelligence." On Metacritic, the film holds a weighted mean score of 78 out of 100, based on 41 reviews from film critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
	"Clouds of Sils Maria" opened in France on 20 August 2014 in 150 theaters for a $3,663 per theater average and a box office total of $549,426 as of 24 August 2014. The film expanded to 195 theaters in its second week of release, and the box office increased to an estimated $1,150,090.
	"Clouds of Sils Maria" opened in the United States on 10 April 2015 in three theaters and grossed $69,729 on its opening weekend for an average of $23,243 per. As of 4 June 2015, the film has grossed an estimated $1,743,577 after expanding theaters.
	The film won the Louis Delluc Prize for Best Film in December 2014. The film received six César Award nominations including best film, best director, best actress, best original screenplay, and best cinematography, while Stewart won for best supporting actress, becoming the first American actress to win a César and the second American actor to win after Adrien Brody in 2003.
	The film was released on DVD and Digital HD by Paramount Home Media on July 14, 2015; the company also handles the digital entertainment sales, with IFC handling the video on demand sales.
	The Criterion Collection released a DVD and Blu-ray edition on 28 June 2016.

= = = Naked Raccoon = = =

	Naked Raccoon is an acoustic album by American indie rock band Silent Old Mtns, released on June 19, 2013. It is a companion album to Silent Old Mtns' previous record, "Velvet Raccoon", marking the one year anniversary of its release. The album contains all of the tracks from "Velvet Raccoon" performed acoustically, supplemented by poetry inspired by the album. It was recorded in June 2011 at the Key Facility in Monrovia Maryland, and produced by Myles Vlachos.
	On the day of its release "Naked Raccoon" was review by Trebuchet Magazine's Scott Ladauti. He writes... "Naked Raccoon works so well. A stripped down, track by track, acoustic replica of their first album. Released on June 19th, Naked Raccoon brings the curtain down on a full year of recording and touring under the ten tracks that we first heard on the plugged-in big brother, Velvet Raccoon. Most of the record’s focus is Brohmal’s voice and his guitar."

= = = 2013 LPGA Championship = = =

	The 2013 LPGA Championship was the 59th LPGA Championship, held June 6–9 at Locust Hill Country Club in Pittsford, New York, a suburb southeast of Rochester. Known for sponsorship reasons as the Wegmans LPGA Championship, it was the second of five major championships on the LPGA Tour during the 2013 season. This was the fourth consecutive year the LPGA Championship was played at Locust Hill.
	Inbee Park, number one in the world rankings, won her third major title in a sudden-death playoff, defeating runner-up Catriona Matthew on the third extra hole, their 39th of the day. The third and fourth rounds were played on Sunday after play was washed out by heavy rain on Thursday. 
	The win was the second consecutive major for Park; she won the Kraft Nabisco Championship in April and became only the third to win both in the same year, joining Pat Bradley (1986) and Annika Sörenstam (2005).
	It was the eighth playoff at the LPGA Championship and the first since 2008.
	The field included 150 players from 24 countries, with the 36-hole cut to the top 70 players and ties after the second round.
	"Thursday, June 6, 2013"<br>
	"Friday, June 7, 2013"
	Play was washed out on Thursday due to heavy rain, course flooding, and occasional lightning. Chella Choi shot a 67 (−5) on Friday on a soggy course to take the first round lead; major winners Morgan Pressel and Jiyai Shin were one stroke back at 68.
	Source:
	"Saturday, June 8, 2013"
	Pressel grabbed the lead with a 70 (−2) for 138 (−6), and world number one Inbee Park shot 68 to move into tie for second place with first round leader Choi, two strokes back at 140 (−4). The cut was at 150 (+6) or better, with 77 players advancing to play the final two rounds on Sunday.
	"Sunday, June 9, 2013 (morning)"
	One-over for the round after the first eight holes, Park then made five birdies and five pars for another 68 (−4) to total 208 (−8), one stroke ahead of Pressel.
	"Sunday, June 9, 2013 (afternoon)"
	Following the third round in the morning, the groupings were kept the same for the afternoon's final round. The top three players after 54 holes, Park, Pressel, and Shin, all shot 75 (+3) and came back to the field. Matthew recorded a 68 (−4) without a bogey for a 283 (−5), which tied Park and forced a sudden-death playoff. Suzann Pettersen, the champion in 2007, started the round eleven strokes back, in a tie for 31st. She carded a tournament best 65 (−7), but finished one stroke back at 284 (−4), tied with Pressel for third place.
	"Final round"
	"Cumulative tournament scores, relative to par"
	The sudden-death playoff began on the 18th hole and alternated with the 10th hole, both par fours. Both players parred the first two holes, with Matthew scrambling for par on the second after finding the rough and pitching out to the fairway. She drove into the rough again on the third hole while Park hit the fairway. Matthew failed to chip in for par from and Park sank her birdie putt for the championship.

= = = Flaminio Obelisk = = =

	The Flaminio Obelisk (Italian: "Obelisco Flaminio") is one of the thirteen ancient obelisks in Rome, Italy. It is located in the Piazza del Popolo.
	It is 24 m (67 ft) high and with the base and the cross reaches 36.50 m (100 ft).
	The Nineteenth Dynasty Pharaoh Sety I quarried this obelisk from granite quarries in Aswan. Before his death, artists inscribed one face of the obelisk, which Sety intended to erect in the Temple of Re in Heliopolis. Sety's son and successor Ramesses II completed its inscriptions and set it up in Heliopolis; it was brought to Rome in 10 BC by command of Augustus, together with the Obelisk of Montecitorio, and placed on the "spina" of the Circus Maximus, followed three centuries later by the Lateran Obelisk. Like most Egyptian obelisks, the Flaminio Obelisk was probably one of a pair, but no trace of its mate has ever been found. In Sety I's dedicatory inscription on one side of the shaft, the king boasts that he would "fill Heliopolis with obelisks." 
	The obelisk was discovered in 1587, broken into three pieces, together with the Lateran Obelisk; and it was erected in the Piazza del Popolo by Domenico Fontana in 1589, at the command Pope Sixtus V.
	In 1823 Giuseppe Valadier embellished it with a base having four circular basins and stone lions, imitating the Egyptian style.

= = = The Giver (film) = = =

	The Giver is a 2014 American social science fiction dystopian film directed by Phillip Noyce and starring Jeff Bridges, Brenton Thwaites, Odeya Rush, Meryl Streep, Alexander Skarsgård, Katie Holmes, Cameron Monaghan, Taylor Swift, and Emma Tremblay. The film is based on the 1993 young adult novel of the same name by Lois Lowry. 
	"The Giver" premiered on August 11, 2014, and was released theatrically in the United States on August 15, 2014, grossing $67 million on a $25 million budget. It received a People's Choice Award nomination for "Favorite Dramatic Movie". However, it received generally mixed reviews from critics.
	Following a calamity referred to as The Ruin, society has been reorganized. Conflict, pain, and suffering have been mostly removed from human experience, but emotion, love, freedom, individuality, and joy have also been removed. Babies are brought into being through genetic engineering, and sexual desire is chemically suppressed. All memories of the past are held by one person, the Receiver of Memory, for the purpose of shielding the rest of the community from pain. The Receiver of Memory and his/her protégé are the only persons able to see in color, an ability otherwise eliminated from the community to prevent envy. The community is ruled by elders, including a Chief Elder.
	Jonas is a 16-year-old boy whose best friends are Asher and Fiona. On graduation day, Jonas is told that he will become the next Receiver of Memory and will progressively receive memories from his predecessor, the Giver. During his training with the Giver, Jonas gradually learns about the past and about joy, pain, death, and love. Jonas stops taking his daily injections and begins to experience emotion. Those who leave the community are said to have been "released to Elsewhere", but Jonas learns that this is really a euphemism for death by lethal injection. Jonas also learns that the Giver's daughter, Rosemary, had preceded Jonas as Receiver of Memory. When she began her training, however, Rosemary became so distraught from the memories she received that she asked to be euthanized. 
	Jonas begins to teach his findings to Fiona and shares the concept of emotion with her. Jonas then tells her to stop taking her daily injection. The next day, he kisses her; kissing is an antiquated action that is unknown to the community and which Jonas learned about through memories received from the Giver, and touching a non-family member is against the rules. Jonas also shares his memories with a baby, Gabriel, who was brought home by his father. He develops a close relationship with Gabriel after discovering that he shared the birthmark Jonas has—the mark of a potential Receiver of Memory. 
	Appalled by the deception of his community and by the Elders' disregard for human life, Jonas comes to believe that everyone should have memories of the past. Eventually, the Giver and Jonas decide that the only way to help the community is for Jonas to travel past the border of their land into the area called "Elsewhere". Doing this would release memories and color back into the community. When Jonas tries to leave his neighborhood, he encounters Asher. Asher tries to stop Jonas, but Jonas punches him. Jonas retrieves Gabriel—who is to be "released" for having failed to meet developmental markers—at the Nurturing Center; Fiona kisses Jonas and helps him escape with Gabriel. 
	Meanwhile, Jonas' mother and Asher go to the Chief Elder to tell them Jonas is missing. Jonas steals a motorcycle and drives away with Gabriel. Asher is assigned by the Chief Elder to use a drone to find Jonas and "lose" him. When Asher finds Jonas and Gabriel in the desert, Jonas implores Asher to trust him and let them go. Instead, Asher captures them with the drone, but then sets them free by dropping them into a river; when questioned by the Chief Elder, Asher lies and says that he has followed her orders. 
	Fiona is condemned to be "released" for helping Jonas. Just as she is about to be "released" by Jonas's father, the Giver tries to persuade the Chief Elder that the Elders should free the community. Unmoved by the Giver's arguments, the Chief Elder asserts that freedom is a bad idea because left to their own devices, people make bad choices.
	Jonas and Gabriel enter a snowy area. Jonas falls to the ground, overcome by the cold weather. However, he sees a sled like the one that he rode in a memory he received from the Giver. Jonas and Gabriel ride the sled downhill and cross the border into Elsewhere, freeing their community. This action saves Fiona's life, as Jonas's father realizes what he is doing and stops short of "releasing" her. Jonas realizes that he has succeeded in his quest.
	Jeff Bridges initially wanted to film the movie in the mid-1990s, and a script was written by 1998. Various barriers marred the production of the film, including when Warner Bros. bought the rights in 2007. The rights then ended up at The Weinstein Company and Walden Media. 
	Bridges originally intended that his own father, Lloyd Bridges, would play the title character, The Giver, but he died in 1998.
	Principal photography began on October 7, 2013 in Cape Town and Johannesburg. Meryl Streep had some of her scenes shot in England, where she also filmed Rob Marshall's "Into the Woods", before doing additional filming two months later in Paarl, a town near Cape Town. The filming was completed on February 13, 2014 in Utah.
	The score for "The Giver" was composed by Marco Beltrami. The song "Ordinary Human" by OneRepublic was featured in the movie. The film also features Tori Kelly's "Silent". The soundtrack was released on August 5, 2014 by Interscope Records.
	The first official trailer for the film was released on March 19, 2014. On April 11, 2014, more footage from the film was revealed. A second trailer was released on June 4. 
	On July 11, 2014, it was announced that The Weinstein Company and Walden Media would be teaming up with Fathom Events to stream the red carpet premiere to more than 250 theaters in the US on August 11, four days before its official release. Ziegfeld Theatre hosted the film's premiere in New York City.
	"The Giver" grossed $45.1 million in North America and $21.9 million overseas for a worldwide total of $67 million, against a production budget of $25 million. 
	The film earned $4.7 million on its opening day. In its opening weekend, the film grossed $12.3 million, finishing in 5th place at the box office.
	On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 35% based on 160 reviews with an average rating of 5.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Phillip Noyce directs "The Giver" with visual grace, but the movie doesn't dig deep enough into the classic source material's thought-provoking ideas." On Metacritic, the film holds a score of 47 out of 100, based on 33 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews." 
	Richard Roeper gave the film a "C" and stated that "the magic [of the novel] gets lost in translation".

= = = Juan José Madrigal = = =

	Juan José Madrigal Pacheco (born March 8, 1974) is a Costa Rican former swimmer, who specialized in breaststroke events. He is a two-time Olympian (1996 and 2000), and a Costa Rican former record holder in the 50,100 and 200 m breaststroke (long course and short course).
	Madrigal made his Olympic debut at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, where he competed only in the 100 m breaststroke. Swimming in heat two, he held off Namibia's Jorg Lindemeier by three hundredths of a second (0.03) to pick up a third seed in 1:05.47.
	At the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Madrigal qualified for a breaststroke double. He achieved FINA B-standards of 1:05.61 (100 m breaststroke) and 2:20.00 (200 m breaststroke) from the 2000 Janet Evans Invitational in USC Los Angeles, California, United States. 
	In the 100 m breaststroke, held on the first day of the Games, Madrigal established a new Costa Rican record of 1:05.14 to lead the second heat, but ended up overall in forty-eighth place. Three days later, in the 200 m breaststroke, Madrigal placed forty-third on the morning prelims. Swimming in heat three.

= = = Frederick Tansley Munnings = = =

	Frederick Tansley Munnings (1875, Lowestoft – 1953) was a 20th-century British spiritualist medium and former burglar. He was exposed as a fraud.
	Munnings lived in Hastings and worked as a boarding-house keeper. He was convicted of burglary for housebreaking at Woking and was sentenced to nine months' imprisonment. Munnings claimed to be a "direct voice" medium, but was exposed as a fraud when one of his séance sitters turned the lights on, revealing him to be holding a trumpet by means of a telescopic extension piece and using an angle piece to change the auditory effect of his voice.
	In February 1926 a public warning against Munnings was issued in the press by Arthur Conan Doyle, Abraham Wallace, R. H. Saunders, and H. D. Bradley. The psychical researcher Harry Price also exposed his fraudulent mediumship. Munnings claimed to produce the independent "spirit" voices of Julius Caesar, Dan Leno, Hawley Harvey Crippen and King Henry VIII. Price invented and used a piece of apparatus known as a voice control recorder and proved that all the voices were those of Munnings. Munnings admitted fraud and sold his confessions to a Sunday newspaper.
	Munnings's daughter Hilda Tansley Munnings became a noted ballerina under the name Lydia Sokolova.

= = = Cue sports at the 2010 Asian Games – Men's three-cushion singles = = =

	The men's three-cushion billiards singles tournament at the 2010 Asian Games in Guangzhou took place from 15 November to 17 November at Asian Games Town Gymnasium.
	Tsuyoshi Suzuki of Japan won the gold medal after beating his teammate Joji Kai in the final.

= = = 2013 European Fencing Championships = = =

	The 2013 European Fencing Championships was held in Zagreb, Croatia from 16–21 June 2013. Venue for the competition was Arena Zagreb.

= = = 1971 Oregon Webfoots football team = = =

	The 1971 Oregon Webfoots football team represented the University of Oregon during the 1971 NCAA University Division football season. Home games were played in Eugene at Autzen Stadium.
	Led by fifth-year head coach Jerry Frei, the Ducks were 5–6 overall and 2–4 in the Pacific-8 Conference. They did not play UCLA and lost the Civil War to Oregon State for an eighth consecutive year.
	Oregon was led by junior quarterback Dan Fouts and senior All-American halfback Bobby Moore (Ahmad Rashād), the fourth overall pick of the 1972 NFL Draft, taken by the St. Louis Cardinals. Rashād played ten seasons in the NFL, primarily as a wide receiver with the Minnesota Vikings.
	Two months after the season, Frei resigned as head coach on January 19, 1972, and assistant coach Dick Enright was promoted two weeks later.

= = = Powell-Cotton Ethnographic Films = = =

	The Powell-Cotton ethnographic films is a collection of over 70 ethnographic, documentary and wildlife films made by the Powell-Cotton family between 1922 and 1973. The films relate exclusively to the family's expeditions in Africa during this time. The original films are held in the British Film Institute archives, and the Powell-Cotton Museum own copies contemporaneous with the originals.
	Between 1887 and 1939 Major Percy H G Powell-Cotton undertook a total of 28 expeditions to Africa and Asia. Alongside the extensive collection of game and animal specimens he bought back, Major Powell-Cotton also shot several reels of 16mm film footage whilst out in the bush.
	His films mainly depict African game and wildlife, as well as market scenes, craft making and tribal ceremonies from the African rural communities. One particular film, "Gorilla Drive, Cameroons", is believed to be the only one of its subject from this date in existence. It shows the mustering of the animals by the local people, their herding and despatch by the natives with spears.
	Powell-Cotton made 17 films in total, either independently or together with his daughter Diana or wife Hannah. All the films are 16mm black and white silent films, made in a non-narrative documentary style. The major also shot all his films using a handheld, windup Bell & Howell Filmo 70 camera, which is currently on display in the Powell-Cotton museum. The first recorded use of colour film was in 1950’s in the film "South Africa: Victoria Falls & Livingstone Game Park" made by Christopher and Diana Powell-Cotton.
	Most of the films in the collection were made for private viewing only and for the purposes recording keeping from the expeditions. However, Major Powell-Cotton did present several of his films to the Royal Anthropological Institute in 1932, including "Crafts in the Cameroons" (1931) and "Osonigbe Juju House and Benin Brass Cutting" (1931).
	The most notable films of the collection are those by Major Powell-Cotton’s daughters, Diana and Antoinette Powell-Cotton from their expeditions to Angola in 1936 and 1937.
	The result of their trips was just under three hours of edited black-and-white 16mm film, accompanied by nearly 3,000 objects and 2,000 photographs. The films portray local ceremonies, craft-working and family life in rural Africa. Together they provide a unique record of the region at a crucial time in its history, before the full impact of the massive cultural changes brought about by missionization and colonial rule.
	Diana and Antoinette filmed their entire footage on a single, small windup Kodak cine camera which is currently on display in the Powell-Cotton museum. The sisters were not able to review or edit any footage on location, and so were constantly anxious they had not captured the events and activities in Angola successfully. They only edited their footage on their return, and would give private viewings accompanied by music and live narration to family members in their screen room which is now Gallery 4 in the Powell-Cotton museum.
	Some of the Powell-Cotton films are shown as part of the permanent exhibition at the Powell-Cotton Museum.
	The Angolan film collection by the Powell-Cotton sisters was also the focus of the special exhibition ‘Tala! Visions of Angola’ which was held at the Powell-Cotton Museum from May to November 2012.
	The exhibition was awarded National Lottery Heritage Funding and was co-curated with the Angolan Cultural Foundation and the Angolan Embassy. Commenting on the exhibition, the curators said:
“The objects we had access to, were made by somebody’s great grandmother or great grandfather. They deserve to be seen and remembered by their rightful ancestors as well as the wider public. Just as importantly, the Angolan community here in the UK have a right to be involved in the decisions made about the collection. This is after all their history.”
	In connection with the exhibition, a research project entitled ‘Looking Back to Find Them Looking Forward: The Visionary Powell-Cotton Sisters’ and was in collaboration with the Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford.
	The project and exhibition aimed to highlight the importance of the daughters collecting practises and material they brought back, especially their ethnographic films. As Oxford Aspire stated in an article on the project;
‘The sisters’ collecting practice was visionary in that it placed photography and film-making in a central role in the collection of material culture, something few other museum collections were doing at the time. As a result their collection represents a significant part of the film and museum heritage of the county. Until this new project, however, their achievements were not recognised in the galleries of the Powell-Cotton Museum.’
	See Powell-Cotton filmography
	Miller, Ben, ‘"Extraordinary" Tala show brings Visions of Angola to Kent's Powell-Cotton Museum’ on Culture 24, 22 May 2012
	Legrand, Louise, Annette, Diana and Antoinette Powell-Cotton: 'interested amateurs'? MA Thesis, University of Kent, 2008
	Powell Cotton Museum, Illustrated guide to the Powell-Cotton Museum natural history and ethnography, Quex Park, Birchington, The Museum, 1969

= = = Gunpoint (video game) = = =

	Gunpoint is a stealth-based puzzle-platform video game created by indie developer Tom Francis. The game was released for Microsoft Windows on 3 June 2013, and soon followed with versions for OS X and Linux.
	The game is set in the near future and sees players assume the role of freelance spy Richard Conway, who is tasked with infiltrating buildings to fulfil assignments from various clients. To do so, the player must avoid guards and bypass security features with the aid of a number of high-tech gadgets, such as the Crosslink tool which is used to rewire electrical circuits. Throughout the game, Conway seeks to clear his name in the murder of a high-profile weapons manufacturer, and gradually uncovers a murder mystery in his search for the real killer.
	"Gunpoint" is divided into a number of missions, between which the player, as Richard Conway, interacts with others through a PDA to accept missions, shop for new gear, and allocate resource points among various abilities Conway possesses. Each mission typically involves entering a building and hack into a computer, and then making way for the exit point of the level. Initially missions are provided in a linear order but the game provides optional missions later.
	The building is presented in a two-dimensional cross-section on screen, showing the locations of guards, doors, switch panels, lights, security cameras, and other features, including the target objectives. The player, as Conway, can run and climb on walls, use stairwells and elevators, and using the abilities of Conway's "Bullfrog" hypertrousers, can launch the character great heights or distances, potentially tackling guards or breaking through glass walls. Conway can survive long falls, but can be killed by a single gunshot, thus requiring the player to stay out of the guards' line of sight.
	Within a few missions, the player gains access to the Crosslink device. This allows the player to change the view to show all the security features of the building and their current connectivity, such as the light controlled by a given light switch. From here, the player can rewire these controls, within the current limits of the Crosslink, such as by making a light switch control a secured door, or by completely disabling a security feature. The availability of which controls can be affected is initially limited at the start of the game, but as the player earns in-game money, they can buy improved features, such as being able to control encrypted controls or even affect weapons carried by guards. With the Crosslink, the player can then create situations that would allow them to sneak through without being detected by guards, lure the guards into areas where they can be neutralized, or simply to gain access to secured areas of the facility. Other tools to help navigate the building and avoid guards become available to purchase later. The player is ranked at the end of each mission based on time taken, number of guards knocked out/killed, number of times they were spotted, and how much noise or distraction they created.
	The game includes a level editor to allow players to create their own challenges.
	"Gunpoint" was developed by Tom Francis in his spare time while working as section editor for "PC Gamer UK" magazine. Francis had no formal background in programming, but having learned that "Spelunky" was created by one person with the user-friendly software suite , he decided to experiment with game development. He started work on his first game, under the working title "Private Dick", in May 2010. Within about a month Francis had a working prototype which he released on his blog to gauge interest and garner feedback.
	After making further progress on the game's core mechanics, Francis requested on his blog that interested artists submit character and background mockups for the game to replace his programmer art. He described the response as "humbling and overwhelming," and ultimately chose to work with artists John Roberts and Fabian van Dommelen. Francis then repeated this process for musicians, recruiting Ryan Ike, Francisco Cerda, and John Robert Matz to create the background music of "Gunpoint".
	The concept for "Gunpoint" came from Francis' review work for "PC Gamer UK", as he found himself often writing means of suggesting how games could be improved, and considered himself too harsh for writing such criticism. He wanted to make a game that avoided the pitfall of assuming "the player is stupid", and instead not worry about if the player out-thought his own level design. The idea of the Crosslink tool made it effectively a type of limited level editor to let the player complete each level in the manner they wanted to. Francis considered that the stealth element was less about evasion and more on simply avoiding being even seen by the guards; he considered that for most other games, player characters can typically take a great deal of damage, and instead wanted to make the player consider the guards' guns as serious threats and included instant death if seen by the guards. The Crosslink tool could thus allow players to deal with such guards without even being in the same room. Francis did cut out one element of the Crosslink tool that would allow the player to remotely activate a device that is on an accessible circuit as he felt this would make for trivial solutions.
	In 2015, the game was ported by Abstraction Games to a newer version of the game engine, with added support for Steam Workshop.
	"Gunpoint" was positively received by critics, attaining a score of 83/100 from review aggregator Metacritic. The game was widely praised for its gameplay, art style, music, and writing; while its short length was a common criticism. Eurogamer awarded the game 8/10 and wrote "'Always leave them wanting more,' goes the old showbiz adage, and "Gunpoint" certainly does that." GameSpot's review was more critical of the game's length, awarding it 7.5/10 and describing it as "the start of something great, but without more content, it feels too much like the appetizer to a main course." Destructoid gave the game 9.5/10 and called it "a hallmark of excellence," noting that "its short length might be seen as a flaw, but a robust level editor soundly nips that issue in the bud." "PC Gamer UK", where Francis worked while developing the game, declined to review it in order to avoid any perceived conflict of interest.
	Francis noted that his only development cost was $30 for a version of . He recouped this cost within 64 seconds of offering pre-orders for the game, but since has made revenue many times more than this and recognizing he was making enough to become a game developer. With the success of "Gunpoint", Francis announced that he would be departing "PC Gamer UK" to take up full-time independent game development, while still writing freelance for the magazine from time to time.

= = = Babillon Tower = = =

	Babillon Tower () is a skyscraper under construction (currently on hold) in Batumi, Georgia. It is approximately 170 meters tall (47 stories). Once complete, it will be the tallest skyscraper in Batumi after the Orbi Twin Towers (50 stories). The Babillon Tower will become one of many new buildings constructed in Batumi in recent years, leading to a renewal of the tourist industry. The construction is overseen by Omer Ilknur and was to include a 4-star hotel, a casino, residences, social facilities, shops, offices, cafes, restaurants, and bars. 
	As of May 2019, the Government of Georgia sold the Babillon Tower multi-story building to MC Construction, located in the center of Batumi. The online auction started at 24.5 million GEL, 33% less than the previous unsuccessful auction. Babylon Tower was supposed to be completed in 2015, but the developer of the project TAM GEO LLC did not fulfill their obligations.

= = = Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council = = =

	Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) is a United Nations-hosted organization dedicated to advancing Sustainable Development Goal 6, Target 6.2 on sanitation and hygiene. It was established in 1990. WSSCC advocates for improved sanitation and hygiene, paying special attention to the needs of women, girls and people in vulnerable situations. WSSCC facilitates multi-stakeholder collaboration around sanitation and contributes to the international community's broader goals of poverty eradication, health and environmental improvement, gender equality and long-term social and economic development.
	WSSCC's main areas of focus are large-scale sanitation and hygiene behaviour change programmes through the Global Sanitation Fund - promoting sanitation and hygiene as the gateway to inclusion and opportunity; and bringing together leaders and activists to strengthen the global sanitation movement.
	WSSCC works to address the sanitation crisis and promote universal access to sanitation in collaboration with a range of partners. The United Nations estimates that some 2.2 billion people lack basic sanitation services and 3 billion people lack access to basic handwashing facilities at home. Poor sanitation costs countries approximately $229 billion annually (in 2015).
	WSSCC contributes to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 6, Target 6.2: ""By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations.""
	WSSCC collaborates with government agencies, non-governmental organizations, international organizations, civil society groups and the private sector internationally and at the national, regional and local levels. The organization also advocates around key sanitation and hygiene international days such as World Water Day, Menstrual Hygiene Day, World Toilet Day and Global Handwashing Day.
	Through the Global Sanitation Fund (GSF), a multi-donor United Nations trust fund, WSSCC supports national efforts to help rural communities improve their sanitation and adopt good hygiene practices. The GSF funds behaviour change activities. Community-led total sanitation is frequently utilized by GSF-funded national programmes, such as in Cambodia and Nigeria.
	The GSF funds national programmes in Benin, Cambodia, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Nepal, Nigeria, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo and Uganda. WSSCC's Secretariat gathers funds and donations at the global level, selects the eligible countries for funding, and manages the disbursement of grants to national sanitation programmes.
	In the period of 2008 to 2018, the Global Sanitation Fund has allocated over US$ 119 to sanitation projects in developing countries.
	WSSCC advocates for equality, human rights and non-discrimination as central to ensuring access to safe water supply, adequate sanitation and good hygiene for all. In particular, WSSCC WASH advocates promote women's participation and leadership and menstrual hygiene management.
	A key challenge that WSSCC is addressing relates to the inclusion of menstrual hygiene management in the sustainable development agenda. WSSCC has highlighted that the taboo surrounding menstruation is a barrier to equal participation and opportunities for women. A National Public Radio article highlighted that many policy makers often admit that they had never considered questions around menstruation before.
	Other focus areas include sustaining behaviour change as well as ensuring reliable and consistent monitoring, particularly of households that return to previously abandoned unhygienic behaviours. WSSCC works on these issues through systems strengthening and impact evaluations.
	Notable reports and campaigns supported by WSSCC include:
	WSSCC is administratively and legally hosted by the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) since 2009. WSSCC's Secretariat is governed by its Steering Committee. The current (in 2019) Secretariat’s Executive Director is Sue Coates ("ad interim"). WSSCC’s secretariat is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. WSSCC is an unincorporated membership organization and not a separate legal entity. 
	WSSCC's Steering Committee decides the policies and strategies of the organization, manages the governance process, and is accountable to both the membership and the donors for its work. It is made up of a chair, regional members, partner agency members, ex officio members, non-voting invitees, and permanent non-voting observers. All WSSCC members are eligible to stand and vote in elections for the Steering Committee. 
	WSSCC is the only UN body devoted solely to sanitation and hygiene.
	WSSCC has members in 150 countries.
	The "WSSCC community" includes staff based in Geneva, volunteer National Coordinators, Global Sanitation Fund programme managers, a democratically elected Steering Committee and bi-lateral donor partners. The "national coordinators" work through WASH Coalitions in 16 countries to lead WSSCC’s work. They serve as coalition heads, spokespersons, and advocates for sanitation, hygiene and water supply issues. 
	The current chair (in 2019) is Hind Khatib-Othman. 
	WSSCC receives or has received funding from several European governments as well as Australia. In 2016-2018 the donors to WSSCC's budget were the Governments of the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland. In previous years, donors also included Australia, Finland, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
	The expenditure in 2018 totaled US$ 18.2 million representing a 72% delivery rate against a budget of US$ 21.1 million.
	Key collaborating partners with WSSCC include WaterAid, Sanitation and Water for All, Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) and UNICEF, among others. In 2020, WSSCC announced a stronger collaboration with SuSanA by merging their Community of Practice group into the SuSanA Discussion Forum. 
	WSSCC partners with:
	In 1990, a group of senior staff of developing country governments, bilateral and multilateral agencies, NGOs and research institutions founded WSSCC. On December 21, 1990, the 45th Session of the UN General Assembly elected to pass resolution A/RES/45/181, which emphasized the “importance of intensifying the coordination of national activities undertaken with the assistance of all relevant agencies in the field of water supply and sanitation through, in particular, the inter-agency Steering Committee for Co-operative Action for the International Drinking Water Decade and the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council”. Through this resolution the WSSCC was formally established as an independent organization with a United Nations mandate.
	During the 1990s, WSSCC concentrated on sharing knowledge and convening thematic discussion groups on water- and sanitation-related topics. In 2000, WSSCC published Vision 21, a proposal for achieving universal water, sanitation and hygiene coverage.
	From 1991 to 2009, it was hosted by the World Health Organization (WHO). Since 2009, WSSCC has been hosted by the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS).
	After 2000, WSSCC expanded its work to include advocacy and communications, and began to use the term "WASH" as an umbrella term for water, sanitation and hygiene from about 2001 onwards"." 
	WSSCC's members and staff lobbied for a Millennium Development Goal target for sanitation, which was adopted at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002 in Johannesburg, South Africa.
	Since 2007, WSSCC has focused on sanitation and hygiene, adding a dedicated sanitation grant financing mechanism (the Global Sanitation Fund) in addition to its networking, knowledge and advocacy work.
	Previous chairs of the steering committee include: Interim chairs Brad Herbert and Ebele Okeke in 2017-2018, Amina J. Mohammed, Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations and former Minister of Environment of Nigeria in 2016, Andrew Cotton in 2014 to 2015, Anna Tibaijuka in 2011 to 2013; Roberto Lenton in 2005 to 2010, Sir Richard Jolly in 1997 to 2004 and Margaret Catley-Carlson in 1990 to 1996.
	Previous executive directors included Rolf Luyendijk (in 2018), Chris Williams (in 2012 to 2016) and Jon Lane (in 2007 to 2011). 

= = = Carlos Alberto dos Santos Cruz = = =

	Divisional general Carlos Alberto dos Santos Cruz (born 1 June 1952) is a Brazilian military officer who previously held the post of Force Commander of the United Nations' peacekeeping force in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (known by its acronym, MONUSCO). He was appointed to this position by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon on 17 May 2013 and replaced by Derrick Mbuyiselo Mgwebi on 29 December 2015. He was Minister-Secretary of Government of Brazil, nominated by President Jair Bolsonaro, from 1 January 2019 to 13 June 2019.
	His grandfather emigrated from Vila Nova de Cerveira, Portugal in 1921 at the age of 22. He is of Quadroon stock on his grandmother's side. His mother is of Portuguese Nobility origin from Bahia. A graduate of the Military Academy of Agulhas Negras 1974 Promotion (Resende, Rio de Janeiro) and the Catholic University of Campinas, Santos Cruz has more than 40 years of national and international military experience. He served as Deputy Commander for Land Operations of the Brazilian Army from April 2011 and March 2013. He also served as Special Adviser to the Minister for the Secretariat of Strategic Affairs within the Presidency of Brazil.
	Santos Cruz served as Force Commander of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) between January 2007 and April 2009. In April 2013, he received command of United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO). Santos Cruz commanded MONUSCO during the M23 rebellion and was praised for providing "strong backing" to the UN forces engaged alongside Congolese government forces.

= = = Ron Jackson (jazz musician) = = =

	Ron Jackson (born 1964) is an American jazz guitarist, composer, arranger, and instructor.
	Jackson was born in the Philippines on July 27, 1964, where his father was serving with the US Marines in Vietnam. He began playing the guitar at the age of 11 and played his first professional performance at the age of 15. He enrolled in the Berklee College of Music in 1982, concentrating on composition and arranging. In 1985 he left his graduate studies and spent two years in Paris where he began playing the electric bass. In 1987 he moved to New York City and resumed playing guitar. As a jazz guitarist he began touring North America and Europe.
	In 1991 Jackson released "A Guitar Thing" at the age of 27, with collaborators including Benny Green, Lonnie Plaxico, and Cecil Brooks III. This was his debut album as leader, and debuted at #26 on the R&R National Airplay chart. He followed this up with the album "Thinking of You", which he also released on Muse Records. In the early 1990s Jackson fronted the Ron Jackson Quartet. In 1995 Jackson joined the group 5 Guitars Play Mingus, playing alongside Russell Malone, leader Peter Leitch, David Gilmore, and Jack Wilkins, in New York venues like the ArtsCenter. He soon released an album of duets with Rufus Reid called "Song for Luis". In 1996 took first prize in the Heritage International Jazz Guitar Competition. As his career has progressed he has continued to work alternative music gigs such as subbing in orchestral pits, playing weddings and other parties, working in jam bands, and other positions. He was also a member of the Rufus Reid Trio as well as the Randy Weston Group. In 1999 Jackson released the album "Concrete Jungle" with Nicki Parrott.
	After the release of "Concrete Jungle", Jackson formed his own label Roni Music, and has since released his further albums independently. In 2003 Jackson released the album "The Dream I had", a combination of jazz standards and original compositions. In 2008 he released the album "Flubby Dubby" and in 2012 he released the album "Burning Gums", the eponymous debut album of the group of the same name. He has toured and recorded as a member of several groups, including the Greg Lewis Organ Monk Trio, and has played regularly in New York City at jazz clubs like Birdland, Iridium Jazz Club, 55 Bar, and the Blue Note Jazz Club. Acts and musicians Jackson has played with include Randy Weston, Oliver Lake, James Spaulding, Jimmy McGriff, Melvin Rhyne, Lonnie Smith, Benny Golson, Dee Dee Bridgewater, Dewey Redman, Gary Bartz, Ralph Peterson Jr., and Greg Lewis.
	Jackson is a jazz educator and guitar instructor. He has held faculty positions at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center, the Wells Fargo Jazz For Teens Program, the Brooklyn–Queens Conservatory of Music, and Jazz At Lincoln Center. He is also a contributor for "Acoustic Guitar Magazine".

= = = Take Time to Know Her = = =

	Take Time to Know Her is an album by Percy Sledge. It was originally released on Atlantic Records in 1968. It was re-released in 1998 on CD. Three singles from the album placed on the Billboard charts, with the title track reaching number 11.

= = = SS Rowan = = =

	SS "Rowan" was a British passenger ship which was sunk off the west coast of Scotland on 8 October 1921.
	On 8 October 1921, the American steamer rammed "Rowan" from astern in fog in the North Channel. Her passengers were mustered on deck. The British steamer then rammed her from starboard and cut her in two. "Rowan" sank with the loss of 22 of the 97 people on board, including many members of the African American jazz band the Southern Syncopated Orchestra. Survivors were rescued by "Clan Malcolm", "West Camak", and the Royal Navy destroyer .

= = = Echo Church and School = = =

	The Echo Church and School is a church and school building in Echo, Utah that includes Late Gothic Revival architecture from 1876. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1989.
	Its two functions made it the center of community life at the turn of the twentieth century. The building was used mostly as a Presbyterian and Congregational church but also as a school, while a Latter-day Saints congregation later used it.
	No other churches or schools were constructed in Echo at any point in its history, although the Echo School is slightly more than away.

= = = Gary Holloway = = =

	Gary Holloway is the executive director of the World Convention of Churches of Christ.
	Gary Holloway ministered with Holland Street Church of Christ in San Marcos, Texas. He then taught at Austin Graduate School of Theology in Austin, Texas, followed by Lipscomb University in Nashville, Tennessee, where he served as an Ijams Professor of Spirituality and their Director of Graduate Bible Studies. Holloway became the executive director of the World Convention of Churches of Christ in August 2010. He serves at Natchez Trace Church of Christ in Nashville, Tennessee. He is a senior fellow with Institute for Christian Spirituality, Lipscomb University. Holloway has authored numerous books, including several books on prayer and several books for the Meditative Commentary series. He is a lifetime member of the Disciples of Christ Historical Society.

= = = No Speech = = =

	"No Speech" is a 2000 song by German rock band Guano Apes. It was released their second single from their second album "Don't Give Me Names" on 24 July 2000. The music video shows the band performing inside a truck.

= = = A Practical Guide to Astral Projection = = =

	A Practical Guide to Astral Projection is an EP and the second studio record by American rock band The Nymphs. It was produced by Bill Price and released in 1992 on DGC Records. The EP consists of demos the band made prior to being signed and a cover of Badfinger's "Come and Get It." The EP was released after the band broke up.
	All songs by The Nymphs except for "Come and Get It", written by Paul McCartney

= = = Charles Bodinier = = =

	Charles Bodinier (6 January 1844 - 1911) was a French theater manager. After working for the Comédie-Française he became director of the Théâtre d'Application and then of the Théâtre La Bodinière. La Bodinière appealed to an elite audience, and staged a variety of lectures and performances until Bodinier retired in 1902.
	Charles Bodinier was born on 6 January 1844 in Beaufort-en-Vallée, Maine-et-Loire. 
	He became a professional soldier, and was captured in the war of 1870.
	He was not released until 1874. In 1876 he joined the staff of the Comédie-Française.
	Bodinier was Secretary-General of the Comédie-Française from 1882 to 1889.
	In 1886 Bodinier proposed to establish a small theater where the students of the Conservatoire could stage performances of the Classics, a concept that was well received by the Minister of Fine Arts.
	In his application to the "Commission des Auteurs et Compositeurs Dramatiques" Bodinier insisted that the Théâtre d'Application would be a school and not a profit-making enterprise, and on that basis he was given permission for six months. 
	Both the municipal council and the ministry subscribed to establishing the theater.
	In 1887 Bodinier opened the Théâtre d'Application in an old tannery at 18 rue Saint-Lazare for use by students at the Conservatoire de Paris.
	He became director of the theater in 1888. 
	The foyer of the premises were used as an art gallery. The artists Jules Chéret, Ferdinand Bac and Théophile Steinlen had their first one-person shows there while the main room was being used for the Théâtre d'Application.
	The original purpose evolved. The theater at 18 rue Saint-Lazare became known as "La Bodinière" and began to be used for different purposes.
	La Bodinière's audience came to include members of the Parisian upper class and intelligentsia.
	Starting in 1890, Bodinier began to put on "matinées-causeries", where well-known literary figures gave talks.
	He also staged plays and shadow shows. 
	A popular format was a combined lecture with a recital that illustrated the topic.
	Charles Bodinier abandoned the theater in 1902 and left philosophically to spend in a quiet retirement in the suburbs.
	He died in 1911 aged 67.
	Citations
	Sources

= = = Geschiedenis Magazine = = =

	Geschiedenis Magazine is a Dutch popular historical magazine. It was first published as "Spiegel Historiael" in 1966 and appears under its current name since 2006, as a consequence of a modernization effort.
	"Geschiedenis Magazine" was established with the intent of presenting historical articles to a broader, non-specialist audience (in a more journalistic style), though it contained articles by eminent historians such as Raoul Van Caenegem, F. W. N. Hugenholtz, and Arie van Deursen. The publisher was Fibula-Van Dishoeck. At first the magazine appeared eleven times per year, with many issues devoted to specific themes. It focused on Belgian history as well, and throughout the twentieth century always had Belgian members on the editorial board. The magazine appears eight times per year.
	In 2005 "Geschiedenis Magazine" reported a circulation of 8000 copies (then nine times a year), and its office is in Amsterdam.

= = = Sol Goldman = = =

	Sol Goldman (born Usher Selig Goldman, September 2, 1917 – October 18, 1987) was an American real estate developer. Together with his partner, Alex DiLorenzo, Goldman became the biggest non-institutional real estate investor in New York City in the 1980s, ultimately owning a portfolio of nearly 1900 commercial and residential properties.
	Goldman was born to a Jewish family in Brooklyn, the son of Fannie and Charles Goldman. His father owned a grocery store. Goldman briefly attended Brooklyn College, before turning to real estate during the Great Depression. At age 16, he purchased his first of many foreclosed properties by raising money from his neighbors. In the 1950s, he partnered with Alex DiLorenzo Jr. Together they were very active purchasers through the 1950s and 1960s and their portfolio included the Chrysler Building which they bought in 1960. Although the 1970s were difficult—he lost the Chrysler Building to foreclosure and his partner, DiLorenzo, died in 1975—Goldman continued to invest, purchasing more than 600 buildings in the subsequent years via his company Solil Management (named after Sol and his wife, Lil). Goldman was known for holding onto his properties and rarely selling, preferring instead to sign tenants to long-term ground leases (typically 99 years) where the tenants pay an annual rent to Goldman but are responsible for taxes and upkeep of buildings on the properties.
	The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center at Johns Hopkins University is named in his honor, following a gift of $10 million.
	In 1941, he married Lillian Schuman, who was also Jewish. They had four children: Allan H. Goldman, Diane Goldman Kemper, Amy P. Goldman, and Jane Goldman. Upon his death at the age of 70 in 1987, he owned New York's largest private real estate portfolio with more than 600 properties valued at $1 billion. His wife and three daughters engaged in litigation over his assets with his wife eventually receiving 1/3rd of his estate. His nephew, Lloyd Goldman, is also a notable real-estate investor in New York City. His children, Allan Goldman and Jane Goldman manage the remaining real estate assets amounting to $6.0B via the firm Solil Management.

= = = Sinop Province = = =

	Sinop Province (; , "Sinopi") is a province of Turkey, along the Black Sea. It is located between 41 and 42 degrees North latitude and between 34 and 35 degrees East longitude. The surface area is 5,862 km, equivalent to 0.8% of Turkey's surface area. The borders total 475 km and consists of 300 km of land and 175 km seaside borders. Its adjacent provinces are Kastamonu on the west, Çorum on the south, and Samsun on the southeast. The provincial capital is the city of Sinop.
	Kızılırmak, Gökırmak, Sarsak çay, Karasu, Ayancık Suyu, Tepeçay, Çakıroğlu, Kanlıdere
	Sülüklü, Sarıkum
	Hamsilos Bay
	Sinop province is divided into 9 districts (capital district in bold):

= = = Matthew Kwok = = =

	Matthew Kwok Hon Ming (also "Kwok Hon Ming", ; born April 18, 1979) is a Hong Kong former swimmer, who specialized in breaststroke events. He is a single-time Olympian (2000), and a member of the University of Hawaii swimming and diving team under head coach Sam Freas. He also holds numerous Hong Kong records in the 100 m breaststroke, and retains a dual resident status to compete internationally for his father's homeland. Kwok is also a younger brother of Olympic swimmer and Asian Games bronze medalist Mark Kwok.
	Kwok competed only in the men's 100 m breaststroke at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. He posted a FINA B-standard entry time of 1:05.29 from the Hong Kong Long Course Championships. He challenged seven other swimmers in heat three, including Namibia's three-time Olympian Jorg Lindemeier. He posted a lifetime best of 1:05.28 to pick up a fifth seed by three hundredths of a second (0.03) behind Lindemeier. Kwok failed to advance into the semifinals, as he placed fiftieth overall on the first day of prelims. 

= = = Living in a Lie = = =

	"Living in a Lie" is a 2000 song by German rock band Guano Apes from their second album "Don't Give Me Names". It was released as the third single from the album on 2 October 2000. The music video shows Sandra singing in a room, interspersed by live and backstage footage of the band performing. 

= = = Teloitus = = =

	Teloitus () is the second studio album by the Finnish death metal band Sotajumala. It entered the Finnish charts at position 17 on its release week.

= = = Veliki Koren = = =

	Veliki Koren (; ) is an uninhabited settlement in the Municipality of Krško in eastern Slovenia. The area was traditionally part of Lower Carniola. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Lower Sava Statistical Region.
	Veliki Koren had a population of 29 in 1900, but is now uninhabited. In the fall of 1941, German forces evicted the residents of the village to make room for the planned resettlement of Gottschee Germans. By 1971 only two houses remained in the village, and these were already slated for demolition because of the gradual expansion of a mine for diatomaceous earth.

= = = Sesame Street (comic strip) = = =

	Sesame Street is a nationally syndicated comic strip inspired by "Sesame Street". Written and drawn by veteran Sesame animator Cliff Roberts, the earliest concept art was created in 1970, and by 1971, a promotional booklet was created as the comic entered the market, courtesy of King Features. The strip debuted on November 15, 1971, in more than 175 newspapers, and ran until 1975. The strip, which ran both daily and on Sundays, was conceptually similar to the series in its pedagogical goals, but, in the first year of the strip, conspicuous by the absence of the Muppets.
	Instead, the strip featured several new characters created by Roberts, such as Jasper and Julius, Christopher Clumsy, and Miss Fortune; in 1972, all of these characters appeared in animated inserts on "Sesame Street" itself. Also regularly seen was Professor Drummond Bugle, a lecturer, similar to more generic characters used in Roberts' animated segments. Roberts fleshed out the strip's cast with a vast menagerie of newly minted animal characters. Amongst them were Lotta Elephant, Richard Bird, Hedda the frog, Balderdash the mouse, Titus the snake, Thomas Turtle, Crawley the worm, and an errant spider. A pair of nameless, Muppet-esque monsters also skulked through on occasion.
	Though the earlier version of the strip avoided the Muppets, Big Bird, Oscar the Grouch and Cookie Monster joined the cast in December 1972, and appeared through the end of the strip's run in 1975.
	Like "Sesame Street", the comic strip was largely educational, using broad humor to relate learning concepts. The most frequent topics were parts of the body, shapes, and identification of objects. Other subjects included opposites or pairings (up and down, here and there, etc.) and emotions. Letters and numbers surfaced rarely, presumably because the strip's target audience was different from the largely pre-literate television audience. However, many strips were pure comedy, revolving around the characters' eccentricities and foibles.

= = = SuperStar Search Slovakia (season 2) = = =

	SuperStar Search Slovakia () is a casting television show based on the popular British show "Pop Idol". The show is a contest to determine the best young singer in Slovakia and is shown by the national TV network STV. The second season premiered in November 2005 with castings held in Banská Bystrica, Žilina, Bratislava and Košice.
	Auditions were held in Bratislava, Košice, Banská Bystrica, Žilina in the summer of 2005.
	In Divadlo were 100 contestants. The contestants first emerged on stage in groups of 9 or 10 but performed solo unaccompanied, and those who did not impress the judges were cut after the group finished their individual performances. 40 contestants made it to the Semi-final.
	The 40 contestants who reached this stage in this season were referred to in the show as the finalists. Below are the four semi-final and one Second Chance semi-final groups with contestants listed in their performance order. In each group, two people advanced to the next round, based on votes by the viewers.
	Eleven contestants made it to the finals. The first single recorded by TOP 11 is called "So mnou môžeš rátať" (You can count on with me) and it was composed by judge Pavol Habera (music) and Slovak poem writer Daniel Hevier. Every final night has its theme. Audience can vote for contestants from the very beginning of the show, voting ends during result show on the same day.

= = = Marguerite Bellanger = = =

	Marguerite Bellanger (10 June 1838 - 23 November 1886) was a French stage actress and courtesan. She was a celebrity of Second Empire France and known for her relationship with Napoleon III of France. She was often caricatured in contemporary press and is considered to be the model for Émile Zola's "Nana". A candy is also named after her. She was reputedly the most universally loathed of Napoleon III's mistresses, though perhaps his favorite. She outlived Napoleon's deposal in 1870 and died in 1886 aged 48.
	Marguerite Bellanger was born Julie Justine Marine Lebœuf on 10 June 1838 in Saint-Lambert-des-Levées, Maine-et-Loire to François Lebœuf and Julie Hanot. Born into poverty, she began working as a laundress in Saumur at the age of 15.
	After an affair with a lieutenant opened her eyes to the wider world, she became an acrobat and trick rider in a provincial circus, she travelled to Paris where she made her debut as an actress at the theater "La Tour d'Auvergne", under the name of Marguerite Bellanger (the surname of an uncle).
	Although her acting talent was limited, she was cunning. She became one of the most sought-after cocottes of all Paris. She led a princely lifestyle, and the climax of her gallant life took place in the years 1862-1866. She is reported to have said: "It is very nice Paris, but it is only habitable in the beautiful districts ... In the others, there are too many poor!" according to "Le Rappel" of 16 April 1871. Author and playwright, Ludovic Halévy, is reputed to have said that Bellanger had the "daintiest feet in Paris".
	Her celebrity status was such that she became a figure in the literary and artistic world. Zola quoted her as a friend of Nana.
	She was photographed in man's suit: to do this, she had asked permission from the police department.
	Bellanger was a favourite model of the sculptor Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse, who represented her as an allegory of spring in an elegant terracotta bust in which is today in the Musée Carnavalet in Paris.
	In a painting by Édouard Manet in 1863, Olympia, the artist endeavoured to evoke an odalisque, who receives a bouquet of flowers brought by her maid. According to Phyllis A. Floyd's study, "The Puzzle of Olympia", he gave the painting the features of Marguerite Bellanger.
	In June 1863, while on a carriage ride in Saint-Cloud Park, Emperor Napoleon III spotted Bellanger sheltering from the rain beneath a tree. Napoleon was bewitched by his new encounter.
	Marguerite Bellanger become the mistress of the Emperor. Soon, with the knowledge of all including the Empress Eugénie, she followed him on private and official trips.
	Amongst his numerous presents, the Emperor gave her two houses, one at 57 rue des Vignes, Passy, the other at Saint-Cloud, in the park of Montretout, which had a back door to the gardens of the castle.
	In February 1864, Marguerite Bellanger gave birth to a son; whom she named Charles Jules Auguste François Marie Leboeuf.
	After the birth, Bellanger retired for a while to rue de Launay in Villebernier and received a pension. In November 1864, the Emperor offered "Margot" the castle of Villeneuve-sous-Dammartin, near Meaux. The Emperor also gave the child a boarding house and the castle of Mouchy, in the Oise, which he had bought very discreetly some time before. Bellanger became usufructuary of the property.
	Always seductive, Bellanger still attracted men when she settled in Villeneuve-sous-Dammartin at the end of 1864. Among her lovers were General de Lignières and, according to some sources, Léon Gambetta.
	She was the subject of caricatures and gossip. Paul Hadol, in his series of caricatures on the "Imperial Menagerie", portrayed her as a cat.
	Her affair with the emperor continued during the Franco-Prussian War, and even during his captivity in Westphalia. In 1873, when the emperor died in exile in England, she travelled to England to mourn her 'dear lord'.
	At the fall of the Empire, she again traveled to England and married William Louis Kulbach, a British army officer. The presence of the couple William Kulbach and Marguerite Bellanger is recorded in Monchy-Saint-Éloi (Oise), France in the census of 1872. Bellanger gave her age as 30 years, whereas according to the data in her biography, she was 33 or 34. 
	She lived the rest of her life as a member of the upper class, devoting herself to charity and good works.
	Marguerite Bellanger died at the age of 48 on 23 November 1886 after contracting a cold during a walk in the park of the castle at Villeneuve-sous-Dammartin. According to the declaration of death, her husband lived in Pau. The religious ceremony took place on 27 November at the church of Saint-Pierre-de-Chaillot and she was interred in Montparnasse Cemetery. 
	Her brother Jules, who served as a gardener, benefited from her estate. He built a beautiful house in Brain-sur-Allonnes, which is now the town hall.
	Her only son, Charles Leboeuf, made a career as an officer and died without issue on 11 December 1941. He was buried with his mother.
	Bellanger's character appears in Christian-Jaque's film Nana (1955), in which her character is performed by Nicole Riche.
	Marguerite Bellanger has been associated with a chocolate specialty: a praline was created to honour her. A chocolatier from Saumur designed, with the help of archivists of the city of Saumur, a specialty "The Marguerite".
	The coat of arms of Marguerite Bellanger is reproduced on the chocolates: a daisy with a heart of silver and gold petals. The praline "with four spices" (cloves, cinnamon, pepper and nutmeg) echos the qualities that the second Empire sought to give her: a varnish of heart, a spicy charm and an imperial dress.

= = = Lethbridge (surname) = = =

	Lethbridge is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
	Fictional characters:

= = = Dödel Up = = =

	"Dödel Up" is a 2000 song by Guano Apes. It is the fourth and final single from "Don't Give Me Names", released on January 29, 2001 in Germany. Originally the post-grunge-influenced "I Want It" was going to be the fourth single as there was a video, however the band scrapped the video and chose to do "Dödel Up" instead. The music video for the single was a complete departure from the previous Apes music videos, as the video was purely animated, but blended with live footage. The video shows the band portrayed as half bodied pencil holders.

= = = La Bodinière = = =

	The Théâtre La Bodinière was a theater in Paris directed by Charles Bodinier between 1890 and 1902.
	It staged lectures and performances for a distinguished audience of aristocrats, grand bourgeois and intelligentsia.
	Charles Bodinier (1844–1911) was Secretary-General of the Comédie-Française from 1882 to 1889.
	From 1888 he was director of the Théâtre d'Application, a small theater for students of the Conservatory on rue Saint-Lazare. 
	In 1890 he opened a theater called "La Bodinière", which staged performances until 1902.
	La Bodinière's audience including members of the Parisian upper class and the intelligentsia.
	Starting in 1890, Bodinier began to put on "matinées-causeries".
	Speakers at these events included literary figures such as the poet Maurice Bouchor, the poet and "conteur", Paul Armand Silvestre, the writer and critic Ferdinand Brunetière, the poet and novelist Anatole France, the poet and novelist François Coppée, the dramatist Maurice Donnay and the journalist and critic Francisque Sarcey.
	The historian and feminist Léopold Lacour gave well-attended talks on fashionable subject of feminism.
	Charles Bodinier invited the poet and dandy Robert de Montesquiou to give a lecture on 17 January 1894, assisted by Sarah Bernhardt. 
	The event attracted an audience that included aristocrats, professors, actors, poets and artists, 
	including Paul Verlaine and the sculptor Édouard Houssin.
	La Bodinière had a varied program.
	The Société Théâtrical with Émile Goudeau staged the play "Le Gardénia". 
	Bodinier put on shadow shows such as "La Marche au Soleil" based on the poem by Léon Durocher with music by Georges Fragerolle. 
	The popular singer Yvette Guilbert was engaged by the theater in January 1891 for five performances where the journalist Hugues Le Roux gave lectures and Guilbert performed. 
	Yvette had huge success with this audience, who would not have wanted to be seen at the more low-brow venues where the singer usually performed.
	Bodinier staged a series of similar combined lectures and recitals after the success of Guilbert's performance,
	including Félicia Mallet, the well-known pantomime artist and singer.
	The poet and playwright Maurice Lefèvre introduced Mallet at these events.
	Citations
	Sources

= = = Lethem (surname) = = =

	Lethem is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

= = = Leto (surname) = = =

	Leto is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

= = = 1301PE = = =

	1301PE is a gallery in Los Angeles founded by Brian D. Butler in 1992.
	Butler began Brain Multiples in 1991 to finance, edit, publish and distribute artists’ editions. Rather than representing artists, Butler collaborated with them on projects in which he found interest. Artists who have produced Brain Multiples with Butler include John Baldessari, Rachel Khedoori, Paul McCarthy, Jorge Pardo, Philippe Parreno, Jason Rhoades, Katy Schimert, Diana Thater and Rirkrit Tiravanija, among others.
	The original incarnation of 1301PE was as 1301, which was located at Butler’s apartment, 1301 Franklin Street, Santa Monica, CA. The founding principle was to present world class exhibitions of artists primarily based in Los Angeles. The first show at 1301 was "Raw Material" by Kate Ericson and Mel Ziegler, which opened on 29 April 1992. Shows at 1301 featured work by artists Jamey Bair, Angela Bulloch, Meg Cranston, Sarah Seager and Thaddeus Strode, as well as a group show called "Into the Lapse" which presented video work by artists General Idea, Sean Landers, Jim Shaw, Diana Thater, Bruce and Norman Yonemoto and others.
	In 1996, 1301 became 1310PE, standing for Projects and Editions. For a period 1301PE had no permanent location, and Butler curated exhibitions in other galleries, such as an exhibition of the artist Angela Bulloch at the gallery owned by Marc Foxx. Other projects curated during this time included a collaboration between an Iranian carpet weaver and the artist Mike Kelley, the work "Ranch" by Jorge Pardo and Jason Rhoades, and Diana Thater’s presentation of "The best animals are the flat animals" and "The best space is the deep space" at MAK Center for Art and Architecture.
	In 1998, 1301PE reopened in its current location on the Miracle Mile in Los Angeles. Since its reopening, 1301PE has continued to exhibit the work of Los Angeles-based as well as internationally acclaimed artists. In addition to established artists whom the gallery has represented, such as Fiona Banner, Uta Barth, Charline von Heyl, Jack Goldstein, Ann Veronica Janssens, Judy Ledgerwood, Philippe Parreno, John Reynolds, Jessica Stockholder, Pae White, and Paul Winstanely, 1301PE also works with young artists including Jan Albers, Fiona Connor, Kirsten Everberg, Jorge Mendez Blake, Blake Rayne, SUPERFLEX, and Kerry Tribe.

= = = Port Qasim Authority cricket team = = =

	Port Qasim Authority cricket team was a first-class cricket team which plays in the domestic circuit of Pakistan. The team is sponsored by the Port Qasim Authority in Karachi. The team qualified for first-class cricket in May 2012, following success in the PCB Patron's Trophy (Grade II) tournament. Among the team's notable players is Mohammad Sami. The team is coached by former Pakistani cricketer, Rashid Latif.
	In 2012-13 Port Qasim Authority finished ninth out of 10 teams in the President's Trophy. In 2013-14 they finished sixth out of 11 teams. The captain in both seasons was Khalid Latif. 
	The highest score so far is by Umar Amin, who scored 281 against Habib Bank Limited in 2012-13. The best bowling figures are 7 for 29 by G.A.Mustafa against National Bank of Pakistan in 2015-16. He took 12 for 83 in the match, which National Bank of Pakistan nevertheless won by two wickets.

= = = Chris Reid (disambiguation) = = =

	Chris Reid is a football goalkeeper.
	Chris or Christopher Reid may also refer to:

= = = Ryo Ryusei = = =


= = = Levasseur (surname) = = =

	Levasseur is a French surname. Notable people with the surname include:

= = = Royal Philharmonic Orchestra discography = = =

	The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, founded in London in 1946, has made a large number of recordings. The following list is incomplete.

= = = List of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf elected members (2013–2018) = = =

	A list of Elected members of the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf in election 2013 to various National & Provincial Assemblies in Pakistan.
	Sardar Imtiaz Khan
	List of elected Members of the National Assembly from Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf.
	List of elected Members of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly from Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf.
	List of elected Members of the Punjab Assembly from Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf.
	List of elected Members of the Sindh Assembly from Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf.

= = = James F. Duhamel = = =

	James Francis Duhamel (August 5, 1858 – October 27, 1947) was an American lawyer and politician from New York.
	Duhamel, born in Washington, D.C., was the son of Dr. W. J. C. DuHamel, a surgeon who served on the White House staff of Presidents James Buchanan and Andrew Johnson.
	Duhamel attended St. Matthew's Institute, and St. John's College, in Washington, D.C. He became a patent attorney, and during the 1890s removed to Brooklyn.
	He was a member of the New York State Senate (8th D.) from 1911 to 1914, sitting in the 134th, 135th, 136th and 137th New York State Legislatures. Originally elected as an Independence Leaguer with Democratic endorsement, he later joined the Democratic Party, and in 1914 Ex-Governor Sulzer's American Party. In 1916, he supported Samuel Seabury for Governor.
	Later he returned to Washington, D.C., and continued his patent practice there.
	He died on October 27, 1947, in the John Dickson Home at 5000 Fourteenth Street N.W. in Washington, D.C.; and was buried at the Mount Olivet Cemetery there.

= = = Dominoes (Robbie Nevil song) = = =

	Left communism, or the communist left, is a position held by the left wing of communism, which criticises the political ideas and practices espoused by Marxist–Leninists and social democrats. Left communists assert positions which they regard as more authentically Marxist than the views of Marxism–Leninism espoused by the Communist International after its Bolshevization by Joseph Stalin and during its second congress.
	In general, there are two currents of left communism, namely the Italian and Dutch-German left. The communist left in Italy was formed during World War I in organizations like the Italian Socialist Party and the Communist Party of Italy. The Italian left considers itself to be Leninist in nature, but denounces Marxism–Leninism as a form of bourgeois opportunism materialized in the Soviet Union under Stalin. The Italian left is currently embodied in organizations such as the Internationalist Communist Party (Battaglia Comunista) and the International Communist Party. The Dutch-German left split from Vladimir Lenin prior to Stalin's rule and supports a firmly council communist and libertarian Marxist viewpoint as opposed to the Italian left which emphasised the need for an international revolutionary party.
	Left communism differs from most other forms of Marxism in believing that communists should not participate in bourgeois parliaments, and some argue against participating in conservative trade unions. However, many left communists split over their criticism of the Bolsheviks. Council communists criticised the Bolsheviks for elitist party functions and emphasised a more autonomous organisation of the working class, without political parties.
	Although she was murdered in 1919 before the communist left appeared as a distinct current, Rosa Luxemburg has heavily influenced most left communists. Proponents of left communism have included Albert Camus, Amadeo Bordiga, Onorato Damen, Jacques Camatte, Herman Gorter, Antonie Pannekoek, Otto Rühle, Sylvia Pankhurst and Paul Mattick.
	Two major traditions can be observed within left communism, namely the Dutch-German current and the Italian current. The political positions those traditions share are opposition to popular fronts, to many kinds of nationalism and national liberation movements and to parliamentarianism.
	The historical origins of left communism come from World War I. Most left communists are supportive of the October Revolution in Russia, but retain a critical view of its development. However, some in the Dutch-German current would in later years come to reject the idea that the revolution had a proletarian or socialist nature, arguing that it had simply carried out the tasks of the bourgeois revolution by creating a state capitalist system.
	Left communism first came into focus as a distinct movement around 1918. Its essential features were a stress on the need to build a communist party or workers' council entirely separate from the reformist and centrist elements who "betrayed the proletariat", opposition to all but the most restricted participation in elections and an emphasis on militancy. Apart from this, there was little in common between the two wings. Only the Italians accepted the need for electoral work at all for a very short period of time which they later vehemently opposed, attracting the wrath of Vladimir Lenin in "".
	Left Bolshevism emerged in 1907 as the Vpered group challenged Vladimir Lenin's perceived authoritarianism and parliamentarianism. The group included Alexander Bogdanov, Maxim Gorky, Anatoly Lunacharsky, Mikhail Pokrovsky, Grigory Aleksinsky, Stanislav Volski and Martyn Liadov. The "Otzovists", or Recallists, advocated the recall of RSDLP representatives from the Third Duma. Bogdanov and his allies accused Lenin and his partisans of promoting liberal democracy through "parliamentarism at any price".
	In 1918, a faction emerged within the Russian Communist Party named the Left Communists which opposed the signing of the Brest-Litovsk peace treaty with Imperial Germany. The Left Communists wanted international proletarian revolution across the world. In the beginning, the leader of this faction was Nikolai Bukharin. They stood for a revolutionary war against the Central Powers; opposed the right of nations to self-determination (specifically in the case of Poland since there were many Poles in this communist group and they did not want a Polish capitalist state to be established); and they generally took a voluntarist stance regarding the possibilities for social revolution at that time.
	They began to publish the newspaper "Kommunist" which offered a critique of the direction in which the Bolsheviks were heading. They argued against the over-bureaucratisation of the state and further argued that full state ownership of the means of production should proceed at a quicker pace than Lenin desired.
	The Left Communists faded as the world revolutionary wave died down in militancy as Lenin had proved too strong a figure. They also lost Bukharin as a leading figure since his position became more right-wing until he eventually came to agree with Lenin. Being defeated in internal debates, they then dissolved. A few very small left communist groups surfaced within the RSFSR in the next few years, but later fell victim to repression by the state. In many ways, the positions of the Left Communists were inherited by the Workers' Opposition faction and Gavril Myasnikov's Workers Group of the Russian Communist Party and to some extent by the Decists.
	The Italian left communists were named left communists at a later stage in their development, but when the Communist Party of Italy (PCd'I) was founded its members actually represented the majority of communists in that country. This was a result of the Abstentionist Communist Faction of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) being in advance of other sections of the PSI in their realisation that a separate communist party had to be formed which did not include reformists. This gave them a great advantage over the sections of the PSI who looked to figures such as Giacinto Menotti Serrati and Antonio Gramsci for leadership. It was a consequence of the revolutionary impatience common at a time when revolution, in the narrow sense of an insurrectionary attempt at the seizure of power, was expected to develop in the very near future.
	Under the leadership of Amadeo Bordiga, the left was to control the PCd'I until the Lyons Congress of 1926. In this period, the militants of the PCd'I would find themselves isolated from reformist workers and from other anti-fascist militants. At one stage, this isolation was deepened when communist militants were instructed to leave defence organisations that were not totally controlled by the party. These sectarian tactics produced concern in the leadership of the Communist International and led to a developing opposition within the PCd'I itself. Eventually, these two factors led to the displacement of Bordiga from his position as first secretary and his replacement by Gramsci. By then, Bordiga was in a fascist jail and was to remain outside organised politics until 1952. The development of the Left Communist Faction was not the development of the Bordigist current (as it is often portrayed).
	The year 1925 was a turning point for the Italian left as it was the year that the so-called Bolshevisation took place in the sections of the Communist International. This plan was designed to eliminate all social democratic deviations from the Communist International and develop them on Bolshevik lines or at least along the lines of what Grigory Zinoviev, the secretary of the Communist International, considered Bolshevik lines. In practice, this meant top-down bureaucratic structures in which the members were controlled by a leadership approved of by the Executive Committee of the Communist International (ECCI). In Italy, this meant that the leadership which had formerly been in the hands of Bordiga was given to a body that came into being when the Serrati-Maffi minority of the PSI joined the PCd'I, although Bordiga's group were in a majority. The new leadership was supported by Bordiga, who accepted the will of the Communist International as a centralist.
	Nevertheless, Bordiga fought the ECCI from within only to have an article of his which was favourable to Leon Trotsky's positions on the disputed Russian questions suppressed. Meanwhile, sections of the left motivated by Onorato Damen formed the Entente Committee. This committee was ordered to dissolve itself by the incoming leadership led now by Gramsci, who only then opposed Bordiga's positions which had gained prestige after a successful recruitment campaign. With the party Congress of 1926 held in Lyons, crowned by Gramsci's famous Lyons Theses, the left majority was now defeated and on course to becoming a minority within the party. With the victory of fascism in Italy, Bordiga was jailed. When Bordiga opposed a vote against Trotsky in the prison PCd'I group, he was expelled from the party in 1930. He took a stance of non-involvement in politics for many years after this. The victory of Italian fascism also meant that the Italian left would enter into a new chapter in its development, but this time in exile.
	Left communism emerged in both countries together and was always very closely connected. Among the leading theoreticians of the more powerful German movement were Antonie Pannekoek and Herman Gorter and German activists found refuge in the Netherlands after the Nazis came to power in 1933. The critique of social democratic reformism can be traced back before World War I since in the Netherlands a revolutionary wing of social democracy had broken from the reformist party even before the war and had built links with German activists. By 1915, the Antinational Socialist Party was founded by Franz Pfemfert and was linked to "Die Aktion". After the beginning of the German Revolution in 1918, a leftist mood could be found among sections of the communist parties of both countries. In Germany, this led directly to the foundation of the Communist Workers Party of Germany (KAPD) after its leading figures were expelled from the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) by Paul Levi. This development was mirrored in the Netherlands and on a smaller scale in Bulgaria, where the left communist movement was to mimic that of Germany.
	When it was founded, the KAPD included some tens of thousands of revolutionaries. However, it had broken up and practically dissolved within a few years. This was because it was founded on the basis of revolutionary optimism and a purism that rejected what became known as frontism. Frontism entailed working in the same organisations as reformist workers. Such work was seen by the KAPD as unhelpful at a time when the revolution was thought to be an imminent event and not merely a goal to be aimed at. This led the members of the KAPD to reject working in the traditional trade unions in favour of forming their own revolutionary unions. These "unionen", so called to distinguish them from the official trade unions, had 80,000 members in 1920 and peaked in 1921 with 200,000 members, after which they declined rapidly. They were also organisationally divided from the beginning, with those unionen linked to the KAPD forming the AAU-D and those in Saxony around Otto Rühle who opposed the conception of a party in favour of a unitary class organisation being organised as the AAU-E.
	The KAPD was unable to reach even its founding congress prior to suffering its first split when the so-called National Bolshevik tendency around Fritz Wolffheim and Heinrich Laufenberg appeared (this tendency has no connection with modern political tendencies in Russia which use the same name). More seriously, the KAPD lost most of its support very rapidly as it failed to develop lasting structures. This also contributed to internecine quarrels and the party actually split into two competing tendencies known as the Essen and Berlin tendencies to the historians of the left. The recently established Communist Workers International (KAI) split on exactly the same lines as did the tiny Communist Workers Party of Bulgaria. The only other affiliates of the KAI were the Communist Workers Party of Britain led by Sylvia Pankhurst, the Communist Workers Party of the Netherlands (KAPN) in the Netherlands and a group in Russia. The AAU-D split on the same lines and it rapidly ceased to exist as a real tendency within the factories.
	Left communists generally supported the Bolshevik seizure of power in October 1917 and entertained enormous hopes in the founding of the Communist International, or Comintern. In fact, they controlled the first body formed by the Comintern to coordinate its activities in Western Europe, the Amsterdam Bureau. However, this was little more than a very brief interlude and the Amsterdam Bureau never functioned as a leadership body for Western Europe as was originally intended. The Vienna Bureau of the Comintern may also be classified as left communist, but its personnel were not to evolve into either of the two historic currents that made up left communism. Rather, the Vienna Bureau adopted the ultra-left ideas of the earliest period in the history of the Comintern.
	Left communists supported the Russian revolution, but did not accept the methods of the Bolsheviks. Many of the German-Dutch tradition adopted Rosa Luxemburg's criticism as outlined in her posthumously published essay entitled "The Russian Revolution". In this essay, she rejected the Bolshevik position on distribution of land to the peasantry and their espousal of the right of nations to self-determination which she rejected as historically outmoded. The Italian left communists did not at the time accept any of these criticisms and both currents would evolve.
	To a considerable degree, Lenin's well known polemic "" is an attack on the ideas of the emerging left communist currents. His main aim was to polemicise with currents moving towards pure revolutionary tactics by showing them that they could remain based on firmly revolutionary principles while utilising a variety of tactics. Therefore, Lenin defended the use of parliamentarism and working within the official trade unions.
	As the Kronstadt rebellion occurred at a time when the debate on tactics was still raging within the Comintern, it has been wrongly seen as being left communist by some commentators. In fact, the left communist currents had no connection with the rebellion, although they did rally to its support when they learned of it. In later years, the German-Dutch tradition in particular would come to see the suppression of the revolt as the historic turning point in the evolution of the Russian state after October 1917.
	After 1926, Italian left communism took shape in exile and without the participation of Bordiga. Contacts between the Italians and the Germans had been made and were developed in France, but the Italian left saw the KAPD's stress on factory organisation as being similar to the ideas of Gramsci's "L'Ordine Nuovo" and therefore rejected closer contact. Attempts to work with the group around Karl Korsch also failed. The left faction of the PCd'I was formally established in July 1927 by a number of young militants. This new group had members in France, Belgium and the United States and published a review entitled "Prometeo". It was estimated in 1928 that it had at most 200 militants, but it would seem that while it never had more than 100 militants active at any one time its influence was actually far greater. However, the control of the PCd'I apparatus by the Stalinists meant that attempts to reach other exiles was almost impossible and they were driven back into small circle work.
	The Italian left faction was for the rest of the 1930s led by Ottorino Perrone (also known with the pseudonym Vercesi), although it was fiercely opposed to the cult of the personality which was developing in the Comintern around Joseph Stalin in these years and resisted similar pressures in its own organisation. The faction had members in France, Belgium and the United States, but how many in Italy looked to it cannot be ascertained since all communist activities there had been driven underground by the fascist government. The main activity of the faction through these years was the publishing of its press, which consisted of the paper "Prometeo" and the journal "Bilan". With its establishment as a group, the fraction also looked for international co-thinkers. Seeing the International Left Opposition led by Leon Trotsky as central to the non-Stalinist Communist movement, they sought contact with it. However, these contacts were to be severed when agreement on basic principles proved impossible.
	The political distance between the faction and other communist currents would deepen throughout the 1930s as the faction declared itself opposed to the tactics adopted by the Left Opposition to broaden its support (i.e. the faction affirmed its opposition to fusion with centrist groups, opposition to entryism and so on). Always opposed to the united front tactic of the Comintern, the fraction now declared itself firmly opposed to the popular front after 1933. Like the Trotskyists, it saw the failure of the German Communist Party in the face of fascism as its historic failure and ceased to consider itself a fraction of the party from the date of its 1935 Congress held in Brussels.
	Isolated, the left fraction sought to discover allies within the milieu of groups to the left of the Trotskyist movement. Typically, these discussions came to nothing, but they were able to recruit from the disintegrating Ligue des Communistes Internationalistes (LCI) in Belgium, a group which had broken from Trotskyism. A loose liaison was also maintained with the council communist groups in the Netherlands and in particular with the GIK. However, these discussions were pushed into the background as the attempted fascist coup in Spain led to revolution and civil war.
	Immediately after the civil war began, a minority emerged within the left fraction whose members sought to participate in the events in Spain. This minority, including longtime members of the fraction, numbered some 26 militants mainly belonging to the Parisian federation of the Fraction. They travelled to Barcelona to enlist in the workers militias and after a fruitless meeting in September with a delegation from the Fraction back home, they were expelled. The problem for the fraction was that the military support given to the Republican forces by this minority was accompanied by political support (in that the minority wished to halt strikes among loyalist workers in the name of military victory against fascism). According to the fraction, no support could be given to a bourgeois state even in a struggle against fascism.
	The question of Spain forced the Belgian LCI to clarify its positions and a split ensued as a result of debate within its ranks. At its February 1937 conference, a minority of the LCI led by Mitchell defended the positions of the Italian left and were expelled. Although less than ten in number, they formed a Belgian Fraction of the Communist Left. It was at this point that the Italian left learned of a group called the Grupo de Trabajadores in Mexico with very similar positions to their own. It was led by Paul Kirchhoff and had left the Mexican Trotskyist movement. Kirchoff had formerly been a member of the Communist Party in Germany, then a Trotskyist in the United States, but his tiny group would seem to have disappeared at the outbreak of war in 1939. In early 1938, the Italian and Belgian fractions formed an International Bureau of the Left Fractions which published a review called "Octobre". 
	During this period, the Italian left also reviewed a number of positions which it thought had become outdated. They rejected the idea of national self-determination and began to develop their views on the war economy and capitalist decadence. Much of this was carried out by Vercesi, but Mitchell from the Belgian fraction was also a leading figure in the work. Perhaps most dramatically, they also reviewed their understanding of the Russian Revolution and the state that had emerged from it. Eventually, they came to argue that the Russian state was by the late 1930s state capitalist and was not to be defended. In short, they believed there was need for a new revolution.
	Many small currents to the left of the mass communist parties collapsed at the beginning of World War II and the left communists were initially silent too. Despite having foreseen the war more clearly than some other factions, when it began they were overwhelmed. Many were persecuted by either German Nazism or Italian fascism. Leading militants of the communist left such as Mitchell, who was Jewish, were to die in the Buchenwald concentration camp.
	Meanwhile, the final council communist groups in Germany had disappeared in the maelstrom and the International Communist Group (GIK) in the Netherlands was moribund. The former centrist group led by Henk Sneevliet (the Revolutionary Socialist Workers Party, RSAP) transformed itself into the Marx–Lenin–Luxemburg Front. In April 1942, its leadership was arrested by the Gestapo and killed. The remaining activists then split into two camps as some turned to Trotskyism forming the Committee of Revolutionary Marxists (CRM) while the majority formed the CommunistenBond-Spartacus. The latter group turned to council communism and was joined by most members of the GIK.
	In 1941, the Italian fraction was reorganised in France and along with the new French Nucleus of the Communist Left came into conflict with the ideas which the fraction had propagated from 1936, namely of the social disappearance of the proletariat and localised wars and so on. These ideas continued to be defended by Vercesi in Brussels. Gradually, the left fractions adopted positions drawn from German left communism. They abandoned the conception that the Russian state remained in some way proletarian and also dropped Vercesi's conception of localised wars in favour of ideas on imperialism inspired by Rosa Luxemburg. Vercesi's participation in a Red Cross committee was also fiercely contested.
	The strike at FIAT in October 1942 had a huge impact on the Italian fraction, which was deepened by the fall of Mussolini's regime in July 1943. The Italian fraction now saw a pre-revolutionary situation opening in Italy and prepared to participate in the coming revolution. In 1943 the Internationalist Communist Party was founded by Onorato Damen and Luciano Stefanini, amongst others. By 1945 the party had 5,000 members all over Italy with some supporters in France, Belgium and the USA. It published a "Manifesto of the Communist Left to the European Proletariat", which called upon workers to put class war before national war.
	In France, revived by Marco in Marseilles, the Italian fraction now worked closely with the new French fraction, which was formally founded in Paris in December 1944. However, in May 1945 the Italian fraction, many of whose members had already returned to Italy, voted to dissolve itself so that its militants could integrate themselves as individuals into the Internationalist Communist Party. The conference at which this decision was made also refused to recognise the French fraction and expelled Marco from their group.
	This led to a split in the French fraction and the formation of the Gauche Communiste de France by the French fraction led by Marco. The history of the GCF belongs to the post-war period. Meanwhile, the former members of the French fraction who sympathised with Vercesi and the Internationalist Communist Party formed a new French fraction which published the journal "L'Etincelle" and was joined at the end of 1945 by the old minority of the fraction who had joined "L'Union Communiste" in the 1930s.
	One other development during the war years merits mention at this point. A small grouping of German and Austrian militants came close to Left Communist positions in these years. Best known as the Revolutionary Communist Organisation, these young militants were exiles from Nazism living in France at the start of World War II and were members of the Trotskyist movement but they had opposed the formation of the Fourth International in 1938 on the grounds that it was premature. They were refused full delegates' credentials and only admitted to the founding conference of the Youth International on the following day. They then joined Hugo Oehler's International Contact Commission for the Fourth (Communist) International and in 1939 were publishing "Der Marxist" in Antwerp.
	With the beginning of the war, they took the name Revolutionary Communists of Germany (RKD) and came to define Russia as state capitalist in agreement with Ante Ciliga's book "The Russian Enigma". At this point, they adopted a revolutionary defeatist position on the war and condemned Trotskyism for its critical defence of Russia (which was seen by Trotskyists as a degenerated workers' state). After the fall of France, they renewed contact with militants in the Trotskyist milieu in Southern France and recruited some of them into the Communistes Revolutionnaires in 1942. This group became known as "Fraternisation Proletarienne" in 1943 and then L'Organisation Communiste Revolutionnaire in 1944. The CR and RKD were autonomous and clandestine, but worked closely together with shared politics. As the war ran its course, they evolved in a councilist direction while also identifying more and more with Luxemburg's work. They also worked with the French Fraction of the Communist Left and seem to have disintegrated at the end of the war. This disintegration was sped no doubt by the capture of leading militant Karl Fischer, who was sent to the Buchenwald concentration camp where he was to participate in writing the "Declaration of the Internationalist Communists of Buchenwald" when the camp was liberated.
	The closing stages of World War II marked a watershed in the history of left communism as was true for every other political tendency. Like the Trotskyists, left communists expected the war to end with at least the beginnings of a revolutionary wave of struggle similar to that which had marked the end of World War I. Therefore, strikes in Italy from 1942 onwards were of intense interest to them. Many left communists formerly in exile, in jail or simply inactive due to repression returned to active political activity in Italy. This had the result that new organisations identifying with left communism came into being and older ones dissolved themselves.
	If for the Italian Left the end of war marked a new beginning, it also did so for the German-Dutch left. Although in Germany it was the case that the communist left tradition was all but extinguished, surviving only in the form of a few scattered groups holding councilist views, by comparison France saw an interesting development with the beginning of a conscious attempt to develop a synthesis of the two strands of left communism in the form of the "Gauche Communiste de France", which built on pre-war contributions.
	The year 1952 signalled the end of mass influence on the part of Italian left communism as its sole remaining representative, the Internationalist Communist Party, split in two sections: the group led by Bordiga took the name International Communist Party, while the group around Damen retained the name Internationalist Communist Party. The Gauche Communiste de France (GCF) dissolved in the same year. Left communists entered a period of almost constant decline from this point onwards, although they were somewhat rejuvenated by the events of 1968.
	The uprisings of May 1968 led to a small resurgence of interest in left communist ideas. Various small left communist groups emerged around the world, predominantly in the leading capitalist countries. In the late 1970s and early 1980s Battaglia Comunista initiated a series of conferences of the communist left to engage those new elements, also attended by the International Communist Current. As a result of these, in 1983 the International Bureau for the Revolutionary Party (later renamed as the Internationalist Communist Tendency) was established by Battaglia Comunista and the British Communist Workers Organisation.
	Prominent post-1968 proponents of left communism have included Paul Mattick and Maximilien Rubel. Prominent left communist groups existing today include the International Communist Party, the International Communist Current and the Internationalist Communist Tendency. In addition to the left communist groups in the direct lineage of the Italian and Dutch traditions, a number of groups with similar positions have flourished since 1968, such as the workerist and autonomist movements in Italy; Kolinko, Kurasje, Wildcat; Subversion and Aufheben in England; Théorie Communiste, Echanges et Mouvements and Démocratie Communiste in France; TPTG and Blaumachen in Greece; Kamunist Kranti in India; and Collective Action Notes and Loren Goldner in the United States.

= = = Vernon L. Walker = = =

	Vernon L. Walker (May 2, 1894 – March 1, 1948) was an American special effects artist and cinematographer. He was nominated for four Academy Awards for Best Special Effects. He worked on more than 220 films during his career, starting out as a head cameraman for Otis B. Thayer's Art-O-Graf Film Company in 1919.
	Walker was nominated for four Academy Awards:

= = = Revolutionary spontaneity = = =

	Revolutionary spontaneity, also known as spontaneism, is a revolutionary socialist tendency that believes the social revolution can and should occur spontaneously from below by the working class itself, without the aid or guidance of a vanguard party and that it cannot and should not be brought about by the actions of individuals such as professional revolutionaries or political parties who might attempt to foment such a revolution.
	In his work "What Is to Be Done?" (1902), Vladimir Lenin argued fiercely against revolutionary spontaneity as a dangerous revisionist concept that strips away the disciplined nature of Marxist political thought and leaves it arbitrary and ineffective. Rosa Luxemburg and the Spartacist League which had attempted to overturn capitalism during the 1919 German Revolution would become main targets of Lenin's attacks after World War I.
	Spontaneism remained a popular theory in opposition to the Third International's democratic centralism and influenced the autonomist movement in the 1970s. Its influences can be felt in some parts of today's alter-globalization movement.
	The term Mao-Spontex refers to a political movement in the Marxist and libertarian movements in Western Europe from 1960 to 1970. The neologism is composed of Maoist and revolutionary spontaneity/spontaneist. Thus, the complete and accurate writing of this term would be Mao-spontaneity.
	Mao-Spontex came to represent an ideology promoting the ideas of Maoism, along with some ideas from Marxism and Leninism, but rejecting the total idea of Marxism–Leninism. Lenin's work "What Is to Be Done?" especially is criticized as dated and Lenin's critique of spontaneity is rejected. Lenin's idea of democratic centralism is supported as a way to organize a party, but a party must also have constant conflict inside of it to remain revolutionary. The revolutionary party discussed must also always be from a mass worker's movement.

= = = West Cement Plant = = =

	West Cement Plant ( – "Kārkhāneh-ye Sīmān-e Gharb") is a village and company town in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 96, in 29 families.

= = = Kavar Lavan = = =

	Kavar Lavan (, also Romanized as Kāvar Lavān; also known as Kāvareh Lavān, Kāverlāvānd, and Kāwralawān) is a village in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 341, in 71 families.

= = = Diwali (Jainism) = = =

	Diwali has a very special significance in Jainism. It marks the anniversary of "Nirvana" (final release) or liberation of Mahavira's soul, the twenty fourth and last Jain Tirthankara of present cosmic age. It is celebrated at the same time as the Hindu festival of Diwali. Diwali marks the end of the year for the Jains and it likewise remembers the passing commemoration of their 24th Tirthankara Mahavira and his achievement of moksha.
	Mahavira attained Moksha (liberation) on this day at Pawapuri on 15 October 527 BCE, on Chaturdashi of Kartika, as confirmed by "Tilyapannatti" of Yativrsabha.
	Mahavira, the 24th "Tirthankara" of this era, revitalised Jain dharma. According to tradition, the chief disciple of Mahavira, "Ganadhara" Gautam Swami also attained omniscience i.e. absolute or complete knowledge ("Kevala Jñāna") on this day, thus making Diwali one of the most important Jain festivals.
	Mahavira attained his nirvana at the dawn of the amavasya (new moon). According to the "Śvētāmbara" text "Kalpasutra", many gods were present there, illuminating the darkness. The following night was pitch black without the light of the gods or the moon. To symbolically keep the light of their master's knowledge alive:
	16 Gana-kings, 9 Malla and 9 Lichchhavi, of Kasi and Kosal, illuminated their doors. They said: "Since the light of knowledge is gone, we will make light of ordinary matter" ("गये से भवुज्जोये, दव्वुज्जोयं करिस्समो").
	"Dipavali" was mentioned in Jain books as the date of the "nirvana" of Mahavira. In fact, the oldest reference to Diwali is a related word, dipalikaya, which occurs in Harivamsa Purana, written by Acharya Jinasena and composed in the Shaka Samvat era in the year 705.
ततस्तुः लोकः प्रतिवर्षमादरत् प्रसिद्धदीपलिकयात्र भारते |<br>
समुद्यतः पूजयितुं जिनेश्वरं जिनेन्द्र-निर्वाण विभूति-भक्तिभाक् |२० |<br>
	"tatastuḥ lokaḥ prativarśam ādarat"
	"prasiddha-dīpalikaya-ātra bhārate"
	"samudyataḥ pūjayituṃ jineśvaraṃ"
	"jinendra-nirvāṇa vibhūti-bhaktibhāk"
	Translation: The gods illuminated Pavanagari by lamps to mark the occasion. Since that time, the people of Bharat celebrate the famous festival of "Dipalika" to worship the Jinendra (i.e. Lord Mahavira) on the occasion of his nirvana.
	Dipalikaya roughly translates as "light leaving the body". Dipalika, which can be roughly translated as "splendiferous light of lamps", is used interchangeably with the word "Diwali".
	The Jain year starts with Pratipada following Diwali. Jain calendar is known as Vira Nirvana Samvat and their year 2501 started with Diwali of year 1974. The Jain business people traditionally start their accounting year from Diwali. The relationship between the Vir and Shaka era is given in Titthogali Painnaya and Dhavalaa by Acharya Virasena:<br>
पंच य मासा पंच य वास छच्चेव होन्ति वाससया|<br>
परिणिव्वुअस्स अरिहितो तो उप्पन्नो सगो राया||
	Thus the Nirvana occurred 605 years and 5 months before the Saka era.
	On Diwali morning, Nirvan Ladoo is offered after praying to Lord Mahavira in all Jain temples across the world. The most important principle of Jains is Ahinsa or non violence, thus they tend to avoid firecrackers during Diwali as they cause harm to living organisms. Diwali is celebrated in atmosphere of austerity, simplicity, serenity, equity, calmness, charity, philanthropy and environment-consciousness. Jain temples, homes, offices, shops are decorated with lights and diyas. Relatives distribute sweets to each other. The lights are symbolic of knowledge or removal of ignorance. Swetambar jains observe two days of fasting in remembrance of the penance and sacrifice of Mahavira. In temples and homes, devotees sing and chant hymns and mantras from Jain religious texts in praise of the Tirthankar and congregate for a prayer and recite verses from the Uttaradhyayan Sutra which contain the last teachings of Mahavira. Jains pay visit to Pawapuri,Nalanda in Bihar on this special day to offer their prayers. The Jain year starts with Pratipada, next day of Diwali.

= = = Perla Simons = = =

	Perla Simons Morales (born 15 March 1963 in San Pedro Sula) is a Honduran politician. She currently serves as deputy of the National Congress of Honduras, representing the Liberal Party of Honduras for Francisco Morazán.
	She is the only African-Honduran deputy in the Congress. Was first elected in 2006.

= = = Carol Kelso = = =

	Carol Kelso (born May 26, 1945) is a former member of the Wisconsin State Assembly.
	Kelso was born on May 26, 1945 in Fort Smith, Arkansas. She graduated from Iowa City High School in Iowa City, Iowa and Iowa State University and would later move to Green Bay, Wisconsin. Kelso is married with two children.
	Kelso was first elected to the Assembly in 1994. She later served as Executive of Brown County, Wisconsin. Kelso is a Republican.

= = = Korani-ye Hashem Soltan = = =

	Korani-ye Hashem Soltan (, also Romanized as Korānī-ye Hāshem Solţān) is a village in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 86, in 15 families.

= = = Korani-ye Olya = = =

	Korani-ye Olya (, also Romanized as Korānī-ye ‘Olyā, Korānī-e ‘Olyā, and Korrānī-ye ‘Olyā; also known as Korānī-ye Bālā, Korrānī, and Kūrānī) is a village in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 184, in 40 families.

= = = Korani-ye Sofla = = =

	Korani-ye Sofla (, also Romanized as Korānī-ye Soflá, Korānī-e Soflá, and Korrānī-ye Soflá; also known as Korānī-ye Pā'īn and Korrāni) is a village in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 535, in 129 families.

= = = Ali Akbar, Kermanshah = = =

	Ali Akbar (, also Romanized as ‘Alī Akbar; also known as Alīavar) is a village in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 269, in 61 families.

= = = Robert E. Drake = = =

	Robert Edwin Drake (October 11, 1923 – January 12, 2006) was an American intelligence official who was Deputy Director of the National Security Agency from 1978 to 1980 during which time he was the highest ranking civilian in the agency.
	He joined the Armed Services Security Agency in 1949 and eventually the newly created National Security Agency in 1952. With the NSA he served in overseas offices in Europe, Southeast Asia, and Hawaii. He also served in the position of Chief of the Soviet and East European Analytic Group and Deputy Director for Operations. Retiring from the NSA in 1978, he returned to independent consulting work. For his intelligence work he received the National Intelligence Distinguished Service Medal, National Security Agency Meritorious and Exceptional Civilian Service awards, the Defense Department Distinguished Civilian Service Award and the Central Intelligence Agency Distinguished Service Medal.
	He was an alumnus of Carleton College, Minnesota, George Washington University and the National War College.
	He died of heart failure in 2006, aged 82.

= = = Typhoon (1940 film) = = =

	Typhoon is a 1940 American Technicolor south seas adventure film directed by Louis King and starring Dorothy Lamour and Robert Preston. It was nominated for an Oscar for Best Visual Effects (Farciot Edouart, Gordon Jennings, Loren L. Ryder).
	A young girl abandoned on a South Seas island falls in love with a worthless seafarer.

= = = Mirza Kuseh = = =

	Mirza Kuseh (, also Romanized as Mīrzā Kūseh) is a village in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 32, in 9 families.

= = = Manuchehrabad, Kermanshah = = =

	Manuchehrabad (, also Romanized as Manūchehrābād) is a village in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 618, in 137 families.

= = = Moradabad, Kermanshah = = =

	Moradabad (, also Romanized as Morādābād) is a village in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 224, in 49 families.

= = = Mario Edgardo Segura = = =

	Mario Edgardo Segura Aroca (born 7 October 1966) is a Honduran engineer and politician. He currently serves as deputy of the National Congress of Honduras representing the Liberal Party of Honduras for El Paraíso.

= = = Luciano Albertini = = =

	Luciano Albertini (30 November 1882 – 6 January 1945) was an Italian actor, film producer and film director. After initially appearing in Italian films, he moved to Germany following the First World War. In 1921 he founded a production company Albertini-Film in partnership with Ernst Hugo Correll. During the Weimar era he appeared in a number of silent thriller and adventure films. 

= = = Murian = = =

	Murian (, also Romanized as Mūrīān, Mūrīyān, and Mūreyān; also known as Mūrīān-e Şaleḩābād, Hūrīān, and Şāleḩābād) is a village in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 297, in 55 families.

= = = Fordcroft Anglo-Saxon cemetery = = =

	Fordcroft Anglo-Saxon cemetery was a place of burial. It is located in the town of Orpington in South East London, South-East England. Belonging to the Middle Anglo-Saxon period, it was part of the much wider tradition of burial in Early Anglo-Saxon England. Fordcroft was a mixed inhumation and cremation ceremony.
	Archaeologists affiliated with the local Orpington Museum began excavating in 1965, expecting to find evidence of Romano-British occupation, but after discovering the cemetery decided to focus on it. Excavation continued for four seasons, ending in 1968.
	The site was located in Orpington, close to the border with St. Mary Cray. It sits between Bellefield Road and Poverest Road, near to the junction with the A224 road. The source of the River Cray lies half a mile south of the cemetery, while the river itself passes by 200 metres away from the site. The plot of land on which it was discovered was 1/8 of an acre in size. The soil is largely brick-earth, resting on the Flood Plain gravel which covers the valley floor.
	The nearest settlement that is known to be long-established is the farmstead of Poverest, the name of which can be traced to the early-14th century.
	The area remained agricultural land lying between the two villages until the mid-19th century, when increasing development led to the area becoming suburban. Several Victorian cottages had been built atop the cemetery, but were demolished during the following century, when the site became "overgrown with weeds and littered with rubbish" prior to excavation.
	With the advent of the Anglo-Saxon period in the fifth century CE, the area that became Kent underwent a radical transformation on a political, social, and physical level. In the preceding era of Roman Britain, the area had been administered as the "civitas" of "Cantiaci", a part of the Roman Empire, but following the collapse of Roman rule in 410 CE, many signs of Romano-British society began to disappear, replaced by those of the ascendant Anglo-Saxon culture. Later Anglo-Saxon accounts attribute this change to the widescale invasion of Germanic language tribes from northern Europe, namely the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. Archaeological and toponymic evidence shows that there was a great deal of syncretism, with Anglo-Saxon culture interacting and mixing with the Romano-British culture.
	The Old English term "Kent" first appears in the Anglo-Saxon period, and was based on the earlier Celtic-language name "Cantii". Initially applied only to the area east of the River Medway, by the end of the sixth century it also referred to areas to the west of it. The Kingdom of Kent was the first recorded Anglo-Saxon kingdom to appear in the historical record, and by the end of the sixth century, it had become a significant political power, exercising hegemony over large parts of southern and eastern Britain. At the time, Kent had strong trade links with Francia, while the Kentish royal family married members of Francia's Merovingian dynasty, who were already Christian. Kentish King Æthelberht was the overlord of various neighbouring kingdoms when he converted to Christianity in the early seventh century as a result of Augustine of Canterbury and the Gregorian mission, who had been sent by Pope Gregory to replace England's pagan beliefs with Christianity. It was in this context that the Polhill cemetery was in use.
	Kent has a wealth of Early Medieval funerary archaeology. The earliest excavation of Anglo-Saxon Kentish graves was in the 17th century, when antiquarians took an increasing interest in the material remains of the period. In the ensuing centuries, antiquarian interest gave way to more methodical archaeological investigation, and prominent archaeologists like Bryan Faussett, James Douglas, Cecil Brent, George Payne, and Charles Roach Smith "dominated" archaeological research in Kent.
	The Fordcroft cemetery contained a mixture of cremation and inhumation burials. The two forms of burial were interspersed within the cemetery, leading excavators to believe that they were contemporary with each other. Archaeologists have discovered a total of 19 cremations and 52 inhumations from the site. Due to the grave goods found at the site, Tester suggested that the site was probably active as a place of burial between "circa" 450 and 550 CE. He noted that culturally, the artefacts and forms of burial were similar to those found around the Thames Valley.
	There is evidence of nearby Romano-British occupation, which numismatic evidence shows extended to at least "c". 370. and Tester suggested that the Anglo-Saxons might have intentionally adopted Fordcroft as a cemetery site because of this. Equally, he thought it possible that the reuse of the site was simply fortuitous.
	Many of the skeletons were heavily decayed, although in many cases the teeth and long bones were sufficiently preserved for osteoarchaeologists to determine the age and sex of the individual.
	Most of the inhumation graves had the head facing westward, though in some cases they instead faced south. Most of the grave cuts were roughly rectangular with rounded corners, but some were less regular in form.
	Due to 19th century construction on the site, it was impossible for the archaeologists to accurately determine where the Anglo-Saxon ground level had been, and therefore how deep the graves had been cut.
	In the 1940s, a service trench had been excavated in the adjacent Bellefield Road by workmen, who revealed pieces of Romano-British pottery. Archaeologist A. Eldridge published this discovery in the "Archaeologia Cantiana" journal, suggesting that there might have been a building dating to Roman Britain nearby. In the 1960s, local archaeologists decided to test this theory by investigating the derelict site at Fordcroft following the demolition of the houses on that site. Test excavation took place at the site from July 1965, sponsored by Orpington Museum, under the authority of the London Borough of Bromley, to whom the site legally belonged. The borough council provided a mechanical digger to remove surface rubble, allowing excavation to commence. Much of the investigation was organised by M. Bowen, curator of Orpington Museum, where the site finds were initially stored.
	The first archaeological discoveries at the site were Romano-British in origin, although no evidence of buildings from this period were discovered. Soon, an Anglo-Saxon cremation urn was found, followed by several inhumations, revealing that this had been the site of an Anglo-Saxon cemetery. Thenceforth, the excavation of the cemetery became the primary objective of the archaeologists. In the first two-seasons' work, 16 cremations and 29 inhumations were discovered. At the time of its discovery, it was recognised as the first "well-authenticated" archaeological evidence for Anglo-Saxon settlement along the River Cray. Elderly members of the community who had formerly lived in the cottages on the site visited the excavation, providing "likely and amusing comments" following the revelation that they had dwelt above a cemetery.
	A test pit was opened in the garage of No. 17 Poverest Road, uncovering another grave, and it is believed that further burials might be located under the house. The team excavated all available areas, although were unable to dig under either of the roads enclosing the site, or under the houses to the east and west.

= = = Battle of Apros = = =

	The Battle of Apros occurred between the forces of the Byzantine Empire, under co-emperor Michael IX Palaiologos, and the forces of the Catalan Company, at Apros on July 1305.
	The Catalan Company had been hired by the Byzantines as mercenaries against the Turks, but despite the Catalans' successes against the Turks, the two allies distrusted each other, and their relationship was strained by the Catalans' financial demands. Eventually, Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos and his son and co-ruler Michael IX had the Catalan leader, Roger de Flor, assassinated with his entourage in April 1305. 
	In July, the Byzantine army, comprising a large contingent of Alans as well as many Turcopoles, confronted the Catalans and their own Turkish allies near Apros in Thrace. Despite the Imperial Army's numerical superiority, the Alans withdrew after the first charge, whereupon the Turcopoles deserted "en block" to the Catalans. Prince Michael was injured and left the field and the Catalans won the day.
	The Catalans proceeded to ravage Thrace for two years, before moving west and south through Greece, to conquer the Latin Duchy of Athens in 1311.

= = = Mazraeh-ye Baraftab = = =

	Mazraeh-ye Baraftab (, also Romanized as Mazra‘eh-ye Barāftāb) is a village in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 22, in 4 families.

= = = The Accursed (Oates novel) = = =

	The Accursed is the fifth volume of United States writer Joyce Carol Oates' Gothic series. The novel was published by Ecco on March 5, 2013. It is set in and around Princeton, New Jersey in the early twentieth century, and explores a variety of supernatural themes, tracing their effect upon members of several families who reside in the area. "The Accursed" contains a number of historical figures used in a fictional context, among them President Woodrow Wilson, and writers Mark Twain and Upton Sinclair and his first wife Meta.
	"The Accursed" was well-reviewed by a number of major authors, with writer Stephen King describing it in "The New York Times Book Review" as "the world's first postmodern Gothic novel".

= = = Igor Rossi Branco = = =

	Igor Rossi Branco or Igor Rossi for short (born 10 March 1989 in Campinas, São Paulo) is a Brazilian professional footballer, who plays for Al-Faisaly, as a centre-back. In addition to playing centre-back, Rossi can also play at left-back. He has previously played for Internacional, Marítimo and Heart of Midlothian.
	Igor Rossi began his career in Internacional. In 2010, moved to Marítimo, and started to play in the Marítimo's B team. At the end of the 2010–11 season, Igor Rossi was promoted to the first team.
	After included as an un-used substitute in the opening game of the season against Beira-Mar, Igor Rossi made his debut for the senior team in the Primeira Liga on 11 December 2011, in a 1–0 against Benfica. Rossi later made five appearance in the 2011–12 season.
	In the 2012–13 season, Igor was included in the 25 man squad. Igor then scored his first goal in a game against Benfica. In his final season before being released, he played only four matches – two as a starter – and ten for the reserves in Segunda Liga.
	On 22 July 2015, he signed a one-year deal at Heart of Midlothian, newly returned to the Scottish Premiership. He made his debut eight days later in the first round of the season's Scottish League Cup at home against Arbroath, replacing double goalscorer Osman Sow for the final 13 minutes of a 4–2 victory. On 2 August he played the full 90 minutes of his first league game, a 4–3 win against St Johnstone.
	Rossi moved to Saudi club Al-Faisaly Harmah in January 2017.
	His younger brother Raphael is also a defender, for FC Sion in Switzerland.
	As of 29 January 2018

= = = Gamache = = =

	Gamache is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

= = = Manuchehrabad = = =

	Manuchehrabad () may refer to:

= = = Erwin Heerich = = =

	Erwin Heerich (29 November 1922 in Kassel – 6 November 2004 in Meerbusch, Germany) was a German artist.
	From 1945 to 1950 Heerich studied fine arts at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf under Ewald Mataré. From 1950 to 1954, he belonged, together with Joseph Beuys, to the master class of his professor. At that time, he chiefly produced sculptures representing animals and drawings of plants. In 1954, he left the Düsseldorf academy and worked as an artist and art teacher. Since 1959, he used cardboard as his artistic material. He presented 10 of these "Kartonplastiken" at the documenta IV (1968) in Kassel.
	Heerich emphasized that for him, "cardboard, like polystyrene, had no specifically aesthetic or historical connotations, the materials are value-neutral to the largest possible extent." Furthermore, the artist was not primarily "concerned with the manifestation of an art object, but with making an idea material in terms of a specific problem: how space can be presented and formed."
	From 1969 to 1988 he was a professor at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf. In 1974 he became also a member of the Academy of Arts, Berlin.
	From 1982 to 1994 he created eleven exhibition pavilions for the Museum Insel Hombroich, which were called "chapels in the landscape". His elemental sculptures became the design base for these gallery pavilions.
	In 1978 Heerich received the Will Grohmann Prize in Berlin. In 1987 he received the Max Beckmann Prize in Frankfurt am Main and in 1995 the Anton Stankowski Prize in Stuttgart.

= = = Nimdangi = = =

	Nimdangi (, also Romanized as Nīmdāngī and Nīm Dāngī) is a village in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 39, in 6 families.

= = = Mister Radio = = =

	Mister Radio is a 1924 German silent drama film directed by Nunzio Malasomma and starring Luciano Albertini, Evi Eva and Magnus Stifter.

= = = Spodnji Kašelj = = =

	Spodnji Kašelj (; in older sources also "Dolenji Kašelj", ) is a formerly independent settlement in the eastern part of the capital Ljubljana in central Slovenia. It is a compact settlement above the left bank of the Ljubljanica River between Zgornji Kašelj and Zalog. It was part of the traditional region of Upper Carniola and is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.
	Kašelj Hill () rises east of the settlement, across the Ljubljanica River. Below the hill to the north, Spodnji Kašel extends to the Cold Valley (), so called because the winter snow lies there late into the spring. The soil in Spodnji Kašel is sandy and there are fields to the west.
	Spodnji Kašelj was mentioned in written sources together with neighboring Zgornji Kašelj in 1360 as "Niederchaeschel" and "Kaeschel" (and as "Geschel" in 1421, "(Ober) Kassel" in 1436, and "Kaschell" in 1496). The name is derived from German "Kassel" and it is likely that the German name is derived from Latin "castellum" 'castle', referring to one or both castles on Kašelj Hill east of the settlement. However, it is also possible that the name is derived from Latin "casale" 'peasant house, peasant settlement'. In the past the German name was "Unterkaschel".
	On the western slope of Kašelj Hill there is an abandoned quarry. Tradition states that the last French soldier from the short-lived Illyrian Provinces was executed there. In Cold Valley there is a plaque next to an old bunker commemorating four Partisans that were killed by White Guard forces on 16 April 1943. Spodnji Kašelj was annexed by the City of Ljubljana in 1982, ending its existence as an independent settlement.

= = = Nukan, Kermanshah = = =

	Nukan (, also Romanized as Nūkān, Nookan, Nowkān; also known as Naūkān) is a village in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 10,377, in 2,563 families.

= = = Joe Handrick = = =

	Joe Handrick (born 1965) is a former member of the Wisconsin State Assembly.
	Handrick was born on November 2, 1965 in Minocqua, Wisconsin. Later, he would graduate from Lakeland Union High School and the University of Wisconsin–Madison with a degree in Occupational Therapy. He is married and has three children.
	Handrick was first elected to the Assembly in 1994 and re-elected in 1996 and 1998. Handrick was appointed Minocqua Town Chairman in January 2006 following the resignation of Chairman Don Gauger. Handrick was re-elected to this post in 2007 and 2009. Additionally, he was a member of the Oneida County, Wisconsin Board from 1994 to 1996 and a member of the Lakeland High School Board of Education from 2008 to 2011. He is a Republican.

= = = Wilfredo Bustillo Castellanos = = =

	Wilfredo Bustillo Castellanos (born 17 January 1958 in Comayagua) is a Honduran politician. He currently serves as deputy of the National Congress of Honduras representing the National Party of Honduras for Comayagua.
	In March 2013 Bustillo was arrested in a confuse incident when he was tramitting his driver license.

= = = Havanirooz 1st Combat Base = = =

	Havanirooz 1st Combat Base ( – "Pādegān-e Havānīrūz") is a military installation in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 2,069, in 539 families.

= = = Payervand-e Tekyeh = = =

	Payervand-e Tekyeh (, also Romanized as Pāyervand-e Tekyeh; also known as Bāyervand) is a village in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 24, in 6 families.

= = = Qaleh-ye Qobad, Kermanshah = = =

	Qaleh-ye Qobad (, also Romanized as Qal‘eh-ye Qobād and Qal‘eh Qobād; also known as Qal‘eh Kabūd) is a village in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 113, in 22 families.

= = = Qomeshah = = =

	Qomeshah () is a village in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 519, divided between 104 families.

= = = Shah Maleki = = =

	Shah Maleki (, also Romanized as Shāh Malekī, Shāh Molkī, and Shāh Malakī; also known as Chāh Malakī and Shāh Mālīkī) is a village in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 483, in 101 families.

= = = Seh Chek = = =

	Seh Chek () is a village in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 321, in 74 families.

= = = Faraman Industrial Estate = = =

	Faraman Industrial Estate ( – "Shahrak-e Şanʿatī Farāmān") is a village and company town in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 94, in 27 families.

= = = Siah Bid-e Olya = = =

	Siah Bid-e Olya (, also Romanized as Sīāh Bīd-e ‘Olyā; also known as Sīāh Bīd-e Bālā) is a village in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 760, in 192 families.

= = = Siah Bid-e Sofla = = =

	Siah Bid-e Sofla (, also Romanized as Sīāh Bīd-e Soflá; also known as Sīāh Bīd-e Pā’īn) is a village in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 911, in 206 families.

= = = Siah Bid = = =

	Siah Bid () may refer to:

= = = Julio César Gámez Interiano = = =

	Julio César Gámez Interiano (born 8 December 1955) is a Honduran politician. He currently serves as deputy of the National Congress of Honduras representing the National Party of Honduras for Copán.

= = = Agriculture Reform, Food, and Jobs Act of 2013 = = =

	The Agriculture Reform, Food, and Jobs Act of 2013 (), also commonly referred to as "the farm bill," is one of two United States "farm bills" that were introduced in the 113th United States Congress. The Agriculture Reform, Food, and Jobs Act of 2013 is the bill that was introduced into the United States Senate. A second bill, the Federal Agriculture Reform and Risk Management Act of 2013 () was introduced into the United States House of Representatives. The two bills cover similar topics and programs, but have significantly different provisions. The Agriculture Reform, Food, and Jobs Act of 2013 passed the Senate on June 10, 2013 and has received the support of the President.
	However, the Senate bill failed to pass in the House, so the two chambers organized a conference committee. The result is the Agriculture Act of 2014 (H.R. 2642; 113th Congress), which passed the House on January 29, 2014. The Agriculture Act of 2014 includes provisions from both the House and the Senate bills.
	One of the major provisions of the Agriculture Reform, Food, and Jobs Act of 2013 is a $4 billion cut to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, a controversial provision, with some Democrats arguing that the cuts were too large, while some Republicans arguing that the cuts did not do enough to cut the deficit.
	A "farm bill" is one of the primary tools of the United States federal government to set policy related to agriculture in the United States. Farm bills are passed roughly every five years. The farm bills typically cover laws and policies related to supplemental nutrition, land payments, crop insurance, environmental practices, some international trade, and research.
	A similar bill to the proposed Agriculture Reform, Food, and Jobs Act of 2013 was also passed by the Senate in the 112th United States Congress, but never received much attention in the House and failed to become law. The current "farm bill" expires on September 30, 2013.
	The Agriculture Reform, Food, and Jobs Act of 2013 would cut spending $24 billion over 10 years. Overall, however, it would still cost nearly $955 billion over 10 years.
	The Agriculture Reform, Food, and Jobs Act of 2013 would reduce spending on food stamps by $4 billion over 10 years.
	"This summary is based largely on the report on S. 954, as it was reported by the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry on May 14, 2013, written by the Congressional Budget Office, a public domain source."
	The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates that direct spending stemming from the program authorization in S. 954 would total $955 billion over the 2014-2023 period. That 10-year total reflects the bill’s authorization of expiring programs through 2018 and an extension of those authorizations through 2023, consistent with the rules governing baseline projections that are specified in the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985.
	Relative to spending projected under CBO’s May 2013 baseline, the CBO estimates that enacting the bill would reduce direct spending by $17.8 billion over the 2014-2023 period. "The estimated budgetary effects of S. 954 are summarized in Table 1." CBO estimates that section 10012 of the bill would increase revenues by $54 million over the 2014-2023 period. "Further details of the changes in direct spending and revenues are displayed in Table 2."
	Assuming appropriation of the specified and necessary amounts, the CBO also estimates that implementing the bill would cost $30.1 billion over the 2014-2018 period and $39.9 billion over the 2014-2023 period. "Further details of that estimate are displayed in Table 3."
	The Agriculture Reform, Food, and Jobs Act of 2013 contains no intergovernmental mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA). In general, state, local, and tribal governments would benefit from the continuation of existing agricultural assistance and the creation of new grant programs.
	The Agriculture Reform, Food, and Jobs Act of 2013 would impose private-sector mandates, as defined in UMRA, by expanding reporting requirements on manufacturers of dairy products and establishing regulations for dairy handlers that purchase milk from dairy producers participating in the Dairy Market Stabilization Program. Additionally, the bill would prohibit individuals from attending animal fighting ventures in states and U.S. territories that permit such ventures. Because the compliance cost for dairy handlers would depend on future regulations, the CBO has no basis to determine whether the aggregate cost of the mandates in the bill would exceed the annual threshold established in UMRA for private-sector mandates ($150 million in 2013, adjusted annually for inflation).
	The Statutory Pay-As-You-Go Act of 2010 establishes budget-reporting and enforcement procedures for legislation affecting direct spending or revenues. Enacting S. 954 would affect direct spending and revenues; therefore, pay-as-you-go procedures apply. "The net change in outlays and revenues that are subject to those pay-as-you-go procedures are shown in Table 4."
	The Agriculture Reform, Food, and Jobs Act of 2013 was introduced into the Senate on May 14, 2013 by Sen. Debbie Stabenow (D-MI). The bill was considered on the Senate floor on May 21–23, and June 3–4, June 6, and June 10, 2013. On June 10, 2013, the bill passed in the Senate in Recorded Vote 145: 66-27. Only two Democrats voted against their party: Senator Sheldon Whitehouse (D-RI) and Senator Jack Reed (D-RI). Eighteen Republicans voted in favor of the bill.
	As of June 24, 2013, the United States House of Representatives had not considered the Agriculture Reform, Food, and Jobs Act of 2013 or added it to a calendar. On June 20, 2013, Senator Michael Bennet (D-CO) urged the House to take up consideration of the bill, speaking from the Senate floor. The Senator argued that because the Senate bill had received the support of many Republicans and cut spending, the House should have no objections to passing it as well. The bill was not put on the Majority Leader's calendar for the week of June 24.
	On May 20, 2013, the President of the United States Barack Obama released a statement that the Administration "supports" passage of S. 954 and "looks forward to working with the Congress to address the important concerns 
	described below prior to final passage." The announcement listed several reasons that the President supported the bill: elimination of the direct payments system; consolidation and streamlining of conservation assistance; and the inclusion of funding for bioenergy programs. The statement criticized the bill for not adopting all of the Administration's previous proposals for achieving crop insurance and commodity program savings and objected to any cuts at all to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP).
	Senator Debbie Stabenow argued in favor of the bill because it both reduced the deficit and supported "16 million people who depend on agriculture for their jobs".
	The bill was opposed by groups focusing on hunger due to its reduction in spending on food stamps. It was also criticized by groups such as the Heritage Foundation for including a system of crop insurance that were less about helping farmers in the event of a true disaster and more of an income support system.
	Senator John McCain (R-AZ) criticized the bill for containing a catfish inspection program that he believes duplicates one that is already conducted by the Food and Drug Administration.

= = = Soleymaniyeh, Kermanshah = = =

	Soleymaniyeh (, also Romanized as Soleymānīyeh) is a village in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2016 census, its population was 921, in 268 families.

= = = Sararud-e Olya = = =

	Sararud-e Olya (, also Romanized as Sarārūd-e ‘Olyā, Sarā Rūd-e ‘Olyā, and Serā Rūd-e ‘Olyā; also known as Sarādūd-e Bālā, Sarārū, and Sarārūd-e Bālā) is a village in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 54, in 12 families.

= = = Sararud-e Sofla = = =

	Sararud-e Sofla (, also Romanized as Sarārūd-e Soflá; also known as Sarārū, Sarārūd, Sarārūd-e Pā‘īn, and Sararūd-e Pā’īn) is a village in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 505, in 129 families.

= = = Stenoterommata palmar = = =

	Stenoterommata palmar is a mygalomorph spider of Argentina, named after its type locality: Parque Nacional El Palmar, Entre Rios. Females differ from other three-clawed "Stenoterommata" in the spermathecae having one triangular dome with a single receptaculum arising from its base; males are most similar to those of "S. tenuistyla", but lack short ventral spines on the metatarsus I (typical of that species), and have a long, curved spine on the apical third of their ventral tibia I. Its burrowing behaviour is similar to that of "S. tenuistyla".
	Eastern Entre Rios and Corrientes Province; southern Brazil.

= = = German Youth Hostel Association = = =

	The German Youth Hostel Association () or DJH is a not-for-profit, registered association ("eingetragener Verein"). It was founded in 1909 to create an organized network of affordable and safe accommodation away from home for travelling school and youth groups and individuals all over the country. Today, the hundreds of member hostels in the association still cater to school and youth groups but most are also open to anyone else looking for an alternative to hotels - families, backpackers, business travellers, etc. Through the state ("Bundesland") associations it is the representative of the 536 youth hostels in Germany (as at 2013) and thus the largest member of the international youth association, Hostelling International (HI). The headquarters has its seat in Detmold and is divided into 14 state associations and 218 local and county volunteer associations. It has more than 2 million members.
	Membership of the German Youth Hostel Association is a prerequisite for an overnight stay in a hostel in Germany. Abroad, DJH members can stay in hostels that are associated with Hostelling International and may be entitled to discounts there. DJH membership is obtained through the state association responsible for each residence. In addition, organizations such as clubs or schools may apply for corporate membership.
	The DJH was merged into the Hitler Youth in 1933 until the end of the Second World War. In 1949 it was re-founded at Altena Castle in North Rhine-Westphalia.
	The German Youth Hostel Association is a member of the European Movement Germany.

= = = Mitsubishi MCA = = =

	Mitsubishi MCA stands for Mitsubishi Clean Air, a moniker used in Japan to identify vehicles built with emission control technology. The term was first introduced in Japan, with later introductions internationally. The technology first appeared in January 1973 on the Mitsubishi 4G32A gasoline-powered inline four cylinder engine installed in all Mitsubishi vehicles using the 4G32 engine, and the Saturn-6 6G34 six-cylinder gasoline-powered engine installed in the Mitsubishi Debonair. The technology was installed so that their vehicles would be in compliance with Japanese Government emission regulations passed in 1968.
	Emission reducing technology began with the installation of a positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) valve (MCA-I), followed by the addition of a thermo reactor air pump and catalytic converter in addition to an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve (MCA-II) and a solenoid controlled automatic choke installed on the carburetor.
	The MCA-Jet system has a small third valve separate from the intake and exhaust valves. Separate passages in the intake manifold feed each MCA-Jet valve. Since these passages are smaller than the main intake manifold passages, the air/fuel mixture must move faster. When the faster moving air/fuel mixture from the MCA-Jet valve hits the slower moving air/fuel mixture from the intake valve, a strong air swirling effect occurs that promotes more complete combustion. With MCA-Jet it was found that stable combustion could be obtained even with large amounts of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), NOx could be reduced, and combustion improved. Honda's CVCC Stratified charge engine approach also used a small third valve, but sent a richer air/fuel mixture to a small pre-combustion chamber near the spark plug, to help ignite a leaner air/fuel mixture in the main combustion chamber. MCA-Jet was a simpler system that sent the same air/fuel mixture to all intake and MCA-Jet valves. Each MCA-Jet valve is quite small and may be prone to carbon build-up, causing the MCA-Jet valve(s) to stick open. If a Mitsubishi-designed engine has low compression, the MCA-Jet valve(s) could be the cause. Each MCA-Jet valve and valve seat are a self-contained cylinder-shaped unit that screws into the cylinder head for easy replacement. Aftermarket MCA-Jet valves are available. With the advent of 4-valve-per-cylinder engines, manufacturers typically design the camshaft(s) to open one intake valve slightly before the other to create a swirling effect. This has made the MCA-Jet system obsolete. The MCA-Jet system was used in certain Mitsubishi-designed engines installed in both Mitsubishi-branded and Chrysler/Dodge/Plymouth-branded vehicles during the late 1970s to late 1980s.

= = = Sarah Waukau = = =

	Sarah Waukau is a former member of the Wisconsin State Assembly.
	Waukau was born on April 3, 1947 in Antigo, Wisconsin. She would graduate from the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire. Waukau is a widow with two children.
	Waukau was elected to the Assembly in 1999 in a special election following the resignation of Thomas D. Ourada. She was a member of the Antigo City Council from 1990 to 1992 and again from 1995 to 1999. Waukau is a Democrat.

= = = American Twilight = = =

	American Twilight is the fifth studio album by Crime & the City Solution, released on March 26, 2013 through Mute Records. The album was recorded after a 23-year hiatus that found the band relocating from Berlin to Detroit.

= = = 2013 Central Michigan Chippewas football team = = =

	The 2013 Central Michigan Chippewas football team represented Central Michigan University in the 2013 NCAA Division I FBS football season. They were led by fourth-year head coach Dan Enos and played their home games at Kelly/Shorts Stadium. They were a member of the West Division of the Mid-American Conference. They finished the season 6–6, 5–3 in MAC play to finish in a tie for third place in the West Division. Despite being bowl eligible, they were not invited to a bowl game.
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= = = Lützow's Wild Hunt = = =

	Lützow’s Wild Hunt (German: "Lützows wilde verwegene Jagd") is the title of a patriotic German song and a 1927 German silent war film.
	The poem was written by young German poet and soldier Theodor Körner, who served in the Lützow Free Corps during the Wars of Liberation. It was set to music by Carl Maria von Weber and became very popular.
	The song praises the deeds of the Free Corps that became an essential part of Germany’s national identity in the 19th century due to its famous members. Besides Körner, “Turnvater” Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, the famous poet Joseph von Eichendorff, the inventor of the kindergarten Friedrich Fröbel, and Eleonore Prochaska, a woman who had dressed as a man in order to join the fight against the French, served in the Corps.
	The tune was adopted as the regimental march of the 1st Surrey Rifles, a Volunteer unit of the British Army.
	The 1927 German silent war film was directed by Richard Oswald and starring Ernst Rückert, Arthur Wellin and Mary Kid. The film’s art direction was by Ernst Stern. It is part of the cycle of Prussian films and portrays the fight of Prussian troops under the command of Ludwig Adolf Wilhelm von Lützow against the French during the Napoleonic Wars, commemorated in the poetry of Theodor Körner.

= = = Rue de la Liberté = = =

	The Rue de la Liberté is the main street in the historic center of the French city Dijon. It connects the Place Darcy to the Place de la Libération. This busy shopping street for pedestrians is lined with buildings mostly dating from the 15th century to the 18th century, which are classified as monuments historiques.
	The Rue de la Liberté was named Rue de Condé before the French Revolution. A part of the street, from the Coin du Miroir to the Place d'Armes (now Place de la Libération), was drilled in 1724. Previously, the street included the Rue des Forges and reached the back of the Palais des Ducs. The name "Coin du Miroir" is linked to a hotel in the old Rue Saint-Jean at the corner of the streets Guillaume and Gondrans and which belonged to the Abbaye Notre-Dame du Miroir. This hotel, composed of a square tower which displays on its first floor large ogival openings in the wall, crenellated and surrounded by ditches, was demolished in 1767.

= = = Electoral history of Ed Markey = = =

	This is the electoral history of Ed Markey, a Democratic Senator from Massachusetts. He was previously a Democratic Representative from Massachusetts, representing the 7th and 5th districts. Markey was first elected in a 1976 special election to replace the deceased Torbert Macdonald, and was re-elected in every subsequent election. He was also the Democratic candidate, and winner, of the 2013 special election, for the United States Senate.
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= = = Compound NJ2 = = =

	Compound NJ2 is a xanthylium yellowish pigment found in wine.
	In model solutions, colorless compounds, such as catechin, can give rise to new types of pigments. The first step is the formation of colorless dimeric compounds consisting of two flavanol units linked by carboxy-methine bridge. This is followed by the formation of xanthylium salt yellowish pigments and their ethylesters, resulting from the dehydration of the colorless dimers, followed by an oxidation process. The loss of a water molecule takes place between two A ring hydroxyl groups of the colorless dimers.

= = = NJ2 = = =

	NJ2 may refer to:

= = = Kirovsky Urban Settlement = = =

	Kirovsky Urban Settlement or Kirovskoye Urban Settlement is the name of several municipal formations in Russia.

= = = Benjamin P. Sachs = = =

	Benjamin P. Sachs is a physician with health care management experience at the Harvard Medical School hospitals and the Tulane University Medical Center.
	Sachs was born in London, the son of Holocaust survivors. He graduated from St. Mary's Hospital Medical School in London.[2] He received a degree in Public Health from the University of Toronto and completed a residency in obstetrics and gynecology and a fellowship in Maternal-Fetal Medicine at the Brigham & Women's Hospital in Boston.
	In 1980, Sachs was a visiting scientist at the Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta. In 1987 he completed the Program for Management Development at the Harvard Business School.
	Sach's background is in clinical medicine, public health - health policy and finance - business administration with extensive executive experience in physician and hospital management.
	In 1978, Sachs started work at the Harvard Medical School. He would eventually serve as chairman of the OB/GYN Department at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and the Harvard Medical School. Sachs was also appointed as the Harold H. Rosenfield Professor at Harvard Medical School and the Harvard School of Public Health (1997-2007)
	Sachs and Major Peter Nielsen, MD, led a team to transfer the concept of crew resource management to obstetrical care. Funded by the U.S. Department of Defense and the Harvard Risk Management Foundation, this was the first major research effort to evaluate team training in healthcare. This crew resource management program formed the basis for TeamSTEPPS, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's national program. TeamSTEPPS is used in hospital Ob/Gyn, surgical, emergency medicine and ICU care departments.
	Sachs helped create a research team led by Dr. Ananth Karumanchi that discovered the probable cause of preeclampsia. The team's research was published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, the New England Journal of Medicine, the Journal of Clinical Investigation, Nature Medicine, and was described in The New Yorker.
	Sachs was also served as president of the Beth Israel-Deaconess Physician Organization.
	Sachs joined Tulane Medical School in November 2007. The university had suffered $900 million in damage from Hurricane Katrina and lost a third of the medical school faculty. [7] Sachs' objectives were to help Tulane recover and to fundamentally redesign the medical school and the New Orleans healthcare system. Sachs created a network of 68 clinics in the New Orleans area that by 2010 was treating approximately 200,000 people per year.
	During Sachs' tenure, Tulane Medical School hired more leaders and increased the entrance exam scores of its students. It received the 2010 Association of American Medical Colleges Spencer Foreman Award for outstanding community service.
	Sachs served at Tulane for six years as Senior Vice President, dean of the Medical School and the James R. Doty Distinguished Professor and Chair. Sachs retired from Tulane in 2014.
	Currently Sachs is a senior lecturer at Harvard Medical School - Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and a senior director of Strategy Implemented, a healthcare consulting company
	In June 2014, Sachs was appointed the interim dean of the new School of Medicine being developed by the University of the Virgin Islands in St. Croix. Sachs is helping UVISOM become the first English-speaking medical school Caribbean region that is Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME) accredited.
	Sachs has two sons.
	Sachs has helped raise money for women's and children's health centers in the Philippines, Armenia, and Ukraine. The health center in Dnipropetrovsk in Ukraine provides free care to 20,000 women and children each year.
	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/myncbi/benjamin.sachs.2/bibliography/48271523/public/?sort=date&direction=ascending

= = = Der Philosophische Arzt = = =

	Der Philosophische Arzt is a medical publication published in the late 18th century by Melchior Adam Weikard, a prominent German physician and philosopher to the Russian Empress, Catherine II.
	The first edition of "Der Philosophische Arzt" was first published in 1775, but perhaps as early as 1770. It was initially published anonymously as was the second edition, though it was widely believed that Weikard was the author. The reason for doing so is unclear but was probably due to anticipated critical reactions to its publication from several sources. A principal one was the Prince-Bishop of Fulda, to whom Weikard served as physician and in a Catholic region where Weikard worked as a spa doctor being supported by the state. According to Otto Schmitt's biography of Weikard published in 1970, the reaction of organized religion to the publication of his textbook was widespread condemnation. This was likely due to his attacks in the textbook on various religious practices for curing medical illnesses. According to Schmidt, the attacks against Weikard continued throughout his career but his patron, Prince Heinrich von Bibra, maintained an amicable relationship with him and supported him financially late in his career despite many people who criticized the Prince for doing so.

= = = 2013–14 Cincinnati Bearcats men's basketball team = = =

	The 2013–14 Cincinnati Bearcats men's basketball team represented the University of Cincinnati during the 2013–14 NCAA Division I men's basketball season, The Bearcats competed in the American Athletic Conference, one of two offshoots of the original Big East Conference, and were coached by Mick Cronin in his eighth season. The team played its home games on Ed Jucker Court at the Fifth Third Arena. They finished the season 27–7, 15–3 in AAC play to share the regular season conference title with Louisville. They advanced to the semifinals of the AAC Tournament where they lost to UConn. They received an at-large bid NCAA Tournament where they lost in the second round to Harvard.
!colspan=12 style=|Exhibition
!colspan=9 style="background:#E00122; color:#000000;"| Regular season
!colspan=12 style=| AAC regular season
!colspan=9 style="background:#E00122; color:#000000;"| American Athletic Conference Tournament
!colspan=9 style="background:#E00122; color:#000000;"| NCAA Tournament

= = = 1992 Northeast Louisiana Indians football team = = =

	The 1992 Northeast Louisiana Indians football team represented Northeast Louisiana University in the 1992 NCAA Division I-AA college football season. The Indians offense scored 466 points while the defense allowed 278 points.

= = = Thomas D. Ourada = = =

	Thomas D. Ourada is a former member of the Wisconsin State Assembly.
	Ourada was born on December 17, 1958 in Antigo, Wisconsin. He attended Marquette University and the University of Kentucky and is a member of the Knights of Columbus.
	Ourada was first elected to the Assembly in 1984. In 1999, Ourada resigned from the Assembly. A special election was held to fill his vacancy, won by Sarah Waukau. Ourada is a Republican.

= = = 2013 Maine Black Bears football team = = =

	The 2013 Maine Black Bears football team represented the University of Maine in the 2013 NCAA Division I FCS football season. They were led by 21st-year head coach Jack Cosgrove and played their home games at Alfond Stadium. They were a member of the Colonial Athletic Association (CAA). They finished the season 10–3, 7–1 in CAA play to be crowned CAA Champions. They received an automatic bid to the FCS Playoffs where they lost in the second round to fellow CAA member New Hampshire.

= = = Rubén Nuñez de Cáceres = = =

	Rubén Nuñez de Cáceres is a professor and the founder/director of the Centro de Valores Humanos (Center for Human Values) of the Tec de Monterrey, Campus Tampico.
	He received his bachelors in philosophy from the Pontifical Gregorian University in Italy and a bachelors and masters in Spanish from the Comillas Pontifical University in Spain. As a professor, he teaches courses in philosophy, ethics and professional values. He feels that students not only need to have access to the latest technology and knowledge but also to training to make them better professionals and human beings.
	He founded the Centro de Valores Humanos after then Tec de Monterrey rector Rafael Rangel Sostmann charged him with the task of creating it as he saw fit. Núñez de Caceres thought he would spend most of his energy “selling” the idea of courses and program related to ethics and values, but has found that since the 1990s, people in Mexico have been receptive to the idea. He defines himself as a “preacher of values who goes in the world teaching what is profitable from acting in an ethical manner.”
	He was worked throughout Mexico, especially in the various campuses of the Tec de Monterrey. He also gives classes, seminars and conferences to businesses, government and non-governmental organizations as well as educational institutions.
	He is currently a member of the Bioethics Committee of the Cemain Hospital of Tampico .
	His first recognition was that of Best Student in 1973. In 1999, he received the Professional of the Year Award from the Rotary Club of Tampico, the Rubén Rodríguez Gutiérrez Award for his teaching career at the Tec de Monterrey in 1999 and the Mérito Candelario Garza Award in 2003 from the government of Ciudad Madero. He was named a Tamaulipeco Distinguido (Distinguished Resident of Tamaulipas) in 2004 and Maderense Distinguido (Distinguished Resident of Ciudad Madero) in 2005 by the Lion’s Club of Ciudad Madero. In 2007, he received the Family Values Award from The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was named Professional of the Year by the Rotary Club of Ciudad Madero in 2008 and 2011. In 2011, he received the Fray Andrés de Olmos Medal in citizenship from the city of Tampico in 2011.
	He has published ten books:
	List of Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education faculty

= = = Agata Kulesza = = =

	Agata Kulesza-Figurska (; born 27 September 1971) is a Polish film, television and stage actress, and a member of the Polish Film Academy. In 2013, she appeared in the critically acclaimed "Ida". She was a contestant in season eight of "Taniec z gwiazdami" (English: "Dancing with Stars") in 2008. She gained wide popularity in mass media after winning the competition. Kulesza was also the first winner of the show who donated the prize to charity.
	Kulesza was born in Szczecin. She has an older sister. Her childhood friend was future rock singer Katarzyna Nosowska, with whom Kulesza is still on good terms. As a child she attended ballet and singing classes. She decided to become an actress when she was in high school. She enrolled in the Aleksander Zelwerowicz State Theatre Academy in 1990 and graduated with distinction in 1994.
	Kulesza performed in the Dramatic Theatre in Warsaw in 1994–2011. Since 2011, she has been employed by the Ateneum Theatre in Warsaw. In 2012, she received the Polish Academy Award for Best Actress for her leading role in the film "Róża", directed by Wojciech Smarzowski. She was also awarded the Złota Kaczka for the same film.
	Kulesza lives in Warsaw with her husband, Marcin Figurski, a camera operator. The couple met in 1996 on a film set and married after ten years together. They have a daughter, Marianna (born 1997).
	2018-2019 Pułapka Olga Sawicka 

= = = The Last Seduction II = = =

	The Last Seduction II is a 1999 neo-noir film directed by Terry Marcel and starring Joan Severance. The film is a sequel to "The Last Seduction" and features none of the original cast.
	Bridget Gregory, a femme fatale hiding from the law in Spain, cons a phone-sex entrepreneur while being pursued by a relentless private investigator.

= = = You Pay Your Money = = =

	You Pay Your Money is a 1957 British crime drama film directed by Maclean Rogers and starring Hugh McDermott, Jane Hylton and Honor Blackman. The thriller was one of the Butcher's Film Service's 1950s B film genre. 
	On a visit to Belgium, married couple Bob (Hugh McDermott ) and Susie Westlake (Honor Blackman) become involved with wealthy financier, Steve Mordaunt (Ivan Samson), in the sale and transfer of a collection of rare books. In an attempted burglary at Mordaunt's home, his love interest, Mrs. Rosemary Delgado (Jane Hylton), is suspected. She was once romantically linked to a gangster and she leads the Westlakes in a search for Achemd's writings, a middle eastern 14th Century seer which has inspired an extreme political group, and thought to be in the collection of rare books that Mourdaunt now owns.
	The Westlakes become embroiled in a struggle over the valuable Arabic manuscripts, and when Susie is kidnapped by extremists, Bob works as an assistant to Tom Cookson, a manuscript smuggler (Hugh Moxey) who is importing the rare texts the gang are seeking. The extremists demand Mourdaunt turn over his collection of rare books, and plot to incite a revolution across the Middle East but can the Westlakes prevent a serious international situation?
	Principal photography on "You Pay Your Money" took place in the Nettlefold Studios, Walton-on-Thames, Surrey, England.
	In a review of "You Pay Your Money", the "Radio Times" wrote, "The much maligned Butcher's Film Service holds an unenviable place in the history of British cinema. By sponsoring dozens of low-budget programmers, it enabled young talent on both sides of the camera to gain an industry foothold. Yet it mostly churned out dismal offerings such as this tale of kidnap and rare book smuggling, which is given only the merest modicum of respectability by the presence of Hugh McDermott and Honor Blackman." 
	A review of "You Pay Your Money" in "TV Guide", noted, "... the execution is top notch, but the witlessness of the story rankles."

= = = 2013 Ethiopian presidential election = = =

	The presidential election held on 7 October 2013, was the fourth presidential election of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia to elect the country's third president. Mulatu Teshome was elected by the parliament to a six-year term. Incumbent president Girma Wolde-Giorgis is barred from seeking re-election due to term limits.
	As a parliamentary republic, most administrative power and the effective ability is vested in the prime minister and his government, rather than the president, leaving the president as primarily a figurehead executive. However, the president retains significant Reserve powers granted by the constitution.
	A presidential candidate is required to be elected by a joint session of the upper house and lower house of the Ethiopian parliament, the Federal Parliamentary Assembly, the House of Federation and the House of People's Representatives, respectively.
	Several persons have been the subject of speculation by various media sources as potential candidates in the election. The past two presidents, Negasso Gidada, and Girma Wolde-Giorgis, have hailed from the Oromo ethnic group, the country's largest, and thus it has been speculated that the ruling party, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front, will again nominate an Oromo candidate.

= = = M. T. Naraniengar = = =

	Mandyam Tondanur Naraniengar (1871–1940) was an Indian mathematician. He first proved in 1909 the Morley's trisector theorem after it was posed in 1899 by Frank Morley.
	He was the president of Indian Mathematical Society from 1930 to 1932 and the editor of the "Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society" from its founding in 1909 until 1927.

= = = Robert Hibbert = = =

	Robert Hibbert may refer to:

= = = Karl Suleman = = =

	Karl Suleman was the director of KSE (Karl Suleman Enterprises) and all the companies within the Froggy Group.
	He was part of the largest Ponzi scheme in Australian history which was associated with budget internet company Froggy, fronted by Suleman and funded with the help of $300 million raised from 20,000 investors.
	Born in Iraq on 16 April 1961 Assyrian Born Suleman, was only two years old when his father Emanuel, an air force captain, died in a plane crash. His mother Najiba, widowed at the age of 19, brought him to Australia in 1976 to live with his uncle. After leaving school Suleman worked as a storeman and packer. In 1989 he bought a 7-Eleven store, and a second one in the early 1990s. It was also about that time that he saw there 
	was money to be made in the retrieval of shopping trolleys, in early 2000s suleman launched his internet company Froggy.
	On 30 July 2002, Suleman the co founder of froggy internet was declared bankrupt, ASIC alleged that around 11 December 2000, Suleman used a false bank statement, which he gave to a finance broker, with the intention of obtaining finance in the amount of $355,000 to purchase a Ferrari Spyder 355.
	between 1 March 2001 and 16 October 2001, on three separate occasions, Suleman made false statements to finance brokers with the intention of obtaining finance to purchase a $3.3 million Princess Motor yacht and a $360,000 Ferrari Modena.
	Suleman enterprises were placed into voluntary administration on 12 November 2001, soon after ASIC commenced proceedings before the NSW Supreme Court to close down an unregistered managed investment scheme operated by the company. KSE and several related companies within the Froggy Group were placed into liquidation.
	On 22 July 2002, Suleman was ordered to pay $17.4 million in damages to KSE.
	Suleman had tapped into Sydney's Assyrian community, many of whom had remortgaged their homes.
	In April 2004, Suleman was jailed for 21 months, with a 12-month non-parole period, for four fraud offences.
	Two days shy of being released from a 21-month jail term in 2005 the corporate regulator struck again, laying 26 new charges.
	Karl Suleman Enterprizes fleeced 2062 investors who committed $130.7 million between them – by inviting them to invest in a trolley collection business that promised investors returns of 100 per cent a year.
	But instead of their money going into that business, the money was used to fund Suleman's extravagant lifestyle.
	Suleman and his wife Vivienne bought properties, luxury cars, boats and planes, sponsored charity events and gave lavish gifts as well as dinners for former United States presidents George Bush and Bill Clinton.
	Some of the money was used to service a $13 million loan taken out to finance a range of IT and mobile phone ventures under the Froggy Group banner.
	Documents filed with the court by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission showed that investors, mostly from Sydney's Assyrian community, were induced to put between $50,000 and $150,000 into the trolley business on the promise that they would receive fortnightly returns of between $4000 and $25,000.
	While investors received some fortnightly payments as promised, the money earned by the trolley collection business fell well short of being sufficient to sustain the promised payments.
	The company's liquidators said in their report that between July 2000 and November 2001 the business made a net profit of $275,096 but was paying out $2 million a week to investors seeking high returns.
	Suleman started the trolley business in 1993, providing trolley collections from supermarkets stretching from Cairns to Adelaide. Supermarkets paid Suleman an agreed fee out of which he paid subcontractors to do the work.
	The District Court heard 15 people invested more than $3 million in Suleman's supermarket trolley collection business in 2000 and 2001.
	Thirteen of them lost a total of more than $800,000.
	The founder of the Froggy Group – was sentenced to 7 and a half years jail after pleading guilty to 26 charges.
	The judge found Suleman knew the income from his business was not enough to repay the investors.
	He said it was serious white collar crime, and that Suleman had breached the trust of naive investors so he could live a lifestyle far beyond his legitimate income.
	Two years after being released from jail on 20 June 2013, 52-year-old Suleman suffered a heart attack at his home in Horningsea Park Sydney.

= = = Pani Dihing Wildlife Sanctuary = = =

	Pani Dihing Wildlife Sanctuary () is a wildlife sanctuary located in Sivasagar district, Assam. It is away from Sivasagar town. This protected area was established as a Bird Sanctuary in August 1999 by the Government of Assam.
	The climate of the area is moist tropical and annual temperature ranges between 8-35 Celsius annually. Annual rainfall is approximately 3200 mm with a relative humidity of 65-85 %.
	The sanctuary is bordered by the Brahmaputra and the Dishang rivers in the north west and south respectively.
	As many as 267 species of birds including 70 species of migratory birds have been identified and recorded at Pani Dihing. The common birds seen here are bar-headed goose, greylag goose, spot-billed duck, mallards, gadwall, wigeon, garganey, shoveller, red crested pochard, common pochard, ferruginous duck, adjutant stork, kingfisher, lesser adjutant stork, open bill stork, white necked stork. The rare griffon and white-rumped vultures have also been spotted at the sanctuary.
	Although an important birding area supporting a very large population of birds, Pani Dihing has suffered on account of poaching, grazing of cattle and fishing within the sanctuary premises.

= = = Betty Burstall = = =

	Betty Margaret Burstall (4 February 192614 June 2013) was an Australian theatre director who founded the La Mama Theatre in Melbourne in 1967. Burstall and her theatre are credited with leading the growth of contemporary theatre in Melbourne during the 1960s and 1970s.
	Burstall was inspired to establish the theatre after returning from New York City. She introduced off-Broadway contemporary theatre to Melbourne through La Mama. Numerous actors and writers have appeared and worked at La Mama, including Graeme Blundell, Kerry Dwyer, Jack Hibberd, and John Romeril, all of whom formed the Australian Performing Group. In 1976, Burstall turned over the day-to-day operations of La Mama to Liz Jones, who remains the theatre's artistic director as of 2013. Burstall remained the chief script adviser until about 1998.
	Betty Burstall was predeceased by husband, film director Tim Burstall, in 2004. She died on 14 June 2013, at the age of 87, survived by two sons and their wives, five grandchildren and five great-grandchildren. The actress Sigrid Thornton is her daughter-in-law.

= = = Chris G. Van de Walle = = =

	Chris G. Van de Walle is a Professor in the Materials Department at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Stanford University in 1986. Prior to joining UCSB in 2004, he was a Principal Scientist at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC). His research interests include first-principles calculations for materials, defects and doping in semiconductors and oxides, surfaces and interfaces, and the physics of hydrogen in materials. Van de Walle is a Fellow of the APS, MRS, AAAS, AVS, and IEEE. He is the recipient of a Humboldt Research Award for Senior US Scientist, the Medard W. Welch Award, and the David Adler Award from the APS.

= = = Benson K. Buffham = = =

	Benson Kirk Buffham (November 26, 1919 – April 24, 2019) was an American intelligence official who was Deputy Director of the National Security Agency from 1978 to 1980 during which time he was the highest ranking civilian in the agency.
	He was born November 26, 1919 in Illinois. Buffham joined the Armed Forces Security Agency in 1949 and went on to the newly formed National Security Agency in 1952. In 1955, Buffham was one of the first NSA employees to attend the National War College. With the NSA he had served at the Europe office as Chief of Field Activities as well as various positions in the Production Organization including Deputy Assistant Director for Production. In 1950, he took part in organizing the Inspector General's office. After his deputy directorship, he served in London as the Senior Liaison Officer until he retired in 1980. Buffham died in April 2019 at the age of 99.

= = = Robert Hibbert (1717–1784) = = =

	Robert Hibbert (1717 – 12 January 1784) was a West Indies merchant and cotton manufacturer in Manchester with commercial premises on King’s Street.
	Robert was one of three sons born in Cheshire to Robert Hibbert and Margaret Tetlow. His younger brother Thomas Hibbert (1710–1780) was the first family member to develop the family business interests in Jamaica, which included slave trading and sugar plantations. His other brother John (1732–1769) also lived in Jamaica, from 1754 until his death.
	Robert married Abigail Scholey, with whom he had nine children: Anne Hibbert, Elizabeth Hibbert, John Hibbert (died 1770), Margaret Hibbert, Samuel Hibbert (died 1746), Thomas Hibbert (1744–1819; co-founder of family trading partnership, Hibbert, Purrier and Horton), Robert Hibbert (1750–1835), George Hibbert (1757–1837) and William Hibbert (1759–1844).
	The family trading interests were managed through Hibbert, Purrier and Horton. Sons Robert, George and William were all partners in the firm in 1804.

= = = All-American Boy = = =

	"All-American Boy" is a song by American singer-songwriter Steve Grand. It was released on August 2, 2013 as Grand's debut single. The song's music video was uploaded to YouTube on July 2, 2013 and immediately went viral; just eight days later, the video had more than 1,000,000 views.
	On July 2, 2013, Grand uploaded a music video for his song "All-American Boy" to YouTube—producing it himself at a cost of US$7,000. The video almost immediately went viral. Just eight days later, "All-American Boy" had more than 1 million views. The song, set against a backdrop of country roads, an American flag and friends around a campfire, tells the story of a young man in love with a heterosexual male friend. Grand recorded the vocals in his parents’ basement and maxed out his credit card to self-fund the groundbreaking video. The video was directed and edited by Chicago filmmaker Jason Knade.
	Although Grand has received mostly positive reaction to the song, some gay activists have criticized its content, with one stating that its message is that "Gay men drink too much, feel sorry for themselves, and come on to straight dudes when their girlfriends aren't around." Writing for "Slate", J. Bryan Lowder had an even harsher take on the video, describing it as "woefully out-of-tune with the times. It's like something out of a homo smut story from before Stonewall", and adding "this particular narrative of the tantalizing straight guy and lovesick queen is so hackneyed in gay culture as to be laughable." Grand has said that he appreciates different perspectives regarding his work. In an interview with "The New Civil Rights Movement", he also said: “When I made that video, I did not set out to make any statements about gay people other than what we share in common with our straight brothers and sisters — that sometimes you love someone you can’t have. I know that especially rings true for gay people who grow up in a heterosexual world.”
	Grand's first public performance of "All-American Boy" was held live at The Joynt in Chicago on July 6, 2013. He performed the song at his final two gigs at The Joynt on July 12 and 13. On July 18, Grand performed "All-American Boy" on the Chicago morning talk show "Windy City Live".

= = = Right Back at It Again = = =

	"Right Back at It Again" is the second track and the first single from A Day to Remember's fifth album, "Common Courtesy" (2013). In October 20, 2015, the song was featured in Activision rhythm-music game, "".
	Vocalist, Jeremy McKinnon wrote the lyrics, while the music was written by McKinnon, former guitarist Tom Denney, guitarist Neil Westfall and producer Andrew Wade. "Right Back at It Again" almost wasn't included on the album as it was one of the excess songs the band had recorded, "we realised that it sounded great, so on it went."
	"Right Back at It Again" was announced on October 7, 2013 to be broadcast as part of BBC Radio 1's "Rock Show" the following midnight, with the band calling the song their "brand new single". The song impacted radio on November 11. "Right Back at It Again" charted at number 33 on the Alternative Songs chart, and at number 40 on the Modern Rock chart in the U.S. McKinnon, Westfall and guitarist Kevin Skaff performed a surprise acoustic show for Warped Tour 2013 UK on November 17, and another acoustic set, this time at Banquet Records the following day, both in London; band played "Right Back at It Again" on both occasions.
	Tamsyn Wilce for Alter the Press! noted that the way "Right Back at it Again" follows on from opening track "City of Ocala" "continues the catchy hardcore beats" that is present in all of the band's albums. "Rock Sound"'s Andy Ritchie called the song "unmistakably the 'All I Want' of 'Common Courtesy'". A music video for the song was released on 19 December 2013.
	The music video was nominated for Best Video at the Kerrang! Awards.
	Personnel per digital booklet.

= = = PBAPP F.C. = = =

	Perbadanan Bekalan Air Pulau Pinang Football Club is a Malaysian football team based in the city of Penang representing the state of Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. The team is the works team of the Penang Water Supply Corporation ()
	Newly founded in 2012, the team was registered under the name of the Perbadanan Bekalan Air Pulau Pinang Football Club () and started to play in the third-tier football league system in Malaysia, the Malaysia FAM League in the 2012 season.
	During the 2013 season, the club finished second in the league and were promoted to the 2014 Malaysia Premier League. After just a season, the club were relegated back to the Malaysia FAM League after finished at the bottom of the table during their debut season. After the 2015 season has over, this club does not exist anymore.
	The Negeri Pulau Pinang Stadium is the home stadium of PBAPP FC. The stadium has a capacity of 40,000 people. It was built in 2000. The stadium has been built to host the 8th Sukma Games (Malaysian Games) in 2000.
	Previously, PBAPP FC also use City Stadium in Georgetown.
	"As of 29 May 2015."
	"For recent transfers, see List of Malaysian football transfers 2016"

= = = Robert Goetsch = = =

	Robert Goetsch is a former member of the Wisconsin State Assembly.
	Goetsch was born on August 5, 1933 in Juneau, Wisconsin. He would attend Wayland Junior College and the University of Wisconsin-Madison and serve in the United States Army. Goetsch is a widower with two children.
	Goetsch was first elected to the Assembly in 1982. He remained a member until 2001. Goetsch was succeeded by Jeff Fitzgerald, who later became Speaker of the Assembly. Additionally, he was a member of the Oak Grove, Dodge County, Wisconsin Town Board from 1971 to 1983, serving as Chairman from 1975 to 1983, and of the Dodge County, Wisconsin Board from 1972 to 1984. Goetsch is a Republican.

= = = 1st Oklahoma Legislature = = =

	The First Oklahoma Legislature was the first meeting of the legislative branch of the government of Oklahoma, composed of the Oklahoma Senate and the Oklahoma House of Representatives. The meeting took place from December 2, 1907, to May 26, 1908, in the Guthrie City Hall Building during the first year of the only term of Governor Charles Haskell.
	Both houses of the state legislature had large Democratic majorities. William H. Murray, who had served as the president of the state constitutional convention, was elected by his colleagues as the first Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives. Henry S. Johnston, who had served as the presiding officer of the state constitutional convention, was elected to serve as the first President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate.
	Next: 2nd Legislature
	With the Democratic caucus controlling the Oklahoma Senate, Henry S. Johnston of Perry, Oklahoma, was selected to serve as the first President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate. Johnston had served as the presiding officer of the state constitutional convention. Lieutenant Governor George W. Bellamy served as the President of the Senate, which gave him a tie-breaking vote and allowed him to serve as a presiding officer.
	After much deliberation over who would serve as Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives, the Democratic caucus chose William H. Murray of Tishomingo, Oklahoma, a former Chickasaw Nation representative and the president of the state constitutional convention. Sworn into office on November 16, 1907, Murray pushed for legislation to curb business excesses and support agriculture during his single term as speaker. State Representative A. H. Ellis, of Garfield County, Oklahoma, was elected by his peers to serve as speaker pro tempore.
	Charles H. Pittman served as the first chief clerk of the Oklahoma House of Representatives.

= = = 1935 in Switzerland = = =

	The following is a list of events, births, and deaths in 1935 in Switzerland.

= = = Without You (Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle song) = = =

	"Without You" is a romantic song written by the American songwriter and music producer Lamont Dozier, and recorded in 1987 as a duet by the R&B singers Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle. The song was the love theme from the comedy film "Leonard Part 6", released the same year, and was also recorded for the Peabo Bryson album "Positive", released in 1988, the only album that contains the original version of "Without You". The single was released in November 1987, and peaked at #8 on the Adult Contemporary Tracks, #14 on the R&B chart, #85 on the UK Singles, and #89 on the Billboard Hot 100, between 1987/1988.
	"Without You" was the first duet recorded by Bryson and Belle, who recorded four songs together, and was also the first successful duet of the two. Another success the duo came in 1992 with "A Whole New World", the theme of the animated feature film "Aladdin".
	In addition to its original English version by Bryson and Belle, "Without You" also received two adaptations in different languages. The first was in Portuguese and the second was in Spanish, in 1989 and 1990, respectively. Both adaptations received the title "Amor Dividido", and were recorded by the same Brazilian singer. The adaptation in Portuguese was a success in Brazil in 1989.
	"Without You" has no official video clip, only a video with a presentation of Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle in the American musical variety television program "Soul Train" in 1987, presented by American television show host Don Cornelius. The video can be watched on .
	"Without You" was composed by Lamont Dozier to be the love theme in "Leonard Part 6", released in the United States on December 18, 1987, and the film starred Bill Cosby in the lead role. That same year, Regina Belle released her first album, "All by Myself", but "Without You" was not included on the album. In 2012, "All by Myself" was remastered on CD and "Without You" was included at the end of the album as a bonus track, however, it was not the original 1987 version, but a "single mix" of the song. "Without You" was not included in any of Belle's other albums, nor in her compilations. Unlike her, Bryson included the song on his album "Positive", released in 1988, the only album that contains the original version of "Without You", which was also included in his compilations "Anthology", released in 2001, and "Bedroom Classics Vol. 2 – Peabo Bryson", released in 2004. On every album that the song is present, it is titled "Without You (Love Theme from Leonard Part 6)", but its title is only "Without You". It was the first of four duets recorded by Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle, who recorded together "Without You" (in 1987), "I Can't Imagine" (in 1991), "A Whole New World" (in 1992) and "Total Praise" (in 2009).
	The B-side of the original single contains the song "The Higher You Climb", which had been recorded by Bryson only in 1986. It was written and produced by himself, with co-production from Dwight Watkins, and released on his album "Quiet Storm" in the same year. It was a simple song from their album that was not released as a single.
	Recorded & Mixed at:
	Additional recording at:
	Mastered at:
	"Without You" features an alternative version of its single. In this version, "Without You" has edited a smaller duration, with different cover and B-side. The cover of this version contains only the "Without You" (large size) and "If Ever You're in My Arms Again" (small size) titles, with a background in dark green and light green letters. In this version, "Without You" is only 4:30 long, an edited version of the single, while the original single is 5:14 in duration. The B-side of this alternative version is the song "If Ever You're in My Arms Again", a big hit for Bryson, originally recorded in 1984, and released as a single and included on his album "Straight from the Heart" the same year. The duration of 4:02 was also edited since the original version of the album has a duration of 4:14. The track list of this alternative single of "Without You" is as follows:
	"Without You" includes a promotional version of their single. This version has only "Without You", on both sides of the single. The A-side contains the edited version of the single, lasting 4:30, launched an alternative version. The B-side has the original full version with 5:14 duration. The cover of this version is also different, in red and black colors, the design of a phonograph needle on black over red background and the name "ELEKTRA" in big letters in white on black background. This track list is as follows:
	In 1989, "Without You" won a Portuguese version in Brazil, recorded by the Brazilian singer Rosana, (today also known as Rosanah Fiengo) titled "Amor Dividido". The version was released on her album "Onde o Amor Me Leva" in the same year. The Portuguese lyrics were written by the Brazilian composer Cláudio Rabello. "Amor Dividido" had an official video and it was a big hit in Brazil in 1989, long run on radio and Rosana leading to many TV shows. The song credits are Lamont Dozier, version Cláudio Rabello.
	In 1990, Rosana recorded a special album with songs in English and Spanish, launched in Latin America, entitled "Por Donde El Amor Me Lleva". This had another version of "Without You" by Rosana, this time in Spanish, in duet with the Spanish singer Emmanuel. The release was also titled "Amor Dividido", with letters in Spanish, written by the composer Karen Guindi, based on the lyrics in Portuguese, which had been written by the Brazilian composer Claudio Rabello in 1989. This version of "Without You" in Spanish was also included in a singer's album Emmanuel, entitled "Vida", also released in 1990. The song credits are Lamont Dozier, version Cláudio Rabello, adaptation Karen Guindi.

= = = Felipe Zúniga del Cid = = =

	Felipe Zúniga del Cid (born 27 April 1948) is a Honduran politician. He currently serves as deputy of the National Congress of Honduras representing the Liberal Party of Honduras for Intibucá.

= = = Polychrotidae = = =

	The Polychrotidae family (sometimes classified as the Polychrotinae subfamily instead) of iguanian lizards contains the living genus "Polychrus" (commonly called bush anoles) and the extinct genus "Afairiguana". The family Polychrotidae was once thought to encompass all anoles, including those in the genus "Anolis" (which are now included in the family Dactyloidae). Studies of the evolutionary relationships of anoles based on molecular information has shown that "Polychrus" is not closely related to "Anolis", but instead closer to Hoplocercidae. It is therefore not part of Dactyloidae and instead is treated as the family, Polychrotidae.

= = = RaVen Quartet = = =

	RaVen Quartet was a London-based string quartet that performed arrangements of both classical and rock music. The quartet performed with Madness during the 2012 London Olympics closing ceremony. The group separated in 2014.
	Stephanie Benedetti was one of the group's violinists. Her sister is Scottish classical violinist Nicola Benedetti. Stephanie is currently a member of British pop group Clean Bandit.
	The group's viola player, Natalie Holt, is a British classical musician and film composer. She hit the headlines in 2013 after interrupting the final of the seventh series of Britain's Got Talent.
	Rachael Lander was the group's cellist.
	Kirsty Mangan was one of the group's violinists.

= = = Tony Kemp (baseball) = = =

	Anthony Allen Kemp (born October 31, 1991) is an American professional baseball second baseman and outfielder for the Oakland Athletics of Major League Baseball (MLB). He previously played in MLB for the Houston Astros and Chicago Cubs.
	Kemp graduated from Centennial High School in Franklin, Tennessee. He attended Vanderbilt University, where he played college baseball for the Vanderbilt Commodores baseball team. In 2011, Kemp was named the Southeastern Conference's (SEC) Freshman of the Year and First Team All-SEC. He was a key contributor on the first Vanderbilt baseball team to make it to the College World Series. In 2012, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Cotuit Kettleers of the Cape Cod Baseball League. He was named an All-American and the SEC Baseball Player of the Year in 2013.
	The Astros selected Kemp in the fifth round of the 2013 MLB draft. In 2015, Kemp began the season with the Corpus Christi Hooks of the Class AA Texas League. He received a midseason promotion to the Fresno Grizzlies of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League, and appeared in the 2015 All-Star Futures Game.
	Kemp began the 2016 season with Fresno, and was promoted to the major leagues on May 16. He was optioned to Fresno on June 25, 2016, when A. J. Reed was called up for his debut. On August 7, 2016, Kemp was recalled to the Astros. After former Astros center fielder Carlos Gómez was designated for assignment, it was said that Kemp and Jake Marisnick would be splitting duties in centerfield.
	On March 19, 2017, he was optioned back to Fresno. On April 27, 2017 the Astros promoted Kemp to the major leagues to replace injured Teoscar Hernández. On May 1, 2017, the Astros optioned him back down as Marisnick was activated off of the disabled list.
	On September 2, 2017, he was called up to the Astros and played in their doubleheader against the Mets, their first home game after Hurricane Harvey. In 17 games with the Astros, Kemp had a .216 average and 4 RBI. The Astros finished the season with a 101-61 record and eventually won the 2017 World Series, their first ever championship title. Kemp did not participate in any playoff action, but was still on the 40-man roster at the time, and won his first championship title. 
	In March 2018, the Astros optioned Kemp back to Fresno. He was called up on May 16 to replace Jake Marisnick. In the 2018 season, Kemp played in 97 games for the Astros, batting .263/.351/.392 with 6 HR and 30 RBI, playing primarily in left field. He was mocked by the Fenway Park crowd and organist during the second game of the 2018 American League Championship Series (ALCS) when he took an extended period of time to return to the batter's box after a foul ball. Following the third game of the 2018 ALCS, Kemp received wide sports media coverage for making a leaping catch against the left field wall on a ball hit by Steve Pearce. The Red Sox challenged the catch at the wall, since it sounded like the ball hit the wall first. After further review, they announced the catch as confirmed, meaning the MLB replay crew in New York saw conclusive evidence of the catch. In game four, Kemp hit a fourth inning solo home run off Rick Porcello after only hitting six homers during the regular season.
	On July 26, 2019, the Astros designated Kemp for assignment to activate Carlos Correa.
	His 2019 season with the Astros ended with a disappointing .227/.308/.417 line over 163 at-bats, while setting a career high with 7 homeruns in just 66 games, prior to being traded.
	On July 31, 2019, the Astros traded Kemp to the Chicago Cubs for Martín Maldonado.
	On January 13, 2020, Kemp was traded to the Oakland Athletics for minor league first baseman Alfonso Rivas.

= = = Kita (surname) = = =

	Kita is a Japanese and Polish surname. As a Japanese surname it might be written various ways in kanji (e.g. meaning "north"; meaning "field of trees"; meaning "many happinesses"). Notable people with the surname include:

= = = Kalispell Regional Medical Center = = =

	Kalispell Regional Medical Center is a 138-bed hospital, located at 310 Sunnyview Lane in Kalispell, Montana. The hospital is accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities (CARF)
	In 1973, the ownership of the Kalispell General Hospital was transferred from the Sisters of Mercy to the community and the name was then changed to the Kalispell Regional Hospital. On January 17, 1976, the Kalispell Regional Hospital was completed and ready to render patient care. The old hospital (Kalispell General Hospital) became "Courthouse East" and was used by the county for various offices until a new courthouse building could be constructed. In 1975, A.L.E.R.T., helicopter ambulance service, flew its first patient. In 1981, a medical/surgical Intensive Care Unit was added. In 1985, Brendan House, an extended care facility, was opened. In 1987, the Kalispell Regional Hospital became the first in the state of Montana to install an MRI, a cancer treatment center was added, and a new freestanding Obstetrics Department was opened. In 1989, Dialysis and Inpatient Rehabilitation facilities were added. In 1994, Kalispell Regional Healthcare purchased nearly 50 acres adjacent to the hospital. In 1996, the Kalispell Regional Healthcare opened "The Summit Community Center for Health Promotion and Fitness", combining the services of Second Wind (fitness) and the Health Promotion Center (community health education and rehabilitation) into one 84,000 square foot building. In 1997, Kalispell Regional Hospital changed their name to "Kalispell Regional Medical Center".
	Kalispell Regional Medical Center is rated in 28 conditions and procedures by Healthgrades. Kalispell Regional Medical Center has received an A+ Rating with the Better Business Bureau.
	In Spring 2016 The Leapfrog Group's "Hospital Safety Score" page scored Kalispell Regional Medical Center as a B.

= = = Harding Howell and Company's Grand Fashionable Magazine = = =

	Harding Howell and Company's Grand Fashionable Magazine was an 18th-century department store located at 89 Pall Mall in London's St James's district. Open from 1796 to 1820, it could be considered a forerunner of the modern department store.
	The shop was divided into four departments, selling fur and fans, fabric for dresses, haberdashery, jewelry and clocks, perfume and millinery.

= = = David A. Brandemuehl = = =

	David A. Brandemuehl (December 7, 1931 – September 26, 2006) was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly.
	Brandemuehl was born on December 7, 1931 in Mount Hope, Wisconsin. Later, he moved with his family to Fennimore, Wisconsin. After graduating from high school, he attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison. During the Korean War, Brandemuehl served in the United States Air Force.
	In 1958, Brandemuehl married Elizabeth Cretney. They had four children. Elizabeth died in 1997. In 2004, Brandemuehl married LaRue Oetker. Brandemuehl died on September 26, 2006.
	Brandemuehl was first elected to the Assembly in 1986 and remained a member until 2001. Additionally, he was a member of the Fennimore Community School Board from 1967 to 1987. Brandemuehl was a Republican.

= = = 2007 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira = = =

	The 2007 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira was the 29th edition of the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira, the annual Portuguese football season-opening match contested by the winners of the previous season's top league and cup competitions (or cup runner-up in case the league- and cup-winning club is the same). The match was contested between the 2006–07 Primeira Liga winners Porto, and the 2006–07 Taça de Portugal winners, Sporting CP.
	The match took place on the 11 August at the Estádio Dr. Magalhães Pessoa in Leiria. The match which was televised on RTP1, saw Sporting CP defeat Porto 1–0, with a second half goal from Russian midfielder Marat Izmailov.

= = = William Samson University = = =

	William Samson University (WSU) is a Christian University established in the United States. It is located approximately 15 minutes away from Washington D.C. in Alexandria, Virginia. It was founded by William Samson.

= = = 1988 United States presidential election in Indiana = = =

	The 1988 United States Presidential Election in Indiana took place on November 8, 1988.
	Indiana voters chose George H.W. Bush over Michael Dukakis by a 20-point margin. George H. W. Bush's running mate, Dan Quayle, was from this state. No Democratic candidate won the state between 1964 and the victory of Barack Obama in 2008.

= = = Katachas = = =

	Katachas () is a village in Pieria regional unit, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Pydna-Kolindros, of which it is a municipal community. The village of Katachas had 524 residents as of 2011. 

= = = Fire Brigade Long Service and Good Conduct Medal = = =

	The Fire Brigade Long Service Medal is a long service medal awarded to full-time and part-time members of fire brigades throughout the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The medal is awarded for 20 years of good and efficient service.
	The is a circular medal made of cupronickel. On the obverse of the medal is the crowned effigy of Queen Elizabeth II with an appropriate inscription. The reverse depicts a scene of two firefighters using a hose and the inscription, "FOR EXEMPLARY FIRE SERVICE". The medal has a ring suspension and hangs from a red ribbon 1.25 inches wide, at the edges are two thin yellow stripes. The rank and name of the recipient is impressed on the edge of the medal. 
	Prior to the creation of this national award, in June 1954, many local authorities issued their own unofficial medals of their own design.
	Those eligible for the Fire Brigade Long Service Medal are full-time and part-time members of all ranks in Local Authority Fire Services in England and Wales, the Scottish Fire and Rescue Service, the Northern Ireland Fire and Rescue Service, or Airport Fire Services. Also eligible are members of Fire Brigades of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands, Fire Service members of CFRA and of Her Majesty's Fire Service Inspectorate for Scotland and fire service instructors at central training establishments such as the Fire Service College, the Scottish Fire Services College, and the Defence Fire Training and Development Centre.
	Individuals may be awarded the medal for 20 years of continuous or aggregate service in an eligible fire brigade or service, so long as they have been very good in conduct and character.

= = = Tappeh-ye Shaban = = =

	Tappeh-ye Shaban (, also Romanized as Tappeh-ye Sha‘bān) is a village in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 165, in 39 families.

= = = Tubreh Riz, Kermanshah = = =

	Tubreh Riz (, also Romanized as Tūbreh Rīz) is a village in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 421, in 84 families.

= = = Sundays at Tiffany's (film) = = =

	Sundays at Tiffany's is a 2010 made-for-TV romance film directed by Mark Piznarski. Originally airing on Lifetime, the film based on the novel of the same name by James Patterson and Gabrielle Charbonnet, and stars Alyssa Milano, Eric Winter, Ivan Sergei and Stockard Channing.
	In 1990, ten-year-old Jane Claremont (Emily Alyn Lind) is infatuated with her imaginary friend Michael (Gage Munroe), to the disappointment of her mother Vivienne (Stockard Channing), who thought that her daughter is not normal and even sends her to therapy because of her relationship with Michael. Michael knows that he has to go when Jane turns ten years old. Every birthday Vivienne takes Jane to Tiffany & Co in New York City to buy her a gift, while Vivienne is looking for the perfect gift, Michael talks to Jane and explains what happens when she turns ten. After explaining the situation to her he then prepares to leave through an "exit station" (the store's elevator) at precisely 5:15 pm, which is the exact moment of her birth. Jane doesn't understand and begs him to stay, but he departs, and Jane is devastated.
	Twenty years later, Jane (Alyssa Milano) is soon getting married to Hugh Morrison (Ivan Sergei), a famous television actor. She is currently following her mother's steps into becoming a theater manager and will produce her fiance in his theater debut. Michael (Eric Winter) reappears in New York as a full fledged human being who finally makes contact with Jane. 
	Jane initially thinks that Michael is a stalker and struggling actor, who probably wants a role in an upcoming play. He assures her of his identity by coming up with information about her past he could not have known if he was not really Michael.
	Michael becomes surprised by Jane's life, because she is not exactly the woman she said that would be when she was younger, however Jane assures him that she let go some of her dreams, made better decisions and has grown up. Jane's life has become so hectic that she is unable to make any decisions in terms of her wedding, but with Michael's help Jane manages to pick out the dress, cake, and the flowers. Michael even repaints her apartment and fixes her shower, which Hugh has neglected to do many times due to his preoccupation with his career. Eventually Jane realizes that Michael really knows her better than anyone.
	They go out a couple of times afterwards and grow even closer, much to Hugh's annoyance. Hugh orders Jane to end her contact with Michael which leads to Jane asking Michel to leave her house and find a job or something to keep him occupied. After returning to her life with Hugh, Jane soon realizes that she is not happy with him, and that they do not share the same interests. She contacts Michael, who is now working in a restaurant. They reconnect and spend their first night together intimately. Because she is now finally happy, Michael announces that he must leave again at 5:15 pm on her birthday. Heartbroken, Jane assures him that she will not spend another minute thinking of him if he truly leaves. She continues preparing for her wedding, but then leaves Hugh at the altar because she still is in love with Michael. As it is Christmas Eve and almost 5:15 pm, she runs off to Tiffany's to find Michael. She does, just in time, and professes her love for him. But he again says he has to go, saddening her once again. Michael then disappears into the store elevator once again. Jane goes outside the store feeling heartbroken. But Michael then reappears and professes his love for her and explains that he came back because he needs her, and that "some rules were made to be broken".
	Milano was attracted to the script because "it's such an original concept, which I don't think we see that often, anymore" and because she was "really attracted to flawed characters because I feel like we're all flawed." When she took the role, she initially struggled with portraying a character who is "hardened off and protective of herself" without coming off "bitchy".
	The film was shot on location and in Toronto between September 8 and October 1, 2010. Milano credited her co-stars for making the production "not only easy but an experience where it felt like we were doing something great." She told an interviewer that she gladly reunited with Winter and Sergei, with whom she worked with on "Charmed"; and on working with Channing, she commented: "Working with her is a great reminder of why, after 30 years of being in this business, I still love my job." Milano also served as a producer of the film, which she liked, because "there is a sense of being more creatively involved and more emotionally aware."

= = = Kingsbury (surname) = = =

	Kingsbury is a surname. Notable people and characters with the surname include:

= = = Heartaches and Tears = = =

	Heartaches and Tears is the fourth studio album released by American country artist, Jean Shepard. The album was released in January 1962 on Capitol Records and was produced by Marvin Hughes. It produced one single, which was released a year prior to the album's release.
	"Heartaches and Tears" was recorded a year before its official release in two separate recording sessions. The first took place on May 8, 1961 and the second took place the following day. This was the second of Shepard's albums to not be recorded in California, instead being recorded in Nashville, Tennessee at the Bradley Film and Recording Studio. "Heartaches and Tears" was produced by Nashville A&R man, Marvin Hughes. Although it was not the first session of Shepard's that Hughes produced, it was the first album to be completed by him. All previous releases had been recorded under the direction of West Coast producer Ken Nelson. Session musicians used for the production of "Heartaches and Tears" consisted of The A-Team. This group of background musicians played on recordings for most Nashville-based artists during the late 1950s and 1960s. They would appear in many of Shepard's albums during the sixties decade. Unlike Shepard's previous release ("Got You on My Mind"), the songs on the record were mainly new material. Examples of this included songs such as, "I Don't Remember", "Would Be Satisfied", and "I'd Like to Know Where People Go". However, a cover version of "Jealous Heart" appears at the end of the album. The tracks on the release were written by some of Nashville's well-known songwriters, including Jack Rhodes and Marijohn Wilkin.
	"Heartaches and Tears" was officially released in January 1962. It was released under Capitol Records on a Vinyl LP. Because "Billboard"'s "Top Country Albums" chart was not yet created, the album did not chart on that list. Additionally, it did not appear among any "Billboard" or "Cashbox" record chart. "Allmusic" reviewed "Heartaches and Tears", giving the album four out of five stars. However, an official album review was not provided.

= = = Sextus Julius Caesar (consul 157 BC) = = =

	Sextus Julius Caesar Sex. f. L. n. was a Roman statesman, and the first member of the Julii Caesares to hold the consulship, which he attained in 157 BC.
	From his filiation, we know that Sextus' father was also named "Sextus", and that his grandfather was named "Lucius". In his reconstruction of the family, classical scholar Wilhelm Drumann assumed that he was the son of Sextus Julius Caesar, one of the military tribunes of 181 BC, and the grandson of an otherwise unknown Lucius Julius Caesar, who would have been the son of Sextus, praetor in 208 BC. However, more recent scholarship has concluded that the military tribune and the consul were the same person, and that his father was the praetor of 208.
	Sextus had at least one brother, Lucius, who was praetor in 183 BC, and probably a second, Gaius, who was a senator and the great-grandfather of Gaius Julius Caesar, the dictator. He had two sons: Sextus, who was praetor "urbanus" in 123 BC, and Lucius, by whom he was the grandfather of Lucius Julius Caesar, consul in BC 90, and the orator Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo Vopiscus.
	In 181 BC, Sextus served as a military tribune under Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus, proconsul of Liguria. In 170, he was one of the legates sent to Thrace in order to restore liberty to the people of Abdera, and to seek out and return those who had been sold into slavery. In 165, Sextus was one of the curule aediles. At the Megalesian Games, he and his colleague, Gnaeus Cornelius Dolabella, gave the first, unsuccessful presentation of Terence's comedy, "Hecyra". Sextus subsequently held the praetorship; the exact year is uncertain, but it was no later than 160.
	In BC 157, Sextus became the first of the Julii Caesares to obtain the consulship. His colleague was Lucius Aurelius Orestes. Their year of office was largely uneventful; Ariarathes, who had been deposed as King of Cappadocia the previous year, was at Rome seeking support for his subsequent restoration, and Sextus is named as a witness to a decree of the senate to the people of Tibur.
	Ten years after their consulship, in 147 BC, Orestes was sent as part of an ambassadorial mission to arbitrate in a dispute between the Achaean League and the Lacedaemonians. Following the senate's instructions, he removed several important towns from the League, leading to riots at Corinth, and an attack on the ambassadors. In response, his former colleague was dispatched at the head of a second delegation with instructions to censure the Achaeans and continue negotiating the dispute. Sextus' attempt to resolve the dispute was frustrated by the Achaean general Critolaus. The following year, the League rose against Rome, and was decisively defeated in the Achaean War. The League was dissolved, and most of mainland Greece was incorporated into the Roman Republic.

= = = Judith Klusman = = =

	Judith Klusman is a former member of the Wisconsin State Assembly 1989-2000. She is also a current County Commissioner for Rowan County in North Carolina. 
	Klusman was born on December 14, 1956 in Neenah, Wisconsin. She graduated from Winneconne High School, attended Concordia College and graduated in 2004 from Wartburg Theological Seminary. Klusman is married with two children.
	Klusman was first elected to the Assembly in 1989 and became Assistant Majority Leader in 1995. She is a Republican. She became a pastor in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America in 2004.
	Klusman was elected to the Rowan County Commission in 2014. Klusman won the election by around one hundred votes. 

= = = Tubreh Riz = = =

	Tubreh Riz () may refer to:

= = = Zangi Choqa = = =

	Zangi Choqa (, also Romanized as Zangī Choqā) is a village in Dorudfaraman Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 243, in 48 families.

= = = Ahmadabad-e Olya, Kermanshah = = =

	Ahmadabad-e Olya (, also Romanized as Aḩmadābād-e ‘Olyā; also known as Aḩmadābād-e Bālā) is a village in Miyan Darband Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 83, in 19 families.

= = = Ahmadabad-e Sofla, Kermanshah = = =

	Ahmadabad-e Sofla (, also Romanized as Aḩmadābād-e Soflá; also known as Aḩmadābād-e Pā'īn) is a village in Miyan Darband Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 66, in 17 families.

= = = Debretsion Gebremichael = = =

	Debretsion Gebremichael () is an Ethiopian politician who currently serves as Chairman of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) and the deputy and acting President of Tigray Region.
	Debretsion was born and raised in Shire Inda Selassie, Tigray Province, Ethiopia. He was described by some as being one of the best students in the province and received a perfect score on his entrance examinations. He was admitted into Addis Ababa University, however, he forwent his studies to join the TPLF and fight the military Derg junta.
	He was sent to Italy by the TPLF and received training in communications technology. He led the team that launched the Dimtsi Woyane Tigray (The Voice of Tigray's Liberation) radio station in 1980. Debretsion, along with "General Santim", were famous hackers during the Ethiopian Civil War. They routinely hijacked, jammed and sabotaged the Derg's radio, TV and military communication systems.
	After the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front's 1991 victory, he joined Addis Ababa university while working full-time as the second man to Kinfe Gebremedhin. He earned his bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering from Addis Ababa University. He received a PhD in information technology from Capella University in 2011.
	His dissertation was on "Exploring the Perception of Users of Community ICT Centers on the Effectiveness of ICT on Poverty in Ethiopia".
	Debretsion is an avid tennis player.
	In 2005, Debretsion was appointed Director of the Ethiopian Information and Communication Development Agency (EICDA). As Director, Debretsion worked to improve the public service activity by launching the Public Service Capacity Building Program (PSCAP). In 2007, Debretsion launched $1.5 billion infrastructure project with ZTE which expanded the network capacity to 30 million (from 6.5 million in 2007 and 1.35 million in 2001), constructed 10,000 km of fibre cable. By 2012 Ethiopia had constructed 16,000 km of fibre cables and had voice cellular coverage at 64% of the country. In 2012, Debretsion was appointed as the Minister of Communications and Information Technology. In 2012, Debretstion announced that a $1.6 billion deal had been reached with Huawei, Ericsson and ZTE to significantly expand the capacity of the communication infrastructure. As of September 2016 project has been progressing on schedule. 4G cellular service is now available in Addis Ababa. The ultimate goal of the project is to increase cellular coverage to 100% and to increase the capacity to 50 million.
	Debretsion was appointed as the Deputy Prime Minister for Finance and Economic Cluster in 2012. In 2015, Debretsion helped to launch a free trade zone with Sudan. In 2015, he laid inaugurated the construction of the ICT park in Bole Lemi Industrial Park in Addis Ababa. In 2017, he laid the cornerstone for the ICT park and stated that he wants to build more ICT parks in the regional states.
	Debretsion is the Board Chair of Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation. In his role in the state owned electricity company, he oversaw the construction of billions of dollars of hydropower dams and electrical infrastructure, as well as service as the Board Chairman of the National Council for the Coordination of Public Participation for the Construction of GERD.
	In November 2017, Debretsion was elected to be the chairman of the TPLF. In January 2018, he was also elected to become the Deputy President of Tigray Region. As Debretsion is not member of the Tigray Regional parliament, he could not become President. Nonetheless, as the post of the President became vacant, the Deputy President will be the President of Tigray Region in an acting capacity.

= = = Bruja (album) = = =

	Bruja is the fifth studio album by Spanish hip hop singer La Mala Rodriguez. It was released on June 18, 2013. On this album Rodriquez presents a combination of flamenco and rap.
	"Bruja" was named "Best Urban Music Album" at the 2013 Latino Grammy Awards in Las Vegas. This was Rodriguez' second Latino Grammy.

= = = Jean Bach = = =

	Jean Bach (September 27, 1918 – May 27, 2013) was an American documentary film director, radio producer and jazz aficionado. Bach directed the 1994 documentary, "A Great Day in Harlem", based on a 1958 photograph of the same name.
	Bach was born Jean Enzinger in Chicago in September 27, 1918, and raised in Milwaukee. She made frequent trips to Harlem and the Apollo Theater as a student at Vassar College. She became a fixture in New York's jazz scene for the rest of her life.
	The black-and-white photograph which formed the basis of "A Great Day in Harlem" is a portrait of fifty-seven prominent jazz musicians who were photographed in front of a brownstone at 17 East 126th Street in the Harlem neighborhood of upper Manhattan. Bach learned that jazz bassist Milt Hinton had a home movie from the day of photo shoot in 1958. She acquired Minton's home movie and used it or archival footage for her own film, "A Great Day in Harlem", an hour-long documentary released in 1994. Her film won the top award from the Chicago International Film Festival and earned an Academy Award for Documentary Feature nomination in 1995.
	Jean Bach died at her home in Manhattan on May 27, 2013, at the age of 94. Her husband, Bob Bach, a production coordinator on "What's My Line?", whom she married in 1948, died in 1985.

= = = Erick Mauricio Rodríguez = = =

	Erick Mauricio Rodríguez Gavarrete (born 23 February 1968 in Tegucigalpa) is a Honduran lawyer and politician. He currently serves as deputy of the National Congress of Honduras representing the Liberal Party of Honduras for Lempira.

= = = Ahmadvand, Kermanshah = = =

	Ahmadvand (, also Romanized as Aḩmadvand; also known as Aḩmadābād) is a village in Miyan Darband Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 612, in 119 families.

= = = Carl Petersén (born 1883) = = =

	Carl Jacob Karsten Petersén (18 April 1883 – 14 April 1963) was a Swedish Army officer. During World War II he served as head of the intelligence agency C-byrån.
	Petersén was born in Stockholm, Sweden, the son of deputy assistant Carl Petersén and Ingeborg Tanberg. He became a second lieutenant in the Uppland Artillery Regiment (A 5) in 1903 and attended the Gymnastic Central Institute in 1907. Petersén was major and instructor in the Persian Gendarmerie from 1911 to 1913 and participated in the Gallipoli Campaign in 1915. The same year he was promoted to captain in the Swedish Army and did the certificate exams for balloon license. Petersén participated in the Finnish Civil War in 1918 as a lieutenant colonel in the White Guard.
	He was then attaché in Warsaw from 1919 to 1920, was in the Commission Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations from 1923 to 1925, the Bulgarian Refugee Commission from 1926 to 1928, in Syria in 1929 and the League of Nations border control commission in Syria and Iran in 1932. In 1932, Petersén was promoted to major in the Swedish Army. He was Head of Department at the International Red Cross in Paris from 1921 to 1937, the general secretary of the Royal Swedish Aero Club from 1937 to 1939 and was legation counsellor in Berlin and worked at the B Department of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs from 1939 to 1940. Petersén was head of the intelligence agency C-byrån from 1940 to 1946. In 1944, he led the Swedish side of the Operation Stella Polaris.
	During the war, Petersén and his colleague Algot Törneman had organised private arms trades. They had sold weapons via a private firm, Skandiastål, to the Norwegian and Danish resistance movements. After the war Petersén moved to Switzerland where he continued to represent the weapons firm Skandiastål.
	In 1910, Petersén married Esther Warodell. Petersén died on 14 April 1963 and was buried on 27 June 1963 at Norra begravningsplatsen i Stockholm.
	Petersén's awards:

= = = Akbarabad-e Khaleseh Tappeh Ginu = = =

	Akbarabad-e Khaleseh Tappeh Ginu (, also Romanized as Akbarābād-e Khāleṣeh Tappeh Gīnū; also known as Akbarābād) is a village in Miyan Darband Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 133, in 27 families.

= = = I Give You My Heart (Hillsong song) = = =

	"I Give You My Heart" (sometimes called "Lord, I Give You My Heart" or "This is My Desire") is a 1995 song by Reuben Morgan, who wrote both the music and the lyrics. The lyrics are about giving God the entirety of oneself. The song is widely used in congregational singing, particularly within evangelicalism. "I Give You My Heart" is a devotional song , part of the contemporary worship music genre, and also a slow ballad. 
	In the liner notes of "God is in the House", Morgan said of this song: "The heart of GOD is for us to be completely sold out to HIM. Our thoughts, passions and dreams (everything that makes us who we are) only have true life as they become HIS to shape and to mould. As we give our heart and our soul to GOD we then walk in the endless riches that are found in intimacy with HIM."
	Among Christian songs, "I Give You My Heart" is one of the most frequently recorded. The song appeared on Hillsong Music Australia's compilation album "Ultimate Worship". Briana Scott released a cover version of the song on her debut album "While I'm Here" in 2005. Morgan also recorded his own interpretation of "I Give You My Heart" on his first solo album, "World Through Your Eyes".

= = = Bi Abr-e Choqamaran = = =

	Bi Abr-e Choqamaran (, also Romanized as Bī Abr-e Choqāmārān; also known as Bī Abr) is a village in Miyan Darband Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 574, in 125 families.

= = = Bektashabad = = =

	Bektashabad (, also Romanized as Bektāshābād) is a village in Miyan Darband Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 220, in 47 families.

= = = Beleh Kabud = = =

	Beleh Kabud (, also Romanized as Beleh Kabūd, Baleh Kabood, and Baleh Kabūd; also known as Balla Kabūd, Bālā Kabūd, and Bol Kabūd) is a village in Miyan Darband Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 64, in 19 families.

= = = Berimvand, Miyan Darband = = =

	Berimvand (, also Romanized as Berīmvand and Berīmownd; also known as Berīnavān, Parīmownd, and Variman) is a village in Miyan Darband Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 181, in 36 families.

= = = Taractichthys steindachneri = = =

	Taractichthys steindachneri (sickle pomfret) is a species of pomfret, family Bramidae, found in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
	Sickle pomfrets are common bycatch in pelagic fisheries. They are often caught near seamounts. They are a minor commercially landed species. Sickle pomfrets are known as "monchong" in Hawaii, where they are popular in restaurants.
	Sickle pomfrets have a widely forked tail, with a clear to white trailing edge. The body shape is compressed laterally, and they have a very rounded facial profile. Their pelvic fins are small and dark black, with a small brilliant, opalescent white tip. Juvenniles of this species have a single prominent raised nub in the each scale along the sides of the body.

= = = Berimvand, Qarah Su = = =

	Berimvand (, also Romanized as Berīmvand) is a village in Qarah Su Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 259, in 53 families.

= = = Berimvand = = =

	Berimvand and Berimownd or Barimvand () may refer to:

= = = Welsy Vásquez = = =

	Welsy Milena Vásquez López (born 17 September 1970 in San Pedro Sula) is a Honduran journalist and politician. She currently serves as deputy of the National Congress of Honduras representing the National Party of Honduras for Cortés.
	She is well known in television for being reporter and anchor of the morning news program "Desde Temprano" from 1998 until 2008. Currently she is running for reelection.

= = = Berenjan = = =

	Berenjan (, also Romanized as Berenjān; also known as Berīnjan) is a village in Miyan Darband Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 192, in 42 families.

= = = Chenareh, Kermanshah = = =

	Chenareh (, also Romanized as Chenāreh) is a village in Miyan Darband Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 334, in 64 families.

= = = Choqa Maran (34°29′ N 47°00′ E), Kermanshah = = =

	Choqa Maran (, also Romanized as Choqā Mārān) is a village in Miyan Darband Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 349, in 77 families.

= = = Choqa Maran (34°39′ N 46°52′ E), Kermanshah = = =

	Choqa Maran (, also Romanized as Choqā Mārān) is a village in Miyan Darband Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 152, in 36 families.

= = = Cheshmeh-ye Bagh = = =

	Cheshmeh-ye Bagh (, also Romanized as Cheshmeh-ye Bāgh) is a village in Miyan Darband Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 280, in 64 families.

= = = Deh Gol = = =

	Deh Gol () is a village in Miyan Darband Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 205, in 47 families.

= = = Do Choqa = = =

	Do Choqa (, also Romanized as Do Choqā, Dow Cheqā, and Do Cheqā; also known as Do Chīān, Dow Chīān, Qal‘a Dūchīa, and Qal‘eh Dūchīa) is a village in Miyan Darband Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 243, in 69 families.

= = = Choqa Maran = = =

	Choqa Maran () may refer to:

= = = Slav Simanic = = =

	Slav Simanic is Toronto-based guitarist. Simanic's music advances a Christian message through its occasional use of spoken word quotes taken from the Bible.
	Born in Smederevo, Serbia, Simanic started to play guitar at the age of 12. In the early '90s, he started an instrumental rock band: "Bride" - the band played clubs, guitar festivals and received radio airplay. In 1993, his single, "Water Of Life" was named the best song of the year on one of the most popular Serbian radio station Radio Belgrade and its show "501" under the program Beograd 202.
	To pursue his musical career Slav relocated to Canada in December 1994. 
	In 1995 Simanic joined the Canadian Progressive Metal band "Eidolon". The collaboration resulted in the release of "Eidolon's" first CD "Zero Hour" in 1996.
	In 1998 Slav released his first solo album "Water Of Life". "Water Of Life" was re-released in 2000 with two bonus tracks in Japan and South East Asia on the "Marqee Avalon" Record Label. The album was also released in Europe in 2002 on "Now and Then Records" (UK) and "Frontiers Records" (Italy), together with Slav's second solo album "Let It Go". Both of Slav's solo albums "Water Of Life" and "Let It Go" were also distributed in Australia through "Koorong", a Christian book/music distribution chain in Australia.
	While working on "Water Of Life", Simanic began a collaboration with Toronto-based singer Phil Naro (Ex. "Talas, Peter Criss") which continued on 24K's "Pure" and "Mark St. John Project" as well as Slav's second solo album "Let It Go".
	Simanic's guitar contributions on different projects as a session musician resulted in him being included on albums with featured artists or former members of: "Kiss, Megadeth, David Lee Roth, Mr. Big, Triumph, Talas, Peter Criss, 24K, Von Groove, Naro..."
	He has also contributed tracks for tribute albums which featured the artists:
	Steve Vai, Marty Friedman, Paul Gilbert, Vinnie Moore, Steve Morse, Ron "Bumblefoot" Thal, Mark Boals, Mike Chlasciak, Chris Poland, Jeff Pilson, Anders Johansson, Robin McCauley, Jeff Watson, Patrick Rondat and Rob Johnson.

= = = Brenda Mercedes Flores = = =

	Brenda Mercedes Flores Serrano (born 15 March 1969, in San Pedro Sula) is a Honduran politician. She currently serves as deputy of the National Congress of Honduras representing the National Party of Honduras for Cortés.

= = = Ameen Albert Rihani = = =

	Ameen Albert Rihani (born July 5, 1942 in Beirut) is a university professor, scholar and administrator. He is a professor of Arab American literature at Notre Dame University. He was the Vice President of Academic Affairs since 1997. In 2013 he became advisor to the President of NDU and the Secretary General of the Institute of Lebanese Thought.
	Rihani earned a BA degree in political science in 1965 and an MA degree in Arabic literature in 1971, both from the American University of Beirut. Later, he earned his Ph.D. in bilingual comparative literature in 1996 from the Lebanese University. Rihani is the nephew of the well-known author Ameen Rihani.
	Professor Rihani taught literature, philosophy, education, modern Arab thought at the American University of Beirut and the Lebanese American University. He lectured in these subjects at universities in the United States and the Arab World for the last two decades. Ameen Albert Rihani is the author of seventeen books and a number of journal articles. He has also edited conference proceedings.
	Rihani has also published analysis and criticism of the work of his uncle Ameen Rihani. He also writes and lectures about Lebanese literature and its effect on western society.
	Rihani was appointed in 2014 to be the director of the Institute of Lebanese Thought at Notre Dame University, Lebanon, and has since created a groundbreaking platform of Lebanon's intellectual history.
	Professor Rihani is a member of several international associations, among which are: the Association of College Administration Professionals (ACAP), Virginia; the American Association of School Administrators (AASA); the Association of Lebanese Writers (Itihad Al-Kuttab Al-Lubnaniyeen), Beirut, Lebanon; the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development (ASCD), Washington D.C.; the Association for the Advancement of International Education (AAIE); the President of the Teachers Association of the International College (TAIC), Beirut, and the President of the Lebanese Youth League, Beirut.
	The winner of the Suad as-Subah first literary Award for 2003 for his work Forgotten Springs, Rihani was also recognized in 2006 as a distinguished author for his outstanding literary and philosophic work A Train and No Station by the Suad as-Subah Literary Committee. A special entry introduced him in the Encyclopedia of the 21st Century Intellectuals, published in Cambridge, U.K. 2008 In March 2010, Ameen Albert Rihani was chosen among ten other authors from the American University of Beirut for an honorary ceremony in recognition of “his distinguished contributions in the world of literature”. In February 26, 2014, Notre Dame University organized a symposium around the works of Ameen Albert Rihani. Professor Zahia Darwiche Jabbour, the Secretary General of the Lebanese National Commission for UNESCO, among other speakers, highlighted the multicultural intellectual aspect of Rihani's works as an example for scholars of the 21st century.

= = = Eye of the Beast = = =

	Eye of the Beast is a Canadian horror film about a young scientist who goes to a small fishing town to fight against a prehistoric giant squid living underwater. It is the 7th film in the "Maneater Series".
	A young scientist arrives to a small fishing town to find out what causes the depletion of fish and disappearances of people there in the lake, but ends up fighting against a creature that turns out to be a freshwater species of giant squid, living in the water.

= = = Michael J. Lindstrom = = =

	Michael J. "Mike" Lindstrom is an author, relationship/communication coach and professional speaker from Scottsdale, Arizona.
	Lindstrom was born in Modesto, California. He graduated from the University of California, San Diego (U.C.S.D.) and earned his Juris Doctorate (J.D.) from California Western School of Law in San Diego. Lindstrom then became a corporate consultant for author and speaker Tony Robbins, working as an executive coach for Fortune 500 Companies. He now delivers keynote speeches for corporations, and serves as a coach and image consultant. As a colleague in the self-help speaking industry, Lindstrom also delivered commentary on the James Ray case on CNN.
	He is married to attorney and legal analyst Monica Lindstrom.
	Lindstrom teamed up with Las Vegas motivational speaker Dan Lier to write the book "Dan & Mike's Guide to Men: 10 Secrets Every Woman Should Know from Two Guys That Do" in 2010. The book is a guide directed toward women being better able to understand men. The pair do weekend relationship programs in Las Vegas for men and women based on the book. They also appeared on "VH1's 40 Most Shocking Celebrity Break Ups". Lindstrom hosts solo the annual Taboo event as well, oriented on improving communication in relationships by dealing with embarrassing topics. He has appeared in the media as a relationship expert discussing infidelity as it relates to political sex scandals and Tiger Woods, and discussing relationship issues and opportunities for improvement. As an image consultant, he appeared on "Fox News", discussing the 2008 presidential candidates. In addition, he has discussed relationship issues on "Good Morning America", "Howard Stern" and "Lucia Live" on LA Talk Radio. Following the release of their book, Lindstrom and Lier have launched Reality Show Gurus, acting as reality show talent scouts, and working with production companies to create and develop new reality shows.
	"Dan & Mike's Guide to Men: 10 Secrets Every Woman Should Know from Two Guys That Do", Mike Lindstrom, Dan Lier, authors, CreateSpace, 2010

= = = Do Cheshmeh, Kermanshah = = =

	Do Cheshmeh () is a village in Miyan Darband Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 45, in 9 families.

= = = Do Tappeh = = =

	Do Tappeh () is a village in Miyan Darband Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 96, in 24 families.

= = = The Last Fort = = =

	The Last Fort () is a 1928 German silent war film directed by Curtis Bernhardt and starring Rolla Norman, Maria Paudler and Albert Steinrück.

= = = Gav Bandeh = = =

	Gav Bandeh (, also Romanized as Gāv Bandeh; also known as Gāvāneh, Gāvbandel, and Gāwāna) is a village in Miyan Darband Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 2,242, in 547 families.

= = = Gavaneh = = =

	Gavaneh () may refer to:

= = = Jahanabad, Kermanshah = = =

	Jahanabad (, also Romanized as Jahānābād) is a village in Miyan Darband Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 54, in 14 families.

= = = Hellhounds (film) = = =

	Hellhounds is a 2009 Canadian horror film directed by Ricky Schroder. The film was shot in Romania. It is the 20th film of the "Maneater Series".
	The warrior Kleitos marries the princess Demetria. Kleitos' friend Theron kills Demetria out of jealousy, which sends her to the underworld. Kleitos gathers a group of warriors to head to the underworld in order to rescue Demetria. They manage to free the princess from Hades, but they are attacked by hellhounds under Theron's control once they go back to their world.
	Amanda Brooks heard about the role through her agent, who is friends with the director. The film was shot completely in Romania, including Transylvania and Bucharest. Some scenes were filmed in a real volcano. Brooks said of the filming, "I mean, we were on a tight budget, we were filming long hours ... Ricky and the other cast, we must have laughed 75 percent of the time. It was just a really good group."
	Peter Hartlaub, writing for "San Francisco Chronicle", said, "Despite the fact that three huge dogs are pictured on the cover, two hellhounds appear in the movie – and they're only a little bit bigger than regular dogs. "Silver Spoons" was scarier than this." A reviewer for "Dread Central" said, "A pack of satanic Marmadukes would have been more frightening." Justin Felix of "DVD Talk" wrote, "Rent it, if you're a fan of the Maneater series and like this sort of thing. (I can honestly say I've seen worse from the series.) All others can safely skip it."
	The film was released on DVD in February 2010. There is an English language track, but no other languages or subtitles are available. The only special features are three trailers for other films in the Syfy "Maneater Series".

= = = Jelugireh-ye Olya = = =

	Jelugireh-ye Olya (, also Romanized as Jelūgīreh-ye ‘Olyā; also known as Jelogīreh-ye ‘Olyā) is a village in Miyan Darband Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 134, in 32 families.

= = = Jelugireh-ye Sofla = = =

	Jelugireh-ye Sofla (, also Romanized as Jelūgīreh-ye Soflá; also known as Jelogīreh-ye Soflá) is a village in Miyan Darband Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 91, in 23 families.

= = = Raniero Capocci = = =

	Raniero Capocci, also known as Ranieri, Rainerio da Viterbo ( 1180-1190 – 27 May 1250) was an Italian cardinal and military leader, a fierce adversary of emperor Frederick II.
	Capocci was born at Viterbo in 1180–1190. Few details exist about his early life, and his alleged adherence to the Cistercian Order, including the role of abbot in the Tre Fontane Abbey in Rome, is unconfirmed. He entered the Roman curia before 1215, the year in which Pope Innocent III sent him to the Abbey of Montecassino to investigate about abbot Adenulf's tenure. In 1216 Capocci was created cardinal deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin, and later became papal legate to Lombardy.
	Innocent's successor, Honorius III, appointed Capocci as "rector" of the Duchy of Spoleto, and later of the areas of Assisi, Nocera Umbra and Gubbio. In 1231 he became cardinal protodeacon.
	In 1234 the new pope Gregory IX named Capocci "rector" of Tuscia (Tuscany), as well as "capitano" (commander) of the Papal troops. In the same year Luca Savelli, grandson of Honorius III, forced the pope to flee from Rome to Umbria. Emperor (and King of Naples and Sicily) Frederick II moved from southern Italy with an army to help Gregory, joining Capocci's troops at Montefiascone. Savelli's army was besieged in a fortress a few kilometers south of Viterbo and, although Frederick left the siege in advance, Capocci was able to defeat them. Frederick's ambiguous behaviour led to his excommunication by Gregory four years later, and Capocci defended the pope's move with a series of letters and treatises disseminated throughout Europe, including the manifesto "Ascendit de mare".
	When Gregory died in 1241, Capocci was jailed by the Roman senator Matteo Rosso Orsini in the Septizodium. After the short reign of Celestine IV (17 days), Ranieri supported the election of a pope who would not show any compromise with Frederick II. The new pope was the Genoese Innocent IV, who would continue Gregory's anti-imperial policy. This is manifest in the events leading to the siege of Viterbo, in which Capocci was instrumental in the expulsion of the imperial garrison from the city, and in the following defeat of the rescue army led by Frederick in person. Capocci was left in the city as papal legate with full powers (he was also bishop of Viterbo for one year).
	In 1244 a peace treaty was signed between Innocent and Frederick. However, the latter soon began military and diplomatic moves to overthrow the pope, who decided to take refuge in Lyon, leaving Capocci as his plenipotentiary in Italy. When the news arrived that a compromise with the emperor was likely, he had a series of pamphlets, full of insults and accusations of heresy against Frederick, published in the French city: their success among the prelates in the First Council of Lyon led to the deposition of the Sicilian leader (1245). Frederick replied by re-conquering Viterbo, although Capocci was able to gain back most of Umbria and the March of Ancona, including Iesi, the emperor's birthplace. In 1246 Innocent appointed him as papal legate also in the Kingdom of Sicily.
	In October 1249, however, Innocent started to consider Capocci's power as excessive, and called him back to the Roman curia. Ranieri never accepted the decision and, now ill, moved to Lyon, where he died in 1250. He was initially buried in the Abbey of Citeaux, but later his remains were transferred to the church of Santa Maria in Gradi at Viterbo, which he had built in 1217–1221 as a gift to his personal friend, Saint Dominic.

= = = Jelugireh = = =

	Jelugireh (), also rendered as Jelogireh, may refer to:

= = = Gorgeh Choqa = = =

	Gorgeh Choqa (, also Romanized as Gorgeh Choqā and Gargeh Cheqā; also known as Gareh Choqā) is a village in Baladarband Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 15, in 4 families.

= = = Anthosachne = = =

	Anthosachne is a genus of true grasses in the tribe Triticeae. Its taxonomic relation with "Elymus" is not fully understood. Species in the genus include:

= = = Goruran-e Chahar Dang = = =

	Goruran-e Chahar Dang (, also Romanized as Gorūrān-e Chahār Dāng; also known as Gorūrān-e Chahār Dāngeh) is a village in Miyan Darband Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 169, in 39 families.

= = = Goruran-e Do Dang = = =

	Goruran-e Do Dang (, also Romanized as Gorūrān-e Do Dang) is a village in Miyan Darband Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 166, in 38 families.

= = = Goruran = = =

	Goruran () may refer to:

= = = As Sombreru Pillboxes = = =

	The As Sombreru Pillbox I, As Sombreru Pillbox II, and As Sombreru Pillbox III are three historic defensive fortifications on Guam, near Tumon, that were listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1991. They are pillboxes, a type of defensive fortification, built by the 48th Independent Mixed Brigade; 29th Division of the Imperial Japanese Army during 1941-1944, between Japan capturing Guam on December 8, 1941 from the United States and the U.S. recapturing Guam in 1944.
	"As Sombreru Pillbox I" has also known been known as As Sombreru Point Japanese Fortification. Its precise location is not disclosed by the National Register; it is listed as "Address Restricted".
	"As Sombrero Pillbox II" is a pillbox located in from the high tide line on the south shore of Tumon Beach in Tumon Bay. Its roof slab is about thick.
	"As Sombrero Pillbox III" is located on Matapang Beach west of Matapang Park, about in from the high tide line. It is a two-room pillbox with a "complex configuration" of six walls; its west-facing wall is thick and has a gun port commanding the center of Tumon Bay. Entrance and an air vent come through the east wall. It was built of steel-reinforced concrete including beach rubble, and, as of the NRHP listing date, was in "excellent" condition. There are "impressions of tabi prints and a possible Japanese character" in the cement roof, which is about thick.
	It is not clear whether any of these pillboxes engaged directly in the 1944 battle for Guam. These pillboxes were clearly designed to repel invaders coming from the sea. The U.S. invasion beginning on July 21, 1944, however, was further to the south and west; the area of these pillboxes was over-run by U.S. forces coming from the south, on about August 2, 1944.

= = = Arrow Peak = = =

	Arrow Peak is a high mountain summit in the Grenadier Range of the Rocky Mountains of North America. The thirteener is located in the Weminuche Wilderness of San Juan National Forest, south-southeast (bearing 160°) of the Town of Silverton in San Juan County, Colorado, United States.
	Arrow Peak ranks 123rd among the highest mountains in Colorado and 182nd in the whole of the United States. Some of the peaks nearest to it are: Vestal Peak, Graystone Peak, Electric Peak, Point Pun, West Trinity, and Mount Garfield.
	Arrow Peak falls under the Grenadier Range of San Juan Mountains. Given its rocky face, Arrow Peak, like other peaks of the Grenadier Range, offers one of the best mountaineering adventures in Colorado. History has it that the first Americans to scale Arrow Peak were William Cooper and John Hubbard in 1908, which was followed by a second ascent in 1932 by Carleton Long and John Nelson via a more arduous route called the Greystone-Arrow saddle.
	Arrow Peak and its neighboring, peaks, especially Vestal Peak, all formed from the metamorphic rock quartzite, are considered hard climbs, Arrow Peak ranking as the toughest before a new route was found.

= = = Gowhar Chaqa = = =

	Gowhar Chaqa (, also Romanized as Gowhar Chaqā, Gowhar Cheqā, and Gowhar Choqā; also known as Gawān Chia, Gowhad Cheqā, Gowhar Cheghā, and Gūn Chīā) is a village in Miyan Darband Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 270, in 61 families.

= = = 2013 International German Open = = =

	The 2013 International German Open (also known as the bet–at–home Open – German Tennis Championships 2013 for sponsorship reasons) was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor red clay courts. It was the 107th edition of the event known that year as the International German Open and was part of the ATP World Tour 500 series of the 2013 ATP World Tour. It took place at the Am Rothenbaum in Hamburg, Germany, from 14 July through 22 July 2013. Twelfth-seeded Fabio Fognini won the singles title.
	The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
	The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
	The following pairs received wildcards into the doubles main draw:

= = = Nelson Diversity Surveys = = =

	The Nelson Diversity Surveys (NDS) are a collection of data sets that quantify the representation of women and minorities among professors, by science and engineering discipline, at research universities. They consist of four data sets compiled by Dr. Donna Nelson, Professor of Chemistry at the University of Oklahoma during fiscal years (FY) 2002, 2005, 2007, and 2012. These surveys were each complete populations, rather than samples. Consequently, the Surveys quantified characteristics of the faculty which had never been revealed previously, drawing great attention from women and minorities. Furthermore, the Surveys initially came at a time when these underrepresented groups were becoming concerned and vocal about perceived inequities in academia. At the time the Surveys were initiated, (1) the MIT Study of 1999, expressing the concerns of women scientists (including Nancy Hopkins), had just been issued, and (2) underrepresented minority (URM) science faculty noticed URM students increase among PhD recipients without a corresponding increase among recently hired professors. Because the NDS were complete populations, which disaggregated faculty by race, by rank, by gender, and by discipline, URM faculty had the documentation to support their concerns.
	The NDS quantified the degree to which women and minorities are underrepresented on science and engineering faculties at research universities. Because the surveys were complete populations and disaggregated, the degree of underrepresentation was revealed, in ways it had never been revealed previously. For example, the FY 2002 survey showed that there were no Black, Hispanic, or Native American tenured or tenure track women faculty in the top 50 computer science departments. It also revealed that there were no Black or Native American assistant professors in the top 50 chemistry departments. Analogous surveys were carried out for top 100 departments in each of 15 science and engineering disciplines in fiscal years (FY) 2005, 2007 and 2012.
	The Nelson Diversity Surveys made it possible for the first time to know the level and rate of faculty diversification, disaggregated by race, by rank, and by gender. Researchers in the 15 areas of science surveyed were enthusiastic to use these disaggregated faculty data, in order to compare against analogous student data, which had been available from NSF for decades. Many new programs to increase the representation of women and minorities among professors were implemented and PhD and MS research was based on data revealed by the NDS. The NDS were utilized by the National Science Foundation, National Institutes of Health, Department of Energy, US Congress, Sloan Foundation, the National Organization for Women, universities, and many other organizations interested in diversity in academics. A new area of research was spawned – the Science of Broadening Participation.
	During 2001 to 2003, Nelson surveyed department chairs in order to collect headcounts of tenured and tenure-track university faculty members of the "top 50" departments in each of 14 science and engineering disciplines (chemistry FY2001, physics, mathematics, chemical engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, computer science, political science, sociology, economics, biological sciences, psychology, and astronomy FY2003). Data were collected about race/ethnicity, rank, and gender, and are complete populations, rather than samples. Consequently, they accurately reveal the small number or complete absence of underrepresented groups. Data for all disciplines were obtained in a relatively short time and by a consistent protocol and are therefore comparable across this relatively large number of disciplines. This entire data set became known as the FY2002 Nelson Diversity Surveys (NDS).
	The NDS determined demographics of tenured / tenure track faculty in a discipline at pertinent departments of "top" universities, ranked by the National Science Foundation( NSF) according to research funding expenditures in that discipline. The FY2002 data were the first such data published, disaggregated by gender, by race, and by rank, about faculty at the top 50 research universities in each of 14 science and engineering disciplines. The FY2005 survey was expanded to include the "top 100" departments in each of 15 disciplines (adding earth science). In some cases, slightly fewer than 100 schools were ranked by NSF for a discipline. Data were collected by surveying department chairs, who provided their own department's faculty data, disaggregated by gender, by race/ethnicity, and by rank.
	The data tables, which constitute the Nelson Diversity Surveys, were rapidly made available publicly, freely and online, so that constituents could use them for their own purposes. Data tables for NDS FY2002, FY2005, and FY2007 are listed there by discipline, so that each discipline has a group of links listed below it. Each link points to a table for that discipline. Disciplines are presented there so that the last discipline (earth science) added to the NDS is at the top of the list, and below that the disciplines are organized roughly according to similarities among data for disciplines. Within discipline headings, tables are listed by survey year, and within the year of the survey, tables are listed either by the group of “top 50” ranked departments or the next group of departments, ranked 51 - ~100. There are a total of about 75 such tables of departmental data at the website.
	Within each table of departments, data giving characteristics of tenured and tenure track professors are provided by race/ethnicity, by rank, and by gender. The table of the first discipline surveyed in the FY2002 NDS is provided as an example in Figure 1 (actually this very first survey was done in FY2001 and the remaining disciplines were carried out in FY2002). In Figure 1, the first column lists chemistry departments, NSF-ranked as 1-50, according to chemical research funding expenditures. The next group of four columns provides White faculty headcount, disaggregated by rank (full, associate, assistant, and all). The next analogous four groups of columns give similar rank-disaggregated headcount data for Blacks, for Hispanics, for Asians, and for Native Americans. The final column in the table is the sum of all faculty in each department. Gender data are provided in each number after the decimal point, so that a number such as 35.003 means 35 people, 3 of whom are women.
	Final reports of two NDS (FY2002 and FY2007) are given online. Each of these reports analyzes the NDS data collected that fiscal year, by using summary tables which compare the NDS data at the discipline level. A summary table showing data for Asians from the FY2007 NDS is given in Figure 2. This summary table provides, by discipline, the representation of Asians as a percentage of BS recipients, PhD recipients, assistant professors, associate professors, full professors, and all professors. Analogous summary tables were created, which provided data for Blacks, Hispanics, Native Americans, women, and White males. Such NDS summary tables enabled the first quantification of women proceeding through the academic STEM “pipeline” from BS to full professor, and they were used by women's groups and organizations widely.
	The FY 2012 Surveys have been completed, and a final written report with all data tables for this set of surveys are available in Chapter 2 of "Diversity in the Scientific Community Volume 1: Quantifying Diversity and Formulating Success" (https://global.oup.com/academic/product/diversity-in-the-scientific-community-9780841232341?cc=us&lang=en&). This report includes bar graphs, which include 2002, 2005, 2007, and 2012 data for the top 50 departments in each of the 15 STEM disciplines. Each bar graph reveals trends over time for all 15 STEM disciplines. One set of bar graphs (representation of women, of Blacks, of Hispanics, of Native Americans, of Asians, and of white males) is given for assistant professors, which reveals trends in hiring. A second set of bar graphs (representation of women, of Blacks, of Hispanics, of Native Americans, of Asians, and of white males) is given for professors of all ranks combined, which reveals changing faculty demographics available for mentoring, role models, and other influences in higher ed. Because these very powerful surveys are whole populations and all data are available in this report, additional studies are enabled for the first time; data could be extracted from the data tables so that analogous bar graphs could be made on very small underrepresented groups, such as underrepresented minority female assistant professors.
	The FY 2007 Surveys final report is available online, and its analysis focused mostly on minorities. Excerpts from its executive summary follow.
	This NDS quantified faculty of top 100 departments of 15 science and engineering disciplines, showed that minorities and women were significantly underrepresented. There were relatively few tenured and tenure-track underrepresented minority (URM) faculty in these research university departments, even though a growing number and percentage of minorities were completing their PhDs. Qualified minorities were not joining faculties of many science and engineering disciplines. However, in some engineering disciplines, there was a better match between the percentage of URMs in recent PhD attainment versus among assistant professors. The percentage of URMs in science and engineering BS attainment generally increased over time, but URM students were likely to find themselves without minority faculty as optimal role models and mentors. In most disciplines, URM faculty were so few that a minority student could get a BS or PhD without ever being taught by or having access to a URM professor in that discipline. There were few minority full professors in the physical sciences and engineering disciplines studied; the highest percentage of all URMs combined among full professors was less than 5% (chemical engineering). However, there was a disproportionately large number of White male professors as role models for White male students. For example, in 2005, 16.7% of the students who graduated with a BS in chemistry were URMs, but in 2007, only 3.9% of faculty at the top 100 chemistry departments were URMs. For females, those percentages were 51.7% of BS recipients and 13.7% of faculty, respectively. In contrast, the corresponding percentages for White males were 37.4% of BS recipients and 74.2% of faculty, respectively.
	In most disciplines studied, the percentage of URMs among recent PhD recipients was significantly greater than their percentage among assistant professors, indicating under-utilization; exceptions included civil engineering and mechanical engineering. In the top 50 departments of chemistry and math, the percentage of Hispanic and Native American faculty among assistant professors was lower than among associate professors, revealing a decline in hiring those minorities. In contrast, in all disciplines studied, the highest percentage of female faculty was at the level of assistant professor, as a result of increased recent hiring of women.
	Comparing the representation of URMs among assistant professors in the top 50 departments, versus those in the next group of 50, gave mixed results; in engineering, the top 50 departments had higher percentages of URMs, while the top 50 chemistry, math, and computer science departments had lower representations of URMs than did the group of next 50 departments. URM women faculty, especially “full” professors, were almost nonexistent in physical sciences and engineering departments at research universities. Surprisingly, most of the few female minority full professors in those disciplines were not born in the U.S.
	The FY 2005 Surveys have no final written report, but the data tables (along with those from the 2002 and 2007 surveys) are available online.
	The FY 2002 Surveys final report is available online, and its analysis focused mostly on women. Selections from its executive summary follows.
	This NDS was the first national and comprehensive analysis of tenured and tenure track faculty in the “top 50” departments of 14 science and engineering disciplines, quantifying faculty headcount and the underrepresentation of minorities and women among faculty. There were few tenured and tenure-track women faculty in these departments in research universities, even though a growing number of women were completing their PhDs. Qualified women were not going to science and engineering departments. In some engineering disciplines, there was a better match between the representation of females in PhD attainment versus the faculty, but these disciplines were the ones with very low percentages of females in PhD attainment. Underrepresented minority (URM) women faculty were almost nonexistent in science and engineering departments at research universities. In the “top 50” computer science departments, there were no Black, Hispanic, or Native American tenured or tenure track women faculty. For chemistry and chemical engineering faculties, additional national origin data revealed that recently, more immigrants had been hired as faculty than had American females and American minorities combined.
	The percentage of women in BS attainment in science and engineering continued to increase over time, but they were likely to find themselves without the female faculty needed for optimal role models. In some disciplines, it was likely that a woman could get a bachelor of science without being taught by a female professor in that discipline; it was also possible for a woman to get a PhD in science or engineering without having access to a woman faculty member in her field. There were a drastically disproportionate number of male professors as role models for male students. For example, in 2000, 48.2% of the students graduating with a BS in math were women, but in 2002, only 8.3% of the faculty was female. The percentage of women among full professors ranged from 3% to 15%.
	In all but one discipline surveyed, the highest percentage of female faculty was at the level of assistant professor, which was still lower than the percentage of women among recent PhD recipients (the hiring pool for assistant professors). Even in disciplines where women outnumbered men earning PhDs, the percentage of assistant professors who were White male was greater than that of females. For example, in psychology, 66.1% of the PhDs between 1993 and 2002 were women; while in 2002, they accounted for only 45.4% of the assistant professors. The data demonstrated that while the representation of females in science and engineering PhD attainment had significantly increased in recent years, the corresponding faculties were still overwhelmingly dominated by White men. In most science disciplines, the percentage of women among faculty recently hired was not comparable to that of recent women PhDs.
	Nelson's diversity research has been cited by dozens of newspapers, magazines, and journals, including "Nature", "The New York Times", "The Christian Science Monitor", and CNN. The Government Accountability Office used Nelson's data for its July 2004 report to Congress on Title IX, specifically addressing women's access to opportunities in the sciences. Nelson has also written about diversity in the STEM fields for outlets, such as PBS and the Association for Women in Science.
	New programs designed and installed
	Many educational institutions used the Nelson Diversity Surveys to implement new programs and to increase the diversity on their own campuses. Some of these had been awarded NSF ADVANCE grants; in some instances, the NDS were cited or obviously used in the resulting ADVANCE program postings.
	Table 1. NSF ADVANCE IT (Institutional Transformation) Grant Use of Nelson Diversity Surveys (NDS)
	Table 1. legend: A=Uses NDS data for comparison or analysis, B=Cites NDS data, C=Provides link to NDS tables.
	New research at universities
	Students at many universities analyzed NDS data for their PhD and MS research on issues pertinent to women, minorities, or both.
	New area of research spawned
	Due to the interest and research generated in faculty diversity, and because of the great impact and increasing potential for impact, a new area of research was spawned at NSF during the years 2007 to 2012 – the Science of Broadening Participation.
	NDS coupled with other similar programs

= = = Khaneh Khoda = = =

	Khaneh-ye Khoda (, also Romanized as Khāneh-ye Khodā) is a village in Miyan Darband Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 121, in 28 families.

= = = Khanomabad, Kermanshah = = =

	Khanomabad (, also Romanized as Khānomābād) is a village in Miyan Darband Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 604, in 140 families.

= = = Hojjatabad-e Sofla, Kermanshah = = =

	Hojjatabad-e Sofla (, also Romanized as Ḩojjatābād-e Soflá) is a village in Miyan Darband Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 26, in 6 families.

= = = Hojjatabad-e Olya, Kermanshah = = =

	Hojjatabad-e Olya (, also Romanized as Ḩojjatābād-e ‘Olyā) is a village in Miyan Darband Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 175, in 44 families.

= = = Missulena bradleyi = = =

	"Missulena bradleyi," also known as the eastern mouse spider, is a species of spider belonging to the family Actinopodidae. The spider is endemic to the eastern coast of Australia.
	William Joseph Rainbow described the eastern mouse spider in 1914 from a specimen collected in North Sydney by Henry Horton Burton Bradley (1845–1918), president of the board of trustees of the Australian Museum at the time. Describing the "beautiful and strikingly marked" specimen as a "decided novelty", Rainbow named it in honour of its collector, whom he stated was the first collector of Australian spiders.
	Eastern mouse spiders are often mistaken for Australian funnel-web spiders. The females are large and very strong, with powerful chelicerae. Their fangs often cross over slightly, while those of Australian funnel-web spiders remain parallel, and the latter often have a drop of venom on their fang tips and have longer spinnerets.
	The male, which has an all-black carapace and a pale bluish area on top of the abdomen, roams around in autumn and early winter looking for a mate. They sometimes fall into swimming pools when wandering. Cases of envenomations have peaked during this period.
	The burrow can be found by brushing away loose soil in an area where they live until a flap of silk indicative of the entrance is found.
	Common symptoms of eastern mouse spider bites are numbness and tingling at the bite site, sweating (diaphoresis), headache, and nausea generally. Although it appears to be the most dangerous member of the genus, serious envenomations by this species are relatively rare. Most bites documented in the medical literature did not require use of antivenom or involve serious symptoms. Their venom has been found to have toxins similar to the robustoxin found in Australian funnel-web spider venom, and Australian funnel-web spider antivenom has been found to be effective in treating severe mouse spider bites. Compared to the Australian funnel-web spider, however, the eastern mouse spider is far less aggressive towards humans, and may often give "dry" bites.

= = = Figshare = = =

	Figshare is an online open access repository where researchers can preserve and share their research outputs, including figures, datasets, images, and videos. It is free to upload content and free to access, in adherence to the principle of open data. Figshare is one of a number of portfolio businesses supported by Digital Science.
	Figshare was launched in January 2011 by Mark Hahnel and has been supported by Digital Science since a January 2012 relaunch. Hahnel first developed the platform as a personal custom solution for the organization and publication of diverse research products generated in support of his PhD in stem cell biology. In January 2013 Figshare announced a partnership with PLOS to integrate Figshare data hosting, access, and visualization with their associated PLOS articles. In September 2013, the service launched an institutional repository service, which offers organizations a pre-developed infrastructure for hosting academic materials generated by their member communities. In December 2013, they announced integration with ImpactStory to support the collection of altmetrics. Figshare made 200,000 files publicly available in its first year, which grew to approximately one million objects by September 2013.
	Figshare also hosts the Reproducibility Collection as a founding member of The Reproducibility Initiative, which acts as an independent and blinded validator for replication of submitted data.
	Figshare releases '' each year to assess the changing academic landscape around open research.
	Researchers can upload all of their research outputs to Figshare, thus making them publicly available. Users can upload files in any format, and items are attributed a DOI. The current 'types' that can be chosen are figures, datasets, media (including video), papers (including pre-prints), posters, code, and filesets (groups of files). All files are released under a Creative Commons license, CC-BY for most files and CC0 (public domain) for datasets. Figshare allows researchers to publish negative data. The withholding of negative publications is a widely known phenomenon that leads to a significant bias, often referred to as the file drawer effect. By encouraging publishing of figures, charts, and data, rather than being limited to the traditional entire 'paper', knowledge can be shared more quickly and effectively. Figshare also tracks the download statistics for hosted materials, acting in turn as a source for altmetrics. The main hosting mechanism for the platform is Amazon S3, with CLOCKSS serving as an additional host for public content. Both of these resources support backup and preservation via a distributed cloud computing network.
	Figshare features integration with ORCID, Symplectic Elements, can import items from Github, and is a source tracked by Altmetric.com.
	In March 2018, Figshare announced itself as an all-in-one "next gen" institutional repository for data, theses, publications, and other research outputs alike.

= = = Japanizi: Going, Going, Gong! = = =

	Japanizi "Going, Going, Gong!" ("ゴーイング、ゴーイング、ゴング！") is a Canadian children's physical game show with a Japanese motif where contestants compete with a teammate against other teams as they tackle obstacles and challenges to test their mental capabilities, strength, endurance, and smarts. The series first aired on YTV starting 5 November 2013 and in the United States on Disney XD as of 4 November 2013.
	Yoshi Amao hosts, with Masayuki Hashimoto as "Judge Masa". The show's characters include a group of ninjas led by the English-translator ninja Shinobi; and Glasses Man, who is one of the audience members.
	"Japanizi" is an adaptation of the ABC reality show "I Survived A Japanese Game Show", originally called Big in Japan, and was created by David Sidebotham. The studio-based kids game show will make use of zany costumes, conveyor belts, dizzy chairs, giant fans and velcro walls with themed competitions and more. The Japanese language is incorporated with the show, but it is mostly English.
	"Japanizi" is produced by Toronto-based marblemedia, the production company behind the game shows "Splatalot" and "The Adrenaline Project", creates award-winning children’s programs for television, web and mobile.
	On 20 August 2014, YTV & Disney XD dismissed increasing rumors that "Japanizi: Going, Going, Gong!" had been cancelled, reporting rather that renewal of the series is undetermined as of the present.
	About the show: 4 teams take on 3 courses, but only 1 team can win the impossibly large trophy. Ninja Shinobi also gives them a prize, which is not real, but makes the audience laugh.
	The contestants for the show are teens aged 12–16 from across Canada. Marblemedia's kids game show adaptation will feature four teams of two contestants moving through three elimination rounds of physical gags and over-the-top stunts to reach a final winner. Casting is now closed for the show.
	This is a listing of the various challenges performed on the show.

= = = Optical head-mounted display = = =

	An optical head-mounted display (OHMD) is a wearable device that has the capability of reflecting projected images as well as allowing the user to see through it, similar to augmented reality technology. OHMD technology has existed since 1997 in various forms, but despite a number of attempts from industry, has yet to be commercialised.
	Various techniques have existed for see-through HMDs. Most of these techniques can be summarized into two main families: "Curved Mirror" (or Curved Combiner) based and "Waveguide" or "Light-guide" based. The curved mirror technique has been used by Vuzix in their Star 1200 product, by Olympus, and by Laster Technologies. Various waveguide techniques have existed for some time. These techniques include diffraction optics, holographic optics, polarized optics, and reflective optics:
	Augmented reality systems guru Karl Guttag compared the optics of diffractive waveguides against the competing technology, reflective waveguides.
	Head-mounted displays are not designed to be workstations, and traditional input devices such as keyboards do not support the concept of smart glasses. Input devices that lend themselves to mobility and/or hands-free use are good candidates, for example:
	In June 1995, MicroOptical was founded by Dr. Mark Spitzer to develop advanced micro-optical devices reduced to the size of integrated circuits. The company was funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency through a contract with the U.S. Army Soldier Systems Command for the development of optical micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS). In 1997, MicroOptical demonstrated the eyewear display in which the viewing optics were incorporated in the eyeglass lens. The eyeglasses display provided a 320x240 pixel resolution with 8 bit greyscale and a field of view of approximately 8 degrees (horizontal).
	On 16 June 2003, MicroOptical announced the availability of the SV-6 PC Viewer, the first eyewear-mounted display specifically designed for use with mobile personal computers. It was small, ultra-lightweight and highly ergonomic and could connect to mobile computing devices via a VGA output. Its initial price tag was US$1995. In March 2007, MicroOptical changed its name to MyVu and at CES 2008 it demonstrated the Crystal 701, video eyewear which lets the user watch a large virtual screen from 6 feet away and It featured MyVu's patented SolidOptex® optical system, a VGA (640x480) resolution, a cables that allow the user to connect it to MP4 players, DVD players, camcorders, or gaming systems with composite video output and a battery that provides up to 4 hours of video viewing. In May 2008, the Crystal was launched at Amazon and Best Buy with the price tag of $300.
	However, the company did not survive the 2008 recession, and in 2010 it was dissolved. Its assets, including patents, were sold to Foxconn which then formed subsidiary View Link Technology in Singapore, with the mission to establish a new line of wearable near-eye systems for industrial, medical, and consumer use. In August 2012, Mark Spitzer, formerly a principal scientist at Kopin Corporation and the founder and CEO of MicroOptical/MyVu, was hired by Google as a Director of Operations at Google X. In April 2013, Google acquired several of MicroOptical/MyVu patents from Foxconn, who is in contract with Google to manufacture the Google Glass in Santa Clara, California.
	In 1997, Sony released the Glasstron, an HMD which included two LCD screens and two earphones for video and audio respectively. It also had a mechanical shutter to allow the display to become see through
	At SID 2008, Sony unveiled a holographic-based see-through eyewear display that shows full-color video images at a transmissivity of 85% and a luminance of 2500 cd/m2. On 14 November 2012 Sony filed a patent for a binocular eyewear display which features a camera, battery packs, a 2D interface and customizable screens by allowing the user to move the lens several millimeters. This recent filing is a continuation on patents filed in 2008 and 2009.
	In September 1998, IBM Japan demonstrated a wearable PC. Its components included a lightweight monocular head-mounted display with a monochrome resolution, headphones for sound and video, a controller / microphone for control and a control unit. It ran Windows 98 and featured a 233 MHz Pentium MMX, 64 MB of RAM, a 340 MB IBM MicroDrive and USB interface. It could be controlled by voice commands or through a hand-held tracker ball. It was intended to be marketed for maintenance, repair and system installation staff by allowing the user to call up information from reference manuals and reference books on the eye level display, keeping their hands free.
	In December 1999, IBM Japan and Olympus Optical demonstrated the PC Eye-Trek, a wearable PC that comprises the IBM-developed small PC unit and a monocular, eyewear display developed by Olympus (in replacement of IBM's monochrome eyewear display). Olympus's eyewear display used a free-shaped prism and a high-performance optical filter to allow it to be lightweight and an optical see-through. It featured a 0.47-inch reflective-field sequential LCD display with 800×600 full-color resolution supplied by Colorado Micro Display and gave the impression of looking at a 10-inch screen from a distance of 20 inches. By using reflective-type LCD, the power consumption was kept to a minimal 1.6 watts. Independently. Olympus showed a prototype finger-set input device. In a demonstration, the index finger movement was assigned as slow cursor movement, an index and middle finger together were assigned as quick cursor movement. When a finger bends quickly, the movement is interpreted as a "click". Combined with the PC Eye-Trek, a user can select an icon by just moving and tapping a finger in the air. In 2000, IBM launched the "Park Bench" TV commercial, which featured its vision for voice-activated wearable PCs.
	At CEATEC 2010, NTT DoCoMo demonstrated the AR Walker, an augmented reality glasses which were developed by Olympus in 2008.
	On 5 July 2012 Olympus announced the MEG4.0, a Monocular eyewear display that contains a QVGA (320 x 240) resolution display and can connect to devices through Bluetooth 2.1. No announcements regarding the launch date or the price were made.
	In 1998, the Israeli company Mirage Innovations was founded by Yair David and Yariv Ben-Yehuda. In 2001, the company R&D team transferred multicolor still images by diffractive planar optics and developed monocular displays. In February 2001 the company started negotiating with Nokia to develop the technology for use in Nokia's mobile phones and other mobile devices, but in September 2003 Nokia broke off the discussions. In September 2007, Mirage discovered that Nokia had filed three patent applications with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office for technology that Mirage developed by itself or helped Nokia develop. The company tried to settle the matter but Nokia responded by accusing the company of infringement. Following Nokia's threat, Mirage was unable to secure key financing and was shut down in early 2008.
	At Nokia World 2009, Nokia Research Center demonstrated an optical see-through eyewear display. It included eye-tracking capabilities, thus allowing the user to navigate and control the glasses just but focusing on the images or looking up or down. On 21 October 2011, Vuzix announced that it has entered into a technology license agreement with Nokia to develop and produce see-through waveguide optics for use in eyewear displays based on Nokia's proprietary see-through (Exit Pupil Expanding) EPE optics technology. At CES 2012, Vuzix demonstrated the SMART Glasses, a see-through eyewear display technology based on integrated HD display engines and waveguide optics that were licensed from Nokia. Vuzix also announced plans for a line of both monocular and binocular SMART Glasses with integrated head tracking and options for multiple camera technologies for the commercial, industrial and consumer market.
	In June 1997, DigiLens was founded by Jonathan D. Waldern with the mission to develop and market Switchable Bragg Grating nano-composite materials for the optical telecommunication and wireless microdisplay markets. On 11 January 2000, the company demonstrated the DL40, a compact, lightweight monocular eyewear display with a see-through and RGB color capabilities based on holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystals technology. Later DigiLens changed its business model to focus its R&D on fibernet switching chips rather than HMDs. In October 2003, DigiLens was acquired by SBG Labs. Nowadays SBG Labs produces head-up displays based on their switchable waveguide technology for the United States Army and the People's Liberation Army. It also develops the VIRTUALITY HMEyetrack, a binocular see-through eyewear display.
	In 2000, the Israeli company Lumus was founded by Dr. Yaakov Amitai to develop and market its Light-guide Optical Element (LOE) technology for eyewear displays (see-through wearable displays). The LOE is a patented optical waveguide that makes use of multiple partial reflectors embedded in a single substrate to reflect a virtual image into the eye of the wearer. Specifically, the image is coupled into the LOE by a "Pod" (micro-display projector) that sits at the edge of the waveguide—in an eyeglass configuration, this is embedded in the temple of the glasses. The image travels through total internal reflection to the multiple array of partial reflectors and are reflected to the eye. While each partial reflector shows only a portion of the image, the optics are such that the wearer sees the combined array and perceives it as a single uniform image projected at infinity.
	The transparent display enables a virtual image to be seamlessly overlaid over the wearer's real world view. This is especially true when the source image comprises a black background with light color wording or symbology being displayed. Black is essentially see-through color, while lighter colored objects, symbols or characters appear to float in the wearer's line of sight. Conversely, full-screen images like documents, internet pages, movies which are typically brighter colors can be displayed to look like a large virtual image floating a few meter's away from the wearer.
	After years of R&D and building its patent portfolio, the company started officially selling product in 2008 with the PD-18: a top-down, transparent monocular display with SVGA resolution 32 degree FoV, and full color. The PD-18 and its derivative, the PD-14, were aimed at professional and military markets. In 2010 Lumus' technology received high-level validation when the US Air Force selected Gentex's Scorpion Helmet Mounted Cueing System (which employs the Lumus PD-14), with Raytheon as the primary contractor, for the HMIT program for A-10 and F-16 Aircraft. This display and contract win marked the first time a full-color HMD was selected for combat aviation.
	Subsequently, Lumus' display as part of Thales Visionix's (formerly Gentex) Helmet Mounted Cueing System has been selected for the CHMDS / Air Soldier program. Once the roll out has been completed on this program, Lumus displays will represent the majority of HMDs deployed in the worldwide combat aviation market.
	Lumus also has been working behind the scenes for years with a handful of Tier 1 consumer electronics manufacturers and tech companies. The company aims to be the Intel or the Qualcomm of the wearable display market—selling its optical engine modules as OEM components, while the Tier 1 companies will make the final products. Lumus is very quiet on its activities in this space citing confidentiality limitations, and barring rare trade show appearances (CES 2014,2012,2008, 2007, and a couple SID shows) the company exerts minimal marketing effort. Furthermore, Lumus' sparse website only shows a portion of its offerings to the consumer market. Other products or optical engine modules it makes for OEM customers will remain veiled until such customers launch their Lumus-based products.
	In 2002, Microvision launched the Nomad Personal Display System, a head-worn, monochrome red, see-through virtual retinal display and in March 2004 it introduced the Nomad Expert Technician System, which was about 40% smaller, lighter, and costs less to manufacture than the prior version. However, following the poor ergonomics and eye strain of its products, the company decided to discount the product line in 2006.
	The company continued to research and develop wearable displays and sought to develop a lightweight, see-through eyewear display, using its PicoP display engine and special optics that would embedded into fashionable glasses.
	In February 2005, the Swedish company Penny was founded by Erik Lundström based on his own research at KTH and University of Stockholm where a first prototype was presented in 2000. The technology is patented by Erik Lundström with Penny as the owner.
	Development of C Wear Interactive Glasses began in January 2006, the first proof of concept prototype of the C Wear Interactive Glasses BM10 was released for beta testing in January 2009 and sold as a 0-series to the market 4 months later. It was developed to significantly improve the use of information in a mobile environment for users with the need of Augmented Reality (AR) data without the ability to use hands or users having their hands occupied.
	On 4 April 2009, the company announced that it signed a contract with BAE Systems Hagglunds in which the companies will jointly work on the integration of the Interactive Glasses BM10 in the BAE Systems Hägglunds products. BAE Systems Hägglunds tested the glasses in its tanks.
	In September 2010, the development of the next version BM20 was initiated and the first 0 series was planned to be released in December 2012. In October 2011, the company introduced the C Wear Interactive Glasses BM20 during the Innovative Sweden event at Stanford University in Silicon Valley. The first complete series manufactured of the C Wear Interactive Glasses are to be released during 2014.
	The C Wear Interactive Glasses BM20 comprises a see-through retina projection unit with an 873 x 500 full-color resolution OLED display with diagonal field of view of 47 degrees giving the impression of a ≈70-inch display at 2 meters. The transparency enables the image to be shown in the user direct line of sight.
	Navigation in the user interface is performed by a head tracking device based on 3D MEMS gyros and click commands by a soft sensor applied toward the user's own jawbone muscle. By pressing the jaw together the user "clicks".
	In September 2013, Fraunhofer Society announced that Penny and C Wear Interactive Glasses has been chosen as one of the partners in the LIAA project with aims creating and implementing a framework that enables humans and robots to truly work together in assembly tasks.
	At Expo 2005, Brother Industries demonstrated a stationary-type of its Imaging Display, a projection technology that focuses light, of an intensity harmless to the eyes, onto the retina and then moves the light at high speed to create afterimages that give the user the impression of viewing a 16 square inch screen from a distance of 1 meter. The company developed the system by applying optical system technologies based on their laser printing technology, and piezoelectric technologies based on their ink-jet printing technology. It was developed in order to enable users to read documents such as operation manuals at the narrow spaces, or to be hands-free when they want to use both hands.
	In 2008, Brother succeeded in developing a spectacle-type wearable RID prototype that's able to show SVGA resolution (800×600) with a 60 Hz frame rate and weights only 350 g. On 21 July 2010, it announced the AiRScouter and exhibited the device at "Brother World JAPAN 2010" in Tokyo on 15 September. On 24 August 2011, it announced the commercialization of the AiRScouter.
	On 17 October 2011, NEC announced in Japan the Tele Scouter, a device that is based on the AirScouter.
	At CEATEC 2006, Konica Minolta displayed a prototype of lightweight, holographic-based see-through eyewear display which uses a prism with thickness of 3.5 mm and a holographic element to reduce the weight of the display to 27 grams. Possible applications under consideration included giving workers access to an instruction manual or allowing commuters to watch a video while riding a train.
	In February 2007, the French company Optinvent was founded by Kayvan Mirza and Khaled Sarayeddine, with the mission to design and market optical projection systems that use microdisplays or electronic display slides, based on the Projection Optics work developed within the Thomson Group. The company sought to develop and market see-through eyewear displays, pico projectors, head-up displays, professional camera viewfinders, flight simulators and rear and front projection TVs, based on its unique optical technologies (Clear-Vu optics, Nano-Beam module and Slim-Chin Optical Engine). In September 2009, the company revealed that it is developing a small, lightweight optical see-through eyewear display based on its Clear-Vu technology at the cost of less than $200 per unit. The eyewear display was scheduled for release by the end of 2010 by Japanese maker.
	At Augmented World Expo 2013, Optinvent demonstrated a prototype of their ORA see-through mobile AR display platform. The demonstrator included a monocular see-through display with the patented "Flip-Vu" feature allowing two positions for the virtual image. The display can be positioned directly in the wearer's field of vision or below it. One position is the "AR mode" whereby the image is directly superimposed on the wearers central field of vision; then by flipping the display down (mechanically), the wearer can have a "dashboard mode" whereby the virtual display is below the wearer's field of vision. This gives the possibility of having both true AR and a "glance at" capability in one device. A developer's version of the device running Android 4.1 Jelly Bean called the ORA-S including an SDK was said to be released soon and will include Bluetooth and Wi-Fi connectivity, a nine-axis orientation sensor, a camera, a microphone, loudspeaker, and battery in the form of photochromic sunglasses.
	At the SPIE Optics + Photonics 2010 conference, the Engineering Services team at Optical Research Associates (ORA) demonstrated an optical see-through eyewear display with a 20-degree full diagonal field of view, 432x240 panel resolution and a distortion correction via an electronic warper. The company was said to be seeking partners to commercialize the device. On 7 October 2010, Synopsys announced that it acquires Optical Research Associates.
	In November 2007, the University of Arizona's 3DVIS Lab (3D Visualization and Imaging System Lab), led by director Dr. Hong Hua, developed a polarized head-mounted projection display where the polarization states of the light are deliberately manipulated to maximize the luminous transfer efficiency. It comprises a pair of high-resolution ferroelectric liquid-crystal-on-silicon (FLCOS) microdisplays that help to further improve theoverall light efficiency and image quality and have much higher optical efficiency than a transmissive-type LCD.
	On 19 April 2010, Augmented Vision Inc was founded by Drs. Chunyu Gao and Hong Hua to develop optical see-through eyewear displays based on the freeform optical waveguide technology which is a thin, see-through optical assembly that enables the design of a lightweight eyewear displays that look like conventional glasses and offer a high-quality video display along with unobtrusive see-through vision to the real world.
	In September 2011, the company was awarded an Army Phase I SBIR to develop an occlusion-capable optical see-through eyewear display and in April 2012 it was invited for an Army Phase II SBIR proposal submission. In May 2012, the company successfully designed the eyewear display and in June it passed the DCAA auditing for government contracting.
	At CES 2011, Vuzix unveiled the Raptyr, a see-through AR glasses prototype which use holographic optics to let the user see a virtual 70-inch screen from a distance of 10-feet. The Raptyr, which have won CES Innovation Award, feature a 6-megapixel camera, a microphone, headphones and a motion tracking system. It could be plugged into a PC, smart phone, or gaming system. Additionally, the lenses can electronically darken to compensate for brighter or darker environments.
	On 18 May 2011, Vuzix announced the STAR 1200 a see-through AR-enabled binocular glasses which is aimed for a wide variety of industrial, commercial, defense and some consumer applications. It features a native 16:9 format that offers full color WVGA (852 x 480) which provide a video viewing experience similar to a 60-inch flat panel television viewed from 10-feet along with a 6 degrees of freedom (DOF) motion tracking sensors and a built-in camera for tracking and recognizing the real world. It was released in August 2011 for $4999.
	On 13 November 2012, Vuzix announced the Smart Glasses M100. This device features a 16:9 WQVGA (428x240-pixel) resolution projector that projects a 4-inch display as if it were 14 inches away from the user's face. It has an OMAP4430 at 1 GHz processor, 1 GB of RAM, 4 GB of internal storage and runs on Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich, although it can also be hosted on iOS software or other compatible devices. Its camera can shoot 720p HD video and there is a gyroscope, accelerometer and integrated compass for accurate head-tracking features. On the audio side, the M100 has an earpiece and a noise-canceling microphone. Also included are Bluetooth, Wi-Fi 802.11b/g/n and a microSD card slot. The Vuzix M100 is expected to cost under $500 and is scheduled for commercial release by late 2013. The m100 was officially released in December 2012 for $1000: double the originally announced price.
	On 3 January 2015 Intel invested $25M into Vuzix in exchange taking a 30% share in the company. This investment by Intel coupled with the technology and processing horsepower they can bring will surely lead to dramatic reduction in product size and increase in processing horsepower.
	At D11 Conference 2013, the startup company Atheer Labs unveiled its 3D augmented reality glasses prototype. The prototype included a binocular lens, 3D images support, a rechargeable battery, WiFi, Bluetooth 4.0, accelerometer, gyro and an IR. User could interact with the device by voice commands and the mounted camera allowed the users to interact naturally with the device with gestures.
	On 19 December 2013, Atheer Labs started an Indiegogo campaign to raise funds for their augmented reality systems. They raised $214,407 of their $100,000 goal. They offered two flavors of their system: the Atheer Developer Kit and the Atheer One. Both systems were augmented reality transparent eyewear display systems that contained cameras for tracking as well as a depth sensor primarily for tracking of hand gestures. The stand-alone Atheer Developer Kit was priced at $850 while the Atheer One which was intended to be connected to an Android phone or tablet was priced at $500. A SDK was made available to work with the Android OS.
	On 27 June 2014 Atheer, after shipping dozens of units, cancelled all remaining pre-orders for their Developer Kit and the Atheer One in a pivot to the enterprise market.
	On 5 December 2014, Atheer begins marketing mobile smart glasses for enterprise and industrial applications including oil, medical, construction and other field services. Atheer is shipping the AiR (Augmented interactive Reality) Smart Glasses platform developer kit, the AiR DK2, to select customers. AiR Smart Glasses are mobile 3D augmented reality see-through smart glasses with patented, touch-free gesture control that is designed to improve productivity for those who work in the field and/or with their hands.
	The Atheer AiR platform consists of the Atheer AiR Glasses and the Atheer AiR OS based on Android 4.2. Featuring the Qualcomm Snapdragon CPU, the platform includes binocular lens, 3D imaging support, a rechargeable battery, WiFi, Bluetooth 4.0, an accelerometer, gyro, magnetometer, an ambient light sensor and IR. External Ports include USB, HDMI Out, DC Power In, an Earphone/Microphone stereo jack and includes internal storage as well as MicroSD support.
	On 19 November 2015, Atheer launched the AiR Suite, a turn-key enterprise field worker taskflow management and collaboration platform consisting of AiR Flow, the device application for smart glasses, AiR Hub, the cloud-based console for user management and remote video, and AiR Designer, the GUI taskflow creation and editing tool.
	As of 15 June 2016, Atheer announced partnerships to bring the AiR Suite to other smart glasses such as the Epson Moverio, ODG R-7, Vuzix m100 and m300, and Recon Jet.
	By the end of 2009, Epson began the development of an eyewear display that would deliver a big-screen experience to people on the go. Thus, it was intended to be small, lightweight and comfortable to be convenient for travelers and optical see-through so that viewers could see their surroundings while watching multimedia content. On 9 November 2011, it announced in Japan the Moverio BT-100, a 3D-enabled optical see-through eyewear display which features 0.52-inch displays with 960×540 resolution that give the impression of viewing a 3D virtual 80-inch display from a distance 5 m. It is powered by Android 2.2 and packs Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11b/g/n (direct access to YouTube and a web browser) and microUSB. The Moverio was shipped to Japanese stores on 25 November and was expected to initially sell 10,000 units. In March 2012 Epson launched the Moverio in the United States.
	On 6 January 2014, Epson announced the development of the Moverio BT-200 Mobile Viewer. In addition to being 60% lighter, and having prescription inserts, it also introduces motion tracking, a camera, and more powerful (1.2 GHz) CPU. In addition to content consumption, the new Moverio is being promoted for use with full augmented reality.
	In December 2012, Meta was founded by Meron Gribetz, based on the work of a Columbia University team that began in 2011. On 17 May 2013, the company launched a Kickstarter campaign to raise funds to manufacture the Meta 1, an augmented reality wearable display that is based on Epson's Moverio BT-100. Meta's outward-facing camera captures gestures allowing users to interact with virtual games, architectural renderings and other 3D objects by using their hands. To get one of the first-generation devices required a pledge of $650 or more to the Kickstarter campaign. The Kickstarter campaign was successful in raising $194,444, topping its pledged goal of $100,000.
	The highly anticipated Meta 1 shipped out around the world in January 2015 after many updates, tweaks and refinements. Meta's system leverages Unity, as the 3D environment, and has put their SDK in the hands of talented hackers and developers at prestigious hackathons in order to see the system in action.
	Meta has also announced the Meta Pro, with 40 degree field of view, attached Intel i5 computer, and many other enhancements, with a price of $3,650. The delivery date for the Meta Pro has not yet been announced, but details can be requested at the Meta website.
	The Meta website lists Prof. Steve Mann, the father of wearable computing as its Chief Scientist, alongside Columbia University's Prof. Steven Feiner as its lead advisor and co-founders CTO Raymond Lo and COO Ben Sand.
	In 2012, the Italian company GlassUp was founded by Francesco Giartosio and Gianluigi Tregnaghi to develop and market its augmented reality eyewear display. Initially, the project started in June 2011, when Francesco and his team saw an augmented reality glasses concept video. Following it, the team researched the eyewear display market and in September 2011 it sought and hired Gianluigi Tregnaghi, the biggest field expert in Italy, who developed optical systems for airplane pilots' helmets. In the summer of 2012, the team thought it found the solution that would hit the mark, and patented it.
	At CeBIT 2013, the company showcased its project to turn a pair of glasses into a head-mounted secondary display for the smartphone. The prototype device featured a projector that beams images onto the glass panel baked into the right-side lens as well as a yellow-and-black, 320 x 240 resolution display. The company planned to release two versions, one with Bluetooth 4.0 and one with Bluetooth 3.1 to ensure a wide range of compatibility with Android and iOS devices, and aimed to have finished versions ready for the Augmented World Expo in June 2013.
	At the same time, the company planned to start Kickstarter campaign to generate the funds necessary for a pre-sale, priced at $399 / €299. It spent two months setting up a company in the US, opening a bank account, an Amazon account, getting a tax number and seeking a local resident. At the end, it came out that Kickstarter does not accept the eyeglasses category anymore. On 9 June 2013 GlassUp started an Indiegogo campaign to raise funds and as of 18 August the campaign has raised $105,641 of its pledged goal of $150,000.
	In January 2005, the French company Laster Technologies was founded by a group of experts in optics and image processing at CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique). The company's patented EnhancedView technology uses a unique optoelectronic device based on a semi-reflective diopter with a mathematically calculated curve enabling the reflection of a virtual collimated image directly into the wearer's field of view. The use of EnhancedView technology, coupled with an OLED micro-screen provides a 40 ° x 30 ° (H x V) field of vision with a resolution of 800 x 600 pixels or more. This is equivalent to viewing a floating screen of 90 cm diagonal at a distance of one meter. It is the result of an intensive collaborative development work with the Institut d'Optique and the University of Paris-Sud over several years.
	In September 2006, the company won a research grant for the development of a prototype demonstrator for augmented reality in French Museums. It worked on this project with four partners: INRIA, Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie, the Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University and Naska films. In July 2009, the company presented the augmented reality experience "Observe the Earth in 3D" at the inauguration of the permanent exhibition Explora, "Objective : Earth" at the Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie. A projected video of Earth globe was placed at the center of a semi-circular table. Visitors are placed around the table and wear Laster glasses which allows them to see the Earth globe and overlay of virtual satellites around the Earth.
	In June 2008, Innovega was co-founded by the former MicroVision employees: Randall Sprague, Steve Willey and Jerome Legerton. The company developed the iOptik eyewear display. It comprises a pair of contact lens which refocus polarized light to the pupil and allows the wearer to focus on an image that is as near as 1.25 cm to the eye, thus enabling displays to be built into normal-looking glasses without the bulky optics. In April 2012, the company signed a contract to deliver a fully functioning prototype to the Pentagon’s research laboratory, DARPA. At CES 2013, the company demonstrated a prototype of its eyewear display that features a field of view of 60 degrees or more. It also claimed that a field of view of nearly 120 degrees is already in the works. The first version of Innovega's glasses are designed for military use, but it is planning a consumer version by 2014 or 2015.
	At SID 2012, the German institute Fraunhofer COMEDD presented for the first time an evaluation kit of its OLED-based eyewear display which enables the user to test the technology and develop applications The institute successfully developed OLED-on-silicon microchips, which are display and camera at the same time, and can be integrated into eyeglasses with an appropriate optical construction. At the moment the eyewear display can be offered with a bright red shining OLED display, but the scientists of Fraunhofer COMEDD are currently working on the possibility to provide the information in full-color so that people can experience whole film sequences. Fraunhofer COMEDD is working in partnership with Fraunhofer IOSB who is developing the eye-tracking capabilities for the eyewear and Trivisio who is responsible for the eyewear design.
	TRIVISIO was founded in 2003. The company develops and produces head-mounted displays. The wireless inertial motion trackers developed by TRIVISIO, are operational in the production for movement control by industrial companies, as well as in the medical field. In partnership with research institutions and companies, the company optimize customize optics, micro-electronics and mechanics. TRIVISIO has thus developed a proprietary technological toolbox.
	On 10 September 2012, TTP announced that it developed an eyewear that looks like conventional glasses and uses transparent, curved lenses that do not obstruct the wearer's field of view. The technology works by using an embedded low-power, miniature projector optics to project a light at an angle of approximately 45° towards the lens that contains an embedded grating structure to redirect the light into the eye, as well as performing a number of other optical functions such as astigmatic compensation. It also invented a very high speed switchable fast focus lens technology that can be used to create a true 3D experience. The September 2012 prototype can only show a monochrome, 640 x 480 image, not a moving video, but the hardware to do that is expected to be ready for the next model. An electrode mounted at the temple of the eyewear can measure an electronic signal in the muscles to figure out which way the eyes are looking and that is translated into UI. The company is not planning to manufacture its display or eye-tracking technology, but instead hopes to license it to third parties. It is currently in negotiation with a California-based company.
	In January 2013, the Japanese company Telepathy was founded by the augmented reality entrepreneur Takahito Iguchi. At SXSW 2013 the company unveiled the Telepathy One, an eyewear display that consists of a small micro projector to create a virtual 5-inch screen that appears to float in front of the wearer's eye and a built-in micro camera. It uses an OS built off Linux and can connect to other devices via Bluetooth. It allows users to receive e-mails, check updates on social networks, and even share whatever scene the user is looking at with his friends. A Consumer version is expected to hit the US before the 2013 Christmas season.
	Founded in March 2004, the Taiwanese company Oculon Optoelectronics is a well-experienced optoelectronics company that has been engaged in the design and the development of head-mounted display (HMD) and a series of light-weighted portable display products. At Computex Taipei 2013 the company demonstrated a prototype of its Oculon Smart Glasses, an eyewear display which is expected to compete the Google Glass with better screen, longer battery life and less than half the price. The prototype carries a 640×480-pixel resolution, but the final version will have a 720p display. Images appear translucent, making them easy to see through. It will be offered in two versions – monocular and binocular – while the Google Glass only offers a monocular version. Among Oculon's features will be speech recognition, gesture control and the ability to connect to a Bluetooth control pad for navigation. The company expects to go into mass production of the Oculon by late 2013 and is hoping to hit an MSRP of $500. As an OEM, Oculon will not release the Smart Glasses on its own, but instead will sell it to a variety of vendors who will take the device to market under their own brands. Consumer versions are expected to be released by late 2013.
	At MWC 2013, Fujitsu showcased the Laser Head Set (LHS), a headset display that uses a laser to project a high-resolution video onto a clear mirror in front of your eye which bounces it back into the retina. It provides a field of view of 40 degrees and produces a translucent image, letting the user look through the projected image to see his surrounding. It was developed in collaboration with the University of Tokyo and QD Laser Inc. By Mobile World Congress 2014, Fujitsu plans to debut the Laser Eye Wear (LEW), based on the same technology that is condensed into a pair of normal-looking glasses.
	On 1 April 2013, an article at Sina Tech reported that the Chinese search giant Baidu is allegedly testing Baidu Eye, a monocular eyewear display which features a miniature LCD display, camera for taking pictures, bone conduction technology, and some sort of facial recognition search. It has been in development for several years by a team under the direction of Baidu's chief product designer Sun Yun-feng. The company intends to develop a wearable device industry standards and to license it to manufacturers. Based on its cloud ecosystem, it plans to launch an application store so developers can create apps for the device. It also cooperation with Qualcomm, to use its latest power control chip to reduce the power consumption and by that to extend the battery life to 12 hours or more. This device is fully functional by voice commands. It was at first thought to be an April Fools' Day joke, but on 3 April its existence was confirmed to Mashable by Baidu's director of international communications, Kaiser Kuo. A working prototype has been built.
	Vufine is a California-based company that manufactures a glasses-mounted display. The company launched on Kickstarter on 24 July 2015 and is intended to be a cheaper alternative to the Google glass. It is only a display, lacking an onboard computer. Users can stream HDMI data to the headset. 
	In May 2011, Microsoft filed patents for an optically see-through eyewear display with augmented reality capabilities. The patent describes how it could augment the wearer's view by using the device. For instance, it could be used at a baseball game to show a player's statistics, provide details of characters in a play, or at an opera house to show the lyrics next to the opera singer as an alternative to displays placed at the side of the stage. It also states that the eyewear display could be operated by a wrist-worn computer, voice-commands or by flicking the eyes to a certain spot. In 2012, a two-year-old 56-page roadmap document by Microsoft appeared on Scribd. It revealed that Microsoft's Innovation Center in Fortaleza, Brazil is developing the code-named Fortaleza, an eyewear display that appears to be Wi-Fi and 4G-enabled and incorporates augmented reality. It also revealed plans to make it capable of syncing with Microsoft's Xbox One and the Kinect. No concrete release date was given, but the document suggests sometime in 2014 at earliest. The document was removed at the request of Covington & Burling LLP, an international law firm that represents Microsoft. The file has since found a home on multiple hosting services and websites, but soon afterwards Microsoft sent takedown notices to sites that were hosting the document, including Dropbox. Ihned.cz, a technology site based in the Czech Republic, received a notice from Alan Radford, Internet Investigator on behalf of Microsoft for hosting the document. In 2014, Microsoft revealed the device, naming it HoloLens. In an 6 October 2015 event Microsoft demonstrated the demo of HoloLens and made its developer edition available at $3000.
	In March 2013, the Boston-startup LAFORGE Optical was founded by five former and current students of the Rochester Institute of Technology, with the intention to design and market an eyewear with an embedded heads-up display system. In December 2013, the company launched pre-order sales of its Icis eyewear on the company's official website for $220. This plan was then abandoned for the release of a new pair of eyewear LAFORGE dubbed Shima. These went on sale on the company's official website for $590 under the marketing banner of an alpha/beta product release. Since then there have been multiple delays and a great deal of uncertainty surrounding the actual availability of the glasses.
	At Ceatec trade show, Toshiba unveiled the Toshiba Glass, a prototype of pair of glasses with a tiny, lightweight projector which displays an image. Toshiba Glass was jointly created by Yamamoto Kogaku Co. which makes glasses under the Swans brand.
	In November 2013, Ashkelon Eyewear Technologies Ltd was founded by the Israeli celebrity inventor Benny Goldstein, with the intention to develop and bring to market a very low-cost wearable heads-up display. Their first product, the Ashkelon Visor, is launching for around $20 and should arrive at consumers hands somewhere in the middle of 2015.
	Analytics company IHS has estimated that the shipments of smart glasses may rise from just 50,000 units in 2012 to as high as 6.6 million units in 2016. According to a survey of more than 4,600 U.S. adults conducted by Forrester Research, around 12 percent of respondents are willing to wear Google Glass or other similar device if it offers a service that piques their interest. Business Insider's BI Intelligence expects an annual sales of 21 million Google Glass units by 2018.
	According to reliable reports, Samsung and Microsoft are expected to develop their own version of Google Glass within six months with a price range of $200 to $500. Samsung has reportedly bought lenses from Lumus, a company based in Israel. Another source says Microsoft is negotiating with Vuzix.
	In 2006, Apple filed patent for its own HMD device.
	In July 2013, APX Labs founder and CEO Brian Ballard stated that he knows of 25-30 hardware companies who are working on their own versions of smart glasses, some of which APX is working with.

= = = Rock 'n' Roll with the Modern Lovers = = =

	Rock 'n' Roll with the Modern Lovers is an album by Jonathan Richman and the Modern Lovers, released by the Beserkley Records label in August 1977. It reached #50 in the UK Album Chart in that month.
	All tracks composed by Jonathan Richman; except where indicated

= = = Sant Soyarabai = = =

	Soyarabai was a saint from the Mahar caste in 14th century Maharashtra, India. She was a disciple of her husband, Chokhamela.
	Soyarabai framed large literature using blank verse of her own devising. She wrote much but only about 62 works are known. In her Abhang she refers to herself as Chokhamela's Mahari, accuses god for forgetting Dalits and of making life bad. Her most basic verses concern the simple food she gives the god. Her poems describe her devotion towards god and voice her objections to untouchability.
	Soyarabai believed that "The body only can be impure or polluted, but the soul is ever clean, pure knowledge. The body is born unclean and so how can anybody claim to be pure in body? The body has much pollution. But the pollution of the body remains in the body. The soul is untouched by it."
	Soyarabai undertook an annual pilgrimage to Pandharpur with her husband. They were harassed by orthodox Brahmins but never lost their faith and peace of mind.

= = = Atmospheric optics ray-tracing codes = = =

	Atmospheric optics ray tracing codes - this article list codes for light scattering using ray-tracing technique to study atmospheric optics phenomena such as rainbows and halos. Such particles can be large raindrops or hexagonal ice crystals. Such codes are one of many approaches to calculations of light scattering by particles.
	Ray tracing techniques can be applied to study light scattering by spherical and non-spherical particles under the condition that the size of a particle is much larger than the wavelength of light. The light can be considered as collection of separate rays with width of rays much larger than the wavelength but smaller than a particle. Rays hitting the particle undergoes reflection, refraction and diffraction. These rays exit in various directions with different amplitudes and phases. Such ray tracing techniques are used to describe optical phenomena such as rainbow of halo on hexagonal ice crystals for large particles. 
	Review of several mathematical techniques is provided in series of publications.
	The 46° halo was first explained as being caused by refractions through ice crystals in 1679 by the French physicist Edmé Mariotte (1620–1684) in terms of light refraction 
	Jacobowitz in 1971 was the first to apply the ray-tracing technique to hexagonal ice crystal. Wendling et al. (1979) extended Jacobowitz's work from hexagonal ice particle with infinite length to finite length and combined Monte Carlo technique to the ray-tracing simulations. 
	The compilation contains information about the electromagnetic scattering by hexagonal ice crystals, large raindrops, and relevant links and applications.

= = = ESGN = = =

	ESGN (Evil Seeds Grow Naturally) is the debut studio album by American rapper Freddie Gibbs. The album was released on June 19, 2013, by ESGN and Empire Distribution. The album features guest appearances from Daz Dillinger, Spice 1, Jay Rock, G-Wiz, Hit “Skrewface”, Big Kill, Lil Sodi, Problem, Y.B., D-Edge, G.I. Fleezy and BJ the Chicago Kid.
	On March 23, 2013, the first song from the album titled "The Color Purple" was released. In an April 2013, interview with HipHopDX, Freddie Gibbs spoke about when the album would be released, saying: "I’m ‘bout to drop that "ESGN" album probably in June for the summer time, just to hold niggas over before we drop that "Cocaine Piñata" with Madlib. "ESGN" is gonna be me, G-Wiz, D-Edge, Hit Screwface, G.I. Fleezy and Big Kill. We putting that shit together right now. It’s gonna be kind of on that Jay-Z Dynasty: [Roc La Familia] type shit. I got a lot of records that I like. We’re gonna fuse that thing together and make that shit work to show what we’re working with collectively. Basically, this album gave me a chance to breathe and breathe fire on mothafuckas I’ve been wanting to breathe fire on. So it’s really giving me a little outlet right now. Once I whack niggas on this mothafuckin’ album then I’m gonna fall back on they ass and just chill for the summertime, get my dick sucked and drink drinks with umbrellas and shit in them, nigga. Just like Tony Soprano said, niggas is getting wacked. Niggas is getting’ clipped. This album is strictly for niggas that’s getting they nuts clipped." On May 14, 2013, Freddie Gibbs announced that his debut album "ESGN" would be released in July. On May 27, 2013, he announced on his Twitter account that the album would be released on July 9, 2013. On June 11, 2013, the first single from the album "One Eighty Seven" featuring Problem was released. On June 13, 2013, the second song from the album "Freddie Soprano" was released. On June 17, 2013, the music video was released for "Eastside Moonwalker". The album was later released three weeks before its original July 9, release date on June 20, 2013. On July 1, 2013, the music video was released for "Lay It Down". On July 15, 2013, the music video was released for "Have U Seen Her" featuring Hit Screwface. On August 26, 2013, the music video was released for "The Real G Money". On January 8, 2014, the music video was released for "One Eighty Seven" featuring Problem.
	In June 2013, during an interview with "XXL", Freddie Gibbs previewed the album. He spoke about “Eastside Moonwalker”, saying: "That’s one of the dopest tracks. Shout out to GMF. He produced that. It’s showing people that I’m the staple of the game when it comes to Gary [Indiana]. Michael Jackson is dead, so I gotta pick up the torch and run with it for my city. Actually, I am the only person grabbing it. I am just doing what I got to do. I’m the eastside moonwalker. I stay high, baby.” He also spoke about “Freddie Soprano”, saying: "That’s the definitive verse from the album. Basically, telling y’all what it is. How I feel about what’s what." He spoke about “F.A.M.E.” which features Daz Dillinger and Spice 1, saying: "[The acronym stands for] ‘Fuck All My Enemies.’ You know who I am talking about. If you an enemy—fuck you. I grew up listening to Daz and Spice-1. If it wasn’t for guys like that, I wouldn’t be rapping. Any project I do, I try to pay homage to guys that I respect. Last project I fucked with Jadakiss. He's one of the guys that when I came up, I came up listening to. He's still an athlete in this game. He's still one of the best in it. He don’t get his credit. I always try to pay homage to the guys that were instrumental in my career with me coming up. That's why I linked up with Daz and Spice-1. [This is a diss] track to anybody who want it. If the shoe fits, wear it. I’m talking shit about all of you niggas. If the shoe fits, wear it. If you pick up the shoe and you put it on. You want to take to Twitter and you want to get on your track and say something about Freddie Gibbs, make sure you got your hardhat on." He spoke about “Lay It Down” which is produced by Willie B, saying: "Shout out to Willie B. He fuck with Jay Rock and them. He produced that shit. That’s one of them hard-hitting joints. It’s going straight to the point. Lay it down. That’s a robbing song." He also spoke about “Have U Seen Her” which features Hit Skrewface, saying: "This is featuring my boy Screwface. SMKA, they produced that. That’s one of them bangers. It’s hard.”
	"ESGN" received generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 73, which indicates "generally favorable reviews", based on 5 reviews. Anthony Asencio of HipHopDX gave the album three and a half stars out of five, saying "Ultimately, "ESGN" may not be a cultural event. It doesn’t introduce a new sound, nor does it feature many moments we haven’t heard before. Yet what makes this album important are all the reasons Hip Hop needs Freddie Gibbs. On any one album, he can give you pieces of Tupac, UGK, Three 6 Mafia, and blend them into a harmony that would make Bone Thugs-n-Harmony proud. And on that point, ESGN is a massive success." Chris Mench of "XXL" gave the album an L, saying "None of this criticism is to say that "ESGN" is a bad album. Freddie is a talented rapper with great flow and a wise selection of collaborators, and many songs are individually effective. Rather, it is simply an album that lacks a clear perspective on the many heavy topics it tackles. A first time listener may walk away feeling very familiar with Freddie Gibbs’ sound, but still unsure of who exactly he is." David Amidon of PopMatters gave the album a seven out of ten, saying "For those hip-hop fans forever in pursuit of the latest glass-shattering bass and semi-auto mob rules, "ESGN" is likely 2013’s flagship release. This is Gibbs’ deep breath; let's see what direction he takes off running in next."
	Chris Bosman of Consequence of Sound gave the album four out of five stars, saying "Gibbs’ EPs and mixtapes tend to run long, and "ESGN" – at 19 tracks — is no exception. The length is a weakness. The bleakness of Gibbs’ world, even when it's going well, can leave you gasping. The shock is somewhat lost in the number of tracks. In the scheme of the album, it's a minor quibble. "ESGN" digs new paths through rap's hallowed grounds. It may not be the crossover success that those who ride for Gibbs would love to see, but it doesn’t diminish this excellent record." Jonah Bromwich of Pitchfork Media gave the album a 6.9 out of 10, saying "On “Hundred Thousand", Gibbs supplies a perfect—and, true to form, concise—review of "ESGN" himself. “Ain’t trying to be the man, just trying to maintain.” Callin an album "more of the same" sounds dismissive but its something that fans are often happy to receive and there are those for whom 20 tracks of Gibbs rapping nearly perfectly will be enough. But for everyone else, "ESGN" comes as an unwelcome reversion to the mean. It's the sound of a rapper more than happy to maintain his narrow lane after being burned by the industry, one who's lost the ambition to leave his comfort zone, at least for the time being."

= = = Khelek = = =

	Khelek () is a village in Miyan Darband Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 369, in 73 families.

= = = Hashilan = = =

	Hashilan (, also Romanized as Hashīlān) is a village in Miyan Darband Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 79, in 17 families.

= = = Khvoshinan-e Olya = = =

	Khvoshinan-e Olya (, also Romanized as Khvoshīnān-e ‘Olyā, Khowshīnān-e ‘Olyā, and Khūshīnān-e ‘Olyā; also known as Bābā Khān, Khushinān Isfandīār, Khvoshīnān-e Bālā, and Khvoshīnān-e Esfandīār) is a village in Miyan Darband Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 356, in 78 families.

= = = Baba Khan = = =

	Baba Khan (, also Romanized as Bābā Khān) is a village in Korani Rural District, Korani District, Bijar County, Kurdistan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 84, in 16 families.

= = = Khvoshinan-e Sofla = = =

	Khvoshinan-e Sofla (, also Romanized as Khvoshīnān-e Soflá and Khūshīnān-e Soflá; also known as Deh Kūr, Khoshnīān-e Soflá, Khushinān ‘Āzam, Khvoshī Nān-e A‘z̧am, and Khvoshīnān-e Deh Kūr) is a village in Miyan Darband Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 176, in 40 families.

= = = Provincial Training School = = =

	The Provincial Training School for Mental Defectives (PTS) in Red Deer, Alberta, Canada operated as an institution for mentally disabled children and adults between 1923 and 1977, at which time it was renamed the Michener Centre. It aimed to provide care and training to facilitate the integration of individuals with intellectual disabilities into their communities. While today it houses a service for persons with developmental disabilities, the nearly one-century-old facility is preceded by a diverse, remarkable and even shocking history, marked by eugenic practices like involuntary sterilization.
	The three-storey building, which once housed the Provincial Training School, has undergone many administrative changes since its construction in 1913. Located on the Michener hill in the city of Red Deer, Alberta, it originally housed the Alberta Ladies' College of Red Deer as one of Western Canada's finest residential college buildings at the time. In 1916, the provincial government converted the college into a psychiatric hospital for shell-shocked soldiers. It was not until 1923 that the facility saw the inception of the Provincial Training School for Mental Defectives, which would serve as a care facility for the mentally disabled until 1973. Today, it functions as Alberta Health Services Administration Building the rest of the buildings function as PDD Michener Services residential care facility for persons with developmental disabilities and currently has 123 residents.
	In 1923, the Provincial Training School (PTS) was conceived as a residential school, aiming to enable the "academic, vocational and personal development of retarded children and young adults". It allowed developmentally disabled children to live apart from psychiatrically diagnosed children, and provided the parents of these children respite of the daily struggles of raising children with special needs.
	Before the opening of the PTS, Alberta's mentally disabled children that were not living with their families were usually grouped with psychiatric patients in care facilities as far away as Brandon, Manitoba. At its founding, the PTS was viewed as a progressive step for Canadians because it focused on segregating the "mentally retarded from the mentally ill," and was claimed to support the shift "from incarceration to education". In due time, the PTS expanded its function to include occupational therapy and vocational training, which was meant to serve as stepping-stones for the residents' integration into the larger community. In the 1950s, the PTS claimed to centre its efforts on "increasing the trainee's independence," and in the 1960s, on "resident training". The view of the school as "humane, well run, evolving as attitudes towards feeble-mindedness evolved," was upheld by Albertans throughout the span of its operation. However, rising population figures indicated that most residents of the PTS did not, in fact, return to their communities.
	To the greater Red Deer community, the PTS served as its chief employer and enriched the local community with its own farm and opulent gardens. The school featured state-of-the-art classrooms, a chain of dormitories, and even a separate hospital. This idealistic establishment appealed to even Alberta's most prestigious families, including ex-Premier of Alberta, Ernest Manning, who enrolled his eldest son, Keith, at the school.
	After the passing of the "Sexual Sterilization Act" of Alberta (SSAA) in 1928, the Provincial Training School (PTS) oversaw and performed the sterilizations of over 2,800 persons to improve society by preventing the genetic transmission of undesirable traits as well as to protect unfit individuals from the burdens of parenthood. Other Albertan facilities that also performed similar procedures were the Alberta Hospital in Ponoka and the Oliver Mental Hospital in Edmonton.
	To assess persons' eligibility for sterilization, the Alberta government created the Alberta Eugenics Board, headed by University of Alberta psychologist, John M. MacEachran, one year after the enactment of the SSAA. Board members persistently searched the province for prospective subjects, and thus frequently found themselves visiting the PTS. Whether or not an individual was suited for sterilization was decided by a panel of 4 people (2 medical professionals and 2 laypeople13), formed by the Alberta Eugenics Board, who presented patients with a single psychological test. Answers to this informal, interview-style test, including questions, such as, "At what age does a child begin to walk?," and, "How do you like it here?", guided the Board's 10-minute review of each case. Patients rarely had knowledge of the true purpose of the meetings; even on the day of their surgery, they were often only told that their appendix would be removed. Most would not discover what had been done to them at the PTS until years after leaving the school and, for some, the news came after several unsuccessful attempts to conceive. Initially, the procedure required consent from the patient or from a parent or guardian, but this pre-requisite was repeatedly ignored after 1937. Sometimes, authorization forms, required for surgeries to be carried out, were signed by officials before any assessments had been conducted.
	The fact that only a handful of the nearly 900 cases presented to the Eugenics Board by Leonard Jan Le Vann, medical superintendent of the PTS, were rejected has raised questions about the integrity of the assessments and decision-makers alike. Because of the Board's enduring trust in the superintendent's judgement, many individuals who did not meet the formal criteria for sterilization were nonetheless rendered infertile. Among those targeted were children with both subpar IQs (<70) and IQs highly exceeding the upper limit of 703, those with physical or mental disorders and those ailed by heritable disease. Other traits targeted by the eugenic procedure were ethnic minority and poverty, as well as criminal behaviour, alcoholism and promiscuity. Women, eastern European immigrants, First Nations people, and Catholics represented a disproportionate number of those sterilized at the PTS. The Eugenics Board never stopped to question the individuals' backgrounds or why Le Vann fought for their sterilization. As far as policy -makers and -enforcers were concerned, all of these groups had one thing in common: they were "a menace to society".
	L. J. Le Vann presented an even more peculiar type of case to the Board, which ultimately approved it 30 times. In his private research, Le Vann studied spermatogenesis in the testicles of boys with Down's syndrome. To supply his research with tissue samples, the medical director ordered not only vasectomies but also orchidectomies of males with Down's syndrome. This practice was carried out although it was already known within the medical community at the time that males with Trisomy 21 are sterile. Also, the Board which consented the procedure included Margaret Thompson, one of the leading medical geneticist in Canada at the time.
	While the name of the facility implies a school for 'mental defectives', many of those admitted to the Provincial Training School (PTS) were orphaned or simply unwanted by their families. Consequently, many admitted students were socially awkward as a result of deficiencies in certain social skills. Often, high-functioning children stemming from abrasive families were admitted due to misdiagnosis. Furthermore, such unnecessary admissions were exacerbated by the school's non-standardized admissions procedures, including mandatory IQ tests that were insensitive to some patients’ abusive upbringing or other relevant socio-economic factors.
	In the school, residents were divided among different wards corresponding to 'hierarchies of disability'. The more capable children were quickly put to work by the school's superintendent, L. J. Le Vann. 'High-grade' teenage girls scrubbed floors, prepared meals, and dressed the severely disabled, while the boys tended to farmland and milked cows. A former resident, Donald Passey, personally recalled the physical disciplining by staff members at the school. He was once slapped and punched while held up against the wall; even severely impaired children sometimes suffered physical abuse. Glen Sinclair, also an ex-student at the PTS, described his role at the school as the subject of constant observation. He and his dorm-mates were denied all privacy and prohibited any outside access without consent - even the windows only opened six inches wide3. Any attempts at rebellion such as refusal to eat, sleep, wake or work, or even sexual expression, resulted in brutal punishment. This included corporeal beatings, incarceration in Time-Out Rooms, and even enrolment in drug experiments with potent tranquilizers, such as Phenobarbital, chlorpromazine, and haloperidol. L. J. Le Vann often threatened misbehaviour with sterilization, a procedure which soon became customary at the school's hospital. While children were punished for even slight expression of sexuality, the PTS nevertheless accommodated the hetero- and homosexual abuse of its students by its staff members.
	Leilani Muir was a resident at PTS and was sterilized, without her consent, in 1959. In 1996, she won a lawsuit against the province of Alberta for wrongfully admitting her and sterilizing her against her will, and that her life after PTS has proven her ability to live a normal functioning life in the larger society . The province's defence, Crown lawyer William Olthius, argued, however, that Muir's ability to "make it" since leaving the PTS is a sign of the school's "appropriate and high-quality curriculum of academic schooling, vocational training and life skills." Muir, however, claimed that she was poorly educated during her time at the PTS.
	As a means of controlling its residents, the Provincial Training School (PTS) utilized much dreaded Time-Out Rooms. Each of the dormitories at the PTS featured a room in the direct line of sight of staff and residents. Bare, concrete walls and heavy, locked doors, with only a tiny orifice for food delivery, enclosed the empty cellars. The Rooms contained one-way mirrors, through which the incarcerated individual could be monitored by both staff and residents, and sometimes a small window. Lacking access to a proper toilet, residents in time-out rooms were forced to relieve themselves on the floor where a drain was installed. Inmates were usually stripped naked during their time in the time-out rooms to avert their potential self-harm. Only at night would a mattress be laid on the ground for inmates to rest on. Some were debilitated with straitjackets.
	Most frequently, a resident would land in a Time-Out Room after an unsuccessful attempt to flee the school, at which time staff ensured public awareness through wailing sirens and intrusive ward searches. The dehumanizing effect of the Time-Out Rooms allowed staff to handle residents with derogatory and senseless conduct, ultimately depriving them of their human rights and dignity. Time-Out Rooms served as a powerful method of "physical and psychological, reactive and proactive control".
	From 1949 until 1974, American-born Leonard Jan Le Vann was the medical superintendent of the Provincial Training School (PTS). Upon arriving at the school, Le Vann took on positions both in surgery and psychiatry, which enabled him to assess students as well as perform operations when necessary. Past PTS staff recalled his meticulous attention to detail, especially in delegating their tasks. Le Vann ordered nurses to maintain extensive reports on everything from children's bowel movements to their sexual interests. He also commanded a very strict work environment in which no personnel spoke to their supervisors, unless spoken to. During the 1960s, Le Vann "ran the institution almost...like a Gestapo," a former PTS psychologist remembers. It was later revealed that Le Vann had kept several significant secrets. In 1995, 8 years after his death, it was found that the medical director never actually obtained accreditation to practice psychiatry. His first wife also discovered that, in order to disguise his Jewish descent, the man had undergone a name-change at a young age.
	The PTS witnessed a drastic increase (500%) in the number of residents between its initiation in 1923 and 1959, at which time the school housed around 1,400 children. As oversight of the school became obscured, the PTS sought to expand its employee base. However, because most psychologists dreaded working in a mental institution, the PTS's efforts to recruit qualified staff faced numerous shortcomings. It did not help that the school was situated in Red Deer, a prairie town of around 30, 000, where the number of skilled applicants was minuscule. In these times of desperation, Le Vann once hired someone with no professional experience to fill the position of head psychologist. This person was responsible for the IQ tests that were part of the assessment protocol for admission to the school. The resulting, arbitrary procedure caused numerous able-minded children to be admitted to the school. An ex-employee of the PTS revealed, "Your qualification was grade twelve and they hired just about anybody, as long as they didn't have a criminal record". Le Vann even went so far as to endorse admitting high-functioning children in order to exploit their abilities as forced labour.
	In 2013 the Provincial Government announced the closing of the Michener Centre due to provincial budget constraints. The government intends to phase the Centre out by gradually moving residents into other private or not-for-profit facilities on up to its scheduled completion and final closing date in April 2014. Despite its history, the closing of Michener Centre has become very controversial in that current public perception of the Centre is quite positive due to its more recent history of providing quality care for residents with very severe psychological and developmental needs.

= = = Warfare in early modern Scotland = = =

	Warfare in early modern Scotland includes all forms of military activity in Scotland or by Scottish forces, between the adoption of new ideas of the Renaissance in the early sixteenth century and the military defeat of the Jacobite movement in the mid-eighteenth century. In the late Middle Ages, Scottish armies were assembled on the basis of common service, feudal obligations and money contracts of "bonds" of "manrent". In 1513 these systems produced a large and formidable force, but in the mid-sixteenth century there were difficulties in recruitment. Individuals were expected to provide their own equipment, including axes and pole arms. Highland troops often brought bows and two-handed swords. Heavy armour was abandoned after the Flodden campaign. Highland lords tended to continue to use lighter chainmail and ordinary highlanders dressed in the plaid. The crown took an increasing role in the supply of equipment. The pike replaced the spear and the Scots began to convert from the bow to gunpowder firearms. Feudal heavy cavalry were replaced with light horse, often drawn from the Borders. James IV established a gun foundry in 1511 and gunpowder weaponry fundamentally altered the nature of castle architecture. In the 1540s and 1550s, Scotland was given a defended border of earthwork forts and additions to existing castles.
	There were attempts to create royal naval forces in the fifteenth century. James IV founded a harbour at Newhaven and a dockyard at the Pools of Airth. He acquired a total of 38 ships including the "Great Michael", at that time the largest in Europe. Scottish ships had some success against privateers, accompanied the king on his expeditions to the islands, and intervened in Scandinavia and the Baltic, but were sold after the Flodden campaign. Scottish naval efforts subsequently relied on privateering captains and hired merchantmen. Despite truces with England there were periodic outbreaks of a "guerre de course". James V built a new harbour at Burntisland in 1542. The chief use of naval power in his reign were a series of expeditions to the Isles and France. The Union of Crowns in 1603 ended conflict with England, but England's foreign policy opened up Scottish shipping to attack. In 1626 a squadron of three ships were bought and equipped for protection and there were marque fleets of privateers. In 1627, the Royal Scots Navy and privateers participated in the major expedition to Biscay. The Scots also returned to West Indies and in 1629 took part in the capture of Quebec.
	In the early seventeenth century large numbers of Scots took service in foreign armies involved in the Thirty Years' War. As armed conflict between the Covenanter regime in Scotland and Charles I in the Bishops' Wars became likely, many mercenaries returned home, including experienced leaders like Alexander and David Leslie and these veterans played an important role in training recruits. Covenanter armies intervened in the Civil Wars in England and Ireland. Scottish infantry were generally armed with a combination of pike and shot, but individuals may have had weapons including bows and polearms. Most cavalry were probably equipped with pistols and swords, but may have included lancers. Royalist armies, like those led by James Graham, Marquis of Montrose (1643–44) and in Glencairn's rising (1653–54), were mainly composed of conventionally armed infantry with pike and shot. Montrose's forces were short of heavy artillery suitable for siege warfare and had only a small force of cavalry. During the Bishops' Wars, Scottish privateers took English prizes. After the Covenanters allied with the English Parliament they established two patrol squadrons for the Atlantic and North Sea coasts, known collectively as the "Scotch Guard". The Scottish navy was unable to withstand the English fleet that accompanied the army led by Cromwell that conquered Scotland in 1649–51 and Scottish ships and crews were split up among the Commonwealth fleet. During the English occupation, more fortresses in the style of the trace italienne were built.
	At the Restoration, infantry regiments and a few troops of horse were established and there were attempts to found a national militia on the English model. The standing army was mainly employed in the suppression of Covenanter rebellions and the guerrilla war undertaken by the Cameronians in the East. Pikemen became less important and after the introduction of the socket bayonet disappeared altogether, while matchlock muskets were replaced by the more reliable flintlock. On the eve of the Glorious Revolution the standing army in Scotland was about 3,250 men. The Scots were drawn into King William II's continental wars. Scottish seamen received protection against arbitrary impressment, but a fixed quota of conscripts for the Royal Navy was levied from the sea-coast burghs. There were now Royal Navy patrols in Scottish waters even in peacetime. Scottish privateers played a major part in the Second Anglo-Dutch War. In the 1690s a fleet of five ships was established for the Darien Scheme, and a professional navy of three warships to protect local shipping. After the Act of Union in 1707, these vessels were transferred to the Royal Navy. At the Union, the standing army was seven units of infantry, two of horse and one troop of Horse Guards, besides varying levels of fortress artillery. As part of the British Army, Scottish regiments took part in a series of wars on the European continent. The first official Highland regiment to be raised for the British army was the Black Watch in 1740, but the growth of Highland regiments was delayed by the 1745 Jacobite Rebellion. The bulk of Jacobite armies were made up of Highlanders, serving in clan regiments. The Jacobites often started campaigns poorly armed, but arms became more conventional as the rebellions progressed.
	In the later Middle Ages, Scottish armies were still largely assembled on the basis of common service and feudal obligations, with the addition of troops maintained by money contracts of "bonds" or "bands of manrent". Common service theoretically called all men between the ages of 16 and 60 for a maximum of 40 days in one year. Such troops were expected to serve at their own expense and to bring their own supplies, a factor that severely limited the ability of Scottish armies to take part in sustained campaigning. Feudalism had been introduced to Scotland in the twelfth century, meaning that knights held castles and estates in exchange for service, providing troops on a 40-day basis, particularly heavily armed noble cavalry. Bonds of manrent were similar to English indentures of the same period, used to retain more professional troops, particular men-at-arms and archers. Scotland relied on these systems longer than was the case in England. In practice, forms of service tended to blur and overlap, and major Scottish lords continued to bring contingents from their kindred. In 1513 for the Flodden campaign these systems were successful in producing a large and formidable force, but in the religious and politically divided mid-sixteenth century there is evidence that the authorities were experiencing increasing difficulty in recruitment.
	A series of musters or wapenshaws, between two and four times a year, checked that potential soldiers maintained suitable equipment. Individuals were expected to equip themselves for war according to their estates. Instructions given to sheriffs in 1513 indicated that gentlemen were expected to muster in plate armour, while common soldiers were to come in jacks and sallets. After the disaster at Flodden there seems to have been a deliberate abandonment of plate armour by the nobility, perhaps because of the difficulties it created in handling a pike, and by 1547 many noblemen were virtually indistinguishable from the majority of troops. Highland lords continued to use lighter chainmail and ordinary highlanders dressed in the plaid, leaving their lower legs naked. In place of a jack, they often had a patchwork linen garment, covered with wax or pitch.
	Weapons included various forms of axes and pole arms, including spears, the Lochaber axe, Leith axe and Jedburgh stave. Highland troops often brought bows, two-handed swords (claidheamh mór) and axes. The crown took an increasing role in the supply of equipment. There were attempts to replace polearms with longer pikes of to in the later fifteenth century, in emulation of successes over mounted troops in the Netherlands and Switzerland, but this does not appear to have been successful until the eve of the Flodden campaign in early sixteenth century. By the mid-sixteenth century the pike had emerged as the most important infantry weapon in Scottish armies. Modelling themselves on Swiss and German infantry, Scottish tactics tended to focus on rapidly engaging the enemy, particularly necessary to counter the advantage enjoyed by the English in missile power.
	Like most European nations the Scots in this period began to convert from the bow to gunpowder firearms. Handguns were present in Scottish armies in small numbers from the fifteenth century and there are increasingly frequent references to handguns and arquebus in records. An account of the Scottish vanguard at Haddon Rig in 1542 suggests that half the troops were missile men and half of those were arquebusiers. Equal proportions of missile to melee troops seems to have been an aim of Scottish commanders for most of the century, although it was not always possible in the field. The main source of firearms were the French, who seem to have extensively rearmed the Scottish after the English invasions of the Rough Wooing.
	The English enjoyed a marked superiority over the Scots in cavalry, particularly with the resurgence of heavy cavalry with their use of demi-lancers. The feudal heavy cavalry had begun to disappear from Scottish armies after Bannockburn in 1314. It was limited by the shortage of suitable horses. James V imported great horses and mares from Denmark in an attempt to improve the quality of Scottish breading stock. In the mid-sixteenth century the Scots still lacked sufficient heavy cavalry. In their place they fielded relatively large numbers of light horse, often drawn from the Borders and usually wearing jacks of leather or mail, mounted on small horses and using light lances. As firearms became available they began to field relatively large numbers of mounted arquebusiers.
	James IV brought in experts from France, Germany and the Netherlands and established a gun foundry in 1511. Edinburgh Castle had a house of artillery where visitors could see cannon cast for what became a formidable train, allowing him to send cannon to France and Ireland and to quickly subdue Norham Castle in the Flodden campaign. However, his 18 heavy artillery pieces had to be drawn by 400 oxen and slowed the advancing Scots army, proving ineffective against the longer-range and smaller-calibre English guns at the Battle of Flodden Field.
	Gunpowder weaponry fundamentally altered the nature of castle architecture from the mid-fifteenth century, with existing castles being adapted to allow the use of gunpowder weapons by the incorporation of "keyhole" gun ports, platforms to mount guns and walls being modified to resist bombardment. Ravenscraig, Kirkcaldy, begun about 1460, is probably the first castle in the British Isles to be built as an artillery fort, incorporating "D-shape" bastions that would better resist cannon fire and on which artillery could be mounted. In the period of French intervention in the 1540s and 1550s, at the end of the Rough Wooing, Scotland was given a defended border of a series of earthwork forts and additions to existing castles. These included the erection of single bastions at Edinburgh, Stirling and Dunbar; the creation of the Scots' Dike on the western end of the border; trace italienne fortresses at Leith, Inchkeith and Langholm; work was also begun at Jedburgh and plans made for works at Kelso. The most aggressive move was a fortified artillery park at Eyemouth, only from the English border stronghold of Berwick.
	There were various attempts to create royal naval forces in the fifteenth century. James IV put the enterprise on a new footing, founding a harbour at Newhaven in May 1504, and two years later ordering the construction of a dockyard at the Pools of Airth. The upper reaches of the Forth were protected by new fortifications on Inchgarvie. The king acquired a total of 38 ships for the Royal Scottish Navy, including the "Margaret", and the carrack "Michael" or "Great Michael". The latter, built at great expense at Newhaven and launched in 1511, was in length, weighed 1,000 tons, had 24 cannon, and was, at that time, the largest ship in Europe. Scottish ships had some success against privateers, accompanied the king in his expeditions in the islands and intervened in conflicts in Scandinavia and the Baltic. In the Flodden campaign the fleet consisted of 16 large and 10 smaller craft. After a raid on Carrickfergus in Ireland, it joined up with the French and had little impact on the war. After the disaster at Flodden the Great Michael, and perhaps other ships, were sold to the French. The king's ships disappeared from royal records after 1516 and Scottish naval efforts would rely on privateering captains and hired merchantmen during the minority of James V. In the Italian War of 1521–26, in which England and Scotland became involved on opposing sides, the Scots had six men-of-war active attacking English and Imperial shipping and they blockaded the Humber in 1523. Although prizes were taken by Robert Barton and other captains, the naval campaign was sporadic and indecisive.
	James V entered his majority in 1524. He did not share his father's interest in building a navy, relying on French gifts such as the "Salamander", or captured ships like the English "Mary Willoughby". Scotland's shipbuilding remained largely at the level of boat building and ship repairs and fell behind the Low Countries which led the way into semi-industrialised ship building. Despite truces between England and Scotland there were periodic outbreaks of commerce raiding in the 1530s with at least four of a known six men-at-war were royal naval vessels on the Scottish side. James V built a new harbour at Burntisland in 1542, called 'Our Lady Port' or 'New Haven,' described in 1544 as having three blockhouses with guns and a pier for great ships to lie in a dock. The chief use of naval power in his reign were a series of expeditions to the Isles and France. In 1536 the king circumnavigated the Isles, embarking at Pittenween in Fife and landing Whithorn in Galloway. Later in the year he sailed from Kirkcaldy with six ships including the 600 ton "Mary Willoughby", and arrived at Dieppe to begin his courtship of his first wife Madeleine of Valois. After his marriage he sailed from Le Havre in the "Mary Willoughby" to Leith with four great Scottish ships and ten French. After the death of Queen Madeleine, John Barton, in the "Salamander" returned to France in 1538 to pick up the new prospective queen, Mary of Guise, with the "Moriset" and "Mary Willoughby". In 1538 James V embarked on the newly equipped "Salamander" at Leith and accompanied by the "Mary Willoughby", the "Great Unicorn", the "Little Unicorn", the "Lion" and twelve other ships sailed to Kirkwall on Orkney. Then he went to Lewis on the West, perhaps using the newly compiled charts from his first voyage known as Alexander Lindsay's Rutter.
	Scottish privateers and pirates preyed on shipping in the North Sea and off the Atlantic coast of France. Scotland's Admiralty court judged whether a captured ship was a lawful prize and dealt with the recovery of goods. As the court was entitled to a tenth of the value of a prize, it was a profitable business for the admiral. The privateers Andrew and Robert Barton were still using their letters of reprisal of 1506 against the Portuguese in 1561. The Bartons operated down the east coast of Britain from Leven and the Firth of Forth, while others used the French Channel ports such as Rouen and Dieppe or the Atlantic port of Brest as bases. During the Rough Wooing in 1542, the "Mary Willoughby", the "Lion", and the "Salamander" under the command of John Barton, son of Robert Barton, attacked merchants and fishermen off Whitby. They later blockaded a London merchant ship called the "Antony of Bruges" in a creek on the coast of Brittany. In 1544 Edinburgh was attacked by an English marine force and burnt. The "Salamander" and the Scottish-built "Unicorn" were captured at Leith. The Scots still had two royal naval vessels and numerous smaller private vessels, but would have to rely on privateers until the re-establishment of a royal fleet in the 1620s. When, as a result of the series of international treaties, the emperor Charles V declared war upon Scotland in 1544, the Scots were able to engage in a highly profitable campaign of privateering that lasted six years and the gains of which probably outweighed the losses in trade with the Low Countries. They also operated in the West Indies from the 1540s, joining the French in the capture of Burburuta in 1567. English and Scottish naval warfare and privateering broke out sporadically in the 1550s. In 1559, English captain William Winter was sent north with 34 ships and dispersed and captured the Scottish and French fleets, leading to the eventual evacuation of the French from Scotland, and a successful coup of the Protestant Lords of the Congregation. Scottish and English interests were re-aligned and the naval conflict subsided.
	After the Union of Crowns in 1603 conflict between Scotland and England ended, but Scotland found itself involved in England's foreign policy, opening up Scottish shipping to attack. In the 1620s, Scotland found herself fighting a naval war as England's ally, first against Spain and then also against France, while simultaneously embroiled in undeclared North Sea commitments in the Danish intervention in the Thirty Years' War. In 1626 a squadron of three ships were bought and equipped at a cost of least £5,200 sterling, to guard against privateers operating out of Spanish-controlled Dunkirk and other ships were armed in preparation for potential action. The acting High Admiral John Gordon of Lochinvar organised at least three marque fleets of privateers. It was probably one of Lochinvar's marque fleets that was sent to support the English Royal Navy defending Irish waters in 1626. In 1627, the Royal Scots Navy, and accompanying contingents of burgh privateers, participated in the major expedition to Biscay. The Scots also returned to the West Indies, with Lochinvar taking French prizes and founding the colony of Charles Island. In 1629 two squadrons of privateers led by Lochinvar and William Lord Alexander, sailed for Canada, taking part in the campaign that resulted in the capture of Quebec from the French, which was handed back after the subsequent peace.
	In the early seventeenth century relatively large numbers of Scots took service in foreign armies involved in the Thirty Years' War, with 20–30,000 in Swedish service, a Scots brigade in the Netherlands, and 5–6,000 raised for Danish service in the period 1626–27, 11,000 for France and large numbers in the armies of eastern Europe, including German states, Poland and Russia. As armed confrontation between Scotland and the Charles I looked increasingly likely from 1637, the Standing Committee of the Tables began to function as a war council. It appointed two lairds in every parish to draw up lists of men suitable for military service, arms and the names of Scots serving abroad so that they could be recalled. Three commissioners were appointed in each shire, two residing in Edinburgh and another remaining in the locality, where presbyteries appointed commissioners to communicate instructions to the parishes. Hundreds of Scots mercenaries returned home from foreign service, including experienced leaders like Alexander and David Leslie. These veterans played an important role in training the parish recruits. Nobles were able to raise regiments, which usually bore their name as colonel, and they could appoint company commanders, but the lieutenant colonel and sergeant major of the regiment, and the lieutenant and sergeant of each company, were to be professional soldiers. The returning soldiers also brought expertise in fortification and trace italliene fortifications were added at Leith, Burntisland and Greenock. They would play a major role in the siege of Edinburgh in 1650.
	The appointment of Leslie as field marshal avoided a contest between inexperienced nobles for leadership and his reputation made the service by Scottish mercenaries in Covenanter armies more likely. He became an ex offico member of the Tables, enabling him to influence policy and take part in issuing dispatches. Although producing a relatively large and efficiently organised army, it was hastily assembled, and short of money and supplies. The Covenanting regime had to make assessments on parishes and relied on loans from Edinburgh merchants, making a long campaign difficult to sustain. In the view of historian James Scott Wheeler, the first Covenanter army was "marginally trained, irregularly armed, poorly paid and badly supplied", but it proved sufficient to the task.
	Between the two Bishops' Wars the Covenanters maintained one regiment of infantry and many of their officers who had drilled the local militias on half pay. The militas were now armed with firearms purchased in the Netherlands. The Tables were replaced with a committee of estates, with wide-ranging powers, and kept to same system of commissioners. One in four able bodied men were able to muster when mobilisation began for renewed confrontation in 1640. The army was paid for by more loans and a new national tax known as the "tenth" or "tenth penny". These systems would form the basis of the Covenanter armies that operated in Ireland, intervened in the First Civil War (1642–46) in England on the side of Parliament and subsequently, and less successfully, on the side of the king in the Second (1648–49) and Third Civil Wars (1649–51).
	Scottish infantry were generally armed, as was almost universal in Western Europe, with a combination of pike and shot. Pikes were theoretically long, but were often shortened by a foot or two to make them more manageable, this had disastrous consensuses at the Battle of Benburb (1646), where the Confederate Irish defeated the Scots because they possessed longer pikes. Musketeers were mainly armed with matchlock muskets, with some firelocks (probably mainly reserved for troops defending the baggage and ammunition) and there were a handful of troops that brought more accurate rifled guns. Continental experience tended to increasingly emphasise firepower over melee and this was reflected in the greater proportions of shot to pike, usually in proportions of three to two. Scottish armies may also have had individuals with weapons including bows, Lochaber axes, and halberds. as recruits who lacked pike and shot were told to report with these. Most cavalry were probably equipped with pistols and swords, although there is some evidence that they included lancers.
	Royalist armies, like those led by James Graham, Marquis of Montrose (1643–44) and in Glencairn's rising (1653–54) were mainly composed of conventionally armed infantry with pike and shot. Montrose's army also included a contingent of Irish Confederate troops and Scottish recruits from Highland clans hostile to the Clan Campbell, under the under leadership of Alasdair Mac Colla. Glencairn's rising gained some support from Lowland Scottish lords and at its height had 3,500 infantry and 1,500 cavalry. The forces under Montrose's command reached about the same numbers of infantry, but were short of heavy artillery suitable for siege warfare and had only a small force of cavalry, about 300, supplied from the estate of the Earls of Huntly.
	During the Bishops' Wars the king attempted to blockade Scotland, disrupting trade and the transport of returning troops from the continent. The king planned amphibious assaults from England on the east coast and from Ireland to the west, but they failed to materialise. Scottish privateers took English prizes and the Covenanters planned to fit out Dutch ships with Scottish and Dutch crews to join the naval war effort. After the Covenanters allied with the English Parliament they established two patrol squadrons for the Atlantic and North Sea coasts, known collectively as the "Scotch Guard". These patrols guarded against Royalist attempts to move men, money and munitions and raids on Scottish shipping, particularly from ships based in Wexford and Dunkirk. They consisted mainly of small English warships, controlled by the Commissioners of the Navy based in London, but it always relied heavily on Scottish officers and revenues, and after 1646, the West Coast squadron became much more a Scottish force. The Scottish navy was unable to withstand the English fleet that accompanied the army led by Cromwell that conquered Scotland in 1649–51. The Scottish ships and crews were divided among the Commonwealth fleet.
	During the English occupation of Scotland under the Commonwealth, fortresses in the style of the trace italienne were built. These were polygonal in plan with triangular bastions, as at Ayr, Inverness and Leith. Twenty smaller forts were built as far away as Orkney and Stornoway. Control of the Highlands was secured by strongpoints at Inverlocky and Inverness. These were built at a massive cost in money and manpower. The citadel at Inverness, begun in 1652 and using stone shipped from as far away as Aberdeen, had cost £50,0000 when it was still unfinished by 1655. Inverlochy had a garrison of 1,000 and from 1654 became the centre for a new administrative region of Lochaber, made up of three of the most remote and lawless shires.
	At the Restoration the Privy Council established a force of an unknown number of infantry regiments and a few troops of horse. The Commonwealth fortresses were abandoned, but garrisons were placed in Edinburgh, Stirling, Dumbarton and Blackness castles. There were attempts to found a national militia on the English model. The standing army was mainly employed in the suppression of Covenanter rebellions and the guerilla war undertaken by the Cameronians in the East. Units included a regiment of foot guards, later known as the Scots Guards and Le Regiment of Douglas, formed and serving in France since 1633, it returned, eventually became the Royal Regiment of Foot. Pikemen became less important in the late seventeenth century and after the introduction of the socket bayonet, a process complete by 1702, disappeared altogether, while matchlock muskets were replaced by the more reliable flintlock. Three troops of Scots Dragoons were raised in 1678 and another three were added to make The Royal Regiment of Scots Dragoons in 1681. On the eve of the Glorious Revolution the standing army in Scotland was about 3,000 men in various regiments and another 268 veterans in the major garrison towns, at an annual cost of about £80,000. After the Glorious Revolution the Scots were drawn into King William II's continental wars, beginning with the Nine Years' War in Flanders (1689–97).
	Although Scottish seamen received protection against arbitrary impressment onto English men-of-war under Charles II, a fixed quota of conscripts for the Royal Navy was levied from the sea-coast burghs during the second half of the seventeenth century. Royal Navy patrols were now found in Scottish waters even in peacetime, such as the small ship-of-the-line HMS "Kingfisher", which bombarded Carrick Castle during the Earl of Argyll's rebellion in 1685. Scotland went to war against the Dutch and their allies in the Second (1665–67) and Third Anglo-Dutch Wars (1672–74) as an independent kingdom. Scottish captains, at least 80 and perhaps 120, took letters of marque, and privateers played a major part in the naval conflict of the wars.
	By 1697 the English Royal Navy had 323 warships, while Scotland was still dependent on merchantman and privateers. In the 1690s, two separate schemes for larger naval forces were put in motion. As usual, the larger part was played by the merchant community rather than the government. The first was the Darien Scheme to found a Scottish colony in Spanish controlled America. It was undertaken by the Company of Scotland, who created a fleet of five ships, including the "Caledonia" and the "St. Andrew", built or chartered in Holland and Hamburg. It sailed to Isthmus of Darien in 1698, but the venture failed and only one ship returned to Scotland. In the same period it was decided to establish a professional navy for the protection of commerce in home waters during the Nine Years' War, with three purpose-built warships bought from English shipbuilders in 1696. These were the "Royal William", a 32-gun fifth rate, and two smaller ships, the "Royal Mary" and the "Dumbarton Castle", each of 24 guns and generally described as frigates. After the Act of Union in 1707, the Scottish Navy merged with that of England and the three vessels of the small Royal Scottish Navy were transferred to the Royal Navy.
	By the time of the act of Union, the Kingdom of Scotland had a standing army of seven units of infantry, two of horse and one troop of Horse Guards, besides varying levels of fortress artillery in the garrison castles of Edinburgh, Dumbarton, and Stirling. Their role was of such importance that the Scots Parliament forced Queen Anne to give royal assent to the controversial 1704 Act of Security by threatening to withdraw Scottish forces back out of the Confederate armies. The new British Army created by the Act of Union in 1707 incorporated existing Scottish regiments, such as the Scots Guards, The Royal Scots 1st of Foot, King's Own Scottish Borderers 25th of Foot, The Cameronians 26th of Foot, Scots Greys and the Royal Scots Fusiliers 21st of Foot. The new armed forces were controlled by the War Office and Admiralty from London. During this period, Scottish soldiers and sailors were instrumental in supporting the expansion of the British Empire and became involved in international conflicts, including the War of the Spanish Succession (1702–13), the Quadruple Alliance (1718–20), wars with Spain (1727–29) and (1738–48) and the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–48). The first official Highland regiment to be raised for the British army was the Black Watch, the 43rd (later 42nd) regiment, in 1740. It marked the beginning of a major role for Highlanders within the British military structure, but the growth of Highland regiments was delayed by the 1745 Jacobite Rebellion and would not begin in earnest until the late 1750s.
	The bulk of Jacobite armies were made up of Highlanders, serving in clan regiments. They were 70 per cent of the forces in the 1715 rebellion and over 90 per cent of those in 1745. Most were forced to join by their clan chiefs, landlords or feudal superiors and desertion was a major problem during campaigns. The Jacobites suffered from a lack of trained officers. A typical clan regiment was made up of a small minority of gentlemen (tacksmen) who would bear the clan name. The clan gentlemen formed the front ranks of the unit and were more heavily armed than their impoverished tenants who made up the bulk of the regiment. Because they served in the front ranks, the gentlemen suffered higher proportional casualties than the common clansman. The Jacobites often started campaigns poorly armed. In the rising of 1745, at the Battle of Prestonpans, some only had swords, Lochaber axes, pitchforks and scythes, but arms tended to become more conventional as the campaigns progressed. Only officers and gentlemen were equipped with a broadsword, targe and pistol. After the Battle of Culloden in 1746, the Hanoverian commander the Duke of Cumberland reported that there were 2,320 firelocks recovered from the battlefield, but only 190 broadswords.

= = = George Spitz = = =

	George Burton Spitz, Jr. (June 19, 1912 – April 1986) was an American high jumper. He jumped indoor world records in 1931 and 1932 and was a leading favorite for that summer's Olympics; however, an ankle injury troubled him there and he only placed ninth.
	Spitz became one of America's leading high jumpers while still at Flushing High School, placing fourth in the 1929 national championships with a jump of 1.89 m (6 ft in).
	In March 1930 he jumped 1.94 m (6 ft in), breaking the US high school record of Walter Marty. At the national championships he repeated his fourth-place finish from the previous year. He graduated from high school that spring and entered New York University.
	Spitz set his first indoor world record on February 7, 1931 at the Millrose Games, jumping 2.00 m (6 ft 7 in) and defeating the previous record holders Harold Osborn and Bert Nelson. He also had the best outdoor jump in the world that year, clearing 2.01 m (6 ft in) at Travers Island and attempting the world outdoor record height of 2.04 m (6 ft in) three times. At the national championships, however, he only cleared 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in) and was yet again beaten to fourth place.
	Spitz was the world's best high jumper in 1932. On February 6 he improved his own indoor world record to 2.02 m (6 ft in), again at the Millrose Games. A week later at Boston he broke the record again, jumping 2.04 m (6 ft in), a mark that exceeded Osborn's outdoor world record as well. Spitz also won his first national indoor championship that year, clearing a meeting record 2.00 m (6 ft 7 in) on that occasion.
	Spitz injured his ankle that spring, and while he remained in good form the injury gave him on-and-off trouble. He was forced to scratch from the annual meet of his own club, the New York Athletic Club, in early June. But he managed to return in time for the Olympic Trials, and after he jumped 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in) in workouts ahead of the Trials and 1.99 m (6 ft in) in the competition itself, tying for first with Bob Van Osdel and Corny Johnson, he was again considered the leading Olympic favorite.
	At the Olympics, however, the injured ankle bothered him again and he only managed to place ninth, clearing no higher than 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in).
	Spitz defended his national indoor title in 1933, jumping 2.03 m (6 ft in) for a meeting record. At the outdoor championships, however, he was beaten by Johnson and shared second place with Marty, who had broken the outdoor world record earlier that year.
	In 1934 Spitz's indoor supremacy was seriously threatened by Marty, who had never jumped indoors before. At the Millrose Games on February 5 Spitz and Marty tied, both jumping 2.00 m (6 ft 7 in). In the New York Athletic Club indoor games on February 17, however, Marty beat both Spitz and his indoor record, clearing 2.05 m (6 ft in) on his third attempt. At the national indoor championships Spitz and Marty tied for first again, both clearing 2.01 m (6 ft in) this time to share the title.
	Although unable to improve his indoor best, Spitz made his best outdoor jumps that year. He won at the Penn Relays with a jump of 2.01 m (6 ft in) and went an inch higher with an additional exhibition jump. He then cleared 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in) in his home meet at Travers Island, his official outdoor best. Spitz and Marty, both now collegiate seniors, faced each other again at the NCAA championships and again tied, although Marty was victorious in the jump-off. At the national championships Spitz cleared 2.02 m (6 ft in), but had to be content with third place as both Johnson and Marty managed to jump an inch higher.
	Spitz continued his jumping career after graduating, but with decreasing success. At the 1935 national championships he still placed second to Johnson, clearing 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in). At the 1936 Olympic Trials he only managed 1.93 m (6 ft 4 in), sharing fourth place with six other jumpers.
	Spitz jumped in an era in which most jumpers from the American west coast (such as Marty) used the western roll, whereas east coast jumpers tended to prefer the eastern cut-off or other developments of the old scissors style. Spitz, a New Yorker, belonged to the latter group, although his technique was largely self-taught and incorporated elements of the roll.

= = = Melica schuetzeana = = =

	Melica schuetzeana is species of grass in the family Poaceae that is found in Bhutan and in the Chinese provinces Qinghai, Sichuan and Yunnan. It was first described in 1972 by Werner Hempel.
	The species is perennial and have culms that are tall by wide. Leaves are cauline; leaf sheaths are purple in colour and are longer than the stem while leaf-blades are × and are stiff with adaxial bottom that is also scaberulous. Its ligule is cylindrical and is long. The species' panicle is open and is long with whorled and distant branches. It spikelets are elliptic and are long. The glumes are purple in colour with pale green florets that have 2-3 fertile florets. The stem itself is with its lemma being elliptic and long. It is also herbaceous, granular-scaberulous and is 5–7-veined. Both glumes are acute while the size is different; lower glume is long while the upper one is .
	It is found in forest margins on elevation of . It blooms from July to August.

= = = Khvoshinan-e Vosta = = =

	Khvoshinan-e Vosta (, also Romanized as Khvoshīnān-e Vosţá and Khūshīnān-e Vosţá; also known as Khoshnīān-e Vasaţī, Khowshīnah Tappeh, Khushinān-i-Tappeh, Khushinān-i-Tepe, Khvoshī Nān-e Tappeh, Khvoshīnān-e Tappeh Vasaţī, and Khvoshīnān Tappeh) is a village in Miyan Darband Rural District, in the Central District of Kermanshah County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 126, in 34 families.

= = = Casco Peak = = =

	Casco Peak is a high mountain summit in the Sawatch Range of the Rocky Mountains of North America. The thirteener is located on the Elbert Massif in San Isabel National Forest, east (bearing 84°) of Independence Pass in Lake County, Colorado, United States.

= = = Roxborough-Manayunk = = =

	The Roxborough-Manyunk section of Philadelphia is an official planning district of the Philadelphia City Planning Commission, consisting of the namesake boroughs of Roxborough and Manayunk. Geographically, the area is northwest of Center City. Today, this area consists of Andorra, East Falls, Wissahickon, Roxborough, and Manayunk.
	The demographics of Roxborough-Manayunk shows that the area has a population 106,265, with 47,884 males, 58,382 females and a median age of 34.

= = = Crickhowell Castle = = =

	Crickhowell Castle () is a Grade I listed building in Crickhowell, Wales, now largely ruined. An alternative name, "Alisby's Castle", is sometimes used; this is thought to be after a former governor of the castle, Gerald Alisby.
	The remaining sections of the castle walls and motte stand on a spur where a tributary stream meets the River Usk, in a more elevated position than the rest of the town, which was planned around it. It has been suggested that the castle replaced an earlier motte-and-bailey structure at nearby Maescelyn, where St Mary's Chapel, which has existed since around 1300, has also been linked with the castle by some historians. The motte is oval in shape and is still clearly visible, whilst the foundations of the shell keep are largely buried. Traces of the castle bailey have been identified in the nearby playing field.
	The castle was initially a motte and bailey castle built from around 1121, probably by Robert Turberville, a member of the notable Norman family, who at the time was a tenant of the Marcher lord Bernard de Neufmarché. In 1172 it was attacked by Welsh rebels, led by one Seisyllt ap Rhirid. Henry de Turberville (died 1239), the son of another Robert, was Seneschal of Gascony in the years 1226–1231 and again in 1237–1238, and Crickhowell Castle was held at the time by a Richard Turberville. Edmund de Turberville is recorded as lord of Crickhowell later in the century. Hugh Turberville, who held Crickhowell Castle from 1273, not as tenant-in-chief but as mesne lord, also held the position of Seneschal of Gascony. Hugh's services were called upon by King Edward I of England to train Welsh men-at-arms and transform the royal levy into a disciplined medieval army capable of conquering Wales; he led both cavalry and 6,000 infantry recruited in the Welsh Marches for King Edward's forces. He was later Constable of Castell y Bere in Merionethshire. He fought against Rhys ap Maredudd during his rising from 1287 to 1291, and died in 1293, the last of the family in the direct line.
	The castle was refortified in stone from 1242 when Sybil Turberville, Hugh's daughter, married Sir Grimbold Pauncefote (or "Paunceforte"), who thus gained possession. It was walled with substantial stone towers and a large bailey, a home castle befitting an important Royal ally in Wales. The castle was in the hands of the powerful Mortimer family dynasty of Marcher Lords and in the 14th century and declined as a smaller holding within a large portfolio of lands, titles and larger castles.
	On the Royal command of new King King Henry IV in 1400, it was again refortified, this time by Sir John Pauncefote, great-grandson of Sir Grimbold, in advance of the uprising led by Owain Glyndŵr. The castle was largely destroyed in about 1403 by Glyndŵr's forces. who also attacked and burned Abergavenny town and other settlements in the area. It was at this time that the castle is thought to have been abandoned, subsequent stone-robbing leaving only the ruined stone double tower on Castle Green. However, 19th century illustrations suggest that its condition has deteriorated noticeably in the past century. It was listed in 1963.
	The so-called "Ivy Tower", a small tower once thought to have dated from the 14th century and to be part of the castle, was found by an archaeological survey to be much later in date and nothing to do with the castle at all.

= = = Khvoshinan = = =

	Khvoshinan or Khowshinan or Khushinan or Khvoshi Nan (), also rendered as Khoshnian, may refer to:

= = = Janakinath Bose = = =

	Janakinath Bose (28 May 1860 – 1934) was an Indian lawyer and advocate, who was the father of Indian independence leader Subhas Chandra Bose. He is also the father of barrister Sarat Chandra Bose.
	The fourth son of Haranath Bose, he was born on 28 May 1860 in village Kodalia, in the present South 24 Parganas district. He passed his matriculation examination from the Albert School and was subsequently educated at the Scottish Church College, and at the Ravenshaw College, from where he graduated. Subsequently, he studied law at the University of Calcutta.
	During his stay in Calcutta, he came in contact with leaders of the Brahmo Samaj, and was deeply influenced by their vision. In 1885, he joined the bar in the court of Cuttack, where he practised, and went on to become an advocate. He was appointed Government Pleader and later given the title Rai Bahadur, which he relinquished in protest.
	His career as an advocate made him come in contact with various religious, and political personalities of the Indian Independence movement. He passed many of his ideals and values to his 9th son, Subhas, at a very young age.
	Bose was the son of Haranath Bose and Kamini Bose. He was the brother of Jadu Nath Bose, Kedar Nath Bose, Devendra Nath Bose, Tara Prasanna Bose and Surya Prasanna Bose.
	He was married to Prabhabati Dutt, who played a substantial role in the education of their eight sons and six daughters, including Sarat Chandra Bose and Subash Chandra Bose.

= = = Khushinan = = =

	Khushinan (, also Romanized as Khūshīnān) is a village in Khvor Khvoreh Rural District, Ziviyeh District, Saqqez County, Kurdistan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 123, in 20 families.

= = = 2013 Bet-at-home Cup Kitzbühel = = =

	The 2013 Bet-at-home Cup Kitzbühel was a tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 69th edition of the Austrian Open Kitzbühel, as part of the World Tour 250 series of the 2013 ATP World Tour. It took place at the Tennis stadium Kitzbühel in Kitzbuehel Austria, from July 28 through August 3.
	The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
	The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
	The following player received entry as a lucky loser:
	The following pairs received wildcards into the doubles main draw:

= = = National U.S. Collegiate Hurling Champions = = =

	The first ever U.S. National Collegiate Gaelic Athletic Association (NCGAA) hurling championship took place in 2011. Indiana University won the first championship, beating UC Berkeley 3-4 (13) to 1-6 (9). The University of Montana became the first team to win the championship back-to-back in 2014 and 2015.
	The NCGAA Championship is held annually on Memorial Weekend. Winners of the U.S. NCGAA hurling championship include:
	In 2014, a second lower division of the championship known as the Shield was introduced. The University of Pittsburgh won the Shield in 2014, 2015 and 2016.

= = = N. S. Palanisamy = = =

	N. S. Palanisamy aka NSP was an Indian politician and former Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as an Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam candidate from Kinathukadavu constituency in, 1991.
	N S Palanisamy was born to Sami Gounder and Samiathal. He is the only son for his parents and his sister is Rukmani.N S Palanisamy is married to Rathinam and they have two sons and one daughter. His younger son Vetri is a well known cinematographer in south India who primarily works in Tamil and Telugu Film Industry.
	N S Palanisamy was and worked as English lecture in Coimbatore college, but he quit his job and took up agriculture. He was an active politician and always work for the welfare of the farmers. He was Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) of Tamil Nadu Assembly in 1991 from Kinathukadavu constituency, part of Pollachi. He was elected as an Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam candidate. N S Palanisamy was the president of Non-political Farmers’ Association of Tamil Nadu.
	He died on 18 May 2016 aged 73 from health issues related to kidney failure.

= = = List of baronetcies in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom: A = = =


= = = Masterpiece (Roy Lichtenstein) = = =

	Masterpiece is a 1962 pop art painting by Roy Lichtenstein that uses his classic Ben-Day dots and narrative content contained within a speech balloon. In 2017 the painting sold for $165 million.
	According to the Lichtenstein Foundation website, "Masterpiece" was part of Lichtenstein's first exhibition at Ferus Gallery in Los Angeles from April 1 – April 27, 1963, featuring "Drowning Girl", "Portrait of Madame Cézanne" and other works from 1962 and 1963 When discussing another work ("I Know...Brad"), Lichtenstein stated that the name Brad sounded heroic to him and was used with the aim of cliched oversimplification. "Drowning Girl" is another notable work with Brad as the heroic subject.
	The source of this image was a comic book panel with the two subjects positioned similarly to their position here, but they were situated in an automobile. In the source image the narrative content of the speech balloon said "But someday the bitterness will pass..."
	"Masterpiece" was part of the largest ever retrospective of Lichtenstein that visited The Art Institute of Chicago from May 16 to September 3, 2012, the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. from October 14, 2012 to January 13, 2013, the Tate Modern in London from February 21 to May 27, 2013 and The Centre Pompidou from July 3 to November 4, 2013. Several publications presented "Masterpiece" as part of their announcement of the retrospective.
	In January 2017, Agnes Gund sold the 1962 painting "Masterpiece", which for years hung over the mantle of her Upper East Side apartment, for $165 million. The proceeds of the sale will be used to start a fund for criminal justice reform called the Art for Justice fund. The painting is currently one of the 15 highest prices ever to be paid for a piece of artwork. The purchaser was Steven A. Cohen.
	"Masterpiece" is regarded as a tongue in cheek joke that reflects upon Lichtenstein's own career. In retrospect, the joke is considered "witty and yet eerily prescient" because it portended some of the future turmoil that the artist would endure. In the painting, the blonde female's speech bubble, "Why, Brad darling, This painting is a masterpiece! My, soon you'll have all of New York clamoring for your work!" conveys her remark as she gazes at the painting, of which a corner of the back is shown. Silent Brad conveys his agreement by his facial expression. Adrian Searle of "The Guardian" says that the 1962 work, whose narrative and graphical content were both borrowed, was timely because Lichtenstein had his first exhibition in New York City at Leo Castelli Gallery that year, making the painting aspirational in an ironic way that comments on success and "the socio-sexual status of the hot young artist". The satirical commentary on Lichtenstein's career, followed the inside joke made the year before in "Mr. Bellamy". According to Roberta Smith of "The New York Times", "Masterpiece" was one of Lichtenstein's works created in a way that produced "faint and uneven" Ben Day dots.

= = = Bhagu = = =

	Bhagu was a Bhakti movement poet. She belonged to the Mahar caste. Little is known about her. In the "Shrisakalsantgatha" she is called "Bhagu Maharin".

= = = Deborah McNulty = = =

	Deborah McNulty née Wolski (1955 – 2011) was a make-up artist. She won a Primetime Emmy Award in 2005 for her work on the HBO television series "Deadwood".

= = = Michael Yo = = =

	Michael Yo is an American actor, stand-up comedian and television host who co-hosted "The Insider" on CBS, and currently hosts "Yo Show" on Yahoo! TV. Yo also appears regularly on the comedy panel of E!'s "Chelsea Lately", as a guest host for "The Talk" on CBS, and as pop-culture commentator on HLN's "Showbiz Tonight".
	Yo previously worked as a correspondent for E! News, The Daily 10, and Extra. He coached Kourtney and Khloé Kardashian as radio DJs for their show Kourtney & Khloé Take Miami on E!.
	He started a podcast together with comedian Jo Koy on July 23, 2012 called "The Michael Yo and Jo Koy Show".
	In November 2018, it was announced that his family comedy (inspired by his own life) was in development at Fox which he would star, co-write and produce.
	On April 9, 2019, Yo appeared on the Joe Rogan Experience.
	Yo says that being a biracial person who is half black and half Asian, he has "a uniquely relatable and American experience in life". Yo said "Comedy is not about one-liners and punchlines, it's about story telling and a real connection with the audience."
	In 2001, he appeared in an episode of "Fear Factor" in which contestants had to free fall from a hotel window hundreds of feet high.
	His film credits include "Losing Control", "Cookout 2", and Sofia Coppola’s "Bling Ring".

= = = Dave Smith Motors = = =

	Dave Smith Motors is a car dealership in Kellogg, Idaho, that attracts customers from all over the country. The dealership has a reputation for being the "World’s Largest Ram Dealer".
	Dave Smith Motors started in October 1965 in Wallace, Idaho. He purchased the small Chevrolet dealership from Mort Keane. At that time, the Chevrolets were sold mainly to miners, loggers, smelter workers and local businessmen in northern Idaho’s Silver Valley. Five years later, he moved the dealership to Kellogg, Idaho. Today Dave Smith Motors carries Chrysler, General Motors, and Nissan products, according to the Dave Smith website,(Dave Smith.com).
	Idaho’s Silver Valley was founded in the 1800s silver boom and is one of the richest silver mining regions in the world. The community is located along Interstate 90 in northern Idaho’s Shoshone County. The valley thrived for decades as one of the nation’s greatest mining regions. Then, in 1981, the Bunker Hill mine in Kellogg closed. Over 2,000 jobs left with the mine sending the area into an economic downturn. The region also lost a lot of jobs in the timber industry. The population of the valley plummeted and car dealerships were losing the battle to stay in business. Dave Smith nearly lost the dealership.
	As other dealerships were going out of business in the valley Dave Smith bought up nine other new car dealerships and sold all the brands under one roof. He also cut prices in an attempt to make up in volume what was lost in mark-ups. At any given time the dealership has more new vehicles on lots in town than the population of Kellogg.
	Dave Smith Motors was one of the first car dealerships to take advantage of the Internet. 
	In the late 1990s when many dealerships saw the Internet as a threat, Dave Smith embraced the Internet and used it as a tool to increase sales. Since the beginning of the list, Dave Smith Motors has ranked high on Ward’s Auto e-Dealer 100 list. Dave Smith Motors uses the Internet to reach beyond the geographic confines of their remote location in Kellogg, Idaho.
	The Internet changed the playing field for dealerships because Chrysler Corporation (now Fiat Chrysler Automobiles) allocates more cars to dealerships that sell more, a policy that rewards dealers who are able to boost their sales. Despite the concerns of competing dealerships Chrysler continued to ship even more vehicles to Dave Smith Motors, and assured other dealers that they could increase sales by improved customer service and referrals. The other dealerships were not pleased. In 1998 twenty-five Chrysler dealerships in five states threatened to boycott Chrysler Corporation if they did not reduce the number of cars they allocated to Dave Smith Motors. The Federal Trade Commission considered their boycott illegal and the group settled the charges before the boycott began.
	Dave Smith Motors is one of the largest employers in Shoshone County, and the largest private company in Kellogg.
	In April 2015, Dave Smith Motors was acquired by RFJ Auto Partners Inc. of Plano, Texas.
	While on a family vacation in April 1994, Smith died in a snorkeling accident in the Caribbean Sea near Belize at 

= = = 2013–14 SSV Jahn Regensburg season = = =

	The 2013–14 SSV Jahn Regensburg season was the 107th season in the club's football history. In 2013–14 the club played in the 3. Liga, the third tier of German football. The club was relegated from the 2. Bundesliga in this league. Regensburg finished the league in 11th place.
	The club also took part in the 2013–14 edition of the DFB-Pokal, the German Cup, and lost in the first round to 2. Bundesliga team 1. FC Union Berlin.
	Regensburg was relegated from the 2. Bundesliga and manager Franciszek Smuda said that he would not coach in the 3. Liga. So on 11 June 2013, it was announced that Thomas Stratos will take over the job a manager.
	Jahn Regensburg took part in the 2013–14 Bavarian Cup where the two finalists qualify for the 2014–15 DFB-Pokal. Regensburg won in the first round against FC Laimerstadt with 11–0, but lost in the second round to three tier lower SV Sportfreunde Dinkelsbühl with 3–4. This means that Regensburg has to reach the at least the fourth place in the league in order to qualify for the DFB-Pokal.

= = = Margaret Holford (the elder) = = =

	Margaret Holford (1757–1834, sometimes known as "the elder") was an English novelist, playwright, and poet of the late 18th century. Both she and her daughter, likewise Margaret Holford, were accomplished authors.
	Born Margaret Wrench in Chester in 1757, she later married Allen Holford of Davenham. Margaret died in Chester in November 1834.
	Her daughter, likewise Margaret Holford (1778–1852), was also an accomplished author. Their works are said to be "often confused in catalogues and dictionary entries".

= = = Gaige = = =

	Gaige is a surname. Notable people with the name include:

= = = Olaf Kamfjord = = =

	Olaf Kamfjord (born December 8, 1962 in Tønsberg, Norway) is a Norwegian Jazz musician (Double bass and guitar bass) and composer, known from cooperations within bands like "Ab und Zu", "Herrene i haven", "Out To Lunch" and "Roy Nikolaisen Quartet".
	Only 15 years of age when he started to play in a local trio in Tønsberg, led by guitarist Lars Martin Myhre, that later included singer Kari Astrup (Myhre/Astrup kvartett 1980–85). He participated in the "Amatørstorbandet" at Kongsberg Jazz Festival in 1981 and sat in with bands from Oslo the year after.
	Kamfjord joined the Anne Marie Giørtz Quintet (1982–87), with several festival gigs and album releases, "Breaking out" (1983) and "Tigers of pain" (1985). He continued in the band "Ab und Zu" from 1987 (album recording in 1988–2002), and played at the same time in several other bands like the "Slagen Storband" (album releases in 1983–85), Christian Reim Quartet (1984–86), the band "Out to Lunch" from 1984 (albums "Out to lunch" 1988 and "Kullboksrytter" 1994), "Bossa Quatro" and Remek Kossacz Trio (1985–86), Guttorm Guttormsen Quintet (1985–87), Rune Klakegg Trio from 1986 (album release "Fuzzy logic" in 1995), og Vigleik Storaas Quartet 1987–92, later named "Lines" after their first album in 1988.
	Kamfjord was awarded the "Urijazz" in Tønsberg 1987, has been engaged as jamkomp at Jazz festivals both in Kongsberg and Molde, has participated in Susanne Fuhr's Billie Holiday Performance 1990–91, and has since 1992 been a member of the local groups "D.E.E. Quartet" (Dag Einar Eilertsen) and "Kjernefamilien", besides collaboration with Odd Børretzen and Lars Martin Myhre, including the album "Noen ganger er det all right" (1995), and at Moldejazz in 1996. The album "Hush" with Lars Martin Myhre originates from 1998 to 1999, and later he attended Kjersti Stubø album "My shining hour", released in 2001, and Roy Nikolaisen ("Roy's choice", 2003).

= = = John Hodgman: Ragnarok = = =

	John Hodgman: Ragnarok is an American Netflix original comedy special starring John Hodgman and directed by Lance Bangs. The special features music from Cynthia Hopkins.
	In 2012, John Hodgman toured the United States promoting his book "That Is All" as well as performing an apocalypse-themed stand-up comedy routine revolving around his interpretation of Ragnarök, the Norse end of the world.
	On midnight of December 21, 2012, Hodgman performed his last Ragnarok show to a full house at The Bell House in Gowanus, Brooklyn.
	Netflix, an American streaming media website, aired the special on June 20, 2013.
	In promotion of his comedy special, Hodgman has appeared on Boing Boing's "Gweek", CNET's "The 404 Show", "The Huffington Post"'s HuffPost Live, People's "Chatter", WBEZ's "Morning Shift with Tony Sarabia", WCKG's "Mancow's Morning Madhouse",<ref name="Twitter / MancowMuller: How does it get better? ..."></ref> WNBC's "Talk Stoop", WFMU's "The Best Show on WFMU with Tom Scharpling", WNYC's "The Leonard Lopate Show", and "You Made It Weird with Pete Holmes".
	Hodgman has also buzz-marketed "John Hodgman: Ragnarok" on his podcast "Judge John Hodgman".
	In December 17, 2013, John Hodgman made available a special DVD package (designed by Jessica Hische) limited to 500 that contains an extended cut of "John Hodgman: Ragnarok" as well as:
	The extended cut includes scenes featuring Ira Glass, Tom Scharpling, and Andrew Sullivan; and a scene where Hodgman calls Greenfield, Massachusetts "a shit-hole." In December 21, 2013, the newspaper "The Recorder" published his apology to the town.
	Tuyet Nguyen of "The A.V. Club" gave it a "B+" calling it "unconventional" citing "Despite this complicated setup, "Ragnarok" boils down to Hodgman doing what he does best: acting pompous." Marah Eakin of "The A.V. Club" ranked "John Hodgman: Ragnarok" first in their list of "best comedy albums and specials of 2013." Mark Frauenfelder of "Boing Boing" said he "enjoyed very much."
	Eric Limer of "Gizmodo" called "John Hodgman: Ragnarok" "no "Arrested Development" Season 4, but awesome little gets like this are what stand to make Netflix a real powerhouse of cool, but slightly offbeat content." "IGN"s Joey Esposito listed "John Hodgman: Ragnarok" among "10 Great Netflix Original Stand-Up Comedy Specials" remarking that it is the "epitome of Hodgman’s offbeat character and a nice blend of observational humor and far more out-there laughs." Chris Higgins of "Mental floss" called "John Hodgman: Ragnarok" "both smart and funny, and come on -- it's Hodgman." "The Oklahoman" said they found "John Hodgman: Ragnarok" "more one-man show (with assists from friends such as Scott Adsit of "30 Rock") than traditional standup," and "fits within the Venn diagram sweet spot between "This American Life", McSweeney's and "The Daily Show with Jon Stewart"." "The Oklahoman" also notes that having the special on a streaming video service "makes total sense" since John Hodgman "has a specialized appeal and he devotes equal time to both highbrow and lowbrow material, which might make him a hard sell in arenas where subtlety is a rare commodity."
	Sam Gutelle of "Tubefilter" said "had the apocalypse arrived that evening, we would’ve gone out laughing" stating that "John Hodgman: Ragnarok" "has enough content beyond simple stand-up to make it worth checking out." Aaron Frank of "The Village Voice" ranked "John Hodgman: Ragnarok" "#9" in their list of "Top 10 Stand-Up Comedy Specials of 2013." Frank praised that Hodgman's "elegant command of language is particularly unmatched in the comedy world" but critiqued "the theme seems to limit the scope of material presented, and having seen Hodgman a couple times since "Ragnarok" was taped, I can say with certainty that he has some better jokes up his sleeve for the future."

= = = Get Happy (Pink Martini album) = = =

	Get Happy is the sixth studio album from the American musical group Pink Martini. It was released on September 24, 2013 under the band's own label, Heinz Records. Guest artists include Phyllis Diller, Philippe Katerine, Meow Meow, Ari Shapiro, the von Trapps, and Rufus Wainwright.
	"Get Happy" contains sixteen tracks. "Smile", originally by Charlie Chaplin, serves as the closing track and features American actress and comedian Phyllis Diller (1917–2012). Pink Martini and Diller recorded the song in January 2012 in her living room in Los Angeles, and the group released it upon her death. In 2014 it was awarded a double silver certification from the Independent Music Companies Association, which indicated sales of at least 40,000 copies throughout Europe. 

= = = Yukihiko Akutsu = = =

	A native of Tokyo and graduate of George Washington University, he started his career in 1993 working for the political campaign of the New Party Sakigake alongside future Prime Minister Naoto Kan. Akutsu joined the formation of the Democratic Party of Japan in 1996. He ran under their ticket in the 1996 general election as a candidate for Tokyo 24th district, but lost. In 2000, he ran and won the race for Tokyo-24th and entered the Diet for the first time. He lost the district race in the 2003 election, but was re-elected through the Tokyo proportional representation block. In 2005, he ran as candidate for the Tokyo prefectural elections but lost. In 2009, he returned to the Diet but lost his seat in the 2012 elections.
	After running unsuccessfully in 2014, Akutsu was elected back to the Diet after being elected from the CDP list for the Tohoku PR block in the 2017. He also currently serves as the deputy secretary-general of the party.

= = = 1976 Army Cadets football team = = =

	The 1976 Army Cadets football team represented the United States Military Academy during the 1976 NCAA Division I football season.
 

= = = Nasty neighbour effect = = =

	In ethology, the nasty neighbour effect describes the phenomenon whereby territory-holding animals behave more strongly toward familiar conspecific neighbours than to unfamiliar conspecifics. This phenomenon may be generally advantageous to an animal because the heightened response reduces the likelihood of a nearby intruder entering the territory and taking the resources it contains whereas an unfamiliar or distant territory-holder poses less of a threat. This reduced response minimises the time, energy and risk of injury incurred during territorial encounters with animals which are less of a threat to the territory holder. The nasty neighbour effect is the converse of the dear enemy effect in which some species are less aggressive towards their neighbours than towards unfamiliar strangers. 
	The striped mouse ("Rhabdomys pumilio") is group living with one single breeding male and up to four communally breeding females per group. Groups typically contain several philopatric adult sons (and daughters) that are believed not to breed in their natal group and all group members participate in territorial defence. When aggression in wild group-living male breeders was tested in a neutral test arena, they were nearly five times more aggressive towards their neighbours than towards strangers, leading to the prediction that neighbours are the most important competitors for paternity. Using a molecular parentage analysis it was shown that 28% of offspring are sired by neighbouring males and only 7% by strangers.
	Colonies of the weaver ant ("Oecophylla smaragdina") are able to recognize a greater proportion of workers from neighbouring colonies as non-colony members. When recognized as non-colony members, more aggression is exhibited toward neighbours than non-neighbours. Banded mongoose ("Mungos mungo") groups vocalize more and inspect more scent samples in response to olfactory cues of neighbours than strangers. It has been suggested that increased aggression towards neighbours is more common in social species with intense competition between neighbours, as opposed to reduced aggression towards neighbours typical for most solitary species. Furthermore, animals may respond in this way when encounters with intruders from non-neighboring colonies are rare and of little consequence.
	Female New Zealand bellbirds ("Anthornis melanura") are more aggressive toward the songs of neighbouring females, indicating that neighbouring females pose a greater threat than strangers in this species.
	Female hen harriers ("Circus cyaneus") responses towards neighbours are more intense, mostly flights rather than calls, than responses towards female floaters (individuals without territories), which in turn were more intense than responses towards male floaters.
	Guinea baboon ("Papio papio") males which live in social groups called "gangs" do not differ in their response behaviour toward neighbouring and stranger males, and largely ignore any non-gang member, irrespective of familiarity; that is, they neither show a “dear enemy” nor “nasty neighbour” effect.

= = = Mangfall Bridge = = =

	The Mangfall Bridge is a motorway bridge across the valley of the Mangfall north of Weyarn in Upper Bavaria, Germany, which carries Bundesautobahn 8 between Munich and Rosenheim. The original bridge, designed by German Bestelmeyer, opened in January 1936 as one of the first large bridges in the Reichsautobahn system and was influential in its design. Destroyed at the end of World War II, this bridge was replaced with a temporary structure in 1948; the current bridge consists of a replacement built in 1958–60 to a design by Gerd Lohmer and Ulrich Finsterwalder and a second span for traffic in one direction which was added in the late 1970s when the autobahn was widened to six lanes.
	The original bridge was one of the first large bridges constructed for the Reichsautobahn system under the Third Reich, and was the model for many that followed. It was a steel beam bridge long, wide and carried on two double pylons of reinforced concrete high. Hitler selected German Bestelmeyer's design; with a single deck and only two massive support pylons, in concrete rather than steel, it was preferred on aesthetic grounds, and a model of one of the pylons dominated the Reichsautobahn section of the "Gibt mir vier Jahre Zeit" (Give me four years) exhibition of Nazi achievements in 1937. Its construction was a particularly favoured topic of the painters commissioned by Fritz Todt to document the Reichsautobahn, and also of documentary filmmakers, and the finished bridge was also one of the Reichsautobahn scenes depicted on a postage stamp in 1936. It was the most successful steel bridge on the Reichsautobahn and served as a model for several that followed.
	Construction began in March 1934 and was mainly carried out by MAN SE of Gustavsburg. Completion of the two pylons was celebrated on 24 November. On 6 January 1936, Hitler was first to drive across the bridge. The autobahn segment was opened to traffic on 11 January.
	In 1945, the retreating Wehrmacht destroyed the bridge with explosives: the deck and the western pylon were completely destroyed, the eastern pylon badly damaged.
	Beginning in 1946, the bridge was rebuilt. A temporary steel truss bridge of the type designed by Gottwalt Schaper and used on the Reichsbahn was used on the rebuilt pylons, carrying one lane of traffic in each direction, and in 1958 this was moved to one side and beside it to the south, a supplemental pillar was erected beside each pylon. When the new replacement roadbed was complete, the temporary bridge was disassembled and the supplemental pillars demolished.
	In 1957, Dyckerhoff & Widmann (Dywidag) won the contract to build a permanent replacement bridge to a design by Gerd Lohmer and Ulrich Finsterwalder. This bridge is long and above ground and is a prestressed concrete parallel-chord beam bridge with trusses high consisting of posts and intersecting diagonals. It was the first use in Germany of prestressed concrete trusses. The bridge has a lower deck containing a pedestrian and bicycle path. The widths of the supports remained the same as in 1935; the deck is wide. The bridge was constructed in segments and the deck concreted in two sections. Construction took place from 1958 to 1960 and the total cost was DM 7.3 million.
	To accommodate the widening of the autobahn from its original four lanes to six, a supplemental bridge was added to the north to accommodate the northbound, Salzburg – Munich carriageway. This was built in 1977–79 by the Max Aicher construction company and is a hollow prestressed concrete bridge which was launched incrementally from both abutments followed by concreting of the cantilevered deck sections.

= = = Vejers = = =

	Vejers is a small Danish holiday resort with only 27 inhabitants, but a multitude of holiday homes. Vejers is situated in the former Ribe Amt, and is part of the Syddanmark region as of 2007, roughly 30 km northern of the town of Esbjerg and between the villages of Blåvand and Grærup on the west coast of Jutland.
	The nearest town is Varde at a distance of about 20 km.
	The village can be divided into the main area "Vejers" and the bigger area of "Vejers Beach". Vejers Beach is alongside the military base of Kallesmærsk Hede to the south and east, where the uninhabited town Vejers is situated. The abandoned houses are used as military training facilities. 
	"Vejers Strand" however has 22 registered residents and over 500 holiday homes of various categories.
	It's known for its sweet factory. During good visibility you can recognize both of the 20 and 35 square kilometers-sized offshore wind parks Horns Rev 1 and 2. The long, broad beach is very popular with surfers, sailors and swimmers as well as riders. Occasionally Hercules military transport planes make training flights onto and from the beach, closed for the purpose.

= = = Spanish–American War Nurses Memorial = = =

	The Spanish–American War Nurses Memorial is a memorial in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington County, Virginia, in the United States that commemorates those American nurses who died in the Spanish–American War in 1898. The rough-hewn, grey granite memorial was erected by the Order of Spanish–American War Nurses on May 2, 1905. It stands in the southwestern corner of Section 21, where the first Spanish–American War nurses are buried.
	The memorial should not be confused with the Nurses Memorial. This tall marble figure of a nurse in a nurse's uniform and cape was erected in 1938. It also stands in Section 21, a short distance away. It is screened from the northern part of Section 21 by a copse of trees.
	The Spanish–American War was a ten-week conflict that occurred in the spring and summer of 1898. Cuba had been waging a war of independence against Spain since 1895, an effort largely supported by the United States (which had extensive economic interests on the island). To ensure the safety of American citizens and property in Cuba, the United States sent the battleship to Havana in late January 1898. The "Maine" exploded and was destroyed with large loss of life on February 15. American newspapers whipped up war fever, and held Spain responsible for the ship's destruction. The United States Congress enacted a joint resolution demanding independence for Cuba, and President William McKinley signed it into law on April 20. In response, Spain severed diplomatic relations on April 21. The same day, the United States Navy began a blockade of Cuba. Spain declared war on April 23. On April 25, Congress declared that a state of war between the U.S. and Spain had existed since April 21.
	The Spanish–American War began on April 25, 1898, and ended on August 12, 1898. Cuban and Spanish dead vastly outnumbered American deaths. While 2,910 American military personnel died during the war, just 345 were combat deaths. The rest died of disease. The U.S. military barred women from serving in any capacity prior to the war. Although the Army had 791 nurses, they were all male, and far too few to provide the medical care needed. Soldiers resisted being transferred from combat units into the nursing corps, and few volunteers signed up for medical duty. Congress quickly authorized the military to hire female nurses—but on contract, not as military personnel. The army reached out specifically to the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR), a patriotic society, to recruit women nurses. Dr. Anita Newcomb McGee, one of the medical doctors practicing in the United States, was asked to lead the DAR's recruitment effort. Of the 1,563 nurses recruited for the new Nurse Corps, most served in hospitals in the United States. Only 76 were sent to Cuba, 30 to the Philippines, nine to Puerto Rico, six to Honolulu, and eight served aboard the hospital ship . It was the first time in American history where nurses were fully accepted in military hospitals.
	Although no nurses were killed in combat, 140 died of typhoid and 13 from other diseases. (One of the 13 died of yellow fever after being experimented upon by the army.) Since nearly all the nurses died in the United States, most were sent home to their families for burial. A handful died overseas, and were buried there. On July 8, 1898, Congress enacted legislation authorizing the repatriation of American dead, and appropriating funds for this purpose. Additional legislation was enacted on February 9, 1900; May 26, 1900; and June 6, 1900. Many of the dead were buried at Arlington National Cemetery, either because their families desired it or the remains could not be identified.
	The first Spanish–American War nurse to be buried at Arlington National Cemetery was Anna H. Campos, who died in Cuba on September 2, 1899. Her remains were repatriated about May 1900. By February 1901, the military had repatriated a few of the bodies of nurses who had died overseas. For families which wished it, or where remains went unclaimed or unidentified, the bodies were buried at Arlington. These nurses were buried in what is now Section 21. Over time, more military nurses were buried next to them, creating a "nurses' section". The U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps had control of Arlington National Cemetery at the time. In late 1906, Brigadier General Charles F. Humphrey, Sr., Quartermaster General, gave permission for any Army nurse who wished to be buried at Arlington National Cemetery with military honors.
	In June 1899, Dr. Anita Newcomb McGee co-founded the Order of Spanish–American War Nurses to (among other things) commemorate the service of contract nurses during the Spanish–American War and serve as an advocate for nurses within the U.S. military. At the founding convention on August 7, 1899, Order members agreed to sponsor a $10,000 "Nurses' Monument" ($ in dollars) to military nurses at Arlington National Cemetery. Order dues were 25 cents ($ in dollars), and the organization proposed that any dues money left over after the organization's expenses were paid should go toward the monument. By October 1, an additional $158.75 ($ in dollars) in contributions had been raised.
	Approval for the memorial was not quickly forthcoming. A memorial committee was established by the Order of Spanish War Nurses, chaired by Miss Esther Hasson of New York. But by November 1901, the Secretary of War Elihu Root had not yet given approval for the memorial. Fundraising, too, was going slowly, and only $265.63 ($ in dollars) was in the order's memorial fund. The order received word that the Army had set aside a site near the western corner of what is now Section 21 for the memorial in late 1902. But this decision was not a formal one. In the late summer of 1903, however, Dr. McGee received assurance from Secretary of War Root and Quartermaster General Humphrey that the order could erect a memorial in Section 21. However, General Humphrey requested that order erect a simple, artistic monument rather than anything elaborate.
	At the order's annual meeting on August 22, 1903, the Order of Spanish–American War Nurses debated the nature of the memorial they wished to erect. The original intent of the order was to honor all trained nurses, untrained "immune" nurses, Catholic sisters, male contract nurses, and any enlisted hospital corpsmen buried in the section. But none of these were actually buried at Arlington in the section assigned for the memorial. In fact, by July 1903, only two immune nurses and two soldiers were buried in Section 21. President McGee said members had expressed their disinclination to commemorate all nurses from all wars buried at Arlington, and the order was barred from erecting a memorial to itself. McGee proposed that the memorial honor all female nurses from the Spanish–American War (whom she called "our comrades"), or just trained female nurses. She asked the delegates to consider the issue, and make an explicit choice when it voted the following day.
	Later that day, the Committee on Monument issued its report to the membership Committee chair Esther Hasson noted that several designs had been submitted, including one from Tiffany & Co. (although the process for requesting designs was not reported in the media). The cost of the more elaborate memorials was in the $3,000 range ($ in dollars). However, Hasson said, Quartermaster General Humphreys had indicated in July 1903 that the Army's preference was for a simple stone memorial with an inscription, a design which would cost less than $1,000 ($ in dollars). The committee noted that this eliminated any memorial incorporating a bronze tablet, bas-relief figures, or elaborate carving. The committee noted that its preference was for a simple monument approximate in size and cost to that suggested by the Army. The Monument committee submitted a resolution proposing that the monument fund be raised to $3,000 ($ in dollars); that a committee of three be appointed by the chair to produce a monument acceptable to the committee and the Secretary of War as quickly as possible; and that this monument be dedicated to "deceased army nurses in the National Cemetery at Arlington, Virginia". The motion passed. The chair immediately appointed Miss Amanda J. Armistead, Miss Isabelle J. Walton, Miss Edith H. Rutley to the Special Committee on Monument.
	On August 23, the Special Committee on Monument made a verbal report to the order (the contents of which were not revealed in the media), which was followed by vigorous discussion. But the members voted to delay action until next annual meeting in September 1904.
	By November 1903, the memorial fund stood at only $346.66 ($ in dollars).
	The 1904 annual meeting of the Order of Spanish–American War Nurses was scheduled for early September at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, Missouri. However, at the request of Dr. McGee, the meeting was postponed until November 7, 1904 (although the meeting location was not altered). When the order met in St. Louis, the membership voted unanimous to erect a nurses' memorial with all due speed. But no design for the monument was chosen. The total cost of the memorial was also not reported, but Dr. McGee requested that each member donate $2 ($ in dollars) to bring monument fund to amount needed. By November 1, 1904, just $187 ($ in dollars) had been raised, bringing the monument fund to $546.84 ($ in dollars).
	By mid-December 1904, the Special Monument Committee of the Order of Spanish–American War Nurses had yet to choose a design, even though many members favored the figure of a nurse.
	Time began to press on the Order of Spanish–American War Nurses. More than six years had elapsed since the monument was first proposed, and donations were only trickling in. Eighteen months had passed since the Secretary of War gave his consent to erect a monument, and there seemed little reason to believe that more time would allow the order to construct a grander memorial. In early 1905, the order contracted with Barclay Bros., a granite company in Barre, Vermont, to produce the memorial.
	The dedication for the Spanish–American War Nurses Memorial was set for 3:00 P.M. on May 2, 1905. The Order of Spanish–American War Nurses established a dedication committee to plan the memorial's unveiling. The committee had great difficulty in getting speakers to commit to the ceremony, and in setting a program. They were successful, however, in persuading Colonel Charles P. Morton, commander of the 7th Cavalry at Fort Myer, to provide a military band.
	The dedication ceremony was not elaborate, but it was symbolic. A temporary pole made of bamboo from the Philippines was erected next to the memorial, and palm branches from Cuba and Puerto Rico were bunched about its base. At the top of the pole was a laurel wreath festooned with red, white, and blue ribbons. Around the foot of the monument, more palm branches were spread. An honor guard of 25 veterans from the Washington, D.C., chapter of the Spanish War Veterans stood around the memorial.
	Dignitaries at the event included Dr. Anita Newcomb McGee (who presided over the ceremony); M. Emmett Urell, Colonel, USA (ret.), past commander of the Grand Army of the Republic; Dr. Clifford Cox, commander, Spanish–American War Veterans; Mrs. Emily N.R. McClean, president, Daughters of the American Revolution; surviving Civil War nurses from Washington, D.C. (all members of the National Association of Army Nurses of the Civil War); Colonel Morton and several U.S. Army and U.S. Navy officers; and a representative from the Embassy of Japan. A marquee was erected near the memorial site to shelter them.
	The dedication ceremony was simple. Father Thomas McGuigan of St. Patrick's Catholic Church provided an invocation. Dr. McGee spoke briefly, followed by Dr. Cox. A poem by Rudyard Kipling was read, and then 15-year-old Klotho McGee (Dr. McGee's daughter) unveiled the monument as the 7th Cavalry Band played "The Star-Spangled Banner". Mrs. McLean delivered a lengthy address as the highlight of the ceremony. An Army chaplain gave a benediction, and a bugler from Fort Myer played "Taps".
	The Spanish–American War Nurses Memorial is located along the southwestern edge of Section 21 in Arlington National Cemetery. Porter Avenue runs southeast-to-northwest in front of the memorial, while Lawton Avenue is a short distance to the north. Porter and Lawton Avenues meet McPherson Avenue near where the memorial lies. The Battle of the Bulge Memorial is a few feet away to the northwest.
	The memorial consists of a single rough-hewn, grey granite boulder approximately wide, across, and high. At the top of the memorial in solid granite is a Maltese cross, the insignia of the Order of the Spanish–American War Nurses. The insignia is on both the front and rear of the memorial.
	On the front of the memorial are carved in bas-relief several palm branches, which lean to the left and shade the panel below. A laurel wreath lies atop the palm branches. The wreath has a bow at its base. One of the long, trailing ribbons of stone appears to be loosely draped over the right side of the panel, where it wraps around the base of the palm fronds. The other trailing ribbon appears to be loosely draped to the left of the panel. The wreath, fronds, and ribbon partially obscured the top, upper left corner, and upper right corner of the panel. Below the wreath and fronds is a sunk panel with inscription "To Our Comrades".
	On the rear of the monument, the Maltese cross insignia is at the top. A third of the way up from the ground, a bronze plaque is set into the rough-hewn grey granite. It reads: "In Memory of the Women Who Gave Their Lives As Army Nurses In 1898. Erected by the Society of Spanish American War Nurses."
	The memorial was dedicated to 13 nurses who died in the Spanish–American War. It is one of three Spanish–American War memorials at the cemetery. The other two are the Spanish–American War Memorial and the Rough Riders Memorial. A fourth memorial, a copy of the statue "The Hiker", stands on Memorial Drive outside the cemetery's boundaries.

= = = Bald Mountain mine = = =

	The Bald Mountain Mine is a large gold mine in the northern Nevada. It is an open-pit, run-of-mine, heap leach gold mine with conventional heap leaching technology and carbon absorption for ore treatment. The mine is located in White Pine County, Nevada, 110 kilometers southeast of Elko. 
	Proven and probable gold reserves were:
	In January 2016, Kinross Gold acquired Bald Mountain along with a 50% interest of the Round Mountain gold mine from Barrick Gold Corporation for $610 million in cash. 
	In 2018, 284,616 ounces of gold (2017: 282,715 oz) were produced, at a cost of $547 per ounce, a 15% improvement on the previous year's cost.

= = = St. Josaphat Ukrainian Catholic Church, Philadelphia = = =

	St. Josaphat Ukrainian Catholic Church, Philadelphia, is located in Philadelphia at 4521 Longshore Ave. It serves the Ukrainian speaking population in the area.
	The parish was founded in 1914 to serve those of the Ukrainian language in Northeast Philadelphia. Initially services were held in St. John Cantius Church in Bridesburg and in the homes of various parishioners. The first pastor was Rev. Volodymyr Petriwsky who served from 1915 to 1924. He was responsible for various innovations, such as having English taught, creating evening courses, and teaching the illiterate. In 1916 a Methodist house of prayer was purchased, along with its rectory, for the sum of $15,000.
	Current and past events include:
	Father Ihor Bloshchynskyy
	4521 Longshore Ave.
	Philadelphia PA 19135
	Tel: 215-332-8488
	Fax: 215-332-0315
	School: 215-332-8008

= = = Oscar Newman = = =

	Oscar Newman may refer to:

= = = Veladero mine = = =

	The Veladero mine is one of the largest gold mines in Argentina and in the world. The mine is located in the north-western part of Argentina in San Juan Province. The mine has estimated reserves of 10 million oz of gold. It is operated by Barrick Gold.
	In 2007, Barrick Gold installed the world's highest-altitude wind turbine at the Veladero mine at nearly 4,200m elevation.

= = = Colton Jacobson = = =

	Colton Jacobson (born December 17, 1997) is an American pop singer who rose to fame after several of his online videos went viral on popular video sharing websites such as YouTube. He released his first 2-song EP "The Beginning" on February 28, 2012. Colton released his full-length album "Unstoppable" on January 22, 2013. He is also currently into modeling.
	Colton Jacobson started posting videos on YouTube in 2010. Much to his surprise, he quickly rose to fame with his cover of Bruno Mars "It Will Rain" cover song earning the #2 most shared video on YouTube. After his unforeseen success on YouTube, Colton traveled to Tampa, Florida to record 10 original songs for his upcoming albums "The Beginning" and "Unstoppable". While in Florida, Colton recorded a music video for the song "Sand Castle" which has over 2 million YouTube views to date. At the beginning of 2013, Colton released his full-length album, Unstoppable, and offered the single "Unstoppable" for free to his fans to help raise awareness for his Bully Prevention campaign. At the end of 2012 Colton announced he has become a National Spokesperson for PACER's Bully Prevention Center, alongside other musicians such as Demi Lovato.
	Colton Jacobson, born December 17, 1997, was born and still resides in Frisco, Texas. At an early age Colton was driven towards the arts and did not participate in any sports programs. Because of this, Colton endured years of bullying at the hands of his peers, which drove him more into creating music and helping others in the same situation. His entire album "Unstoppable" tells a story of overcoming bullying, and hope that you can achieve your goals.

= = = Christian Luerssen = = =

	Christian Luerssen (6 May 1843, Bremen – 28 June 1916) was a German botanist. He was an authority in the field of pteridology.
	In 1872, at Leipzig, he graduated as a university teacher of botany, and was later appointed professor of botany at the Forest Academy at Neustadt-Eberswalde (1884). From 1888, he served as a professor at the University of Königsberg. After his death, a portion of his botanical collection (including European pteridophytes) was donated by Otto Bjurling to the Swedish Museum of Natural History.
	Luerssen was the taxonomic authority of the family Sciadopityaceae (1877). He has a number of plant species named after him, such as "Koeleria luerssenii" (grass species) and "Cassia luerssenii" (family Fabaceae).

= = = Lagunas Norte mine = = =

	The Lagunas Norte mine is one of the largest gold mines in Peru and in the world. The mine is located in the north-western part of Peru in La Libertad Region, 140 kilometers from Trujillo. At the end of 2018, the mine produced 245,000 ounces of gold and estimated reserves of 3.95 million oz of gold.
	List of mines in Peru
	Zinc mining

= = = Abdullatif Al-Mahmood = = =

	Abdullatif Al-Mahmood (born 1946 in Hidd) is a Bahraini politician and doctor. He is of Sunni Arab origins.
	In 1992, he signed on the uprising petition which had been demanding the return of Bahraini parliament deputy causing him to be detained for two weeks. Following his release, he withdrew from arguing that the petition had taken other goals. Afterwards, he disappeared from the political scene and worked as a doctor at the University of Bahrain.
	During the Bahraini protests that began on 2011, Abdullatif Al-Mahmood appeared as president of the pro-government Gathering of National Unity, led the Fateh Mosque assembly, and coordinated the Sunnis demands.

= = = Taipingwan Dam = = =

	The Taipingwan Dam (T'aep'yŏngman Dam) is a gravity dam on the lower Yalu River between China and North Korea. It is located about northeast of Dandong, Liaoning Province and Sinuiju, North Pyongan Province. The dam was first designed in 1978 and construction began in October 1982. The river was diverted in September 1983 and the first generator was operational on 25 December 1986. The three remaining generators were commissioned in 1987, and the dam was complete in July of that year. China built the dam and operates its 190 MW power station. Power from the dam is used by both China and North Korea.

= = = Jason Silva (footballer) = = =

	Jason Alejandro Silva Pérez (born February 13, 1991 in Santiago, Chile) is a Chilean footballer currently playing for San Marcos de Arica of the Primera B de Chile.

= = = L'Opéra du pauvre = = =

	L'Opéra du pauvre (English: Poor's Opera) is a piece for voices and orchestra formalized by Léo Ferré as a quadruple concept album released in 1983. This dreamlike and wry plea in favor of the Night, symbol of imagination and subversiveness for Ferré, synthesizes all aspects of the French poet and musician.
	"L'Opéra du pauvre" comes from a "lyrical" ballet titled "The Night", written in 1956 at the request of choreographer and dancer Roland Petit, within the Revue des Ballets de Paris. The piece was abandoned by Petit after a few performances (critics being severely negative). Ferré published the libretto same year at La Table Ronde Editions. This work stayed then on the shelf for twenty-six years.
	It was after the triple LP "Ludwig - L'Imaginaire - Le Bateau ivre" was released in 1982, that Léo Ferré decided to dedicate his upcoming year to bring "The Night" back to life. As time had passed, Ferré had accumulated a lot of material, and he chose to enrich his original text and score with elements from various sources, thus creating a new Baroque work of much larger scope (it would take four LP to hold this whole new version).
	Léo Ferré changes his voice and acts all parts.
	The Night is accused of having murdered the Lady Shadow, who is missing. The opera depicts Night's trial by the "day people", allegorized by animals. The judge is a raven, prosecutor is a cock and Night's attorney is an owl. Witnesses, all night owls for some reason of their own, are called to the bar and try to save the Night.

= = = Lucsuhin Natural Bridge = = =

	Lucsuhin Natural Bridge, locally called Cabag Cave or Lucsuhin Cave, is a natural bridge located between Brgy. Lucsuhin and Brgy. Kalubkob in Silang, Cavite province in the Philippines. The bridge, which crosses the Ylang-Ylang River, is the first large natural bridge reported in the country.
	The first American to discover and study the bridge is Paul R. Fanning from the Division of Mines during the early part of the American colonial period. He was making a geological reconnaissance in the vicinity of Silang, Cavite in July 1910 when he discovered the natural bridge of unusual size. Owing to its remoteness, Fanning believed no white men have probably visited the place before.
	The natural bridge is located in the great bedded tuff area lying between Manila and Tayabas Bay where the rock is favorable for their formation. 
	The opening under the bridge span is tunnel-like and has a diameter of about and a length of about . It makes a double turn that roughly approximates the shape of the letter 'S.' During low water, the stream occupies a central channel consisting of a staggered series of small falls and potholes which are the result of the action of the water upon the horizontal bedding of the tuff rock.
	The floor of the bridge, which is about above the stream, was examined by Fanning and showed evidence of once having formed the bed of the stream. Erosion had nearly obliterated this old bed, but had not been sufficient to destroy the sides of the valley. At one time, the river must have flowed at this higher elevation to a place several kilometers down stream from the present tunnel and then passed over a cliff. This cliff gradually receded upstream forming the present box canyon. As illustrated by the sketches, seepage began at a point several hundred meters above the falls and, owing to the horizontal bedding of the rock, it first took a path at right angles to the river course, then descended from bed to bed to the bottom of the falls. The porous, soft nature of the rock favored the rapid enlargement of the underground channel, and eventually the entire stream followed this course.
	Subsequent erosion and caving had greatly decreased the length of the underground channel and produced the short canyon above the present entrance portal. Owing to the thinness of the roof, the first part of the tunnel caved rapidly, whereas the erosion and caving of the lower part was much slower. A condition now has been reached where the entrance and exit portals will be eroded with about equal speed and at the same time the tunnel will be greatly enlarged in diameter by down cutting and by caving of the roof. Under these conditions the bridge eventually should assume the arch structure characteristic of famous natural bridges in other parts of the world.
	The bridge and cave is not a protected area and need preservation for future generations, as well as the areas upriver to preserve the quality of water, lest it would end up like Hinulugang Taktak falls in Rizal province.
	The bridge can be reached from Silang by following the Silang-Banaybanay Road for about west from the Aguinaldo Highway and J. Rizal Ave. junction to the barrio of Lucsuhin, past the road to the Riviera Golf & Country Club, past the bridge over Ylang-Ylang River to Brgy. Kalubkob. From here, it is about long hike to the site.
	An alternate route from Kalubkob, is to head north on Fresco Belen Drive for about to a dirt road to the right. The bridge and cave are reached by hiking east on the dirt road for .

= = = Sarah Aghili = = =

	Sarah Aghili (Persian: سارا عقیلی, born on June 25, 1987) is an American jewelry designer and entrepreneur of Iranian descent. She was born in Houston, Texas lives in the United States. Following the launch of her website SarahAghili.com, her designs have been featured in various fashion magazines including Cosmopolitan, Redbook, Women's Wear Daily, Girls Life, Glamour Magazine, and Seventeen.
	In the fall of 2008, Aghili debuted her jewelry line and website, SarahAghili.com. In the spring of 2010, the line was extended to include carrying sunglasses, accessories, and apparel. In 2012, Aghili launched her second website AccessoryAddicted.com. It is an American electronic commerce company. The company's current business strategy includes increasing international trade.

= = = Cerro Casale mine = = =

	The Cerro Casale mine is one of the largest gold mines in the Chile and in the world. The mine is located in the northern part of Chile in Atacama Region. The mine has estimated reserves of 23 million oz of gold and 58.7 million oz of silver.

= = = Rolling Vengeance = = =

	Rolling Vengeance, also known as Monster Truck, is a 1987 exploitation film directed by Steven Hilliard Stern and starring Don Michael Paul and Ned Beatty. The movie follows a truck driver that builds a special, eight-ton truck to help get revenge against the rednecks who killed his family and raped his girlfriend. The film script's initial premise centered on a young boy that created special monster trucks in order to eliminate drunk drivers.
	The five drunken sons of influential local business owner Tiny Doyle have been terrorizing the streets of their small town in their pick-up truck. Local trucker Big Joe Rosso has a wife named Kathy, a son named Joey, and two young daughters named Allison and Kristin. Big Joe and Joey do business with Tiny, delivering liquor to his bar, but that doesn't stop Tiny's son Vic from driving drunk and running Kathy off the road, killing Kathy, Allison, and Kristin. Thanks to Tiny's influence, the local judge sets Vic free after ordering Vic to pay a $300 fine. Lieutenant Sly, one of the local cops, is sympathetic toward the Rosso family, but Sly is about to retire, and Tiny has a lot of clout in this town. Enraged and bereaved, Big Joe goes after Vic, but the Doyles kill Big Joe. After that, they rape Joey's girlfriend Misty. Enraged and frustrated, Joey builds a monster truck out of junked car and truck parts, with seven-foot tall tires, a flame thrower, and a giant retractable combination drill and metal cutter mounted on it. Joey is out to do what the local authorities cannot or will not do...put an end to the Doyles once and for all.
	Reception for the film has been mixed, with most reviews upon its initial release being negative. Twitch Film gave a mostly positive review for "Rolling Vengeance", stating that although the film didn't go against any genre conventions, it does "play all the right notes to their hilt". Dread Central also praised the film, commenting that it was "a cult film just waiting to be rediscovered". The San Jose Mercury News panned the film, calling it "predictable".

= = = Thad Krasnesky = = =

	Thad Krasnesky is an American children's book author.
	He received his first MA from Columbia University in Organizational Psychology and a second masters in Military Arts and Science from the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.
	His first children's book, "I Always, Always Get My Way" (2009) is held in 465 libraries according to WorldCat. It has been translated into German as "Ich mach, was ich will - ich bin doch noch klein!" and into Chinese as" 我才三岁嘛! / Wo cai san sui ma!"
	His second children's book, "That Cat Can't Stay" (2010) was recognized as a Smithsonian Notable Book for Children. According to WorldCat, the book is held in 661 libraries 
	He is also a skeptical author of ghost stories. "Fright to the Point" was his first book of the paranormal, and was the first book of ghost stories that focused on ghosts of West Point. According to WorldCat, the book is held in five libraries 

= = = My Worst Nightmare = = =

	My Worst Nightmare (original title: Mon pire cauchemar) is a 2011 French-Belgian comedy-drama film written and directed by Anne Fontaine, starring Isabelle Huppert, Benoît Poelvoorde and André Dussollier.
	Agathe is a successful art dealer who lives with her husband François and their son Adrien in a wealthy quarter of Paris. Adrien is an underachiever at his school and Agathe fights any disadvantages that this can bring for him in parent-teacher conferences. François is more of a reserved person and procrastinates on a construction project. The situation gets stirred up when Adrien's friend Patrick, who is Tony's father, enters the picture. Tony is brilliant in his studies irrespective of his poor access to amenities, so Agathe has a soft spot for the child. And, Adrien's test results seem to be getting better. But Patrick has a rather dubious social background. He lacks both tact in social situations and a proper home or job for supporting a family. Agathe is distressed by Patrick's unpolished behavior and his intrusion into their life. Her husband François hires him to take care of the overdue construction project and they become friends. Then François cajoles a woman Patrick had wanted for himself and leaves Agathe. Patrick and Agathe are left back with the children. Agathe develops a sense of attachment for this unruly man who, "au contraire" to her husband, empathizes with her and is dedicated to ensuring his son can attend a respected school. But Patrick fails continuously to become responsible and they break up. Some time later they reconnect because each seems to complete the other.
	"My worst nightmare" was evaluated as an "utterly conventional French bourgeois comedy". Still it was also considered "watchable" just because of its cast.
	Isabelle Huppert was in particular praised for making Agathe's transformation believable. Benoît Poelvoorde's performance was recognised a "often irritable and hilarious". Diego Costa wrote for Slant Magazine "My worst nightmare" was coined by a very Frenchkind of humor which could "go right over American audience's heads".

= = = St. John's Episcopal Church (Jersey City, New Jersey) = = =

	Saint John's Episcopal Church in Jersey City, New Jersey is located on Summit Avenue in Bergen Hill. Owned by the Episcopal Diocese of Newark, it is considered a masterwork of 19th-century ecclesiastical architecture. The building, which has fallen into disrepair, became a municipal landmark in 2013.
	Erected in 1870, the Gothic Revival-influenced building was designed by John Remson Onderdonk, a local architect and practitioner of the ecclesiological philosophy, and is considered to be a masterpiece of 19th-century ecclesiastical architecture by the city's landmarks conservancy. Its façade replicates a portion of the Chartres Cathedral in Southern France. Once housing the largest Episcopal church congregation in New Jersey, among its members were many of the leading citizens of Jersey City. It was called the "Millionaire's Church". In 1914, much of the church was damaged by fire, but was elaborately restored. By the mid-twentieth century, reflecting the demographic change in the city, its congregation became more working class. From 1960 to 1968 the church was a center of the civil rights and anti-Vietnam war movements during the rectorship of the Reverend Robert W. Castle who preached a social gospel and drew attention to the plight of the city's poor. The church has not housed an Episcopal congregation since 1994.
	The Bergen Hill Historic District, of which the church is a contributing property, was established as a municipal historic district in 1986 and identified in New Jersey's state historic preservation office (SHPO) in 1989/1991 (ID#1481). In 2008, the SHPO issued a certificate of eligibility (ID#4986) for listing individually on both the New Jersey Register of Historic Places and the National Register of Historic Places. Attempts made in 2007/2008 to have the church designated a local landmark were unsuccessful, the motion having been tabled by the Jersey City City Council. When it appeared that the diocese was moving to demolish the building, a campaign was begun to convince the city council to re-visit the issue which it did in June 2013 and adopted a measure granting landmark status.
	St. John's has not been in regular use since 1994. In 2004 Preservation New Jersey named St. John's one of the most endangered historic sites in the state.
	There is concern that if the building continues to deteriorate it will be necessary for it is to be demolished. The Jersey Landmarks Conservancy, a preservation group, believes that the Episcopal Diocese of Newark has intentionally neglected the building in order to demolish it. The stained glass windows, altar, and other items were removed in 1997. In January 2012, the church's altar was offered for sale on e-bay. The diocese maintains that the preservation of the building is too costly and that no serious offers to purchase it have been forthcoming. In March 2013 the City of Jersey City served the diocese a Notice of Unsafe Structure, after which it contracted an asbestos abatement work and applied for a permit for demolition. Its designation as a local landmark requires that special approval be given before the building can be razed. The diocese disagrees with the landmarking. In 2015 it was decided to convert the property to residental spaces, including consruction of new buildings and conversion of the church.

= = = Kings Island &amp; Miami Valley Railroad = = =

	The Kings Island & Miami Valley Railroad is a narrow gauge passenger railroad located at the Kings Island Amusement Park in Mason, Ohio. The line is a 5,282-foot (1,610 m) loop. The line has two stations: the Losantiville station (the main station) also commonly referred to as "Rivertown Station" and a station at Soak City. It is a part of the rides department, and has a thrill rating of "1 - Low Thrill Ride". The entire journey lasts between 9 and 15 minutes, depending on station stops and number of trains in operation. The Kings Island & Miami Valley Railroad is one of the oldest and consistently popular attractions at Kings Island. It is currently
	The Kings Island & Miami Valley Railroad maintains two working locomotives. They were built by Crown Metal Products of Pennsylvania for the park opening in 1972 and were modeled after The General.
	The #12 engine, also known as the "Kenny Van Meter", features a propane-fired boiler and has a total weight of 25 tons (engine and tender). It is a 2/3 scale replica of The General. It is painted blue. The locomotive's original name was Tecumseh after the Shawnee leader. Originally, it featured a balloon-style stack but it was replaced in the late 1980s or early 1990s to make it stand apart from the green engine. The blue engine also originally had two blue domes but were painted red to match the wheels in the late 1980s or early 1990s, when the balloon stack was removed.
	The #19 engine, also known as the "Lew Brown", features a propane-fired boiler and has a total weight of 25 tons (engine and tender). Like its older brother engine, the #12, it is a scale replica of The General. The engine is painted green and was originally named Simon Kenton, after a famous Ohio frontiersman.
	Kings Island maintains a total of 12 open air passenger cars, arranged as 6 cars on each engine. 6 of the cars are painted green, and are typically matched with the No. 19 engine. The other 6 cars are painted red, and are matched with the No. 12 engine. Capacity per completed train (6 cars) is 465 park guests. Each passenger car has a series of seals depicting Native American Tecumseh and frontiersman Simon Kenton (after whom the engines were originally named) with the railroad name.
	The Kings Island & Miami Valley Railroad features two train stations. Losantiville station is considered the line's main station, and is located in the Rivertown section of the park, next to the entrance of White Water Canyon and Mystic Timbers. It is a covered station and platform. There is also a station located at the entrance to Soak City Water park, which is an uncovered concrete pad station that, unlike the Losantiville station, is a curved station.
	Each train is manned by a total of four associates; an Engineer, Fireman, Front Conductor, and Back Conductor (position of back conductor may be eliminated with the operation of a scaled down train of three passenger cars, rather than the regular six). The Engineer is in charge of the operation of the locomotive, while the Fireman watches over the boiler pressure levels, and maintains the fire and water levels in the boiler. The Front Conductor is in the charge of the movement of the train, as well as the entertainment and wellbeing of the passengers aboard. Additionally, each station must be manned by a Station Master who is responsible for the safety of passengers in the station, helping passengers load and unload, as well as keeping capacity.
	Each morning, the train crew (Engineer and Fireman) prepare the engines for operation at the engine house, located near the Losantiville station. Once the first train of the morning reaches the Losantiville station, the front conductor and back conductor board the train. Once the train is staffed completely, the train must do a full test cycle around the track before passengers can be loaded. During the morning hours, only one engine is in service. Midway through the day, the second train is brought into operation. Opening procedures for the train brought out second differ slightly, in that the front and back conductors board the train in the engine house, rather than at the Losantiville station.
	The Front Conductor is in charge of the movement of the train. During a normal passenger loading procedure, the station master must clear the station platform with a thumbs up signal, at which point the Back Conductor must clear the Front Conductor for movement with a hand signal known as a "Highball". Once the Front Conductor verifies the Highball from the Back Conductor and the clear from the Station Master, the Front Conductor will "Highball" the Engineer, who then proceeds with operation of the locomotive. "Highball" hand signals are also given at two locations along the train route, between the Front and Back Conductor, to signal that everything is clear on all six passenger cars.
	After the water park closes, the park resumes one-train operation for the rest of the night. The last train leaves at park closing and backs the train into the locomotive garage (engine house). After the last cycle has completed for the night, the Engineer and Fireman proceed to back the other train into the engine house from the Losantiville station.
	The Kings Island & Miami Valley Railroad has some private grade crossings for the private roads where the workers go on. The private grade crossings have one or two crossbucks. There is also a public grade crossing that has four railroad crossing signals, two gated signals with bells and lights for the public path and two gateless signals with just lights for the private road. This crossing is right next to the Soak City station.
	The Kings Island & Miami Valley Railroad operates during the entire season. Throughout most of the season, it entertains guests and serves as transportation to and from Soak City. During the park's annual Halloween Haunt event, which occurs on weekend nights in September and October, it was transformed into a haunted maze known as "Tombstone Terror-Tory". The attraction had a western-theme and utilized the exit path of White Water Canyon. When Kings Island began construction of Mystic Timbers in 2016, the exit path was shortened significantly, and Tombstone Terror-Tory was removed from the Halloween Haunt lineup.

= = = Karoline Frogner = = =

	Anne Karoline Frogner (born February 3, 1961) is a Norwegian filmmaker, photographer, writer and lecturer. She is considered one of Norway's foremost documentary filmmakers and is a well known stills photographer for the image agency Samfoto. She runs the production company Integritet Film AS and has written several books. Through her films she has proven an evident humanistic point of view, indicated a broad commitment to human rights and decided to promote controversial issues that often affect politically difficult issues. In 1990 she was the initiator for the establishment of a children's art centre in Betlehem. Because of her work she was appointed as a Government scholar in the State budget of Norway of 2014.
	The films included on this DVD are: God bless the child, Whistling not allowed, Asil - Lisa went to school - or vice versa, Stolen time and Times of Darkness - women's encounter with Nazism.

= = = Robert H. Rutford = = =

	Robert Hoxie Rutford (Jan. 26,1933-Dec. 1, 2019) was a President Emeritus and a former faculty member of the University of Texas at Dallas. He was the second President of the University of Texas at Dallas (from 1982 until 1994).
	He has been noted for his geological research on Antarctica.
	Rutford was a member of several United States Antarctic Program expeditions to Antarctica, and was the leader of the University of Minnesota Ellsworth Mountains Party, 1963–1964. Rutford served as Director of the Division of Polar Programs of the National Science Foundation from 1975 to 1977.
	The 14,688 foot/4,477 meter-high Mount Rutford, which is the summit of Craddock Massif in the Sentinel Range of the Ellsworth Mountains in the Antarctic, was named for him in 2007. The 130 mile-long Rutford Ice Stream, a "mile-thick, fast flowing stream" which drains part of the West Antarctic ice sheet into the sea, had previously been named for him.
	Rutford served as the head football coach at Hamline University in St. Paul, Minnesota from 1958 to 1961.

= = = Galwan River = = =

	The Galwan River flows from the disputed Aksai Chin region in southern Hotan County, Hotan Prefecture, Xinjiang of China to Ladakh of India. It originates in the area of Samzungling on the eastern side of the Karakoram range and flows west to join the Shyok River at . It is one of the upstream tributaries of the Indus River.
	The river is named after Ghulam Rasool Galwan, a Ladakhi explorer from Leh, who first explored the course of the river. In 1899, he was part of a British expedition team that was exploring the areas to the north of the Chang Chenmo valley, when ran into this previously unknown river valley. Harish Kapadia states that this is one of the rare instances where a major geographical feature is named after a native explorer.
	The river's length is about 80 kilometers, and it is fast-flowing.
	The Galwan river is to the west of China's 1956 claim line in Aksai Chin. However, in 1960 China advanced its claim line to the west of the river along the mountain ridge adjoining the Shyok river valley. Meanwhile, India continued to claim the entire Aksai Chin plateau.
	These claims and counterclaims led to a military standoff in the Galwan River valley in 1962. On 4 July, a platoon of Indian Gorkha troops set up a post in the upper reaches of the valley. The post ended up cutting the lines of communication to a Chinese post at Samzungling. The Chinese interpreted it as a premeditated attack on their post, and surrounded the Indian post, coming within 100 yards of the post. The Indian government warned China of "grave consequences" and informed them that India was determined to hold the post at all costs. The post remained surrounded for four months and was supplied by helicopters. According to scholar Taylor Fravel, the standoff marked the "apogee of tension" for China's leaders.
	By the time the Sino-Indian War started on the 20 October 1962, the Indian post had been reinforced by a company of troops. The Chinese PLA bombarded it with heavy shelling and employed a battalion to attack the post. The Indians suffered 33 killed and several wounded, and the company commander and several others were taken prisoner. By the end of the war, China reached its 1960 claim line.

= = = Shamim Hilaly = = =

	Shameem Hilaly nee Ahmed is a Pakistani actress who has acted in both films and television.she is most femose for acted in PTV Dramas. She is noted for her performance in “Maigh Malhaar” during the 1990s. She has also acted in Pakistan's only English language movie, "Beyond the Last Mountain" (1976). 
	Hilaly completed her formal education in Lahore from Convent of Jesus and Mary and Kinnaird College for Women. She is married to the former ambassador turned political commentator, Zafar Hilaly. The couple have two children and currently reside in Karachi.
	Hilaly's career started from the drama, Alif Noon.

= = = Rowing at the 2010 Asian Games – Women's single sculls = = =

	The women's single sculls competition at the 2010 Asian Games in Guangzhou, China was held from 15 November to 19 November at the International Rowing Centre.

= = = Knob Mountain (Pennsylvania) = = =

	Knob Mountain (also known as Nob Mountain) is a ridge in the northeastern part of Columbia County, Pennsylvania and parts of Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. Its elevation is over 1720 feet above sea level. Knob Mountain can be seen from a considerable distance, and is also visible from Bloomsburg. The peak of the mountain is one of the highest points in Columbia County.
	Knob Mountain's western terminus is near Orangeville. The mountain runs eastward and slightly northward for ten or twelve miles (16 or 20 kilometers) before descending to the level of the surrounding land, slightly over the Luzerne County line. However, it has a slightly lower subsidiary peak known as Huntington Mountain that extends in approximately the same direction as the main mountain as far as Shickshinny.
	Knob Mountain is a fairly steep mountain. It is more steep on its northern side than it is on its southern side. Its base is in the watersheds of Fishing Creek and Huntington Creek. At one point, Fishing Creek makes a sharp curve around the base of Knob Mountain. The outline of the mountain is fairly uniform. However, there is a notch near the eastern terminus of Knob Mountain.
	A terminal moraine runs from the nearby Lee Mountain to the southern base of Knob Mountain and then over Knob Mountain to Fishing Creek. The mountain has coarse, hard sandstone near its peak and is situated in the Wyoming coal basin. This coal basin is part of a chain of coal-containing areas that runs between Lackawanna County and Dauphin County. The Wyoming and Lackawanna coal field terminates at Knob Mountain. There is also a red shale basin under the mountain.
	Lee Mountain and Huntington Mountain are mountains that are near to Knob Mountain, and they can be considered eastward extensions of Knob Mountain.
	Knob Mountain can be approached from any direction. Two roads cross over the main part of the mountain. The highest point on the whole ridge is over 1720 feet.
	The area in the vicinity of Fishing Creek and Knob Mountain was first settled in 1780. However, it was not until 1785 that large numbers of people traveled to the area around Knob Mountain. The settlers that arrived in this year primarily traveled from New Jersey to the mouth of Fishing Creek via Berwick and from the mouth of Fishing Creek up the creek's valley to near Knob Mountain. Such settlement was, at the time, the northernmost non-native settlement in the Fishing Creek watershed. A community at the base of the mountain was built in 1822. An Indian path once passed over the mountain near its eastern terminus. The Susquehanna and Tioga Turnpike once crossed over Knob Mountain. A township border was once determined to be a heap of stones on the top of Knob Mountain.
	Knob Mountain has forests at its peak. It is surrounded by agricultural communities. In the early days of civilization in the area around Knob Mountain, the mountain was commonly believed to be home to numerous wolves and bears.

= = = Lisa Posthumus Lyons = = =

	Lisa Posthumus Lyons (born June 12, 1980) is an American politician from Alto, Michigan, and served three terms as a Republican member of the Michigan House of Representatives from District 86 (portions of Ionia and Kent Counties) from 2011 - 2016. In 2016 she was elected Kent County Clerk / Register of Deeds.
	The only woman to hold countywide office in Kent County, Michigan, Lyons was named by the Grand Rapids Business Journal as one of The 50 Most Influential Women in West Michigan in 2018.
	She is the daughter of Dick Posthumus, who served as Lieutenant Governor of Michigan from 1999 to 2003 and was the Republican nominee for governor in 2002.
	Posthumus Lyons describes herself as the fourth generation to own their family's family farm in Alto. She graduated from Lowell High School and from Michigan State University with a bachelor's degree in Agricultural and Natural Resources Communications. Prior to elected office, Lyons was Director of Public Policy & Community Outreach for the Grand Rapids Association of Realtors. Lyons and her husband Brad, who is a deputy sheriff in Kent County, have four children: Easton, Charlie, Gage, and Fisher.
	In the 2010 general election, Posthumus Lyons beat Frank Hammond with 25,943 votes, to 10,996 for Hammond and 909 for Libertarian Robin VanLoon. She was subsequently re-elected in 2012 and 2014. During her tenure, she chaired the House standing committees on education and on ethics and elections, and authored 32 Public Acts that were signed into law. Posthumus Lyons was term-limited in 2016 after serving three terms.
	In the 2016 General Election, Lyons was elected to the combined office of Kent County Clerk / Register of Deeds with 158,341 votes to Democratic Party candidate Christopher Reader's 115,244 votes, and Libertarian candidate James Lewis' 16,017 votes. She began her four-year term of office in January 2017.
	The Kent County Clerk's Office has three major functions: to manage County elections; to manage vital County records; and to process and maintain all Circuit Court files. In Kent County, the Clerk is also the Register of Deeds. The Clerk is also the Clerk of the Board of Commissioners, and statutorily serves on numerous County boards and commissions.
	On August 15, 2018, Michigan Attorney General Bill Schuette announced Lyons as his running mate for his gubernatorial campaign. Her nomination was confirmed by the Michigan Republican State Convention on August 25, 2018 and she officially joined the Republican ticket as candidate for Lieutenant Governor of the State of Michigan. The pair lost the general election on November 6, 2018 to the Democratic ticket of Gretchen Whitmer and Garlin Gilchrist.

= = = Big Kenny's Love Everybody Traveling Musical Medicine Show Mix Tape, Vol. 1 = = =

	Big Kenny's Love Everybody Traveling Musical Medicine Show Mix Tape, Vol. 1 is the third solo album by American country music artist Big Kenny, one-half of the duo Big & Rich. It was released in 2010 via Big Kenny's own Love Everybody label and sold exclusively through BigKenny.TV and BigSouthMusic.com. The album is only available as a CD and was released as a tie-in to Kenny's Love Everybody Musical Medicine Show tour. It features new songs as well as alternate versions of select songs from Kenny's previous album, "The Quiet Times of a Rock and Roll Farm Boy", in addition to a new solo recording of "The Bob Song" from "Big & Rich's Super Galactic Fan Pak". Recording artist Damien Horne of the country music band The Farm is also featured, contributing the last four tracks.
	"Big Kenny's Love Everybody Traveling Musical Medicine Show Mix Tape, Vol. 1" did not chart due to its extremely limited release and no singles were sent to radio. The cover art is the same as the vinyl and deluxe editions of "The Quiet Times of a Rock and Roll Farm Boy" but without text. Despite this album being branded as "Volume 1," no plans have been announced for a second volume or any other sort of followup.

= = = Houstonville, North Carolina = = =

	Houstonville is an unincorporated community in the Eagle Mills Township of Iredell County, North Carolina, United States. Houstonville is located on U.S. Route 21, north of Harmony. Houstonville was founded in 1789 by Christopher Houston and is the second oldest town in Iredell County after the county seat, Statesville.
	Captain Christopher Houston (1744-1837), an American Revolutionary War veteran, was instrumental in establishing Iredell County in 1788 and the county seat of Statesville, North Carolina in 1789. He recognized the need for a town in the northern end of the county on Hunting Creek, so he founded Houstonville in 1789. (Houston moved to Tennessee in 1815.) 
	Other early settlers in Houstonville include: 
	Christopher Houston and most of the original settlers in this area ran small plantations and owned slaves. Christopher Houston owned six and Thomas Young owned 13 slaves in 1790. 
	The first post office was established in Houstonville on October 1, 1804 with Christopher Houston as postmaster. This post office was the second post office in Iredell County (after the Statesville Post Office) and served continually until February 9, 1869. A post office was re-established on March 5, 1883 with Mary C. Dalton as post master. This post office continued until November 30, 1955. 
	The following historic sites are located in or near Houstonville and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
	Other notable sites in or near Houstonville include:

= = = Hotline Miami 2: Wrong Number = = =

	Hotline Miami 2: Wrong Number is a top-down shooter video game co-developed by Dennaton Games and Abstraction Games, and published by Devolver Digital. It takes place before and after the events of its predecessor, "Hotline Miami", as it focuses on the backstory and aftermath of the previous protagonist, Jacket, slaying parts of the Russian mafia at the behest of anonymous voices leaving mysterious messages on his answering machine.
	The game was first released worldwide for Microsoft Windows, OS X, Linux on 10 March 2015. It then saw its release for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita on 10 March 2015 in North America, on 11 March 2015 in Europe, and on 25 June 2015 in Japan. An Android port was released on 4 August 2015. A Nintendo Switch version was released in August 2019 alongside the first game as part of the "Hotline Miami Collection".
	Gameplay of "Wrong Number" plays the same to that of its predecessor "Hotline Miami". "Hotline Miami 2: Wrong Number" features a new hard mode, unlocked after completing the Normal story. In Hard mode, enemies are more difficult to take down and some abilities are taken away from the player, such as "enemy-locking".
	Thirteen characters are playable as opposed to just Jacket and Biker in the first game; each with their own interpretations as the story unfolds. The masks mechanic is again featured with some masks making a return, while new masks offer new abilities and play styles. Each character has their own special abilities or perks; Corey can do a roll and dive under enemy gunfire, Mark can dual wield two sub-machines guns and can spread his arms to shoot in opposite directions simultaneously, Tony's fists kill all regular enemies in one blow and knock down heavy enemies for quick ground kills, and Alex and Ash are controlled by the player simultaneously, using a chainsaw and an assortment of guns respectively. A different character or group of characters is available at the start of each level, each chapter telling part of the story from that character's perspective.
	A level editor was added after the game's release, which let users create original stories through dialogue crafting. The editor was originally planned for a spring 2015 release, but was postponed, eventually going live on 22 June 2016.
	"Hotline Miami 2: Wrong Number" takes place in a heavily anachronistic order before and after the events of the original, focusing more on the latter between October and December 1991. During the events of "Hotline Miami", the player's character, "Jacket," is unwittingly manipulated into killing off the leadership of the Russian Mob by 50 Blessings, a neo-nationalist terror cell that masquerades as a peaceful activist group. The persona of "Richard", a mysterious figure in a rooster mask that occasionally appeared to Jacket in the original game, appears at different points to most of the game's playable characters. The player controls these individuals in a series of intersecting plotlines exploring both the background and the aftermath of Jacket's rampage.
	After his rampage, Jacket has been arrested and brought to trial. He has gained national notoriety as a result of his macabre and horrific mass murders, committed while wearing rubber animal masks; the game's tutorial level takes place in a slasher film adaptation depicting him as "The Pig Butcher", in which his rescue of a drug-addled sex slave during the first game is re-envisioned as a lurid rape and kidnapping scene. The film's star, Martin Brown, is a sociopathic sadist who relishes at being able to act out his violent fantasies during filming. Martin dies early in the game when accidentally shot with live ammunition on set during the shooting of the film's final scene. A journalist, Evan Wright, is writing a book about Jacket's spree and trying to learn more about the people behind it. Evan is given leads from Manny Pardo, a psychotic police detective who uses his position to go on killing sprees during stakeout operations, justifying them as self-defense.
	The Fans, five thrill-seeking killers who are emulating Jacket's spree, carry out a string of murders against petty crooks and drug dealers, unaware of the larger context of Jacket's campaign of violence. Eventually they kill a former henchman of the Russian Mafia, now run by the original boss' son, and when the Son attempts to reconnect with said henchman the Fans follow his call to attack his new hideout. The Fans are all killed during this attack; their last survivor, Tony, is personally killed by Pardo after surrendering to the police, to deny him his "fifteen minutes of fame."
	The story of The Soldier, the bearded convenience store owner from the previous game, shows him fighting a war against the Soviet Union in Hawaii alongside Jacket in 1985, prior to the first game's events. America appears to be losing this fictitious war, with cities and islands falling to the Soviet Red Army. The Soldier's elite Commando unit has been engaged in a campaign of deep penetration harassment against Russian fortifications and supply depots, however their increasingly detached and psychologically troubled Colonel appears to be losing his grip on reality as the war proceeds, volunteering them for increasingly desperate and dangerous missions while ruminating on their likely impending deaths and the loss of the war. Their last assignment involves besieging a heavily guarded Power Plant controlled by the Russians. As they make their way into the building, the Soviet commander in charge of it, having apparently gone insane, murders the plant's technicians and begins a meltdown on the main reactor before shooting himself in the head. The Soldier saves Jacket's life during their escape attempt, after a booby trap explodes and severely injures two members of their unit including Jacket, but later dies in 1986 during a nuclear strike on San Francisco which decisively terminates the war, revealing his appearances in the previous game to be Jacket's comatose hallucinations.
	The game also follows two other 50 Blessings agents from the original game, Jake and Richter. Jake, a virulently nativist Southern patriot, realizes the officially-peaceful 50 Blessings organization is giving him his orders when he meets with one of their representatives, who denies everything. Afterwards, he is sent on a suicide mission, which the player is given one chance to succeed on. If the player fails he is captured, tortured, and eventually killed by the Russian Mafia, and if he succeeds 50 Blessings takes him to a safehouse and kills him anyway to silence him. Richter, the agent who killed Jacket's girlfriend, is revealed to be reluctant to work with 50 Blessings until they threaten his ailing mother. Like Jacket, Richter is captured and imprisoned, but manages to escape during a prison riot orchestrated by 50 Blessings during which other incarcerated members were to kill him to keep him from corroborating Jacket's testimony.
	In 1991, the escaped Richter tells his story to Evan in exchange for plane tickets for his mother to come to Hawaii. Evan's marriage and finances, however, are under pressure as he spends more time working on his book, and the player must choose whether he abandons the book or his family.
	The final act of the game is centered on the Son, who is trying to reclaim his father's empire from Colombian gangsters who filled the power vacuum the old boss' death left. Pardo also appears, having a nightmare revealing himself to be the "Miami Mutilator", a serial killer he has supposedly been hunting. Fearful of his colleagues catching on to his crimes, Pardo boards himself up in his house. After the Son eliminates the Colombians, he invites his old henchman to visit their new hideout, inadvertently giving away his location to the Fans and triggering the attack depicted earlier. Under the hallucinatory influence of his own designer drugs he goes on a rampage, killing the superhuman monsters he sees the Fans as, then walking off the hideout's roof on a rainbow bridge to his apparent death.
	An epilogue shows Richter, reunited with his mother, hearing on the news that the American and Soviet presidents were both assassinated in an attempted coup d'état, with the prime suspect being an American general. The Soviet Union declares this an act of war, and launches several atomic attacks against the United States which obliterate Miami and Hawaii. Each of the surviving characters are then shown in their last moments - Manny, Evan, the actress from Midnight Animal, and finally Jacket alone in a prison cell - before being obliterated by the bombs. Subsequently, starting a new game adds an extra introductory scene where Richard berates the playable characters for, once again, starting down a path that can only end in their deaths.
	"Hotline Miami 2: Wrong Number" was originally made in Game Maker 7, but was ported by Abstraction Games to their own SilverWare engine, using their Game Maker conversion program GameBaker, to make the game able to run on platforms other than Microsoft Windows. The developers have stated that it is the final game of the series. Swedish painter Niklas Åkerblad created the cover art for "Hotline Miami 2: Wrong Number". In Japan, the localized editions of "Hotline Miami" and "Hotline Miami 2: Wrong Number" for the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita were bundled together and released as "Hotline Miami: Collected Edition" on 25 June 2015.
	As the game didn't support Windows XP on release, despite other pre-release indications, the community created an unofficial patch which added this compatibility.
	The game, along with the original "Hotline Miami", was released as part of the "Hotline Miami Collection" for the Nintendo Switch on 19 August 2019.
	Upon release, the game received generally positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, it holds an aggregated score of 75/100 based on 18 reviews for the PlayStation 4 Version, one of 74/100 based on 67 reviews for the PC version, and one of 66/100 based on four reviews for the PlayStation Vita version. Danny O'Dwyer from GameSpot gave the game a 9/10, praising its techno and intense soundtrack, entertaining, engaging and challenging gameplay, well-designed controls, striking and vibrant visuals, improved enemy placement, lengthy story, as well as the huge variety of characters, levels and locations. He also praised the game for allowing players to use multiple approaches towards a single objective. However, he criticized the lack of weapon customization. He summarized the game by saying that "This is a confident follow-up which improves upon the original in almost every way. This is a tremendously stylish game which entertains throughout, and delights in forcing you out of your comfort zone.
	Chris Carter from Destructoid also awarded the game a 9/10, praising the open-ended gameplay, engrossing story, accessible interface and level-creator, as well as the game for allowing players to utilize creativity and strategy in every level. However, he criticized the poor AI. He summarized the game by saying that ""Hotline Miami 2" may not be as "profound" as its predecessor, but it's still a bloody good time." Chloi Rad from IGN gave the game an 8.8/10, praising its high replay value, engaging story, sizable maps, rich characters' backstory, character-specific abilities, the improved lock-on system as well as the level-design, which demands players a new and more cautious approach towards dangers. However, she criticized the occasionally frustrating levels. She summarized the review by saying that ""Hotline Miami 2: Wrong Number" is a great game and a worthy sequel. It's more confident in its style, storytelling ability, and level design than the first game." Alex Carlson from Hardcore Gamer gave the game a 4.5/5, praising its seedy and visceral art design and its improvement on its predecessors gameplay, but criticized its adherence to the established formula. He summed up the review saying ""Hotline Miami 2: Wrong Number" is purposely discomforting and hypnotically visceral. It's one of the best games released so far this year."
	Steven Burns from VideoGamer.com gave the game a 7/10, while praising the narrative as well as the brutal violence featured in the game, which he stated "has tread a fine, sophisticated line between titillation, power, and reflection, an integral part of both narrative and mechanics.", he criticized the oversized maps, as well as the game for being overly difficult, frustrating as enemy attack players where they can't be seen from the camera angle, and restrictive as the game forced players to play a certain way very often. Chris Thursten from PC Gamer gave the game a 57/100, criticizing the meaningless characters, alienating rape scene, rigid playstyle restriction, inconsistent AI, frustrating and unavoidable death as well as technical issues. Yet he still praised the soundtrack, where the "experience is enormously enhanced by their work". He summarized the review by saying that "Restrictive design decisions sap the energy from a series that revels in it, and technical issues deal the killing blow."
	The demo shown at Rezzed and the 2013 Penny Arcade Expo featured gameplay in the tutorial that had players appear to attempt to assault a woman sexually as the Pig Butcher. The player character lowered his pants and straddled the woman before the scene is interrupted by the director of "Midnight Animal", revealing the whole sequence to be a film shoot.
	Video game journalists, including Cara Ellison of "PC Gamer", spoke out against the usage of sexual assault imagery. In response, Dennis Wedin stated that Dennaton cut the scene from the demo, and that they were reconsidering putting the scene into the final game. Wedin also stated that they cut the scene short to show that that type of violence is not what the "Hotline Miami" series is about.
	On 15 January 2015 it was reported that because of the implied rape scene, the game had been refused classification in Australia, which prohibits sale within the country, effectively preventing its wide release there. In an official statement from Devolver Digital and Dennaton Games the creators mentioned that they have added a cut and uncut option for the slasher-flick level. Dennaton also reconfirmed that the context of the scene is important and that they were "concerned and disappointed" by the actions of the Classification Board, stating it stretched the facts in its judgment of the game. The statement concluded with Dennaton confirming that they will not challenge the ruling. Developer Dennaton Games have since suggested that people in Australia interested in the game should pirate it if they are unable to purchase a retail copy.
	With the release of the Nintendo Switch "Hotline Miami Collection" in August 2019, the game was no longer banned in Australia, with a new rating MA15+. According to Devolver, they had applied for a International Age Rating Coalition process for the collection as part of the requirement for publishing on the Switch. Though originally denied a rating one time, they successfully obtained the appropriate rating on a second submission. Devolver states that this automated rated may still end up challenged by the Australian board later.

= = = 2014 American Athletic Conference Men's Basketball Tournament = = =

	The 2014 American Athletic Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was the first conference tournament of the American Athletic Conference (The American). It was the first conference tournament held since the split of the original Big East Conference. While The American is the legal successor to the old Big East, the rights to conference tournament in Madison Square Garden were retained by the new Big East, so the 2014 tournament was numbered as the new conference's first edition. The tournament was held March 12–15 in the FedExForum in Memphis, Tennessee and decided a champion of the 2013–14 American Athletic Conference men's basketball season (like most NCAA conferences, The American recognizes both regular-season and tournament champions; Cincinnati and Louisville shared the regular-season title). The teams in the conference competed in a ten-team single-elimination tournament for an automatic bid to the 2014 NCAA Tournament.
	In the 2013–14 season, The American consisted of 10 members involved in the rearrangement of conferences between the 2013 and 2014 seasons. (Cincinnati, Connecticut, and South Florida) had been full members of the original Big East. One (Temple) had been a football-only Big East member before entering into full membership in The American. The remaining four schools (Houston, Memphis, SMU, and UCF) had previously been members of Conference USA.
	All teams in the American qualified for the tournament. Teams were seeded based on conference record and then a tie breaker system was used. Teams seeded 7–10 had to play in the opening round and teams seeded 1–6 received a bye to the second round. Louisville and Cincinnati finished with identical 15-3 records and shared the regular season title. Since the Cardinals and Bearcats had split their meetings during the regular season, a coin toss was held to determine the #1 seed in the tournament, which was won by Cincinnati.
	All tournament games are nationally televised on an ESPN network:

= = = Suresh H. Moolgavkar = = =

	Suresh H. Moolgavkar M.D., Ph.D. (born 3 January 1943 in Bombay, India) is a mathematician and epidemiologist at the University of Washington and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle. Among his many scientific contributions is the development of the two-stage clonal expansion (TSCE) model of carcinogenesis, also known as the Moolgavkar-Venzon-Knudson (MVK) model, a stochastic cell-level description of carcinogenesis based on Alfred G. Knudson’s two-hit hypothesis. In its original development the TSCE model represents tumor initiation as the first hit, followed by cell proliferation (clonal expansion) and malignant transformation as the second hit. It has been interpreted as describing the initiation-promotion-progression sequence observed in chemical carcinogenesis and has been applied widely for the analysis of both experimental and epidemiological data for purposes of quantitative risk assessment.

= = = Honda NS125 = = =

	The Honda NS125 was first presented at the Bologna Motor Show in December 1984 and went on sale in April 1985.
	The engine is a liquid cooled, , two-stroke which used Honda's ATAC system (Automatically Controlled Torque Amplification Chamber). However the ATAC equipped models were not available in the UK. The NS was Honda's first attempt at the high end "125cc" sports bike market in Italy; therefore it was built in Atessa, Italy and many of the parts used were made by well known Italian brands such as Dell'Orto for the carburetor, Marzocchi forks and single rear shock and Grimeca wheels and front disk brake. Honda, Japan supplied the spec sheets and a few parts like the electrics, piston and barrel.
	The Honda NS125 which was available as an "F" naked, or an "R" fully faired is commonly mistaken as an older NSR, although it shares no real parts or design to it. This model is most easily identifiable by its singular square headlight, rather than the later NSR's 'foxeye' design

= = = Brit Morin = = =

	Brittany "Brit" Morin (born December 6, 1985) is an American entrepreneur and founder & CEO of Brit + Co, a media company based in San Francisco.
	Morin was born in San Antonio, Texas. She studied business and communications at the University of Texas at Austin.
	After graduation, Morin moved to Silicon Valley. She worked at Apple on iTunes and later spent four years at Google, where she helped launch projects such as Google TV, Google Maps, and iGoogle.
	In 2011, at age 25, Morin left Google to start Brit + Co. In 2015, she was listed as one of BBC's 100 Women.
	Morin is married to Dave Morin, co-founder of the social network Path. They live in the San Francisco Bay Area with their two children.

= = = Community Consolidated School District 15 = = =

	Community Consolidated School District 15, often initialized CCSD15, is a school district in the suburbs of Chicago, Illinois with its headquarters in the Joseph M. Kiszka Educational Service Center in Palatine. It is the second-largest elementary-only school district and 19th-largest in Illinois by student enrollment. It serves all or portions of Palatine, Rolling Meadows, Hoffman Estates, Arlington Heights, Inverness, Schaumburg, and South Barrington.
	The district has one preschool early childhood center, 15 elementary schools, four junior high schools, and one alternative public day school.
	Junior high schools
	Elementary schools
	Alternative school
	Plum Grove Junior High School was built in 1961 for the cost of $1.1 million; the school was opened in September 1962. It started as a 28,000 square foot, one-story, K-8 school with a partial basement. The school was designed for 380 students at the time. Gene Shull was chosen to be the first principal of the school, a position he held until 1969. It was heated by a main boiler and was ventilated by opening windows and doors. Fresh air was reduced for students and staff when fire codes demanded that doors be kept closed. In 1966, a $1.9 million referendum allowed the building to double in size and add newer classrooms that were equipped with small unit ventilators. The school reopened in the fall of 1968. In 1970, it was made exclusively a junior high school.
	In 1988, the junior high's heating and ventilation systems were upgraded. In 1993, a 6.5 million dollar renovation project at Plum Grove added a second floor, cafeteria, resource center, elevator, office, and student service area. This renovation doubled the school's size, making it 98,000 square feet.
	In June 1993, asbestos contractors started to remove the asbestos insulation and tiling. About 90 students had classes in these rooms; 10 students and teachers complained of odors in them. The district consulted TurnKey Environmental Consultants of Mount Prospect, Illinois, to sample the air for contaminants. In 1993, TurnKey submitted a report stating that the levels of alkanes were 133 times lower than the permissible exposure limit set by the United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration. The floors were sealed again but odor complaints still resumed. Students and teachers were moved out of these rooms and the floors were shot blasted and sealed with latex-epoxy paint.
	In 1994, The Chicago Tribune found that five employees had died from various forms of cancer, primarily breast cancer, between 1982 and 1994, and four current staff members had been diagnosed with cancer, three of which had been working in the building for ten years. In addition to that, teachers, staff, and students complained of bronchitis, colds, flus, asthma, and allergies. Incidents of asthma were so severe for students that some decided to transfer to different schools. The teachers wrote to the school board asking for an investigation. The administration immediately agreed to investigate the concerns. At this time, media coverage was heavy, placing pressure on the school district to take immediate action.
	A team, including Northwest Community Hospital and TurnKey Environmental Consultants were chosen to investigate the concerns. While the investigation by Northwest Community Hospital and Turnkey Environmental was going on (expected to end in late June), the Classroom Teachers Council (CTC), said it would push to conduct its own tests if the district's team found no problems. This statement was largely due to the revelation that yet another Plum Grove teacher had been diagnosed with cancer.
	In late June, the district announced that the results of the much anticipated investigation would be delayed three weeks. The teachers sent a formal request to the district to get the raw data from the environmental samples to conduct their own investigation. Although ties were found between ingesting certain types of common mold aspergillus and cancer, Dr. Peter Orris, a medical director the district hired for the investigation, denied that mold at the school had any link to cancer in a letter sent to teachers. However, teachers and parents were still concerned that Orris was basing his conclusions in part on a British Medical Journal published in 1976. In late August 1994, it was found by the investigation that there were no cancer-causing agents in Plum Grove, but the air quality of the building was very poor.
	On August 6, 1994, an unknown vandal pried open the school's doors and scattered chemicals and specimens in the science lab.
	In 1997, Plum Grove was recognized by the United States Department of Education as a National Blue Ribbon School. The school was also recognized by the Illinois Honor Roll with its Academic Excellence Award from 2007-2012.
	Each year, Plum Grove participates in a fundraiser for the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society (LLS) called "Pennies for Patients". During the fundraiser, organized by Maura Reid, students are encouraged to bring in donations in the form of pennies and other coins; the class with the donation that weighs the most is awarded a prize. Several activities are also held during the fundraiser to support the LLS. The school has participated in the fundraiser since 2002 and has been featured on CBS and in the "Daily Herald" for these actions. As of 2015, Plum Grove has raised over $143,000 for the charity.
	Plum Grove is featured in the book "Code of Silence: Living a Lie Comes With a Price" by Plum Grove alumnus Tim Shoemaker as the school at which the main characters attend. As a result of the popularity of the book and Shoemaker's success, he visited Plum Grove during the 2014-2015 school year to talk to the students about writing as a career.

= = = School District 15 = = =

	School District 15 may refer to:

= = = David Berg (pitcher) = = =

	David Andrew Berg (born March 28, 1993) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He attended the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), where he played college baseball for the UCLA Bruins baseball team. He was named an All-American and Pac-12 Conference Baseball Pitcher of the Year in 2013. He set a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) record for saves in a single season with 24. The Texas Rangers selected Berg in the 17th round of the 2014 Major League Baseball Draft. He did not sign with the Rangers and returned to UCLA for his senior season. He was then drafted by the Chicago Cubs in the sixth round of the 2015 MLB Draft.
	Berg attended Bishop Amat Memorial High School in La Puente, California, where he played for the school's baseball team as a pitcher. He struggled while attempting to work as a starting pitcher, and in his junior year, his coaches helped him achieve success as a middle relief pitcher when he learned to use the sidearm delivery. He led his school's baseball team to the sectional championship.
	Berg was only recruited by the University of California, Irvine and the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Berg enrolled at UCLA, and walked on to the UCLA Bruins baseball team. In 2012, his freshman season, Berg set Bruins and Pac-12 Conference records for appearances while working in middle relief. As a sophomore, Berg became the closer for the 2013 UCLA Bruins, and pitched to a 7–0 win–loss record, 21 saves, and a 0.88 earned run average (ERA) during the regular season. His 21 saves set a Bruins record and his ERA tied for the best in college baseball. He was named the Pac-12 Conference Baseball Pitcher of the Year and a finalist for the National Pitcher of the Year Award in 2013. He won the NCBWA Stopper of the Year Award. was named to the United States national collegiate baseball team in 2012 and 2013.
	With the Bruins, Berg competed in the 2013 NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament, leading the team to the College World Series national championship against the Mississippi State Bulldogs. The Bruins had a tournament record of 8–0 heading into the Finals. At the Championship Series, Berg set a new NCAA single-season record with his 24th save on June 24, 2013 and he also made his 51st appearance of the season, becoming the first pitcher in NCAA history to record 50 or more appearances in two seasons. The Bruins defeated the Bulldogs for the national title and Berg was named to the tournament's All-West Region team.
	Berg missed time in his junior year due to a biceps strain. He finished the season with a 1.50 ERA and 11 saves. The Texas Rangers selected Berg in the 17th round, with the 516th overall selection, of the 2014 MLB Draft. He did not sign with the Rangers and returned to UCLA for his senior season.
	On May 15, 2015, James Kaprielian combined with Berg for the first no-hitter in UCLA history. Kaprielian pitched the first nine innings and Berg pitched the tenth inning to complete the no-hitter. He finished the year with a 0.68 ERA and 13 saves in 43 appearances, and won his second Stopper of the Year Award.
	The Chicago Cubs selected Berg in the sixth round, with the 173rd overall selection, of the 2015 MLB Draft. Berg signed and spent 2015 with both the Eugene Emeralds and the Myrtle Beach Pelicans, where he posted a 2–1 record with a 1.40 ERA. In 2016, Berg started the season with Myrtle Beach and was later promoted to the Tennessee Smokies; in 43 total games between both clubs, 4–4 record and a 5.17 ERA. He spent 2017 with Tennessee, Myrtle Beach, and the Iowa Cubs, pitching to a combined 4-4 record and 5.16 ERA with a 1.38 WHIP in a career high 61 innings pitched between the three teams.
	On March 27, 2018, the Cubs released Berg.
	In 2019, Berg returned to UCLA as a pitching coach.
	Berg is a sidewinder with an 83 mph fastball.

= = = List of assets owned by PLDT = = =

	This is the list of assets owned by PLDT. The following are wholly owned by PLDT unless otherwise indicated.

= = = Trinity War = = =

	"Trinity War" is an 11-issue comic book story arc first published in 2013 by DC Comics, featuring the fictional superhero teams the Justice League, Justice League of America, and Justice League Dark. The arc spans several titles, including "Justice League", "Justice League of America", "Justice League Dark", "Constantine", "" and "Trinity of Sin: The Phantom Stranger". The story is an action-mystery that sees the Justice League, Justice League of America, and Justice League Dark clash, in order to solve the mystery of Pandora's Box. The event also introduces the Crime Syndicate and the reveal of Earth-3 to The New 52.
	The main storyline received generally positive reviews, though was criticized for not having a true conclusion, instead leading directly into the "Forever Evil" storyline; the tie-in titles received mixed reviews. Every title involved in the story was collected into a trade paperback entitled "Justice League: Trinity War".
	Pandora appeared in all first issues of the First and Second Wave titles of The New 52. Many of the stories since The New 52 was created at the end of "Flashpoint" lead up to "Trinity War".<ref name="Johns/Lemire IGN"></ref> Some of these stories and events include:
	In the year 8000 BC, Pandora finds the box and inadvertently opens it, unleashing the Seven Sins on the world. As a result, she is punished by the Council of Wizards with immortality. Pandora begins her travels, training and trying to destroy the Seven Sins. In the present, she receives information from the Wizard informing her that the box can only be opened by either the purest or darkest of heart. Pandora approaches Superman to open her box, believing he is 'without sin', but when he touches the box he appears to become possessed. Pandora manages to escape with the box, after which Superman seems to return to normal.
	Shazam, having defeated his arch-enemy Black Adam, journeys to Kahndaq to bury him, inadvertently risking a diplomatic incident. Superman and the Justice League attempt to stop Shazam, which escalates into a fight. Amanda Waller decides it is the perfect opportunity for the Justice League of America to confront the Justice League, and dispatches them. During the conflict, it appears as though Superman murders the JLA's newest recruit, Doctor Light. Seeming to have lost control of his powers, Superman surrenders himself to A.R.G.U.S.
	Wonder Woman, believing that Pandora's box is responsible for Superman's actions, meets with Hephaestus, for answers about the box. She learns that he did not forge it and that Zeus and the other gods used Pandora to open the box because it contained something that the Gods of Olympus could not control. She meets with the Justice League Dark in order to recruit them to track down Pandora. At A.R.G.U.S. headquarters, the Question enters Superman's cell and releases him.
	The Question explains that he has evidence that indicates Doctor Psycho was in Kahndaq when Doctor Light was killed. Superman is physically ill and struggles to control his powers as he and the Question break out of the base to track down Doctor Psycho, with several other heroes in tow. When they confront Doctor Psycho, they determine that although he was present, he was not responsible for what happened in Kahndaq. Meanwhile, Pandora attempts to convince Vandal Savage to open the box, but he is also unable to do so.
	While Batman examines Doctor Light's body, the Phantom Stranger arrives to warn him that should Wonder Woman locate Pandora and the box, it will be the death of all. They confront Wonder Woman and the Justice League Dark at Constantine's House of Mystery, but when Wonder Woman questions the Phantom Stranger about Superman's ailment, the Stranger admits he does not know what caused Superman's condition.
	Batman convinces the Phantom Stranger to bring him to the afterlife so he can question Doctor Light. When Batman questions Doctor Light, the group learns that he does not remember anything about his death. Doctor Light gives a piece of his soul to the Stranger in hopes that he can give it to his family as a final gift. As the group is ready to leave, Zauriel appears, dismisses Batman and Deadman, and follows through on his promise to erase the Phantom Stranger from existence. Wonder Woman and her team track Pandora to the prison where Lex Luthor is held. Pandora approaches Luthor, hoping that he can open the box. Before she can give it to him, Wonder Woman and her group arrive to retrieve the box. Upon touching the box, Wonder Woman is apparently possessed just as Superman was.
	The other superheroes around her attempt to get the box from her and free her from its power; one by one it begins to corrupt them all. Pandora can see the sins above the Justice League members fighting over the box. As the battle continues, Pandora is finally able to attack the Sins, by killing Envy. Constantine takes Shazam out of the area and tricks him into switching off his powers. Constantine then uses a ritual artifact to steal Billy's powers. When he is attacked by an agent of the Cold Flame, Constantine uses the Shazam power, but is unable to control it. Billy Batson distracts the agent, giving Constantine time to kill it, and Billy regains his power. Constantine pleads with Billy not to touch Pandora's box, afraid of the power it may possess, but Shazam leaves Constantine and returns to the group, where he sees the effect the box has had on Wonder Woman. He knocks the box aside and picks it up; the resulting contact corrupts him also, giving him an appearance similar to Black Adam and causing a huge ripple through the magical planes.
	During the conflict, Constantine arrives, takes the box, and transports himself and Zatanna to the Temple of Hephaestus. There they find that Madame Xanadu had been kidnapped and locked away in a secret bunker. Madame Xanadu tells everyone that Pandora had it wrong, that the box is actually a doorway. Superman, Wonder Woman and their respective groups arrive at the temple. Constantine, still in possession of the box, realizes that the box is allowing evil thoughts to go through everyone's mind, and a massive fight breaks out as the heroes struggle to get possession of the box.
	Firestorm tells everyone that Superman is emitting Kryptonite. Element Woman goes inside Superman's blood stream and finds a small sliver in his brain. Atom then tells everyone that she put it there in Kahndaq, and that it was this that has been causing Superman's illness and loss of control of his powers. The Outsider comes out of the shadows to pick up the box. He tells the heroes that the box is not magic, but science, that was created on his world and can only be opened by someone from his world. He explains that the box opens a gateway to his homeworld, and that he and Atom arrived following the weakening of the barriers between the universes resulting from the Justice League's battle with Darkseid.
	The Outsider uses Pandora's box to open a portal to his home world, Earth-3, breaking the box in the process. The Earth-3 incarnation of the Justice League emerge — Ultraman, Superwoman, Owlman, Johnny Quick, Power Ring, and Deathstorm. Sea King does not survive the journey and collapses dead. Atom joins the group, answering to the name Atomica, revealing that she had arrived on Prime Earth along with the Outsider, who is revealed to be the Alfred Pennyworth of Earth-3. Cyborg's Apokoliptical mechanical prosthetics proceed to tear themselves from his body, ripping free from his biological form and coalescing into a robot named Grid, a sentient computer virus. Trailing behind the Crime Syndicate is a prisoner from Earth-3 whose identity is not revealed. The Crime Syndicate claim the planet as their own, and attack the three weakened Justice Leagues.
	The outcome of "Trinity War" leads directly into DC's "Forever Evil" miniseries and "Villains Month" event, as well as the creation of new "New 52" titles. "Trinity of Sin: The Phantom Stranger" #11 had major repercussions for Phantom Stranger and planted the seeds for a new story arc in "Trinity of Sin: The Phantom Stranger" #14, later revealed to be the "" storyline. At San Diego Comic-Con 2013, Johns and Lemire said the events of "Trinity War" would affect many of the DC titles, not just the Justice League books.
	The name of the crossover had brought speculation to what the "Trinity" stood for. In the 2012 FCBD special, Pandora, the Phantom Stranger and the Question were dubbed the Trinity of Sin. In regards to the name, Geoff Johns stated there was "a bit of a mystery" around it saying, "Is it about the Trinity of Sin? The trinity of Leagues? Is it about Batman, Superman, and Wonder Woman? What does "trinity" mean? What is it all about? That's something that the story explores." In "Justice League" #23, it is revealed that the "Trinity" refers to the true number of evil, three, referencing Earth-3.
	The review aggregator website Comic Book Roundup reported a 7.3 out of 10 average rating for the event, based on 270 critic reviews. Just before the release of the final part, Jesse Schedeen of IGN stated, ""Trinity War" itself seems almost wholly disinterested in the Trinity of Sin, the Seven Deadly Sins, or any of the other elements the crossover was initially predicated upon." After "Justice League" #23 was released, Schedeen added,"Event comics often fail because they're more concerned with setting up a new status quo and changing the playing field than simply allowing readers to savor the high stakes and epic nature of the conflict at hand. "Trinity War" may well emerge as the new poster child for everything wrong with that approach. In the end, "Trinity War" becomes little more than a stepping stone towards Forever Evil. The result is that "Justice League" #23 is an almost wholly unfulfilling "finale" issue." Overall, Newsarama's Richard Gray praised the storytelling, with the event "cleverly weaving in threads set up two years ago in all related titles." However, Gray was somewhat critical of the fact that "the last panel of “Trinity War” leads directly into “Forever Evil”, effectively making this one big event that begets another. It's a crime that both major syndicates are repeatedly guilty of these last few years, one so commonplace that it is increasingly difficult to take umbrage with a singular instance anymore." Comic Book Resources' Doug Zawisza felt "there are no true conclusions of any sort" after the whole event, "just more shock-for-shock's sake moments and lots of new questions" added at the end of "Justice League" #23. As with Gray, Zawisza "was hopeful DC's tactic of bleeding events one to the next would be over following the relaunch, but this issue proves – without an inkling of doubt – that that is simply not the case."
	Newsarama's Richard Gray gave "Justice League" #22 an 8 out of 10. Gray stated that "Johns does a terrific job of pulling together what has been essentially four or five separate stories, incorporating not only the three main titles that this will span over the coming months, but introducing several new players into the mix as well." He also praised that the story advanced and showed similar promise that the reboot to the New 52 did in 2011. Joshua Yehl of IGN gave the first chapter of the Trinity War a 7.8 out of 10. He felt the issue set the stage for the event and praised the character work. However, he thought that the conflict was not presented clearly yet and criticized the lack of the Justice League Dark in the first issue. Comic Book Resources' Doug Zawisza gave the issue 4 stars out of 5, saying "Johns manages to balance personality expositions with story breaks, giving readers a sense of who the opposing sides are, if nothing else. Johns brings lots of big moments to the pages, but the emotions he wrings from those moments really help sell this book." Zawisza was surprised by the amount of time that was spent on Madame Xanadu, feeling as though it was only there for reason to include the Justice League Dark, and was wary that the characters are in danger of being absorbed by the plot. All three praised the art in the issue, especially Ivan Reis' pencils.
	The conclusion to "Trinity War" received an 8 out of 10 from Richard Gray of Newsarama. He said, "It was clear from the start of “Trinity War” that this would only ever be a bridge between one phase and the next. By the final page of "Justice League" #23, that bridge is not so much burned as left a bit smokey from the waves of revelations that come to light in the issue's final pages. It's a fitting conclusion, but one that will require additional reading when the dust has settled." Doug Zawisza of Comic Book Resources was critical of the final issue, giving it 3.5 stars out of 5. He felt that while ""Justice League" #23 is a loud, clanging final chapter to the crossover between Justice League books", there "was way too much is left hanging out to be completed elsewhere." Jesse Schedeen of IGN was highly critical of "Justice League" #23, giving it a 6.0 out of 10. Schedeen felt that the Trinity of Sin "are practically non-entities in the story" at the end, after being teased as the center of the event back in 2012. He also felt the splash pages were overused and did not like lack of conclusion. Finally, he felt it was "refreshing to see that Johns has been executing a long-term plan for the past two years" and "the highlight of this issue, and probably the crossover as a whole, is the reveal of the Justice League traitor." Ivan Reis' art was a standout in the issue, and praised by all.
	Newsarama's Richard Gray gave the second part of "Trinity War", "Justice League of America" #6, a 7 out of 10. Gray felt this issue was "the difficult middle chapter of the first half of this crossover" and that "the issue works successfully in building up the pieces of the broader puzzle, but it may leave readers attached to the core members of the team out in the cold." He noted that the issue was more reflective in tone, opposed to pitched battles on every page. Gray criticized that the issue felt more like a "Justice League" issue, with the Justice League of America members all taking a back seat to the issue's events. He added that Doug Mahnke's pencils grounded the story in Geoff John's universe, but felt the battle sequences were not as good as Ivan Reis' in "Justice League" 22. Jesse Schedeen of IGN, who gave the issue an 8.1 out of 10, was wary that the "heavy emphasis on The Outsider and his schemes made "Trinity War" feel less like the big event DC has been building towards since the start of the New 52 and more like another stepping stone on the road to Forever Evil," but was surprised at Johns' ability to not dwell on The Outsider that much in this issue, and give each member a moral ambiguity, questioning their role in the conflict. Schedeen, however, was disappointed at how little the Trinity of Sin appeared in the issue. He also felt that the "Justice League of America" series got its strongest contender for art in Mahnke, but noted that it was not his best effort. Comic Book Resources gave the issue 3.5 stars out of 5, with Doug Zawisza saying he was not impressed with the issue, with a lot going on, and nothing really moving forward. He felt that Mahnke's art excelled in certain characters, especially Hawkman, Martian Manhunter and Frankenstein.
	IGN's Joshua Yehl gave the fourth part of "Trinity War", "Justice League of America" #7, a 6.5 out of 10. Yehl said, "With nearly two dozen heroes filling up every ounce of panel space, the reading experience becomes stretched thin as writers Geoff Johns and Jeff Lemire try to find something for everyone to say or do. The result is an event comic that has two more issues to go yet still hasn’t decided exactly what this story is really about." He however, enjoyed Lex Luthor's appearance in the issue. Conversely, Richard Gray of Newsarama gave the issue an 8 out of 10, saying "For all the false starts and misdirection of the New 52, the first major crossover in “Trinity War” has come together nicely. While there is still the pervading sense that this is merely a set-up for the next major event, the “Forever Evil” villains month, there's no denying that it has been a hell of a ride so far," adding "all of the previously disparate elements from the various series begin to coalesce into something major." Jim Johnson of Comic Book Resources gave the issue 4 stars out of 5, feeling it was "loads of fanboy fun" and the issue actually progressed the series storyline, not just the event's storyline.
	Newsarama's Richard Gray gave "Justice League Dark" #22 an 8 out of 10. Gray stated: "While many events that run across multiple titles often slap a logo on an existing series and call it a tie-in...Lemire ensures that his team are an integral part, [making] the team finally feel as though they are part of a wider DC universe. Indeed, in many ways, this appears to be the primary goal of “Trinity War”, in that it unites the often disparate strands of the New 52." Joshua Yehl of IGN gave the issue a 7.0 out of 10, saying "While the art and characters are done well, the overall plot of Trinity War leaves much to be desired." However, he praised Jeff Lemire's character work, and felt that Mikel Janin's art was the "cleanest and most consistent looking chapter of "Trinity War" thus far." Comic Book Resources' Kelly Thompson gave the issue 2.5 stars out of 5, saying the issue "gets devoured by the massive "Trinity War" and buckles under the weight" adding that the debate seems more plot driven than character driven. Despite the criticism of the story, Thompson praised Janin's art saying, "he does nearly the impossible and draws just about every single major character in the DCU perfectly."
	The fifth part of "Trinity War" was given 4 stars out of 5 by Doug Zawiska at Comic Book Resources. He said, "The pacing of "Justice League Dark" #23 is smart and gives readers lots to chew on, but it also leaves what seems like a lot left to be resolved in the approaching final chapter of "Trinity War"." He also praised Janin's ability to accurately draw the characters used in the issue. Joshua Yehl of IGN also had similar sentiments, saying "While "Trinity War’s" overall story is wonky, this chapter of "Justice League Dark" at least makes it a fun time." He also enjoyed Janin's art and gave the issue a 7.6 out of 10. Richard Gray of Newsarama gave the issue an 8 out of 10, saying, "Everything about this issue feels like a climax...even if next week’s final chapter proves to be less than definitive."
	IGN's Jesse Schedeen gave "Constantine" #5 a 6.5 out of 10, feeling that "this issue doesn't seem to have much to add to the larger "Trinity War" picture," and that "Ray Fawkes sets up the next storyline for this series, certainly, but there's little tangible impact on "Trinity War"." Comic Book Resources' Jennifer Cheng gave the issue 0.5 stars out of 5, stating the issue "exhibits all the worst flaws of "tie-ins" or "interludes" for crossover event books [and] adds nothing to the big event and is almost useless to the ongoing title."
	IGN's Joshua Yehl gave "Trinity of Sin: Pandora" #1 a 6.9 out of 10, saying "Ray Fawkes definitely gets a lot of credit for telling a story that spans all the way from 8000 B.C.E. to the present and making it such a smooth read," but failed to "kicks off the story without first giving a compelling reason to root for Pandora." Yehl also praised the art, saying it looked "impressively good" despite the fact that there were four artists on the book. Jim Johnson of Comic Book Resources gave the first issue 2 stars out of 5, saying that the story is a "protracted version of what readers have already learned in "Phantom Stranger" and elsewhere" and criticizing the fact that Pandora's origin greatly differed from that of her Greek counterpart and the story had little to do with the "Trinity War". Like Yehl, Johnson also praised the fluidity of the art from Zircher, Cannon, Sampere and Cifuentes. Newsarama's Aaron Duran gave the title a 5 out of 10, saying the comic is simply okay and would have worked better as a shorter installment within other books or as bonus digital content.
	"Trinity of Sin: Pandora" #2 was given a 6 out of 10 by Newsarama's Richard Gray. He stated that "despite the “Trinity War” tie-in banners, [the issue] scarcely essential reading for current DC fans" adding that "Pandora’s focus doesn’t appear to be as concerned with this bigger picture" and the series requires a lot of backstory, only in its second issue. IGN's Jesse Schedeen gave the issue a 7.5 out of 10, commenting that ""Trinity of Sin: Pandora" #2 improves on the first issue, but the series still lacks a clear, ongoing purpose" and "as a "Trinity War" tie-in, this is certainly a more compelling read than "Constantine" #5." Doug Zawisza of Comic Book Resources gave the issue 2 stars out of 5, saying ""Trinity of Sin: Pandora" #2 is an average comic book all the way around. It doesn't add much to the "Trinity War" story despite the logo on the cover and it certainly isn't going to stick with me until the next issue."
	"Trinity of Sin: Pandora" #3 was given a 6.0 out of 10 by IGN's Jesse Schedeen. Schedeen said the issue "is a dull tie-in that still succeeds on an intellectual level at times."
	Doug Zawisza of Comic Book Resources gave the issue 3 stars out of 5 saying, the issue "doesn't do much to advance the agenda or tighten up the plotlines of "Trinity War", but there is absolutely no question that the developments in this issue are going to have lasting ramifications for the Phantom Stranger and his quest for redemption." Newsarama's Richard Gray gave it an 8 out 10 saying "Some will pick up this issue for the links to the current “Trinity War” arc, but all should be transfixed by the way J.M. DeMatteis views the afterlife."
	For July 2013, Diamond Comic Distributors announced that "Justice League" #22 was the fourth best selling title and "Justice League of America" #6 was the seventh best selling title for the month. For August 2013, Diamond Comic Distributors announced that "Justice League" #23 was once again the fourth best selling title and "Justice League of America" #7 was the fifth best selling title for the month. All six Justice League issues ranked in the top 200 of Diamond Comic Distributors' Top 500 Comic Books of 2013, with "Justice League" #22 ranking the highest at 37.
	The entire storyline is collected in the following volume:

= = = Rosine Guiterman = = =

	Rosine Guiterman (1886–1960) was a Sydney activist, teacher, poet and humanitarian.
	Guiterman was born Rosine Lion in London in 1886 and came to Australia with her family in 1893. She matriculated from high school and enrolled in Arts at Sydney University. She had a great love of Shakespeare's plays, this love having been instilled in her since early childhood by her mother. Her interest in Shakespeare came to the notice of Sir Mungo MacCallum, Sydney University's foundation Professor of Modern Language and Literature, and he inspired her to a lifetime study of Shakespeare. She graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1908.
	In 1911 she gained her Master of Arts degree in English, having achieved considerable prominence as a poet. Indeed, her poem "Sic Vos Non Vobis" ("Thus do ye, but not for yourselves") won the coveted Sydney University Prize for English verse. She was the first woman to achieve this distinction.
	While at Sydney University she was very active in student activities, particularly in the Dramatic Society which gave her the skills which she would put to good use in her later commitment to theatre in Sydney. She also joined the Sydney University Women's Social Service Society and served on its committee from 1908 to 1910, being secretary from 1908 to 1909. In May 1909 she was instrumental in the Society and helped found the Sydney University Settlement which continues to provide social welfare services in the Chippendale and South Sydney area. This was an early indication of her strong commitment to social causes that was to be such an important part of her later life. It was in this period she became a close friend of the Australian feminist Jessie Street and other early social activists.
	In 1911, Rosine set off for London by boat, and she fell in love with a businessman, David Guiterman, who had boarded the ship in Colombo, Sri Lanka. By the time they reached England they were engaged. David Guiterman was, and always remained, a convinced socialist, with progressive ideas on religion, politics and human morality. Until they met, such explicit political ideas had never come Rosine's way.
	From 1911 to 1912 Rosine Lion with her sister, a trained kindergarten teacher, travelled extensively in France and Germany, teaching as she went. She then returned to Australia and Rosine and David were married at the Great Synagogue, Sydney on 10 September 1913. Their twenty-nine years of married life, in spite of much trouble, were happy. Their married life began with very bright prospects, David having been appointed to represent a German firm doing good business in Australia. However, eleven months later the First World War broke out. There followed a period of increasing social repression in Australia, in which the Australian government destroyed the white multiculturalism and plurality that had characterized pre-World War I Australia. This was to particularly affect those many Australians of German descent and heritage or those, like David Guiterman, who were associated with this large and vibrant component of Australian society.
	In this atmosphere of repression, the Australian Government confiscated the assets of David's firm, including his own money, and things became very difficult indeed for the newlyweds. David was an American of German descent, with a German name. In consequence David found it impossible to get another job. Rosine was ostracised by many former friends and even urged by some to leave her husband "at least for the duration of the war". It was strongly suggested that David Guiterman should change his name, but this he proudly refused to do, saying that it was a name that his parents and grandparents had borne with honour. His stand was almost universally condemned. They were both unalterably opposed to war as a method of settling international disputes and did not fear to say so. Rosine proudly stood by him and with unshakable courage had her first experience of taking an unpopular stance. In all likelihood it was this experience that led her to fight for the rest of her life for social inclusion, tolerance and human rights.
	These photographs of Rosine and David, and of Rosine, were probably taken in 1940 or 1941. David Guiterman died in 1942.
	David and Rosine had two children, Gertrude and Pauline. Gertrude inherited her parents’ strong socialist and activist views. She married John Williamson Legge in 1940 and they were both active members of the Australian Communist Party.
	In 1916, due to their straitened family financial circumstances as a result of the seizure of David's assets and his inability to gain employment, Rosine began to teach again - becoming a tutor of English and drama with the Workers' Educational Association. In 1917 after the birth of their two daughters, Rosine began part-time school teaching. Through her teaching career, three generations of school students benefited from her knowledge and love of the theatre. She worked tremendously hard. She may have neglected herself but never her family or her students. Her association with the W.E.A. lasted from 1916 to 1930, during which period she conducted very many classes and lectured at many summer schools.
	Rosine Guiterman engaged in school teaching continuously until 1950, including at SCEGGS Darlinghurst. Her main subjects were English and History and she was always the staff member to teach English and History honours. However, from time to time she also taught French and Latin. During this period she made many school broadcasts which were well received by both teacher and student listeners. In about 1940 Rosine commenced private coaching and continued to be a most successful teacher in this field up to the time of her death in 1960; her last lesson was given ten days before she died.
	Throughout her life, Rosine made a significant contribution to theater in Australia. In 1925 she was a co-founder of the Workers' Education Association Drama League. She was also active in the left-wing New Theatre in Sydney which was founded in 1932 and was where she could combine her theatrical skills with her social commitment. She acted in many plays, and gained early prominence through playing the leading role in Chekhov's "The Schoolmistress". Rosine also gained a significant reputation through her innovative Shakespearean productions. By 1938 she was sufficiently prominent in Sydney society to be the subject of an Archibald Competition painting by Joseph Wolinski.
	In 1933 Hitler came to power in Germany and there was a growing awareness among social activists in Australia of the growth in fascism in Germany. Rosine combined her commitment to the theatre with her concern at the growing menace of Nazism. On 21 November 1936 the "Sydney Morning Herald" reported:
	"Mrs. Rosine Guiterman is producing Lessing's play, "Nathan the Wise," this evening at the Maccabean Hall. A prologue will be spoken by Miss Amalia Lessing, a lineal descendant of the author, and by Mr. Arthur Mendelssohn, a descendant of Lessing's dearest friend, Moses Mendelssohn, whose character and ideas are expressed in the play. Miss Grace Barrow has designed the costumes and settings after a beautiful production she saw in Zurich. The proceeds of the performance will benefit the German-Jewish Relief Fund". 
	During the latter part of the 1930s, any German Jews who could possibly do so, escaped to any country where they could gain admittance, and many came to Australia. During this period the Guiterman home was ever open to newcomers in trouble, just as David Guiterman's office door was also always open. These two once calculated that approximately 600 to 700 refugees had come to their home with some type of problem.
	Many German children were coached in English by Rosine and subsequently shepherded through all ramifications of the Education Department, to ensure that they were graded according to ability and not held back through imperfect English. Many refugees, still with very little English, were assisted to obtain necessary medical or hospital attention. Education and medical assistance were just two of the host of problems which confronted the Jewish refugees, all of whom faced the trauma of being strangers in a strange land.
	Immediately after World War II, the Peace Council came into being with the object of working for the replacement of war by international co-operation. From its very inception, Rosine Guiterman identified herself with this movement, assisting to the maximum of her capacity in every way possible. She was also very active in many progressive causes including the Australia-China Association and the Union of Australian Women.
	She was an active member of the Australian-Aboriginal Fellowship and took part in the movement that brought about the successful 1967 referendum that changed the Constitution to allow the Federal Government to make laws relating to Aboriginal Australians. In this struggle, she played a particularly strong role in challenging the official government policy of "assimilation". She urged the adoption of the term "integration" to signal support of Aborigines' retaining a sense of group identity.
	In 1949, despite her full-time work as a teacher and social activist, she found time to write a book, "Harriet Newcomb and Margaret Hodge: A Short Account of Two Pioneers in Education", in order to help to keep alive the memory of two early feminists and educators.
	In 1949 she also published an article [“Emma Lazarus Centenary”, Unity: A Magazine of Jewish Affairs, (Vol. 2 No. 4.; Nov-Dec 1949; pp. 8–9) ] celebrating the centenary of the birth of the American poet Emma Lazarus and travelled to England where she became good friends with the poet Robert Browning who, Rosine reported, was delighted with her poems of indignation concerning abuses in the social system, or aiming at righting some wrong.
	Her strong and public commitment to social justice, despite the censure then being levelled at activists during the Cold War by the conservative government of R.G. Menzies, was well illustrated in 1953. When the impending execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg on charges of espionage galvanized liberal reaction around the world, she drew on her poetic skills, for which she had been awarded the Sydney University medal in 1911, to write an impassioned attack on the "Sydney Morning Herald" in reaction to the paper's headline: "The execution of the Rosenbergs will end a two years' legal battle".
	Her commitment to her family, to social action, to the theatre and to teaching meant that she led a full and active life with what seemed an inexhaustible reserve of energy. In fact the day before she died, when her sight and physical strength had almost failed, she wrote a letter setting out clearly and concisely all details for the next function of the Peace Group of which she was the President.

= = = National Pitcher of the Year Award = = =

	The National Pitcher of the Year Award is a college baseball award given to the best pitcher of the college baseball season by the College Baseball Foundation. The current holder of the award is Ethan Small of the Mississippi State Bulldogs.

= = = 141st Indiana Infantry Regiment = = =

	The 141st Indiana Infantry Regiment was a infantry regiment from Indiana that failed to complete its organization to serve in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The enlisted men were transferred to the 140th Indiana Infantry Regiment.

= = = Michael Krassner = = =

	Michael Krassner (born 1971) is an American musician and composer, known for his work in the Boxhead Ensemble and The Lofty Pillars. He has collaborated with numerous musical artists, including Califone, Dirty Three, Gastr del Sol, Fred Lonberg-Holm, Will Oldham, Scott Tuma and Ken Vandermark.
	Michael Krassner grew up in Wisconsin and moved to Arizona when he was a teenager. He began writing music at the age of fourteen after hearing The Velvet Underground. In 1991, Krasner formed the Boxhead Ensemble in Los Angeles to record a soundtrack for Braden King. After relocating to Chicago, the ensemble comprised Charles Kim, Ken Vandermark and members of the post-rock group Gastr del Sol. Under his direction, the group recorded the soundtrack for the film "Dutch Harbor". The line-up for the group has constantly changed, with Krassner being the only consist member. After the release of his debut solo album in 1999, Krassner formed The Lofty Pillars with singer-songwriter Wil Hendricks, with whom he had been writing songs since 1993.

= = = Cropandă = = =

	The Cropandă is a left tributary of the river Crișul Repede in Romania. It discharges into the Crișul Repede near Tileagd. Its length is and its basin size is .

= = = Brenda Brenon = = =

	Brenda Brenon is a former sportscaster.
	Brenon grew up in the suburbs outside of Buffalo, New York. She was youngest of ten children. She graduated from high school in three years and from Buffalo State College in three as well.
	In 1985 she was hired by WKBW-TV sports director Jerry Azar as a part-time sports producer. She later moved into an on-camera role reporting on the Buffalo Sabres. During her tenure at Channel 7, Brenon was credited with breaking the story about Clint Malarchuk's obsessive compulsive disorder.
	In 1994, Brenon worked as an interviewer for NBC's coverage of the NHL All-Star Game. She also worked as an interviewer for the "NHL on ABC" and "ESPN National Hockey Night".
	Brenon married "Boston Globe" hockey writer Kevin Paul DuPont in August 1994. She resigned from Channel 7 shortly thereafter to move to Boston with her husband.
	In 1995, Brenon began writing for "The Boston Globe". She was also hired to serve as one of six rotating anchors for NewSport's "Scoreboard Central".
	In September 1995, she was hired by NESN to host the network's Boston Bruins telecasts. She would also do feature pieces for its "Front Row" program. On July 31, 1997, Brenon was fired by NESN. However, she returned to her job in September after the United States Department of Labor ordered the network to rehire her with back pay under the Family Leave Act, which provides job protection during maternity. Brenon did not return for the 1998–99 Bruins season, as her position of between-periods reporter was eliminated.

= = = El Barka = = =

	El Barka is a village in the commune of In Salah, in In Salah District, Tamanrasset Province, Algeria. It is just south of the N52 highway, west of In Salah.

= = = Igostène = = =

	Igostène is a village in the commune of In Salah, in Tamanrasset District, Tamanrasset Province, Algeria. It is located east of the town of In Salah.

= = = I Breathe Again = = =

	"I Breathe Again" is the debut single by English singer and former Coronation Street actor Adam Rickitt. The single peaked number five on the UK Singles Chart and stayed on the charts for ten weeks. A music video for the song, which shows the singer naked, was released to promote the single.

= = = Neilesh Patel = = =

	Neilesh Patel is a social entrepreneur and American humanitarian who serves as Founder and CEO of HealthCare Volunteer, an online global health non-profit organization, and Healthsouk, a dental insurance alternative with no monthly fee. Patel won the 2013 Jefferson Awards for Public Service for Greatest Public Service by an Individual Under Age 35 in June 2013 for his service in facilitating healthcare to over 1 million people worldwide. The Jefferson Award is dubbed the nobel prize for community service in the United States of America and previous winners include Steve Jobs, Bobby Jindal, Peyton Manning and Lance Armstrong.
	He is also credited with starting Healthsouk, America's first free dental plan and is credited with being the inventor of real-time pricing for health services. He launched it in 2011 in response to the lack to dental coverage provided in the Affordable Care Act. Other companies were forced to follow suit on creating a free dental plan after HealthSouk started to disrupt the dental discount plan subscription model.
	He graduated with a degree in Biomedical Engineering from the Johns Hopkins University, and a Doctorate in Dental Surgery from UCLA School of Dentistry. Neilesh spent two summers working at Netscape, focusing on Y2K date change development. For his hard work and determination, he was bestowed with a Netscape jacket.
	Before working on HealthCare Volunteer, Patel worked on other social enterprises such as StudentsHelp.org Consulting starting at age 17. Patel was awarded the 2013 National Jefferson Award for Greatest Public Service by a Citizen Under Age 35 Patel was awarded the UCLA CEY Humanitarian Award in 2008 and an honorary certificate in Global Health from UCLA School of Public Health for his work in global health volunteering. Patel was also awarded as a 2007 International Youth Foundation Global Laureate YouthActionNet Fellow and a semi-finalist in the Echoing Green Competition.
	Neilesh Patel holds multiple government appointments an including a previous stint as the Public Services Representative on the Children's Policy Council for the State of Texas, Public health consultant for the FDA Dental Devices Panel and Dental Consultant for the Tulare County Office of Education Early Childhood Program.

= = = Oteyboydak Tleukabyl uly = = =

	Oteyboydak Tleukabyluly (1388–1478), was a Kazakh scientist, healer and author of solid medical-ethnographic works Shipagerlik Bayan. He was familiar with such historical personalities as Zhanibek khan, Zhirenshe sheshen. O. Tleukabyluly was a well-known public figure, involved in dealing with the plight of the people. The dates of his birth are taken from his book Shipagerlik Bayan. He writes that he started writing this book at the age of 70 at the request of Zhanibek khan and finished it at the age of 85; after Zhanibek khan’s death. There is also evidence that Oteyboydak died at the age of 90. He inherited his medical and healer gift from his ancestors. O.Tleukabyluly devoted his life to treatment and brought traditional (folk) medicine in the academic system. Thus, he was able to raise the medicine of his time at a high level. In this respect, he, like al-Farabi, despised thirst for fame, wealth, and devoted his life to the study of the peculiarities of healing. The book Shipagerlik Bayan has survived until today, thanks to his relatives. But only fourth part of the rich heritage, having gone through the test of time, has reached our days. The rest part was burnt by the Red Guards during the Cultural Revolution in China. This book gives a lot of information on traditional Kazakh medicine. The fact that he used a variety of compounds (mixture), offered over 4000 recipes, convinces us that Oteyboydak was an experienced healer and an outstanding scientist. His book mentions medical properties of 728 kinds of drugs of plant origin, 318 kind of medicine of animal origin, 52 types of medicines derived from metals and metalloids, 8 kinds of rare and precious drugs, as well as references to some 500 anatomical terms. It witnesses that the book has the historical-ethnographic importance as well as the depth and richness of the Kazakh language. The book was published in 1994 in Kazakh Cyrillic script in Urumgi, In 1996 - in the Kazakh Cyrillic script in Almaty, Kazakhstan. In 1997 the book was awarded China’s National Book award. Two public medical centers for studying O.Tleukabyluly’s heritage were created in China. The monument to O.Tleukabyluly has been erected on Shalkode Zhailau in Almaty area and one street was named after him in Almaty. O.Tleukabyluly was not only a scientist-healer but also the visionary thinker, who well knew the life, customs, the world, the spiritual culture of his people. 
	He most probably introduced the Jetyata rule to become firm law among Kazakh peoples.

= = = Shooting Robert King = = =

	"Shooting Robert King" won a Ron Tibbett Excellence in Filmmaking Award at Indie Memphis Film Festival in 2009.

= = = Women in North Macedonia = = =

	Women in North Macedonia are women who live in or are from North Macedonia. They live in a society in North Macedonia that is customarily patriarchal. Being in a country that was ravaged by internal conflict known as the 2001 insurgency in North Macedonia, North Macedonia's women played roles in peacebuilding during time periods classified as the pre-conflict period, the conflict period, and the post-conflict period.
	Traditionally, the women of North Macedonia perform domestic work. In the field of academics, some women from North Macedonia focus in the study of Humanities. Some women in North Macedonia hold positions of authority. Women receive "inheritance" through the dowry system, because inheritance is traditionally transferred to male heirs. Some modern-day women receive inheritance that is divided among siblings by their parents. The traditional way women greet each other involves exchanging kisses. Traditional medicine is handled by some women of the older generation, who act as faith healers, healing people against illnesses caused by the so-called "evil eye."
	North Macedonia made marital rape illegal in 1996.

= = = Juan José Lucas = = =

	Juan José Lucas Giménez (born Burgo de Osma, 10 May 1944) is a Spanish attorney, professor and politician in the People's Party.
	Giménez was born in Burgo de Osma, Soria, Spain, on 10 May 1944. He graduated from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid with a degree in law.
	Giménez worked as a professor in 1968 and 1969 and was also a tutor in Soria University. He joined INEM as a technician, and later held positions as secretary, Provincial Director, and Deputy Director General. He left the agency in 1982 to begin work in the Instituto Nacional de Colonización's sociologist group. He was Deputy Director General of Cooperatives in the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs.
	The Cortes of Castile and León appointed Giménez as a Senator on 22 March 2002. He later held the Presidency of the Senate of Spain, between 16 October 2002 and 2 April 2004, before his party lost its absolute majority in both houses in the general elections of 2004. Between 2004 and 2011 he was Second Vice President of the Senate. On 12 December 2011, Mariano Rajoy proposed Giménez to his party as Deputy President of the Senate of Spain for the 10th Legislature.

= = = Yugoslav Basketball Cup = = =

	The Yugoslav Basketball Cup, or Yugoslavian Basketball Cup, was the national basketball cup competition of the former SFR Yugoslavia and FR Yugoslavia. The first SFR Yugoslav Cup was held in the year 1959, and the last one was held in the year 1990–91 season. While the FR Yugoslavia Cup was held from the 1991–92 season to the 2001–02 season.
	Today, a similar competition, in the format of a supercup, exists as the ABA League Supercup.

= = = Melica onoei = = =

	Melica onoei is a species of grass found in China, Japan, Korea, Pakistan and Taiwan.
	The species is perennial and have elongated rhizomes. It culms are long. The species leaf-sheaths are tubular and smooth with one of their length being closed. It eciliate membrane is long and is truncate. They also have flat leaf-blades which are long by wide and have scaberulous and hispid surface. Both the leaf-sheaths and leaf-blades have glabrous surface.
	The panicle itself is open and is long with the main branches being distant from each other and are long. The spikelets themselves are solitary and oblong and are made out of 2 fertile florets that are long. Fertile spikelets are pediceled and have rhachilla stems that are long. Florets are diminished at the apex.
	Its lemma have scaberulous surface and emarginated apex with fertile lemma being chartaceous elliptic, keelless, and long. Both the lower and upper glumes are elliptic, keelless, membranous, and have acute apexes. Their size is different; Lower glume is long while the upper one is long. Palea is 2-veined. Flowers are fleshy, oblong, truncate, have 2 lodicules, and grow together. They have 3 anthers which are long with fruits that are caryopsis and have an additional pericarp with linear hilum.
	It is found on hillsides, gullies, and roadsides on elevation of . It blooms from May to October.

= = = Les Carter = = =

	Les Carter may refer to:

= = = Bound for Glory (2013) = = =

	Bound for Glory (2013) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). It took place on October 20, 2013 at the Viejas Arena in San Diego, California. It was the ninth pay-per-view under the Bound for Glory chronology, and the fourth event in the 2013 TNA PPV schedule. The event also marked the first time TNA hosted an event in San Diego.
	In October 2017, with the launch of the Global Wrestling Network (now Impact Plus), the event became available to stream on demand.
	The ninth event in the Bound for Glory chronology was first announced on June 2, 2013 at the Slammiversary PPV to around the weekend where Kurt Angle would be formally inducted into the TNA Hall of Fame. In late May, the official press release for the event was sent out, in which TNA President, Dixie Carter, stated "I'm really looking forward to bringing our biggest Pay-Per-View event of the year to San Diego for the first TNA show ever in this great city", adding that "Since 2005, Bound for Glory has brought fans from across the world together to enjoy a jam-packed weekend of fun and intense competition, and I'm thrilled that we will have the sunny Southern California coast as our backdrop." Tickets for the event went on sale June 7, 2013.
	In September, TNA announced their deal with Spike TV to air their 1-hour Countdown to Bound for Glory pre-show prior to the official PPV. Media attention for Bound for Glory was also garnered from an array of sources, including "The Miami Herald", Direct TV and Marvel. As part of the yearly attraction, TNA put together the "Bound for Glory VIP Weekend" around the San Diego area, featuring various festivities such as the "Fan InterAction" that gives fans the opportunity to connect with their favorite stars, and the TNA Hall of Fame ceremony for Kurt Angle at the San Diego Marriott Mission Valley leading up to the day of the event. The event's theme song "Every Other Day" was created by Jeff Hardy's band Peroxwhy?gen, from their new album, "Plurality Of Worlds", set to release on November 29. The second theme song is "Big Shot" by Islander.
	Bound for Glory featured seven professional wrestling matches and one pre-show match that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines. Wrestlers portrayed villains, heroes, or less distinguishable characters in the scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches.
	The 2013 Bound for Glory Series tournament began on TNA's flagship television program, "Impact Wrestling", on June 6, 2013. All 12 competitors were tasked with the objective to accumulate the most points by gaining victories on "Impact Wrestling", live shows and TV specials in order to challenge for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship at Bound for Glory. It culminated with 4 remaining finalists on "Impact Wrestling: No Surrender" on September 12, 2013, where AJ Styles advanced over Magnus, Austin Aries and Bobby Roode to earn a shot at the world title in a match with the champion, Bully Ray. Over the next course of weeks, AJ Styles (admitting to not be contracted to the company but obligated to compete for the world title after winning the BFG Series) ranted on and swore revenge against TNA President, Dixie Carter. As a result, Dixie turned heel and became hellbent on taking him down by putting up a $50,000 bounty, which went unsuccessful. Carter later announced over social media that Styles' title bout against Ray would be No Disqualifications.
	On September 12, 2013, the TNA X Division Champion, Manik, wrestled against Jeff Hardy. The same night, TNA Triple Crown winner Chris Sabin turned heel when he felt Manik didn't show proper respect to him for his accomplishments. He additionally insulted fellow Triple Crown winner Austin Aries. On September 26, 2013, Manik defeated Sabin in a title match, but after the defense, Sabin attacked Manik until Aries came to save him. On the October 3 edition of Impact Wrestling, Jeff Hardy and Manik defeated Kenny King and Chris Sabin in a tag team match. Afterwards, Sabin attacked Hardy and Manik. Aries, who was on commentary, attacked Sabin and eventually challenged Hardy, Sabin and Manik to an Ultimate X match for the TNA X-Division Championship. On the October 10 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Samoa Joe announced his entry into the match, making him the fifth participant.
	At No Surrender, Roode was defeated by Magnus in the semi-finals of their Bound for Glory Series match. The same night, Roode and his stable, The Extraordinary Gentleman's Organization (EGO) interfered in the finals, attacking Magnus and AJ Styles. The next week, EGO attacked Magnus. On the October 3, 2013 edition of "Impact Wrestling", Magnus faced EGO in a 3-on-1 Gauntlet match, prevailing over Christopher Daniels and Kazarian but lost to Roode, giving EGO the victory. Afterwards, Sting attempted to console Magnus, who was expressing his frustrations of losing the Bound For Glory Series. Magnus accused Sting of not understanding his frustrations due to accomplishing so much in his career. Sting responded by challenging Magnus at Bound For Glory.
	On the October 10 edition of "Impact Wrestling", Daniels and Kazarian announced Bobby Roode's induction into the "EGO Hall of Fame", which led to a Roode diatribe about how he should have been selected for the actual TNA Hall of Fame instead of Kurt Angle. Angle then returned after an extended hiatus, fought off all three members of EGO and challenged Roode to a match at Bound For Glory. The following week, Angle stated his discontentment with Roode mocking his Hall of Fame induction and told Roode he would make him tap out. Roode responded by attacking Angle with help from his faction, EGO, forcing Angle to submit to the crossface hold in a precursory act prior to their match.
	On the October 3 edition of "Impact Wrestling", Velvet Sky and Brooke were supposed to have a number one contenders match, however Lei'D Tapa made her debut and attacked Sky. The following week, on the October 10 edition of "Impact Wrestling", Brooke defeated Sky to win a spot in the three-way match for the TNA Knockouts Championship against Gail Kim and champion ODB at Bound For Glory.
	TNA announced a four-way tag team gauntlet match between Chavo Guerrero and Hernandez, Bad Influence (Christopher Daniels and Kazarian), Eric Young and Joseph Park and The BroMans (Robbie E and Jessie Godderz) taking place on the preshow to Bound for Glory. The winners are set to face TNA World Tag Team Champions Gunner and James Storm at the PPV. On the October 17th edition of "Impact Wrestling", Robbie E defeated Hernandez, Christopher Daniels and Eric Young in a four-way match to get the advantage of the last position (4th). This meant that they entered the match last.
	TNA President, Dixie Carter, announced a rematch for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship after the event. On the October 24, 2013 "Impact Wrestling" episode, Styles defeated Ray to retain the World Title. After the match, Carter, who had opposed Styles, had a change of heart and offered a new, lucrative contract to Styles; however, Styles refused to accept the contract due to his spite for Carter and left the company with the title. Carter vacated the title and began a World Title Tournament the following week, although Styles proceeded without authorization to defend the title belt in various international promotions.
	Mike Johnson, from PWInsider, said that the main event was "Really good, hard hitting, well told story here. Easily the best thing on the show and a really good main event." However, he criticized the Magnus-Sting due to "The idea here was to make Magnus by having Sting lose clean in a back and forth contest. On paper, it made sense but the match didn't feel like it had the spark needed for that sort of moment". Also, described Ethan's debut as "pitch-perfect". He described the entire show as "It was just a show - some good, some eh, but Bound for Glory should never be just a show, it's their Wrestlemania, except this year, it wasn't." Pat McNeill, from PWTorch, said Bound for Glory "Wasn't a great event". Bob Kapur, from CANOE Slam, said that he enjoyed the event overall. Also, Matthew Asher, from CANOE too, enjoyed the PPV but said the ultimate success of this Bound for Glory rests on the future storylines this event sets up.

= = = Museum Building (Trinity College Dublin) = = =

	The Museum Building is a building within Trinity College. Finished in 1857 and located on the south of New Square, it is home to the University's Geology, Geography, Mechanical Engineering and Civil Engineering departments. It is a Palazzo style building, inspired by Byzantine architecture of Venice, and finished in Lombardo−Romanesque detailing, with over highly decorated 108 carved capitals.
	In 1833 the then Board of the College instigated a competition for a new Museum Building to contain the geological and various other collections which were housed within the large room of Regents House. Tenders were invited for almost twenty years, ending with the design submitted by Thomas Newenham Deane and Benjamin Woodward being accepted in April 1853. At the time however a row with John McCurdy had caused some concerns to the Board.
	On 23 May 1853 a contract for foundations was agreed with Messrs Cockburn & Son builders (for £24,000) and ground was broken some months later. It was during this time that Samuel Haughton (Professor of Geology) undertook an investigation into the suitability of the site due to its close proximity to the Old Library. He reported various layers of made ground, ash pits and calcareous drift, finally deeming the site permissible to build upon.
	The exterior of the building was fully in place by 1855; however, it was not until 1857 that the interior was completed and the building as a whole finished.
	Suitably fitting for a building designed to house a Geology collection, the Museum Building was constructed from a vast number of different and contrasting forms of stone. College tradition holds that it some form of stone from every quarry in Ireland during the time of its construction was used somewhere within the building.
	The exterior walls were first constructed from Calp Limestone, which were then faced with 22.86 cm (9 inches) of Ballyknockan Granite. The quoins, columns and 108 capitals, as well as the string course which can be seen halfway up the building, are all of Portland stone from the Isle of Portland, Dorset. The tympanum over the heavy wooden main door to building and which bears the crest of the College (a popular 19th-century variant, slightly different from the one currently used by the college today) is of Caen stone from Caen, France. Overall the exterior amounted to just under half the cost for the entire building.
	Initially Deane and Woodward had planned for the interior walls to be of rubble which would then be plastered over. However, in early 1855 they submitted a design change to the Board, deciding instead to use Caen Stone, and the Board agreed. However, when they had learnt that only two thirds of the stone had arrived the Board rescinded this permission. After strong argument from Deane, on 4 May they Board overruled their prior decision and agreed to the use of Caen Stone.
	The large domed central hall once again makes heavy use of Irish stone. The Romanesque arches between each column use alternating yellow and red stained blocks which sit upon bases and capitals of heavily carved Portland Stone. The central staircase and floors of the upper balconies are also made of Portland Stone. The original floor was composed of Yorkstone flagstones, further Portland Stone, Welsh Ffestiniog stone, with black squares of black slate, however this floor later relaid.
	The main entrance hall of the building houses fourteen full columns and eighteen half-column made of Irish Marble, although the only true marble is Connemara Serpentine. There had been some problems sourcing the materials needed to have every column complete, which after more petitioning from Deane resulted in the half columns. The only non-Irish stone used in the columns is a dark red Serpentine from Ruan Minor, The Lizard peninsula area of Cornwall.
	The known stone from which the columns are made of include:
	Some of the interior room designs by Deane and Woodward were never realised, as the official college architect John McCurdy had convinced the Board otherwise.
	The entirety of the building's carvings are by brothers John and James O'Shea of O'Shea and Whelan who gathered wild flowers to use as models from the college's botanical garden near Ballsbridge. There are seven carvings that relate specifically to Aesop's Fables, and one (considered to be the most important) which refers to Charles Darwin and Evolution.
	College records from May 1860 mention of how the smoggy atmosphere had adversely affected the stone. After years of laying behind sooty deposits the ashlar of the building had become obscured. In 2010 a three-year conservation programme of the Museum Building was begun. Once finished in March 2013, many of the carvings which were almost invisible had been restored to their past state.

= = = Brickworks, Singapore = = =

	Brickworks is a subzone of Bukit Batok, Singapore. It is bounded by Bukit Batok West Avenue 3/2/5 and Bukit Batok Road. This area is beside the planned HDB town, Tengah. There are also several new housing developments in this area. A new bus service, 944, was launched in Bukit Batok on August 27 2017, to serve one such new development in Bukit Batok West.
	In recent years, several new HDB developments have been launched in the area. These are West Terra@Bukit Batok (launched September 2014), West Valley@Bukit Batok (launched May 2014), West Crest@Bukit Batok (launched May 2014), West Ridges@Bukit Batok (launched November 2013), West Edge@Bukit Batok, West Quarry@Bukit Batok (launched November 2015), West Plains@Bukit Batok (launched February 2016) and West Scape@Bukit Batok (launched August 2017). 
	There will also be a new commercial and residential area. It will be served as an upcoming neighbourhood centre.
	It is part of Hong Kah North Single Member Constituency, itself a division of the former Hong Kah Group Representation Constituency. Currently it is now part of West Coast Group Representation Constituency.

= = = Leslie Cole = = =

	Leslie Cole may refer to:

= = = Brian Shaw (ice hockey, born 1962) = = =

	Brian Shaw (born May 20, 1962) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player. He was selected by the Chicago Blackhawks in fourth round (78th overall) of the 1980 NHL Entry Draft.
	Shaw played junior hockey with the Portland Winter Hawks, and was a member of the 1981–82 Portland team which won the President's Cup as WHL Champions. He went on to play five seasons in the American Hockey League and International Hockey League registering a combined total of 224 points and 506 penalty minutes in 315 professional games.
	Shaw is the nephew of the late coach Brian C. Shaw.

= = = Brit + Co = = =

	Brit + Co is a San Francisco-based website and lifestyle brand and website focused on accessible DIY crafts for women. The company was founded by Brit Morin in 2011.
	Brit + Co was founded in late 2011 by Brit Morin, who serves as CEO. 
	In 2016, the company hired Jill Braff, a former manager of Ellen Digital Ventures, as its new president. Jeff Jones, former Target CMO and Uber President, joined the company as an advisor in 2017.
	In April 2019 it was announced that the company was laying off most of its staff in order to reorganize the business for efficiency.
	By 2017, it was reported that Brit + Co had received $45 million in venture capital funding from investors like Verizon Ventures and Marissa Mayer. 
	The company raised $1.25 million in initial seed funding in April 2012. The following year, it closed funding rounds with $6.3 million in Series A funding, led by Oak Investment Partners.
	Led by Intel Capital, the company received $20 million in Series B funding in 2015, allowing them to make their first acquisition of a DIY app called Snapguide.
	Launched in 2013, Re:Make is a conference and festival aimed at young women who want to be more creative in every aspect of their lives. More than 15,000 visitors attended Re:Make 2016.
	The Brit + Co Holiday House is an annual pop-up event held in San Francisco, offering creative activity classes, artisan products, and DIY and gifting stations. The 2016 Holiday House was sponsored primarily by method.

= = = Pinyo Inpinit = = =

	Pinyo Inpinit (Thai ภิญโญ อินพินิจ, born July 1, 1993) is a professional footballer from Thailand. He currently plays for Port in the Thai League 1.
	Pinyo Inpinit playing with Thailand national under-20 football team,he played latest in 2012 AFC U-19 Championship qualification. He debuted for the first team as a substitute against China in 2013. He represented Thailand U23 in the 2014 Asian Games. Pinyo is also part of Thailand's pre-squad in the 2014 AFF Championship.
	He won the 2015 Southeast Asian Games with Thailand U23.
	Pinyo was part of Thailand Selected Team which competed in the 2013 Merdeka Tournament.

= = = Law of Illinois = = =

	The law of Illinois consists of several levels, including constitutional, statutory, and regulatory law, as well as case law and local law. The "Illinois Compiled Statutes" (ILCS) form the general statutory law.
	The Constitution of Illinois is the foremost source of state law. Legislation is enacted by the Illinois General Assembly, published in the "Laws of Illinois", and codified in the "Illinois Compiled Statutes" (ILCS). State agencies publish regulations (sometimes called administrative law) in the "Illinois Register", which are in turn codified in the "Illinois Administrative Code". Illinois's legal system is based on common law, which is interpreted by case law through the decisions of the Supreme Court and the Appellate Court, which are published on the website of the Supreme Court. Counties, townships, cities, and villages may also promulgate local ordinances. There are also several sources of persuasive authority, which are not binding authority but are useful to lawyers and judges insofar as they help to clarify the current state of the law.
	The Constitution of Illinois is the foundation of the government of Illinois and vests the legislative power of the state in the Illinois General Assembly. The Illinois Constitution in turn is subordinate only to the Constitution of the United States, which is the supreme law of the land.
	Pursuant to the state constitution, the Illinois General Assembly has enacted legislation. These legislative acts are published in the official "Laws of Illinois" and are called "session laws". The "Illinois Compiled Statutes" (ILCS) are the codified statutes of a general and permanent nature.
	The Illinois Legislative Reference Bureau (LRB) makes additions, deletions, and changes to ILCS. There is no official version of the ILCS. There are several unofficial versions: Illinois State Bar Association's/West's "Illinois Compiled Statutes", West's "Smith–Hurd Illinois Compiled Statutes Annotated", and LexisNexis's "Illinois Compiled Statutes Annotated".
	Pursuant to certain statutes, state agencies have promulgated regulations. The regulations are codified in the "Illinois Administrative Code". The "Illinois Register" is the weekly publication containing proposed and adopted rules. There also exist administrative law decisions.
	Both the "Illinois Administrative Code" and "Illinois Register" are maintained by the Illinois Secretary of State. The "Illinois Administrative Code" was last printed in 1996. The General Assembly's Joint Committee on Administrative Rules also publishes online versions.
	The "Flinn Report" is a weekly newsletter published by the Joint Committee meant to inform and educate Illinois citizens about current rulemaking activity.
	Illinois's legal system is based on common law, which is interpreted by case law through the decisions of the Supreme Court of Illinois and the Illinois Appellate Court. The official reporter for opinions of the Supreme Court and the Appellate Court are published on the website of the Illinois Supreme Court using a public domain case citation. There are also unofficial sources such as West's "Illinois Decisions" (an Illinois-specific version of the "North Eastern Reporter") with opinions since 1886. Illinois Appellate Court decisions from before 1935 are not binding. Illinois Circuit Court decisions are not published, but jury verdicts and settlements are published in the monthly "Illinois Jury Verdict Reporter", with regular updates from the "Chicago Daily Law Bulletin", and the weekly "Cook County Jury Verdict Reporter". Decisions of the Illinois Court of Claims are published in the "Court of Claims Reports".
	The "Illinois Digest" is an indexed compilation of summaries of opinions, or digest.
	The opinions of the Supreme Court and Appellate Court had been published in the "Illinois Reports" and "Illinois Appellate Court Reports", respectively, from 1831-2011; according to the University of Chicago Library, since 1819 and 1877, respectively. Illinois Circuit Court decisions were published from 1907–1909.
	Illinois counties, townships, cities, and villages may promulgate local ordinances.
	The Government of Chicago operates as a special charter municipality. The "Journal of the Proceedings of the City Council of the City of Chicago" is the official publication of the acts of the Chicago City Council, and the "Municipal Code of Chicago" is the codification of its local ordinances of a general and permanent nature.
	"Shepard's Illinois Citations" includes judicial interpretations of local ordinances.
	In addition, there are also several sources of persuasive authority, which are not binding authority but are useful to lawyers and judges insofar as they help to clarify the current state of the law. "Illinois Jurisprudence" and "Illinois Law and Practice" are two major legal encyclopedias. The Illinois Institute for Continuing Legal Education (IICLE) also publishes guides for continuing legal education.
	Illinois was one of the last remaining states to recognize the alienation of affections tort. However, recognition of the tort was statutorily abrogated at the beginning of 2016, pursuant to the Alienation of Affections Abolition Act.

= = = Egocentric presentism = = =

	Egocentric presentism is a form of solipsism introduced by Caspar Hare in which other persons can be conscious, but their experiences are simply not .
	Similarly, in related work, Hare argues for a theory of perspectival realism in which other perspectives do exist, but the present perspective has a defining intrinsic property.
	In one example that Hare uses to illustrate his theory (starting on page 354 of the official version of his paper), you learn that you are one of two people, named A and B, who have just been in a train crash; and that A is about to have incredibly painful surgery. You cannot remember your name. Naturally, you hope to be B! The point of the example is that you know everything relevant that there is to know about the objective world; all that is missing is position in it, that is, whose experiences are , A's or B's. This example is easily handled by egocentric presentism because under this theory, the case where the present experiences are A's is fundamentally different from the case where the present experiences are B's. Hare points out that similar examples can be given to support theories like presentism in the philosophy of time.
	Several other philosophers have written reviews of Hare's work on this topic. Giovanni Merlo has given a detailed comparison to his own closely related subjectivist theory.

= = = Perspectival realism = = =

	As Hare points out, the same type of argument is often used in the philosophy of time to support theories such as presentism. Of course, we can say that A is happening on [insert today's date]. But, it can be argued, this misses the fact that A is "simply" happening (right now), not relative to anything.
	Hare's theory of perspectival realism is closely related to his theory of egocentric presentism.
	Several other philosophers have written reviews of Hare's work on this topic.

= = = HMS Desperate (1896) = = =

	HMS "Desperate" was a two funnel, 30-knot destroyer ordered by the Royal Navy under the 1894 – 1895 Naval Estimates. She was launched in 1896, served in Home waters and the Mediterranean before World War I. She was based in Portsmouth during the war and was sold for breaking in 1920.
	She was laid down as yard number 305 on 1 July 1895 at the John I. Thornycroft & Company shipyard at Chiswick on the River Thames. She was launched on 15 February 1896. During her builder's trials her maximum average speed was 30.3 knots. She had her armament fitted in Portsmouth. She was completed and accepted by the Royal Navy in February 1897. During her acceptance trials and work ups her average sea speed was 25 knots.
	She received a set of spare boilers produced by Messrs. Thorneycroft & Co. in late 1902.
	After commissioning she was assigned to the Chatham Division of the Harwich Flotilla. On 26 June 1897 she was present at the Royal Naval Review at Spithead in celebration of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee. She was reassigned to Sheerness in January 1900 for instructional purposes at the Sheerness school of gunnery, including as tender to HMS "Wildfire". Two months later, she was transferred to Chatham to relieve the destroyer in the Medway Fleet Reserve.
	She was involved in an accident at West Pier, Brighton in April 1900. The ship's boat carrying twelve seaman was swamped resulting in seven sailors drowning. Late in 1900 she was deployed to the British Mediterranean Fleet based at Malta. Lieutenant Edward Oliver Gladstone was appointed in command in September 1901. In September 1902 she visited the Aegean Sea with other ships of the station for combined manoeuvres near Nauplia.
	She remained in the Mediterranean until November 1913, when she was ordered to return to home waters. On her return to home waters she was assigned to the Portsmouth Local Defence Flotilla.
	On 30 August 1912 the Admiralty directed that all destroyer classes were to be designated by letters. She was assigned to the D class along with other destroyers built to the same overall specification. After 30 September 1913, she was known as a D-class destroyer and had the letter ‘D’ painted on the hull below the bridge area and on either the fore or aft funnel.
	For the test mobilization in July 1914 she was assigned to the Portsmouth Local Flotilla.
	In August 1914 she was in active commission tendered to HMS "Excellent", the Portsmouth gunnery school. She remained there for the duration of the First World War.
	In 1919 "Desperate" was paid off then laid up in reserve awaiting disposal. She was sold on 20 May 1920 to Thos W Ward of Sheffield for breaking at Milford Haven, Wales.

= = = Lauren Murphy = = =

	Lauren Murphy (born July 27, 1983), (Previously known as Lauren Taylor) is an American professional mixed martial artist who currently fights in the women's flyweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). She is the former Invicta FC Bantamweight Champion. As of December 10, 2019, she is #6 in the UFC women's flyweight rankings.
	Murphy said about starting martial arts: "I took my son to a Jiu Jitsu class in late 2009, and I took the class with him to encourage him. I fell in love with it and started going all the time. I began training MMA about 3 months later, and took my first pro fight 3 months after that. I did not have any amateur fights."
	Murphy began her pro MMA career in Alaska on June 9, 2010, fighting in the featherweight division (145 lbs). She won four straight fights and captured two featherweight titles; one for Alaska Fighting Championship and one for the now-defunct promotion Alaska Cage Fighting.
	After moving to Florida, Murphy stepped in on short notice to face Jennifer Scott in a bantamweight bout at Legacy Fighting Championship 18 on March 1, 2013. She defeated Scott by TKO in the first round.
	Murphy made her Invicta FC debut as a replacement opponent against Kaitlin Young at on April 5, 2013. She defeated Young by unanimous decision.
	On July 13, 2013, Murphy faced Sarah D'Alelio at . She won the fight by unanimous decision.
	Murphy faced Miriam Nakamoto for the inaugural Invicta FC Bantamweight Championship at on December 7, 2013. She won the fight to become the first bantamweight champion when Nakamoto suffered a knee injury in the fourth round.
	On July 3, 2014, it was announced that Murphy had signed with the UFC. She made her debut against Sara McMann at UFC Fight Night 47 on August 16, 2014. McMann won the fight by split decision.
	Murphy faced Liz Carmouche on April 4, 2015 at UFC Fight Night 63. She lost the fight by unanimous decision.
	Murphy faced Kelly Faszholz on February 21, 2016 at . She won the fight via TKO due to punches and elbows in the final seconds of the third round. The win also earned Murphy her first "Fight of the Night" bonus award.
	Murphy face Katlyn Chookagian on July 13, 2016 at . She lost the fight via unanimous decision.
	In August 2017, it was announced that Murphy would be one of the fighters featured on "The Ultimate Fighter 26", where the process to crown the UFC's inaugural 125-pound women's champion will take place.
	Murphy, representing team Alvarez, was seeded third and therefore was automatically set to fight fourteenth seed Nicco Montaño. She lost the fight via Unanimous Decision in two rounds, eliminating her from the competition. Later, feeling discontent with her training on Team Alvarez (especially with Alvarez), she switched teams to Gaethje.
	Murphy was scheduled to face Priscila Cachoeira on December 1, 2017 at . However, due to a visa issue, the fight was cancelled and Murphy was asked to be ready to fight as an alternate. With Roxanne Modafferi elevated to the main event to fight Nicco Montaño after Sijara Eubanks was medically disqualified from the title fight, Murphy stepped in to face Barb Honchak. Murphy won the back-and-forth fight by split decision.
	Murphy faced Sijara Eubanks at on June 1, 2018. She lost the fight via unanimous decision.
	Murphy was scheduled to face Ashlee Evans-Smith on February 17, 2019 at UFC on ESPN 1. However on December 19, 2018 Murphy announced and withdraw from the event as she would need more time off to recover from foot surgery. 
	Murphy faced Mara Romero Borella on August 3, 2019 at UFC on ESPN 5. She won the fight via TKO in the third round.
	Murphy is scheduled to face Andrea Lee on February 8, 2020 at UFC 247.

= = = President Rajapaksa = = =

	President Rajapaksa may refer to:

= = = Stenoterommata crassistyla = = =

	Stenoterommata crassistyla is a species of mygalomorph spiders of Argentina, named after its wide embolus (stylus) in males, distinguishing this species from the sympatric "S. tenuistyla". Its behaviour is similar to the latter species as well. Females are distinguished from other Stenoterommata having multireceptaculate spermathecae by the presence of inferior tarsal claws on the anterior legs. Males have the palpal tibia with a basal notch at either side of the base, and swollen. The species is distinguished from "S. tenuistyla" by lacking the short spines on the male metatarsus I, characteristic of said species.
	Uruguay and Argentina Entre Ríos and northern Buenos Aires Province. The species sometimes coexists with "S. tenuistyla".

= = = Lucy Scherer = = =

	Lucy Eleonore Barbara Scherer (born April 5, 1981 in Munich) is a German singer, dancer and actress.
	Lucy Scherer was born in Munich and grew up in Regensburg. In childhood, she took ballet and piano lessons, and later gained first experiences at the Stadttheater Regensburg. 1998/1999 she spent a year at the School for Creative and Performing Arts in Cincinnati, Ohio, and received the "Senior Diploma Musical Theatre / Dance." After graduating from Albertus Magnus High School, she studied at the Berlin University of the Arts. She received her diploma with distinction in 2006. In the same year she took over the musical Dance of the Vampires in the theater of the West, the female lead role of Sarah in 2007 and also played in the Swiss premiere of Les Misérables as Eponine.
	From November 2007 to January 2010, she played in the German premiere of Wicked at the Palladium Theater Stuttgart the lead role of the witch Glinda. In February 2010, she took over for a short period, the role of Sarah in the musical Dance of the Vampires also Palladium Theater in Stuttgart.
	Of 17 January 2011 to 2 September 2011, she starred in the telenovela Hand aufs Herz in the role of Jenny Hartmann. From December 2011 to April 2012 and in May 2012 Lucy Scherer appeared as Ich in Rebecca in Palladium Theater Stuttgart on stage. Also in 2012, she received the lead female role of Marlene Schweitzer in the eighth season of Storm of Love.
	From 28 June 2013 to 2 August 2013 Lucy Scherer played Sally Bowles in the musical Cabaret on stage at the theater tent TIPI am Kanzleramt.

= = = John Baker White (Virginia) = = =

	John Baker White (August 4, 1794 – October 9, 1862) was a 19th-century American military officer, lawyer, court clerk, and civil servant in the U.S. state of Virginia.
	During the War of 1812, White enlisted in the United States Army as a soldier and was promoted to the military rank of ensign. In 1815, White was qualified as Clerk of Court for both the county and circuit courts of Hampshire County, Virginia (now West Virginia) and he continued to hold these offices through successive appointments and elections for 46 years between 1815 and 1861. To date, White remains the longest-serving Clerk of Court for Hampshire County since the office's creation in 1757. As a prominent lawyer and court clerk, White taught jurisprudence. Many of White's law students later became eminent lawyers and public officials in their own right, including Henry Bedinger, United States House Representative and United States Ambassador to Denmark.
	During the American Civil War, White was concerned for the safety of the county's records and proceeded to load land registration records ledger books onto wagons and had them transported for safekeeping. Because of White's efforts, Hampshire County land records survived the war, while those records that remained in the courthouse were destroyed. White was threatened by occupying Union Army forces to either vacate his residence in Romney or face arrest because of his Confederate sympathies. White relocated to Richmond and served in the Confederate States Department of the Treasury.
	White was a member of the White political family of Virginia and West Virginia and was the son of prominent Virginia judge Robert White (1759–1831) and the father of West Virginia Attorney General Robert White (1833–1915) and Hampshire County Clerk of Court Christian Streit White (1839–1917).
	John Baker White was born on August 4, 1794, near Winchester in Frederick County, Virginia. White was the third and youngest child of prominent Virginia General Court judge Robert White (1759–1831) and his wife Arabella Baker. Among his other relations, White was a great-great-nephew of United States House Representative Alexander White (1738–1804) and a great-nephew of another United States House Representative, Francis White (1761–1826).
	During the War of 1812, White enlisted in the United States Army as a soldier and was promoted to the military rank of ensign.
	Following his service in the War of 1812, White settled in Romney, Virginia (now West Virginia) where he was appointed as deputy clerk for both the superior court and circuit court in Hampshire County in 1814. On March 20, 1815, White was qualified as Clerk of Court for both the superior and circuit courts of Hampshire County, and he continued to hold these offices through successive appointments and elections for 46 years between 1815 and 1861. To date, White remains the longest-serving Clerk of Court for Hampshire County since the office's creation in 1757.
	As a prominent lawyer and court clerk, White conducted the teaching of jurisprudence in both his Clerk of Court office and residence, where he allowed his law students to reside during their studies. Many of White's law students later became eminent lawyers and public officials in their own right, including: Henry Bedinger, United States House Representative and United States Ambassador to Denmark; James Dillon Armstrong, Hampshire County Circuit Court judge and son of William Armstrong; Dr. Robert White, Presbyterian minister of Tuscaloosa, Alabama; and Virginia lawyers Newton Tapscott, Alfred P. White, and Philip B. Streit.
	In addition to his law instruction, White was an active member of the Romney Literary Society. When the act of incorporation for Romney Academy was amended by the Virginia General Assembly on March 25, 1839, White was appointed as a trustee along with other prominent Romney area residents David Gibson, Angus William McDonald, Daniel Mytinger, and John Kern, Jr. The 1839 act authorized any of the five appointed trustees of Romney Academy to fill vacancies on the board "occasioned by death, resignation, removal, or legal disability", thereby preventing future prolonged vacant trustee seats.
	By 1839, White was serving on the board of directors of the Bank of the Valley of Virginia in Romney. During the absence of the board's president, David Gibson, White served as president "pro tempore" from November 29 until December 13, 1839. The Wirgman Building housed the Bank of the Valley of Virginia during White's tenure on its board of directors.
	Prior to the outbreak of the American Civil War, White was in support of preserving the United States. In the United States presidential election of 1860, White supported Constitutional Union Party presidential candidate John Bell and his running mate Edward Everett. The Constitutional Union Party was formed by former Whig Party members seeking to avoid secessionism over the issue of slavery. In 1861, White voted for Union candidates to serve as delegates from Hampshire County in the Virginia secession convention, one of which was his son-in-law Colonel E. M. Armstrong.
	White's national loyalties shifted following the Battle of Fort Sumter and other Union encroachments into the Confederate States of America, after which White supported the defense of Virginia's states' rights and of the United States Constitution. White's eldest three sons out of four joined the Confederate States Army, and White became active in enlisting and arousing support within Hampshire County for the Confederate States cause. Because of his Confederate sympathies, White was threatened by occupying Union Army forces to either vacate his residence in Romney or face arrest.
	No court proceedings convened in the county between 1861 and 1864, and the Hampshire County Courthouse was utilized as a stable by Union soldiers stationed in Romney during the war. In 1861, Union Army forces under the command of Lew Wallace occupied Romney following a minor battle there during which White "kept close watch over" the county's record books so that they would not be destroyed by Union forces. Later in the fall of 1861, Union Army forces under the command of Benjamin Franklin Kelley advanced upon Romney.
	Upon learning of this, White was again concerned for the safety of the county's records and proceeded to load land registration records ledger books onto wagons and had them transported to Winchester for safekeeping. White selected for transport only the bound volumes of records which included "deed books, wills, and settlements of estates" and kept the unbound paper records in the courthouse, thus separating them so that the entirety of the county's records could not be destroyed by Union forces. White likely chose to transport the bound volumes of records, as the loose paper records would have been more cumbersome to keep together.
	In 1863, when Winchester was no longer a safe location for the storage of Hampshire County's records and they again risked destruction by Union Army forces, White's son Captain Christian Streit White took responsibility for the records and transferred them to Front Royal. When Front Royal became endangered by advancing Union Army forces, Captain White had the records moved to Luray Caverns where they remained for several months. In the fall of 1864, the county's record books were rescued by Captain White and his company as Union Army troops were in the process of destroying them. Captain White's company loaded about 150 record books into a wagon, and they were taken to North Carolina where they remained safely for the duration of the war. Hampshire County's land records survived and were returned to the courthouse following the conclusion of the American Civil War, likely by a soldier returning to the area from North Carolina. Had White not separated the records and sent the bound volumes away for safekeeping, Hampshire County would have lost all its records during the course of the war, as those that remained in the courthouse were destroyed.
	In addition to the desecration of the courthouse's loose paper records, either a Union Army officer or an Indiana unit confiscated an old Scots language Bible belonging to White, which had been passed down to him from his grandfather, John White. The "old Scots Bible" was purportedly taken as punishment against White for his support of the Confederacy.
	White left Romney with his wife and youngest children and traveled to Richmond where he was offered a position in the Confederate States Department of the Treasury within the government of the President of the Confederate States of America, Jefferson Davis.
	White died soon after his arrival in Richmond on October 9, 1862. He was interred by Scottish Rite Masons at Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond. Distant relative Reverend Moses D. Hoge of the Southern Presbyterian Church, Bishop Duncan of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, and Bishop Minegerode of the Southern Protestant Episcopal Church participated in White's funeral services.
	White's friends and family believed that he "died of grief" caused by the loss of his property in Romney and his concern for the safety of the records in the Hampshire County Courthouse during the conflict. In their "History of Hampshire County, West Virginia: From Its Earliest Settlement to the Present" (1897), West Virginia historians Hu Maxwell and Howard Llewellyn Swisher said of White:
	White was married first to Alcinda Louisa Tapscott of Jefferson County, Virginia (now West Virginia), on December 15, 1815. Tapscott was White's cousin through his mother, Arabella Baker White. White and his first wife Alcinda had three children together:
	White was married for the second time to Frances Ann Streit (March 19, 1811 – November 12, 1866), a daughter of Lutheran Reverend Christian Streit of Winchester, Virginia. Streit and her family were of Swiss descent. White and his second wife, Frances, had ten children (one of which died in infancy):
	White and his family resided in a large brick mansion located along East Main Street (Northwestern Turnpike) which was later known as "Liberty Hall". Due to his upbringing in an affluent family, White was a person of means from a young age, and in his early adulthood he was able to construct a "large brick mansion" at this location. His original residence was destroyed by fire in 1857, and White replaced it with a more modest brick edifice where he resided until his departure from Romney in 1861 during the American Civil War. White's home was a "seat of true old Virginia hospitality" and it was frequented by all socio-cultural strata of Hampshire County and the greater Valley of Virginia region.
	During the construction of the Northwestern Turnpike through Romney, the state superintendent for the project, Angus William McDonald, proposed building the thoroughfare through White's garden in front of his residence. White won an appeal in court which caused the turnpike to be rerouted, thus creating the present curve on East Main Street in front of White's former residence.

= = = Robert King (photojournalist) = = =

	Robert King (born May 25) is an American independent photo and video journalist. He has covered conflict areas and war zones since 1991. King was the subject of a 2009 documentary Shooting Robert King that documented his activities over the course of 15 years.
	Currently Robert King works as Creative Director of Video for Bild.de

= = = The Best of Jean Shepard = = =

	The Best of Jean Shepard is a compilation album by the American country artist of the same name. The album was released in September 1963 on Capitol Records. Due to the death of Shepard's husband, Hawkshaw Hawkins, in a plane crash earlier that year, an official studio album was never issued. Instead, Shepard's record label decided to compile her significant hits into one album of material.
	"The Best of Jean Shepard" contained all of Shepard's major hits and significant songs of her career up to that point. It included songs ranging from sessions dating to May 19, 1953 through May 9, 1961. Shepard's early sessions were recorded at the Capitol Recording Studio in Hollywood, California. Her remaining recording sessions took place at the Bradley Film and Recording Studio, located in Nashville, Tennessee. The album consisted of most of Shepard's major hits up until 1963, beginning with her first major hit, "A Dear John Letter" (1953). It also includes her 1955 solo hits, "A Satisfied Mind" and "Beautiful Lies". The album also includes some lesser-known songs such as "I Learned It All from You", "The Other Woman", and "I've Got to Talk to Mary".
	"The Best of Jean Shepard" was officially released in September 1963 on Capitol Records. Upon its release, the album did not spawn any singles. However, songs that were previously released as singles the following year appear on the album. This includes, "The Root of All Evil (Is a Man)" and "How Long Does It Hurt (When a Heart Breaks)". "Allmusic" reviewed the record, giving four out of five stars. Music critic Dan Cooper called "The Best of Jean Shepard" a, "A good compilation of her first wave of hits ("A Dear John Letter," "A Satisfied Mind"), this is also the LP that shows up most often in used record bins."

= = = Pacific Aviation Safety Office = = =

	The Pacific Aviation Safety Office (PASO) is an intergovernmental civil aviation authority that is responsible for aviation safety and security in ten states of Oceania. PASO is headquartered in Anchor House on Kumul Highway in Port Vila, Vanuatu.
	PASO was informally organised in 2002 by the aviation ministers of several states of the Pacific Islands Forum. The organisation was formally confirmed through the conclusion of the Pacific Islands Civil Aviation Safety and Security Treaty, which was signed on 9 August 2004 in Apia, Samoa. The treaty entered into force on 11 June 2005 and has been ratified by the Cook Islands, Kiribati, Nauru, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu. The Pacific Islands Forum states that have not ratified the treaty and joined PASO are Australia, Fiji, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, and New Zealand.
	Tonga withdrew from PASO on 7 April 2006, but joined again on 24 August 2006.
	PASO works closely with the Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority, the Civil Aviation Authority of Fiji, and the Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand.

= = = Calliandra angustifolia = = =

	Calliandra angustifolia is a small, riparian tree species of the Amazon Basin.
	The plant has many common names, including "bobinsana" (alternately, "bobinzana", "bobensana", or "bubinsana"), "balata", "bubinianal", "bushiglla", "capabo", "chipero", "cigana", "koprupi", "kori-sacha", "kuanti", "neweí", "quinilla blanca", "semein", "sháwi", "yacu yutzu", and "yopoyo".
	The Shipibo-Conibo people of the Peruvian Amazon prepare a medicinal tincture from the bark of the tree, which they use to treat rheumatism and other ailments. It is sometimes added to ayahuasca.

= = = The Chase (American game show) = = =

	The Chase is an American television quiz show based on the British program of the same name. The show premiered on August 6, 2013, on Game Show Network (GSN). It is hosted by Brooke Burns, and features Mark Labbett (nicknamed "The Beast") as the "chaser".
	The American version of the show follows the same general format as the original UK version, but with teams of three contestants instead of four. The game is a quiz competition in which contestants attempt to win money by challenging a quiz show genius known as the chaser. Each contestant participates in an individual "chase" called the Cash Builder, in which they attempt to answer as many questions as possible in 60 seconds to earn as much money as possible to contribute to a prize fund for the team. The contestant must answer enough questions to stay ahead of the chaser on the gameboard; otherwise, they lose their winnings for that round. The contestants who successfully complete their individual chases without being caught advance to the Final Chase, in which they answer questions as a team playing for an equal share of the prize fund accumulated throughout the episode.
	"The Chase" received positive critical reception; Burns and Labbett earned positive reviews for their roles, and one critic praised the series for avoiding a slow pace in gameplay. Both the series and Burns received Daytime Emmy Award nominations; the series was nominated in 2014 for Outstanding Game Show, and Burns two years later for Outstanding Game Show Host. Each lost to "Jeopardy!" and Craig Ferguson (host of "Celebrity Name Game") respectively.
	Three new contestants compete on each episode as a team. In the first round, each contestant in turn wins money for their team by answering as many questions correctly as possible during a one-minute rapid-fire round, entitled the "Cash Builder". Each correct answer in this round adds $5,000 to the bank; during celebrity episodes, contestants start with $5,000 already in the bank. At the end of the Cash Builder, the contestant participates in a key element of the show called a "chase". In the chase, the chaser and the contestant each answer questions; the contestant starts with an advantage, and the chaser attempts to catch up. The contestant's goal is to answer enough questions correctly to move the earned winnings along the gameboard into the team bank without being caught by the chaser, whose job is to catch them by capitalizing on their mistakes.
	The chaser starts eight spaces away from the bank. The contestant has the option of starting five steps away from the bank, meaning that they must answer five questions correctly without being caught to bank the money and continue to the next round. Before the chase starts, the chaser will make two offers to the contestant: one offer will be to play for a lower amount, but start one step closer to the bank, meaning that they will have to answer one less question correctly; the other offer will be to play for a higher amount, but start one step further away from the bank. On rare occasions, if the contestant chooses the higher offer, the chaser may escalate the stakes by offering a "super offer" for an even higher amount. In this case, the contestant must answer seven questions correctly without being caught and thus start right in front of the chaser, meaning that the contestant needs to answer every question in that round correctly (assuming the chaser does so as well).
	After the contestant decides for which amount to play, the prize money is displayed on the gameboard. The contestant and chaser are presented with the same multiple choice question, and each locks in their answer, which cannot then be changed; the other has five seconds to answer after them; otherwise, they are locked out and do not advance on the gameboard. For each question the contestant answers correctly, the prize money shown on the gameboard moves one step closer to the team bank. Similarly, the chaser moves one step closer to the contestant's prize money with each correct answer. Further questions are asked until the contestant reaches the end of the board (thus banking the prize money), or the chaser catches the contestant, eliminating them from the game. No movement is made by the contestant or the chaser if an incorrect answer is provided or if they are locked out by the time limit.
	After all three contestants have played a Cash Builder round followed by a chase, the contestants who were not caught by the chaser advance to the Final Chase, with the team bank set to the total that they won in their Cash Builder rounds. If all three contestants fail to win their individual chases, the team selects one contestant to play the Final Chase alone for a total of $15,000 ($5,000 per contestant). During celebrity episodes, contestants who are caught leave with $5,000 for their respective charities.
	The Final Chase is played on a gameboard. The team receives a head start of one space for each member who advanced to this round. During the commercial break, the team chooses between two sets of questions, labeled "A" and "B". The chaser plays the other set. The contestants have two minutes to answer as many questions as possible. After a question is asked, answers must be instantaneous, and contestants are only permitted to respond or pass a question after first ringing in. If a contestant rings in but another contestant answers, the answer is treated as wrong even if it was correct. If there is only one contestant in the Final Chase, then he or she does not need to ring in. Each question answered correctly within the time limit moves the team one space ahead on the board.
	After time expires, the chaser is given two minutes to catch the team by correctly answering a new series of questions, with each correct answer moving him one space along the board. If the chaser answers incorrectly or passes, the clock is stopped briefly and the team is given a chance to answer the question, which they may confirm among themselves before answering. A correct answer pushes the chaser back one space, or moves the team ahead by one if he has not moved on to the gameboard. An incorrect answer provides no movement for the chaser at all. Regardless of the outcome, the clock begins running again and the chaser continues to answer questions. If the chaser runs out of time before catching the team, the team splits the banked money equally, but if he catches them before time expires, the team leaves with no money. During celebrity episodes, if the chaser catches the team before time runs out, the team leaves with $15,000 divided equally.
	"The Chase" originated in the United Kingdom, premiering on ITV in 2009. As the series became increasingly popular in the UK, Fox ordered two pilot episodes in April 2012 to be taped in London for consideration to be added to the network's U.S. programming lineup. Bradley Walsh, presenter of the British version, was featured as the show's host, while UK chaser Mark Labbett (nicknamed "The Beast", which is "la bête" in French) and "Jeopardy!" champion Brad Rutter were the chasers.
	After Fox passed up the opportunity to add the series to its lineup, Game Show Network (GSN), in conjunction with ITV Studios America, picked up the series with an eight-episode order on April 9, 2013, and announced Brooke Burns as the show's host and Labbett as the chaser on May 29. Dan Patrick had originally been considered as the host. The first season premiered on August 6, 2013. Even though the show had not yet premiered at the time, the network ordered a second season of eight episodes on July 1, 2013, which premiered on November 5. Citing the series' status as a "ratings phenom", GSN eventually announced plans to renew it for a third season, which premiered in the summer of 2014. During the third season, the series also premiered its first celebrity edition with celebrity contestants playing for charity. GSN proceeded to renew the series for a fourth season before the end of season three; this new season began airing January 27, 2015. After the seventh episode of the season, the series went on another hiatus; new episodes from the fourth season resumed airing July 16, 2015. No new episodes have aired since the season four finale, which aired December 11, 2015.
	"The Chase" was generally well received by critics. Michael Tyminski of "Manhattan Digest" reviewed the series positively, calling it "a breath of fresh air" and praising Burns and Labbett in their respective roles. Tyminski added that while each question's level of difficulty is not always on par with those on other quiz shows such as "Jeopardy!", the show avoids a "painfully slow pace." Similarly, John Teti of "The A.V. Club" called the show a "pretty good adaptation" of its UK counterpart. While he preferred the British version of the show, saying that it had "a more varied cast and stronger production values", Teti felt that the American version "still holds its own." "The Chase" was also ranked ninth on Douglas Pucci's (of "TV Media Insights") list of best new television shows of 2013.
	"The Chase" was one of two GSN originals (the other being "The American Bible Challenge") to be honored at the 41st Daytime Emmy Awards in 2014 with an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Game Show; "Jeopardy!" was the eventual winner. Two years later, Burns received an Emmy nomination at the 43rd Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Game Show Host, losing to Craig Ferguson of "Celebrity Name Game".
	"The Chase" became one of the highest rated original programs in GSN's history. The series debuted to 511,000 total viewers during its premiere while maintaining 90% of its audience with 461,000 total viewers during the second episode airing that night. On January 28, 2014, "The Chase" set a new series high for total viewers and adults 18–49, with 827,000 and 234,000 viewers respectively. Although the season three premiere fell in the ratings from its series high, earning 494,000 viewers with only 73,000 in the 18–49 demographic, the premiere of the fourth season saw a sizeable rise over the previous season's premiere, earning 749,000 total viewers.
	On December 18, 2013, Barnstorm Games released a mobile version of the game for iOS and Android. The only differences between the app and the show are that four choices are presented for questions in the Cash Builder and the Final Chase rounds and that no Final Chase is played if all players are caught in their individual chases. The app features Labbett (referred to by his "Beast" nickname) as a simulated chaser and can be played by up to four people.

= = = Canadian Observatory on Homelessness = = =

	The Canadian Observatory on Homelessness (COH)—formerly named the Canadian Homelessness Research Network (CHRN)—is a Canadian non-profit, non-partisan research institute that works with researchers, service providers, policy makers, students and people who have experienced homelessness.
	The COH focuses on the following areas: "systems responses" to homelessness; determining effective models of housing and support; Aboriginal homelessness; homelessness prevention; youth homelessness; legal and justice issues; measuring progress towards ending homelessness; knowledge mobilization and research impact.
	The organization’s website, the Homeless Hub, offers information on the causes of and solutions to homelessness.
	The CHRN was founded in 2008, through a 7-year Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) grant. Its goals were to enhance networking amongst stakeholders in the field and to mobilize homelessness research in Canada.
	Through a second SSHRC grant awarded in 2013, the CHRN was renamed the Canadian Observatory on Homelessness (COH). The COH continues the work of the CHRN and introduces a program of research that includes local, provincial and national monitoring activities, as well as original research that addresses key issues in homelessness. The current and founding Director is Dr. Stephen Gaetz, a professor at York University in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, where the COH is also housed. Members of the COH include 28 academics from institutions across Canada, as well as 28 agencies and community organizations.
	In 2005 there was no consistent definition of homelessness. At the time, most research and programs focused on "absolute homelessness" and public policy initiatives.
	In 2012, the CHRN/COH released the Canadian definition of homelessness to create a common understanding when it comes to measuring homelessness in Canada, and identifying goals, interventions and strategies to address homelessness effectively. The CHRN’s definition of homelessness, which is closely based on the European Typology of Homelessness and Housing Exclusion (ETHOS) definition, groups the homeless population into four categories: "unsheltered", "emergency sheltered", "provisionally accommodated" and "at risk of homelessness."
	The new definition received a lot of support and also faced some criticism. Since then, the Canadian definition of homelessness has been endorsed by 75 scholars and community organizations.
	The COH produces a number of resources to help service providers, researchers, policy makers etc., better understand and tackle the problem of homelessness.
	In collaboration with the Canadian Alliance to End Homelessness, the COH (then CHRN) released the State of Homelessness in Canada in 2013, what they call the first national report card on homelessness in Canada. The report card stated that 30,000 Canadians are homeless every day, 200,000 in any given year. The report’s authors urged policy-makers to do a better job of tracking homelessness and evaluating the effectiveness of their responses.
	In 2014, this report was updated to show that 235,000 Canadians experience homelessness every year, costing the economy $7 billion. According to the report, it would only take $46 more per Canadian to drastically reduce homelessness across the country.
	The COH also published a book on Housing First in Canada in 2013. It examines how this approach has been applied in Canada. Subsequently, in 2014 the COH published a framework on Housing First specifically targeted to youth.
	In collaboration with the Mental Health Commission of Canada (MHCC), the COH released the Canadian Housing First Toolkit website, which hosts resources on planning, implementing, sustaining and evaluating a Housing First program. The Toolkit’s resources are primarily based on the MHCC’s "At Home" research project ("Chez Soi" in French) which looked to address homelessness for people with mental illness by combining treatment with places to live. The Toolkit was funded by Health Canada.
	In 2012 the Canadian Alliance to End Homelessness was formed to raise awareness of homelessness in Canada and to " through the development of 10 Year Plans to End Homelessness (10 Year Plans)." Following the publication of the U. S. National Alliance to End Homelessness' pivotal 2000 report entitled "A Plan, Not a Dream: How to End Homelessness in Ten Years" the successful movement became international. The chair of the Canadian Alliance to End Homelessness is Alex Himelfarb.

= = = 2014 National Invitation Tournament = = =

	The 2014 National Invitation Tournament was a single-elimination tournament of 32 NCAA Division I teams that were not selected to participate in the 2014 NCAA Tournament. The annual tournament started on campus sites for the first 3 rounds, with the Final 4 and Championship game being held at Madison Square Garden in New York City. The tournament began on Tuesday, March 18 and ended on Thursday, April 3. Minnesota won this tournament after being the 3rd Big Ten team in a row to make the NIT Finals (the two previous years a Big Ten team had lost the final game).
	The following teams earned automatic berths into the 2014 NIT field having won their respective conference's regular season championship, but failing to win their conference tournament.
	Southern from the Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC) was the league regular season champion and lost in their conference tournament but is ineligible for the NIT due to Academic Progress Rate (APR) sanctions. No team from the SWAC received an NIT autobid.
	Arizona (Pac-12), Cincinnati (American), Kansas (Big 12), Michigan (Big Ten), Saint Louis (Atlantic 10), San Diego State (Mountain West) and Villanova (Big East) received automatic bids to the NIT, but did not accept them as they were selected as at-large teams in the 2014 NCAA Tournament.
	ESPN has exclusive television rights to all NIT games. They aired every single game across ESPN, ESPN2, ESPNU and ESPN3. Since 2011 Westwood One has held exclusive radio rights to the semifinals and championship. In 2014, John Tautges and Kelly Tripucka called these games for Westwood One.

= = = Sakolwat Skollah = = =

	Sakolwat Skollah (, born February 22, 1991), is a Thai professional footballer who plays as a Centre back.
	He represented Thailand U23 in the 2013 Southeast Asian Games.

= = = Hassi Lahdjar = = =

	Hassi Lahdjar (also written Hassi El Hadjar) is a village in the commune of In Salah, in In Salah District, Tamanrasset Province, Algeria. It is located northeast of the town of In Salah.

= = = Somaliland national football team = = =

	The Somaliland national football team is the football team that represents Somaliland, a self-declared republic that is internationally recognized as a "de facto" state. Although Somaliland is a "de facto" state, it has not yet received international "de jure" recognition. Somaliland is not a member of FIFA and CAF; it is, instead, an associate member of ConIFA, an association established in 2014 of teams from dependencies, unrecognised states, minorities, stateless peoples and regions that are not affiliated with FIFA.
	The Somaliland Football Association currently runs a national league which consists of 12 semi-professional clubs sponsored or backed by both public and private organisations. The Association also holds a bi-annual inter-regional football tournament, in which all 13 regions participate in groups stages held across the country, with the final 4 group winners contesting the semi-finals in the capital Hargeisa.
	The Somaliland Football Association for the first time in Somaliland’s existence took part in an international tournament in the conifa world cup 2016 hosted by Abkhazia. Somaliland was drawn in group D alongside Panjab and Sápmi. Losing both games Somaliland went on to play two further games against fellow runners up, the Chagos Islands and Székely Land. Somaliland went on to finish in 10th overall in the competition.
	Following ConIFA's annual conference Somaliland Football Team was invited to compete at the 2016 ConIFA World Football Cup, where it finished tenth out of twelve teams.
	Hargeysa National Stadium is the home of the national team.

= = = Keystone 3 = = =

	Keystone 3 is a live album by drummer Art Blakey and The Jazz Messengers recorded at the Keystone Korner in San Francisco in 1982 and released on the Concord Jazz label. 
	Michael G. Nastos of Allmusic stated "Of the many live recordings with different Jazz Messengers lineups, this ranks among their best, and is a springboard for what the Marsalis brothers would offer as artists in their own right. With Blakey, this combination was special".

= = = Tommyknocker (disambiguation) = = =

	A Tommyknocker, or knocker, is a supernatural being associated with mining in Cornish, Welsh, and American folklore.
	Tommyknocker or Tommyknockers may also refer to:

= = = Civil Aviation Authority of Fiji = = =

	The Civil Aviation Authority of Fiji (CAAF) is the national aviation authority in the Republic of Fiji and is responsible for discharging functions on behalf of the Government of Fiji under the States responsibility to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, also known as the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). CAAF regulates the activities of airport operators, air traffic control and air navigation service providers, airline operators, pilots and air traffic controllers, aircraft engineers, technicians, airports, airline contracting organisations and international air cargo operators in Fiji.
	The agency's head office is at Nadi Airport in Nadi.
	To be a model aviation regulator 
	To promote effective aviation safety and security in Fiji and the region.
	The Authority strives to reflect certain key values as the characteristics of the people who are the CAAF team and equally for the organization as a whole by professionalism, accountability, commitment, and integrity in our conduct.
	The Civil Aviation Authority of Fiji was ISO certified in July 2008 following a successful audit by Bureau Veritas, international auditors for ISO certification.
	Background to Reform 
	The reform of the Civil Aviation Authority of Fiji (CAAF) is a case which illustrates the impact of both political and trade union activities on the reform process. At the time of its reorganisation in 1999, its employees were members of the Fiji Public Service Association (FPSA). Many of the CAAF workers were opposed to the restructuring plans and the job losses that were a central part of the reform.
	The CAAF was a statutory body established by the CAAF Act of 1979. Apart from providing regulatory oversight for domestic civil aviation and fulfilling international air safety obligations, it also owned and managed Nadi International Airport, as well as managing the Nausori Airport near Suva and the 23 small domestic airports located on many islands with low populations. In addition, it provided aviation support services to the region.
	The CAAF functioned like a government department, but had a mixture of statutory responsibilities and commercial obligations. Effectively, it was a referee and a player in its own game. For the 20 years prior to the restructuring, it had been making annual profits. This was largely because its annual revenue growth was directly linked to the expansion of the international tourism industry in Fiji. Income was derived from landing and parking fees, air navigation charges, passenger service charges, terminal building concessions and rentals, fuel concessions, and the sale of excess power. It was exempt from income tax until the reform. Only minor investments were made into infrastructure. It received heavy financial assistance in the form of an annual government grant to run Nausori airport and the other loss-making airports.
	Yet the government realised that the CAAF was inefficient, overstaffed and overburdened by bureaucracy. Its staff members' unions were in constant dispute with the management and the unions strongly resisted any changes to work practices. Two reviews of the CAAF had recommended non-core activities be divested to other organisations. In the late 1990s, processes were introduced to improve efficiency through a continuous quality improvement programme.
	Division into Statutory Authority and Company 
	In April 1997, the then Minister for Public Enterprises, Isimeli Bose announced that the CAAF was to be declared a "commercial statutory authority" and, in May, he said it would be reorganised pursuant to provisions of the public enterprise reform legislation. Subsequently, a reorganization charter was prepared. The principal objective of the reorganization was to increase the CAAF's efficiency and rate of return on assets, while at the same time providing an efficient regulatory function that meets international civil aviation standards (MCICP 1998c).
	The reorganisation, facilitated by the Civil Aviation Reform Act 1999, involved separating the CAAF's regulatory role from its commercial operations. The commercial responsibilities and assets were transferred to a new company, Airports Fiji Ltd (AFL), which was established as a "government commercial company". It was incorporated under the Companies Act and required to operate along commercial lines, with clearly defined profitability targets and with new terms and conditions of employment. The main functions prescribed were the provision of air traffic management in Fiji and its flight information region; the management of airport commercial assets (the aerodromes, terminal buildings, commercial properties and infrastructure necessary for commercial activities); and the administration and management of airports as commercial businesses.
	The CAAF's regulatory role was given to a newly formed regulatory organisation called the Civil Aviation Authority of the Fiji Islands (CAAFI). The CAAFI's functions, as provided under the Civil Aviation Reform Act, include civil aviation regulation and international civil aviation obligations, along with safety oversight and safety education responsibilities for all airports, airlines, airport operations, and personnel. It oversees the activities of airport operators, air traffic control and air navigation service providers, and aircraft operators. It also has the responsibility for disposing of assets not required by AFL and for managing a housing estate (with over 150 residential sites) and other properties. In addition, it has a 51 percent shareholding in Air Terminal Services (Fiji) Ltd which provides ground handling services, including passenger handling, aircraft engineering, and in-flight catering. The implementation of the reform occurred in early April 1999, during the campaign for the May 1999 national elections. The approach adopted to transfer staff from CAAF to the two new organisations resulted in chaos. CAAF staff were terminated and paid their retirement gratuity and recreation leave entitlements. Many excess CAAF employees were offered redundancy packages and resigned.
	Air Safety Department 
	The department deals with flight operations and airworthiness matters such as:
	- The regulation of commercial air transport and general aviation
	- The provision of facilities for the examination, flight-testing and licensing of applicants for flight and ground crew licenses and ratings
	- The monitoring of training and operational standards
	- Ensuring that all flight operations are conducted in accordance with the Air Navigation Regulations and in conformity with ICAO standards
	- Providing specialist advice when liaising with other units of CAAFI
	- The maintenance of a dangerous goods control system
	- The provision and maintenance of a flight safety oversight program that provides surveillance in accordance with ICAO standards
	Ground Safety Department 
	The department is responsible for Aviation Regulatory Services, Aviation Standards and Aviation Safety Compliance on:
	- Regulation of airport, air traffic services (ATS), air navigation services (ANS) and aeronautical information service activities in conformity with ICAO Standards
	- Provision of standards documents on air traffic service personnel licensing, air traffic services, air navigation services and airports
	- Licensing of personnel for the provision of air traffic services and air navigation services
	- Co-ordinating and liaising with ICAO on matters relating to airports/ATS/ANS
	- Monitoring airport/ATS/ANS incidents and making available analysis/feedback to the stakeholders
	- Amendments to Regulations as necessary, based on international developments
	- Encouraging a greater acceptance by the aviation industry of a safety culture through safety educational programs and training
	Aviation Safety, Security and Facilitation Department 
	The department deals with aviation security, facilitation and rescue and fire fighting services on following matters:
	- Policy formulation and control of Programmes and Services
	- Oversighting the implementation of National Programmes
	- Evaluations and approvals of airports and airline operators Programmes for the purpose of issues of licences, certificates and permits
	- Oversighting the implementations of airports and airline operators programmes,
	- Inspections and surveys of Government and private airports for licensing purposes
	- Monitoring of training, safety and security standards
	- Conducting investigations into breaches or incidents
	- Providing timely reports to the Board, Government and others
	- Promoting safety and security in aviation
	Corporate Support Department 
	The department provides corporate support services such as:
	- Developing and implementing business plans after consultations and inputs from all departments
	- Ensuring the Authority has a sound financial base and funding
	- Managing the non-core business including the housing estate
	- Providing statutory and secretarial advice and support to the Board. Ensuring Board decisions are implemented
	- Ensuring submission of reports on time to appropriate authorities
	- Ensuring that a process-based quality management system is implemented for CAAFI
	- Provide an effective human resource and industrial relations system
	- Ensure an effective administrative, legal and other support services are readily available
	- Manage Authority's risks including insurance liabilities
	- The provision of a co-ordinated incident and occurrence reporting system including subsequent investigation and the disseminating of safety information
	- The provision of a confidential aviation incident reporting system
	- Aviation Quality Database management.
	In 2003, Cabinet approved the promulgation of the Air Navigation (Amendment) Regulations 2003. Cabinet based its decision on a submission by the Minister for Transport and Civil Aviation, Josefa Vosanibola, who said that new regulations were needed to cater for changes in the aviation industry. “The aviation industry has gone through rapid changes in the last few years to respond to the needs of the market,” Mr Vosanibola said. He said the services that were normally provided by a state authority had been divided up among various corporations to bring about efficiency in the industry. The Minister said this division of responsibilities among profit making corporations required government to enact appropriate legislation to ensure that the safety of civil aviation was not compromised by commercial considerations. “The amendments also cover operational, safety and health issues arising from the acquisition of larger aircraft by Air Pacific,” he said. These included the manning of emergency doors on twin deck aircraft, and the need to ensure that the crew on these aircraft had adequate rest. Mr Vosanibola said the amended Regulations also return to CAAFI (Civil Aviation Authority of the Fiji Islands) some regulatory powers that were inadvertently passed on to Airports Fiji Limited by the Civil Aviation Reform Act, 1999. A total of 49 Regulations were amended to comply with safety standards and recommended practices introduced by the ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization). These included Certification of Service Providers; Regulatory Functions; Airworthiness of Aircraft; Licensing; and Flight Operations and Rules of the Air. A transition period of six months from the date of promulgation was provided to allow stakeholders to comply with the amended Regulations.

= = = List of The Dream Makers episodes = = =

	"The Dream Makers" (simplified Chinese: 志在四方) is a Singaporean television drama series. The story revolves around the lives of employees in a TV station, giving viewers a peek into what is behind the scenes in the entertainment world. It is told in two parts, the first being the mid-yeor anniversary drama celebrating 50 years of television, and the second coinciding MediaCorp's big move from Caldecott Hill to Mediapolis@one-north.
	A total of 62 episodes have aired as of 18 January 2016 on Channel 8.

= = = Deir Ful = = =

	Deir Ful (, also spelled Derful) is a village in northern Syria, administratively part of the Homs Governorate, located northeast of Homs. Nearby localities include al-Rastan to the west, al-Zaafaraniyah to the southwest, al-Mishirfeh and Ayn al-Niser to the south, Danibah and Khunayfis to the east, Izz al-Din to the northeast and Ghor al-Assi to the northwest. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Deir Ful had a population of 1,614 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Circassians.
	The village was established in 1878–1880 by Kumyk emigrants ("muhajirs") from the Northern Caucasian Dagestan, settlements of Utamish, Bashlykent and Karabudaghkent, later joined by Kumyks from the Kumyk possession of the Russian Empire and many other Dagestan people.

= = = Electro SC do Lobito (handball) = = =

	Electro Sport Clube do Lobito or simply Electro do Lobito is an Angolan multisports club based in Lobito, Benguela. The club's handball team competes at the local level, at the Benguela Provincial Handball Championship and at the Angola Women's Handball League.
	The club is named after its major sponsor, the Angolan Public Electricity Company.

= = = Cry Softly = = =

	"Cry Softly" is a song written by Buddy Killen, Billy Sherrill, and Glenn Sutton and performed by Andy Williams on his 1974 album "You Lay So Easy on My Mind". It is based on "Liebesträume" by Franz Liszt. The song reached #20 on the adult contemporary chart in 1975.
	Nancy Ames originally recorded the song in 1966 Her version went to #95 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.

= = = Sahla Tahtania = = =

	Sahla Tahtania (also written Sahela Tahtania) is a village in the commune of In Salah, in In Salah District, Tamanrasset Province, Algeria. It is located just to the west of the N1 national highway, north of the town of In Salah.

= = = Ralph Mullins = = =

	Ralph K. Mullins aka Diz Mullins (born 10 May 1929 in Tulsa) is an American jazz trumpet player, arranger, composer, and collegiate educator. He grew up in Oklahoma but spent most of his professional career in the Los Angeles area. After years of playing trumpet in Southern California, Mullins is still playing and leads his own band.
	Around 1954, Mullins moved to Los Angeles, where he began playing with the Tommy Alexander Band. The jazz musicians he performed with include Dave Wells, Lanny Morgan, Bob Hathaway, and Don Bagley. Mullins played trumpet and arranged for four years with Charlie Barnet's Big Band. He also performed with Anita O’Day's Sextet, Woody Herman, Sy Zentner, Russ Morgan, and Freddy Martin, with whom he worked a year on a TV show and two years at the Coconut Grove.
	Mullins has scored over 400 feature films including "Rocky I," "II," and "III", Barbra Streisand's "A Star Is Born," "Roots," the TV mini series, "The Autobiography of Jane Pitman," "The Merv Griffin Show," and "The Hollywood Palace." He scored for Frank Sinatra, Sarah Vaughan, Rosemary Clooney, recorded with Charlie Barnet's Big Band (five albums) alongside of Maynard Ferguson, Al Porcino, and Buddy Childers. In scoring and performing, he has worked with numerous TV shows including "Bonanza," "Red Skelton," "Smothers Brothers," "Andy Griffith," "Matlock," "Perry Mason", and has also worked with Quincy Jones, Dave Grusin, Elmer Bernstein.
	Mullins was a member of the Film Scoring Department faculty at the University of Southern California from 1996 to 2006. He has also taught at the Dick Grove School of Music.
	As trumpet sideman
	As arranger

= = = Lishui River Bridge = = =

	The Lishui River Bridge (Lishuihe Bridge) (澧水大桥) is a suspension bridge near Zhangjiajie, in the Hunan Province of China. The bridge spans over the Lishui River gorge between the Yongding District and the Yongshun County. The bridge is part of an extension of the G5513 Changsha–Zhangjiajie Expressway to Huayuan that cut the 8 hour travel time between Zhangjiajie and Chongqing in half. With of clearance above the river the bridge is one of the world's highest bridges.
	Construction of the bridge began around 2009/2010. An innovative technique was used to carry the pilot line across the gorge by rocket in early 2011. This technique was first used on the nearby Sidu River Bridge. On July 11, 2012, the final truss section was connected completing the main structure of the bridge. The bridge and associated expressway were opened in December 2013.
	A rest stop and viewing area was built at the eastern end of the bridge. It provides panoramic views of the bridge and the Lishui River Gorge below.

= = = Kung Fu VS Acrobatic = = =

	Kung Fu VS Acrobatic (aka Thunderbolt 1991) is a 1990 Hong Kong martial arts fantasy comedy film directed by Taylor Wong and starring Andy Lau, Natalis Chan and Joey Wong. The film is a homage to the 1964 martial arts film "Buddha's Palm" which starred Cho Tat-wah, who also acts in a supporting role in this film.
	Advertising company staff Mo Tak-fai (Lau) and his friend Lai Chi (Chan) go to mainland China for a business trip. Chi smuggles some relics, leading to them being chased by the police. They go into a cave to escape capture, but Chi is bitten by a poisonous snake. He finds a medicine belonging to an ancient hero named Long Jianfei and shares it with Tak-fai. Not only does the medicine detoxifies Chi, it also bestows Tak-fai and Chi internal strengths. They also rescue Princess Yunluo (Wong) and her maid Xiao Man (Mui) from the Yuan Dynasty after 800 years of slumber but in the process also releasing a two-hundred-year-old evil martial arts expert Tian Can (Yuen).
	Fai and Chi remain skeptical about the things that happened and they bring the two ladies to Hong Kong. Yunluo is able to adapt to modern life in Hong Kong very quickly. On the other hand, in order to defeat Tian Can, Yunluo helps Fai to learn the "Buddha's Palm" technique while Chi, due to poor qualifications, only excel at the "Seven Rotary Slice" technique. However, when Tian Can arrives he effortlessly defeats Fai since he has not mastered the "Ten Thousand Buddhas" technique. Tian Can forces Fai to eat a cursed silkworm, which can cause pain to people who consume it when Tian Can plays his drum.
	The next day, Tian Can goes on a spree. He steals money from a bank ATM, threatens Fai and Chi to go to their boss' home and capture his family, as well as defeating the police who come after them. Yunluo saves the two men but Fai is furtherly injured by Tian Can in the process. Fortunately they come across Yim Chan, leader of a supernatural performing troupe from China, who heals Fai from his injuries while also channelling energy to him. A few days later, Fai finally masters the "Ten Thousand Buddhas" technique. He and his friends confront Tian Can in a final duel and Fai uses "Ten Thousand Buddhas" to cripple Tian Can's martial arts ability, becoming a true hero in the end.
	The film grossed HK $21,160,216 at the Hong Kong box office during its theatrical run from 21 July to 11 August 1990 in Hong Kong.

= = = Negative hypergeometric distribution = = =


=\frac}{N \choose K}.
</math>
	Therefore, a random variable follows the negative hypergeometric distribution if its probability mass function (pmf) is given by
	formula_1
	where
	By design the probabilities sum up to 1. However, in case we want show it explicitly we have:
	formula_7
	where we have used that,
	formula_8
	which can be derived using the binomial identity, formula_9, and the Chu–Vandermonde identity, formula_10, which holds for any complex-values formula_11 and formula_12 and any non-negative integer formula_5. 
	The relationship formula_14 can also be found by examination of the coefficient of formula_15 in the expansion of formula_16, using Newton's binomial series.
	When counting the number formula_5 of successes before formula_4 failures, the expected number of successes is formula_19 and can be derived as follows. 
	formula_20

= = = Christopher O'Reilly = = =

	Hon. Christopher O'Reilly, K.S.G., (1835 – 11 January 1910) was a politician in colonial Tasmania.
	O'Reilly was member for Kingborough in the Tasmanian House of Assembly from 28 September 1871 to December 1882. He was later member for Ringarooma in the Assembly from 29 March 1906 to 30 April 1909.
	O'Reilly was Minister of Lands and Works in Tasmania from August 1876 to August 1877, in the Reibey Ministry, and was sworn of the Executive Council on the former date.
	O'Reilly held the same portfolio in the Crowther and Giblin Ministries from Dec. 1878 to Dec. 1882, when he resigned and accepted the appointment of Stipendiary Magistrate at Scottsdale. Mr. O'Reilly was created a Knight of St. Gregory by Pope Leo XIII.
	On 4 May 1909, O'Reilly was elected to the Tasmanian Legislative Council for South Esk as an independent, holding that position until his death.

= = = Swami Haridas Sangeet Sammelan = = =

	Swami Haridas Sangeet Sammelan (English: Swami Haridas Music Festival) is a noted Hindustani classical music and dance festival organized by Sur Singar Samsad, and held annually in Mumbai, India. All the prominent Indian classical vocalists, instrumentalists and dancers perform at the week-long festival.
	It was started in 1952 in honor of 16th-century saint, Swami Haridas by Sur Singar Samsad.

= = = Mitzi Hoag = = =

	Margaret Myrtle "Mitzi" Hoag (September 25, 1932 – February 26, 2019) was an American actress. Over the course of her career, she appeared in more than 73 different TV shows and movies. Notable among these are recurring roles in "We'll Get By", "Bonanza", "Here Come the Brides", and "The Partridge Family".
	Hoag was raised in North Olmsted, Ohio, near Cleveland, where she was born. Her father, John C. Hoag, was a supervisor for the A&P store chain. She graduated from John Marshall High School in 1949. A straight-A student and head majorette of the marching band, she appeared in numerous high school stage productions, already using the nickname "Mitzi". After high school, Hoag attended Shimer College, then located in Mount Carroll, Illinois, completing her degree in two years under the radically flexible University of Chicago curriculum of Robert Maynard Hutchins. She chose Shimer for its small classes and the opportunity for horseback riding. Because Shimer was then closely affiliated with the University of Chicago, she is sometimes reported as having graduated from there.
	When Hoag graduated from Shimer at age 19 in 1952, she was one of the first five Shimer students to receive the bachelor's degree. She was the only woman in the graduating class. She earned a bachelor of arts in general education, and became a certified teacher, but her experiences with drama at Shimer turned her towards an acting career. After leaving Shimer, Hoag studied drama at the graduate level at Case Western Reserve University for two years.
	In the mid-1950s, Hoag moved to New York, where she continued her study of acting with Herbert Berghof. She was cast in multiple off-Broadway shows, but these were all cancelled due to funding problems. Finally, she starred in the title role of the 1958 off-Broadway hit "Heloise", an adaptation by James Forsyth of the story of Heloise and Abelard. The play, which won considerable critical acclaim, was produced primarily by erstwhile actors and staffers of Case Western's Eldred Theatre.
	Hoag subsequently went to Hollywood, on her mother's advice. There she married Stephen Wolfson, who had a bit part in "Heloise", and later became a teacher. They had a daughter together, but subsequently divorced.
	In Hollywood, Hoag at first worked as a stage actress. She parlayed a successful stage performance as Annie Sullivan in "The Miracle Worker" into screen roles, starting with a role in the movie "Tammy and the Doctor", and continuing with numerous TV appearances.
	In the late 1960s, Hoag had a recurring role in "Here Come the Brides" in the late 1960s. In addition, from 1966 to 1972, she appeared frequently in the TV show "Bonanza" as Alice Brenner. In 1976, she appeared in the drama "Family" as Clara Briault. During this period, she also appeared in several movies, including "Play It as It Lays", "Pieces of Dreams", and "Devil's Angels".
	She also played Natalie Green's adoptive mother on "The Facts of Life", a role she played through all 9 seasons.
	Hoag's first and only starring role in a TV series came in 1975, when she appeared as the mother Liz Platt in the CBS sitcom "We'll Get By", starring opposite Paul Sorvino. A family sitcom, the show was created by Alan Alda, and modeled after his own domestic life. The show ran to twelve episodes, filmed in front of a live studio audience. Originally scheduled for September 1974, the show did not air until March 1975, in a time slot facing "Chico and the Man", one of NBC's most popular programs. It was not renewed.

= = = Sahla Fougania = = =

	Sahla Fougania (also written Sahela Fougania or Sahla Foukania is a village in the commune of In Salah, in In Salah District, Tamanrasset Province, Algeria. Is located just to the east of the N1 national highway, north of the town of In Salah.

= = = Azusa High School = = =

	Azusa High School is a public high school in Azusa, California, United States, a city east of Los Angeles, California and east of the San Gabriel Valley. It is one of the three high schools in the Azusa Unified School District.
	In addition to offering multiple Advanced Placement courses. Azusa High School is currently an IB (International Baccalaureate) school. Alumni of the school have graduated from prestigious undergraduate institutions like Yale University, Stanford University, Amherst College, University of California, Berkeley, University of Southern California, University of California, Los Angeles, University of California, San Diego etc.
	As of 2014, Azusa High School operates on an 8:00 a.m. to 2:50 p.m. schedule. The only exception is on Wednesday where school ends at 2:00 as every Wednesday is a minimum day.
	Azusa High School has had an enrollment of about 1,416 students in 2011–2012 school year. Azusa High School is integrated in the school years of 2011–2012 with, 0.2% American Indian/Alaska Native, 1.1% Asian, 0.3% Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, 1.7% Filipino, 90.6% Hispanic, 1.0% Black, and 4.4% White.
	Currently, Azusa High School offers its students 12 sport teams. All Sports Teams are associated with the Montview League. These sports include:
	The Azusa High School Aztec Band & Pageantry Corps is under the direction of Band Director Bill Fritz. The Aztec Band is associated with the Southern California School Band and Orchestra Association (SCSBOA).
	Marching Band Championship Awards
	1st Place Gold Medalists 
	2nd Place Silver Medalists
	1st Place Gold Medalists
	1st Place Gold Medalists
	5th Place
	4th Place
	5th Place
	The Aztec Band is a combination of marching band, symphonic band, wind ensemble, and jazz band. Pageantry is a competitive Dance and Tall Flag unit with Marching band. Pageantry also has their own season often known as winter guard. The Winterguard team is associated with the Winter Guard Association of Southern California (WGASC).
	Winterguard Championship Awards
	3rd Place Bronze Medalists
	3rd Place Bronze Medalists
	1st Place Gold Medalists

= = = 2013 Northern Illinois Huskies football team = = =

	The 2013 Northern Illinois Huskies football team represented Northern Illinois University in the 2013 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Huskies competed in the West Division of the Mid-American Conference. They were led by first-year head coach Rod Carey. They played their home games at Huskie Stadium. They finished the season 12–2, 8–0 in MAC play to win the West Division Title. They finished the regular season undefeated (12–0). They represented the West Division in the MAC Championship Game where they lost to East Division Champion Bowling Green 27–47. They were invited to the Poinsettia Bowl where they lost to Utah State 14–21.
	Fresh off their Orange Bowl Appearance in 2012 the Huskies went undefeated until the MAC Championship. This garnered NIU National attention with the anticipation of another BCS Bowl appearance. Star quarterback Jordan Lynch was a top 3 candidate for the Heisman Trophy. The season marked the Huskies' sixth consecutive trip to a bowl game and their second consecutive bowl game loss.
	Sources:
	Jordan Lynch threw for 275 yards and three touchdowns for the Huskies, who scored 10 points in the final 5:05 to record their first win over the Hawkeyes.
	Northern Illinois safety Jimmie Ward intercepted Iowa's Jake Rudock with 1:17 left. He brought it to the Hawkeyes 30-yard line, setting up the game-winning kick from Sims.
	Sources:
	Jordan Lynch threw for three touchdowns and ran for two more, as the team came away with their second win of the season.
	Sources:
	Jordan Lynch accounted for 424 yards of offense in the air and on the ground as Northern Illinois overcame six touchdown passes by Jimmy Garoppolo. 
	Sources:
	Jordan Lynch threw for 207 yards and three touchdowns, and Northern Illinois scored on a kickoff return and an interception return to rout Purdue 55–24.
	It's the first time a Mid-American Conference team has beaten two Big Ten foes during the same regular season, and the Huskies made it look easy, tying the MAC record for victory margin over a Big Ten school. Toledo beat Minnesota by 31 in 2001.
	Sources:
	Cameron Stingily ran for a career-high 266 yards and two scores as Northern Illinois remained undefeated with a 38–24 win over Kent State.
	Sources:
	The Huskies used their defense and kicking game to beat Akron 27–20 on Saturday night after the offense went 1 for 15 on third-down conversions.
	Sources:
	Lynch had three rushing touchdowns and was 20 for 30 through the air for 155 yards and another score to help Northern Illinois (7–0, 3–0 Mid-American) extend the nation's best conference winning streak to 20 games. Lynch rushed for 316 yards, an FBS record for a quarterback, and the 23rd-ranked Huskies stayed unbeaten with a 38–17 victory at Central Michigan.
	Sources:
	Sources:
	Sources:
	Sources:
	Sources:
	Sources:
	Sources:

= = = Cloyd A. Porter = = =

	Cloyd A. Porter is a retired member of the Wisconsin State Assembly. 
	Porter was born on May 22, 1935 in Huntley, Illinois. He would graduate from Burlington High School in Burlington, Wisconsin. Porter is married with four children and thirteen grandchildren.
	Porter had a career in the trucking business before seeking elected office. He served a short time as Burlington Town Chairman before being elected to the Assembly in 1972. He announced his retirement in 2000.

= = = Gabriele Eckart = = =

	Gabriele Eckart (born March 23, 1954 in Falkenstein/Vogtland), is a German author.
	Gabriele Eckart studied Philosophy from 1972 to 1976 at the Humboldt University of Berlin. She concluded her studies with the completion of her Staatsexamen. In 1979 she took part in a writing course at the German Literature Institute in Leipzig. After publishing two collections of her own poetry and a collection of travel memoirs, her next publication was supposed to have been a collection of interviews with people in Havelland. Small excerpts appeared in 1983 and 1984 in literature magazines in the German Democratic Republic, but the publication of the entire text, which contained numerous passages critical of relations in the German Democratic Republic, was prevented by government censorship. The book "So sehe ick die Sache" was therefore published openly only in West Germany.
	In 1987, Eckart used a visit to the Frankfurter Buchmesse to relocate to the Federal Republic of Germany; she remained, however, a citizen of the German Democratic Republic. In 1988 she emigrated to the United States, where she continued her studies. In 1993 she earned her Master of Arts at the University of Texas at San Antonio, and her PhD from the University of Minnesota. She has worked as a Professor of German and Spanish at the Southeast Missouri State University in Cape Girardeau.

= = = Sissey Chao = = =

	Sissey Chao (; born 24 September 1963) is an aggressive, independent musician in Taiwan.
	Chao formed his first band, Double X, in 1985 when he was 17 years old. Considered a pioneer of Taiwanese punk music, the band released their first album, "Lying Idiots", through record label "Crystal Records" in 1985. In that same year they launched a tour around university campuses nationwide. They also supported R.E.M. during the latter’s Monster Tour in Taipei.
	Aside from being the frontman of his band, Chao also developed a solo career with a highly unique music style, and released his first solo album "Pull Myself Out" (1989, Crystal Records). With critical and explicit lyrics, the album proved to be ahead of its time, and was subsequently banned by Taiwan's Government Information Office. The album has since become an underground classic, and recently two of the songs were revived and included into the soundtrack of the critically acclaimed independent movie "A Place of One’s Own" (2009). Between 1989 and 1998, Chao released two more albums, although the number would have been greater if not for the record companies' market oriented approach toward sales. Disillusioned with record deals, he did not sign with another record label and ostensibly went into hiatus in 1998. This did not stop him from writing and making music however, and in 2009 fans were elated to see his return with a 4th studio album, "Tripping". Now more mature in his art direction, Chao drifts away from his previously rebellious style of composition and presents a whole new soundscape with lyrics as candid as ever. The 7 songs on the album are beautifully composed and arranged, taking the listener through an extraordinary journey of an artist in a floating world.

= = = Frans Sales Lega Airport = = =

	Frans Sales Lega Airport or Ruteng Airport is an airport located in Ruteng, Manggarai regency, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. The airport runway measures 1,300 x 30 m. The distance from the city center is about 2 km.
	The airport used to be called Satar Tacik Airport, the name change was contained in the Decree of the Minister of Transportation KP No.190 of 2008 dated 4 April 2008. The airport name was changed to reward services of the late Frans Sales Lega who initiated the establishment of the airport.

= = = List of reservoirs by surface area = = =

	This is a listing of the reservoirs (artificial lakes) in the world with a surface area exceeding . Reservoirs can be formed conventionally, by damming the outlet of a canyon or valley to form a lake; the largest of this type is Ghana's Lake Volta, with a water surface of . Reservoirs can also be formed by damming the outlets of natural lakes to regulate water levels, such as those at Uganda's Owen Falls Dam (Lake Victoria) and Russia's Irkutsk Dam (Lake Baikal). These are included and indicated with light blue cell background.
	Large reservoir area does not necessarily coincide with large volume, as reservoirs with a large area tend to be shallow, such as at Suriname's Brokopondo Reservoir, with an average depth of just . In comparison, Canada's Kinbasket Lake, with an average depth of , has a volume 25 percent greater – but with a surface area of just , does not meet the cutoff for inclusion in this list.

= = = Spadina streetcar line = = =

	Spadina streetcar line may refer to:

= = = 1973 Palestine Cup of Nations = = =

	The 1973 Palestine Cup was the 2nd edition of the Palestine Cup of Nations, it was held in Libya between 11 and 26 August. Ten nations took part in the competition of which Tunisia won.
	The 10 participated teams are:
 

= = = Leda and the Swan (Peter Paul Rubens) = = =

	Leda and the Swan, by Peter Paul Rubens, who painted two versions of this subject. The first was completed in 1601 and the second in 1602. 
	Rubens was heavily influenced by Michelangelo. He was introduced to his work on his journey to Italy. Rubens decided to go to Rome to make copies of paintings and further his studies of Italian art from the leading Italian artists of the previous century, later termed the Renaissance. In Rome, he encountered Michelangelo's version of "Leda and the Swan". Even though Michelangelo's version does not exist today, copies of it do. A copy of Michelangelo's original work was done by Rubens. Rubens would have been familiar with Michelangelo's "Leda". His version is considered a prototype for Rubens's two works. Rubens's 1601 "Leda", was modeled after Michelangelo's "Leda". The placement of the body is very similar as is its twisting posture. Even the positioning of the fingers is mirrored. The swan is caressing the female in exactly the same way. 
	The actual figure of the female varies drastically between Rubens's style and Michelangelo's style. Michelangelo typically depicted women in a masculine way. Muscles are more clearly defined and the bodies look hard. The body is thinner. The hair is neatly styled. Michelangelo's body proportions are a little skewed. Rubens's women, on the other hand, are extremely curvaceous and are much softer. The hair is somewhat loose and not as styled. The body proportions seem more realistic in Rubens's two works. 
	Though Rubens's two works are very similar, they do differ. In his first depiction, the brushstrokes are looser, it is not as detailed, there is less landscape, no elaborate headpiece, the colors are muted, and the drapes are green. The 1601 painting was initially supposed to be in a painted ellipse that cut off the left elbow and part of the right foot as seen through x-rays. Today it is in a rectangular format along with the 1602 painting. In his second painting, the brushstrokes are more precise, there is more detail, there is a clearer landscape in the background, an elaborate headpiece, more vibrant colors, and the drapery is white and red.
	A common Renaissance and Baroque theme is females that are abducted or seduced by divinities. This includes Leda and the swan as Zeus, as well as Europa, Antiope, and Danae. Many portrayals of women being seduced by divinities are shown in a sensual manner. For instance, Rubens's "Leda", is very erotic. Leda is shown fully nude with her buttocks and left breast being visible. The swan is caressing her on her most intimate area with its neck cradled between her breasts. The swan is depicted as a graceful animal who also can ravish. 
	There are many variations to the myth of Leda and the swan. Leda is sometimes called Nemesis and other times they are two separate people. Leda was married to the king of Sparta, Tyndareus. She is the mother of several children though she is most known for giving birth to Clytemnestra, Helen, Pollux, and Castor. The most common myth claims that Zeus transformed himself into a swan to couple with Leda. Some versions claim that she loved Zeus and willing had sexual relations with him, while other versions claim she was seduced and therefore was not willing. That same night, she coupled with Tyndareus also. Leda then gave birth to four children at the same time. The two pairs of twins resulted in Helen and Pollux belonging to Zeus, and Clytemnestra and Castor belonging to Tyndareus. Though each pair is attributed to either Zeus or Tyndareus, each man is said to be the father of all four children. Castor and Pollux were called the Dioscuri meaning “Zeus’s sons,” even though Castor was mortal because he was the son of Tyndareus and Pollux was immortal because he was the son of Zeus.
	According to Hermes in Lucians’ "The Dialogues of the Dead", Leda and her daughter (Helen of Troy) are the only women worthy of the title “beauties of old.” Rubens's depictions of Leda clearly embody the phrase. With Leda's curvy figure, alabaster skin, and golden hair, she is a sight to behold. Because Rubens was known for this type of female figures, Leda was the perfect subject to paint. Rubens became famous partly for his Rubenesque figures and were not common at the time, making his two "Leda’s" stand out even more.

= = = Oh-By the Way = = =

	Oh-By the Way is an album by the drummer Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers recorded in 1982 in the Netherlands and released on the Dutch Timeless label. 
	Scott Yanow of Allmusic states that "the music is a fine example of high-quality hard bop".

= = = Omar Chapel = = =

	Omar Chapel is a historic church building in Reed Township, Seneca County, Ohio, United States. It was completed in 1843 in the Greek Revival style and was once known as the Second Regular Baptist Church of Reed Township.
	The chapel has been designated an Ohio Underground Railroad Historic Site for its role in the abolitionist movement. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.
	A 1953 tornado damaged the chapel's roof. The property has since been restored and maintained by volunteers.

= = = Control Center (iOS) = = =

	Control Center (or Control Centre in some countries) is a feature of Apple Inc.'s iOS operating system, introduced as part of iOS 7, released on September 18, 2013. It gives iOS devices direct access to important settings for the device by swiping a finger up from the bottom of the display (or a swipe down from the top right corner on iPhone X, XS and XR series and iPad devices). It is similar to the SBSettings tweak for iOS jailbreaking.
	Control Center gives iOS users quick access to commonly used controls and apps. By swiping up from any screen – including the Lock screen (if the control center is set to be accessed from the lock screen) – users can do such things as switch on Airplane mode, turn Wi-Fi on or off, adjust the display brightness and similar basic functions of the device. 
	Since iOS 7, it also included an integrated flashlight function to operate the reverse camera's flash LED as a flashlight. The flashlight feature is only available on iPhone and iPod Touch, and iPad Pro. Beginning with iOS 9.3, a Night Shift toggle became available through the Control Center on all iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad models that have an Apple A7 chip or later.
	Other functions are offered, such as the ability to turn Bluetooth, and Do Not Disturb on or off; lock the screen's orientation; play, pause, or skip a song, see what is playing; connect to AirPlay-enabled devices; and quickly access the clock, calculator, and camera apps. Users also have access to AirDrop, previously only available on Macs and newly added to iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch models using the Lightning connector in iOS 7, as a method of transferring files between Apple devices.
	In iOS 7 through iOS 9, it featured a single-paged slide up panel with a blurred background, which provided a layer of translucency over the content below. The design for the most part remained the same, aside from a few small, occasional changes. Due to the intense resources needed to create a blurred effect, iPhone 4, iPad 2 and iPad 3 do not feature a translucent background, and instead feature a grey background with slight transparency without blur. 
	In iOS 10, it morphed into a card-like design with a white background, and separated into three separate cards accessible by swiping horizontally. The first card consisted of main device controls, such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and Do Not Disturb, while the second page was dedicated to media controls, and the third page for controlling HomeKit enabled devices linked in the Home application.
	The Control Center received a significant redesign in iOS 11, unifying its different pages into one and allowing users to 3D Touch (or long press on devices without 3D Touch) the icons for additional options, and vertical sliders allow users to adjust volume and brightness. The Control Center is customizable via the Settings app, and allows for a wider range of settings features to be shown, including cellular service, Low Power Mode, and a shortcut to the Notes app. These changes are still present in the current stable release of iOS 12.
	iOS 12 brought few new additions to Control Center, but of them, the most notable being updates to Do Not Disturb. Now, when users 3D Touch, or long press the Do Not Disturb icon, it allows them to automatically set when a Do Not Disturb session will end. Current options include setting it to turn off after one hour, when leaving your current location, the next morning, or when a calendar event ends.
	Control Center has received generally positive reviews. In contrast for the user having to access the Settings application to change most preferences, Darrell Etherington of TechCrunch thought that "separating [Control Center] from that function and making it accessible throughout the iOS user interface via a simple swipe up from bottom is a really big improvement."
	The iOS 11 update was criticized for changing the way the buttons for Wi-Fi and Bluetooth work; more specifically, the toggles would disconnect devices from Wi-Fi or Bluetooth, while leaving the radios on. The Electronic Frontier Foundation stated that this change not only hurt battery life, but was also bad for security, describing the buttons as turning Wi-Fi and Bluetooth "off-ish" (greyed out, but not crossed out, as it would appear if switched off directly from the Settings app), as well as further criticizing the connections resuming at 5:00 am everyday.

= = = David E. Hutchison = = =

	David E. Hutchison (born July 26, 1943) is a former member of the Wisconsin State Assembly.
	Hutchison was born on July 26, 1943 in New London, Wisconsin. In 1965, he graduated from St. Norbert College. Hutchison is a member of the Knights of Columbus and Ducks Unlimited. He is married with eight children.
	Hutchison was first elected to the Assembly in 1994. He is a Republican.

= = = Cy Follmer = = =

	Cyrus Brown "Cy" Follmer, Jr. was an American broadcaster.
	Follmer was born on December 14, 1933 in Berlin, where his father was U.S. Vice Consul. He served in the United States Marine Corps during the Korean War. He later graduated from the University of Texas at Austin with a degree in broadcasting.
	After graduating, Follmer worked for KASE-FM in Austin, Texas. In 1961, he moved to KXYZ in Houston. In 1963, he began hosting the "After Hours Show", a 2 to 3 am jazz program on KTOK in Oklahoma City. He then worked for WSVA AM, WSVA-FM, and WSVA-TV. In 1965, he left Harrisonburg to become sports director at WTVM-TV in Columbus, Georgia. He then moved to WLEX-TV in Lexington, Kentucky where he was the sports director and play-by-play announcer for Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball. In 1970, he joined WSMW-TV in Worcester, Massachusetts as sports director and play-by-play announcer for Boston Celtics and New England Patriots games. He left WSMW in 1971.
	After broadcasting, Follmer worked as a stockbroker. In 1993, he was fined $50,000, required to pay $53,000 in restitution to customers, and barred from working for any National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD) member by the NASD after it found that Follmer had solicited and accepted $53,000 from customers for the purchase of securities but instead used the money for his own benefit. He later worked as a business consultant and did voice-over work.
	Follmer died on June 28, 2009 in Harrodsburg, Kentucky.

= = = Venezuela during World War II = = =

	The history of Venezuela during World War II is marked by dramatic change to the country's economy, military, and society. At the beginning of World War II in 1939, Venezuela was the world's leading oil exporter, and subsequently one of the main beneficiaries of the American Lend-Lease programs. Economic assistance from the United States, as well a booming oil industry, led Venezuela to become one of the few Latin American countries that was able to finance its own modernization in the post-war era. Furthermore, through skillful diplomacy, Venezuela was able to gain territory, increase its share in oil profits, and also reduce its reliance on foreign oil companies.
	Although Venezuela was officially neutral for most of the war, it secretly supported the Allies, and eventually declared war on the Axis powers in February 1945, a few months before the end of the conflict.
	According to author Thomas M. Leonard, Venezuela's oil garnered "intense interest" from the Allies and the Axis, both before and during World War II. Thus, Venezuela's main strategic goal from 1939 to 1945 was to protect its oil from being seized by a belligerent nation. Closely related to this goal was the need to market oil, which had become the mainstay of the Venezuelan economy. Leonard says that the war could, ideally, have resulted in an "economic boom" if Venezuela could maintain a policy of strict neutrality and sell oil to both sides. However, neither the Axis or the Allies were likely to tolerate such a situation, and in the end, Venezuela sided with the Allies.
	Even though Venezuela was decidedly pro-Allied, the government attempted to increase its hold on the oil market, which was dominated by American-owned petroleum firms. One option was to nationalize the oil industry, like Mexico did in 1938. This option, however, was never seriously considered, because nationalizing the oil industry meant seizing American-owned oil, which would have likely resulted in a military intervention. Although Mexico's nationalization of its oil industry did not result in an American military intervention, just the possibility of one was enough to keep the Venezuelan government content with seeking a mere increase in its share of profits, rather than taking all of it.
	Subsequently, the United States, eager to maintain its access to the oil, agreed to increase oil revenues for Venezuela. Profits were split fifty-fifty between the Venezuelan government and the oil companies, such as Standard Oil and the British-owned Shell Oil. As result, in 1944 Venezuela's oil income was 66% higher than it was in 1941, and by 1947 total income had increased 358%. This "largesse," as Leonard calls it, allowed Venezuela to become one of the few Latin American countries that was able to finance its own modernization in the postwar era, unlike many of the other states in the region, which relied on American economic assistance.
	Nazi efforts to increase their influence in Venezuela, and thus access Venezuelan oil, date back to 1933, when Arnold Margerie formed the Venezuelan Regional Group of the Nazi Party, or "Grupo Regional de Venezuela del Partido Nazi". After that, the Germans began "courting" the Venezuelan military through its military mission. On the "cultural front," according to Leonard, General Wilhelm von Faupel, head of the Ibero-American Institute, attempted to gain influence by sending his wife, Edith, to Venezuela to "extol the virtues of fascism." Germany was also active in countering American economic influence, by expanding its holdings in mining, agriculture, and railroading.
	During the war, there were nearly 4,000 German immigrants residing in Venezuela. As result of which, there was fear among certain Allied leaders of a "fifth column" forming to commit sabotage and other acts against the Venezuelan government or oil-related infrastructure. The nearby British, French, and Dutch colonies also presented security concerns: If any were to fall under Axis control, they would certainly become bases for the interdiction of the Caribbean sea lanes, which carried Venezuela's crude oil to be refined in Aruba, and thence to market. They could also be used as staging areas for the invasion of neighboring countries, or for commando operations to interrupt oil production.
	In the 1930s there was a small Italian community in Venezuela with some links to fascist Italy: founded in 1923, the "Partito Nazionale Fascista" -with over two hundred members- had organizations in four cities: Caracas, Valencia, Puerto Cabello and Barquisimeto (Duaca). President Eleazar López Contreras (and later, president Isaías Medina Angarita) showed sympathy toward Mussolini and in 1938, the Venezuelan Navy purchased two "Azio"-class minesweepers from Fascist Italy. Then in September 1939, Contreras declared the country's neutrality: Venezuela continued to trade with Japan and Italy for another year. 
	Moreover, trade with Imperial Japan reached an all-time high in 1939. After the war in Europe began in September 1939, and after President Eleazar López Contreras declared the Venezuela's neutrality, he maintained a huge commerce with Japan and Italy, but trade with Germany ceased due to the British blockade. It was because of these circumstances some observers concluded that Venezuela would join the Axis if it were forced to take sides. However, the fear of Venezuela aligning itself with Germany, or any of the other Axis powers, was mostly unwarranted, because the sentiment of your average Venezuelan was "bitterly anti-German."
	When World War II began, the Venezuelan military was badly in need of modernization, and the United States was eager to help in return for Venezuela's support in the war. However, the United States was concerned about a possible enemy attack on Venezuela, in order to disrupt oil production, if it did openly join the Allied cause and declare war. As result, the Venezuelan government broke relations with the Axis powers on December 31, 1941, but it did not declare war until February 15, 1945, when the threat of an attack against the oil was gone. Therefore, the Venezuelan military never met the enemy on the battlefield, although under the Operation Neuland a few Venezuelan merchant ships were sunk; the first of which called "Monagas" occurred during the German attack on Aruba in February 1942.
	Because Venezuela was officially neutral for most of the war, the task of guarding the Venezuelan coast for enemy activity and escorting Venezuelan ships was left to the Americans. Accordingly, after the attack on Aruba and Curazao where refineries processed venezuelan oil, the United States Navy established the Fourth Fleet, which was responsible for countering enemy naval operations in the Caribbean and in the South Atlantic. The United States Army also sent aircraft and personnel to help protect the oil refineries and bolster the Venezuelan Air Force. To support the mission, Venezuela granted American ships and planes access to the country's ports and airstrips.
	Since 1942 the government freezing the assets of German citizens based in Venezuela and the restriction of the economic activities of these groups within the country.
	It was achieved, through investigations to detain at least 800 citizens of German nationality who had activities to support the Nazi party. They were confined in concentration camps in Lara, Mérida and Trujillo. On the other hand, the German School of Caracas was closed after it was proven that it had pro-Nazi activities.
	Operation Bolivar was a German espionage operation in Latin America during World War II. It was under the operational control of Department VID 4 of Germany's Security Service, and was primarily concerned with the collection and transmission of clandestine information from Latin America to Europe. Overall, the Germans were successful in establishing a secret radio communications network from their control station in Argentina, as well as a courier system involving the use of Spanish merchant vessels for the shipment of paper-form intelligence.
	However, Argentine authorities arrested most of the German agents operating in their country in mid-1944, ending all effective "Bolivar" activity. Furthermore, the information collected during the operation is believed to have been more useful to the Allies, who intercepted much of the secret transmissions, than to Germany.
	The SS "Koenigstein" and the SS "Caribia" were a pair of German steamboats that were used to carry about 300 Jewish refugees from Europe to Venezuela between February and March 1939. The "Koenigstein", with eighty-six Jews on board, left Germany in January 1939 for the British colony of Trinidad, but when it arrived, the British refused to accept the passengers because of a recent prohibition on the admission of refugees. As result, the "Koenigstein" sailed to Honduras, but again the passengers were denied entry. With nowhere else to go, the "Koenigstein" then sailed for Venezuela, and arrived on February 17, 1939. The SS "Caribia", carrying 165 Jews, went through a very similar ordeal. After sailing to British Guiana, Georgetown authorities refused to allow the passengers to land, and so the "Caribia" sailed to Venezuela, arriving on March 16, 1939.
	At first, the Venezuelan government of the General Eleazar Lopez Contreras gave the refugees special permission to stay in the country temporarily, until new homes could be found for them in other Latin American countries, but they were banned from finding employment in any industry other than agriculture. Furthermore, the Venezuelan government made it clear that it would not accept any more refugees, unless they came through the proper channels. Later, President Contreras gave the refugees permission to remain in the country permanently. As result of which, the passengers of the "Koenigstein" and the "Caribia" became some of the founding members of Venezuela's Jewish community, as most Jewish emigration to Venezuela would occur after the war, in the 1950s and 1960s.

= = = Bibi Amtus Salam = = =

	Bibi Amtus Salam (died 29 September 1985) was a social worker and disciple of Mohandas Gandhi who played an active role in combating communal violence in the wake of the Partition of India and in the rehabilitation of refugees who came to India following partition.
	Bibi Amtus Salam was born the daughter of Abdul Majid Khan and belonged to a conservative but aristocratic Muslim family of Patiala. She was denied an education owing to the family's observance of "purdah" which she shunned in 1925.
	Bibi Amtus Salam was a close associate of Gandhi's and he saw and addressed her as his daughter. Writing to Sardar Patel in 1934, Gandhi noted that the frail Salam's "heart is gold, but her body is brass". Salam was an advocate of Hindu-Muslim amity and channeled her efforts to attaining that goal.
	In 1947, as riots occurred throughout India, Gandhi toured Bengal to try and calm tempers. Amtus Salam accompanied him on that trip and fasted with him for 21 days at Noakhali to bring peace there. Gandhi left her there to continue with the efforts of re-establishing communal harmony in Noakhali and later observed that "you are the moving spirit behind whatever peace has been achieved in Noakhali. It was and still is your most significant work. Only you can sustain it. Wherever you stand, you stand in the capacity of my daughter, do you not?"
	Amtus Salam had wanted to stay in Patiala during the Partition and its accompanying violence, as a young and single Muslim woman, to further the cause of communal harmony. She opted to stay on India even as her brothers and most of her extended family chose to move to Pakistan and their action both dismayed and angered her. Gandhi arranged for their safe passage to West Pakistan.
	In his "India Wins Freedom", Maulana Azad notes that Mohammed Ali Jinnah's title of Quaid-e-Azam (Great Leader) was first popularised by Gandhi who had followed Amtus Salam's suggestion that he address Jinnah thus since the Urdu press referred to him by that title. Azad writes that in following Salam's advice without considering the consequences of his letter, which was published in the newspapers, Gandhi ended up legitimizing Jinnah's image as the Quaid before Indian Muslims.
	Amtus Salam was one of the women to take part in his controversial celibacy tests.. She used to sleep and bathe with him naked with another disciple, Sushila Nayyar also serving him.
	During 1947-48, she worked on the evacuation and rehabilitation of thousands of women kidnapped during the melee that followed Partition. Here she was assisted by Lajjawati Hooja, a member of the Congress and the All-India Women's Congress and Salam made several trips to Pakistan to help with the evacuation of refugees.
	She established the Kasturba Seva Mandir and settled down in Rajpura where she worked on the resettlement of Hindu migrants from Bahawalpur. When the Government of India began constructing a township at Rajpura for the rehabilitation of refugees, she was involved in the work there along with the Hindustani Talimi Sangh who worked on the education of the children in the refugee camps.
	In the 1980s, Amtus Salam served as a permanent invitee on the All India Committee on Jail Reforms. She died in September 1985.

= = = Almost Home (Kid Ink EP) = = =

	Almost Home is the major label debut extended play (EP) by American hip hop recording artist Kid Ink; it was released on May 28, 2013, by Tha Alumni Music Group, 88 Classic, RCA Records in the United States. The album was produced by various producers, such as Lifted, Rico Love and Ned Cameron along with guest appearances by Meek Mill, Wale, French Montana, and ASAP Ferg. Upon its release, the EP debuted at number 27 on the US "Billboard" 200.
	On January 4, 2013, Kid Ink has announced he had signed a deal with RCA Records and premiered the lead single for his debut project titled "Bad Ass" featuring Wale and Meek Mill. "Bad Ass" was meant to be a single to tide fans over for his first full-length. RCA associate director of marketing Shani Fuller said, "We wanted to continue along the theme of being an indie and releasing music all the time," "We just really wanted to feed his fans with new music and a new look as we approached his album later in the year." Six tracks were selected from more than 140 possible cuts for the disc and a few songs were streamed ahead of release, including "Sunset," a track that Kid Ink says "really motivated the EP. The EP features additional guest appearances from ASAP Ferg, and French Montana on a remix of his mixtape track "Bossin' Up". On the following day, after the EPs release he released a freestyle which was set to be the EPs first track.
	The EPs lead single "Bad Ass" was released for digital download on January 22, 2013. The song was released to Rhythm Crossover radio in the United States on February 26, 2013. It has since peaked at number 90 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and number 27 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.
	The EPs second single "Money and the Power" produced by N4, Ned Cameron and Jonathan Lauture, was released on May 28, 2013. It was released to radio on July 19, 2013. The song peaked at number 70 on the German Top 100 songs chart and 52 on the "Billboard" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Money and the Power is one of the official theme songs of WrestleMania 31.
	"Almost Home" debuted at number 27 on the US "Billboard" 200 in its first week of release and sold 20,000 copies in the United States.
	Upon its release, "Almost Home" was met with generally positive reviews from music critics. Rick Florino of Artistdirect said "Ink's got an undeniable ability to infuse that sharp sensibility into even catchier fare like the R&B-tinged goodbye "Was It Worth It" featuring Sterling Simms, while elsewhere "Sunset" coasts from video game-esque keyboards into a cinematic narrative cruising Cali with no cares." DJBooth.net said "Kid Ink knows what he does well and has it down to a fine science; he demonstrate his ability to put together a high-energy song and his hooks are top notch, while not without its flaws, the "Almost Home" EP is a good jumping off point for the emcee. I see a lot of talent, but there is room for growth."
	Trent Fitzgerald of PopCrush praised it saying, "The collection boasts six anthemic tunes that should get you charged for the summer months ahead. Standouts include the bombastic song "Money and the Power", the inspiring track "Sunset" and the laid-back remix of "Bad Ass"." "The Source" said of the EP "What makes this it appealing though is the balance Kid Ink found in allowing listeners into the carefree, TMZ lifestyle he’s caught up in due to his fame and also capturing themes the average person can relate to-grinding everyday to achieve goals." NMB of "XXL" said, "Throughout the EP, Ink shows confidence in his rhymes and a strong command of his hooks, slinging catchy boasts alongside A$AP Ferg and French Montana on “Bossin’ Up”. Walking the line between singing and rapping on songs like “Fuck Sleep” and “Sunset” Ink’s sound has a distinctly laid-back California feel on the whole."

= = = Thomas Woodbine Hinchliff = = =

	Thomas Woodbine Hinchliff (5 December 1825 – 8 May 1882) was an English mountaineer, traveller, and author, from 1875 to 1877 the seventh President of the Alpine Club.
	After qualifying as a barrister, Hinchliff abandoned the law and took to a life of travelling and writing. His books include "Summer Months among the Alps" (1857), "South American Sketches" (1863), and "Over the Sea and Far Away" (1876).
	Born at Southwark, Hinchliffe was the son of Chamberlain Hinchliff (1780–1856), of Croom's Hill, Greenwich, and Lee, both then in Kent, by his marriage in 1824 to Sarah Parish, a daughter of Woodbine Parish of Bawburgh in Norfolk, the sister of Sir Woodbine Parish (1796–1882), a traveller and diplomat. Hinchliff was educated at the West Ham Grammar School, the Blackheath Proprietary School, and Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating BA in 1849, when he became a member of Lincoln's Inn. Three years later he proceeded MA at Cambridge and was called to the bar, but did not pursue a career as a barrister.
	In 1856, his father died.
	Hinchliff was a minor figure of the golden age of alpinism, between Wills's ascent of the Wetterhorn in 1854 and Whymper's conquest of the Matterhorn in 1865. In 1857 he was a founding member of the Alpine Club, the club meeting in his Lincoln's Inn chambers before it leased rooms of its own at 8 St Martin's Place, Trafalgar Square in 1859. John Ball was elected the club's first President, with E. S. Kennedy as Vice-President and Hinchliff as Secretary. In 1857 Hinchliffe published "Summer Months Among the Alps: With the Ascent of Monte Rosa", a work which some twenty years later Mark Twain referred to as "Hinchliffe's book". In his "A Tramp Abroad" (1880), Twain's narrator advises his friend Harris to read this book to learn about mountain climbing, and a description in it of a fall influences the course of Twain's story.
	With Leslie Stephen and the guide Melchior Anderegg Hinchliff made an early ascent of the Wildstrubel on 11 September 1858 and the first ascent of the Alphubel on 9 August 1860.
	In 1861, Hinchliff visited South America, staying with his cousin Frank Parish, the British Consul in Buenos Aires. He spent some months on extensive travels in Brazil and Argentina, with expeditions into the Serra dos Órgãos, Teresópolis, Petrópolis, and Juiz de Fora, and these were recounted in his "South American Sketches" of 1863. In 1873 he set off to travel around the world with a friend named William Henry Rawson, and in two years they crossed some 35,000 miles of ocean, while spending a further six months on land. Shortly after his return to England in 1875, Hinchliff was elected President of the Alpine Club, and in 1876 he published "Over the Sea and Far Away", an account of his journey around the world. Describing his sad thoughts on the view of Tupungato and Aconcagua from Santiago, Hinchliff reflected that 
	Hinchliff died suddenly at Aix-les-Bains, France, on 8 May 1882. A monument to him stands on the north-west side of the Riffelalp resort in Switzerland. His obituary in the "Alpine Journal" said he had had "a kind of genius for friendship", while the "Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society" noted that "the Society loses a member who, if not an explorer, was an indefatigable traveller". In 1910 a climbing anthology called him "one of the first to penetrate the higher solitudes of the world of ice and snow".

= = = Art Blakey in Sweden = = =

	Art Blakey in Sweden is a live album by drummer Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers recorded in Stockholm in 1981 and released on the Amigo label. 
	Ron Wynn of Allmusic stated "While there are times when the three-horn frontline does not sound completely together during ensemble sections, they mesh by the song's end".

= = = Ceratarges armatus = = =

	Ceratarges armatus is the type species of the trilobite genus "Ceratarges" in the family Lichidae.

= = = Amitesh Shukla = = =

	Amitesh Shukla (born 1958) is an Indian National Congress politician from Chhattisgarh, India. He served as Rural Development Minister in the Government of Chhattisgarh under Ajit Jogi in 2000-2003.
	He was a Member of Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly from Rajim from 2008-13. and is resident of Kirwai. Rajim.
	He is scion of Shukla family of Raipur and son of Shyama Charan Shukla and grandson of Ravi Shankar Shukla both of whom served as Chief Minister of undivided Madhya Pradesh. Late Vidya Charan Shukla is his uncle.

= = = Paragon (album) = = =

	Paragon is a 2004 album by the Malaysian alternative rock band Exists.

= = = Johann Otto Boeckeler = = =

	Johann Otto Boeckeler (12 August 1803 – 5 March 1899) was a German apothecary-botanist of Oldenburg. He specialized in the plant family Cyperaceae (sedges), of which, he was the binomial authority of many species.
	He is commemorated with the genus "Boeckeleria" and the species "Bulbostylis boeckeleriana".

= = = Mark 26 torpedo = = =

	The Mark 26 torpedo was a submarine-launched anti-surface ship torpedo designed by Westinghouse Electric in 1944 as an improved version of the Mark 28 torpedo.
	The Mark 26 was first to use Bell Telephone Laboratories' seawater battery, an explosive impulse start gyro and an electric steering and depth control. Production of the Mark 26 was deferred in favor of the Mark 16 torpedo.

= = = Fred Sammartino = = =

	Fred Sammartino is an American communications-industry engineer and executive, well known as the founding president and chairman of the board of the ATM Forum.
	In the 1980s, Sammartino worked for David Systems Inc. of Sunnyvale, California, where he was product-line manager for a product technology to deliver Ethernet over two twisted pairs, before the 10-BaseT Ethernet standard emerged.
	Sammartino also worked at Apple Computer before joining Sun Microsystems and founding the ATM Forum. Educated at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and Stanford University, as of 2013 he is director of product management at Azuki Systems in the Boston area.

= = = Seperti Dulu = = =

	Seperti Dulu is a 2003 album by the Malaysian alternative rock band Exists.
	Track list :

= = = Gymnastics at the 2005 Mediterranean Games = = =

	Gymnastics events were competed at the 2005 Mediterranean Games in two disciplines: artistic gymnastics and rhythmic gymnastics.
	Artistic gymnastics events followed this timetable:

= = = Garstad = = =

	Garstad is a village in the municipality of Nærøysund in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located on the island of Mellom-Vikna, about west of the municipal centre, Rørvik. Garstad Church is located in this village. Just to the west of the village lies the Vikna Wind Farm.

= = = Barry Kooser = = =

	Barry R. Kooser is an American artist, painter, and documentary filmmaker who worked at Walt Disney Feature Animation Studios between 1992 and 2003 as a background artist on films such as "The Lion King", "Pocahontas", "Mulan", "Lilo & Stitch", and as background supervisor on "Brother Bear". After leaving Disney, he worked independently as a painter exhibiting and selling fine art in galleries around the US. While teaching animation and story-boarding at Rocky Mountain College of Art + Design, he met Worker Studio founder Michael "Ffish" Hemschoot, and became a partner at the Colorado animation studio. Barry has since left Worker Studio. He is the Founder, Executive Producer and Director at Many Hoops Productions.
	Born in Wheat Ridge, Colorado, Kooser grew up in the neighboring city of Arvada, where he graduated from Arvada West High School in 1987. He received a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Illustration from Kansas City Art Institute in 1991. After a summer internship at Walt Disney Feature Animation Studios in Orlando, Florida, Kooser was hired at the studio as a background artist.
	Early artistic influences include: Illustrators Howard Pyle, N.C. Wyeth, Dean Cornwell and Mark English. Fine Art Painting influences include: Edgar Payne, Joaquin Sorolla, John Singer Sargent and Richard Diebenkorn. Noting his film influences in an article, Kooser selected 5 production designs that continue to inspire him creatively. The selections include Disney's "Lady and the Tramp", Tyrus Wong's work on "Bambi", Dennis Gassner and Richard L. Johnson's work on "Road to Perdition", Ralph McQuarrie's work on "Star Wars", and Dean Mitzner's work on "Tron".
	Kooser's first film at Disney Animation Studios was as an in between artist on the Roger Rabbit animated short, "Trail Mix-Up" in 1993. He continued to work as a background artist on projects at Disney's Orland, Florida Studio, including the features "The Lion King", "Pocahontas", "Mulan", and "Lilo & Stitch".
	In 2001, as background supervisor on "Brother Bear", Kooser and his team traveled to Jackson Hole, Wyoming and studied with Western landscape painter Scott Christensen, where they learned to: "simplify objects by getting the spatial dimensions to work first and working in the detail later."

= = = Ambition (fragrance) = = =

	Ambition is the third women's fragrance created by American pop/R&B singer, songwriter Jordin Sparks alongside CPL Aromas & Preferred Fragrance, endorsed by Jordin Sparks. The product was released exclusively to Bon-Ton Department Stores nationwide on November 8, 2012 in store and online. Ambition... was Preceded by two additional releases. her first fragrance "Because of You..." and her second fragrance "Fascinate". Each scent was followed with its own Eau De Parfum release and multiple gift sets.
	It was announced on October 21, 2012 that Jordin Sparks would be releasing her third fragrance, titled Ambition... the following month. The fragrance was created by Sparks in mid 2012 and it was released, packaged in a clear white and gold plated spherical bottle, in the United States on November 8, 2012. Sparks' first scent Because of You... was geared toward a much younger demographic however, Ambition is said to be aimed at a more higher-end than her last scent set to be more "fresh and edgy", just like the woman who is expected to wear it. The fragrance was initially released exclusively at Bon-Ton Department Stores nationwide, at a retail price of $35 for 65ml / 2.2oz Eau de Parfum, before being released in stores around the country such as Target. According to the Bon-Ton official perfume website, Ambition.. is a "sophisticated and sensual, modern yet classic, unique yet broadly appealing." during a behind the scenes look during the promotional photo shoot for the scent, she revealed the reason behind naming the fragrance "Ambition". Sparks states "I want to do it all, that's why Ambition is called what it is, because that's how I feel my life right now. I want to do everything, and I feel there is a lot of people out there like me that are just as ambitious... Right now, I feel like I can take on the world... Ambition is the perfect word for where I am in my life right now." When it came around to Sparks' creating her new scent she was more focused on what to leave out. Specifically, anything that would make her grandmother sneeze or break out in hives. "My nana is allergic to everything!... So for me, one of my big things was that I wanted my nana to smell it and not have an allergic reaction. she also notes that her mother inspired her to get into the beauty business stating "My mom used to have this pretty display with tons of perfume bottles and I’d always look at them. So I knew from a young age that I wanted to make my own fragrance one day.
	The perfume is described as an "unusual mixture". The fragrance's Top Notes consists of notes of white tea, bitter orange, lemon zest. In its Heart Notes, the scent features a combination of mint, sea moss, cassis, raspberry, precious woods. The fragrance finishes in its Base Notes with Tahitian vanilla, benzoin, white musk, sandalwood. When speaking on the product Jordin said "For the bottle I wanted something that was really sleek, and I wanted something that was very easy to hold... It kind of looks like leather. I thought that was really cool."
	Jordin promoted the fragrance during a product launch on December 1, 2012 at Carson's in North Riverside Park Plaza in North Riverside.
	The Ambition... lineup includes eaux de parfum in three sets which include two sizes and body lotion plus a carry bag.
	Bottle
	Sets
<br>Jordin Sparks Gift Set
	Jordin Sparks Fragrance Set

= = = Makeup brush = = =

	A makeup brush is a tool with bristles, used for the application of makeup or face painting. The bristles may be made out of natural or synthetic materials, while the handle is usually made out of plastic or wood. When cosmetics are applied using the appropriate brush, they blend better into the skin.
	There is a large variety of shapes and sizes of makeup brushes, depending on the face area where makeup will be applied, the cosmetic product and the wanted result. For example, the shape of the brush tip can be chiseled, straight, angular, round, flat or tapered.
	Makeup application can alter due to the materials used to create a brush. The bristles of a makeup brush can either be synthetic or natural. The brush itself is important to the application of makeup as it can densely pack on product or loosely pack on product.
	Synthetic bristles are the most common material used in makeup brushes. These brushes are widely found in drugstores and makeup-specific stores. The bristles are made out of plastic, nylon, or other synthetic fibers, and may be dyed. Synthetic bristles are often used with liquid and cream products, as they tend to blend out products more easily and will not absorb product as much as a natural bristle brush. Synthetic brushes are cruelty-free. Synthetic brushes usually last longer than natural haired bristles as they do not degrade and are not as fragile.
	The natural bristles are often dark in color, not super soft, sheds, hold pigments better and difficult to wash. As the natural bristles are very porous they pick up more pigments and distributes them evenly. The natural bristled brushes best applies powder products and it is best to avoid liquid or cream products as they will drink up most of the products. Although natural bristles are more preferred in the cosmetic industry, the bristles themselves can cause allergic reactions to the animal hair. 
	Natural bristles may more easily control the product when blending out or even packing on a product, because they have hair cuticles.

= = = Kabuki brush = = =

	A kabuki brush (sometimes called mushroom brush) is a makeup brush with a short stem and dense bristles. The brush head is most often rounded, though it can also be flat. Traditionally, the bristles are made of natural materials like animal hair (e.g., goat or horse hair), but most brushes available now on the market have synthetic bristles.
	It is named after the Kabuki Japanese drama theater where actors wear "Keshō", a very heavy makeup that emphasizes the nature of their characters. There, the kabuki brush is used to apply the white rice powder uniformly on the entire face.
	Usually, a kabuki brush is used to apply loose powdered make-up on large surfaces of the face (e.g., foundation, face powder, blush). Because of its design, the brush blends powdered make up evenly on the skin and creates a very natural looking coverage. 

= = = St. Josaphat Roman Catholic Church in Philadelphia = = =

	St. Josaphat Roman Catholic Church in Philadelphia is located in the Manayunk section of Northwest Philadelphia at 124 Cotton Street. This parish was merged with those of St. John the Baptist and St. Mary of the Assumption in 2012.
	The church was named in honor of Saint Josaphat, who was born circa 1580 as John Kuncevic in Vladimir, a village of the Lithuanian Province of Volhynia (then a part of the Polish Kingdom begun under the Jagiellonian dynasty), and who rose to increasing positions of authority within the church after professing his faith. Murdered in Vitebsk (Belarus) on November 12, 1623 while working to reunify the diocese he had been assigned to lead, he was declared "Blessed" by Pope Urban VIII in May 1643. He was then canonized as a saint on June 29, 1867 by Pope Pius IX and, on the tercentenary of his martyrdom (November 12, 1923) was declared by Pope Pius XI to be the heavenly Patron of Reunion between Orthodox and Catholics." On November 25, 1963, during the Second Vatican Council, the remains of Saint Josaphat were officially laid to rest at the altar of St. Basil in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. This action was ordered by Pope John XXIII.
	St. Josaphat's parish was founded in 1898. According to historians at the Polish American Liturgical Center in Orchard Lake, Michigan:
	"Polish Immigrants looking to better themselves financially, settled where there was more work. In the section of Philadelphia called Manayunk, there was a great need for workers in steel, wool and paper plants. Towards the end of the 19th Century near the Schuylkill River, there was a large steel plant under the name of American Bridge Co. later called Penncoyd Iron Works who employed many of these hard working Poles. The Poles living in Manayunk were very happy with their employment, but a little saddened by the fact that they had no Polish Church of their own to which they could go to and pray to God, to sing in their native tongue and to thank God for the graces given them. The nearest Polish Church which they attended was so many miles away, and travel in those days was hard, because the Mother Church, St. Laurentius, was located in the part of Philadelphia called 'Fishtown.'
	Representatives of the Local Group appealed to the Diocesan Authorities for permission to establish a Polish Church for the Polish People. Archbishop Ryan in 1898 sent Rev. Mieczyslaus Kopytkiewicz to organize the Parish. The first services were held in St. John's Lower Church. (Incidentally, the services were held here also when the present new church was being built.)"
	The Rev. Henry Chajencki was then placed in charge of the parish in December 1898. Under his leadership, church leaders paid $25,000 for the old Fourth Reformed Presbyterian Church building on the corner of Silverwood and Cotton, and also purchased "a double home on Grape Street that served as a Rectory and later as a Convent" as they worked to grow their number of parishioners. A 36-year-old in failing health, Father Chajencki died on Christmas Day in 1900, and was buried in St. John's Cemetery. The Rev. Dr. Thomas Misicki served briefly as the parish's pastor until the Rev. Benedict Tomiak could formally take charge of the post. All three men had been residents of Mt. Carmel, Pennsylvania.
	Father Tomiak, who had been ministering to the poor as a member of the Congregation of the Missionary Fathers of Saint Vincent de Paul when he was drafted into the military and sent to the front to nurse soldiers during the Franco-Prussian War, and had been ordained in 1893 at the age of 50 after resuming his studies in Rome post-war, had emigrated to America shortly thereafter. Following seven years of service in Shamokin and Mt. Carmel he was appointed to his position at St. Josaphat's on January 20, 1901. During his 11-year tenure, he launched a parish parochial school (soon after arriving) and invited the Bernardine Sisters in as faculty, and founded two orphanages (one in West Conshohocken and the other in his native Wolsztyn). As the parochial school's student population grew, the Bernardines were replaced by the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception from New Britain, Connecticut (c. 1905-1910) and then the Sisters of Nazareth (c. 1910-1911).
	Following the aging Father Tomiak's transition to a new role as Chaplain of the Orphanage, the Rev. Paul Guzik arrived from Matopolska to take over Tomiak's role as head of the parish. Soon after beginning work, Guzik determined that the existing school building was no longer adequate, raised $40,000 to build a "yellow brick eight-room school," and then invited the Bernardine Sisters to return as faculty before making the decision to return to Poland. He was succeeded in 1913 by the Rev. Joseph Poremba, of St. Casimir's Parish of Mahanoy City, Pennsylvania. Both the school and the parish flourished under Poremba's leadership, which ended when he died suddenly from a heart attack in 1920. He was then succeeded in June of that year by the pastor of St. Stanislaus in Shenandoah, Pennsylvania, Rev. Louis Stachowicz, who went on to lead St. Josaphat's for nearly four decades. Among his successes were the addition of 12 classrooms to the school building between 1927 and 1928, the launch of high school classes in 1939 (the first Polish pastor to achieve this milestone), the construction of a new, $130,000 rectory in 1949, and the construction of a new church building at the corner of Silverwood and Cotton streets with a spacious hall below the structure, which was dedicated on March 16, 1958 by the Most Reverend John F. O'Hara, C.S., D.D., Archbishop of Philadelphia.
	Following Father Stachowicz's death on February 10, 1960, the Rev. John Sielecki of St. Stanislaus Parish became the new parish head. Prior to his death on August 3, 1967, he was able to inspire his congregation to build a new convent for the sisters who served the parish and pay off the high school's tuition debt. Sielecki was then succeeded by another St. Stanislaus priest, the Rev. Paul A. Lambarksi, who immediately set to work improving the school's heating and lavatories after beginning work in October 1967. In short order, he was also actively engaged in preparing for the church's Diamond Jubilee (75th anniversary).
	In 1973, St. Josaphat's became the fourth Polish parish in the Archdiocese of Philadelphia to celebrate its 75th anniversary Diamond Jubilee.
	After more than a century of service to Roman Catholics of Polish descent in the Manayunk, Roxborough, and Wissahickon areas of the greater Philadelphia area, St. Josaphat's Parish was merged with St. John the Baptist and St. Mary of the Assumption in 2012.
	This church also operated a parish elementary school until June 2005 when that school was closed due to its low enrollment of 130 students. The Reverend Monsignor John Wendrychowicz, the pastor of Saint Josaphat Parish at the time, informed parishioners of the decision in Masses held during the weekend of April 25, 2005, noting that he had also informed teachers and families of the children attending the school he had secured support from the Parish Pastoral and Finance Councils to request permission from Cardinal Justin Rigali, Archbishop of Philadelphia, to close the facility. Students enrolled in Saint Josaphat School at the time were given the option to attend any other parish elementary school for the 2005-2006 school year. A new regional Catholic school, the Holy Child Catholic School, also opened in September 2005. Cardinal Rigali, who granted permission for the closure, said of his decision:
	"I am grateful to Monsignor Wendrychowicz and Monsignor Beach, for their leadership in making this recommendation to close Saint Josaphat School. I recognize it was guided by a desire for careful stewardship of parish resources and for the pastoral care of parents, children and staff of the school. It is my hope that parents will continue to choose a quality, Catholic education for their children and I pray that the parishioners of St. Josaphat and all the faithful of Manayunk will continue to support Catholic education and be guided by the Jesus Christ our Lord and Savior during this transition." 

= = = Hamnigan = = =

	The Hamnigan Buryats or Khamnigan are Mongolized Evenks of Tungusic origin.
	Khamnigan is the Buriat-Mongolian term for all Ewenkis. In the early 16th century, the Evenks of Transbaikalia or Khamnigans were tributary to the Khalkha. The Khamnigan are only ethnic group of Tungus origin in Mongolia. They who lived around Nerchinsk and the Aga steppe faced both Cossack demands for tribute and Khori-Buriats trying to occupy their pastures. Most of them came under the Cossack rule and enrolled the Cossack regiments in the Selenge valley. The Khori Buriats occupied most of the Aga steppe and forced the Ewenkis to flee to the Qing Dynasty.
	After 1880 Russia's Khamnigan Evenks moved to semi nomadic herding of cattle, sheep, camels and horses. Some time after 1918 the Evenks, along with their Buriat neighbors, fled over the border into Mongolia and Hulun Buir, establishing the current Khamnigan communities there. The Khamnigan of Mongolia, numbering 300 households, are scattered among the Buriats and speak only the Khamnigan dialect of Buriat language. They live around the Yeruu Lake, Dornod and Khentii provinces as well as Möngönmorit of Töv Province.
	There are approximately 535 Hamnigans in Mongolia and Hamnigans in Selenge Province, Mongolia. Not all Hamnigans are of Tungusic origin; there are some Mongols among the Hamnigans.

= = = John Kennedy (journalist) = = =

	John Patrick Kennedy (7 June 1926 – 20 March 1994) was a New Zealand Catholic journalist who served as the editor of the weekly Catholic newspaper "The New Zealand Tablet" from 1967 to 1989.
	Born in Methven, Canterbury, Kennedy was educated at St Bede's College and at the University of Canterbury in Christchurch. He also worked as a journalist for several newspapers including the "Christchurch Star-Sun" and the Melbourne-based "The Herald", before returning to New Zealand to become the editor of "The Tablet" in Dunedin. During his work as a journalist, he won several awards including the Cowan Memorial Prize for Good Journalism in 1947 and the Kemsley Empire Scholarship for Journalism in 1950. In the 1974 New Year Honours, Kennedy was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire, for services to journalism.
	Kennedy was known for his socially-conservative stance on issues like homosexuality and abortion. During his career as editor of "Tablet", he also had a close friendship with Prime Minister Robert Muldoon and the Society for the Protection of Unborn Children president Des Dalgety. During the Muldoon era, "The Tablet" adopted a pro-Muldoonist editorial standpoint and Muldoon himself contributed several articles. Muldoon himself supported "The Tablet's" position on private schools.
	Kennedy was also anti-Communist and was critical of Prime Minister David Lange's anti-nuclear policies, which he saw as weakening the ANZUS alliance and benefiting the Soviet Union. According to peace activist Maire Leadbeater, Kennedy passed information on left-wing groups like the Philippines Solidarity Group to the New Zealand Security Intelligence Service, the country's main domestic intelligence agency.
	Kennedy died on 20 March 1994. Following Kennedy's death, the "Tablet" struggled to maintain the level of support it had during his editorship. The newspaper ceased publication in April 1996.
	Kennedy married Colleen McAleer. They had seven children together.

= = = Chihsing Tan Katsuo Museum = = =

	The Chihsing Tan Katsuo Museum () is a museum in Xincheng Township, Hualien County, Taiwan. The museum is close to Qixingtan Beach and is dedicated to dried bonito fish (katsuobushi). The museum burned to the ground in July 2017, but rebuilt and reopened in July 2019.
	The museum was once a Japanese Katsuobushi factory which produced small dried fish flakes that would then be used in many Japanese dishes. It was then reopened as a museum in 2003.
	The museum is accessible east from Beipu Station of the Taiwan Railways.

= = = Kiteley = = =

	Kiteley is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

= = = Melica schafkatii = = =

	Melica schafkatii, is a species of grass that can be found in Central Asia.
	The species is perennial and have elongated rhizomes. The plant stem is smooth with the culms being long. The species leaf-sheaths are tubular with one of their length being closed. It eciliate membrane is truncate with its leaf-blades being long and wide and have acuminated apex.
	The panicle itself is contacted, lanceolate and is long. The main branches are distant and are long. The spikelets are elliptic, solitary, long, and are made out of 2 fertile florets. Fertile spikelets are pediceled, the pedicels of which are filiform, pubescent and curved. Florets are diminished at the apex.
	Its lemma have pilose surface and obtuse apex with fertile lemma being chartaceous, ovate, keelless, and is long. Both the lower and upper glumes are long, are keelless, oblong, and 5–7 -veined with obtuse apexes. Palea is 2-veined. Flowers are fleshy, oblong, truncate, have 2 lodicules, and grow together. They have 3 anthers which are long that have fruits which are caryopsis and have an additional pericarp with linear hilum.

= = = Mangrove Care Forum Bali = = =

	Mangrove Care Forum Bali (MCFB), also known as Forum Peduli Mangrove Bali (FPMB), is formed with the aim to protect, preserve, rehabilitate, replant and educate, as a concerted effort to save the mangroves. Supported by the Artha Graha Peduli Foundation, the team at the Mangrove Care Forum Bali draws from 16 years of experience the foundation has in caring for and operating the Tambling Wildlife Nature Conservation Park, located at South Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, within 356,000 hectares of Tropical Rainforest and 21,600 hectares of Marine Nature Reserve.
	The mangrove forest under the care of The Mangrove Care Forum Bali is located in the Ngurah Rai Grand Forest Park, a 1,373.5 hectare mangrove forest at the Benoa Bay Area in Bali. The mangrove forest suffers from severe pollution and misuse, & debris and rubbish from nearby villages. Deforestation of trees and littering its grounds are a common sight. The focus of the Mangrove Care Forum Bali is to involve the communities surrounding the mangrove and enlist regular help to clean up and create a safe environment for plants and marine life to thrive. A further goal is to prevent further abrasion of coastline and to regrow the affected areas to lush mangrove vegetation.
	Initiated by Tomy Winata at the start of 2013, the Mangrove Care Forum Bali is established in partnership with:
	Cristiano Ronaldo, the famous Portuguese footballer, has been appointed the ambassador for this movement to conserve mangrove by the Mangrove Care Forum Bali. He came on board because of the mangrove forests’ ability to help buffer against tsunamis, a cause he dearly supports after witnessing first-hand the devastation of the tsunamis when he visited Aceh after the 2004 tsunami. He met up with the 8-year-old boy who was found alive after 19 days at sea, dragged out by the unforgiving tsunami, wearing a Portuguese football jersey. survived on puddled water and dried noodles and was reunited with his father and grandfather. His story was later recounted in a book published by Radio 68H ‘Lolos dari Maut Tsunami’.
	The Benoa Bay mangrove forest is both primary and secondary vegetation, meaning parts of it have never been cleared or removed while parts have regrown after the natural and human assisted destruction of the original vegetation. It suffered damage from pollution and construction projects. Mangrove forests can serve as a natural barrier to tidal erosions, and are oxygen providers and a safe haven to many species. The Mangrove Care Forum Bali helps to conserve and nurture life along this coastal sanctuary, and has set 5 key goals in furthering its efforts:
	The Mangrove Care Forum Bali aims increase community awareness regarding the preservation of the Ngurah Rai Grand Forest Park in the long. Education plays a part and the Mangrove Care Forum Bali plans to start an Early Environment Education programme. This activity is targeted at students from elementary level to high school, and plans to reach out to communities around the Benoa Bay area. The methodology and materials of environment education will be adapted to local context (language, case studies and photos) and be part of the regular school curriculum. The Mangrove Care Forum Bali, in collaboration with Universities, Ministry of Forestry and experts in the conservation fields, will develop modules that can be incorporated and accepted by all levels of participants.
	The programme to clean up the beaches had already started in March 2013 with daily activities involving students and the community at large, with the aim of reaching 1,373.5 hectares of mangrove in 5 villages in Benoa Bay.
	Indonesia is an archipelagic country with more than 17,000 islands and 95,181 km of coastline, of which about 6,000 islands are inhabited by over 238 million people. In the 1980s, there are more than 4.2 million hectares of mangroves but half of that coverage has been lost by the end of the 1990s. For centuries, the Indonesian people have relied on the resources provided by the mangroves, for firewood, charcoal, tannin, dyes, food and beverages, medicine, pole and timber. In the early days of commercialization, fishing and charcoal production made the basic economic activities. Now, millions of hectares of mangrove forests are lost to agriculture, oil palm plantations and fish farms, making coastal communities vulnerable to the force of tropical storms and loss of livelihood and products.
	In 2011, the Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG) detected 23 tropical cyclones off the coast, which produced high speed winds, heavy rains, and storm surges that caused flooding and structural damage to buildings and coastal infrastructure. Mangroves are adjacent to major landmasses and big rivers in Indonesia, and mostly found on the coasts of large islands of Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Papua. The island of Java, where approximately 130 million people live, is particularly vulnerable to tropical storms.
	In 2007, the Indonesian Forestry Ministry established 2 centres for mangrove development. During 2010 and 2011, the centre on the island of Bali planted 8,000 new mangrove trees, and the other centre, in the city of Medan on the island of Sumatra, put in 10,000 new plants. These efforts paled against the continual destruction of the coastal forests in the name of urban development, mainly for agricultural expansion. The realisation and urgency that we need to step up efforts in preserving the mangrove forests is what lead to the formation of the Mangrove Care Forum Bali.
	The Ngurah Rai Grand Forest Park is a vast green area located in Benoa Bay. The coast is filled with diversity in nature’s ecosystem, including but not limited to:
	Benoa Bay is a tidal estuary located on the southeast coast of Bali. The estuary is protected by the narrow sandy Benoa Peninsula which protrudes northwards from the southern tip of the harbour and which closes off the entire southern portion of the estuary. Serangan Island which is located to the north partially closes the remainder of the estuary except for a one kilometre navigable stretch of water that separates the southern tip of the island from the Benoa Peninsula. The northern tip of the island is separated from the mainland at high and mid tides by a very shallow straight which is 400 metres at its narrowest point. The entire coastline is protected by an extensive coral reef system that runs continuously apart from a very narrow (200 metre) channel at the harbour entrance at the northern tip of the Benoa Peninsula.
	The human feature of the Bay is the Benoa Port facility located on reclaimed land in the middle of the estuary, and the connecting causeway that stretches 3 kilometres north to the mainland. The causeway being a solid barrier has greatly affected the natural flushing of the bay by tide and stream discharge.
	Benoa Bay is lined with a mangrove forest that has suffered depletion due to development and land reclamation. Estimates are that 50% of the mangrove forest has been lost since 1980 as a result of development. There are many fresh water rivers flowing into the estuary, predominantly those draining the central plains and mountain ranges to the north, and to a lesser extent from the southern Bukit Plateau.
	Benoa Bay suffers from a number of serious environmental problems and in a sense, similar to other estuarine environments, is a focal point for environmental impacts that originate elsewhere in the region. These problems range from eutrophication of the estuary due to nutrient loading through to biological pollution from untreated sewage effluent discharge.
	Three of the fresh water rivers that enter Benoa Bay from the north originate in the agricultural heartland of Bali and reach the estuary after travelling through the highly populated urban centre of Denpasar. Agricultural runoff is particularly high in nutrients from fertilisers and manure from farm animals. In particular crop applications of urea, triple super phosphate and potassium chloride, as well as growth stimulant ZA are common in the catchment area. Fertilisers that are not directly absorbed in the rice fields are carried down through the irrigation system and eventually through rivers and out into the bay. All of the rivers entering the bay have large quantities of excess nutrients and the nutrient loading of the bay is evident with the visible growth of algae and uncharacteristic sea bed grasses.

= = = Chantuu = = =

	The Chantuu people are Mongolized Uzbeks and Uyghur of Turkic origin in Hovd province, Mongolia.

= = = Hopfield dielectric = = =

	Hopfield dielectric – in quantum mechanics a model of dielectric consisting of quantum harmonic oscillators interacting with the 
	modes of the quantum electromagnetic field. The collective interaction of the charge polarization modes with the vacuum excitations, photons
	leads to the perturbation of both the linear dispersion relation of photons and constant dispersion of charge waves by the avoided crossing between the two dispersion lines of polaritons. 
	Similarly to the acoustic and the optical phonons and far from the resonance one branch is photon-like while the other charge wave-like.
	Mathematically the Hopfield dielectric for the one mode of excitation is equivalent to the Trojan wave packet in the harmonic
	approximation. The Hopfield model of the dielectric predicts the existence of eternal trapped frozen photons similar to 
	the Hawking radiation inside the matter with 
	the density proportional to the strength of the matter-field coupling.
	The Hamiltonian of the quantized Lorentz dielectric consisting of formula_1 harmonic oscillators interacting with the 
	quantum electromagnetic field can be written in the dipole approximation as:
	and defining projections of oscillator charge waves onto the electromagnetic field
	polarization directions
	after dropping the longitudinal contributions not interacting with the electromagnetic field one may obtain the Hopfield Hamiltonian 
	Because the interaction is not
	mixing polarizations this can be transformed to the normal form with the eigen-frequencies of two polaritonic branches:
	with the eigenvalue equation
	where

= = = Lanyang Museum = = =

	The Lanyang Museum (LYM; ) is a museum about the local area in Toucheng Township, Yilan County, Taiwan.
	In 1989, local Yilan personnel proposed the establishment of Kailan Museum. In December 1992, Yilan County Government established the Museum Preparatory and Planning Committee and the official name of the museum was chosen to be Lanyang Museum. The museum location was chosen to be near Wushi Harbor area in Toucheng Township. In September 1994, the Yilan County Government appointed National Museum of Natural Science and Building and Planning Research Foundation of National Taiwan University to form the planning team to implement Lanyang Museum Overall Development and Planning Research which was completed in 1995. In March 1999, the Lanyang Museum Preparatory Office was established. Artech architecture was awarded the design and construction for the museum in April 2000.
	In October 2001, the Museum section of Cultural Affairs Bureau of Yilan County Government handed over 1,924 artifacts to the museum, followed by Wangye Boat, Bozai Boat and tri-wheeler in a ceremony held at the lobby of Cultural Affairs Bureau building of the county government in January 2003.
	The museum groundbreaking ceremony was held on 31 July 2014 at Wushi Harbor and construction began on 2 August 2004 and it began its first stage of opening on 18 May 2010 where only group visits made by advance reservations were accepted. The museum was finally opened officially to public on 16 October 2010.
	The museum building was designed by a team led by Kris Yao those design was inspired by the cuestas commonly seen along Beiguan Coast. The museum adopts the geometric shapes of the cuestas where the roof protrudes from the ground at an angle of 20 degrees meeting a wall which rises from the ground at an angle of 70 degrees. Thus the building emerges from the ground in a similar fashion to those cuestas.
	The museum features exhibits showcasing the topography of Yilan, including the mountains, the plains, and the sea.
	The museum is accessible within walking distance northeast from Toucheng Station of Taiwan Railways.

= = = Daian Station = = =

	Daian Station is served by the Sangi Line, and lies 15.3 kilometres from the terminus of the line at Kintetsu-Tomida Station.
	Daian Station has a single side platform serving bi-directional traffic. The station building incorporates a travel office run by the Sangi Railway, and a library.
	The station opened on July 23, 1931, as . The station building was rebuilt and renamed Daian Station on March 25, 1986.

= = = Silafène = = =

	Silafène (also written Sillafene) is a village in the commune of Foggaret Ezzaouia, in In Salah District, Tamanrasset Province, Algeria. It is located south of the township of Foggaret Ezzaouia and northeast of In Salah.

= = = Free Presbyterian Church, Kalimpong = = =

	The Free Presbyterian Church, Kalimpong is a conservative Reformed and Presbyterian church in northern India. In this part of India the Church of Scotland missionaries did large mission work since 1870. This mission withdrew from the country in 1948. In 1970 several Christian denomination become part of the Church of North India. This denomination accepted the episcopal church government. Opposition against this government grew significantly in different areas to form a new denomination. In 1972 the Free Presbyterian Church, Kalimpong was formed as a separated church. It expanded rapidly and an addition of 4 congregation were instituted. Later a Presbytery was formed. Two districts were formed the Darjeeling and Kalimpong. Now it has 22 congregations and 35 not yet instituted churches, 9 pastors 30 full-time and 12 part-time evangelists.
	Sister church relations with the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated) was established on May 2005.
	The church main goal is to establish dozens of congregations in the Himalaya foothills area. In 2012 more than 160 people come to faith by evangelism in the region. In the neighbouring Bhutan the first church was also founded.

= = = Live at Montreux and Northsea = = =

	Live at Montreux and Northsea is an album by drummer Art Blakey and The Jazz Messengers Big Band recorded in 1980 at the Montreux Jazz Festival in Switzerland (with one track recorded at the Northsea Jazz Festival in the Netherlands) and released on the Dutch Timeless label.
	Scott Yanow of Allmusic called it "a historically significant and rather enjoyable release".
	All compositions by Bobby Watson except where noted.

= = = South India Reformed Churches = = =

	The South India Reformed Churches is a conservative Reformed denomination in south India. This denomination is located in Andhra Pradesh and is a Christian Reformed Church mission of the United States. It has 8 congregations with many children's homes.
	The denomination was formed in 1993 by a former Baptist pastor Rev Abraham wo become more and more convinced of the Reformed faith, including paedobaptism. Meanwhile, 3 small congregations were established in Bagalur, Salem and Bangalore. It places high priority of evangelization among Hindu people. It has Christian schools. The Presbyterian Theological Seminary in India provides the theological training. Sister church relations with the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated) was established. 
	In Tamil Nadu state of India there are 3 congregations. In 2011 6 independent congregations joined the small federation. In 2012 another 6 congregations and pastors joined the church. Most of the churches growing visible. In six cities there are church planting projects.
	It is a member of the World Reformed Fellowship.

= = = Charles Burnham (musician) = = =

	Charles Burnham (born 1950; also known as Charlie Burnham) is an American violinist and composer. He has a unique highly imaginative style that crosses genres, including bluegrass, delta punk,
	free jazz, blues, classical and chamber jazz. He often performs with a wah-wah pedal. He initially became renowned for his work on James "Blood" Ulmer's Odyssey album. The musicians on that album later performed and recorded as Odyssey the Band, sometimes known as The Odyssey Band. He was also a member of the String Trio of New York, and currently plays in the 52nd Street Blues Project, Hidden City, We Free StRings, Improvising Chamber Ensemble and the Kropotkins.
	He has played on recordings by Living Colour, Susie Ibarra, Cassandra Wilson, Steven Bernstein, Queen Esther, Peter Apfelbaum, Henry Threadgill, Ted Daniel, Medeski Martin & Wood, The Woes, Hem, Elysian Fields, Adam Rudolph, Jonah Smith, The Heavy Circles, Mario Pavone, Joan As Police Woman, Rick Moranis, Doug Wamble, Steve Swell, John Zorn, Rufus Wainwright, Gabrielle Roth, Robert Musso, Jai Uttal, Soul Syndicate, Bobby Paunetto, Krishna Das, Sasha Dobson, Kenny Wollesen, Kato Hideki, Norah Jones, Billie Joe Armstrong, Emily Coates and Jason Kao Hwang.
	He played a musician in the film "Junior". He played on the soundtracks for Northfork, ; and an episode of the Backyardigans.

= = = Lake Elizabeth (Florida) = = =

	Lake Elizabeth is a tiny natural freshwater lake in Winter Haven, Florida. This lake is round and has a surface area. This lake is bordered on all but the south side by residences along Lake Elizabeth Drive. A normally dry drainage basin, which is much larger than Lake Elizabeth, is on the south side. This lake has many large trees in the properties around it and much of it is always shaded.
	The public has access to this lake along the rim of the drainage basin, on the south side. There is no public swimming area and no public boat ramp. However, since there is shore access on public land, this lake can be fished. The Hook and Bullet website says Lake Elizabeth contains largemouth bass, bluegill and crappie.

= = = Umedoi Station = = =

	Umedoi Station has a single island platform. 
	Umedoi Station was opened on July 23, 1931.

= = = WarJetz = = =

	WarJetz (sometimes called World Destruction League: WarJetz) is an air combat video game developed and published by The 3DO Company and released in 2001 on the PlayStation and PlayStation 2 consoles. A planned Game Boy Color version was canceled. It is the successor to "", released the year before.
	The game takes place in a fixed third-person perspective as the player pilots a variety of futuristic aircraft in order to do battle with enemies on the ground and in the air while collecting power-ups and in-game currency known as "bux". Players can take two different jets into battle and switch between them using a collectable power-up. In all, there are nine different airplanes, thirty-three arenas, and five game modes. Most of the game modes fall into common categories such as search and destroy along with capture the flag.
	The PlayStation 2 version received "mixed" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Frank Provo, writing for GameSpot, said of the same console version that the developers deserved credit for "creating a dog-fighting system that is simultaneously intuitive and diverse". He went on to criticize the graphics, specifically, "muddy textures, 2D explosions, blocky structures, disappearing polygons, and frequent slowdown". David Smith of IGN shared similar sentiment with regards to the graphics of the same console version, noting the dull palette of greens, browns, and grays and the muddy textures. He went on to praise the simple controls and entertaining voice acting, but denounced the gameplay as dull and easy. He concluded that "Four-player support should have been included."

= = = Eriocaulon scariosum = = =

	Eriocaulon scariosum, commonly named common, rough or pale pipewort, is a species of tufted grass-like herbaceous plants, constituting part of the plant family Eriocaulaceae.
	Common pipewort plants grow naturally in wetlands, bogs and drainage areas, from central and eastern Victoria, through eastern New South Wales, including the Australian Capital Territory, to eastern and north Queensland, Australia.
	This species has obtained listing as "rare in Victoria" in the Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment's current "Advisory List of Rare or Threatened Plants in Victoria – 2005".
	Based on specimen information "communicated from New South Wales in 1792, by John White, M. D.", this species was formally described using this name and in 1819 that was published scientifically by James E. Smith, London, in "The Cyclopaedia".

= = = Kaohsiung Museum of Labor = = =

	The Kaohsiung Museum of Labor () is a museum about labor in Cianjin District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
	The museum was originally officially opened in conjunction with the International Workers' Day on 1 May 2010 in Pier-2 Art Center. However, the soft opening was earlier, on 26 December 2009. In 2015, the museum was relocated from Yancheng to Cianjin District and was reopened on 25 July the same year. During the opening ceremony, various events and displays were held, such as retro marketplace and storytelling.
	The museum features the evolution of the labor force in the city, Taiwan's labor movement and the recent animation, comics and video games sectors.
	The museum is accessible within walking distance west from City Council Station of the Kaohsiung MRT.

= = = Administrative divisions of Illinois = = =

	The administrative divisions of Illinois are counties, townships, precincts, cities, towns, villages, and special-purpose districts. The basic subdivisions of Illinois are the 102 counties. Illinois has more units of local government than any other state—over 8,000 in all. The Constitution of 1970 created, for the first time in Illinois, a type of "home rule", which allows localities to govern themselves to a certain extent. Illinois also has several types of school districts and additional units of government that oversee many other functions.
	Property taxes are a major source of tax revenue for local government taxing districts. The property tax is a local tax, imposed by counties, townships, municipalities, school districts, and special taxation districts. The property tax in Illinois is imposed only on real property. Illinois counties, townships, cities, and villages may also promulgate local ordinances.
	The basic subdivisions of Illinois are the 102 counties. Cook County is the only home rule county.
	Of the 102 counties, 85 are divided into townships. Cicero is within a township but both its township and municipal governments are carried out by the same governing body. The remaining 17 counties are divided into 261 precincts, instead of townships.
	Municipal governments are the cities, villages, and incorporated towns. The minimum size for incorporation as a city is 2,500, and the minimum size for incorporation as a village varies by the county population. Municipalities having a population above 25,000 automatically have home rule status, whereas smaller municipalities have the option via referendums.
	Illinois has several types of school districts:
	Elected boards of education and boards of trustees (in the case of community college districts) govern these districts, except for the Chicago Public Schools and the City Colleges of Chicago, for which the boards are appointed by the Mayor with the approval of the Chicago City Council, and the special charter districts, which may have elected or appointed boards. The Illinois Board of Higher Education (IBHE) is the administrative agency with responsibility for overseeing all higher education in Illinois. With regards to the Illinois Community College System, the Illinois Community College Board (ICCB) is the state coordinating board for community colleges.
	Area vocational centers and special education cooperatives may be formed by joint agreement between two or more school districts. A board consisting of representatives of each participating school district governs each entity of these two types. Educational service regions replaced the former county school units administered by county superintendents. Each region originally served one county but now may serve multiple counties because of minimum population requirements. Each region is headed by a regional superintendent of schools and is also governed by a regional board of trustees; the latter deal primarily with district boundary changes. Township land commissioners manage school lands and funds in certain counties. Educational service centers are established by the state board of education and function primarily to coordinate and provide special and ordinary services to affiliated school districts. These service centers are governed by boards consisting of members appointed by the regional superintendent.
	Special purpose districts in Illinois are forms of local government that are responsible for a narrow set of responsibilities. Illinois has the most special purpose districts of any U.S. state. The exact number depends on how one defines a “special purpose district.” The United States Census Bureau has determined that Illinois has 3,227 special purpose governments as of June 30, 2012. The Office of the Illinois Comptroller, which uses a broader definition that includes special districts without budget autonomy, determined the state has 4,755 as of December 2015.

= = = List of awards and nominations received by Sterling K. Brown = = =

	American actor Sterling K. Brown has won 12 awards from 24 nominations.
	In 2016, Brown earned his first Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie for his breakout portrayal of attorney Christopher Darden in "". Brown's portrayal of Darden also garnered him the Critics' Choice Television Award, along with Golden Globe Award, Screen Actors Guild Award, and NAACP Image Award nominations.
	Brown won his second Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series for his portrayal of Randall Pearson in NBC's "This Is Us" becoming the first actor in a broadcast television series to win the award in a decade and the first African-American winner in 19 years. In 2018, Brown became the first African-American actor to win the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Series Drama, for "This Is Us". That same year, Brown also became the first African-American actor to win the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series, also for "This Is Us". He also was part of that year's Screen Actors Guild Award win for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series, again for "This Is Us". His role on that show also won him the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series in 2017, and earned him a Teen Choice Award and a TCA Award nomination (both in 2017).

= = = Conquest of the Western Turks = = =

	The conquest of the Western Turks, known as the Western Tujue in Chinese sources, was a military campaign in 657 led by the Tang Dynasty general Su Dingfang against the Western Turkic Khaganate ruled by Ashina Helu. The Chinese war against the Western Turks began in 640 with the annexation of the Tarim Basin oasis state Gaochang, an ally of the Western Turks. Several of the oasis states had once been vassals of the Tang Dynasty, but switched their allegiance to the Western Turks when they grew suspicious of the military ambitions of the Tang. Tang expansion into Central Asia continued with the conquest of Karasahr in 644 and Kucha in 648. Su Dingfang commanded the main army dispatched against the Western Turks, while the Turkic generals Ashina Mishe and Ashina Buzhen led the side divisions. The Tang troops were reinforced by cavalry supplied by the Uyghurs, a tribe that had been allied with the Tang since their support for the Uyghur revolt against the Xueyantuo. Su Dingfang's army defeated Helu at the battle of Irtysh River.
	The victory strengthened Tang control of the Western Regions, now modern Xinjiang, and brought the regions formerly ruled by the Khaganate into the Tang empire. Puppet qaghans, the Turkic title for ruler, and military garrisons were installed to administer the newly acquired territories. The Tang Dynasty achieved its maximum extent as China's western borders reached the eastern frontier of the Arabic Umayyad Caliphate. Later on, Turkic revolts ended Chinese hegemony beyond the Pamir Mountains in modern Tajikistan and Afghanistan, but a Tang military presence remained in Dzungaria and the Tarim Basin. Central Asia absorbed cultural influences from the conflict. Turkic culture and language spread into Central Asia, as did artistic and political influences from the Tang Dynasty. Many of the Tang generals and soldiers stationed in the region were ethnically Turkic, and the prevalence of Indo-European languages in Central Asia declined with acceleration of Turkic migration. The Turks, Tibetans, and the Tang competed for control over Central Asia for the next few centuries.
	The empire of the Tang Dynasty (June 18, 618 – June 1, 907), successor of the Sui Dynasty, was a cosmopolitan hegemon that ruled one of China's most expansive empires. Raids by the nomadic Khitans and Turks challenged Tang rule, and Tang rulers responded by pursuing strategies of divide and conquer, proxy warfare, tributes, and marriages.
	Hostilities between the Tang and the Western Turks had existed since the founding of the dynasty. Emperor Gaozu, the first emperor of the Tang Dynasty, aided the assassination of a Western Turk qaghan on November 2, 619. Facing the threat of both the Western and Eastern Turkic Khaganates, Gaozu's successor Emperor Taizong formed an alliance with the Western Turks against the Eastern Turks, adopting a policy of allying "with those who are far away to fight those who are close."
	The westward expansion of the Tang Dynasty began with their wars against the Eastern Turks, Eastern Tujue in Chinese. Taking advantage of the political discord in the Eastern Turkic Khaganate, Taizong annexed the territory of the Eastern Turks in 629, beginning a period of rule that would last for the next fifty years. The nomads were driven out of the Ordos region and southern Mongolia and Taizong was declared a Great Khan by the defeated tribes, who surrendered and submitted to Tang rule.
	Several of the Tarim Basin oasis states switched their allegiance from the Tang Dynasty to the Western Turks. The oasis states Kashgar and Khotan surrendered to the Chinese in 632, as did the kingdom of Yarkand in 635. Tang military campaigns expanded further west against the remaining kingdoms of the Tarim Basin in southern Xinjiang beginning in 640. The king of Gaochang refused to submit to the Tang Dynasty as a suzerain. In 638, Emperor Taizong ordered a campaign led by general Hou Junji to invade Gaochang. Tang troops arrived in 640 and annexed the kingdom. A Western Turk army, sent to support Gaochang, retreated as the Tang forces approached.
	The nearby kingdom of Karasahr grew wary of the Chinese troops stationed at Gaochang, now under Tang domination. It refused to send tribute to the Tang court and formed an alliance with the Western Turks. A Tang campaign led by commander Guoxiao Ke captured the kingdom in 644 and installed a Tang loyalist as ruler. Military assistance by the Western Turks failed to deter the Tang forces. With the support of the Western Turks, the puppet ruler was later deposed, and another military campaign, led by the Tang general Ashina She'er, a member of the Turkic Ashina royal family, arrived in 648 to re-establish Tang control.
	After conquering Karasahr, She'er led his forces to the kingdom of Kucha. The army of Kucha, comprising 50,000 soldiers, lost to She'er. The king of Kucha fled with his soldiers to the kingdom of Aksu. After a forty-day siege, the king was captured and the Kucha forces surrendered on 19 January 649. Tang military garrisons were installed in the region to administer the annexed oasis states. These garrisons, known as the Four Garrisons of Anxi, were located in Kucha, Kashgar, Khotan, and Karasahr.
	Ishbara Qaghan (Ashina Helu), a member of the Ashina royal family, was previously a general under Emperor Taizong commanding Tang forces in Gansu. He led a revolt against the Tang and migrated westward, declaring himself Shabulou Qaghan and ruler of the Western Turkic Khaganate. Helu's rise to power unified the divided Turkic tribes under a single leader.
	After he established himself as qaghan, Ashina Helu led repeated raids on Tang settlements to the east. He also attacked the Tarim Basin, bringing the territory under Turkic rule for the next six years. Emperor Gaozong, the successor of Taizong, responded by sending Tang forces consisting of a main division led by Su Dingfang, and another led by Ashina Mishe and Ashina Buzhen, Western Turk rivals of Ashina Helu.
	Su Dingfang was a commander from south-central Hebei who, earlier in his career as an officer, was responsible for leading the attack against the military camp of Illig Qaghan, qaghan of the Eastern Turks. He also gained military experience as a leader of a regional militia during the civil war fought between the transition from Sui to Tang. Su was a general with military experience in Central Asia, and was familiar with the culture of the steppes. He had been in contact with military leaders from the region. He was one of nine multi-ethnic commanders invited by Emperor Gaozong to a military event in 655. The Turkic general Ashina Zhong, second cousin of Ashina She'er, was another commander in attendance.
	Su Dingfang's forces comprised Tang soldiers and 10,000 Uyghur horsemen. The Uyghur troops were provided by Porun, son of the Uyghur leader Tumidu Eltabar and enthroned by Taizong. The Uyghurs were allied with Tang China, who had supported their revolt against the reign of the Xueyantuo, a tribe of Tiele people. Porun joined Su Dingfang as a vice commander of the Uyghur cavalry in the military campaign against the Western Turks. The commanders of the Uyghur cavalry were the Yanran Protector-General and Vice Protector-General, administrators of the Yanran Protectorate near the Tang Xishouxiang military garrison.
	Su's army marched through the Central Asian steppes from Ordos, Inner Mongolia to the Altai Mountains region. His troops left Ordos in March and arrived in Kyrgyzstan in November, a journey spanning 3,000 miles across steppes and desert. Su avoided stopping at the resource rich oasis states, and historian Jonathan Karam Skaff speculates that the Chinese troops may have relied on livestock for food instead of a supply train, a tactic used by the steppe nomads. The campaign continued through the winter, when the steppes were covered in snow. Describing the journey's ordeal, Su Dingfang is reported to have said: "The fog shed darkness everywhere. The wind is icy. The barbarians do not believe that we can campaign at this season. Let us hasten to surprise them!"
	Commanders in the Tang army were familiar with the political culture of nomadic empires. Nomadic alliances were formed through distributing war plunder and ensuring the security of tribal property, and grew tenuous when rulers failed to deliver their promises. The Chinese understood that disaffected tribes were vulnerable to switching allegiances, and used this to their advantage.
	Su Dingfang recruited tribes to side with Tang, and these former tribal vassals of the Western Turks contributed additional soldiers. The tribe Chumukun offered their support after they were defeated by Su, and the tribe Nishu aided Su after their children and wives, originally captured by Helu, were returned along with gifts offered by the Tang.
	The battle was fought along the Irtysh River near the Altai Mountains. Helu's forces, consisting of 100,000 cavalry, were ambushed by Su as Helu chased decoy Tang troops that Su had deployed. Helu was defeated during Su's surprise attack, and lost most of his soldiers. Turkic tribes loyal to Helu surrendered, and Helu escaped to Tashkent in modern Uzbekistan. The retreating Helu was captured the next day after residents of Tashkent handed the qaghan over to the Tang. On the way back to the Tang capital, Helu is reported to have written:
	I am a defeated and ruined war captive, that's it! The former emperor [Taizong] treated me generously, but I betrayed him. In my present defeat, Heaven has vented its fury at me. In the past I have heard that Han law stipulates that executions of men be carried out in the city marketplace. When we arrive in the capital, I request to Zhaling [the tomb of the previous Tang emperor Taizong] to atone for my crimes to the former emperor. This is my sincere desire.
	Gaozong received Helu's plea and agreed to his request, despite a Tang law ordering the execution of captured rebel generals and kings. In accordance with Confucian rituals, he was sent to Taizong's tomb where Gaozong spared his life, and then to the capital's Ancestral Temple where the captive was presented again, mirroring ancient rituals celebrating victorious armies. Helu felt disgraced by Taizong and committed suicide a year later while still in captivity. He was buried in a mound decorated with a stele outside the emperor's park. The tomb served as a military trophy, visible to the emperor's visitors entering the park, symbolizing the loyalty of the qaghan to the emperor and the Tang military victories against the Western Turks.
	The conquest strengthened Tang rule over modern Xinjiang, administered by the Anxi Protectorate, and led to Tang suzerainty over the regions previously under the control of the Western Turks. The fall of the Khaganate brought the Altai Mountain region under Tang control and the residing Three Qarluq tribes were governed in newly established prefectures led by tribal chiefs, now commander-in-chiefs under the Tang. Another prefecture, the Jinman Bridle Prefecture, was created for the Chuyue tribes living in the southern Dzungar basin. The Amu Darya valley, the Tarim Basin, and the area beyond the Pamir Mountains, all former suzerains of the Western Turks, were placed under Tang control.
	Su continued his career as military general, and later commanded Tang forces in a war against Baekje in 660. The Tang Dynasty achieved its maximum extent following its conquest of the Khaganate. The inhabitants of the new territory did not become sinicized like many of the other kingdoms and tribes conquered by the Tang. Tang military activity in Central Asia brought in a wave of Turkic migrants serving in the Tang military as soldiers and generals, leading to the spread of Turkic language and culture. At the same time, the prevalence of Indo-European languages in the Western Regions was on the decline. Central Asia also absorbed cultural influences from Tang China. Central Asian art incorporated Tang stylistic features, like the sancai three color glaze used in pottery. Chinese coins remained in circulation in Xinjiang after the decline of the Tang. Cultural remnants of Tang architectural influence are still visible in the Buddhist architecture of Dunhuang, on the border between the Western Regions and the Hexi Corridor.
	The sheer size of the newly conquered lands made it difficult to govern through the Tang military garrisons. The Tang emperor Gaozong appointed two puppet qaghans to rule over the Western Turks, who were later overthrown in a rebellion that began in 662. The revolt reduced Tang's western extent to Beshbalik, Dzungaria in northern Xinjiang and ended direct Tang control of Central Asia beyond the Pamir Mountains in modern Tajikistan and Afghanistan. The expansion of the Tibetan Empire from the south threatened China's hold on southern Xinjiang. Tibet invaded the Tarim Basin in 670, but Tang forces regained the area in 693 and Kashgar in 728, restoring the Anxi Protectorate and Four Garrisons. The conflict between Tibet and the Tang continued for the remainder of the Tang Dynasty.
	At its maximum extent, Tang expansion brought China into direct contact with the rising Umayyad Caliphate. China's western borders reached the eastern frontier of the Caliphate. Following the Arab defeat of Sassanid Persia in 651, the Caliphate began its expansion into Central Asia, competing with the Tang's sphere of influence in the region. Chinese and Islamic troops finally clashed at the Battle of Aksu in 717 and the Battle of Talas in 751. Though victorious in 717, the Chinese lost against the Arabs, now under Abbasid rule, and the Arab army captured Chinese papermaking craftsmen. An Arabic record of the conflict claims that the battle led to the introduction of papermaking to the Islamic world.
	The Tang emperor Gaozong installed two puppet qaghans, the cousins Ashina Buzhen and Ashina Mishe, and controlled the region by proxy. Buzhen and Mishe were enemies of Helu who had aided Su Dingfang during his campaign against Helu and the Western Turkic Khaganate. Gaozong divided the ten tribes of the area among the two cousins. Buzhen governed half of the tribes located in the west, while Mishe governed the other half located in the east.
	The son of Buzhen, Khusrau, and the son of Mishe, Yuanqing, resided in Chang'an, the capital of Tang, while their fathers administered the former khaganate as qaghans. Empress Wu Zetian sent Yuanqing and Kusrau westward in 685 to succeed their fathers as proxy rulers.
	Neither of the qaghans were able to successfully exert control. Turkic tribes resisted Yuanqing's rule, defeating the qaghan and forcing Yuanqing to return to Chang'an. Kusrau was able to bring the western tribes temporarily under his rule, but was defeated in 690 during an invasion by the Second Turkic Khaganate, and he too was forced to escape the region with his loyalists. Later attempts to install puppet qaghans failed, and the title was reduced to a symbolic position in the Tang court.

= = = Misato Station (Mie) = = =

	Misato Station has a single island platform. 
	Misato Station was opened on July 23, 1931. From June 1, 1968, to March 25, 1986, the station was named . The station building was rebuilt in 1986. On November 8, 2012, a derailment accident occurred at this station.

= = = YM Museum of Marine Exploration Kaohsiung = = =

	The YM Museum of Marine Exploration Kaohsiung (MOME; ) is a museum about marine exploration in Cijin District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
	After its rental tenure was approved by the Marine Bureau of the Kaohsiung City Government on 18 January 2007, Yang Ming Marine Transport Corporation established the Museum of Marine Exploration in Cijin Harbor, Kaohsiung. After refurbishment, the museum was officially opened on 28 December 2007 as the YM Museum of Marine Exploration Kaohsiung.
	The museum is a two-story building shaped like an ocean liner.
	The museum has the following areas for exhibitions, etc.

= = = Nyūgawa Station (Mie) = = =

	Nyūgawa Station has a single island platform. 
	Nyūgawa Station was opened on July 23, 1931. 

= = = Heavy Rotation (JKT48 album) = = =

	Heavy Rotation is the first released album of the Indonesian idol group, JKT48, on 16 February 2013 under the label Hits Records, distributed by PT Sony Music Indonesia Tbk. Songs are from the singles of AKB48 & SKE48 translated into Indonesian language.
	"Heavy Rotation" was released on 16 February 2013 in two versions: Type-A and Type-B. Type-A has the CD and the DVD., while Type-B has only the CD. The Type-A album extras include an original photo, handshake ticket, and special card for CD promotion. The Type-B album has a special card from special CD promo, and a "janken card".
	Heavy Rotation is the 1st cover album released by JKT48 and cover song Heavy Rotation from AKB48's 19th Major Single. This Single features the Senbatsu elected by the fans in the 2nd Senbatsu Election, with Oshima Yuko as center of the single.
	This single is by far, one of the most-promoted singles AKB48 released with all the song having some kind of tie-in, with 3 of them being of huge campaigns that were used all over Japan and other country like Indonesia and Shanghai China.

= = = Sree Dandu Mariamman Temple, Bangalore = = =

	Sree Dandu Mariamman Temple, in Shivajinagar (also called Shivajinagara) in Bangalore city, is dedicated to the deity Mariamman (the Hindu god Shakthi or Parvathi).

= = = Law enforcement in Illinois = = =

	Law enforcement in Illinois is complex with many overlapping jurisdictions related to the administrative divisions of Illinois.
	At the state level, there are at least eleven law enforcement agencies. At the county level, there are sheriffs, forest preserve police and other specialized police forces. At the local level, most cities and many villages have municipal police forces, park district police forces, and even local specialized police forces. Many colleges also have their own campus police that are often sworn police officers.
	In 2000, Illinois was ranked 4th in the U.S. in the number of full-time sworn officers with 321 per 100,000 persons, behind Louisiana (415), New York (384), and New Jersey (345). In this ranking, only New York had a higher total population than Illinois. Illinois is also near the top of most law enforcement numbers lists, such as number of agencies per state, number of agencies with special jurisdictions, and number of local police agencies. Even taking into account that Illinois is the fifth most populous state, many of the ratios are higher than more populated states.

= = = Barbara Wheeler = = =

	Barbara Wheeler (born in 1967 or 1968) was a Republican member of the Illinois House of Representatives, representing the 64th district. The district contains parts of Lake County and McHenry County. Wheeler was first elected in 2012 and was inaugurated to the House on January 9, 2013.
	Wheeler was a Peace Corps volunteer. She received education degrees from Loyola University Chicago and National Louis University, and worked as a teacher at Wauconda Middle School. She moved to Crystal Lake in 1998.
	Wheeler served on the McHenry County Board from 2002 to 2012. In 2012 she was elected to the Illinois House of Representatives in the newly redrawn 64th district. She faced no opposition in the primary or general elections.
	Wheeler did not run for re-election in 2018.

= = = Nanosheet = = =

	A nanosheet is a two-dimensional nanostructure with thickness in a scale ranging from 1 to 100 nm.
	A typical example of a nanosheet is graphene, the thinnest two-dimensional material (0.34 nm) in the world. It consists of a single layer of carbon atoms with hexagonal lattices.
	Silicon nanosheets are being used to prototype future generations of small (5 nm) transistors.
	Carbon nanosheets (from hemp) may be an alternative to graphene as electrodes in supercapacitors.
	The most commonly used nanosheet synthesis methods use a bottom-up approach, e.g., pre-organization and polymerization at interfaces like Langmuir–Blodgett films, solution phase synthesis and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). For example, CdTe (cadmium telluride) nanosheets could be synthesized by precipitating and aging CdTe nanoparticles in deionized water. The formation of free-floating CdTe nanosheets was due to directional hydrophobic attraction and anisotropic electrostatic interactions caused by dipole moment and small positive charges. Molecular simulations through a coarse-grained model with parameters from semi-empirical quantum mechanics calculations can be used to prove the experimental process.
	Ultrathin single-crystal PbS (lead sulfur) sheets with micro scale in x-, y- dimensions can be obtained using a hot colloidal synthesis method. Compounds with linear chloroalkanes like 1,2-dichloroethane containing chlorine were used during the formation of PbS sheets. PbS ultrathin sheets probably resulted from the oriented attachment of the PbS nanoparticles in a two-dimensional fashion. The highly reactive facets were preferentially consumed in the growth process that led to the sheet-like PbS crystal growth.
	Nanosheets can also be prepared at room temperature. For instance, hexagonal PbO (lead oxide)) nanosheets were synthesized using gold nanoparticles as seeds under room temperature. The size of the PbO nanosheet can be tuned by gold NPs and concentration in the growth solution. No organic surfactants were employed in the synthesis process. Oriented attachment, in which the sheets form by aggregation of small nanoparticles that each has a net dipole moment, and ostwald ripening are the two main reasons for the formation of the PbO nanosheets. The same process was observed for iron sulfide nanoparticles.
	Carbon nanosheets have been produced using industrial hemp bast fibres with a technique that involves heating the fibres at over 350F (180C) for 24 hours. The result is then subjected to intense heat causing the fibers to exfoliate into a carbon nanosheet. This has been used to create an electrode for a supercapacitor with electrochemical qualities ‘on a par with’ devices made using graphene.
	Metal nanosheets have also been synthesized from solution-based method by reducing metal precursors, including palladium, rhodium, and gold.

= = = Mobile Black Bears = = =

	The Mobile Black Bears, also known as the Mobile Black Shippers, was a semi-professional baseball team composed entirely of African-American players. The team, which played during the mid-20th century, was based in Mobile, Alabama, and also went on barnstorming tours.
	Henry "Hank" Aaron played for the Mobile Black Bears in 1951 while he was still in high school. He was only allowed to play at home games and only on Sundays.

= = = Kutti Revathi = = =

	Dr. S. Revathi (pen name: Kutti Revathi) is an Indian lyricist, poet, activist and a doctor. She has published three books of poetry and is the editor of "Panikkudam", a literary quarterly for women's writing and also the first Tamil feminist magazine. Post several literary meetings and reviewing poetry collections by fellow students, she began working on some of her own pieces. Following school, she studied Siddha medicine and got a bachelor's degree in Siddha medicine and surgery, one of the oldest medical systems in the world that derived from her native Tamil Nadu. She had been pursuing her doctoral research in medical anthropology at the Madras Institute of Development Studies in Chennai. Revathi received the Sigaram 15: Faces of Future award for literature from India Today and was awarded a travel grant in 2005 by the Sahitya Akademi to meet leading litterateurs from India. She is a contemporary Tamil poet and has published numerous controversial poetry collections.
	Works by her are noted to be much women-centric. "Panikkudam" the first Tamil feminist magazine by her claimed varied aspects such as family, politics, business, discovery of feminine language, introducing modern play, novels, short stories and poetry created by women writers. Interviews of women writers, introduction to modern poetry and short stories, translations of such works into Tamil from World languages, discussions of the creative process and sangam literature were some of the elements that made the part of the magazine. In the field of poetry, her first release in the year 2000 was "Poonaiyai Pola Alaiyum Velicham". Kutti Revathi's second book, "Mulaigal" that was published in 2002, evoked a storm of protest and stirred controversies from the conservatives of the Tamil literary establishment. The consequences of release were such that a group of outraged male film lyricists damned the book. The debate extended to parameters of cultural debate: obscene calls, letters and threats ensued, and comments on the author's morality were freely aired. While one lyricist demanded that writers of her types must watch out for dire consequences, the other exhorted the public to burn them on Chennai's Mount Road. However she explained, "My aim is to explore 'Mulaigal' (breasts) as an 'inhabited' living reality, rather than an 'exhibited' commodity." Adjoint to the content, an essay titled "With Words I Weave My Body", she discussed the ways in which a patriarchal tradition, fearful of sharing the power of the written word, compelled women to imprint narratives on their bodies. Her third release was "Thanimaiyin Aayiram Irakkaigal" in 2003.
	In 2007 the English translation of her poetry "Body's Door" was released. "Shattered Boundaries" another collection of her poems in English translation was released in 2012.
	Revathi was roped in for the 2013 film "Maryan" two-and-a-half years ago when the film's director Bharatbala was on the lookout for a Tamil scholar. For the same film's soundtrack album, she wrote lyrics of the melancholic song "Yenga Pona Raasa" and the track "Nenjae Ezhu". Upon the musical success of the album especially the track "Nenjae Ezhu", her lyrical styles were critically applauded. She wrote the lyrics for the song "Ennile Maha Oliyo" that was aired on MTV Coke Studio (India). And She also has written a song for the music scored by Oscar composer AR Rahman in Tamil Version of the film MOM directed by Ravi Udyawar.
	Have also written lyrics for the songs in the successful films, Maya directed by Ashwin Saravanan, & 8 Thottakkal directed by Sri Ganesh. She made her directorial debut with the film "Siragu".

= = = Indigenous Mexican Americans = = =

	Indigenous Mexican Americans or Mexican American Indians are American citizens who are descended from the indigenous peoples of Mexico. Indigenous Mexican-Americans usually speak an Indigenous language as their first language and may not speak either Spanish or English. Indigenous Mexican-Americans may or may not identify as "Hispanic" or "Latino".
	California is home to a large and growing population of Indigenous people of Mexican birth or descent. 200,000 people in the state are descended from one or more of Mexico's over 60 Indigenous groups. Many of these Indigenous Mexican-Americans hail from the indigenous people of Oaxaca, with California being home to between 100,000 and 150,000 indigenous Oaxacans. 50,000 are estimated to be Mixtec, an indigenous people from the La Mixteca region of Western Oaxaca and nearby portions of Puebla and Guerrero.
	The slur "Oaxaquita" ("Little Oaxacan") is sometimes used as a derogatory term that is used by Spanish-speaking Mexican-Americans against Indigenous Mexican-Americans. The term carries the connotation that being from Oaxaca is negative and is often used against any Mexican-American who is short or fat. The slur "indito" ("little Indian") is also used against Indigenous Oaxacans. Indigenous Mexican-Americans have been subjected to ridicule, derision, stereotyping, teasing, bullying, and other forms of discrimination and abuse by non-Indigenous Mexican-Americans. Dynamics of racism and discrimination that exist within Mexico also exist within Mexican-American immigrant communities.
	Discrimination against indigenous Oaxacan and Mixtec people can also come from Mexican-Americans who, although also coming from an indigenous Mexican background, have stopped speaking a Mixtecan or other Indigenous language. Those who have assimilated by adopting the Spanish or English languages may look down upon Indigenous people who have preserved their language and culture.

= = = Evergestis mimounalis = = =

	Evergestis mimounalis is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It is found in the Middle Atlas and High Atlas mountains in Morocco.
	The wingspan is about 30 mm. The ground colour of the forewings is white with dark brown suffusion at the base in the middle and at the margin. The hindwings are whitish dark brown. Adults have been recorded on wing from July to September.

= = = Sir Walter Strickland, 9th Baronet = = =

	Walter William Strickland, "de jure" 9th Baronet (26 May 1851 – 9 August 1938) was an English translator and radical. He became known as the "Anarchist Baronet" because he wandered around the world for much of his life espousing radical causes. After receiving Czechoslovakian citizenship in 1923, he renounced his British citizenship and later moved to Java.
	Strickland was born in Westminster while the family estate was at Hildenley Hall near Malton, North Yorkshire. He was educated at Edinburgh Academy and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was the eldest son of Sir Charles Strickland, 8th Baronet (1819–1909), the only child of his first marriage to Georgina, daughter of Sir William Milner, 4th Baronet, but never formally used the title he inherited upon his father's death.
	In 1888, he married Eliza Vokes (1860–1946). A polyglot fluent in ancient and modern languages, he wrote several books and pamphlets and translated works of the Czech poet Vítězslav Hálek, as well as Molière and Horace.
	He has been linked with the Voynich manuscript. He may have met Wilfrid Voynich during his first years in London, when Voynich was directly involved in the political activities of Russian refugees in London, under the leadership of Sergey Stepnyak-Kravchinsky, who founded the SFRF (Society of Friends of Russian Freedom) and the RFPF (Russian Free Press Fund).
	In the early 1890s, Strickland went to live abroad. In 1911, he sold the family home, which became a convent. After 1912, he did not live in England. Strickland spent some time in Russia and in 1923 became a citizen of Czechoslovakia, formally renouncing his British citizenship and that he would not be using the title. (There is no mechanism for a baronet to renounce the title, although it is possible to cease using it during his lifetime.)
	In 1931, he moved to Buitenzorg, Java, where he died in 1938. He and his wife had no children and the title passed to a cousin once removed, Sir Henry Strickland-Constable, 10th Baronet.
	Strickland had libertarian, socialist and atheist ideas. His anti-British and anti-imperialist activities were widely reported in the English-speaking press, making him somewhat of a celebrity, while his wandering led him to be dubbed a "gypsy."
	Strickland believed he was the subject of assassination plots by the British. In a letter to a London newspaper, he wrote, "The vulgar, ungentlemanly, and, indeed, murderous persecution to which I have been subjected is exclusively British." According to British intelligence, Strickland was thought to be of "doubtful sanity."
	In 1909, Guy Aldred, founder of the Glasgow Anarchist Group, was sentenced to 12 months' hard labour for printing the August issue of "The Indian Sociologist", an Indian nationalist newspaper edited by Shyamji Krishnavarma. Strickland heard of Aldred's action and sent him a telegram of congratulations at the prison and a cheque for £10. Several of his writings were published in "The Indian Sociologist" between 1911–14.
	As related by Albert Meltzer: 
	"After the publication of Hyde Park in 1938 support for Aldred in London fell off and he had burned his bridges in London and Glasgow, but then an extraordinary chance ended his days of poverty. Sir Walter Strickland, a millionaire whose family practically owned Malta, had during the First World War taken to him and was disgusted with the British Government after the Versailles Treaty. In acknowledgment of the newly created State of Czechoslovakia, the first fruits of League of Nations liberal idealism, Strickland became naturalised Czech (1923), though he never went to that country. In 1938 Strickland died and left a fortune to Aldred, who promptly formed the Strickland Press, bought a hall, bookshop and machinery and proceeded reprinting all his old pamphlets, before actually getting the money. Then the Strickland relatives brought a suit saying the will was invalid. Strickland had said in his will he left the money to Aldred "for socialist and atheist propaganda", illegal under Czech law. There was a complicated legal case which ended as such things usually do, with the money in the hands of the lawyers. Aldred, used to defending his own cases personally and handling courts with ease on matters of obstruction and sedition, found himself outgunned among the moneyed lawyers."
	According to John Taylor Caldwell: "Walter was an eccentric. He preferred books to the pursuits of normal young men of his class, and had no interest in sport, drink, gambling or women. His father was disappointed and disgusted. One day when he was having it out with Walter (probably not for the first time) about his unsatisfactory life-style, and the fact that he was nearing forty and still not married, Walter rose from the table and, so the story goes, proposed to the first girl he met, who happened to be the kitchen maid."
	He gave Sun Yat Sen £10,000 "to help him start a revolt against the Emperor of China."
	During the First World War, Strickland donated £10,000 to his friend Tomáš Masaryk's Czechoslovakian Independence Movement.

= = = Callander (surname) = = =

	Callander is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

= = = The Rough Guide to True Crime = = =

	The Rough Guide to True Crime is a non-fiction paperback reference guide to national and international true crime cases by American crime writer Cathy Scott. It was released in the UK and US in August 2009 by Penguin Books through its Rough Guides imprint.
	"The Rough Guide to True Crime" is a compilation of a variety of cases, including historic crimes, with sections broken down by the type of offenses and who committed them. It includes black-and-white photos as illustration. Psychological profiles are included throughout by forensic expert Dr. Louis B. Schlesinger, who explains the psychology of serial killers, murderers, hit men and burglars. The book features serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer, mob hitman Richard "The Iceman" Kuklinski, John Wayne Glover "The Granny Killer," and British "Doctor of Death" Harold Shipman.
	Scott's story from "The Rough Guide to True Crime" about mob enforcer Herbert Blitzstein was selected for inclusion in the July 2012 retrospective of crime writing, "Masters of True Crime: Chilling Stories of Murder and the Macabre".
	The author appeared on BlogTalkRadio's "True Murder" show and described some of the crimes included in the book that were committed in the 19th century as "a different time in America, where people like Billy the Kid could walk in and just rob a bank" and get away with it. And while "there was nothing glamorous about what they did, they are a part of lore."
	The book was featured at BookExpo America 2009's trade fair in DK Publishing's booth in New York City.
	In a review, "True Crime Book Reviews" wrote, "From the Moors murders and Harold Shipman, to the murder of 2pac, this guide illuminates the psychology in play behind the most intriguing crimes in history, from the absurd to the appalling. "The Rough Guide to True Crime" explores the best of the haunting genre of True Crime."

= = = Look Effects = = =

	Look Effects was a visual effects company based in Culver City, California. It was founded in 1998, and in 2014 ceased operations, with the staff acquired by Mass Market. They specialized in visual effects for feature films, episodic television, and special venue. Look Effects worked on over 100 major motion pictures and television series including Black Swan, Avatar, , and The Muppets Movie

= = = Kashubian Americans = = =

	Kashubian Americans are Americans of Kashubian descent.
	The two earliest Kashubian American settlements in the United States were in the Winona, Minnesota area, including the towns of Fountain City, Pine Creek, Dodge, and Trempealeau across the Mississippi River in Wisconsin, and in Portage County, Wisconsin, including the towns of Polonia, Sharon, and Hull. The Winona settlement is traditionally dated to 1855, but actually began in 1859; the Portage County settlement can definitely be traced back to 1858. Winona is dubbed "Kashubian Capital of America", because of the largest population of Kashubians there.
	After the American Civil War and the German Kulturkampf of the early 1870s, Kashubians emigrated to the United States in much larger numbers. While some headed for the Winona area and for Portage County, many Kashubians wound up living in major urban centers such as Buffalo, Detroit, Chicago, and Milwaukee. A smaller number of Kashubians settled in small farming communities scattered throughout Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana. By the turn of the century, Kashubian Americans tended to identify themselves completely as Polish Americans, although in Winona (at least) the Kashubian language would survive for another generation or two.

= = = Greg Bateman = = =

	Gregory Edwin Bateman (born 20 June 1989) is an English rugby union player for Premiership Rugby side Leicester Tigers. Bateman has previously played for Dorking, London Welsh and Exeter Chiefs. He has played in all three front row positions and currently focuses on loosehead prop.
	Bateman joined Exeter Chiefs from former Aviva Premiership side London Welsh for the 2013/14 season. Bateman is a former product of the Harlequins academy.
	On 18 February it was announced that Bateman was due to join Leicester Tigers for the 2015/16 season.
	Although Bateman has toured with England Under 18s in 2007 he also is eligible to play for Wales.

= = = Caroline Hildreth = = =

	Caroline May Hildreth (born 22 February 1978) is an Australian former competition swimmer who specialized in breaststroke events. She represented Australia at the 2000 Summer Olympics, and also trained for the Australian Institute of Sport, where she was coached by former British Olympic coach and longtime mentor Barry Prime.
	Hildreth competed in the women's 200 m breaststroke at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. She finished in front of her teammate Rebecca Brown from the Olympic trials, with a FINA A-standard of 2:27.69. After posting a seventh-seeded time of 2:27.60 from the preliminary heats, Hildreth failed to advance to the top 8 final, as she finished her semifinal run with a ninth-place effort in 2:28.30.

= = = Cossack Americans = = =

	Cossacks in the United States or Cossack Americans are American citizens of Cossack descent.

= = = Wandrei = = =

	Wandrei is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

= = = Hulick = = =

	Hulick is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

= = = Dave Petitjean = = =

	Joseph Dave Petitjean, Jr. (January 11, 1928 – June 18, 2013) was an American actor and humorist of Cajun stories. Born in 1928 in Rayne, Louisiana, he attended college at Louisiana State University at the age of 16, before joining the United States Navy and serving aboard the USS Estes command ship during World War II. After the war, Petitjean studied agriculture at Southwest Louisiana Institute (now the University of Louisiana at Lafayette). He graduated and worked for a local chemical company, from which he retired 25 years later. He then worked for an insurance company until retiring in 2000.
	It was during his years working for these companies that he began performing. His acting credits include appearances in 14 movies and television series, including the films "Belizaire the Cajun", "The Big Easy", "Angel Heart" and the television series "In the Heat of the Night". He also recorded three compact discs and made nearly 50 motivational speaking engagements across the United States.
	Late in life, he developed Alzheimer's disease and had to retire from performing. Petitjean died on June 18, 2013, at the age of 85. He is survived by his wife Audrey and sons Joseph and George.

= = = Havilah, New South Wales = = =

	Havilah is an Australian bounded rural locality and a grazing property. It is located 13 km from Mudgee on the Lue Road and has the postcode 2850. The locality also has a limestone and carbonates quarry.
	Havilah took its name after a visiting clergyman discovered specks of gold and, citing Genesis, named the area the 'land of Havilah'. The farm was first owned by Nicholas Paget Bayly (1814–1879) and was sold after his death to Henry Charles White (1837–1905). The farm is renowned for a history of producing high quality merino sheep and horses. The homestead has major additions designed by architect John Horbury Hunt.
	Havilah Memorial Church was built in 1905 and gifted to the Anglican Church by Hunter White (1867–1947) in memory of his father, Henry Charles White. It lies on the Lue road and has an adjacent small cemetery.
	Havilah appears as 'Haviland' and H.C. White as 'Old Black' in Henry Lawson's story 'Joe Wilson's courtship'.

= = = Rudolf Bikkers = = =

	Rudolf Bikkers, RCA (born April 5, 1943 in Hilversum, Netherlands) is a Canadian painter, printmaker, educator and entrepreneur. 
	Bikkers has had 23 solo shows and participated in 20 group shows in Canada, the United States, Europe, South Africa, China, Japan and Russia.
	In 1960 at the age of 17 he was the youngest student to be admitted to the Jan Van Eyck Academie in Maastricht on a six-year scholarship and graduated with honours in 1966. He studied the cello with Bob Reuling for two years, followed by four years with Chrétien Bonfrère at the Conservatorium of Maastricht. In the summer of 1966 he emigrated to Canada.
	From 1967–1969 he taught drawing at H.B. Beal Secondary School in London, Ontario.
	From 1969–1976 he was Chair of the Printmaking Department at Fanshawe College in London, Ontario. In 1975 he established the Master Print Studio “Editions Canada Inc.”, custom printing and publishing many Canadian and international artists, among them Greg Curnoe, Jack Chambers, Edward Bartram, Clark McDougall, Walter Redinger, Claude Breeze, Karel Appel and Paul Jenkins.
	In 1983 he became the Chair of Printmaking at OCA, (now OCAD University) in Toronto where he taught until July 1, 2012.
	During his career Bikkers has received several awards and honourable mentions, including the A.J. Casson Award. He was elected member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts in 2000 and received the Queen’s Golden Jubilee Medal in 2002.
	His work is part of many public collections at the AGO, RCM, Banff Arts Centre, National Archives, Art Bank Canada Council, Art Gallery of Windsor, Hamilton Art Gallery, Museum London, Gallery Stratford, Metro Toronto Reference Library, OCAD University, McIntosh Gallery Western, Art Gallery of Mississauga, and Mount Sinai Hospital Foundation.
	Among his fundraising initiatives was in 2000 the AIDS (Artists International Direct Support) Portfolio for Sub-Saharan children affected by HIV/AIDS and in 2002 the RCA/EPSON Painters Portfolio.
	Rudolf Bikkers and his wife Thera have a son and a daughter, all living in Toronto.

= = = Moghol people = = =

	The Moghols (Mogul, Mongul) are descendants of the Mongol Empire's soldiers in Afghanistan. They live in the Kundur and Karez-i-Mulla villages of Herat province and speak the Mogholi language. The Moghols sometimes call themselves "Shahjahan", because they joined the army of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. Previously, Moghol villages could be found in Ghor, throughout the Hazarajat, and as far east as Badakhshan.

= = = Sue Moore = = =

	Sue Moore may refer to:
= = = Goodbye Blue Sky (Defiance) = = =

	"Goodbye Blue Sky" is the seventh episode of the first season of the American science fiction series "Defiance", and the series' seventh episode overall. It was aired on June 3, 2013. The episode was written by Anupam Nigam & Amanda Alpert Muscat and it was directed by Andy Wolk.
	Irisa (Stephanie Leonidas) has another vision in which Sukar (Noah Danby) dies. After the vision she and Nolan (Grant Bowler) go to find Sukar and Irisa's vision is confirmed since Sukar was killed by a falling object from the sky. Irisa and Nolan, seeing the object, realize that it was part of an approaching razor rain storm, a storm that endangers Defiance. They have to inform everyone in town that the storm is not a simple one. Nolan returns to Defiance but Irisa stays back for Sukar's sinking ritual (his body will be consumed in an acid bath).
	Sukar, right after they sink his body in the acid, rises fully healed and the Spirit Riders are confused because they do not know what happened. Sukar says that he is driven by God Irzu and he is on a mission but the other Irathients have doubts about it. He and Irisa return to Defiance, where Sukar starts collecting different objects for unknown reason. Irisa does not know what and why he is doing this, but she tries to help him.
	Alak (Jesse Rath) and Cristie (Nicole Muñoz) discuss a bathing ceremony that Stahma (Jaime Murray) asked Christie to do with the family. Christie does not feel comfortable doing it and she argues about it with Alak. At the end, Alak agrees to talk to his parents and tell them that Christie will not join the ceremony.
	Stahma goes to "Need/Want" bar to ask Kenya (Mia Kirshner) about her services for her son Alak before the wedding, so he will be prepared. She is concerned about it since humans and Castithans are very different. Kenya refuses politely and explains to Stahma that a human girl would not like her husband to be with a prostitute. While having a conversation over drinks, Stahma opens up to Kenya and the two of them end up in an intimate encounter.
	In the meantime, Nicky (Fionnula Flanagan), not having any news from Birch, arrives at the McCawley home to find out what happened. Quentin (Justin Rain) reluctantly admits to his father Rafe (Graham Greene) that he killed Birch when Birch broke into their home and attacked him. He does not tell him though that he kept the artifact.
	Nicky, suspecting that Birch is dead, tricks Rafe into revealing that Birch was killed when he broke into their home, but Rafe takes the blame to protect his son. In the meantime, Quentin has another "vision" of his brother Luke (Wesley French), who tells him that he should kill Nicky too because she knows everything, but Quentin refuses.
	Meanwhile, Sukar finds all the items he needs and he and Irisa take over the radio station. Nolan gets there right after them thinking that Sukar wants to direct a falling Ark to Defiance. The falling Ark, if it impacts on Defiance, will destroy the city completely and everyone will die. He attempts to stop him by shooting him and throwing him from the Gateway Arch.
	Irisa however, who does not believe that Sukar wanted to destroy Defiance, completes his task and activates the transmission. It is discovered that Sukar only wanted to change the direction of the falling Ark to save Defiance.
	Doctor Yewll (Trenna Keating), while examining Sukar, finds out why Sukar "rose" and why he was healing so fast. It was not because of the God Irzu but because of little robots called nanites that were injected into his body by the razor rain object. Now that Defiance is safe, the nanites have gone dormant, and will no longer heal Sukar's injuries. Sukar survived the fall from the Arch, but he is paralyzed and in coma.
	In the "Goodbye Blue Sky" we can hear the songs:
	In its original American broadcast, "Goodbye Blue Sky" was watched by 1.69 million; down 0.26 from the previous episode.
	"Goodbye Blue Sky" received mediocre/positive reviews.
	Rowan Kaiser from "The A.V. Club" gave a C grade to the episode saying that despite there were some cool moments and interesting ideas on it, it was not serving a larger purpose. "“Good Bye Blue Sky” isn't notably worse than several previous episodes of "Defiance", but it frustrated me much more than those did. There are some cool moments, some disjointed ones, a lot of interesting ideas, and a famous song covered at the end. I normally enjoy that. But my problem with this episode is that it doesn't serve a larger purpose."
	Lisa Macklem from "Spoiler TV" stated that the episode is particularly well-written. "I really enjoyed the peeling away of more layers on the show this week. The episode did a good job in illustrating that the tensions don’t just occur between human and Votans – though it’s understandable that those relationships pose the most opportunity for misunderstanding."
	Jim Garner from "TV Fanatic" rated the episode with 3/5. ""Defiance" this week didn't so much feature a single main story, but instead focused on three arcs. Sadly, this left it feeling like "Good Bye Blue Sky" was doing far too much in a short amount of time."

= = = SKEPP = = =

	SKEPP is an independent Belgian skeptical organization. The organization’s name is a backronym for "Studiekring voor de Kritische Evaluatie van Pseudowetenschap en het Paranormale" ("Study Circle for the Critical Evaluation of Pseudoscience and the Paranormal").
	SKEPP is a nonprofit organization emanated from the Belgian astronomical society, "Vereniging voor Sterrenkunde", and was founded in 1990 by, among others, Prof. Etienne Vermeersch, Prof. Willem Betz, Tim Trachet and Prof. Jean Paul Van Bendegem.
	The goals of the organization are:
	SKEPP gets most of its funding from member fees. On the initiative of board member and former editor-in-chief Tom Schoepen, SKEPP has been publishing its own three-monthly magazine since 2000, "Wonder en is gheen wonder", a magazine for science and reason, which focuses on both pseudoscientific topics and topics related to the philosophy of science. The editors include Prof. Dr. Johan Braeckman (Ghent University), Dr. Griet Vandermassen (Ghent University), Geerdt Magiels and SKEPP founder Tim Trachet.
	In 2012, SKEPP hosted a series of lectures and discussions, featuring prominent scientists and philosophers, under the name Het Denkgelag, which has since grown out to become an independent non-profit that organises skeptical conferences. In 2015, SKEPP hosted the meant-to-be-yearly event "Zomerschool Kritisch Denken" (Summerschool Critical Thinking) aimed at educational professionals. Currently, SKEPP organises the monthly local editions of Skeptics in the Pub in Ghent, Antwerp and Leuven.
	Since 1996 SKEPP gives out annual awards to non-members: the "Zesde vijs" (the “Sixth Screw”) and the "Skeptische Put" (de “Skeptical Pit”).
	The "Zesde Vijs" is awarded to "someone who has distinguished themselves in the past year in spreading objective knowledge regarding pseudoscience and the paranormal, or who has made themselves noticed in the media by presenting a nuanced critical view or a thoroughly documented argumentation". This prize has been awarded to, among others:
	The "Skeptische Put" is awarded to "someone who, according to SKEPP, has displayed exceptionally uncritical thinking and who has totally misunderstood the popularization of science and knowledge". The "Skeptische Put" has been awarded to, among others:
	Since its founding, SKEPP has become quite widely known via the Belgian media. They are often called upon to present their critical perspective on paranormal or pseudoscientific topics. In 2004 the organization made headlines when thirty skeptics at Ghent University conducted a “mass suicide” attempt by taking an overdose of homeopathically diluted snake venom, belladonna, and arsenic. The goal of this action was to demonstrate that homeopathic products contain no active ingredients. Additionally, the Belgian health insurance organization were accused of putting themselves above the law as commercial entities by reimbursing alternative treatments. According to SKEPP, by reimbursing alternative treatments, health insurance organizations will give the impression to the Belgian public that these are effective medications or treatments.
	In 2014, the Belgian court of appeal in Brussels proved SKEPP right against the appeal of the Dutch physician Robert Görter, who was called a quack by the organization in 2004.
	Since 1 October 2012 the organization has pledged to award the 1-million-euro "Sisyphus prize", to anyone who can demonstrate paranormal abilities under controlled conditions. This includes paranormal phenomena as well as homeopathy. 
	The same challenge is also offered by various other European skeptical organizations and serves as the equivalent of the American One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge, which was offered by the James Randi Educational Foundation.
	As of 8 March 2014, its website describes the prize as "the 25 000 euro prize". Applying for the prize would cost 50 euro. It informs that "the text and protocol are being rewritten and will soon be available again".

= = = Kentucky Route 322 = = =

	Kentucky Route 322 (KY 322) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Kentucky. The route is located in Shelby and Henry counties.
	The route originates at a junction with KY 53 in northern Shelby County and travels north for before entering into Henry County. In Henry County, the route intersects with KY 22 and continues north for until it meets its northern terminus at KY 1861 in Smithfield. The entire route is located in rural sections of Shelby and Henry counties.

= = = 1950–51 Northern Football League = = =

	The 1950–51 Northern Football League season was the 53rd in the history of the Northern Football League, a football competition in Northern England.

= = = Chris Summers (wide receiver) = = =

	Chris Summers (born July 10, 1989) is an American football wide receiver who is currently a free agent. He played college football at the Liberty. He signed with the Chicago Bears as an undrafted free agent in 2012.
	On April 29, 2012, he signed with the Chicago Bears as an undrafted free agent. On August 26, he was released.
	On September 3, 2012, he signed with the Minnesota Vikings. On January 7, 2013, he was signed to a reserve/future contract. Summers was released by the Vikings on August 26, 2013 (along with 12 others) to get to a 75-man roster.
	Summers signed with the Buffalo Bills during the 2014 offseason, but was released on August 25, 2014.
	Summers joined the Arizona Rattlers in 2015. On May 3, 2016, Summers was placed on reassignment.

= = = Calathus malacensis = = =

	Calathus malacensis is a species of ground beetle from the Platyninae subfamily that is endemic to Spain.

= = = Félix Torres Amat = = =

	Félix Torres Amat or Félix Torres i Amat de Palou (6 August 1772 – 29 December 1849) was a Spanish Bishop. He translated the Sagrada Bible into vernacular Spanish and published a record of leading authors in Catalan.
	Torres Amat was born in Barcelona in 1772 the son of Joseph Torres and Teresa Amat. He studied languages before joining his uncle Felix Amat in Tarragona where he obtained a doctorate in Philosophy. He then taught philosophy, mathematics and theology becoming Canon of the Collegiate Church of San Ildefonso on 5 May 1806.
	In 1824 he published a translation of the Bible in vernacular Spanish which had been entrusted to him by the Spanish kings Carlos IV and Fernando VII. This caused some criticism as both he and his father had become associated with Jansenism and he had to retire to a monastery for some time. On 1 May 1834 he was ordained as the Bishop of Astorga and in the following year he met William Harris Rule from Gibraltar as they both shared a common interest in distributing the bible in people's first languages. Torres Amat had had difficulty publishing his translation and he had relied on money from Anglicans in London.
	Torres Amat was elected to the prestigious Real Academia Española where he briefly held the "T Seat". Torres Amat's bible known as the Sagrada Bible was published with illustrations by Gustave Doré.
	Apart from the translation of the bible his best known work is "Reports to help form a critical dictionary of Catalan writers and give some idea of the ancient and modern literature of Catalonia" This was based on the work of his brother who had been a leading librarian in Barcelona and he had started to record notable Catalan authors.
	Torres Amat died in Madrid on 29 December 1847.

= = = Volcano Songs = = =

	Volcano Songs is the tenth album by Meredith Monk, released on March 11, 1997 through ECM New Series.

= = = 2004 Four Nations Tournament (women's football) = = =

	The 2004 Four Nations Tournament was the fourth edition of this invitational women's football tournament held in China with four national teams participating in a round robin format. It was held from January 30 to February 3, 2004, in the city of Shenzhen.

= = = WBZK = = =

	WBZK may refer to:

= = = Calathus minutus = = =

	Calathus minutus is a species of ground beetle from the Platyninae subfamily that can be found in Portugal and Spain.

= = = TREKOL-39294 = = =

	The TREKOL-39294 is a Russian six-wheeled amphibious all-terrain vehicle produced by TREKOL. The 39294 is available in two versions: passenger and freight and it uses large low-pressure tires. TREKOL manufactures the 39294 using UAZ and GAZ parts, which ensures easy operation, easy maintenance and repairs. The fiberglass body has a very low thermal conductivity and the possibility of operating at a temperature of −45 °C to 45 °C. The vehicle has a capacity, in the passenger models, for up to 8 people. Maximum speed −70 km/h. All-terrain vehicles may be equipped with petrol or diesel engines, as well as water jet to move through the water.

= = = Listroderini = = =

	Listroderini is a tribe of weevil.
	After Morrone (2013).

= = = Oakley (Upperville, Virginia) = = =

	Oakley is a historic home and farm located near Upperville, Fauquier County, Virginia.
	It was built between 1853 and 1857, and is a 2 1/2-story, three bay, "T"-shaped brick Italianate style dwelling with a cross-gable roof. The house sits on an English basement and features tall decorative paneled chimneys, semi-hexagonal bays in each gable end, a central two-story pavilion, and a glazed cupola. Also on the property are the contributing original smokehouse and an early building, possibly a tenant house.
	The house was built by Colonel Richard Henry Dulany and the property is located near the site of the Upperville Colt & Horse Show first held in June 1852. It remains the oldest such event in America.
	It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

= = = Webmention = = =

	Webmention is a W3C recommendation that describes a simple protocol to notify any URL when a website links to it, and for web pages to request notifications when somebody links to them. Webmention was originally developed in the IndieWebCamp community and published as a W3C working draft on January 12, 2016. As of January 12, 2017 it is a W3C recommendation. Webmention enables authors to keep track of who is linking to, referring to, or commenting on their articles. By incorporating such comments from other sites, sites themselves provide federated commenting functionality.
	Similar to pingback, Webmention is one of four types of linkbacks, but was designed to be simpler than the XML-RPC protocol that pingback relies upon, by instead only using HTTP and x-www-urlencoded content.. Beyond previous linkback protocols, Webmention also specifies protocol details for when a page that is the source of a link is deleted, or updated with new links or removal of existing links.

= = = Steve Toussaint = = =

	Steve Toussaint is a British actor, was born on 22 March 1965 in the UK, to Barbadian parents. He is an actor, known for "" (2010), "Judge Dredd" (1995) and "Shooting Dogs" (2005).

= = = Barony of Nikli = = =

	The Barony of Nikli was a medieval Frankish fiefdom of the Principality of Achaea, located in the southern Arcadia region of the Peloponnese peninsula in Greece, and centred on the town of Nikli (; ; ), also known as Amyklai or Amyklion (Ἀμύκλαι, Αμύκλιον).
	The Barony of Nikli was established ca. 1209, after the conquest of the Peloponnese by the Crusaders, and was one of the original twelve secular baronies within the Principality of Achaea. The barony, with six knight's fiefs attached to it, was given to a lord known in the Greek and Italian versions of the "Chronicle of the Morea" only as William, but whose family name is given by Angevin records as Morlay. William was succeeded by his son Hugh—although Karl Hopf suggested the interposition of a second William after the original founder for chronological reasons—and then, around 1280, by Androuin de Villiers or de Villa, who had married Hugh's sister Sachette.
	Nikli, known in Antiquity as Tegea, is located on the southern Arcadian plain and was conquered by the Franks after a siege sometime before 1209; at the time it was a town of some importance and the seat of a bishopric, which was taken over by a Latin bishop until 1222, when it was abolished and joined to that of Lacedaemon. Nikli's location made it an excellent assembly point for armies, as well as for parliaments like the famous "Ladies' Parliament" in 1261, but after 1262, when the Byzantines recovered parts of the southeastern Peloponnese, the barony became a battleground, and by the early 1270s, Nikli was permanently garrisoned to prevent the Byzantines from breaking out of their territory in Laconia into the central Arcadian plateau. Nikli was still in Frankish hands in 1280, but was lost to the resurgent Byzantines sometime after. The Aragonese version of the "Chronicle" states that the Byzantines occupied the town in 1296, but, it being indefensible on account of its location on the plain, they preferred to destroy and abandon it. The region seems to have remained under Frankish control for a few years after that, but by 1302, it was definitely in Byzantine hands.

= = = 2005 Four Nations Tournament (women's football) = = =

	The 2005 Four Nations Tournament was the fifth edition of this invitational women's football tournament held in China with four national teams participating in a round robin format. It was held from January 28 to February 1, 2005, in the city of Quanzhou. China won the tournament on head-to-head against Australia.

= = = Liam Sutcliffe = = =

	Liam Sutcliffe (born 25 November 1994) is an English professional rugby league footballer who plays as a and for the Leeds Rhinos in the Betfred Super League and England and the England Knights at international level.
	Sutcliffe has spent time on loan from Leeds Rhinos at the Bradford Bulls in the Super League.
	Sutcliffe was born in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England.
	Sutcliffe featured in the pre-season friendly against Wakefield Trinity in the annual Boxing Day Festive Challenge. Liam broke into the 1st team due to a long term injury to Stand Off Danny McGuire. He made his début against St. Helens, and went on to play in the playoffs due to more injuries towards the end of the season. In his début season he went on to make 18 appearances and scored 7 tries.
	In 2014 Sutcliffe featured in Round 1 and played in the 2014 Challenge Cup Final victory over the Castleford Tigers at Wembley Stadium. 
	In his second season, he played 25 games and scored 10 tries and he also kicked 8 goals.
	Sutcliffe featured in more games in 2015. He started games after captain Kevin Sinfield was injured and proved he could score and kick goals which kept Sinfield out of the starting 13. Unfortunate Sutcliffe had an ACL injury which ruled him out for the remainder of the season which meant he missed the Challenge Cup Final and Grand Final. He played 15 games scoring 6 times and kicking 25 goals.
	After Sinfield retired at the end of 2015 Sutcliffe was promoted to the starting 13 and was given the number 14 shirt. He also played in the World Club Series against North Queensland Cowboys.
	He played in the 2017 Super League Grand Final victory over the Castleford Tigers at Old Trafford.
	In 2014 Sutcliffe was sent out on loan to the struggling Bradford Bulls on a one-month loan playing 4 games and scoring once before they were relegated.
	In 2018 he was selected for England against France at the Leigh Sports Village.
	In 2018 he was selected for the England Knights on their tour of Papua New Guinea. He played against Papua New Guinea at the Lae Football Stadium.

= = = Strava = = =

	Strava is a social fitness network, that is primarily used to track cycling and running exercises, using GPS data although alternative types are available. Strava offers a free service with no advertising in its mobile application, and a monthly subscription plan called Strava Summit (formerly Strava Premium).
	Strava Metro, a program marketed towards city planners, uses cycling data from Strava users in supported cities and regions, allowing ad-free use of the software there for everyone.
	Strava was founded in 2009 by Mark Gainey and Michael Horvath, and is headquartered in San Francisco, California. During the early years of Strava, both founders held CEO positions before being succeeded by current CEO James Quarles who joined from Instagram. Strava has not published numbers of its user base and paying users although the service claims it was adding one million new users every 45 days, with 8 million activities uploaded each day.
	Strava depends on GPS, in mobile phones or other GPS-enabled devices, to record supported activities which can be shared among user's followers or shared publicly. If an activity is publicly shared, Strava automatically groups activities together, when they occur at the same time and place (for example, taking part in an organised marathon/sportive or group run/ride). Each activity, depending on which activity selected, shows users' activity results, including route summary in map view form, elevation (net and unidirectional), speed (average, min/max), timing (total and moving time), power (with optional accessory) and heart rate (with optional accessory). Each activity post has "Kudos", enabling followers to like followed activity and leave comments.
	Strava Slide is a fork of iD Editor for OpenStreetMap, which allows map editors to draw roads and trails more accurately using the same aggregated and anonymized GPS data. Cycling and running traffic may be monitored by everyone on the Strava Heatmap page which shows a global heatmap.
	In July 2015, Strava switched to Mapbox maps and imagery, based on OpenStreetMap data. Strava allows users to report issues with the maps, which are linked to the OpenStreetMap editor so that users can contribute improvements to the map.
	Strava has a Trophy system in the form of periodic challenges that require completing either a running or cycling activity within a certain range of distance or elevation. Each activity has its own trophy badge shown in the Strava Trophy case and limited rewards if the Challenge is held by Strava partners.
	In July 2018, Strava discontinued its Strava Premium subscription system and announced its replacement, Strava Summit, which divides Strava Premium benefits into three different categories,
	Strava Summit includes a "Suffer Score" if heart rate data is available during an activity. The Suffer Score allows Strava to rank user activities, which is used for Strava's Training Plans and customized goals. Other features of the subscription include Beacon, live location tracking of the athlete for family and trusted friends, Live Performance Data and Live Segments, used to check real time information and compare athlete's best available record in Strava, and Strava Premium only Leader-board, Power Meter Analysis, Race Analysis, Workout Analysis, GPX Export, Personal Heatmap and Trophy Case.
	In November 2017, Strava published a "Global Heatmap"—a "visualization of two years of trailing data from Strava's global network of athletes." In January 2018, an Australian National University student studying international security discovered that this map had mapped military bases, including known U.S. bases in Syria, and forward operating bases in Afghanistan, and HMNB Clyde—a Royal Navy base that contains the United Kingdom's nuclear arsenal. The findings led to continued scrutiny over privacy issues associated with fitness services and other location-aware applications; Strava's CEO James Quarles stated that the company was "committed to working with military and government officials" on the issue, and would be reviewing its features and simplifying its privacy settings.
	In July 2019, Strava terminated access to its APIs to Relive—a service that allows fitness data to be combined with multimedia to generate video recaps. Strava considered this to be in violation of its terms of service, which forbids the API's use with services that "replicate Strava sites, services or products", and the combination of "Strava data" with any other customer data. Relive had recently introduced social networking features; the features were subsequently removed, but Strava did not reverse its decision. "DC Rainmaker" disputed the decision, presenting an opinion that "Strava data" constituted personally-identifiable information under the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), meaning that users had rights to control how it is used by Strava—including third-party processing that they had already agreed to by linking Relive to Strava, and noted other examples of similar services (such as Trailforks) engaging in similar if not more extensive use of "Strava data", and that Strava had previously endorsed Relive on several occasions.
	In October 2019, Strava announced that Bluetooth and ANT+ sensors would no longer pair directly with the Strava mobile app which caused some consternation from its users.

= = = Liabygda = = =

	Liabygda is a village in Stranda Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The village is located on the northern shore of the Norddalsfjorden, just north of the mouth of the Sunnylvsfjorden. Liabygda and its immediate vicinity are separated from the rest of the municipality by the fjord. There is a ferry from Liabygda at Gravaneset to the village of Stranda on the south side of the Storfjorden. Liabygda Church is located in this village, serving the part of Stranda on the eastern side of the fjord. 

= = = African-American Muslims = = =

	African-American Muslims, also colloquially known as Black Muslims, are a religious minority among both African American and Muslim populations of the United States. They are represented in various self-described Muslim sects such as the Nation of Islam. There's also a sizeable minority of Salaf among African American as most have left former ideologies of black nationalism based forms of Islam once perceived as correct to a more pure, unadulterated authentic Islam from the first three generations of Muslims. The goal is to follow the true Prophetic teachings within the limits of the law of the country, such as correct prayer, proper dress and respect for women and children. The history of African American Muslims is related to African-American history, in general, and goes back to the Revolutionary and Antebellum Eras.
	Historically, between 15% and 30% of slaves brought to the Americas from West/ Central Africa were Muslims. Most of these captives were forced into Christianity during the era of American slavery; however, there are records of individuals such as Omar ibn Said living the rest of their lives as Muslims in the United States. During the twentieth century, some African Americans converted to Islam, mainly through the influence of black nationalist groups that preached with distinctive Islamic practices including the Moorish Science Temple of America, founded in 1913, and the Nation of Islam, founded in the 1930s, which attracted at least 20,000 people by 1963. Prominent members included activist Malcolm X and boxer Muhammad Ali. The Indian-originated Ahmadiyya Muslim movement also sought converts among African Americans in the 1920s and 1930s.
	Malcolm X is considered the first person to start the movement among African Americans towards mainstream Islam, after he left the Nation and made the pilgrimage to Mecca. In 1975, Warith Deen Mohammed, the son of Elijah Muhammad took control of the Nation after his father's death and guided the majority of its members to orthodox Islam. However, a few members rejected these changes, in particular Louis Farrakhan, who revived the Nation of Islam in 1978 based largely on the ideals of its founder, Wallace Fard Muhammad.
	African-American Muslims constitute 20% of the total U.S. Muslim population. The majority are Sunni and their percentages have been subdivided into three subsets, namely Sunnism (65%), Shiaism (11%) and non-denominational Muslims (24%). though some of these identify under the community of W. Deen Mohammed. The Nation of Islam led by Louis Farrakhan has a membership ranging from 20,000–50,000 members.
	During the first half of the 20th century, a small number of African Americans established groups based on Islamic and Gnostic teachings. The first of such groups created was the Moorish Science Temple of America, founded by Timothy Drew (Drew Ali) in 1913. Drew taught that black people were of Moorish origin but their Muslim identity was taken away through slavery and racial segregation, advocating the return to Islam of their Moorish ancestry.
	Pew Research Center has subdivided the American Muslim community and their percentages into three subsets, namely Sunnism (65%), Shiaism (11%) and non-denominational Muslims (24%). Sunni is a term derived from sunnah (سُنَّة /ˈsunna/, plural سُنَن sunan /ˈsunan/) meaning "habit", "usual practice", "custom", "tradition". The Muslim use of this term refers to the sayings and living habits of the prophet Muhammad. Its adherents are referred to in Arabic as ahl as-sunnah wa l-jamāʻah ("the people of the sunnah and the community") or ahl as-sunnah for short. In English, its adherents are known as Sunni Muslims, Sunnis, Sunnites and Ahlus Sunnah. Sunni Islam is sometimes referred to as "orthodox Islam". The Quran, together with hadith (especially those collected in Kutub al-Sittah) and binding juristic consensus form the basis of all traditional jurisprudence within Sunni Islam. Sharia rulings are derived from these basic sources, in conjunction with analogical reasoning, consideration of public welfare and juristic discretion, using the principles of jurisprudence developed by the traditional legal schools.
	Although many African Americans ancestors were Muslims prior to being kidnapped to America the period of brutal enslavement had done much to rob the cultural and religious identity of many, the story of Abdulrahman Ibrahim Ibn Sori, a Muslim prince from West Africa who was made a slave in the United States and freed 40 years later, is a testament to the survival of Muslim belief and practice among enslaved Africans in America. el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz, also known as Malcolm X, is credited with being the catalyst for bringing the black community to Islam in general and as being the pioneer in leading Black Muslims to Ahlus Sunnah specifically. In the weeks after he left the Nation of Islam, several Sunni Muslims encouraged Malcolm X to learn about their faith. He soon converted to the Sunni faith and was followed by thousands from the Nation of Islam. Warith Deen Mohammed rose to leadership of the Nation of Islam in 1975 following the death of his father Elijah Muhammad and began the groundbreaking, though sometimes controversial, process of leading Black Muslims out of the NOI and into Sunni Islam. As a result of his personal thinking and studies of the Quran, he became part of Ahlus Sunnah during a term in federal prison from 1961-1963 for refusing induction into the United States military.
	Mohammed introduced many reforms and began an information campaign about Sunni Islam much as El Hajj Malik el-Shabazz had years earlier. He stated that Fard was not divine and that his father was not a prophet. All of the over 400 temples were converted into traditional Islamic mosques, and he introduced the Five Pillars of Islam to his followers. He rejected literal interpretations of his father's theology and Black-separatist views and on the basis of his intensive independent study of Islamic law, history, and theology, he accepted whites as fellow worshipers. However, he also encouraged African Americans to separate themselves from their pasts, in 1976 calling upon them to change their surnames which were often given to their ancestors by slave masters. He forged closer ties with mainstream Muslim communities, including Hispanic and Latino American Muslims. By 1978 he had succeeded in leading the majority of the original NOI to Sunni Islam which still stands as the largest mass conversion to Islam in the United States. In many urban areas of the United States today many Black Muslims in the Sunni tradition are known and recognized by the hijabs on women and kufi caps and long beards for men. These beards are grown as an adherence to the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad for men to let their beards grow. Commonly called Sunnah beards, and Sunni Beards, among Muslims and more recently known as Philly beards have also gained popularity among non Muslim men emulating Muslim style.
	The Moorish Science Temple is an American organization founded in 1913 by Prophet Noble Drew Ali, whose name at birth was Timothy Drew. He claimed it was a sect of Islam but he also drew inspiration from Buddhism, Christianity, Gnosticism, and Taoism. Its significant divergences from mainstream Islam and strong African-American ethnic character make its classification as an Islamic denomination a matter of debate among Muslims and scholars of religion.
	Its primary tenet was the belief that they are the ancient Moabites who inhabited the Northwestern and Southwestern shores of Africa. The organization also believes that their descendants after being conquered in Spain are slaves who were captured and held in slavery from 1779–1865 by their slaveholders.
	Although often criticized as lacking scientific merit, adherents of the Moorish Science Temple of America believe that the Negroid Asiatic was the first human inhabitant of the Western Hemisphere. In their religious texts adherents refer to themselves as "Asiatics", presumably referring to the non-Mongoloid Paleoamericans (see Luzia Woman). These adherents also call themselves "indigenous Moors", "American Moors" or "Moorish Americans" in contradistinction to "African Moors" or "African Americans".
	The Nation of Islam (NOI) was created in 1930 by Wallace Fard Muhammad. Fard drew inspiration for NOI doctrines from those of Timothy Drew's Moorish Science Temple of America. He provided three main principles which serve as the foundation of the NOI: "Allah is God, the white man is the devil and the so-called Negroes are the Asiatic Black People, the cream of the planet earth".
	In 1934 Elijah Muhammad became the leader of the NOI. He deified Fard, saying that he was an incarnation of God, and taught that he was a prophet who had been taught directly by God in the form of Fard. Two of the most famous people to join the NOI were Malcolm X, who became the face of the NOI in the media, and Muhammad Ali, who, while initially rejected, was accepted into the group shortly after his first world heavyweight championship victory. Both Malcolm X and Ali later became Sunni Muslims.
	Malcolm X was one of the most influential leaders of the NOI and, in accordance with NOI doctrine, advocated the complete separation of blacks from whites. He left the NOI after being silenced for 90 days (due to a controversial comment on the John F. Kennedy assassination), and proceeded to form Muslim Mosque, Inc. and the Organization of Afro-American Unity before his pilgrimage to Mecca and conversion to Sunni Islam. He is viewed as the first person to start the movement among African Americans towards Sunni Islam.
	Muhammad died in 1975 and his son, Warith Deen Mohammed, became the leader of the Nation of Islam. He led the organization toward Sunni Islam and renamed it the World Community of Islam in the West the following year. Louis Farrakhan, who quit Warith Deen Mohammed's group, started an organization along the lines of Elijah Muhammad's teachings. Farrakhan renamed his organization the Nation of Islam in 1981, and has regained many properties associated with Elijah Muhammad, such as Mosque Maryam, its Chicago headquarters.
	It was estimated that the Nation of Islam had at least 20,000 members in 2006. However, today the group has a wide influence in the African American community. The first Million Man March took place in Washington, D.C. in 1995 and was followed later by another one in 2000 which was smaller in size but more inclusive, welcoming individuals other than just African American men. The group sponsors cultural and academic education, economic independence, and personal and social responsibility.
	The Nation of Islam has received a great deal of criticism for its anti-white, anti-Christian, and anti-semitic teachings, and is listed as a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center.
	The Five-Percent Nation, sometimes referred to the "Nation of Gods and Earths" (NGE/NOGE) or the "Five Percenters", is an American organization founded in 1964 in the Harlem section of the borough of Manhattan, New York City, by a former member of the Nation of Islam named Clarence 13X (born Clarence Edward Smith and later known as "Allah the Father"). Clarence 13X, a former student of Malcolm X, left the Nation of Islam after a theological dispute with the Nation's leaders over the nature and identity of God. Specifically, Clarence 13X denied that the Nation's biracial founder Wallace Fard Muhammad was Allah and instead taught that the black man was himself God personified.
	Members of the group call themselves Allah's Five Percenters, which reflects the concept that ten percent of the people in the world know the truth of existence, and those elites and agents opt to keep eighty-five percent of the world in ignorance and under their controlling thumb; the remaining five percent are those who know the truth and are determined to enlighten the rest.
	The United Nation of Islam (UNOI) is a group based in Kansas City, Kansas. It was founded in 1978 by Royall Jenkins, who continues to be the leader of the group and styles himself "Royall, Allah in Person".
	After the death of Elijah Muhammad, he was succeeded by his son, Warith Deen Mohammed. Mohammed rejected many teachings of his father, such as the divinity of Fard Muhammad, and saw a white person as also a worshiper. As he took control of the organization, he quickly brought in new reforms. He renamed it the World Community of al-Islam in the West; later it became the American Society of Muslims. It was estimated that there were 200,000 followers of W. D. Mohammed at the time.
	W. D. Mohammed introduced teachings which were based on orthodox Sunni Islam. He removed the chairs in the organization's temples, and replaced the entire "temple" concept with the traditional Muslim house of worship, the mosque, also teaching how to pray the "salat", to observe the fasting of Ramadan, and to attend the pilgrimage to Mecca.
	A small number of Black Muslims however rejected these new reforms brought by Imam Mohammed. Louis Farrakhan who broke away from the organization, re-established the Nation of Islam under the original Fardian doctrines, and remains its leader.
	Although at first the India-originated Ahmadiyya Muslim Community's efforts were broadly concentrated at over large number of racial and ethnic groups, subsequent realization of the deep-seated racial tensions and discrimination made Ahmadi missionaries focus their attention on mainly African Americans and the Muslim immigrant community and became vocal proponents of the Civil Rights Movement. Many Ahmadi Muslims fled countries like Pakistan due to persecution in recent times.
	"Salafi methodology means that Muslims teach and understand the holy texts, the Qur’an and the prophetic Sunnah by learning Arabic and trying to live as closely to the traditions of the Prophet Muhammad (salalahu alahi wa salaam) as possible. The early Salafis (the first three generations) are referred to as the righteous companions of the Prophet Muhammad (salalahu alahi wa salaam). Of course, there are some state and federal laws where they must make exceptions, such as getting photos taken for identification purposes and basically obeying secular law. Most Salafis do not wish to participate in modern photography. It is considered haram, which means unlawful in Arabic."
	Philadelphia has one of the largest concentrations of Muslims in the United States. Philadelphia's Germantown Salafi community is one of the most important, as their community is primarily African American and adherents to the Salafi methodology, according to the first three generations of Muslims. There has been an increase of authentic teachings of Islam in the United States over the past several decades to mitigate many misunderstandings, incorrect deviant sects and harmful, terrorist propagated teachings that are against traditional Islam as taught by the Prophet Muhammad (salalahu alahi wa salaam) and his righteous companions. The Germantown community has been one of the largest representatives of this effort. Teachings of correct Aqeedah (creed) and Minhaaj (methodology) according to the authentic prophetic traditions are their foundation.
	The Germantown community has a very Muslim feel with Muslim stores of various sorts. Anything from halal meat shops, clothing, authentic book stores and various Muslim businesses line the commercial corridor. One of the defining representations of the community is seeing Salafi Muslim women dressed in full length black Abayas and Hijabs, Salafi Muslim men wearing the Kufi (style of Muslim hat) mandatory beards and white Thobes (usually white lining robes) with pants underneath and above the ankles as a signature style for the community.
	Conversion to Islam is a practice which is common to African-Americans in prison. J. Michael Waller found that Muslim inmates comprise 17–20% of the prison population, or roughly 350,000 inmates in 2003. Waller states that these inmates mostly come into prison as non-Muslims. According to him, 80% of the prisoners who "find faith" while in prison convert to Islam. These converted inmates are mostly African American, with a small but growing Hispanic minority. Waller also asserts that many converts are radicalized by outside Islamist groups linked to terrorism, but other experts suggest that when radicalization does occur it has little to no connection with these outside interests.
	General:

= = = Siam Hotel = = =

	Siam Hotel may refer to:

= = = 2013–14 New York Knicks season = = =

	The 2013–14 New York Knicks season is the 68th season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Knicks came up just short this season as they failed to make the playoffs, leaving the 2012-13 season to be the last time the Knicks qualified for the postseason.

= = = List of Norwegian football transfers summer 2013 = = =

	This is a list of Norwegian football transfers in the Summer transfer window 2013 by club. Only clubs of the 2013 Norwegian Premier League are included.
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= = = Cider Press Review = = =

	Cider Press Review (CPR) is a literary publishing company based in San Diego, California, United States.
	Cider Press Review was found in 1999 as a journal of contemporary poetry, by editors Caron Andregg and Robert Wynne. Since its inception, CPR has published thousands of poems by over 500 authors. An annual journal of poetry is published annually in print, and four times a year electronically. The Cider Press Review Book Award is an annual literary prize offered by the journal. Winning manuscripts are published and released by Cider Press, with winning authors receiving a $1,500 cash prize.

= = = Nineteen Ninety-Four (album) = = =

	Nineteen Ninety-Four (Viceroy VIC 8012-2, Reissue: Repertoire REP5191) is a 1994 album by Alvin Lee released in the United States as I Hear You Rockin'.

= = = Calathus mirei = = =

	Calathus mirei is a species of ground beetle from the Platyninae subfamily that is endemic to Spain.

= = = Remi Elie = = =

	Remi Elie (born April 16, 1995) is a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who is currently playing for the Rochester Americans in the American Hockey League (AHL) while under contract to the Buffalo Sabres of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was selected by the Dallas Stars in the 2nd round (40th overall) of the 2013 NHL Entry Draft.
	Elie was drafted 91st overall by the London Knights of the Ontario Hockey League in the 2011 OHL Priority Selection. After two seasons with the Knights, Elie was traded to the Belleville Bulls in exchange for Brady Austin.
	On September 28, 2014, the Dallas Stars, who drafted Elie in the 2013 NHL Entry Draft, announced they had signed him to a three-year entry-level contract. He proceeded to play with the Belleville Bulls for the 2014–15 season before joining the Erie Otters in a mid-season trade to conclude his junior career.
	In the 2016–17 season, Elie, on his second NHL recall, made his NHL debut in the Stars 2-1 victory against the Florida Panthers on March 4, 2017. He scored his first NHL goal in a game against the San Jose Sharks on March 12, 2017. The following season, Elie, a restricted free agent, accepted the Stars qualifying offer of a one-year $735,000 contract for the 2018–19 season.
	After participating at the Stars 2018–19 training camp, he was placed on waivers and claimed by the Buffalo Sabres. Elie served largely as a healthy scratch, appearing in 16 games with 1 assist before he was waived by the Sabres. Upon clearing, Elie was reassigned to AHL affiliate, the Rochester Americans on February 3, 2019.

= = = Lycinus caldera = = =

	Lycinus caldera is a mygalomorph spider of Chile, named after its type locality: Caldera, Copiapó, Region III. Males are distinguished from "L. gajardoi" by the larger cymbium, the thinner and more numerous modified cymbial setae and the shorter embolus, and from those of all other species in the tribe by having cymbial setae directed backwards. Females are distinguished from other Chilean species of Lycinus by the spermathecae with two or three receptacula on each side.
	Known only from provinces of Chañaral and Copiapó, in northern Region III, Chile.
	The spider is found in long, deep burrows (closed with a double flap typical of the Chilean "Lycinus") in sandy, desertic locations. The internal burrow's lining forms a dense, thick tube which prevents sand from collapsing. The burrows are typically between wide. They start a vertical path, becoming more horizontal after approximately , widening at a bottom chamber.

= = = Streaker (rocket) = = =

	The Streaker is a rocket invented by SpaceDev. It is designed to be a low-cost launch vehicle.
	SpaceDev, the world's first commercial space exploration company, was founded in 1997 by Jim Benson, as a result of a merger between Integrated Space Systems of Southern California and a defunct publicly traded corporate shell. In August 1998 SpaceDev acquired all patents, intellectual property, test results, and documents that had been produced by the bankrupt American Rocket Company (AMROC). Some of these documents would later be used to create the SpaceDev Streaker.
	In April 2003, SpaceDev announced the creation of the Streaker as part of a propulsion program based on the hybrid motor of the SpaceShipOne, a vehicle created by Scaled Composites. SpaceDev also received an Air Force Research Laboratory contract to develop the SpaceDev Streaker Hybrid Upper Stage rocket, one of two used in the vehicle. The Streaker was expected to undergo first launch in 2007-08.
	The Streaker is propelled using High Performance Mass Fraction hybrid common core boosters, which will use HTPB and nitrous oxide as fuel. The two motors involved in this system are the Hybrid Upper Stage motor and the SpaceDev Streaker Small Common Booster motor, which will produce 20,000 and 120,000 pounds of thrust respectively. Both motors are used in the SpaceDev Dream Chaser. Other important components include a Common Core Booster and a hybrid transfer stage.
	The Streaker is designed to offer quick response launches of payloads in the 1,102-pound class to low Earth orbit but can support loads of up to 2,204 pounds. The goal of the Streaker is to achieve a launch cost of under US$5,000,000 per launch. An additional SpaceDev facility was built in Poway, California in order to design and test the Streaker.

= = = Chilelopsis serena = = =

	Chilelopsis serena is a species of mygalomorph spiders of Chile, named after its type locality: La Serena, Elqui, Region IV. Males differ from those both "C. calderoni" and "C. puertoviejo" in the absence of a patch of setae on the apical tibia I, and also in the palpal tibia having dorsal spines and the bulbal duct being abruptly narrowed at the apex. Females differ from the two other species by their divided spermathecae.
	Northern Region IV (Coquimbo Region).

= = = El camino de los espantos = = =

	El camino de los espantos ("The Specters' Road") is a 1967 Mexican horror comedy film. It is directed by Gilberto Martínez Solares and is the last installment of the Viruta y Capulina film franchise. It stars Marco Antonio Campos and Gaspar Henaine, Elsa Cárdenas, and Salomé.

= = = Chilelopsis puertoviejo = = =

	Chilelopsis puertoviejo is a species of mygalomorph spiders of Chile, named after its type locality: Puerto Viejo, Copiapó, Region III. The species is most similar to "C. calderoni", but differs in having the distal portion of the male bulbal duct less sinuous and the female spermathecae of uniform width, with no differentiated fundus. It differs from "C. serena" in the undivided female spermathecae and the male tibia I having a dense apical patch of setae.
	Sand dunes in Regions III (Atacama Region) and IV (Coquimbo Region).

= = = Calathus montivagus = = =

	Calathus montivagus is a species of ground beetle from the Platyninae subfamily that can be found in Italy and Sicily.

= = = Walter Beisiegel = = =

	Walter Karl Beisiegel OBE (13 July 1907 – 8 January 1973) was an English career Royal Air Force officer who played first-class cricket for the Royal Air Force cricket team and also for Leicestershire. He was born at Uppingham, Rutland and died in the RAF hospital at RAF Halton, Buckinghamshire.
	Beisiegel was educated at Uppingham School, where his batting at cricket won praise from Harry Altham in the annual review of schools cricket in "Wisden Cricketers' Almanack" in 1926. Altham wrote that Beisiegel "stood head and shoulders over his colleagues" and his innings of 126 not out for Uppingham against Rugby School "was a fine wind-up to his school career".
	For a period of five years between 1927 and 1932, inter-services cricket matches between the different branches of the UK armed forces – the Army, the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force – were rated as first-class. Beisiegel played in five of these matches for the RAF team between 1928 and 1931 as a middle-order batsman. In his first match, against The Army cricket team in 1928, he scored 54 in his only innings of the match, and this was to be the highest score of his first-class career. A year later, in the same fixture, he top-scored for the RAF with 53. Though Beisiegel continued to play in these inter-services matches through to 1938, none of his games were first-class after 1931, and these were the only first-class scores he made of more than 50.
	Three years after his last first-class game for the Royal Air Force team, Beisiegel played 10 matches for Leicestershire in the 1934 season as a middle-order batsman. He was not particularly successful, scoring 185 runs at an average of just 12.33 and with a highest score of only 33. But when the Leicestershire captain Arthur Hazlerigg was injured late in the season, it fell to Beisiegel as an amateur player to take over the captaincy, and in his first game as captain he led the team to its first victory over Yorkshire since 1911. "The Times" report said that it was "the most sensational victory of the season": Yorkshire had declared their first innings 102 ahead with only five wickets down but, set 149 to win, were all out for 90. Two weeks later there was a second victory under Beisiegel's leadership against a team considered greatly superior to Leicestershire when Nottinghamshire were beaten by an innings and 106 runs inside two days at Trent Bridge. The end of the season, however, marked the end of Beisiegel's first-class cricket career as he resumed his RAF duties; he was, however, awarded an honorary county cap in recognition of his captaincy successes.
	From school, Beisiegel went as a cadet to the Royal Air Force College Cranwell where he graduated as a pilot officer in December 1927. He was promoted from flying officer to flight lieutenant in 1933. This was followed by promotion from flight lieutenant to squadron leader in 1937. From the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939 to May 1940, he was in charge of No. 616 Squadron RAF, a unit that was equipped with the Mark I Spitfire during his command and that was based at RAF Leconfield until deployed south in May 1940. In 1942, he was temporarily promoted from wing commander to group captain under the heading of "General Duties". He remained in the RAF after the Second World War and was then officially promoted from wing commander to group captain in 1947. In 1950, he was awarded the OBE in the King's Birthday Honours. He retired from the RAF with a promotion to the rank of Air Commodore in 1956.

= = = 2013 in Argentina = = =

	Events from the year 2013 in Argentina

= = = Chilelopsis calderoni = = =

	Chilelopsis calderoni is a species of mygalomorph spiders of Chile, named after Dr Raúl Calderón. Males differ from "C. puertoviejo" in the more sinuous distal portion of the bulbal duct; females differ in the spermathecae with a distinct fundus and a narrowed duct. Males differ from "C. serena" by the presence of a dense patch of setae on the anterior tibiae, females in the undivided spermathecae.
	Sand dunes in Regions III (Atacama Region) and IV (Coquimbo Region).

= = = List of rural localities in Pskov Oblast = = =

	This is a list of rural localities in Pskov Oblast, Russia. Pskov Oblast is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Pskov Oblast (, "") is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located in the west of the country. Its administrative center is the city of Pskov. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 673,423. Pskov Oblast borders the countries of Estonia, Latvia, and Belarus. It is the westernmost federal subject of contiguous Russia (i.e. excluding the exclave of Kaliningrad Oblast), and one of the only two bordering with three countries.
	Rural localities in Gdovsky District:
	Rural localities in Novorzhevsky District:
	Rural localities in Opochetsky District:
	Rural localities in Ostrovsky District:
	Rural localities in Palkinsky District:
	Rural localities in Pechorsky District:
	Rural localities in Plyussky District:
	Rural localities in Pskovsky District:
	Rural localities in Pytalovsky District:
	Rural localities in Sebezhsky District:
	Rural localities in Strugo-Krasnensky District:
	Rural localities in Velikoluksky District:

= = = SS Calabria (1922) = = =

	SS "Calabria was a passenger and cargo steamship. AG Weser built her for Norddeutscher Lloyd. She was launched as D/S "Werra and completed in 1922. ("D/S" stands for "Dampfschiff" in German as "SS" stands for "steamship" in English.)
	In 1935 she was bought by Flotte Riunite Cosulich-Lloyd-Sabaudo Navigazione Generale, who renamed her Calabria. In 1937 she was sold to Lloyd Triestino.
	In June 1940 the UK seized her and placed in the management of the British-India Steam Navigation Company. In December 1940 she was torpedoed and sunk. When she sank, all of her 360 passengers and crew lost their lives. The Ministry of War Transport (MoWT) was going to rename her Empire Inventor, but she was sunk before this had been done.
	The Allied Powers seized numerous NDL ships either during the First World War as prize ships or afterwards for war reparations. In the 1920s NDL replaced them with a new fleet from Bremer Vulkan, AG Vulcan Stettin and AG Weser. The first of the new ships were delivered in 1922; "Werra" among them.
	"Werra" was one of a series of six sister ships that AG Weser built for NDL. "Werra" and were completed in 1922; , and in 1923 and in 1924.
	"Werra" had two three-cylinder triple-expansion steam engines and twin screws. Between them her two engines were rated at 604 NHP. "Werra" was equipped with wireless direction finding and submarine signalling.
	In 1935 NDL sold "Werra", "Coblenz" and "Saarbrücken" to Flotte Riunite Cosulich-Lloyd-Sabaudo which renamed them "Calabria", "Sicilia" and "Toscana" and registered them in Genoa. In 1937 the three ships were sold to Lloyd Triestino, which registered "Calabria" in Trieste.
	On 10 June 1940 Italy declared war on France and the United Kingdom. At the time "Calabria" was in drydock in Calcutta in British India, so on 11 June the British authorities seized her. She was transferred to the MoWT, which appointed the British-India Steam Navigation Company to manage her. The MoWT planned to rename her "Empire Inventor", but this intention was overtaken by events.
	In December 1940 "Calabria" was "en route" to the UK with a cargo of 4,000 tons of iron, 3,050 tons of tea and 1,870 tons of oilcake. Her Master, David Lonie, commanded 128 officers and crew plus one DEMS gunner. She was also carrying 230 mostly Indian supernumaries who were travelling to crew other ships. Calabrias crew and supernumaries included also four Hong Kong Chinese crewmen and one Danish merchant officer.
	"Calabria" left Freetown in Sierra Leone with convoy SLS-56 to the UK but fell behind. On the evening of Sunday 8 December German Type IX submarine , commanded by the U-boat ace Viktor Schütze, torpedoed her in the Western Approaches about west of Slyne Head in County Galway, Ireland. U-103 hit "Calabria" with one torpedo at 2058 hrs and a second at 2106 hrs. All 360 hands and passengers were lost: there were no survivors.
	"Calabria"s latitude was 52 degrees 26 minutes north, at that time of year the sun would have set just before 1600 hours local time, and the ship would have been blacked out under wartime regulations. However, the moon was waxing gibbous, had risen at 1315 hrs and did not set until 0218 hrs in the small hours of the next morning. If the sky was clear, Schütze would have been able to target "Calabria" by moonlight.
	The oldest man aboard was "Calabria"s chief cook, Santan Martins, who was 79 years old. Martins may have been the oldest merchant seaman killed at sea in the Second World War.
	Those who died in "Calabria"s sinking are commemorated in the Second World War section of the Merchant Navy War Memorial at Tower Hill in London. Her Indian seamen and supernumaries are commemorated in the Commonwealth War Graves Commission monuments at Chittagong and Mumbai.
	In 1940 after the British seized "Calabria" a small bronze ship's bell was removed from her. It was offered at auction in September 2012 and again in April 2013.

= = = Ashy-gray tube-nosed bat = = =

	The ashy-gray tube-nosed bat ("Murina cineracea") , is a species in the vesper bat family Vespertilionidae, found in southern Asia, including Pakistan, northern India, Burma, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam. They have tube-shaped nostrils (hence the name) which assist them with their feeding.
	The ashy-gray bat is one of 126 new species found in the Greater Mekong region during 2011. There were two other tube-nosed bats found in Southeast Asia in 2011: Beelzebub's tube-nosed bat ("Murina beelzebub") and Walston's tube-nosed bat ("Murina walstoni"). All three species are small for bats and "M. cineracea" is small for a "Murina" bat. These three new tube-nosed bats were discovered by a team from the Hungarian Natural History Museum (HNHM) and Fauna and Flora International (FFI). All three of these bats live in tropical forests, making them endangered by deforestation.
	The name "ashy-gray" comes from the color of their dorsal fur, while the ventral fur is dark gray, and there is some white fur on the breast area. In some areas the tips of the hair are dark. It lacks the golden guard hairs so common in other members of the genus "Murina". This bat is small enough to fit in a person's hand, weighing . As of 2013, there are still few details known about them and their ecology and it is suspected there are many more species of bats yet to be discovered in the region.
	Vespertilionid bats have many cryptic species. As an example, the members of the ashy-gray bat were formerly classified as Scully's tube-nosed bat ("Murina tubinaris"). Eight new species were found in Southeast Asia between 2005-2009. The use of DNA technology has proved very useful in differentiating between the various species of "Murina".

= = = Friedenberg, Missouri = = =

	Friedenberg is an unincorporated community located in Central Township in Perry County, Missouri, United States.
	The Bavarians who settled just outside Perryville, Missouri in the 1830s felt so strongly about the importance of peace that they named their town “Friedenberg” (German: Hill of Peace). An old nickname for Friedenberg is “Raccoon Ridge”.
	Unlike the communities of Altenburg, Frohna and Uniontown that were settled by Saxon Lutherans from Germany, Friedenberg was founded in 1838 by Lutheran immigrants from Bavaria, Germany. These Bavarians came from the Upper Franconian region, some from the city of Langenstadt near present-day Kulmbach. These immigrants worshiped in members’ homes until a log church was built in 1846 north of Cinque Hommes Creek. From 1852 until 1885 the congregation worshiped at their church on Frankenberg overlooking the Cinque Hommes Bottoms. In 1885 the congregation moved to its present site in Friedenberg and built a brick church. Peace Lutheran church disbanded in 1980.

= = = CBD and South East Light Rail = = =

	The CBD and South East Light Rail is a partly-opened Australian light rail line in Sydney, New South Wales, running from Circular Quay at the northern end of the central business district to the south-eastern suburbs of Randwick and Kingsford. It is part of Sydney's light rail network. Major construction commenced in October 2015. The project is being managed by Transport for NSW. Construction, operation and maintenance of the line is contracted to the ALTRAC Light Rail consortium.
	Passenger services between Circular Quay and Randwick, known as the L2 Randwick Line, commenced on 14 December 2019, while services between Circular Quay and Juniors Kingsford, known as the L3 Kingsford Line, are expected to commence in March 2020.
	Since the light rail network's original line opened in 1997, a line through the Sydney central business district had been suggested numerous times but failed to achieve State Government support. This changed in February 2010 when the Keneally Government announced a new line from Haymarket to Circular Quay via Barangaroo. The final route was not decided, with the three options being to send the line north via George Street, Sussex Street or a loop using both.
	When the O'Farrell Government took office in March 2011, it committed to building a line through the CBD to Barangaroo, with a preferred route along George Street. It also committed to conducting feasibility studies into the construction of lines from the City to Sydney University and the City to the University of New South Wales. On 8 December 2011, the government announced shortlisted potential routes for these extensions. In 2012, Transport for NSW (TfNSW) decided the routes to Sydney University and Barangaroo via The Rocks provided fewer customer benefits and were considered a lower priority. A route from Circular Quay to the University of New South Wales via Central station was seen as the best option.
	On 13 December 2012, the government announced a commitment to build a $1.6 billion line from Circular Quay down George Street to Central station, then across to Moore Park and down Anzac Parade with branches to Kingsford and Randwick. Construction was expected to begin in 2014 and to take five to six years.
	The line services areas that were previously served by Sydney's former tram network. Some of the new route follows tram lines of the former network.
	The route is mostly on-street but includes an off-street section through Moore Park. The only major engineering works on the line were a new bridge over the Eastern Distributor and a tunnel under Moore Park and Anzac Parade. There will be between eight and ten new traffic light controlled intersections created along the route.
	Several changes to the design were announced in December 2014. The major changes involve revising platform lengths at all stops to support an increase in the length of the trams from 45 metres to 67 metres, redesigning several stops, switching technologies for the delivery of the wire-free section and the removal of a proposed stop at World Square. It was also announced that the projected cost had increased from $1.6 billion to $2.2 billion. The government claimed the increase was due to the design modifications, but a 2016 report produced by the Audit Office of New South Wales found that the increase was largely due to TfNSW underestimating the cost of the project.
	A pedestrian zone was established along approximately 40% of George Street, between Bathurst and Hunter Streets.
	The section between Bathurst Street and Circular Quay is wire-free, with trams using Alstom's proprietary ground-level power supply technology to run instead. This was originally to have been achieved by equipping the trams with batteries and providing recharging facilities at stops.
	The line is designed to handle special events in the Moore Park precinct and at Randwick Racecourse. Events at Moore Park were initially planned to be served using two coupled trams long, with double length platforms at the Central Station and Moore Park stops. Following the decision to make all tram vehicles operate in coupled pairs with a total length of , the plans to build double length platforms at Central and Moore Park were abandoned, and platforms of all stops will be long.
	A depot for the trams was built at the north-western corner of Randwick Racecourse, providing stabling facilities and allowing light maintenance. Heavy maintenance will be conducted at the Lilyfield Maintenance Depot at the site of the former Rozelle Yard. The maintenance depot will be accessed via the Inner West Light Rail.
	The line was built as a public-private partnership (PPP), with the contract covering detailed design, major construction, operation and maintenance of the line as well as the provision of rolling stock. A contract for early construction works was awarded to Laing O'Rourke in July 2014.
	In February 2014, three consortia were short listed for the main contract – covering the construction and operation of the line: 
	The iLinQ consortium withdrew after Balfour Beatty pulled out. Balfour Beatty was reportedly concerned about cost overruns for the project and falling profitability of the company as a whole.
	On 23 October 2014, Connecting Sydney was announced as the preferred bidder. The contract was finalised in December 2014, when it was also announced that the consortium had been renamed ALTRAC Light Rail, and that the opening date had been brought forward to early 2019. The contract also included the operation and maintenance of the Inner West Light Rail from mid-2015.
	Major construction commenced on 23 October 2015, beginning in the section of George Street between King and Market Streets. To minimise disruption along the length of the corridor, works were staggered across 31 construction zones. The first section of track in the CBD was laid in December 2016, by which time a total of 410 metres of track had already been laid across the project. This increased to around 5 kilometres of track by May 2017. By October 2017, track installation reached the halfway mark, with 12,000 metres of track laid at 23 of the 31 zones along the alignment.
	The CBD and South East Light Rail required significant changes to the bus networks of the Sydney central business district and the Eastern Suburbs. Prior to construction of the light rail, Hillsbus and State Transit bus routes using George Street were permanently removed from the street. The network will be further redesigned when the light rail opens in 2020. Some bus routes from the Eastern Suburbs will be removed from the CBD, with many of the routes integrated with the light rail interchanges at Randwick and Kingsford. Some passengers will be required to change from bus to light rail to complete their journey.
	To accommodate construction of the light rail on George Street, new bus timetables were introduced on 4 October 2015. Buses were diverted from George Street on to other streets in the CBD, including Elizabeth, Castlereagh, Park, Druitt, Clarence and York Streets. Some routes had their terminus changed to such places as Railway Square, Queen Victoria Building and King Street Wharf. A small number of routes were either combined so that they run through the CBD without terminating, removed from the CBD entirely or completely discontinued.
	Construction suffered from significant delays. Major construction of the project was due to conclude in April 2018, though finishing works were to continue for some time after.
	Delays at two zones in the CBD were announced in August 2016. Originally meant to be completed before Christmas 2016, construction work at these zones was to continue for several months longer than originally anticipated. The zones were eventually opened around a year after the planned completion date. Further delays to the project arose during 2016.
	By the beginning of 2018 the whole project was significantly behind schedule. In March 2018 – one month before major works were originally due to be completed – the Transport Minister declined to put a date on when he expected construction of the line to be finished, but noted the government was "an unhappy customer" of the ALTRAC consortium.
	The relationship between the New South Wales Government and Acciona Infrastructure – the construction company delivering the line – had deteriorated with a dispute arising between the parties over costs incurred from modifications to the line's design. Acciona commenced legal action against the government in April 2018. The company is seeking additional payments totalling $1.2 billion. Later in the month ALTRAC told the government it was working towards a completion date of March 2020.
	In October 2018, Acciona announced further delays to the project, stating that it would not be completed until May 2020.
	In June 2019, TfNSW and ALTRAC (including Acciona) reached an agreement to resolve their commercial issues and legal claims. As part of the agreement, the PPP was extended to 2036, with the government to pay up to $576 million over the duration of an extended PPP term, and ALTRAC shareholders to invest additional equity into the project to meet costs. The settlement package resolved over $1.5 billion of legal claims between TfNSW and ALTRAC, and Acciona withdrew its $1.1 billion legal misrepresentation claim against the government. The agreement also included milestone and incentive payments for light rail services to commence in two stages, with target start dates of December 2019 between Randwick and Circular Quay, and March 2020 between Kingsford and Circular Quay.
	Separate to the light rail budget, Randwick City Council earmarked $68 million to partially mitigate the impacts of the light rail. Projects include replacing some of the car parking spaces that were lost, especially in Kingsford, works to improve traffic flow in the district and public domain works.
	The City of Sydney planned to provide $220 million towards the light rail project. This would include money for public domain works on George Street and surrounding laneways. The centrepiece of these works was to be a large arch structure known as Cloud Arch located outside the Sydney Town Hall, however it was cancelled in late 2018 after cost blowouts. Cloud Arch would have acted as a gateway to the pedestrian section of George Street, with trams passing underneath it.
	In February 2018, testing of the line commenced on a short section of the Randwick branch along Alison Road. Testing along the rest of the Randwick branch and the main line to Circular Quay was achieved in August 2019, while the Kingsford branch, which will open three months later than the rest of the line, commenced testing in October 2019.
	There have been criticism of the project from some parties:
	The first L2 passenger service between Circular Quay and Randwick commenced just after 10 AM on 14 December 2019. The opening weekend (14 and 15 December 2019) was fare-free, and 115,000 people used the new tram service during the opening weekend. The launch of the service on 14 December was interrupted by a tram which broke down at Circular Quay around 2:30 PM in the afternoon, within hours of the official opening ceremony. Services were restored by 3:30 PM.
	L3 passenger services between Circular Quay and Juniors Kingsford will commence in March 2020. In the interim until then, to maintain the frequency of light rail services in the CBD, L2 services run between Circular Quay and Central Chalmers Street. When the Kingsford branch opens, these services are expected to continue beyond Central Chalmers Street towards Juniors Kingsford as L3 services.
	The project's Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) released in 2013 proposed a redesigned bus network in the CBD and the Eastern Suburbs. Some bus routes which were diverted from George Street to other streets during the construction, were proposed to terminate at Railway Square with their passengers to join the Light Rail while others will be rerouted permanently to the streets to which they were diverted. Twenty bus routes were proposed to be withdrawn or curtailed between Kingsford/Randwick and Railway Square/Circular Quay. A number of bus routes using Anzac Parade would unload city bound passengers at the Nine Ways (now Juniors Kingsford) interchange to board the light rail, then continue along Anzac Parade to the University of New South Wales to unload passengers before terminating in Todman Avenue, Kensington. Some bus routes that were currently operating to the city via Randwick would become feeder services that drop off city bound passengers at the light rail terminus.
	The proposed changes for the Eastern Suburbs bus routes as per the EIS were as follows:
	Some bus changes had been made to bus routes in the list since 2013. For example, route 343 currently runs as a through route between Kingsford and Chatswood without terminating at the CBD, and UNSW routes had been reconfigured as bus routes 891, 893 and 898.
	The final bus network will be announced in due time and changes to bus services will be implemented four to six weeks after the commencement of L3 Kingsford Line services in March 2020.
	As a member of the ALTRAC Light Rail consortium, Transdev will operate the line until the end of the PPP, set to end at 2036. Services on the Randwick branch are numbered L2 and services on the Kingsford branch are numbered L3.
	The service is operated by 60 five-section Alstom Citadis X05 trams operating in coupled pairs. The first was completed in May 2017, arriving at the Randwick depot on 28 July 2017.
	The line commences outside Circular Quay station heading west on Alfred Street, before proceeding south down George Street, then east via Rawson Place and Eddy Avenue, and south via Chalmers Street to Central station. It then continues east via Devonshire Street over the Eastern Distributor and under Moore Park and Anzac Parade via a tunnel before heading south via the former bus right of way. At the intersection of Anzac Parade and Alison Road the splits into two branches, L3 (to open in March 2020) continues down Anzac Parade to terminate outside the South Sydney Junior Rugby League Club at Kingsford, and the L2 branch goes to Randwick via Alison Road, Wansey Road and High Street.
<mapframe width="350" height="520" longitude="151.2253" latitude="-33.8917" zoom="13" align="center" frameless>
]
</mapframe>
	The line includes the following stops:
	The Circular Quay stop serves the locality of Circular Quay at the northern end of the Central Business District. The stop is on Alfred St between Pitt and Loftus Streets. The area has an established role as a transport interchange and is already served by buses, trains and ferries. The stop comprises one island platform and one side platform.
	The Bridge Street stop, known as Grosvenor Street during development, is located on George Street, near the intersections with Bridge Street and Grosvenor Street. The design includes an island platform. The design originally included two side platforms but was switched to an island platform to retain the existing dedicated left-hand turning lane from George Street into Grosvenor Street.
	The Wynyard stop serves the locality of Wynyard. The stop is located at the northern end of the George Street pedestrian zone, adjacent to the entrance to Wynyard railway station. The design includes two side platforms.
	The QVB stop, known as Queen Victoria Building during development, is located on George Street south of Market Street and adjacent to the Queen Victoria Building (often abbreviated QVB), a shopping centre from which the stop takes its name. The design includes two side platforms.
	The Town Hall stop is located at the southern end of the George Street pedestrian zone, adjacent to St Andrew's Cathedral. It is named after Town Hall railway station and the Sydney Town Hall. The stop will consist of two side platforms.
	The Chinatown stop is located on George Street, north of Campbell Street. It is named after Sydney's Chinatown precinct. The Capitol Square stop on the Dulwich Hill Line is nearby. The design was to include two side platforms, but was changed to an island platform in the project's Submissions Report. The location was also moved 15 metres north.
	The Haymarket stop, known as Rawson Place during development, serves as an interchange for buses heading towards the west via Broadway. The design includes two side platforms for trams and an adjacent platform for buses, which allows bus – tram cross-platform transfers.
	The Central Chalmers Street stop is located on Chalmers Street, serving the eastern side of the Central railway station precinct. The stop was originally known simply as Central during development, but was renamed to distinguish it from the existing Central stop on the Dulwich Hill Line at the station's Grand Concourse. The new stop consists of one side platform and one island platform.
	The stop was originally proposed to consist of three double length (90 metre) platforms, with one of the platforms to only be used during special events - the roadway being open to general traffic at other times. This third platform was removed in the project's Submissions Report, with a crossover to the north of the stop provided instead. The Report also proposed diverting most general traffic via Randle Street and converting the section of Chalmers Street opposite the station into a pedestrian/traffic shared zone. As a result of the December 2014 decision to increase the length of the trams, plans to run double length trams during special events at Moore Park were abandoned. Consequently, the Modifications Report reduced the platform length from 90 metres to 75 metres. The third platform was reinstated in an urban design plan released in 2017. This report also proposed closing Chalmers Street to through traffic.
	The Surry Hills stop is located on Devonshire Street, adjacent to Ward Park in Surry Hills. The design originally featured an island platform but was changed to side platforms in the project's Submissions Report. Groundwork for a second Surry Hills stop at Wimbo Park for a potential future station if required will be completed in the initial construction phase.
	The Moore Park stop serves the Moore Park precinct. In regular service the stop serves Sydney Boys High School, Sydney Girls High School and The Entertainment Quarter. The stop is also designed to handle major events at the New Sydney Football Stadium and Sydney Cricket Ground, with grade separated access to the platform. At-grade access to the stop will be provided for regular use and for disabled passengers during major events. The design features a 75-metre island platform.
	The stop's design experienced a number of modifications. Initially, an overhead concourse was proposed for access to the stop during special events with at-grade access at other times. School students would have used the existing footpath and pedestrian crossing of Anzac Parade.
	In the project's Submissions Report, the stop was moved 250 metres south and a pedestrian bridge over Anzac Parade and the light rail tracks was included in the design, replacing an existing at-grade crossing of the road and an associated set of traffic lights. The bridge was to be connected to the concourse. In December 2014, the overhead concourse was removed, with underground access for major events provided at both ends of the platform. At-grade access will be used by disabled passengers during major events and by all passengers at other times. The bridge will now be a separate structure. As a result of the decision to increase the length of the trams, plans to run double length trams during major events were abandoned. Consequently, the platform length was reduced from 90 metres to 75 metres.
	Community submissions responding to the changes in the Modifications Report raised concerns about the safety of a large number of school students crossing the tracks during peak schools hours. In response, TfNSW stated that it will consider opening the subways during these hours. A condition of approval for the changes proposed in the Modifications Report requires the preparation of "a safety case demonstrating, to the satisfaction of the Office of the National Rail Safety Regulator, that schoolchildren can safely access the Moore Park stop during peak school start and finish times".
	Royal Randwick, known as Alison Road and then Royal Randwick Racecourse during development, is located on existing park land adjacent to Centennial Park on Alison Road, opposite the racecourse. This required the construction of a new retaining wall approximately 200 metres long and three metres high together with increasing the height of an existing 1,100-metre long levee by up to 300 millimetres and the removal of approximately 50 established trees.
	The design features an island platform. The proposed location was switched from the south side to the north side of Alison Road in December 2014. This is intended to reduce impacts on the racecourse, improve bus access during major events and provide better access to the nearby Centennial Park and Randwick TAFE. This change includes the removal of right turn access from Alison Road into Darley Road.
	The Wansey Road stop is located on Alison Road, adjacent to the intersection with Wansey Road. The design features an island platform and was originally to be located on Wansey Road itself, but was moved to Alison Road in the project's Submissions Report. The stop was originally proposed to be named Wansey Stables.
	The UNSW High Street stop serves the north-eastern part of the University of New South Wales campus. It was to have been located at the southern end of Wansey Road, adjacent to High Street, but was moved onto High Street itself as part of the project's Submissions Report. As part of the changes to the Randwick stop, the design was changed from an island platform to two side platforms.
	The Randwick stop is located the eastern end of High Street in Randwick. The stop was originally proposed to be named Randwick Junction. The design features an island platform. The site will be a major interchange between buses and light rail. Bus stops are proposed for Belmore Road, Avoca Street and Clara Street.
	The original design featured two side platforms located in High Cross Park adjacent to Belmore Road. This location attracted criticism from community members due to loss of trees and parkland. The stop was redesigned in the project's Submissions Report to reduce the loss of green space in the park, however a campaign to move the stop continued. Randwick City Council requested the stop be moved to High Street, outside the Prince of Wales Hospital and TfNSW ultimately agreed to do this. A location within High Cross Park was considered to provide the best interchanges between trams and buses.
	ES Marks, known as Carlton Street during development, will be located on Anzac Parade south of the intersection with Carlton Street. The stop will serve a residential area. It is named after the nearby ES Marks Athletics Field. The design features an island platform.
	Kensington, known as Todman Avenue during development, will be located on Anzac Parade north of the intersection with Todman Avenue. The stop serves a residential area and a shopping strip on Anzac Parade in the suburb of Kensington. The design features an island platform.
	UNSW Anzac Parade serves the western part of the University of New South Wales campus and the National Institute of Dramatic Art. The design includes an island platform in the centre of Anzac Parade, north of the University Mall.
	The stop was to be located on the eastern side of Anzac Parade and include one island platform and one side platform – though only two tracks. In the project's Submissions Report, the side platform was removed and the stop was moved to the centre of Anzac Parade.
	The Kingsford stop, known as Strachan Street during development, will be located on Anzac Parade to the south of the intersection of Strachan Street and Middle Street in Kingsford. The stop serves a residential area and a shopping strip on Anzac Parade. The design features an island platform.
	Juniors Kingsford, originally Nine Ways and known as Kingsford during development, will be located on the southern side of the Nine Ways intersection in Kingsford. The design features two island platforms with the light rail using the two outer platforms and buses using the two inner platforms, providing cross-platform transfers. Terminating facilities for trams are located south of the stop. In August 2018 TfNSW submitted a proposal with the Geographical Names Board for the stop to be renamed from Nine Ways to Juniors Kingsford which was approved in January 2019.
	In 2014, TfNSW investigated an extension along the southern Anzac Parade corridor. Three potential options were examined; a 1.9 kilometre extension to Maroubra Junction, a 5.1 kilometre extension to Malabar and an 8.2 kilometre extension to La Perouse. An extension to Maroubra Junction has the support of Randwick City Council.

= = = ROH Best in the World = = =

	Best in the World is a professional wrestling event, held annually by the Ring of Honor (ROH) promotion. The initial "Best in the World" event took place as a part of the "Milestone Series" in 2006. In 2011, it became an annual internet pay-per-view (iPPV) for Ring of Honor, taking place in June.
	In 2014, it became an annual Live pay-per-view (PPV) for Ring of Honor, taking place in June.

= = = Walston's tube-nosed bat = = =

	Walston's tube-nosed bat ("Murina walstoni") is a species in the vesper bat family Vespertilionidae, found in the Greater Mekong region of Southeast Asia, specifically the Đắk Lắk Province of Vietnam and the Koh Kong and Ratanakiri provinces of Cambodia. This species was discovered in northeastern Cambodia in the Van Sai Protected Forest. They have tube-shaped nostrils (hence the name) which assist them with their feeding.
	Walston's bat is one of 126 new species found in the Greater Mekong region during 2011. There were two other tube-nosed bats found in Southeast Asia in 2011: Ashy-gray tube-nosed bat ("Murina cineracea") and Beelzebub's tube-nosed bat ("Murina beelzebub"). All three species are small for bats and "M. walstoni" is small for a "Murina" bat. These three new tube-nosed bats were discovered by a team from the Hungarian Natural History Museum (HNHM) and Fauna and Flora International (FFI). All three of these bats live in tropical forests, making them endangered by deforestation.
	It is named after Joe Walston, an expert on bats of Vietnam and Cambodia. Walston works at the Bronx Zoo in the Wildlife Conservation Society as the director of the Asia program. The bat's dorsal fur is a medium brown and its ventral fur is white. This bat is small enough to fit in a person's hand, weighing . As of 2013, there are still few details known about them and their ecology and it is suspected there are many more species of bats yet to be discovered in the region.
	Vespertilionid bats have many cryptic species. Eight new species were found in Southeast Asia between 2005-2009. The use of DNA technology has proved very useful in differentiating between the various species of "Murina".

= = = Jordan Baldwinson = = =

	Jordan Baldwindson (born 11 October 1994) is an English professional rugby league footballer who plays as a or for the York City Knights in the Betfred Championship.
	He played for the Leeds Rhinos in the Super League. Baldwinson was contracted to the New Zealand Warriors in the NRL, and spent time on loan from the Warriors at the Bradford Bulls in the Super League. He spent a season at Featherstone Rovers in the Championship, before returning to Leeds in the top flight, whilst spending time back at Featherstone on loan in the second tier. Baldwinson has also played for Wakefield Trinity in the Super League, and on loan from Wakefield at the Leigh Centurions, Halifax and York in the Championship.
	Baldwinson was born in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. He was brought up in Beeston, Leeds and attended Cockburn High School in Leeds.
	Baldwinson made his début in 2013 against Widnes Vikings in Round 4. His next appearance would be in Round 19 against Huddersfield Giants. At the end of the season it was announced he had signed a 2-year deal with New Zealand Warriors after making only 2 appearances for Leeds.
	Baldwinson signed a two-year deal with NRL side New Zealand Warriors, and started out in the Under 20 reserve grade.
	Halfway through the 2014 season he returned to England on loan with Bradford Bulls making his début against Catalans Dragons. He went on to make 5 appearances for the Bulls in 2015 before being released by New Zealand Warriors at the end of the season.
	In 2015 Baldwinson signed a one-year deal with Championship side Featherstone Rovers in their bid to earn promotion to Super League. Featherstone finished the season 5th just outside Qualifiers, ending their hopes of promotion but went on to play in the Championship Shield where they beat London Broncos in the final. Baldwinson made 31 appearance for Featherstone, scoring one try. He was also named young Championship player of the year.
	Baldwinson returned to Leeds after signing a new deal to play for them in 2016.
	In August 2017 Baldwinson signed for Wakefield Trinity on a two-year deal from the start of the 2018 season.
	In 2018 Baldwinson played on loan for Halifax in the Betfred Championship.
	Championship Shield: 2015

= = = Ken Kaplan = = =

	Kenneth Scott Kaplan (born January 12, 1960) is a former American football player. 
	He was born in Boston, Massachusetts and played collegiately for New Hampshire. Kaplan was then drafted in the 1983 NFL Draft by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. 
	He played the 1984 and 1985 NFL seasons with the Buccaneers, and the 1987 season with the New Orleans Saints.

= = = Norman Dyhrenfurth = = =

	Norman Gunther Dyhrenfurth (Breslau, today Wroclaw, May 7, 1918 – Salzburg, September 24, 2017) was a German-Swiss-American mountaineer and filmmaker. He was the leader of the successful American Mount Everest Expedition of 1963, which placed six climbers on the summit.
	Norman Dyhrenfurth was born in Germany, the son of Himalayan explorers Günter Oskar Dyhrenfurth and Hettie Dyhrenfurth. His mother was of half Jewish ancestry. After the Nazis came to power, they emigrated, first to Austria in 1933, then two years later to Switzerland, where they became citizens. In 1936, Dyhrenfurth's parents were awarded a gold medal for alpinism at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. He emigrated to the United States in 1937. His service in the United States Army enabled him to gain joint U.S.-Swiss citizenship. He was the founder of the Motion Picture Division of the Department of Theater Arts at UCLA, but resigned that position in 1952. In 1954, he was a Fulbright scholar in Italy.
	Dyhrenfurth first came to the attention of the mountaineering community in the United States in 1939, when he completed some challenging climbs in the Grand Tetons. He was a participant in the 1952 Swiss Mount Everest Expedition. In 1960, he was cameraman for the Swiss expedition to Dhaulagiri, and after that climb, approached the government of Nepal about obtaining a permit for an American expedition to climb Mount Everest. He learned that a permit had already been granted to another American climber, William Hackett. Although Dyhrenfurth tried to combine his efforts with Hackett's, that expedition failed to gain funding and never took place. Another application resulted in India being selected for an attempt to climb Everest, but Dyhrenfurth persevered and tried again.
	Dyhrenfurth received a permit from the Nepalese authorities on May 10, 1961, for an American expedition to climb Mount Everest in the spring of 1963. He recruited a team of climbers that included Jake Breitenbach, Jim Whittaker, Willi Unsoeld, Lute Jerstad, Tom Hornbein, Dave Dingman and Barry Bishop. William Siri was the deputy team leader. Al Auten was the radio operator, and Gil Roberts was the team doctor. Sherpa Nawang Gombu was also part of the team.
	On March 23, 1963, Breitenbach was killed in the collapse of a serac in the Khumbu Icefall just above Everest Base Camp. The members of the expedition decided to proceed. Dyhrenfurth's style of leadership being democratic and team-oriented, he called a meeting, discussed the tragedy, let everyone speak, and when the decision was made to continue, the team remained intact. Dyhrenfurth's leadership style included a "commitment to consensus", and he was considered by those who have studied the expedition a "huge asset to the team".
	On May 1, Whittaker and Gombu reached the summit of Mount Everest by the South Col route used by the successful British expedition of 1953.
	On May 22, Unsoeld and Hornbein completed the first ascent of the West Ridge, descending by the South Col, thus completing the first traverse of Everest. That same day, Bishop and Jerstad reached the summit by the South Col route. The two pairs of climbers met up high on the mountain, and made their descent in the gathering darkness. From midnight until 4:00 am, they bivouacked high on the mountain, without sleeping bags, tents or bottled oxygen. All survived, though Unsoeld and Bishop suffered from frostbite, resulting in the amputation of toes.
	On July 8, 1963, President John F. Kennedy presented the National Geographic Society's Hubbard Medal to Dyhrenfurth at a ceremony in the flower garden of the White House. The surviving members of the expedition were also present. Kennedy told Dyhrenfurth that "we followed your actions with the greatest pride."
	Along with J. O. M. Roberts of the United Kingdom, Dyhrenfurth co-led the unsuccessful 1971 International Expedition, which attempted to climb Mount Everest by two routes. The climbers included Dougal Haston and Don Whillans of the United Kingdom, Wolfgang Axt of Austria, Odd Eliassen of Norway, David Isles of the United States, Michel Vaucher of Switzerland, Carlo Mauri of Italy, Harsh Vardhan Bahuguna of India and Australian journalist Murray Sayle. The expedition ended in disarray after Bahuguna was killed high on the mountain.
	Dyhrenfurth was the chief technical advisor for the 1975 Clint Eastwood movie "The Eiger Sanction". Experienced mountaineers including Mike Hoover, Dougal Haston and Hamish MacInnes were also part of the team.
	Dyhrenfurth was second unit director and technical advisor for the 1982 film "Five Days One Summer", starring Sean Connery.
	In 1988, Dyhrenfurth was awarded the Tenzing Norgay Award, given by The Explorers Club.

= = = List of rural localities in Tatarstan = = =

	This is a list of rural localities in Tatarstan. The Republic of Tatarstan is a federal subject of Russia (a republic) located in the Volga Federal District. Its capital is the city of Kazan, which is one of Russia's larger and more prosperous cities. The republic borders with Kirov, Ulyanovsk, Samara, and Orenburg Oblasts, and with the Mari El, Udmurt, and Chuvash Republics, as well as with the Republic of Bashkortostan. The unofficial Tatarstan motto is: "Bez Buldırabız!" ("We can!").
	Rural localities in Aktanyshsky District:
	Rural localities in Alkeyevsky District:
	Rural localities in Almetyevsky District:
	Rural localities in Arsky District:
	Rural localities in Atninsky District:
	Rural localities in Cheremshansky District:
	Rural localities in Drozhzhanovsky District:
	Rural localities in Kamsko-Ustyinsky District:
	Rural localities in Kaybitsky District:
	Rural localities in Leninogorsky District:
	Rural localities in Mamadyshsky District:
	Rural localities in Muslyumovsky District:
	Rural localities in Novosheshminsky District:
	Rural localities in Nurlatsky District:
	Rural localities in Pestrechinsky District:
	Rural localities in Sarmanovsky District:
	Rural localities in Tyulyachinsky District:
	Rural localities in Verkhneuslonsky District:
	Rural localities in Vysokogorsky District:
	Rural localities in Zelenodolsky District:

= = = Calathus moralesi = = =

	Calathus moralesi is a species of ground beetle from the Platyninae subfamily that is endemic to Spain.

= = = Calathus oertzeni = = =

	Calathus oertzeni is a species of ground beetle from the Platyninae subfamily that is endemic to Crete.

= = = List of rural localities in the Sakha Republic = = =

	This is a list of rural localities in the Sakha Republic, organized by district. The Sakha (Yakutia) Republic (; , ), simply Sakha (Yakutia) (; ), is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). It has a population of 958,528 (2010 Census), consisting mainly of ethnic Yakuts and Russians.
	Rural localities in Abyysky District:
	Rural localities in Aldansky District:
	Rural localities in Allaikhovsky District:
	Rural localities in Amginsky District:
	Rural localities in Anabarsky District:
	Rural localities in Bulunsky District
	Rural localities in Churapchinsky District:
	Rural localities in Eveno-Bytantaysky National District:
	Rural localities in Gorny District:
	Rural localities within Khangalassky District:
	Rural localities in Kobyaysky District:
	Rural localities in Lensky District:
	Rural localities in Megino-Kangalassky District:
	Rural localities in Mirninsky District:
	Rural localities in Momsky District:
	Rural localities in Namsky District:
	Rural localities in Neryungrinsky District:
	Rural localities in Nizhnekolymsky District:
	Rural localities in Nyurbinsky District:
	Rural localities in Olenyoksky District:
	Rural localities in Olyokminsky District:
	Rural localities in Oymyakonsky District:
	Rural localities in Srednekolymsky District:
	Rural localities in Suntarsky District:
	Rural localities in Tattinsky District:
	Rural localities in Tomponsky District:
	Rural localities in Ust-Aldansky District:
	Rural localities in Ust-Maysky District:
	Rural localities in Ust-Yansky District:
	Rural localities in Verkhnekolymsky District:
	Rural localities in Verkhnevilyuysky District:
	Rural localities in Verkhoyansky District:
	Rural localities in Vilyuysky District:
	Rural localities in Yakutsk city of republic significance:
	Rural localities in Zhigansky District:

= = = Philip Plisson = = =

	Philip Plisson (born 27 January 1947, Orléans, France) is a French photographer best known for his maritime photography. Together with his son Guillaume, who is also a photographer, he set up the publishing company Pêcheur d'Images. He has produced numerous books including collections of photographs featuring Brittany, Ireland, Scotland and the ocean liner "Queen Mary 2". His 65th book, "Les Marées", was named Maritime Book of the Year at the 2012 Paris Boat Show.
	In 1991 he became one of the few photographers to be awarded the title Peintre de la Marine (Official Painter of the French Navy).

= = = Anna Zayachkivska = = =

	Anna Zayachkivska ("Анна Заячківська") is a Ukrainian painter, actress, model and beauty pageant titleholder who represented her country in the Miss World 2013 which took place on September 28, 2013, in Bali, Indonesia.
	Zayachkivska is from Ivano-Frankivsk, in Ukraine. At the time of her participation at the Miss World 2013 pageant, she was a fourth-year student at the Art Institute of Vasyl Stefanyk Ciscarpathian National University, majoring in Religious Art. She also writes poems and performed in local theater and as a singer.
	Zayachkivska was a volunteer (serving hot coffee and tea to the protesters, worked in medical center, and was administrator of the site Maydanneeds.com) during the late 2013/early 2014 Euromaidan-protests.
	On December 22, 2015, Zayachkivska married Italian businessman Gianluca Cervara.
	They officially separated and divorced in December 20, 2017.

= = = Calathus oreades = = =

	Calathus oreades is a species of ground beetle from the Platyninae subfamily that is endemic to Spain.

= = = Bosideng Bridge = = =

	The Bosideng Bridge () is a highway bridge over the Yangtze River in Hejiang County, Sichuan, China. It is the third longest arch bridge in the world with a span of . The bridge carries traffic on the G93 Chengdu–Chongqing Ring Expressway.
	The Bosideng Bridge is a concrete filled steel tubular arch bridge. It is the longest bridge of this design, surpassing the Wushan Yangtze Bridge.

= = = Shrubland Hall Anglo-Saxon cemetery = = =

	Shrubland Hall Anglo-Saxon cemetery is a 7th-century Anglo-Saxon burial site discovered at Shrubland Hall Quarry near Coddenham, Suffolk. The cemetery contains fifty burials and a number of high-status graves including "the most complicated Anglo-Saxon bed ever found." Bed burials, in which a female body is laid out on an ornamental wooden bed, usually accompanied by jewellery, are rarely found, and are considered of national importance. Only 13 bed burials have been found to date in the UK. The bed burial was one of two graves at the cemetery which were found within wooden-lined chambers. The second chamber contained a male skeleton with grave goods including a seax, a spear, a shield, an iron-bound wooden bucket, a copper alloy bowl and a drinking horn.
	The site was uncovered by Suffolk County Council's Archaeology Service in 1999 during exploratory excavations prior to gravel extraction by the quarry operators. Evidence of Iron Age and Roman activity had previously been identified in the area.

= = = Kentucky Route 1871 = = =

	Kentucky Route 1871 (KY 1871) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Kentucky. The route is located entirely in Shelby County.
	The route originates at a junction with US Route 60 (US 60) in Shelbyville and is known as Rocket Lane for the first , since Shelby County High School is located at the intersection of US 60 and KY 1871. After that point, KY 1871 meets the southern terminus of KY 1779 and becomes known as Cranbourne Grange until it meets its northern terminus at KY 1005. The entire route is located in a mostly residential area with subdivisions and homes lining most of the route.

= = = Calathus pirazzolii = = =

	Calathus pirazzolii is a species of ground beetle from the Platyninae subfamily that is endemic to Italy.

= = = List of rural localities in Moscow Oblast = = =

	This is a list of rural localities in Moscow Oblast. Moscow Oblast (), or Podmoskovye (, literally "around/near Moscow"), is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). With a population of 7,095,120 (2010 Census) living in an area of , it is one of the most densely populated regions in the country and is the second most populous federal subject. The oblast has no official administrative center; its public authorities are located in Moscow and across other locations in the oblast.
	Rural localities in Chekhovsky District:
	Rural localities in Dmitrovsky District:
	Rural localities in Domodedovsky District:
	Rural localities in Istrinsky District:
	Rural localities in Krasnogorsky District:
	Rural localities in Leninsky District:
	Rural localities in Lotoshinsky District:
	Rural localities in Lukhovitsky District:
	Rural localities in Mozhaysky District:
	Rural localities in Mytishchinsky District:
	Rural localities in Naro-Fominsky District:
	Rural localities in Noginsky District:
	Rural localities in Odintsovsky District:
	Rural localities in Orekhovo-Zuyevsky District:
	Rural localities in Ramensky District:
	Rural localities in Sergiyevo-Posadsky District:
	Rural localities in Shakhovskoy District:
	Rural localities in Shatursky District:
	Rural localities in Shchyolkovsky District:
	Rural localities in Solnechnogorsky District:
	Rural localities in Stupinsky District:
	Rural localities in Volokolamsky District:
	Rural localities in Yegoryevsky District:
	Rural localities in Zaraysky District:

= = = Calathus ravasinii = = =

	Calathus ravasinii is a species of ground beetle from the Platyninae subfamily that can be found in Albania, Greece and North Macedonia.

= = = Wehrmacht foreign volunteers and conscripts = = =

	Among the approximately one million foreign volunteers and conscripts who served in the Wehrmacht during World War II were ethnic Germans, Belgians, Czechs, Dutch, Finns, French, Hungarians, Norwegians, Poles, Portuguese, Swedes, and British, along with people from the Baltic states and the Balkans. At least 47,000 Spaniards served in the Blue Division.
	Some estimates state anywhere between 600,000 and 1,400,000 Soviets (Russians and non-Russians) joined the Wehrmacht forces as "Hiwis". (or "Hilfswillige") The Ukrainian collaborationist forces were composed of an estimated number of 180,000 volunteers serving with units scattered all over Europe. Russian émigrés and defectors from the Soviet Union formed the Russian Liberation Army or fought as "Hilfswillige" within German units of the Wehrmacht primarily on the Eastern Front. Non-Russians from the Soviet Union formed the Ostlegionen (literally "Eastern Legions"). The "East Battalions" comprized a total of 175,000 personnel. These units were all commanded by General Ernst August Köstring. (1876−1953) A lower estimate for the total number of foreign volunteers that served in the entire German armed forces (including the Waffen SS) is 350,000.

= = = Calathus reflexus = = =

	Calathus reflexus is a species of ground beetle from the Platyninae subfamily that can be found on Cyprus and in the Near East.

= = = Neave (surname) = = =

	Neave is a surname which may refer to:

= = = Gilma Jiménez = = =

	Gilma Jiménez (1956 – June 29, 2013) was a Colombian politician. She was a member of the Senate for Bogota.
	Jiménez died of cervical cancer on June 29, 2013 at the age of 57.

= = = Calathus rubripes = = =

	Calathus rubripes is a species of ground beetle from the Platyninae subfamily that can be found in Italy and Switzerland.

= = = Farid Karimi = = =

	Farid Behzadi Karimi (, born 14 May 1989 in Shahreza,Esfahan, Iran) is an Iranian footballer who plays for Machine Sazi in the Persian Gulf Pro League. He usually plays as a striker. He is an ethnic Qashqayi.
	Karimi joined Saba Qom in 2012 after spending the previous year at Steel Azin. In summer of 2014 Karimi went to Tractor for conscription issues.

= = = Dance FM = = =

	Dance FM is a clubbing radio stadion, from Romania, belonging to RCS & RDS, which broadcasts on 89.5 FM in Bucharest, and on the internet. In February 2011, it was officially released at an event, organised by The Mission.
	On the 18 of June, 2011 Dance FM organised an event, where one of the most popular DJ's of the world, Tiesto was mixing for more, than 3000 people, at Arenele Romane, Bucharest.
	Artists / DJs, who are in the mix, weekly on Dance FM: Ali Nasser, Dan Ene, Faster, Dj Flashboy, Dr. Kucho, Dj Sava, Yanis, Dj Ralmm, Fly DJs, G.Reep, Greeg, Houseboy, Kozo, Livio & Roby, Byby, Marius Onuc, Melo Manos, Mihai Amatti, Miki Love, Mircea Ivan, The Model, Moonsound, Morris, Narcotic Sound, Negru, Notsocommondj, Residence Deejays, Sasha Lopez, and Syke n’ Sugarstarr.

= = = Mali Krivelj mine = = =

	The Mali Krivelj mine is a large copper mine located in the east of Serbia in Bor District. Mali Krivelj represents one of the largest copper reserve in Serbia and in the world having estimated reserves of 300 million tonnes of ore grading 0.5% copper.

= = = Bulbul Hussain = = =

	Bulbul Hussain (; born 3 January 1972) is a British wheelchair rugby player who plays for Kent Crusaders and the Great Britain Paralympic team. He plays mostly in a defensive role.
	Hussain was born in Sylhet District, Sylhet Division, Bangladesh. In 1994, a road traffic accident in Bangladesh left him with a spinal cord injury. He has no function in his hands, some restriction to his arm movement and no movement in his lower body. For wheelchair rugby Hussain is classified as a "one pointer" or a 1.0 player.
	In 1995, when Hussain first saw wheelchair rugby he was not convinced he would enjoy it, thinking there was too much wheelchair contact. A year later, he gave it a try for fun and to regain fitness, after a few training sessions he was attracted to the sport because of its speed and competitive element, and from then on he decided to commit and dedicate himself to the sport.
	In 1997, Hussain first started competing in wheelchair rugby during treatment at Stoke Mandeville. He won a gold medal when he played in his first major tournament at the National Championships in Stoke Mandeville.
	From 2007 and 2008, Hussain studied at the Talented Athlete Scholarship Scheme.
	In 2008, he was part of the Great Britain team that finished fourth in the Summer Paralympic Games in Beijing. Afterward, Hussain considered retiring from the game.
	In September 2010, he was part of the Great Britain team that finished fifth at the World Wheelchair Rugby Championships in Canada. They won three games and lost four games. In 2011, Great Britain won silver at the European Championships.
	In May 2012, Hussain was named by The British Paralympic Association in its 11-strong Paralympics GB wheelchair rugby team. Great Britain finished fifth in the 2012 Summer Paralympic Games in Beijing. 
	In October 2015, Hussain was in the BT World Wheelchair Rugby Challenge. In May 2016, he was named by The British Paralympic Association in its 11-strong Paralympics GB wheelchair rugby team. Great Britain finished fifth in the 2016 Summer Paralympics Games.
	Hussain plays for the Kent Crusaders and plays mostly in a defensive role on court.
	In April 2012, Hussain was awarded the Sports Award at the Channel S Awards.
	Hussain lives in Whitechapel, London, England. His sporting inspiration is Muhammad Ali, whom he describes as the "ultimate competitor".
	In March 2013, along with a three-year-old orphan, Tonbir, Hussain officially unveiled Tower Hamlets Council's "Catch. Don't Pass" campaign at the Town Hall in Canary Wharf.

= = = Atique Choudhury = = =

	Atique Islam Choudhury (; born 5 May 1963) is an English restaurateur and chef.
	Choudhury was born in St Albans, Hertfordshire, England. His parents are Dabirul Islam Choudhury and Khaleda Choudhury.
	When Choudhury was young he set up and run a tuck shop at school that rivalled the school canteen. He built it up and then got told off for being too good at it, since it was taking business away from the school canteen.
	In 1980,s three chefs walked out of Choudhury's parents south Indian vegetarian restaurant in north east London as they were offered ludicrous money in the short term to build up the competitor's business. Choudhury then ran the kitchen and the business was gradually built back up.
	In 1984, Choudhury came to Stoke Newington. After he ran his own Indian restaurant. In 1990, Choudhury and his wife opened a Thai restaurant together called Yum Yum in Stoke Newington. In 1992, because of its popularity he had converted his existing south Indian vegetarian restaurant, Spices, into another Thai restaurant. In 1995, he opened Yum Yum in Loughborough.
	Choudhury has also established a Thai internet café. He created the Asian Oriental School of Catering, which specialised in training and finding employment for young people and providing a high level quality chefs throughout London and the UK. In 1995, Choudhury co-founded the Thai Restaurants Association.
	Having left school to go straight into work Choudhury returned to education after his businesses were running to do a level four NVQ in restaurant management. He chaired a project called "breaking the log jam" set up by the hotel and catering training foundation which has now established the new NVQ.
	Choudhury pioneered the Stoke Newington Restaurant Watch. He is governor at Thomas Abney School.
	Choudhury is the proprietor of three restaurants in north London, the Thai Yum Yum, the Japanese Oishiii and the Mexican Mercado.
	Choudhury's personal and business awards include; Egon Ronay's Guide Oriental Restaurants Oriental Chef of the Year 1996, "Caterer and Hotelkeeper" Healthy Menu Award 1986, 1999, winner of the Thai Food Festival, Egon Rhonay Oriental Chef of the Year 1999, Hackney Chamber of Commerce award for the best service in business 1999, Thai Select Award for Thai Cuisine, UK Food Service award winner 2000, Arts & Business award in 2001, Thai Trade & Commerce Award for Chef of the Year 2003, LBC 2003 Oriental Restaurant of The Year, "Archant" London Restaurant Award, Best Thai Restaurant 2007, Mayor of Hackney Business Awards, Best Business in Hackney 2009, 2006 presented by the Royal Thai Embassy and Buddhapadipa Temple an Honorary Certificate in recognition of his work for the Thai community in the UK, 1997 Finalist Best Thai Restaurant in London (Carlton TV).
	In 2012, Oishiii won Best Japanese Restaurant at the Asian Curry Awards, sponsored by Booker Wholesale.
	Choudhury is married to Moy Choudhury (née Siriret), who is from Thailand. They have a son Rishi Choudhury (born 1988).
	Choudhury is an Arsenal Football Club fan.

= = = Maureen Waaka = = =

	Maureen Te Rangi Rere I Waho Waaka (née Kingi, 5 October 1942 – 1 July 2013) was Miss New Zealand 1962, the second Māori woman to win the title. She later became a local-body politician, serving on the Rotorua District Council for 18 years.
	Waaka was born in 1942 and was raised at Ohinemutu where she came under the influence of Guide Rangi. Of Māori descent, she identified with the Ngāti Tūwharetoa and Ngāti Whakaue iwi. She trained and worked as a radiographer. In 1963 she married John Waaka and they had five children.
	Waaka was crowned Miss New Zealand in 1962, becoming the second Māori to win the title. She went on to represent New Zealand at the Miss International and Miss World pageants later that year.
	Waaka was first elected to the Rotorua District Council in 1989, serving one three-year term. She was re-elected in 1998 and continued to serve until her death in 2013. She also was a member of the Lakes District Health Board for nine years and served as chair of the Māori Tourism Council.
	At the 2002 general election Waaka was a list candidate for the Labour Party. She was ranked at number 73 on the Labour list and consequently was not elected.
	Waaka was awarded the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal. In the 2001 Queen's Birthday Honours, she was made a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to tourism and the community. In 2005, she was appointed as a Justice of the Peace.
	Waaka suffered a stroke on 16 June 2013 in Auckland. She died in Rotorua of complications two weeks later, on 1 July 2013.

= = = Aktar Islam = = =

	Aktar Islam is a multiple award-winning English Michelin starred chef, restaurateur and entrepreneur. He left the Lasan Group in 2016 to work on his new, flagship project, Opheem 1 Michelin star and launched his new Italian restaurant, Legna Michelin guide listed in winter 2018. His new group of restaurants concentrate on celebration of ingredients and are dedicated to gastronomy. Both Opheem and Legna have opened to critical acclaim and Opheem has received its first Michelin star in October 2019. Pulperia; an Argentine restaurant concept will open its doors in winter 2019.
	AI Restaurant Group now has three restaurants and continues to grow, the group is steered by Aktar Islams focus on product led cooking whilst creating opportunities for young individuals from Birmingham. 
	In 2009, Aktar Islam was crowned champion by Gordon Ramsay on Channel 4's "The F Word". In June 2011, he won the fish course in the final of the BBC Two series "Great British Menu".
	Islam was born and brought up in Birmingham, England. His parents are from Bangladesh and came to Britain in the late 1970s. He is the second eldest of five sons.
	His academic father was a political scientist in Bangladesh. However, shortly after his parents settled in Birmingham, his father decided to open an Indian restaurant in Solihull called The Indian Palace. Islam began helping his mother cook at home from the age of seven.
	Islam attended Prince Albert School. At the age of 13, Islam's first job was working at his father's restaurant. At the age of 16, he left school and went to work in his father's kitchen full-time. At the age of 18 he took a job in an Italian restaurant. After two years, he went back to The Indian Palace, ran it for two years and turned it into a real local favourite.
	Aktar Islam started working in the restaurant industry from the age of 13, his first restaurant project; Karma in Shirley Solihull was launched when he was 20.
	In 2007, he launched his cookbook and DVD, called the "Spice of Life", in collaboration with Warwick University Medical school.
	In 2010, Islam and sous chef, Aysan Shaikh, beat Curry Corner from Cheltenham on Channel 4's "The F Word" after beating Santa Maria (South American cuisine) and Sweet Mandarin (Chinese cuisine) in the semi-final. Aktar Islam then went on to win the overall final, after beating The Pheasant from Keystone.
	In June 2011, Islam won the Central regional heat to reach the final of the BBC Two series "Great British Menu". He went on to win the fish course in the final. Islam's other television appearances include "Market Kitchen", "Perfect", "Saturday Kitchen", and "The One Show". He is a regular judge at the South Asian Chef Competition. Along with other celebrity chefs, he attends the "BBC Good Food Shows", "Autumn Fair", "Heart of England Fine Foods", "Food & Drink Expo", "Taste festivals", "Grand Design LIVE" and Sharon Osbourne's "Mrs. Osbourne Presents".
	In May 2014, Islam was interviewed by Nadia Ali on BBC Asian Network.
	Islam co-owned Indian restaurants; Lasan, Lasan Eatery (now known as Raja Monkey), Nosh and Quaff, and Argentinian restaurant Fiesta Del Asado.
	Islam has also attended a reception at Buckingham Palace, invited by Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip for his contribution to the British hospitality industry. Islam was selected by Marketing Birmingham to represent the city in their Birmingham Bites campaign.
	He left the Lasan Group in 2017 to work on his new, flagship project, Opheem which opened May 2018 and was awarded a Michelin Star in October 2019 making Opheem the first and only Michelin starred Indian restaurant outside of London. Legna was launched Legna in winter 2018.
	In 2010, Aktar won 'Best Local Restaurant' on Gordon Ramsay's The F Word.
	In 2011, Aktar came first in the BBC TV Series, The Great British Menu.
	In May 2012, Aktar was named Birmingham Young Professional of the Year.
	In October 2019, Aktar Islam became the first British born Indian Chef to be awarded a Michelin star, and Opheem became the only Michelin starred Indian Restaurant in the UK outside of London.
	Islam lives in Birmingham and has a son, Alex (born 2007).
	Islam also supports charities including Birmingham Children's Hospital, NHS Organ Donor Campaign, Oxfam and NHS/Warwick University Spice for Life campaign.
	Despite his name, he is not a Muslim.

= = = Tandoori Magazine = = =

	Tandoori Magazine is a British bi-monthly trade magazine for the South Asian food and catering industry.
	"Tandoori Magazine" was launched in September 1994, with Iqbal Wahhab as editor and with Karan Bilimoria as the publisher. It is a trade magazine going to restaurants with a marketing strategy of selling directly to restaurants. It is regularly referred to for news, views and developing trends in this £3.2 billion industry. It is read by key decision-makers, owners, managers, chefs, journalists and other members of the catering industry.
	The magazine has a print run of 12,000 and distributes to 9,000 South Asian restaurants in the United Kingdom, along with 2,100 manufacturers, wholesalers, suppliers and distributors, the magazine has a total readership of 69,000 within the South Asian food and catering sector.
	The magazine has been used by hundreds of companies as the sole medium to help increase their visibility and business.

= = = Spice Business Magazine = = =

	Spice Business Magazine is a British quarterly trade magazine for the Indian restaurant business community.
	In 1998, "Spice Business Magazine" was launched. It features articles about UK food manufacturers, food and drinks distributors, doctor surgeries, dentists, jewellery shops, travel agents, Asian entrepreneurs, cash and carries, halal groceries, wholesalers, and Indian restaurants - as well as prominent figures within the business community.
	The magazine was set by Enam Ali to tackle the problems of the curry industry in the UK. In the beginning, the 42-page magazine was sold at 2 pounds.

= = = Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources = = =

	Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources is a 1983 biography of the Islamic prophet Muhammad by Martin Lings.
	The book provides a new account of the sira or the life of Muhammad, with details that had not been elaborated in other accounts. It is based primarily on old Arab sources that go back to the 9th century, of which some passages are translated for the first time. It is not contradictory to other accounts but rather offers new insights and new details. The book also includes excerpts from original English translations of speeches by men and women who lived close to Muhammad, heard him speak, witnessed his actions, witnessed the way he interacted with situations and witnessed events he encountered throughout various stages of his life.
	References used are Ibn Ishaq (references here are to Ferdinand Wüstenfeld's edition of Sirat Rasul Allah, a life of the Prophet by Muhammad ibn Ishaq in the annotated recension of Ibn Hisham). Also Ibn Sa’ad (the references are to John Leyden's edition of Kitab al-Tabaqat al Kabir by Muhammad ibn Sa’d). Also there is Al-Waqidi (and the references are to Marsden Jones' edition of Kitab al Maghazi, A Chronicle of the Prophet's Campaigns, by Muhammad ibn Umar al- Waqidi).
	It is a narrative of the history of Arabia and the birth and the life of Muhammad. The biography consists of 85 short chapters, some as short as just two pages in length. Each chapter deals with an important event in the history of Islam and provides chronological context for the advent of the religion, as well as detailed information about Muhammad.
	The biography has gone through many reprints in English and it has been translated and published into many languages including French, Italian, Spanish, Turkish, Dutch, Malay and Tamil.
	A distinctive element of the biography is the vivid, approachable narrative style, which is fast moving and flows fluently. The book reads more like a novel and was written in a style, which is easily readable, comprehensible and it uses language, which reflects both simplicity and grandeur.
	Lings uses a more archaic style of English to depict conversations and translations of the Qur'an, which helps slows down the rapid flow of the narration. The focus in the book is less about the teachings of Islam and more about Muhammad.
	In 1991, a second revised edition of the book with 22 additional pages was published, containing additional details pertaining to Muhammad's endeavours as well as accounts covering the spread of Islam into Syria and its neighbouring states surrounding the Arabian Peninsula.
	Before Lings died in 2005, a newly revised edition of the book with 22 additional pages was published, which included final updates made on the text and incorporated into its contents, containing extra details pertaining to Muhammad's endeavors as well as accounts covering the spread of Islam into Syria and its neighboring states surrounding the Arabian Peninsula.
	Hamza Yusuf hails this work as "one of the great biographies of the English language", praising "the historical accuracy of the text and the providential care so evident in the author's choice of versions as well as the underlying structure of the story as he chose to tell it." He also reports from Lings how while writing this book, "he was overwhelmed with the presence of the Prophet during the entire time and felt a great blessing in having been able to complete it.".
	"The Spectator" described the book as "an enthralling story that combines impeccable scholarship with a rare sense of the sacred worthy of his subject." "The Islamic Quarterly" called the book "a true work of art, as enthralling as the best novels with the difference that this is not fiction but fact."
	"The Times" said "this work is widely recognized as the most readable account of the life of the Prophet to date." "Parabola" stated that "for those interested in Islam in one way or another, it is mesmerizing."
	Upon its first edition, the book was subject to criticism by some Muslims who decried the "Perennialist poison" in the book. The author gave public answer in a Saudi newspaper to the objections.
	In 1983, the book was selected as the best biography of Muhammad in English at the National Seerat Conference in Islamabad. This book was also given an award by the government of Pakistan.
	In 1990, after the book had attracted the attention of Azhar University, Lings received a decoration from Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak.

= = = Calathus syriacus = = =

	Calathus syriacus is a species of ground beetle from the Platyninae subfamily that can be found on Cyprus, in Ukraine and in southern part of Russia. It is also found in Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Greece, Iran, Israel, Lebanon, Syria and Turkey.

= = = The Muslim 100 = = =

	The Muslim 100: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of the Most Influential Muslims in History is a 2008 book, written by Muhammad Mojlum Khan and published by Kube Publishing, listing the biographies of the 100 most influential Muslims in history.
	The Muslim 10 is an attempt to explore Islamic history through the lives, thoughts and achievements of a selection of the most influential Muslims.
	By exploring the ideas, thoughts and achievements of the lives of 100 most influential Muslim rulers and conquerors, religious scholars and philosophers, writers and literary figures, scientists and explorers, military generals and freedom fighters, reformers and educationalists, this book goes through Islamic thought, history, culture and civilization.
	The 100 most influential Muslims include 20 personalities from modern times. The 100 names include; Abū Ḥanīfa, Al-Ghazali, Ibn Arabi, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Sir Muhammad Iqbal, Abul A'la Maududi, and Malcolm X. Among the 100, the author listed only four females, ‘A’ishah bint Abu Bakr, Khadīja bint Khuwaylid, Fatimah and Rābiʻah al-ʻAdawiyya al-Qaysiyya.

= = = British Bangladeshi Who's Who = = =

	British Bangladeshi Who's Who is an annual publication highlighting the accomplishments, contributions and achievements of successful British Bangladeshis. It was established in 2008 and also holds an annual award ceremony in London, England.
	British Bangladeshis Who's Who celebrates individuals from various sectors who are at the top of their respective arena. It is designed to highlight and emphasise distinguished figures in the Bangladeshi community in Britain and continually recognise the success and significance of the Bangladeshi community.
	It focuses on British Bangladeshi's support for the economy and highlights individual accomplishment, contributions and achievements of successful, influential and wealthy members of the Bangladeshi community from various sectors and professions. It lists over 200 profiles of British Bangladeshis, including medics, journalists, lawyers, businessmen, accountants and others from various walks of life. A number are picked out to receive awards for their exceptional work.
	Since 2008, the British Bangla Media Group and the Bangla Mirror Group have been publishing the British Bangladeshi Who's Who. The publication and event was the idea of Shahadoth Karim and his son Mohammed Abdul Karim, who are the editor in chief and editor.
	In October 2010, the third edition of British Bangladeshi Who's Who included profiles of 200 successful personalities. 400 guests attended the dinner. In October 2011, the annual gala dinner launching the publication took place at Water Lily in East London. In October 2012, the award ceremony and gala dinner was held at the Panorama Hall of Alexandra Palace in North London. In October 2013, the award ceremony and gala dinner was held again at the Panorama Hall of Alexandra Palace. In November 2014, the publication, award ceremony and gala dinner was held for the third consecutive year in the Panorama Hall of Alexandra Palace. In October 2015, a press conference was held at the London Muslim Centre, to announce the launch of the 2015 publication. In November 2015, the publication and gala event was held at Meridian Grand in North London. In November 2016, the publication and gala event was held at Meridian Grand in North London.

= = = British Bangladeshi Power &amp; Inspiration 100 = = =

	British Bangladeshi Power & Inspiration 100 (previously known as British Bangladeshi Power 100 and often abbreviated as BBPower100) is an annual publication listing the 100 leading British Bangladeshi figures. It was established in 2012 and also holds an annual launch ceremony in London, England.
	The "British Bangladeshi Power 100" is a celebration of leading British citizens of Bangladesh origin who are helping shape Britain for the better with their ideas, example, talent, success and inspiration. It is a who's who, which recognises the achievements in the Bangladeshi community including sports personalities, politicians, business people and legal eagles. In 2013, the list was renamed "British Bangladeshi Power & Inspiration 100" to emphasise the role models featured on the list.
	The "British Bangladeshi Power" was created and edited by Tower Hamlets Cllr Abdal Ullah, who was the first British Bangladeshi to serve on the Metropolitan Police Authority and is a Labour elected councillor for St Dunstan's and Stepney Green, and Ayesha Qureshi MBE, who had a prominent role in the 2012 Olympics bid.
	Each category has 10 positions which are listed in rank order. The rankings have been determined by an advisory committee of leading Bangladeshi UK based newspaper editors headed by chief advisor, Mohammed Nobab Uddin, Editor, Janomot Bengali Newsweekly, the oldest ethnic newspaper. The "British Bangladeshi Power 100" is consulted on widely amongst a selected group of leading figures in the community, including Iqbal Wahhab OBE and Syed Nahas Pasha. Each person or organisation named on the list has earned their place on merit after a confidential, impartial and thorough debate.
	In 2012, the list was broken down into 10 different categories covering business, catering, education, community and voluntary organisations, media, politics and as well as the women who have made a mark. In 2013, the list was extended into 20 different categories including politics, entrepreneur, brand, policy/civil service, legal, academic/think tanker, medical, the city/finance, community activist, media, culture, community personality, restaurateur, professional, networks and associations, sport, religious figure, 30 and under, community organisation, and emerging influence. 35 new entries were added into the list. All those categorised under "Emerging Influence" were new inclusions and there were no new entries into the category "Entrepreneur" and "Restaurateur".
	In 2014, for first time, the general public participated in the selection process by nominating their most inspiring figures in British Bangladeshi society. The Judges awarded the People's Choice places to five people who demonstrated examples of success and inspiration. Also in 2014, the list includes "10 Inspirational Bangladeshis Around The World", a top ten of Bangladeshis around the world.
	In 2015, two new categories – the Critics' Choice and Westminster Hopefuls – highlighting British Bangladeshi individuals who have been selected as prospective parliamentary candidates for the next general election, were introduced.
	On 24 January 2012, during a press conference at Portcullis House in Westminster, London Abdal Ullah, Ayesha Qureshi MBE and Nobab Uddin launched the first "British Bangladeshi Power 100" list.
	On 27 January 2013, the advisory committee announced the names for the list at a press conference held at the Commonwealth Room in the House of Commons. Guests at the reception included: Theresa May MP, Chuka Umunna MP, Rushanara Ali MP, Stephen Timms MP, John Biggs AM and Simon Hughes MP. The event was hosted by Anne Main MP.
	On 27 January 2014, the list was announced in a Commonwealth Room at the Houses of Parliament. The top 100 names were announced by figures including Baroness Sayeeda Warsi, Rt. Hon Danny Alexander MP, Anne Main MP (Chair of the All Party Parliamentary Bangladesh Group), Dame Tessa Jowell MP, Lord Karan Bilimoria, Mijarul Quayes Bangladesh High Commissioner to the UK and a number of other MPs and dignitaries were in attendance.
	On 27 January 2015, former foreign secretary William Hague MP was guest of honour, joined by MPs Dame Tessa Jowell and Alan Johnson at a celebration dinner marking the launch of the list in One Canada Square, Canary Wharf. On 3 February, the list was launched in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
	On 2 February 2016, notable guests included British politicians Lord Karan Bilimoria, Paul Scully MP, Anne Main MP, Karen Buck MP, Sir Keir Starmer MP, Ronnie Campbell MP, Greater London Authority Member Murad Qureshi and Bangladesh High Commissioner Mohammed Abdul Hannan at the ceremony at London's City Hall. Among the most influential in the list are British Ambassador to Peru Anwar Choudhury Ambassador to Philippines Asif Ahmad, Musician Shapla Salique, Choreographer Akram Khan, Nohshad Shah, MD of Goldman Sachs, Professor Moorad Choudhry, Chief Executive of Habib Bank AG Zurich, Businessmen Iqbal Ahmed OBE, Amin Ali and in Politics three MP's Rushanara Ali, Tulip Siddiq and Rupa Huq.
	Notable entries in the "British Bangladeshi Power 100" have included Ruby Hammer MBE, who started off as a make-up artist and went on to become a successful entrepreneur. Ajmal Hossain QC, a barrister. Other prominent names include Iqbal Ahmed OBE (Chairman of the Seamark Group), Sapnara Khatun (barrister and judge), Asif Anwar Ahmad (Ambassador to Thailand), Prof Moorad Choudhry (Treasurer RBS) and Mihir Bose (sports journalist), Shadoq Education Minister Rushanara Ali, Prospective Parliamentary candidate Tulip Siddiq, former British High Commissioner to Bangladesh Anwar Choudhury.
	Media personalities have included Nina Hossain, Konnie Huq and Tasmin Lucia-Khan. Other notable entries include British kickboxing champion Ruqsana Begum and singer Mumzy Stranger.
	In 2013, included in the entrepreneur and business section are Telecoms managing director Naufal Zamir The list also revealed less well known and emerging faces such as Sabirul Islam (the "Teen-Trepreneur"), Rahima Begum (founder of human rights charity Restless Beings) and Zoe Rahman. In 2014, the list also contained less well-known and emerging faces such as Rupa Huq (Labour Prospective Parliamentary Candidate for Ealing) and Zubair Hoque Formula 4 Racing Driver.
	In 2013, the list also recognised the contribution made by British Bangladeshis to the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games including names such as Akram Khan MBE (choreographer and performer at the Olympic Games opening ceremony), Dr Muhammad Abdul Bari (LOCOG board member and Chairman of the East London Mosque), Saiman Miah (Olympic £5 coin designer), PC Sakira Suzia (Olympic torch security team) and Ayesha Qureshi MBE (London 2012 bid member).
	In 2014, Nobel laureate and Grameen Bank founder Dr Muhammad Yunus ranked top of "10 Inspirational Bangladeshis Around The World". Among others, the list also includes YouTube founder Jawed Karim, Brac's founder and chairperson Sir Fazle Hasan Abed, founder of Khan Academy Salman Khan, JAAGO Foundation's founder Korvi Rakshand, lawyer Sara Hossain, cricketer Shakib Al Hasan, CEO of Medtronic Omar Ishrak, founder of Sumazi.com Sumaya Kazi and Everest climber Nishat Mazumder.
	In 2015, Judge Khatun Sapnara was named the "Person of the Year" in recognition of her "outstanding achievement" as the first person of British Bangladeshi origin to acquire a senior judicial position. The list also included oncologist Prof Nazneen Rahman; Dr Irene Zubaida Khan, chancellor of the University of Salford; Baroness Pola Uddin; diplomat Anwar Choudhury; executive mayor of London Lutfur Rahman; lawmaker Rushanara Ali; author Tahmima Anam and captain Naveen Rahman of British Army.
	In 2016, Nadiya Hussain, was named the "Person of the Year" for pioneering achievement.

= = = Muslim Power 100 = = =

	Muslim Power 100 is a 2007 list published by The Power 100 website compiled of the top 100 British Muslims who have contributed positively to the United Kingdom.
	The Power 100 website compiled the "Muslim Power" list to recognise Muslims who have made "significant contributions to the social, cultural and economic well-being of Britain." The website said it was "applauding the vital achievement and contribution being made by the British Muslim community to the social, cultural and economic well-being of Britain."
	The Muslim minority contributes over £31 billion to the British economy each year.
	On 10 February 2007, the list was announced at a ceremony in the Hilton Hotel on Park Lane in London, after nine months preparation and voting.
	The list consisted of business leaders, writers, academics, doctors, campaigners, aid agency founders, lords, lawyers, authors, sporting icons, to giants of industry, actors, journalists and police officers.
	The event also saw the winners of the Muslim Power 100 Excellence Awards announced, which was divided into nine categories, the awards celebrate their winners' contribution to these sectors in British society.
	The Power 100 website received 5,200 nominations, which were a 16-strong panel including Sir Iqbal Sacranie (Muslim Council of Britain), Lord Amir Bhatia (House of Lords), Dr Ghayasuddin Siddiqui (Muslim Parliament of Great Britain).
	The list was sponsored by the Islamic Bank of Britain. Sultan Choudhury, managing director and spokesman for the Islamic Bank of Britain, said: "We wanted to highlight the positive contributions made by British Muslims to society - contributions that are in complete contrast with media connotations that somehow Muslims are linked to terrorism, are not as educated, or are segregating themselves. The opposite is true - we are integrating and contributing across a wide range of fields." He added: "Not only does this list recognise exceptional achievements, but it also illustrates the opportunities for success available for Muslims in Britain."
	The list did not rank those nominated in order of importance.
	Sportspeople on the list are cricketer turned politician Imran Khan and boxer Amir Khan. Also featured are actor Art Malik and singer Yusuf Islam (formerly Cat Stevens). The list includes 22 company chiefs, including Harrods boss Mohamed Al-Fayed and "curry king" Sir Gulam Noon, whose curry empire is worth around £55 million.
	Journalists included on the list are The Sun reporter Anila Baig, Independent columnist Yasmin Alibhai-Brown, broadcaster Rageh Omaar and the journalist Yvonne Ridley, who was once captured in Afghanistan by the Taliban, but later converted to Islam.
	Politicians and religious leaders on the list include former secretary general of the Muslim Council of Britain (MCB) Sir Iqbal Sacranie, the current MCB secretary general Dr Muhammad Abdul Bari, Baroness Pola Uddin, and MPs; Sadiq Khan, Shahid Malik and Khalid Mahmood.
	Other entries included are Irene Khan of Amnesty and Rear Admiral Amjad Hussain. Metropolitan Police assistant commissioner Tarique Ghaffur and Labour peer Lord Adam Patel of Blackburn were also featured.
	Excellence awards were given at the ceremony to nine guests including Dr Hany El-Banna, founder of Islamic Relief, and Haifa Fahoum Al Kaylani, chair of the Arab International Women's Forum. The Outstanding Contribution Award was awarded to Dr Hany El Banna.
	The "Muslim Power 100" publication also includes a list of 70 individuals highlighted as ones to watch for 2007. These individuals narrowly missed out on making the list for 2007, however, they were expected to feature in the future.

= = = The 500 Most Influential Muslims = = =

	The 500 Most Influential Muslims (also known as The Muslim 500) is an annual publication first published in 2009, which ranks the most influential Muslims in the world.
	The publication is compiled by the Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre in Amman, Jordan. The report is issued annually in cooperation with Prince Al-Waleed Bin Talal Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding at Georgetown University in the United States.
	The publication highlights people who are influential as Muslims. That is people whose influence is derived from their practice of Islam or from the fact that they are Muslim. Nominations are evaluated on the basis of the influence that particular Muslims have had within the Muslim community and the manner in which their influence has benefited the Muslim community, both within the Islamic world and in terms of representing Islam to non-Muslims. "Influential" for the purposes of the book is defined as "any person who has the power (be it cultural, ideological, financial, political or otherwise) to make a change that will have a significant impact on the Muslim World".
	The publication defines eligible entries with the following: "Traditional Islam (96% of the world's Muslims): Also known as Orthodox Islam, this ideology is not politicized and largely based on consensus of correct opinion—thus including the Sunni, Shi'a, and Ibadi branches of practice (and their subgroups) within the fold of Islam, and not groups such as the Druze or the Ahmadiyya, among others."
	The book starts with an overall top 50, ranked the most influential Muslims in the world. The remaining 450 most prominent Muslims is broken down into 15 categories without ranking, of scholarly, political, administrative, lineage, preachers and spiritual guides, women, youth, philanthropy/charity, development, science and technology, arts and culture, Qu'ran reciters, media, radicals, international Islamic networks and issues of the day. Each year the biographies are updated.
	The publication also gives an insight into the different ways that Muslims impact the world and also shows the diversity of how people are living as Muslims today. The book's appendices comprehensively list populations of Muslims in nations worldwide, and its introduction gives a snapshot view of different ideological movements within the Muslim world, breaking down clearly distinctions between traditional Islam and recent radical innovations.
	In 2009, the book was edited by Professors John L. Esposito and Ibrahim Kalin at Georgetown University in Washington.
	The 500 most influential Muslims were chosen largely in terms of their overt influence. The top 50 is dominated by religious scholars and either heads of state, which automatically gives them an advantage when it comes to influence, or they have inherited their position. Lineage is a significant factor – it has its own category – and the predisposition to include children of important people reveals a mindset that indicates achievement is an optional extra. The top 50 fits into six broad categories as follows: 12 are political leaders (kings, generals, presidents), four are spiritual leaders (Sufi shaykhs), 14 are national or international religious authorities, three are "preachers", six are high-level scholars, 11 are leaders of movements or organizations.
	The book has given the first place to King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia. Second place went to Ayatollah Syed Ali Khamenei, the spiritual leader of Iran. King Mohammed VI of Morocco found third place and King Abdullah II Al-Hussain of Jordan occupied fourth place. Fifth place went to Turkey's Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.
	The first solely religious leader is Iraq's Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani in seventh place. Fethullah Gülen came 13th. The heads of Hezbollah; Seyyed Hassan Nasrallah listed 17th and Hamas Khaled Mashaal listed 34th.
	The highest-ranking American (and highest-ranking convert) at 38th place was Sheikh Hamza Yusuf Hanson, founder of the Zaytuna Institute in Berkeley, California. Right after him comes the highest-ranking European, Sheikh Mustafa Cerić, grand mufti of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
	In total 72 Americans are among the 500, a disproportionately strong showing. Timothy Winter (Abdal Hakim Murad) was the highest ranked British Muslim, in an unspecified position between 51st and 60th, considerably higher than the three other British people who made the list – the Conservative Party chairman Baroness Sayeeda Warsi; the UK's first Muslim life peer, Lord Nazir Ahmed; and Dr Anas Al Shaikh Ali, director of the International Institute of Islamic Thought.
	The women featured had a separate section from the men. There were only three women listed in the top 50. Sheikha Munira al-Qubaysi (number 21), an educator of girls and women; Queen Rania of Jordan (number 37), who promotes global education; and Sheikha Mozah bint Nasser Al Missned of Qatar (number 38), who is chairwoman of the Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development.
	The listing also includes an extensive Arts and Culture Section. The general Arts and Culture Section included the names of singers Salif Keita, Youssou N'Dour, Raihan, Yusuf Islam and Sami Yusuf, Dawud Wharnsby; musician A. R. Rahman (India); film stars Aamir Khan and Shahrukh Khan; comedian Azhar Usman and martial artist Ma Yue. All the Qāriʾs (Quran reciters) listed in the book are from Saudi Arabia.
	"Foreign Policy" magazine's Marc Lynch stated, "Esposito and Kalin's methodology seems strange. Any list in which the Sultan of Oman (Qaboos bin Said al Said, who was sixth) outranks, say, Turkish preacher Fethullah Gülen (placed 13th) or the Aga Khan (Aga Khan IV, who was placed 20th) seems odd to this observer..."
	In 2010, Saudi King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz topped the list as the most influential Muslim in the world for the second consecutive year. Ayatollah Syed Ali Khamenei maintained second place. Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan moved into third place. Jordanian King Abdullah II was placed fourth above Moroccan King Mohammed VI who moved down to fifth place.
	In 2011, achievements of a lifetime were given more weight than achievements within the current year. which meant that the lists of names were going to change gradually, rather than dramatically, year-on-year. The Arab Spring had no impact on Saudi King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia's influence, it had boosted King Mohammed VI of Morocco's influence, who moved up to second place, and it had no effect on Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan who came in third place.
	Erdoğan was expected by many to receive the top spot in light of the Arab Spring. Erdoğan was credited with Turkey's "Muslim democracy", and was seen as the leader of a country that, as the Brookings Institution said, "played the 'most constructive' role in the Arab events."
	Emir of Qatar Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani influence rose during the Arab Spring, moving him to sixth place. He had driven much of the Arab Spring through the coverage given by "Al Jazeera", given financial support to protesters and political support to Libya, making him arguably the biggest enabler of the Arab Spring.
	In 2012, the edition was published by S. Abdallah Schleifer, Professor Emeritus and Senior Fellow Kamal Adham Center for Television & Digital Journalism, The American University in Cairo.
	There were more Muslims from America than any other country again with 41 spots on the 500 list. Countries with the next highest number of names were Egypt, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Kingdom, with 25 Muslims each, followed by Indonesia, with 24. It lists the winners according to 13 categories, including spiritual guides, Quran reciters, scholars, politicians, celebrities, sports figures, radicals, and media leaders.
	For the fourth year running, Saudi King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz topped the list. He was followed by Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan at second place. Erdoğan's advance gave him advantage over Moroccan King Mohammed VI who took the third place. Fourth place went to Dr Mohammed Badie, whose name appeared in the top 10 for the first time. He was followed by Qatari Emir Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani who took the fifth place. Sheikh Al-Azhar Dr. Ahmad el-Tayeb and prominent Islamic scholar Dr. Yusuf al-Qaradawi who is President of Global Association of Muslim Scholars, also made it to the top 10 ranks.
	"The Clarinet Projected" reported that they considered seven of the top ten to be "Islamists".
	In 2013, the list was edited once again by Professor Emeritus S. Abdallah Schleifer of the American University in Cairo.
	The top of the list went to Sheikh Ahmed el-Tayeb, the Grand Sheikh of the Al Azhar University for the prominent role played by him in Egypt's troubled democratic transition His astute decision making over the past couple of years has preserved the traditional approach of Al-Azhar which faced threats from Islamists and Salafis in the years that have followed Mubarak's fall. His public support of General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi's coup also gave it a strong religious grounding that was necessary for it to achieve the legitimacy needed to prevent a civil war, effectively making him a "king-maker" and cementing his place at the top of the list. He was followed on the listing by Saudi King Abdullah bin Abdul-Aziz Al-Saud and Iranian Grand Leader Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Khamenei.
	Reflective of the wider trajectory of the Arab Spring, this year's list showed a decline in influence from Muslim Brotherhood associated figures Dr Mohammed Badie, Sheikh Yusuf al Qaradawi and ousted Egyptian President Mohamed Morsi. Coup kingpin General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi who was previously unlisted now ranks at 29.
	The US dominates the list again with 41 inclusions including Muhammad Ali, Dr Mehmet Oz, Rep. Keith Ellison, Yasiin Bey (Mos Def), and Fareed Zakaria. Representing the UK are Mo Farah, Yusuf Islam, Riz Khan, Baroness Sayeeda Warsi, Cambridge's Dr Timothy Winter and 18 others.
	In 2014, the chief editor of the list was again Professor S Abdallah Schleifer. The top spot went back to Saudi King Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz al-Saud, due to his being the "absolute monarch of the most powerful Arab nation." The list accords him the place in light of Saudi Arabia being home to Islam's two holy cities of Makkah and Madinah, which millions of Muslims visit throughout the year, as well as the kingdom's oil exports. Rounding out the top three are Dr Muhammad Ahmed al-Tayeb, grand sheikh of Al-Azhar University and grand imam of Al-Azhar mosque, and Iran's Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei. The top nine are all political leaders and royals, including Morocco's King Mohammed VI and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan.
	The top 50 fit into six broad categories: 12 are political leaders (kings, generals, presidents), four are spiritual leaders (Sufi shaykhs), 14 are national or international religious authorities, three are "preachers", six are high-level scholars, 11 are leaders of movements or organizations. In total 72 Americans are among the 500 most influential Muslims, a disproportionately strong showing, but only one among the top 50, Sheikh Hamza Yusuf Hanson of Zaytuna Institute listed at number 38.
	In 2015, the top 50 was again dominated by religious scholars and heads of state. The top five, was King Abdullah of Jordan; Ahmed el-Tayeb, the grand sheikh of Egypt's Al-Azhar University; King Salman of Saudi Arabia; Iran's supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei; and King Mohammed VI of Morocco. Turkish President Recept Tayyip Erdogan came in at Number eight, but surprisingly Syrian President Bashar al-Assad did not make the Top 50 this year or last, though he is still listed in the 500. The prime minister of Iraq did not make the list, but Iraq's Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Hussein Sistani did, coming in at number nine.
	There was 32 newcomers to the 2016 list. 22 Indians featured on the list. As in past years, there continued to be more Muslims from the United States than any other country. Since at least 2012, the U.S. has outpaced nations with a far larger Muslim population, with at least 40 notable people of influence, with Pakistan (33), Saudi Arabia (32), Egypt (27) and the UK (27).

= = = 2013 Beijing International Challenger = = =

	The 2013 Beijing International Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the fourth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2013 ATP Challenger Tour and the 2013 ITF Women's Circuit, both offering a total of $75,000 in prize money. It took place in Beijing, China, on 8–14 July 2013.
	The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
	The following player received entry using a protected ranking:
	The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
	The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
	The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
	The following players received entry into the singles main draw as Lucky Losers:
	The following players received entry by a Protected Ranking:

= = = Neapolitan Way = = =

	Neapolitan Way (Foaled January 27, 1971) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse. A son of Barbizon and a grandson to Polynesian, he was out of a Bold Ruler mare named Bold Majesty. Neapolitan Way is best remembered for placing second in the second jewel of the American Triple Crown, the $250,000 grade 1 Preakness Stakes, to Little Current.
	Neapolitan Way's race history is very sketchy and vague, but he won 14 races during his career. It is also known that he placed in the top three finishers in 43% of his starts, a total of 36 out 84 in-the-money races. At age two, he finished third in the Miami Beach Handicap at Calder Race Course. At age three, he won the grade three Woodlawn Stakes (now renamed the James W. Murphy Stakes) at a mile on the turf at Pimlico Race Course and placed third in the Japan Racing Association Stakes at Laurel Park Racecourse. At age four, he placed third in the grade two Dixie Stakes at Pimlico.
	In mid May 1971, Neapolitan Way's trainer Lawrence W. Jennings decided to take a step up in class and run him in the second jewel of the Triple Crown. The Preakness Stakes is run at a mile and three sixteenths on dirt at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore, Maryland. Neapolitan Way was listed as one of the longest shots on the board at 24-1 on the morning line in a field of thirteen colts. The prohibitive favorite was the Kentucky Derby winner, Cannonade, at 2-1. Neapolitan Way broke slowly in tenth place out of thirteen and was outrun early under jockey Herb Hinojosa. Going into Pimlico's famous "Clubhouse Turn," he fell further back into dead last. The fractions were moderate on the front end, with the first quarter in :231/5 and the half in :47 seconds. Going into the final turn, Neapolitan Way lugged in and collided with Hudson County, causing a severe cut high on his left rear leg. After the move inward, Hinojosa applied steady left handed whipping, straightening Neapolitan Way out at the top of the stretch. In the lane, he moved up quickly from 13th to 11th to 7th and then hit another gear. He started picking off horses, including Cannonade. In deep stretch, he moved into second place but was no threat to the winner, Little Current, who finished between seven and 21 lengths in front of the rest of the field. Cannonade finished one length behind Neapolitan Way in third with Jolly Johu three quarters of a length back in fourth. Neapolitan Way took home the 20% runner-up's share of the purse, equalling $30,000.

= = = List of Scheduled Monuments in Newport = = =

	Newport unitary authority area, in Wales, has 71 Scheduled monuments. With a neolithic chambered tomb, three Bronze Age sites and seven Iron Age hillforts, it demonstrates a range of prehistoric occupation. However, with an entire Roman town at Caerleon, and Roman villas and forts, it is an important area for Welsh Roman archaeology. It is unlike much of South Wales in having far more medieval sites (28) than modern ones (4), with hardly any industrial monuments. All of the sites on this list (and the whole of Newport) are within the historic county of Monmouthshire. One site lies on the border into a neighbouring county, and is included on both lists.
	Scheduled Ancient Monuments (SAMs) have statutory protection. The compilation of the list is undertaken by Cadw Welsh Historic Monuments, which is an executive agency of the National Assembly of Wales. The list of scheduled monuments below is supplied by Cadw with additional material from RCAHMW and Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust.
 

= = = Chris Cook (soccer) = = =

	Christopher Cook (born 1968) is a retired American soccer player who played professionally in the American Professional Soccer League. He was the 1991-92 USISL indoor season MVP.
	Cook spent most of his youth in Dallas, but moved to Nashville, Tennessee his junior year of high school. In 1986, he graduated from Franklin High School. Cook attended Belmont Abbey College where he was a 1988 Second Team and 1989 First Team NAIA All American soccer player. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in sports management.
	In 1990, Cook turned professional with the New Mexico Chiles of the American Professional Soccer League. He then moved to Atlanta, joining the Atlanta Magic of the USISL. Cook was the 1991–92 USISL indoor season MVP He played for the Magic through at least the 1994 outdoor season.

= = = 2013 Yakima Regional Hospital Challenger = = =

	The 2013 Yakima Regional Hospital Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the second edition of the tournament which was part of the 2013 ITF Women's Circuit, offering a total of $50,000 in prize money. It took place in Yakima, Washington, United States, on July 8–14, 2013.
	The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
	The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
	The following players received entry by a Protected Ranking:

= = = Mount (heraldry) = = =

	In heraldry, a mount (also mountain, hill, hillock) is a representation of a hill or mountain as a curved terrace in base. When the mount is included in the lower part of the shield, it may be considered an ordinary rather than a charge.
	A trimount, also described as "a mount mounted", or "shapournet shapourned", is a representation of a mount with three tops. For mounts with more than three tops, the number of tops is blazoned as "coupeaux" (e.g. "a mount with six coupeaux"). 
	The trimount (in German, "Dreiberg") can be found in all heraldic traditions (Gallo-British, German-Nordic and Latin), but it is especially common in Switzerland.
	A design of six hills ("Sechsberg") can also be found in Swiss and Italian heraldry. In medieval German heraldry, mounts could have ten or more tops. Mounts with more than three tops are blazoned as a "mount of N coupeaux", e.g. German "Sechsberg" would be a "mount of six coupeaux", German "Zehnberg" as a "mount of ten coupeaux". A mount with more than six tops can also be blazoned as "Schroffen" in German heraldry.
	A "terrace in base curved" is blazoned "mount", "hill" or "hillock" when represented in vert; sometimes as "a mount vert" for clarity. Sometines, a "terrace in base curved" may be blazoned as "mount" even when not tinctured vert. This is mostly found in cases where the base represents a hill for one or several of the charges in the coat of arms. Classification either as an ordinary or, in many cases, as a charge, is a matter of interpretation.
	The coats of arms of Hungary and Slovakia depict a trimount, first used in the seal of Stephen V of Hungary (r. 1270–1272). 
	At first, it was only a small element at the bottom of the coat of arms, later it became regular heraldic figure. Originally it represented biblical Golgota. Modern day slovak interpretation is, that it represents three mountain ranges of the Kingdom of Hungary: the Tatra, Fatra, and Mátra.
	The representation of three pointed mountains (not a heraldic trimount) in the 1991 Coat of arms of Slovenia symbolises Triglav, the highest mountain in Slovenia.

= = = St Mark's English Church, Florence = = =

	Saint Mark's English Church is an Anglican church in Florence, Italy.
	The church forms part of the chaplaincy of St Mark's Florence with St Peter's Siena, which also includes a congregation in Bologna, in the Diocese in Europe of the Church of England.
	The chaplain is Father William Lister. The average congregation is about 150. The church ministers to the homeless in Florence. It is also used for classical music concerts and opera, with a resident opera company.
	St Mark's was founded by the Reverend Charles Tooth as a centre of worship for Anglo-Catholic members of the Anglican Church in Florence. He started a house church at 1 Via dei Serragli in 1877 to teach Anglo-Catholic principles and celebrate the Holy Eucharist daily during the week. In 1880, Tooth purchased a 15th-century palazzo to meet the new congregation's needs. John Roddam Spencer Stanhope designed and created the wall and ceiling decorations at his own expense. The first Holy Eucharist was celebrated there on 1 May 1881, although chaplain and church were not licensed for service by the bishop until 1884. The premises were extended by the purchase of 16 Via Maggio in 1906.
	The church was damaged by the 1966 Flood of the Arno River, resulting in the loss of George Frederick Bodley's 19th-century stencil work on the lower walls, although some survived behind a display cabinet.
	St. Mark's was the second Anglican church to be built in Florence. The British community in Florence has a long history and the chaplaincy began in the late 1820s. The first church, Holy Trinity, opened in the 1840s. Rebuilt in the 1890s, Trinity Church on the Via Lamarmara, is today a Waldensian Church.
	The white marble statue in the niche over the main door is "Apotheosis of Saint Mark" (2007–8) by Jason Arkles. This is the first work by an American sculptor to have a permanent public location in Florence.
	The building was altered by Tooth, who turned the ground floor into a church with nave, aisles, transept and chancel, about long and seating 400. The interior is decorated in the Pre-Raphaelite style and the upper reaches of the church have floral motifs with, as described by art historian Berenice Schreiner, "a wonderful sense of naturalism".
	Citations

= = = Imperial Monumental Halls and Tower = = =

	The Imperial Monumental Halls and Tower was a proposed Gothic complex designed for a site in London adjacent to Westminster Abbey. The plans, exhibited at the Royal Academy in March 1904, included a tower that would have dominated the Clock Tower and Victoria Tower of the nearby Houses of Parliament. It was never built.
	The design by John Pollard Seddon – then diocesan architect for London – and Edward Beckitt Lamb (son of Edward Buckton Lamb) was based on earlier schemes that each had proposed separately, and was one of many extensions proposed for Westminster Abbey in late 19th and early 20th centuries by architects such as George Gilbert Scott, George John Shaw Lefevre, James Fergusson, and Henry Travis. In particular, the clergy at Westminster Abbey were concerned that the church was becoming crowded with monuments, and more space was needed. Some of the proposed designs were considered by a Royal Commission in 1891. The issue was given added impetus after the coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra in August 1902 by a desire for Westminster Abbey to become a fitting Imperial monument, to compete with the baroque St Paul's Cathedral where Queen Victoria had commemorated her Diamond Jubilee in 1897.
	The architects aspired to create a grand and expensive monument to "form a worthy centre to the metropolis of the Empire 'upon which the sun never sets' " .
	The complex was planned to be joined to the Great Cloister of Westminster Abbey, leading to a reception hall beneath the tower, with the main body of the building - the Great Monumental Hall - stretching along Great College Street, incorporating smaller side halls. The halls would have ended with a double transept at the south end, wide and deep.
	The soaring Memorial Tower included a high-level open ambulatory, surmounted by a corona topped by a lantern with bells. It was intended to hold monuments and imperial trophies in galleries on the lower floors, with archives on the upper floors.
	It would have been the tallest building in the UK, significantly higher than the dome of St Paul's Cathedral. The complex would have had a similar floor area to Westminster Abbey itself, and would have overshadowed the Houses of Parliament close by.
	The scheme of work would have included the completion of the tower over the crossing at Westminster Abbey. "The Builder" magazine criticised the scheme as exhibiting a degree of megalomania .

= = = Achievement First = = =

	Achievement First is a charter school network in the United States. Achievement First operates schools in Connecticut (beginning with Amistad Academy in New Haven in 1999 along with other schools in New Haven, Bridgeport and Hartford), New York City (beginning in 2005 with schools in Brownsville, Bushwick, Crown Heights and East New York) and Rhode Island.
	Achievement First was one of the charter school organizations helping to establish Relay School for Education (formerly CUNY's Teacher U).
	Achievement First runs 34 schools that serve approximately 12,500 students.
	Achievement First has 11 schools in Connecticut, 20 schools in New York (with 3 more slated to open in 2018-2019), and 4 in Rhode Island.
	In 2015, five special education students at Achievement First Crown Heights (in Brooklyn) sued the school because (as a New York Times article paraphrased the lawsuits) they "did not get mandated services and were punished for behavior that arose from their disabilities." According to the New York Times, Achievement First responded that “We serve a substantial number of students with both modest and significant special education needs, and our school leaders, teachers and other professionals work tirelessly each day to serve all our students well [...] Most of our students who receive special education services are experiencing real growth, and we have high levels of overall parent satisfaction." The lawsuit was settled in early 2018.
	In 2016, Achievement First introduced "a new school model that they hope can maintain their high expectations and strict rules, while letting students develop independence and a sense of identity." The model was called Greenfield. The founding principal of a Greenfield school said that, "“Part of the model is addressing the idea that our students need to be prepared for college, and not just prepared academically."
	Other adjustments over time include shortening the school day by an hour.

= = = Valu Jada Tolu Beltu = = =

	Valu Jada Tolu Beltu () is a 1992 Indian Telugu comedy film, produced by Gutta Madhusudana Rao under the banner M.R.C. Movie Creations and directed by Vijaya Bapineedu. It stars Rajendra Prasad and Kanaka, with music composed by Prasanna Swaraj.
	The film begins at a village Accha Rao (Rajendra Prasad) an innocent craven leads a rejoicing life. He acquires a constable job, proceeds to take charge where the Station S.I. (Vallabhaneni Janardhan) is malicious. Here, their Head Constable (P. L. Narayana) endears Accha Rao's amiable nature, gives him shelter and his daughter Seeta (Kanaka) loves Accha Rao. Meanwhile, a new scheme commences in the town by a company to sell household goods at the lowest prices. The company agent Peter (Sai Kumar) collects huge amounts as advance from the public. Thereupon, the Company turns fraudulent and the Proprietor's son tries to escape with the money when Peter restricts his way. In that quarrel, accidentally, he dies in the hands of Peter when S.I. takes him into custody and tortures terribly. Just as, Accha Rao shows his solace which Peter exploits and absconds. So to protect Accha Rao, Head Constable takes the guilt. Right now, to redeem himself, Accha Rao moves to nab Peter along with Seeta. At present, the district S.P. (Kota Shankar Rao) instructs S.I. to present Accha Rao & Peter before him. Parallelly, the Company Proprietor (M. S. Gopinath) bids the S.I. to slay them out. In that process, Accha Rao meets his mother (Radha Kumari) and learns that Peter's wife (Sailaja) is terminally ill. Be concerned, Accha Rao looks after them, even finds whereabouts of Peter and unites him with his wife. Thereafter, Peter surrenders himself to Police. Simultaneously, Accha Rao goes into the clutches of the Company Proprietor. Both of them try to slaughter Accha Rao & Peter, but Accha Rao breaks out by eliminating the blackguard and rushes towards Peter. By that time, S.I. encounters Peter and tries to kill Accha Rao too. Fortuitously, the S.P. witnesses it and knocks out the S.I. Finally, Accha Rao is promoted as S.I. and the movie ends on a happy note with the marriage of Accha Rao & Seeta.
	Music composed by Prasanna Swaraj. Lyrics were written by Bhuvana Chandra. Music released on Company.

= = = Printer's sample stamp = = =

	A printer's sample stamp is a label produced by a printer resembling a stamp, but with no postal or other validity. Often it will include the name of the printer and demonstrate their printing capabilities. The stamps are not intended for use and are therefore to be distinguished from test stamps, though both test stamps and printer's sample stamps are dummy stamps in the broadest sense of that term.
	The R.M. Phillips Collection at the British Postal Museum and Archive contains a number of sample stamps produced by De La Rue before 1900, bearing their name and demonstrating their printing abilities for the British Post Office.
	Waterlow & Sons produced many small sheetlets of sample stamps in the same design as genuine stamps produced for their customers, but with the colours changed and overprinted diagonally "Waterlow & Sons Ltd. Specimen". The stamps in these sheetlets were also punched with a small hole in the corner to prevent their postal or revenue use and the sheetlets were displayed at the 1910 Brussels Exhibition. Clive Akerman comments in "The Presentation of Revenue Stamps: Taxes and Duties in South America", that the stamps were produced from obsolete dies.
	The "Prince Consort Essay" was a printer's sample stamp created in 1851 as an example of the surface printed stamps that Henry Archer proposed to print and perforate under contract with the British government at a lower price than the current printing firm of Perkins Bacon. The Prince Consort stamps were provided by the artist Robert Edward Branston, from an engraving executed by Samuel William Reynolds.
	Although commonly known as an essay, the stamp was not really an essay as it was never intended that a postage stamp be produced based on the design, nor was it an un-adopted design. It is more accurately described as a printer's sample stamp.
	The concept has been used worldwide with modern sample stamps from printers in Switzerland and the Netherlands, amongst other countries, commonly seen in philatelic circles.

= = = Alex Mellor = = =

	Alex Mellor (born 1994) is an English professional rugby league footballer who plays as a and for the Leeds Rhinos in the Betfred Super League. 
	He has previously played for the Bradford Bulls in the Super League and the Kingstone Press Championship, and the Huddersfield Giants in the Super League.
	Mellor was born in Halifax, West Yorkshire, England.
	Mellor had been involved in the Bradford Bulls scholarship system from under-15's.
	He featured in Round 20 (Warrington Wolves) and Round 27 (Huddersfield Giants).
	Mellor featured in the pre-season game against Hull FC.
	He featured in Round 10 (Wigan Warriors) to Round 13 (Huddersfield Giants) then in Round 21 (Huddersfield Giants) to Round 23 (Leeds Rhinos). He played in Round 27 (London Broncos).
	He signed a new 1 Year Deal with the Bulls despite their relegation to the Championship.
	Mellor featured in the pre-season friendlies against Castleford Tigers and Leeds Rhinos.
	He featured in Round 1 (Leigh Centurions) to Round 4 (Hunslet Hawks) then in Round 9 (London Broncos) to Round 16 (Doncaster). Alex played in Qualifier 3 (Salford Red Devils) to Qualifier 4 (Widnes Vikings) then in Qualifier 7 (Halifax). Mellor played in the Challenge Cup in Round 5 (Hull Kingston Rovers).
	Mid-way through the season Mellor signed a 2 year Extension to his contract.
	Mellor featured in the pre-season friendlies against Leeds Rhinos and Castleford Tigers. He scored against Castleford Tigers (1 try).
	He featured in Round 2 (Whitehaven) to Round 3 (Swinton Lions) then in Round 5 (Oldham) to Round 7 (London Broncos). He played in Round 10 (Dewsbury Rams) to Round 13 (Swinton Lions) then in Round 15 (Leigh Centurions). Alex featured in Round 17 (Workington Town) to Round 21 (Whitehaven) then in Round 23 (Featherstone Rovers). Alex featured in the Championship Shield Game 1 (Whitehaven) to the Final (Sheffield Eagles). Mellor played in the Challenge Cup in the 4th Round (Dewsbury Rams). He scored against Dewsbury Rams (3 tries), Oldham (1 try), Leigh Centurions (1 try), Whitehaven (3 tries) and Halifax (1 try).
	Following Bradford's liquidation before the 2017 season, he signed a 3 Year Deal with Super League side Huddersfield Giants.
	Mellor featured in Round 1 (Widnes Vikings) to Round 6 (Wigan Warriors). He scored against Salford Red Devils (2 tries)
	He agreed to join Leeds ahead of the 2020 Super League season.

= = = The Satanist (album) = = =

	The Satanist is the tenth studio album by Polish extreme metal band Behemoth. The album was announced on May 31, 2013 and released on February 3, 2014 through Nuclear Blast and on February 4 in Poland via Metal Blade Records and Mystic Production, respectively. Release was preceded by digital download single "Blow Your Trumpets Gabriel" and 12" EP under the same title released on December 4, 2013.
	The Satanist was recorded between February and June 2013 in Hertz Studio in Białystok, and RG Studio in Gdańsk, both in Poland, produced by Behemoth, Daniel Bergstrand, and the Wiesławscy Brothers. The album was mixed by Matt Hyde at Hydeaway Studios in Los Angeles, and mastered by Ted Jensen at Sterling Sound in New York City. Colin Richardson was the initial producer for the album, but stepped down after four weeks due to creative differences.
	A music video was shot for the song "Blow Your Trumpets Gabriel" which was produced and directed by Grupa 13, and Dariusz Szermanowicz. The video premiered on the Behemoth YouTube channel on December 3, 2013.
	On January 7, 2014, Behemoth released the first part of their video prologue for this album. Subsequently, the second part was released on January, 14, the third part was released on January, 21, and the fourth part was released on January, 29. Earlier, on January 28, the official lyric video for the song "Ora Pro Nobis Lucifer" was released.
	The song "In the Absence ov Light" contains a spoken word quote from the Witold Gombrowicz drama "The Marriage" (pol. "Ślub") which states:
	Upon its release, "The Satanist" received universal acclaim reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from critics, the album received an average score of 92, which indicates "universal acclaim", based on 10 reviews. Joe DiVita of Loudwire noted that the album "sees the band shed away that skin as they simultaneously get back to some of their blackened roots while exploring new areas with ... dynamic songwriting". The album would claim the top spot on Loudwire's list of the best metal albums of 2014, with Loudwire stating that "The disc is a masterpiece from beginning to end, with absolutely no filler to be skipped over".
	Grayson Currin of Pitchfork said ""The Satanist" is a terrific coil of most everything Behemoth have ever done well, a strangely hopeful vision of hell wrested away from its very grip." The editorial staff of Dutch webzine Lords of Metal named it the third best album of 2014, after a score of 93/100 for the initial album review.
	In 2019 the album was voted as the "Best Metal Album of the Decade" by various publications such as Loudwire, Consequence of Sound, WhatCulture and others.
	All music composed by Nergal. All arrangements by Behemoth. All lyrics written by Nergal, except where noted.
	Production and performance credits are adapted from the album liner notes.

= = = Relay Graduate School of Education = = =

	Relay Graduate School of Education is a private graduate school for teachers in New York City and other cities across the nation. It was established in 2011 after being spun off from Hunter College's Teacher U program. It is the first stand-alone graduate school of education to open in New York since Bank Street College of Education was founded in 1916.
	The New York Board of Regents approved the school unanimously with one abstention. Alternative certification programs such as Teach for America and the New York City Teaching Fellows utilize existing colleges for required coursework, while Relay GSE provides its own course program. Teacher U CEO Norman Atkins was chosen as the graduate school's president.
	Teacher U was founded by three charter school networks "with impressive student achievement records": KIPP, Achievement First, and Uncommon Schools. The school will serve charter school and district teachers. There was opposition to the school's establishment from some of New York's existing universities that offer teacher education programs.
	On September 7, 2013, Relay GSE held the commencement ceremony for its first graduating class of students on Pier 60 at Chelsea Piers in New York City.
	The school has since expanded nationwide, with additional campuses in Baton Rouge, Chicago, Connecticut, Delaware, Denver, Houston, Memphis, Nashville, New Orleans, Newark, Philadelphia, Camden, and San Antonio.

= = = Hovey Fund = = =

	The Hovey Fund was created by a bequest from Charles Fox Hovey (1807-1859), a Boston merchant who supported a variety of social reform movements. Hovey left $50,000 to support abolitionism and other types of social reform, including "women's rights, non-resistance, free trade and temperance."
	Hovey appointed a committee of trustees to administer the fund, headed by abolitionist Wendell Phillips. Hovey specified that the funds should be spent at the rate of $8,000 per year to meet immediate needs.
	The fund paid Susan B. Anthony's salary ($12 per week) while she coordinated the Women's Loyal National League's massive petition drive asking Congress to approve an amendment that would abolish slavery.
	With 400,000 signatures, it was the largest petition drive in the nation's history up to that time, gathering signatures from approximately one out every twenty-four adults in the Northern states and significantly contributing to the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
	Hovey was one of a group of Boston businessmen who had provided most of the funding for the American Anti-Slavery Society in the years prior to the American Civil War.
	During and after the war the Hovey fund helped to sustain the Anti-Slavery Society as fund-raising became more difficult and the cost of publishing abolitionist newspapers increased sharply. After slavery in the U.S. was abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment, the fund's continued support assisted the Anti-Slavery Society's campaign for the political rights of the newly freed slaves, playing a crucial role in the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment and Fifteenth Amendments, which secured citizenship and voting rights for African Americans.
	A controversy over the fund developed after the Thirteenth Amendment was ratified. Hovey's will stipulated that if slavery was abolished before the fund's money was exhausted, the remainder was to be channeled to other specified reform movements, including the women's rights movement. Despite the fact that the Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery in 1865, Phillips declared that slavery would not truly be abolished until African Americans secured the right to vote, and he continued to channel much of the fund's money to that cause.
	Leaders of the women's movement were furious at being denied money that rightfully belonged to them, especially when they desperately needed it to finance what they had hoped would be a pivotal campaign in Kansas by the American Equal Rights Association to achieve suffrage for all state citizens regardless of race or sex.

= = = Women in Uruguay = = =

	Women in Uruguay are women who were born in, who live in, and are from Uruguay. According to "Countries and Their Cultures", there is a "very high proportion" of Uruguayan women participating in the labor force of the South American country. The Uruguayan legislation maintains that the women of Uruguay have equal rights to power, authority, and privileges". In reality, however, women are still not occupying "higher economic, professional, political, social, and religious positions". In relation to the political arena, UN Women reported that a 2012 study made by the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) ranked Uruguay as being "103rd out of 189 countries in terms of representation of women in Parliament". Uruguay low ranking is partly due to its low political participation of women: only 16% of members of Parliament are women as of 2014. 
	One prominent Uruguayan woman is Paulina Luisi. Luisi was a leader of the feminist movement in the country of Uruguay. In 1909, she became the first woman in the country to obtain a medical degree and was highly respected. She represented Uruguay in international women's conferences and traveled throughout Europe. She voiced her opinion on women's rights, and in 1919, Paulina started the force for women's rights in Uruguay. By 1922, the Pan-American Conference of Women named Paulina Luisi an honorary vice president of the meeting and she continued to be an activist until Uruguay gave women the right to vote.
	Domestic violence is a very serious problem, especially so-called crimes of passion, which continue to be tolerated under Article 36 of the Penal Code (The passion provoked by adultery) – "Artículo 36. (La pasión provocada por el adulterio)". Since 2013, there have been ongoing political efforts to remove this provision from the Criminal Code. Before 2006, perpetrators of rape could avoid punishment if, after the assault, they married the victim. Uruguay's law against domestic violence is "Ley Nº 17.514", enacted in 2002. 
	The abortion law of Uruguay is very liberal compared to the other Latin American countries.
	In 2012, Uruguay become the second country in Latin America, after Cuba, to legalize abortion on demand (during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy).
	Unlike most other Latin American countries, women are not very present in politics. Uruguay has one of the lowest percentage of women in politics in Latin America.
	Asunción Lavrin, "Women, Feminism and Social Change: Argentina, Chile and Uruguay, 1890–1940" (Nebraska Press, 1995)

= = = Midnight Kiss (EP) = = =

	Midnight Kiss is the title of debut EP by English indie rock/synthpop band Propellers. It was released on 28 January 2013.
	The first single from the EP was the title track "Midnight Kiss". The song was first played by Jacob Rickard on BBC Introducing in Kent at the beginning of January 2013. The band were chosen for daytime plays on BBC Radio 1 shows, including Sara Cox and Scott Mills. A music video for "Midnight Kiss" was released on 28 January 2013 onto YouTube.
	In March 2013, Propellers released the second single from the EP, titled "Landslide". A music video for the track was released onto YouTube on 24 March.

= = = Agora Fidelio = = =

	Agora Fidelio is a French Alternative rock band (sometimes referred to as Post rock).
	The group was born in the late 1990s in the form of side-project of Psykup. The band interprets simple acoustic covers.
	After some changes, the line up is stabilized in 2002. Mathieu MIEGEVILLE, vocals, is no longer the only member of the initial training. He also officiates since 2007 in My Own Private Alaska, a piano trio / battery / screams. Mathieu Sainty, said Akira, who takes the bass, was also a member of the Seaside Group. Julian Rouche, guitar, is a founding member of the Naive group, which released his first album in June 2009. He is also the only member of the electro Status Phantom project.
	In 2002, the band released their first album, Une histoire de chair
	The second album, Altitude Zero, was released in 2004.
	The third album, Le troisième choix, was initially scheduled for February 2006, but was released 10 months later, in November 2006. To ward off the spell, the group released a 4 track EP called Finir à Paris. This EP offers two pieces of the future album, two remixes from Altitude Zero, and clip Finish in Paris.
	In early 2007, Akira decided to leave the group. He was replaced by Stéphane Bezzina (called Pelo and current bassist Psykup).
	The group's fourth album, Les Illusions d'une Route was structured as a triple album triptych.
	The first component, Barcelona, released in 2010.
	The second part, Baghdad, was released in 2012.
	The group name has no special meaning. This is the concatenation of Agora is the name of the former studio of Psykup, Agora (managed by Yannick Tournier, former Psykup), who was also a place of life and meetings, and Fidelio, which is the Password orgiastic evening in the film Eyes Wide Shut (originally the name of the only opera Beethoven).

= = = International Temple, Supreme Assembly, Order of the Rainbow for Girls = = =

	The International Temple, Supreme Assembly, Order of the Rainbow for Girls is a building in McAlester, Oklahoma, United States that serves as the headquarters for the International Order of the Rainbow for Girls. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 14, 2013.
	The Order of the Rainbow for Girls was founded in McAlester on April 6, 1922 by Rev. W. Mark Sexson. From the initial installation class of 86 girls, the Order grew to 50,000 members in 1940. In 1941, the Order began plans for a larger office building that would serve as a memorial to those who had made the Order possible, and a shrine for members worldwide. The building was designed by the Tulsa firm Black and West, and the funds for the building were approved at the 1950 Supreme Assembly session. The contract for the construction was granted to the Dewey Loveall Construction Company in August 1950, and the cornerstone was Masonically laid on May 2, 1951.
	The building was first opened to the public on November 18, 1951.

= = = Black Mascara Eyes = = =

	Black Mascara Eyes is the second EP by English indie rock/synthpop band Propellers. It was released on 15 July 2013.
	On 6 July 2013, "Black Mascara Eyes" was played on BBC Radio Kent by Jacob Rickard as the record of the week.
	A music video for the song "Black Mascara Eyes" was released on 1 July 2013. It was directed by Duncan Howsley.

= = = Dorothy Lovett = = =

	Dorothy Lovett (February 16, 1915 – April 28, 1998) was an American film actress.
	Lovett was born in Providence, Rhode Island. She married director Jack Hively (1910-1995) on December 25, 1941, while he was in the Air Force. Hively worked for RKO studios for a period. Lovett graduated from Pembroke College in Brown University with a major in sociology and a minor in psychology.
	Lovett's best-known recurring role is that of Judy Price in "Meet Dr. Christian" (1939), "Remedy for Riches" (1940), "The Courageous Dr. Christian" (1940), "Dr. Christian Meets the Women" (1940) and "They Meet Again" (1941). She spent almost the whole of her career with RKO studios, debuting in 1939. She was lent to Universal Studios to make "The Green Hornet Strikes Again" and retired from professional life in 1943 when her RKO contract expired.
	Her last film appearance was a small role in 1965's "A Patch of Blue".
	Lovett's early radio experience came in Providence, where she performed on programs that included a cooking school, a dramatized serial, a shopping service, and a weekly fashion show.
	In radio series, Lovett supplied the voices for Toni Sherwood on "Rocky Jordan" (1945-1947), Meta Bauer/Jan Carter on "Guiding Light" (1948-1949) and Grace Adam on "The Seeking Heart" (1953-1955). She also appeared on "Dr. Christian", "Lux Radio Theatre", "Father Knows Best" and many other radio programs.
	In 1954, Lovett began portraying Grace Adam, a doctor's wife, in "The Seeking Heart", a CBS daytime drama.
	She died in Sherman Oaks, California.

= = = 2013 Lehigh Mountain Hawks football team = = =

	The 2013 Lehigh Mountain Hawks football team represented Lehigh University in the 2013 NCAA Division I FCS football season. They were led by eighth-year head coach Andy Coen and played their home games at Goodman Stadium. They were a member of the Patriot League. They finished the season 8–3, 3–2 in Patriot League play to finish in a three-way tie for second place.

= = = Harry Peyton Steger = = =

	Harry Peyton Steger (2 March 1883 – 4 January 1913) was an American writer and editor.
	Steger was born in Moscow, Tennessee, in 1883. After attending public schools there he entered the University of Texas. Following his graduation, he attended the Balliol College, Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar and later went to Johns Hopkins, where he studied Sanskrit. Harry Steger worked as a journalist both in England and in America. He was also a literary adviser to Doubleday, Page & Co., literary executor of O. Henry, and editor of "Short Stories Magazine".
	He died in New York city of kidney failure. He is buried in Willow Wild Cemetery in Bonham, Fannin County, Texas.
	Miscellany

= = = Shuichi Nosé = = =

	Nosé is best known for his two 1984 papers in which he proposed a method to specify the temperature of molecular dynamics. It was later improved by William G. Hoover, and is known as the Nosé–Hoover thermostat.
	Obituaries:

= = = Enterprise I.O.O.F. Hall = = =

	The Enterprise IOOF Hall, at 105 NE 1st Street in Enterprise, Oregon, is a historic building built in 1920 that was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 2012, along with two others recommended by Oregon's State Advisory Committee on Historic Preservation in October, 2011. The building served as a meeting hall for Enterprise's chapter of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows.
	The building was deemed significant for having served as a social center for the community and as "a symbol of the importance [IOOF lodges] once had in the welfare of the community before social service aid was available."

= = = Amin Iskander = = =

	Amin Iskander (, ; born 1952) is an Egyptian politician, writer and activist. He is the co-founder, along with Hamdeen Sabahi, of the Dignity Party ("Al-Karama") and is currently a member of the People's Assembly. He is considered a veteran Nasserist and a long-time advocate of pan-Arab unity. He has authored several books specializing in Egyptian and Arab politics. He is a resident of Shobra and a Coptic Christian.
	Iskander began his career in activism as a staunch Nasserist. Throughout the 1970s, during the presidency of Anwar Sadat, he was part of the anti-Sadat student movement and won in two student union elections. He also participated in the anti-austerity protests of 1977 which resulted in his arrest. He was arrested two more times, during the 1980 parliamentary elections and in 1983 for suspicions of being part of an clandestine Nasserist organization. He was severely tortured during his latter stint in prison.
	When the Arab Democratic Nasserist Party (ADNP) was legalized in 1992 Iskander joined the party, which was founded by Diaa al-Din Dawoud, but later left the party in 1998 along with other members of the "new guard" after disagreements with the party's leaders. Along with former ADNP cadre Hamdeen Sabahi, Iskander co-founded the Dignity Party ("Al-Karama"). He continued his activism, being instrumental in the establishment of the Egyptian-Palestinian solidarity movement in 2000 after the start of the Second Intifada (Palestinian uprising) against the Israeli occupation. He also helped organize protests against the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the ensuing occupation.
	These protests, together with wide disapproval of Hosni Mubarak's policies in Egypt, eventually culminated with the founding of Kefaya, a grassroots opposition movement. Iskander was one of the principal leaders of the movement and became a vocal opponent of the planned, succession of Gamal Mubarak, Hosni's son, to the presidency which Iskander criticized as "presidential inheritance."
	Iskander joined the youth-led protests of the 2011 Egyptian revolution on its first day, 25 January and was arrested by security forces while protesting in Cairo's Shobra district on the first day. He continued protesting after his release on 27 January. He became the Dignity Party's secretary-general in 2011. Iskander strongly condemned the killing of mostly Coptic Christians protesters during the Maspero demonstrations on 9 October. During the 2011-2012 Egyptian parliamentary election, Iskander represented the Dignity Party and was part of the Democratic Alliance. He won a seat in Cairo's First District (Al-Sahel).

= = = South Carolina Highway 576 = = =

	South Carolina Highway 576 (SC 576) is a primary state highway in the state of South Carolina. The highway connects U.S. Route 76 (US 76) to US 501, south of Marion.
	SC 576 serves to keep the continuation of the four-lane divided highway that travelers get on in Florence to Myrtle Beach and vice versa.
	Established in 1973 as new primary routing, connecting US 76 and US 501 Business/SC 41 Alternate; it was built as a four-lane divided highway; it has remained unchanged since.

= = = Joseph Pere Bell Wilmer = = =

	Joseph Pere Bell Wilmer (February 11, 1812 – December 2, 1878) was the Episcopal bishop of Louisiana.
	Joseph Wilmer was born in Swedesboro, New Jersey, United States, in 1812, the son of the Rev. Simon (himself son of the Rev. Simon and uncle of Bishop Richard Hooker Wilmer) and Rebecca (Frisby) Wilmer. He attended the University of Virginia, where he graduated in 1831; Kenyon College, where he graduated in 1833; and Virginia Theological Seminary, where he graduated in 1834. In 1857, he received the degree of D.D. from Union College in Schenectady, New York. Wilmer was ordained a deacon in the Episcopal Church on July 10, 1834, in St. Paul's Episcopal Church in Alexandria, Virginia, by Bishop Richard Channing Moore of Virginia. He was ordained a priest by the same bishop at St. Paul's Episcopal Church in Petersburg, Virginia, in May 1838. He married Helen Skipwith, the daughter of Humburston and Sarah (Nevison) Skipwith, with whom he had six children.
	Wilmer began his ordained ministry by serving at St. Anne's Parish in Albermarle, Virginia, from 1834-1838. The following year he served as the chaplain at his alma mater, the University of Virginia. In 1839, he was appointed chaplain in the United States Army. He resigned from the army in 1843 to take charge of Hungars Parish in Northampton County, Virginia. After that he served as rector of St. Paul's Episcopal Church in Goochland County, Virginia, until 1848, when he became rector of St. Mark's Episcopal Church in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He served there until the breakout of the Civil War in 1861, when he retired to his estate in Virginia.
	His cousin Richard Hooker Wilmer was elected Bishop of Alabama by the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War, and, although Richard Wilmer was unable to attend the first General Convention after the war, his consecration was ratified by the reunited church.
	In May 1866, Joseph Wilmer was elected as the second bishop of the Diocese of Louisiana, succeeding Bishop (and General) Leonidas Polk, who had died during the siege of Atlanta in 1864. He was consecrated as bishop in Christ Church, New Orleans, on November 7, 1866, by Presiding Bishop John Henry Hopkins, as well as Bishops William Mercer Green, Richard Hooker Wilmer (his cousin), and Charles Todd Quintard. During his episcopate, Bishop Wilmer grew the diocese, despite financial, flooding, and political troubles. During his first eight years, the number of congregations, church buildings, and communicants in the diocese more than doubled. Wilmer died suddenly of apoplexy in New Orleans on December 2, 1878. He was buried at Green Mount Cemetery in Baltimore, Maryland.
	Batterson, Hermon Griswold (1891). "A Sketch-book of the American Episcopate". Philadelphia: J. B. Lippencott & Co. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
	Duncan, Herman Cope (1888). "The Diocese of Louisiana: Some of Its History, 1838-1888". New Orleans: A. W. Hyatt. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
	Hanson, George A. (1876). "Old Kent: The Eastern Shore of Maryland". Baltimore: Clearfield. Retrieved June 30, 2013.

= = = Canada at the 2013 Summer Universiade = = =

	Canada competed at the 2013 Summer Universiade in Kazan, Russia. The team won a total of 16 medals, including 2 gold.
	Canada was represented by fifty-two athletes.
	Canada was represented by six male and five female badminton players.
	Canada has qualified both a men's and a women's team.
	The men's team will participate in Group C.
	The women's team will participate in Group C.
	The women's team roster is as follows:
	----
	Canada will be represented by one men's team and two women's teams.
	Canada will be represented by sixteen fencers.
	Canada will be represented by both a men's and a women's football team.
	The men's team will participate in Pool D.
	The team roster is as follows:
	The women's team will participate in Group B.
	The team roster is as follows:
	Canada will be represented in both artistic gymnastics and rhythmic gymnastics.
	Ten gymnasts will compete in the artistic gymnastics competition.
	Two gymnasts will compete in the rhythmic gymnastics competition.
	Canada will be represented by both a men's and a women's rugby sevens team.
	The men's team will participate in Group A.
	The team roster is as follows:
	The women's team will participate in Group A.
	The team roster is as follows:
	Canada will be represented by three shooters.
	Canada will be represented by thirty-eight swimmers.
	Canada will be represented by eight synchronized swimmers.
	Canada has qualified both a men's and a women's team.
	The men's team will participate in Group D.
	The team roster is as follows:
	The women's team will participate in Group B.
	The team roster is as follows:
	Canada has qualified both a men's team and a women's team.
	The men's team will participate in Group A.
	The team roster is as follows:
	The women's team will participate in Group A.
	The team roster is as follows:
	Canada will be represented by six male and three female weightlifters.
	Canada will be represented by five male and seven female wrestlers.

= = = List of minor planets: 234001–235000 = = =


= = = Rane Engine Valve Limited = = =

	Rane Engine Valve Limited is a part of Rane Group of companies involved in the manufacture of valves and valve train components for various engine applications. Incepted in the year 1959, it is one of the oldest engine valve manufacturers that caters in the auto industry. The company is headquartered in Chennai and has five manufacturing locations with 2 plants in Chennai, 2 in Hyderabad and a plant in Tiruchirapalli. It is the largest manufacturer of engine valves in India with an 85% market share.
	The company offers its products to companies engaged in the manufacture of passenger cars, utility vehicles, light commercial vehicles, medium and heavy commercial vehicles, farm tractors, and two and three wheelers. The major customers of the company include Maruti Suzuki, Tata, Mahindra, Hyundai, Yamaha, Volkswagen, Deutz. It recently inaugurated its dedicated Lean Manufacturing Practices (LPS) line for Mahindra and Mahindra's Farm Equipment Sector in its Chennai plant. It also has a dedicated line for manufacturing valves for kappa engines of Hyundai motor.
	The company has an export market. About 30% of its turnover comes from export and the export markets include Europe, North America, and the Far East. The company was all ready to set up an Export-oriented unit (EOU) near Visakhapatnam, but the plan was dropped later.
	Rane group of companies was founded by Shri T. R. Ganapathy Iyer in the year 1929 and the group was originally named as Rane Madras (Ltd). It started off as a distributor of automobiles and parts. After his death, the business was taken over by his son-in-law Lakshmana Iyer Lakshminarayan, popularly known as LLN, among friends and business circles. Under the leadership of LLN, the company was shaped into an auto-component business house. LLN remained as the founder chairman of the group for over three decades.
	The company was incorporated in 1954 in Chennai. The main objective of the company is to manufacture of valves for internal combustion engines and ATE valves for Mercedes Benz. It started with a technical collaboration with Farnborough Engineering Company Ltd. that lasted for over a decade till 1973. The valves are to be marketed under the trade name "EVL". In 1959, it established the first IC engines valve plant in chennai. In the year 1973, the company entered into a technical collaboration agreement with Kar Valves Ltd. (formerly Cochin State Power & Light Corpn. Ltd.), for the export of technical know-how and assistance for the manufacture of valves for internal combustion engines.
	Rane Engine Valve Limited was formed after Engine Valves Limited (EVL) was merged with its 100% subsidiary Engine Components Ltd (ECL) in the year 1999. The reverse merger, effective from FY99 is expected to benefit the new entity, reducing its tax liability, because of the carry forward losses of ECL. Rane Engine Valve Limited now has a more diversified product portfolio, absorbing the products of the 2 merging companies. It manufactured guides for internal combustion engines, engine camshafts and tappets, all catering to the automobile industry. The Company is the largest manufacturer of engine valves in India with an 85% market share. The Company was taken over by RANE HOLDINGS LIMITED and it was delisted from Bombay Stock Exchange on 15 February 2008.
	Today, the company has five plants. The plants in Alandur (Chennai), Medchal (Hyderabad), Aziz Nagar (Hyderabad) and Trichy are involved in the manufacture of Engine Valves and the plant in Ponneri (Chennai)is involved in the manufacture of Guides and Tappets.

= = = Michael Fraser (basketball) = = =

	Michael Fraser (born June 28, 1984) is a Canadian professional basketball player for Rosa Radom of the Polish Basketball League.
	In July 2013, he signed with KK Igokea. He was released in October after playing only one game. He then returned to Byblos Club for the rest of the season. In November 2014, he signed with Homenetmen Beirut for the 2014–15 season.
	On September 1, 2015, he signed with Polfarmex Kutno of the Polish Basketball League. After two seasons with Polish club, in September 2017, he returned to Lebanon and signed with Sagesse Club.

= = = Lovesong (novel) = = =

	Lovesong is a 2009 novel by the Australian author Alex Miller.

= = = Meanings of minor planet names: 234001–235000 = = =


= = = 110th Infantry Regiment (United States) = = =

	The 110th Infantry Regiment is a regiment of the United States Army. Its legacy unit, 1st Battalion, 110th Infantry, is a subordinate command of 2nd Brigade, 28th Infantry Division.
	The regiment served with the 55th Infantry Brigade, 28th Infantry Division from September 1917 – May 1919, and from 1921–24.
	Current reorganization as of March 2014
	In June 2016, 1st Battalion-110th Infantry Regiment deployed to Jordan, UAE, and Kuwait to train their forces.

= = = List of Nisekoi chapters = = =

, released in English as "Nisekoi: False Love", is a Japanese romantic comedy manga series written and illustrated by Naoshi Komi. It was first published as a one-shot manga in Shueisha's seasonal "Jump NEXT!" magazine before being serialized in "Weekly Shōnen Jump". In December 2011, Shueisha published the first chapter in English online. Viz has since published several volumes, first digitally (up to volume 13) and then in print (up to volume 14).

= = = Dwelling in Beulah Land = = =

	Dwelling in Beulah Land is a hymn written and composed by C. Austin Miles who also wrote and composed In the Garden. The song, Dwelling in Beulah Land, was published in 1911. It was used as the Fijian anthem.

= = = Giles Ministry = = =

	The Giles Ministry was the ministry of the tenth Chief Minister of the Northern Territory, Adam Giles. It came into operation on 14 March 2013, following the replacement of Terry Mills as Chief Minister and leader of the Country Liberal Party by Adam Giles. It ended on 31 August 2016, when Labor leader Michael Gunner became Chief Minister following his victory at the 2016 election.
	On 9 September 2013, Chief Minister Giles announced that he would be "refreshing" his cabinet. Alison Anderson was removed from the ministry and her portfolios assigned to others. Bess Price joined the ministry. The new ministry was sworn in by the Administrator of the Northern Territory the next day.
	On 2 February 2015, cabinet member Willem Westra van Holthe challenged Chief Minister Adam Giles for the leadership of the Country Liberal Party, and announced that the party had voted him as leader and chief minister apparent. The next day, Giles refused to resign as chief minister and after a meeting of the parliamentary wing of the CLP, emerged to announce that he was still the leader and that Westra van Holthe would be his deputy. On 4 February, Robyn Lambley was expelled from Cabinet for supporting the challenge.
	A further reshuffle was held following the resignation of Matt Conlan from Cabinet on 10 February.
	John Elferink was sacked as Minister for Correctional Services on 26 July 2016, with Adam Giles assuming the portfolio.

= = = List of minor planets: 235001–236000 = = =


= = = 2014 North Indian Ocean cyclone season = = =

	The 2014 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation. The season included two very severe cyclonic storms, both in October, and one other named cyclonic storm, classified according to the tropical cyclone intensity scale of the India Meteorological Department. Cyclone Hudhud is estimated to have caused US$3.58 billion in damage across eastern India, and more than 120 deaths.
	The scope of this article is limited to the Indian Ocean in the Northern Hemisphere, east of the Horn of Africa and west of the Malay Peninsula. There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean — the Arabian Sea to the west of the Indian subcontinent, abbreviated "ARB" by the India Meteorological Department (IMD); and the Bay of Bengal to the east, abbreviated "BOB" by the IMD. The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the India Meteorological Department (IMD), while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center releases unofficial advisories. On average, four to six storms form in this basin every season.
	Under the influence of an active intertropical convergence zone, the season got off to one of its earliest starts on record, with a depression developing over the Andaman Sea during January 4. Over the next couple of days the system moved westwards and made landfall on Sri Lanka, where it weakened into an area of low pressure. Over the next few months the basin remained quiet, before the precursor cyclonic circulation to Depression BOB 02 developed during May 18. As the cyclonic circulation developed it helped the southwest monsoon, advance into the Andaman Sea and parts of the Bay of Bengal, before it developed into a depression during May 21. The depression was short lived and weakened into a remnant low, over the Bay of Bengal during May 23. The southwest monsoon was subsequently delayed by six days setting in over the Indian state of Kerala and eventually moved over the state during June 6. Over the next few days the monsoon set in further over the Bay of Bengal, while it was enhanced over the Arabian Sea by the formation of Cyclonic Storm Nanauk. By June 18, the monsoon covered most of the North Indian Ocean and parts of Gujarat, Konkan & Goa, Odisha, Jharkhand, Bihar and Gangetic West Bengal.
	During June 19, an eastward propagation of the Madden-Julian Oscillation over the maritime continent, lead to the season's first area of low pressure developing over coastal parts of Bangladesh. This helped the monsoon set in over India's north-eastern states and advance in to central India. During the final week of June the monsoon weakened, which led to the emergence of heatwave conditions over eastern parts of coastal India. The monsoon subsequently started to revive as it interacted with the mid-latitude westerlies and it advanced into parts of the Himalayas and northwest India by July 1. During the first week of July an area of low pressure and several upper air cyclonic circulations caused the monsoon to advance further, where it covered the whole of Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh by July 7. Over the next two weeks a trough of low pressure and a cyclonic circulation, helped advance the monsoon into remaining parts of the Arabian Sea, central and north-western India. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) subsequently declared that the monsoon covered the whole of India on July 17, which was about two days later that normal.
	A change in the lower tropospheric circulation pattern over Rajasthan between September 16–17, from cyclonic to anti cyclonic, which indicated to forecasters that the southwest monsoon had started to withdraw from the region. During September 23, after Rajasthan had remained mainly dry since September 17, the IMD declared that the withdrawal of the southwest monsoon had commenced. Over the next couple of weeks the monsoon gradually withdrew from the Arabian Sea, north-western and central parts of India, before Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Hudhud formed on October 7. After Hudhud had moved northwards and weakened into an area of low pressure, the southwest monsoon withdrew from the rest of India, Sri Lanka and the North Indian Ocean by October 18. During October 18, northeast monsoon rains over Tamil Nadu and neighbouring peninsular India commenced.
	Under the influence of an active Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), a low pressure system formed over the Bay of Bengal on January 2, slowly organizing as it moved into a favorable environment. A Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) was issued by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC). On January 4, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) commenced its advisories on the storm, designating it "Depression BOB 01", followed by the JTWC classifying the storm a tropical cyclone. The storm intensified a little further, before it made landfall over north Sri Lanka on January 6 and degenerating into a low pressure area during the following day.
	The storm brought moderate rainfall to northern Sri Lanka. On January 6, Vavuniya reported the highest amount of rainfall of , followed by Puttalam, Anuradhapura and Trincomalee receiving each. The depression was the first storm in the North Indian Ocean to form in the month of January since Cyclonic Storm Hibaru in 2005.
	A low pressure area formed over the Bay of Bengal on May 19. It slowly consolidated, prompting IMD to classify it as a Depression on May 21, followed by JTWC issuing a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) in the following hours. Over the following day, the depression continued moving north-northeastwards towards an area of high vertical wind shear. The JTWC cancelled the TCFA issued for the system, stating that high wind shear had caused the convection to start dissipating. The storm continued losing convection, until it weakened into a well-marked low pressure area on May 23. The remnant system persisted for several more days, moving over the Indian state of Odisha late on May 25, before dissipating on the following day.
	The depression brought much-needed relief to Odisha which had been suffering from a heat wave that claimed at least 22 lives. Coastal areas previously reporting temperatures near fell below during the system's passage. Heavy rains affected many areas, including at Bhawanipatna which experienced temperatures of days earlier. The highest 24‑hour rainfall was in Baleswar. Six districts were placed under a flood alert due to the rains. A bridge near Hatadahi in the Rayagada district was swept away by flooding.
	Under the influence of an active southwest monsoon surge, a low pressure area formed over the Arabian Sea on June 9. It slowly organized, and was classified tropical storm "02A" by the JTWC in the early hours of June 10. In the following hours, the IMD upgraded the storm to a depression and subsequently a deep depression, designating it "ARB 01". On June 11, the system was upgraded to Cyclonic Storm intensity and was named "Nanauk" by the IMD as it continued to intensify under favorable environmental conditions. The following day, Nanauk reached its peak intensity with a minimum central pressure of and 3-minute sustained winds of . As it tracked further northwestwards, the storm encountered moderate vertical wind shear, dry air and low sea surface temperatures, causing it to weaken rapidly into a Depression on June 13. A low-level steering flow deflected the storm to take a northward path, and the system was last noted as a well-marked low pressure area on June 14.
	On July 19, an upper level cyclonic circulation lay over the north-eastern Bay of Bengal and parts of Gangetic West Bengal and Odisha. Over the next day an area of low pressure formed, under the influence of this cyclonic circulation and rapidly concentrated into a Depression during July 21, over Odisha and West Bengal. Over the next couple of days the system moved westwards, before it weakened into an area of low pressure during July 23 over northwest Madhya Pradesh. The area of low pressure subsequently merged with the monsoon during July 25, while the cyclonic circulation persisted over Rajasthan and Punjab, before it was last noted during July 31. Under the influence of the depression, heavy to extremely heavy rainfall was recorded in the states of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Vidarbha. In Odisha a total of 12 people lost their lives, while around of crops were affected and 1351 houses were damaged.
	On 3 August, a low pressure area formed over the Bay of Bengal under the influence of an upper air cyclonic circulation. The system slowly intensified into a depression the following day while being located inland over Midnapore. The depression moved further inland, underwent intensification and was upgraded to a deep depression the same day. The storm moved further westwards and weakened into a depression on August 5, and was last noted as a well marked low pressure area on August 7 over northwestern Madhya Pradesh.
	The storm activated a flood situation in Odisha, affecting 12 districts of the state. Waterlogging was reported in the cities of Cuttack and Bhubaneshwar, and nearly 200 villages were affected after the Baitarani river swelled more than two meters over its flood danger level. Sambalpur district received the highest amount of rainfall at , followed by Balasore district receiving . Seven people were reported to be missing after two trawlers capsized off the coast. The state government evacuated about 17,000 people from low-lying areas. 23 deaths were reported due to torrential rainfall.
	Under the influence of an upper air cyclonic circulation, a low pressure area formed over the Andaman Sea on October 6. The system drifted westward and intensified into a depression and subsequently into a deep depression the next day, followed by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issuing a Tropical cyclone formation alert (TCFA). Owing to favorable environmental conditions, the storm intensified into a cyclonic storm on October 8 and was named "Hudhud". Its convection consolidated in the following hours, and Hudhud became a Severe Cyclonic Storm on October 9. Hudhud underwent rapid deepening in the following days, intensified into a Very severe cyclonic storm and developed a well-defined eye feature. Shortly before landfall near Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh on October 12, Hudhud reached its peak strength with three-minute wind speeds of and a minimum central pressure of . The system drifted northwards over land and was last noted as a well-marked low pressure area over east Uttar Pradesh on October 14.
	Hudhud brought extensive damage to the coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh. At least 124 deaths were reported due to the storm and damage amounted to 21,908 crore (US$3.58 billion).
	In late October, a low pressure area formed over the Arabian Sea. It slowly consolidated and a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) was issued by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) on October 24. The following day, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) classified the storm as a depression, designating it ARB 02, and the JTWC estimated tropical storm winds at the storm's center, starting advisories for the system. On October 26, the system remained stationary and intensified into a Deep Depression. Subsequently, the IMD reported the storm had intensified into a cyclonic storm, and named it "Nilofar". The following day, the IMD upgraded the storm into a severe cyclonic storm and further to a very severe cyclonic storm, and the JTWC reported hurricane-strength winds at Nilofar's center as it meanwhile developed an eye feature. On October 28, Nilofar underwent rapid deepening throughout the day, reaching a peak strength of with wind speeds exceeding , tied with Hudhud. Over the following days, the storm recurved northeastwards and experienced high vertical wind shear, causing it to weaken rapidly into a minimal cyclonic storm on October 30. The low-level circulation center of the storm became exposed in the following hours and IMD downgraded the storm into a well-marked low pressure area on October 31, issuing its final advisory for the system.
	During November 3, an area of low pressure developed over the Bay of Bengal, under the influence of active northeast monsoon conditions. On November 5, the IMD identified the system as a depression and designated it with the identifier 'BOB 04'. This was followed by the JTWC issuing a TCFA and subsequently initiating advisories on the system. The JTWC designated it '05B' and was reporting winds around the center on November 6. Later that day, the IMD upgraded BOB 04 into a Deep Depression. The system drifted northwards over the next couple of days, maintaining its intensity. Located between two subtropical ridges, BOB 04 mostly showed quasi-stationary motion. However, albeit the adequately favorable conditions for further intensification, BOB 04 failed to intensify further. This resulted in the IMD downgrading the system into a Depression and further into an area of low pressure by November 8.
	This is a table of all storms in the 2014 North Indian Ocean cyclone season. It mentions all of the season's storms and their names, durations, peak intensities (according to the IMD storm scale), landfall(s) – denoted by bold location names – damages, and death totals. Damage and death totals include the damage and deaths caused when that storm was a precursor wave or extratropical low, and all of the damage figures are in 2014 USD.

= = = Meanings of minor planet names: 235001–236000 = = =


= = = Run the Jewels = = =

	Run the Jewels, also known by the initialism RTJ, is an American hip hop duo consisting of rapper/producer El-P and rapper Killer Mike. They released their acclaimed debut studio album, "Run the Jewels", as a free digital download in 2013. This was followed by "Run the Jewels 2" in 2014, which was also praised by critics. Their critically acclaimed third album, "Run the Jewels 3", was released digitally in December 2016 with a physical release the following month.
	Killer Mike was first introduced to El-P by Cartoon Network executive Jason DeMarco in 2011. El-P produced Mike's 2012 album "R.A.P. Music", which was soon followed by Mike's appearance on the track "Tougher Colder Killer" from El-P's 2012 album "Cancer 4 Cure". When "R.A.P. Music" and "Cancer 4 Cure" were released within weeks of each other, the two rappers decided to tour together. The success of the tour eventually led to the decision to form the supergroup Run the Jewels. The duo took their name from the lyrics of an LL Cool J song.
	On June 26, 2013, Run the Jewels released their self-titled debut album on Fool's Gold Records as a free digital download.
	The duo has released a free track as part of the yearly Adult Swim Singles Program on the 2013 edition, when they released their debut single, "36" Chain", through it.
	"Run The Jewels 2" was released through Mass Appeal Records on October 24, 2014. A light-hearted remix album composed entirely of cat sounds titled "Meow the Jewels" was released on September 25, 2015. It features guest production from the likes of Prince Paul, Boots, Geoff Barrow, Zola Jesus, The Alchemist, Just Blaze and others. Proceeds from the album will go entirely to charity. They also announced the release of a traditional remix album of "Run the Jewels 2", to be released via Fool's Gold Records in 2015.
	Just like the previous year, Adult Swim released the 2014 edition of their compilation, which saw the release of the lead single from "Run the Jewels 2", "Oh My Darling (Don't Cry)", while the non-album single "Rubble Kings (Dynamite on the Street)" was released in 2015.
	Run the Jewels supported Jack White on January 30, 2015 at Madison Square Garden. In early 2015, it was announced that the band would perform at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in April and the Bonnaroo Music and Arts Festival in June. In addition to these larger festivals, RTJ also announced performances at the Boston Calling Music Festival, the Big Guava Music Festival, the Pitchfork Music Festival, the Austin City Limits Music Festival, and the Music Midtown Festival in Atlanta, Georgia; Blink-182 drummer Travis Barker was slated to join them. Trackstar the DJ served as Run the Jewels' DJ during their "RTJ2" tour.
	Killer Mike revealed that the duo would begin work on "Run the Jewels 3" in January 2015. Run the Jewels released an exclusive 12-inch on April 18, 2015 in conjunction with Record Store Day. The record included a new track ("Bust No Moves" feat. SL Jones) in addition to three previously-released songs.
	In 2016, Adult Swim was once again used to release "Talk to Me" from "Run the Jewels 3".
	In 2016, Run the Jewels released the song "Love Again" featuring Gangsta Boo. "Love Again" went on to win Run the Jewels only UK Music Video Awards. The awards were "Best Urban Video" and "Best Editing in a Video".
	"Run the Jewels 3" was digitally released on December 24, 2016, three weeks prior to its previously announced release date of January 13, 2017. Physical release of the album appeared on January 13 in the United States and January 20 elsewhere.
	In June 2017, the track "Legend Has It" from "Run the Jewels 3" was featured in the teaser trailer for Marvel's "Black Panther" during game four of the 2017 NBA Finals, and was viewed 89 million times in 24 hours. Multiple Run the Jewels tracks were also featured in the 2017 action film "Baby Driver", which also featured a cameo by Killer Mike. In September 2017, Run the Jewels released "Mean Demeanor", a track created for the football video game "FIFA 18".
	In March 2018, Adult Swim released a Run the Jewels/"Rick and Morty" crossover music video for "Oh Mama". The music was a remix of "Oh Mama" from "Run the Jewels 3" accompanied by sound effects from a "Rick and Morty" short. The effort was directed by Juan Meza-León, and was released prior to Run the Jewels headlining the 2018 Adult Swim Festival on October 7, 2018.
	On December 12, 2019, the single "Legend Has It" was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America. 
	On October 11, 2018, Run the Jewels released a new song titled "Let's Go (The Royal We)", which is featured in the 2018 superhero film "Venom" and debuted on Zane Lowe's "Apple Music's Beats 1" show. It was also confirmed that "Run the Jewels 4" is in the works. The duo will provide music for the upcoming video game "Cyberpunk 2077", along with several other artists.
	As part of the promotion for "Run the Jewels 2", the duo started a "Tag the Jewels" movement encouraging graffiti artists from around the world to tag their rendition of the duo's signature "pistol and fist" hand gesture, as featured on all of their album covers. 30 artists were invited to participate in the movement, creating large murals on six continents. The same "pistol and fist" gesture was featured on the covers of several Marvel comic books since 2015. Marvel editor-in-chief Axel Alonso was the driving force behind the gesture's incorporation into variant covers for "Deadpool" #45, "Howard the Duck" #2, "Deadpool's Secret Secret Wars" #1, "Black Panther" #2, "Cage" #1 and "Doctor Strange/Punisher: Magic Bullets" #1 variant. In the video game Borderlands 3 one of the vault hunters, FL4K's pets will throw up the duo's "pistol and fist" gesture when petted.
	The Grammy Awards is an annual awards ceremony presented by The Recording Academy. Run The Jewels has been nominated for one award.
!
!scope="row" | 2018
	The Video Music Awards (commonly abbreviated as the VMAs) is an awards show presented by MTV to honor the best in the music video medium.
!
!scope="row" | 2017
	The UK Music Video Awards is an annual celebration of creativity, technical excellence and innovation in music video and moving image for music. Run The Jewels have won two awards from six nominations.
!
	The NME Awards is an annual music awards show in the United Kingdom, founded by the music magazine, NME (New Musical Express) . Run The Jewels have received three nominations (Best Album in 2015, and Best Festival Band and Best International Band in 2016) and won two awards (Best Festival Band and Best International Band in 2016).
	The A2IM Libera Awards is an annual music awards show created by the American Association of Independent Music. Run The Jewels have won five awards from eleven nominations.
!

= = = Fauna of the Cayman Islands = = =

	The Fauna of the Cayman Islands include species unique to the islands, including the blue iguana, also known as the Grand Cayman iguana ("Cyclura lewisi") .

= = = Bobby Reiss = = =

	Bobby Reiss (born 30 September 1990) is a retired American professional soccer player.
	In May 2017 Reiss was named Head Coach, Women's Soccer, Midamerica Nazarene University, Olathe, KS. He had served 3 years as assistant coach and the team achieved a 33-21-8, including two of the best years in program history in 2015 and 2016, reaching the NAIA National Tournament for the first time, as well as breaking into the top-25 schools in the nation. Reiss also graduated with his MBA in counseling from MNU this year.
	Born in Palmdale, California, Reiss is a graduate of the California State University for which he played three seasons for the soccer team.
	On 20 March 2013 it was announced that Reiss had signed a professional contract with the Atlanta Silverbacks of the North American Soccer League. Reiss then made his professional debut for the Silverbacks on 28 May 2013 in the US Open Cup against Real Salt Lake in which he started and played the full 90 as Atlanta lost the match 3–2.
	On 30 June 2014 Reiss announced that he was stepping away from soccer to pursue an academic opportunity. He accepted a position as a graduate assistant for the women’s soccer team at MidAmerica Nazarene University in Olathe, Kansas. While fulfilling his duties as a graduate assistant, he would also be pursuing a Master’s degree in counseling.
	http://www.mnusports.com/news/2017/5/9/WS050917.aspx

= = = Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Manny Pacquiao = = =

	Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Manny Pacquiao, billed as the Fight of the Century or the Battle for Greatness, was a professional boxing match between undefeated five-division world champion Floyd Mayweather Jr. and eight-division world champion Manny Pacquiao. It took place on May 2, 2015, at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada. Mayweather Jr. won the contest by unanimous decision, with two judges scoring it 116–112 and the other 118–110. Although the fight was considered to be one of the most anticipated sporting events in history, it was largely considered a letdown by critics and audiences alike upon its broadcast.
	Despite predictions that Mayweather–Pacquiao would be the highest-grossing fight in history as early as 2009, disagreements between the two professional boxers' camps on terms for the fight prevented the bout from coming to fruition until 2015. The failure to arrange the Mayweather–Pacquiao fight was named the 2010 "Event of the Year" by "The Ring". Serious negotiations were kickstarted in 2014 by an unlikely source: a Hollywood waiter and part-time actor, Gabriel Salvador, made a key introduction between Pacquiao's trainer and confidant Freddie Roach and CBS President Les Moonves, who both worked to facilitate the match. By 2015, negotiations for the fight had been finalized, with all of the major issues that prevented the fight from happening in the past resolved, including purse split, drug testing and location.
	The fight was televised through a pay-per-view (PPV) jointly produced by HBO and Showtime, the respective rightsholders of Pacquiao and Mayweather. In the Philippines, the fight was also broadcast in simulcast across three of the country's major broadcast television networks. The fight was expected to be the most lucrative in the history of professional boxing: with an initial estimate of 4.4 million purchases, the PPV alone broke revenue records in the United States (U.S.) with $410 million in revenue, making it the highest-grossing PPV in history, surpassing Mayweather–Álvarez in 2013. By September 2015, the figure had been amended to 4.6 million. The broadcast of the fight in the Philippines was watched by nearly half the country's households. Due to the record high price of the PPV, the fight was also widely broadcast through unauthorized online streams on services such as Periscope.
	Despite the large amount of hype that surrounded it, critics felt that the bout itself was disappointing, primarily citing Mayweather's defense-oriented strategy in the ring and Pacquiao's difficulty in landing punches on Mayweather. This had led to some critics re-labelling the fight 'Better Never Than Late' rather than 'Fight of the Century'. It was later revealed following the event that Pacquiao had sustained an undisclosed injury to his right shoulder while training and that while it had healed in time for the fight, he re-injured it during the fourth round. Further controversy emerged when it was revealed that prior to the fight, Mayweather had been administered IV fluids cleared by the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) through a retroactive "therapeutic use exemption"—an exemption, however, not authorized by the Nevada State Athletic Commission (NSAC).
	When the fight was announced, Mayweather was 38 years old and still undefeated, with a perfect professional record of 47 wins and no losses. On June 6, 2008, six months after defeating Ricky Hatton by a tenth-round technical knockout, Mayweather announced his retirement from boxing. At the time, plans were in motion for a rematch with Oscar De La Hoya, which was going to take place September 20, 2008. "This decision was not an easy one for me to make as boxing is all I have done since I was a child," Mayweather said. "However, these past few years have been extremely difficult for me to find the desire and joy to continue in the sport." At the time, 31-year-old Mayweather registered 39 wins and no losses in his historic career. At the time of his retirement, "The Ring" had Mayweather ranked as the No. 1 pound-for-pound fighter in the world, with Manny Pacquiao at No. 2.
	During Mayweather's brief retirement, Pacquiao earned superstar status in much of the Western world with his eighth-round technical knockout victory over Oscar De La Hoya, for which he moved up from lightweight to welterweight (135 pounds to 147 pounds).
	On May 2, 2009, the day of Pacquiao's fight against Ricky Hatton, Mayweather announced that he was coming out of retirement and would fight Juan Manuel Márquez, "The Ring" lightweight champion and No. 2 pound-for-pound fighter, on July 18, 2009, in a welterweight non-title fight. Márquez had previously fought Pacquiao in two controversial outings: they fought to a 12-round draw on May 8, 2004, and Pacquiao was awarded a 12-round split decision win on March 15, 2008. Mayweather played down Pacquiao's newfound stardom at his press conference, stating: "If he wins tonight, don't be all shocked ... Cause guess what? I beat (Hatton) when he was undefeated. Pacquiao beat Oscar, it don't matter. Going down to 147 pounds was too much for (De La Hoya), he was dead after the first round. ... When you talk boxing, you talk Floyd Mayweather."
	Pacquiao would go on to defeat Hatton by a second-round knockout to win "The Ring" junior welterweight title. The win made him the second boxer in history to win titles in six weight divisions, the first being Oscar De La Hoya.
	Mayweather vs. Márquez was postponed until September 19, 2009, due to a rib injury suffered by Mayweather. Despite being out of the ring for 21 months, Mayweather looked as sharp as ever and dominated the fight, winning by a lopsided 12-round unanimous decision. After the bout, Mayweather Promotions CEO Leonard Ellerbe stated that a fight with Pacquiao was the "next obvious choice from a marketing standpoint."
	On November 14, 2009, Pacquiao stopped Puerto Rican star Miguel Cotto in round 12 to win the WBO welterweight title. Pacquiao's victory sparked a media frenzy and fans were quick to demand a fight between the two of them, despite the fact that the actual fight itself had not officially been made yet and would not take place until 2015.
	On December 5, 2009, ESPN reported that Pacquiao signed a contract to fight Mayweather on March 13, 2010. Shortly afterward, Pacquiao denied ever signing a contract to fight Mayweather, telling "FanHouse", "There are still some things that need to be negotiated." On December 11,
	Golden Boy Promotions sent an eight-page contract to Top Rank, proposing a 50–50 financial split for a fight to take place on March 13, 2010. The contract was very detailed, including such matters as who would weigh-in first (Pacquiao), who would enter the ring first (Pacquiao) and who would be introduced first (Mayweather). The contract included an HBO PPV showing at a cost of $59.95. Billing was to be "Mayweather vs. Pacquiao, presented by Top Rank, Golden Boy Promotions, Mayweather Promotions and M-P Promotions in association with [approved sponsors and the site]." Also included in the contract was Olympic-style drug testing. Venues for the fight being discussed were Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas, the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas and the Superdome in New Orleans.
	In a video titled "Boxing Legend Freddie Roach Updates Us On Pacquiao" uploaded to YouTube on December 11, 2009, Pacquiao's trainer, Freddie Roach, revealed the first hint about Mayweather's request for Olympic-style drug testing, telling roving reporter Elie Seckbach, "I hear negotiations are a little shady. (Richard) Schaefer and them are unhappy about something. They want Olympic-style drug testing. I said, 'Yeah, no problem.' I said, 'Whatever you want.' Since we accepted that, now they're running scared again."
	On December 13, 2009, Pacquiao's adviser, Michael Koncz, said Mayweather's request for Olympic-style drug testing was a laughing matter and they had no concerns whatsoever about it. "Our reaction is, 'So what?' We know Manny doesn't take any illegal drugs or anything. And none of this is getting under Manny's skin or anything. I'm here with Manny, and to him, it's like a joke. It's a laughing matter," said Koncz.
	After reports had surfaced that both parties had agreed to all terms, Golden Boy Promotions released a press release on December 22, 2009, revealing that Pacquiao was unwilling to comply with the Olympic-style drug testing requested by Team Mayweather. The following day, Bob Arum, Top Rank founder and CEO, declared the fight was off and Pacquiao would be facing a different opponent. "We appeased Mayweather by agreeing to a urine analysis at any time, and blood testing before the press conference and after the fight. Mayweather pressed for blood testing even up to the weigh-in. He knew that Manny gets freaked out when his blood gets taken and feels that it weakens him. This is just harassment and, to me, just signaled that he didn't want the fight," Arum told David Mayo of the "Grand Rapids Press".
	Not long after declaring that the fight was off, Arum had a change of heart and offered Mayweather a 24-hour take-it-or-leave-it deadline to accept Team Pacquiao's terms for drug testing. Top Rank sent out a press release explaining their position on Mayweather's request for random Olympic-style drug testing. In it, Arum said Pacquiao was willing to submit to as many random urine tests requested, but as far as random blood tests were concerned, he was only willing to subject himself to three tests: one in January, one 30 days from the bout (no later than February 13) and immediately after the fight. "Let's be very clear on the real issues we differ on. It's not about being tested ... It's about who does the testing and the scheduling of the procedures ... The United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) cannot do it because they will not amend its procedures to accommodate the blood testing schedule we have outlined. USADA, under its guidelines, would have the right to administer random blood tests as many times as they want up to weigh-in day and that is ludicrous," Arum explained. Freddie Roach told Lance Pugmire of the "Los Angeles Times" on December 22, 2009, that he would prefer for Pacquiao to give his final blood sample a week before the bout and no later than 72 hours before.
	On December 28, 2009, video from an episode of HBO's "Pacquiao–Hatton: 24/7" surfaced on the internet showing Pacquiao giving blood in the weeks leading up to his May 2, 2009, bout with Ricky Hatton. Documents confirmed that the video was recorded on April 8, 2009, 24 days prior to the fight and past the 30-day cut-off date that Pacquiao had demanded for a Mayweather fight. Pacquiao filed suit in U.S. District Court in Nevada on December 30, 2009, against Floyd Mayweather Jr., Floyd Mayweather Sr., Roger Mayweather, Mayweather Promotions and Golden Boy Promotions executives Oscar De La Hoya and Richard Schaefer, alleging that they made false and defamatory statements accusing him of taking performance-enhancing drugs.
	Both sides agreed to enter into mediation on January 7, 2010, in hopes of coming to an agreement on the blood testing issue. Retired federal judge Daniel Weinstein, who successfully resolved a prior dispute between Top Rank and Golden Boy Promotions, would again act as mediator. Two days later, after hours of negotiating during mediation, Arum declared that the fight was officially off after Mayweather refused to agree to a 24-day cut-off date. Mayweather revealed that he offered a 14-day cut-off date to Team Pacquiao, but it was rejected.
	Leonard Ellerbe declared on January 18, that random blood and urine testing will be implemented in all of Mayweather's future fights, regardless of the opponent. On February 13, in an exclusive interview with David Mayo of The "Grand Rapids Press", Mayweather said, "I gave him [Pacquiao] a chance, up to 14 days out. But my new terms are all the way up to the fight. They can come get us whenever, all the way up to the fight, random drug test. That's what it is."
	After the failed negotiations, both boxers moved on to other fights. On March 13, 2010, Pacquiao defeated Joshua Clottey via unanimous decision and on May 1, 2010, Mayweather beat Shane Mosley by a unanimous decision.
	On May 13, 2010, Bob Arum announced that he had penciled in November 13, 2010, as the date of Pacquiao's next fight, possibly against Mayweather. Pacquiao was quoted by the "Manila Bulletin" on May 20, as saying, "As long as they're not getting a large amount of blood, I am willing to give out blood as close to two weeks before the fight." On the same day, Mayweather revealed that he would be taking off the rest of 2010 and possibly 2011.
	Arum declared on June 30, 2010, that there were no longer any issues and the decision was up to Mayweather. "That's all been resolved," Arum stated to Kevin Iole of "Yahoo Sports" regarding the dispute over random blood and urine drug testing. Arum would also tell the "Las Vegas Review-Journal", "There's no longer any issues...The question is whether Mayweather is willing to fight this year." He would reiterate that comment to the "Manila Bulletin", stating, "It's now up to Mayweather if he wants to fight."
	On July 13, Arum issued a July 16 midnight deadline for Mayweather. "Mayweather has until the end of the week. He could wait until the last minute. If it's Friday [July 16] and it's 11 p.m., and he says we have a deal, we have a deal," Arum would explain to Dan Rafael of ESPN. On July 15, Top Rank's website unveiled an official countdown to the deadline entitled "Money" Time: Mayweather's Decision.
	As soon as the deadline for Mayweather's response expired, Arum held a conference call. Arum revealed to the media that the negotiations he had been referring to consisted of a series of conversations with HBO Sports President Ross Greenburg. He also revealed that there was no actual direct communication with any representative from Team Mayweather or Golden Boy Promotions. "I had a couple of conversations with Ross [Greenburg] and I laid out all the terms that would be acceptable to our side and I also informed him about the concession that Manny had made regarding drug testing. He got back to me in a couple of weeks and told me that he had had discussions with Al Haymon, representing Floyd Mayweather, and that everything looked good and we were nearing a resolution," Arum explained. During a Q & A session following his opening statement, Arum further explained, "We have never talked to anybody on the Mayweather side and all conversations on our part were through Ross Greenburg and he reported on all conversations on the Mayweather side from Al Haymon."
	On July 19, 2010, Ellerbe denied that negotiations ever took place and said nothing was ever agreed on. "Here are the facts: Al Haymon, Richard Schaefer and myself speak to each other on a regular basis and the truth is no negotiations have ever taken place nor was there ever a deal agreed upon by Team Mayweather or Floyd Mayweather to fight Manny Pacquiao on November 13. Either Ross Greenburg or Bob Arum is not telling the truth, but history tells us who is lying," stated Ellerbe. Three days later, Schaefer backed Ellerbe's statement that negotiations never took place.
	Regarding comments he made suggesting that contracts for the megafight were close to being finalized, De La Hoya told BoxingScene.com on July 26, "I think I said it because I get the question asked so many times that, obviously, I was fed up and tired of it and I just said like, yeah, yeah, it's gonna get made. So it was a quick answer that I should have obviously thought about. But, obviously, negotiations weren't going on. Nothing was going on."
	Also on July 26, Greenburg released a statement saying he had been negotiating with a representative from each side since May 2, "I had been negotiating with a representative from each side since May 2, carefully trying to put the fight together. Hopefully, someday this fight will happen. Sports fans deserve it," Greenburg revealed in a prepared statement sent out to select members of the media. Schaefer again supported Ellerbe's denial of negotiations and challenged both Greenburg and Arum to take lie detector tests. "I think it's unfortunate that Ross made that statement. I fully stand behind the statement I made. I have not negotiated with Ross and I am not aware of any negotiations that have taken place," Schaefer told ESPN.
	On September 2, 2010, Mayweather unleashed a profanity-filled racist internet rant against Pacquiao via Ustream. He was misquoted as referring to Pacquiao as "a yellow chump" but he actually called him a "little young chump" and said, "Once I stomp the midget, I’ll make that queer make me a sushi roll and cook me some rice." In addition, he said, "I'm going to cook that [expletive] with cats and dogs. Have some rice with a little barbecue dog." The following day Mayweather apologized. "I want to apologize to everybody.  ... I don't have a racist bone in my body, you know. I love everybody," Mayweather said. "I was just having fun. I didn't really mean it, nothing in a bad way."
	On July 8, 2011, ESPN reported that Pacquiao was willing to agree to random drug testing—but not by USADA. "We have agreed in the Pacquiao camp to unlimited random testing done by a responsible, neutral organization," Arum told Yahoo!. "We don't believe USADA is a neutral organization. I don't think anybody's test is as vigorous as the test administered by the Olympic Organization. And we can arrange for the Olympic Organization to handle the test under the supervision of the Athletic commission respective of the state where the fight is going to be held." However, the following day, Pacquiao's top adviser, Michael Koncz, stated that Pacquiao had never agreed to testing all the way up to fight day. "Will we give blood five days, seven days before the fight? You know, that's something I have to talk to Manny about, but we have nothing to hide," Koncz said.
	On January 20, 2012, Mayweather spoke directly to Pacquiao via telephone. "He ask about a 50/50 split," Mayweather said. "I told him no that can't happen, but what can happen is you can make more money fighting me then you have made in your career." Mayweather offered to pay a flat fee of USD 40 million for a proposed fight but would not allow Pacquiao to share in the revenue. Pacquiao said, "I spoke to Floyd ...and he offered me an amount. He didn't talk about the pay-per-views here and that's it. I can't agree with that. I told him I agree with 55 and 45 (split)."
	Pacquiao appeared on the ESPN program "First Take" on September 20, 2012, and said he had no problem with the drug-testing issue. "Whatever he wants to do," Pacquiao said. He said he was willing to be tested even on the night of the fight. On September 25, Mayweather and Pacquiao reached a confidential settlement in their federal defamation case. In a statement released through the mediator in the case, the Mayweathers said they "wish to make it clear that they never intended to claim that Manny Pacquiao has used or is using any performance-enhancing drugs, nor are they aware of any evidence that Manny Pacquiao has used performance-enhancing drugs."
	The "Telegraph" reported on December 20, that Mayweather said Pacquiao’s association with promoter Bob Arum is the reason why the bout will not happen. "We all know the Pacquiao fight, at this particular time, will never happen, and the reason why the fight won't happen is because I will never do business with Bob Arum again in life, and Pacquiao is Bob Arum's fighter," Mayweather said.
	On January 7, 2014, Fighthype.com published an interview with Mayweather in which he called Pacquiao a "desperate dog" who is chasing a megabout due to his tax problems. In response, Pacquiao challenged Mayweather to a fight for charity. "I challenge him to include in our fight contract that both of us will not receive anything out of this fight," Pacquiao said. "We will donate all the proceeds from the fight—guaranteed prize, should there be any, gate receipts, pay-per-view and endorsements—to charities around the world." He added, "Floyd, if you’re a real man, fight me. Let’s do it for the love of boxing and for the fans. Let’s do it not for the sake of money. Let’s make the boxing fans happy."
	As reported by at least five major media outlets ("USA Today", "Los Angeles Times", "The Hollywood Reporter", "The Wall Street Journal" and the "New York Post"), serious negotiations leading to success were kickstarted in May 2014 by a very unlikely source: a Hollywood waiter/actor named Gabriel Salvador (Bones, Bluebloods, Rizzoli & Isles, ). Salvador forged a friendship with CBS Network President Leslie Moonves when Moonves became a regular at Craig's restaurant in West Hollywood, where Salvador worked part-time as a waiter and where his son Elijah worked out at Freddie Roach's gym. Salvador and Moonves bonded over their mutual love of boxing. CBS is the parent company of the Showtime Network, which had invested heavily in boxing and spent top-dollar on a multi-year deal with Mayweather. Salvador told Moonves that he believed he could make the fight happen if he could get Moonves together with Pacquiao confidant and trainer Roach. Salvador believed he could do so based on his connection to both men and his "unshakeable feeling" that together they could cut through the politicking and power struggles that seemed to have stymied prior negotiations. Moonves agreed that Salvador should approach Roach to make an introduction with a view to making the fight a reality. Eventually, Salvador approached Roach and asked him if he would be willing to meet with Moonves to get the wheels in motion. Roach agreed and asked Salvador to set up a meeting.
	The first meeting between Moonves and Roach took place on May 28, 2014, at the Scarpetta restaurant in the Montage Hotel in Beverly Hills, which Salvador attended. Both Roach and Moonves agreed the long-awaited bout had to happen and Roach gave Moonves the green-light to start making things happen. Roach later helped Moonves make peace with Pacquiao promoter Bob Arum. Moonves then brought the warring elements from both boxers' camps together and, with Salvador's help, even arranged meetings at his home. After difficult negotiations, it was not long after that both camps agreed to fight on the night of May 2, 2015. The consensus is that but for Salvador's key introduction, the fight would not have happened. Both Moonves and Pacquiao promoter Bob Arum have confirmed Salvador's pivotal role.
	For his role, Salvador maintains that he is a "finder" entitled to a finder's fee. But Salvador has yet to be paid that fee by either CBS or Roach/Pacquiao. The fight grossed more than $600 million, with the television networks taking in more than $400 million and Pacquiao grossing more than $160 million.
	On December 12, 2014, Mayweather proposed a May 2, 2015, fight with Pacquiao, citing his indirect frustration at not being able to make the fight happen in the past by stating that Pacquiao had lost to both Juan Manuel Márquez and Timothy Bradley respectively. He also stated that he (Pacquiao) was "not on his level". Mayweather then went on to close his comments with, "Let's make this fight happen for the people and for the fans."
	On January 13, Pacquiao agreed to terms for the fight. Bob Arum claimed that now only Mayweather's camp was holding up an official agreement. On January 27, Mayweather and Pacquiao finally met each other face to face for the first time during an NBA game between the Miami Heat and Milwaukee Bucks in Miami. Pacquiao said they exchanged phone numbers and would communicate with each other. Pacquiao's advisor, Michael Koncz, said that the two future Hall of Famers later met at Pacquiao's hotel for about an hour to discuss the pending superfight and work out the remaining issues. Top Rank promoter Bob Arum expressed optimism that the fight could be finalized by Super Bowl Sunday at the soonest and that there would be no further deadlines for the fight, stating that the negotiations are nearly complete. On January 30, TMZ reported that the fight had been agreed upon by both sides and that a formal announcement would be made in the "next couple of days." However, members from both sides, including Bob Arum and Stephen Espinoza, refuted the report, saying that the deal had not been finalized yet and that negotiations on what would be a joint pay-per-view (Showtime–HBO) telecast of the fight were still clearing out the last significant issues before the deal could be finalized.
	On February 20, Mayweather announced that the fight was official and a contract had been signed for a fight to take place on May 2, 2015, at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas. The fight was expected to shatter PPV buy records and gross millions of dollars with the ticket prices ranging from $3,500 to $250,000 and the PPV was expected to cost USD 89.95 for SD and USD 99.95 for HD. Boxing experts predicted the match would be the richest fight in boxing history and would generate $300 million.
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	Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs. Manny Pacquiao was held at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada. Tickets for the fight went on sale on April 23 after an agreement had been reached over ticket allocation. Only 500 tickets went on sale to the public, priced at $1,500, $2,500, $3,500, $5,000 and $7,500 for the 16,800 capacity MGM Grand. The tickets that went on sale sold out within a minute. As per the contract, the first $160 million of revenue and the revenue above $180 million from the fight was split 60/40 between the fighters, with Mayweather receiving the larger 60% share. Revenue between $160 million and $180 million was to be split 51/49, with the 51% share going to the winner. Both fighters were expected to earn at least $100 million in revenue from their participation. Although the event was jointly promoted by Mayweather Promotions and Top Rank, the contract named Mayweather Promotions as the lead promoter of the fight. Both fighters agreed to undergo drug testing by the United States Anti-Doping Agency, including random blood and urine testing prior to the fight, a test following the fight and a ban from professional boxing for four years if they test positive. Neither fighter has failed a drug test during their professional career.
	Kenny Bayless served as the in-ring referee, as chosen by the Nevada Athletic Commission. Bayless has previously officiated five of Mayweather's past bouts and seven of Pacquiao's and he earned a record $25,000 for officiating this fight. Burt Clements, Dave Moretti and Glenn Feldman served as judges. The U.S. national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner", was performed by Jamie Foxx. The Philippine national anthem, "Lupang Hinirang", was performed by Filipino-American singer Gail Banawis, joined by The Word Chorale—a choir of Filipino pastors.
	A large number of celebrities were in attendance; singer Justin Bieber was among Mayweather's entourage, while Pacquiao was joined by comedian Jimmy Kimmel—who had discussed the possibility of entering with him when Pacquiao appeared on his talk show "Jimmy Kimmel Live". Kimmel wore an outfit parodying Bieber's wardrobe from a pre-fight press conference and photobombed a pre-fight photo taken by Pacquiao. Other figures in attendance included Steffi Graf and Andre Agassi, Beyoncé and Jay-Z, Charles Barkley, Mike Tyson, Clint Eastwood, Robert De Niro, Denzel Washington, Michael J. Fox, Donald Trump, Jake Gyllenhaal, Amir Khan, Drew Barrymore, Jesse Jackson, Russell Westbrook, Mark Wahlberg, Lewis Hamilton, Leonardo DiCaprio, Don Cheadle, Michael Jordan, Sugar Ray Leonard, Paris Hilton, Nicki Minaj, Meek Mill, Ben Affleck, The Jonas Brothers, Michael Keaton, Tom Brady, Magic Johnson, Christian Bale, Bradley Cooper, Evander Holyfield, Mariah Carey, Sting, 50 Cent and others.
	As both Pacquiao and Mayweather had exclusive relationships with the broadcasters, HBO and Showtime, at the time of the fight, the telecast of the fight was a joint production between HBO World Championship Boxing and Showtime Championship Boxing. This marked the first collaboration between the two American premium television services since Lennox Lewis vs. Mike Tyson in 2002. It was executive produced and directed by Showtime's David Dinkins Jr. and Bob Dunphy and featured a mix of Showtime and HBO personalities. The ringside announcers for the fight included Roy Jones Jr. (HBO), Al Bernstein (Showtime) and Jim Lampley (HBO) provided analysis. Max Kellerman (HBO) and Jim Gray (Showtime) covered the locker rooms of Pacquiao and Mayweather, respectively. James Brown and Paulie Malignaggi of Showtime hosted the pre-fight show.
	The broadcast was, in most regions, distributed as a pay-per-view event. In the United States, the PPV cost was USD 89.95 (with an additional $10 charge for HD), a 40% increase over the PPV cost of Mayweather's 2013 fight against Canelo Álvarez. Rights to screen the fight in commercial venues such as bars and restaurants were administered by G&G Sports, with costs based upon venue size and other factors, reaching as high as $5,000 for a 257-seat establishment. Due to concerns that they may not have been able to recoup the cost of the PPV through cover charges and drink sales, some bars decided against screening the fight at all. Both HBO and Showtime aired encores of the fight the following Saturday, May 9, 2015.
	Both Showtime and HBO broadcast documentary specials focusing on the two fighters as part of the lead-up to the fight; Showtime produced the Mayweather-focused "Inside Mayweather vs. Pacquiao"—with three episodes focusing on Mayweather's preparations for the event and an epilogue which aired the week following the fight, while HBO aired a one-hour Pacquiao-focused "Mayweather/Pacquiao: At Last", as well as encores of past Pacquiao fights. Showtime's sister outlet CBS Sports Network also aired supplemental programming, including encores of "Inside Mayweather vs. Pacquiao" and past Mayweather fights, live coverage of the weigh-in, special broadcasts of "The Doug Gottlieb Show" and "Boomer and Carton" from Las Vegas and coverage of the post-fight press conference.
	In Pacquiao's native country of the Philippines, Solar Entertainment held broadcast rights to the fight, reportedly paying $10 million (PHP 440 million). The telecast was made available via commercial free pay-per-view on the television providers Cignal and SkyCable, and at the locations of theatre chain SM Cinema (including IMAX theaters) and the Mall of Asia Arena. Unlike previous Pacquiao fights, whose free-to-air rights were held by GMA Network as part of a sub-licensing arrangement, a "slightly-delayed" telecast of the fight was simulcast by Solar Sports, GMA and the rival commercial networks ABS-CBN and TV5. Solar Sports President Wilson Tieng said that Pacquiao personally requested the joint broadcast due to its historic nature, and that "everybody agreed to set aside all their differences to make sure that this will become the biggest event ever in Philippine television history." GMA held exclusive radio rights to the fight.
	In Europe, generally, the fight was broadcast via PPV (Austria, United Kingdom, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Spain). Only a few TV holders in Europe decided otherwise – TVP (Poland), Sport 1 (Czech Republic and Hungary) and Discovery Italy (Deejay TV and DMAX). Sky Sports Box Office won exclusive television rights in the UK to the bout, and produced a four episode broadcast leading up to the event titled "Mayweather vs. Pacquiao: Countdown".
	Sportsmax TV and Cleeng offered the fight via PPV in 19 Caribbean countries, including Barbados, Jamaica, Surinam and Trinidad & Tobago.
	Due to the high profile of the event and the high price of the PPV, there were significant concerns surrounding piracy of the fight's telecast by either bars (which were required to purchase a higher-priced commercial license to televise the event, and were not legally allowed to purchase it through their television provider) or by online streaming services, with "TorrentFreak" going on to report that Mayweather vs. Pacquiao was "destined to become the most pirated live sports event in history". Organizers were especially concerned about the mobile broadcasting apps Meerkat and Periscope due to their relative ease of use and accessibility, as viewers could simply film their television screen with their phones to make a stream available.
	Alongside monitoring activities during the event, actions were also preemptively taken against several sites that advertised plans to illegally stream the fight. In the Philippines, the Philippine National Police's Anti-Cybercrime Group arrested the operator of a streaming service after a complaint by ABS-CBN and was granted a temporary restraining order in a Florida court for its infringements of copyrights and trademarks. HBO and Showtime filed a similar lawsuit against two other streaming services that advertised an intent to offer the fight under (which allows for preemptive claims of copyright infringement against those conspiring to infringe the copyrights of a broadcast) and a court issued a restraining order against the sites and all parties in "active concert or participation with any of them, including any and all service providers who receive notice of this order". The Electronic Frontier Foundation criticized the wide reach of the order, arguing that the clause of "any and all service providers who receive notice of this order" was comparable to the provisions of the previously proposed Stop Online Piracy Act, theorizing that other parties not originally named could become subject to the injunction by merely receiving notice of the order.
	A large number of Periscope streams were used to broadcast the fight, either indirectly with a focus on reactions from viewing parties, or simply rebroadcasting television feeds of the fight. One stream reportedly peaked at around 10,000 viewers, although these streams had inconsistent uptime due either to connection issues or to being reported and taken down by the service. Representatives of both Meerkat and Periscope reported that they acted upon takedown notices received throughout the evening. ESPN's Ryan McGee dubbed Periscope the "winner" of the fight due to the prominence it received through this manner. Dick Costolo, CEO of microblogging service and Periscope parent company Twitter, made a similar remark; although it was initially assumed to be in reference to the illegal streams, he clarified that it was actually in reference to HBO's usage of the service to stream behind-the-scenes from the fighters' locker rooms.
	The winner of the fight received a newly created belt by the WBC. The belt, valued at $1 million, is an exact replica of the current belt, except it has thousands of emeralds in place of the gold plating for the center logo. The belt also contains the faces of both Floyd Mayweather Jr. and Manny Pacquiao, along with the faces of the former WBC President, José Sulaimán and boxing legend Muhammad Ali. Two belts were initially made for the fight. The green emerald belt won the public fan vote over the black onyx belt with a vote of 53% to 47%.
	Both fighters wore eight-ounce (230 g) gloves with brands of their choosing. Mayweather wore custom Grant gloves with a multicolored paisley pattern, red & purple trim and the letters TBE (The Best Ever) on the cuff. Pacquiao wore standard red Cleto Reyes gloves with black & white trim. In Pacquiao's third professional loss to Érik Morales, he was forced to use Winning brand gloves the first time around. Pacquiao's complaints were that the gloves felt like "pillows" and they did not give him the same power as his Reyes "puncher's gloves." More recently, Mayweather had glove issues in his first bout with Marcos Maidana, stating that Maidana's Everlast MX gloves did not provide sufficient padding for the knuckles. The issue was later resolved with Marcos Maidana resorting to using Everlast Powerlock type gloves, leaving Maidana's trainer, Robert Garcia, unhappy with the negotiation.
	Mayweather's trunks were designed by Dapper Dan, a Harlem-based hip-hop fashion designer. At least five possible outfits were created for the fight. FanDuel, a daily fantasy sports website, acquired sponsorship rights to have their logo appear on his waistband. Pacquiao's gear was provided by Nike.
	Mayweather commissioned specially-designed mouthguards for the fight by Dr. Lee Gause, owner of Iceberg Guards, costing $25,000. Along with "subtle" clear pairs, some of them contained gold leaf, diamond dust and an embedded $100 bill. Iceberg Guards also released a limited-edition TMT-branded mouthguard to tie in with the fight. Pacquiao's mouthguard was designed by Dr. Ed Dela Vega of Canoga Park, Los Angeles, who has custom-fit mouthguards for Pacquiao and other Philippine boxers. It featured a multi-colored design with a blend of the colors from the flag of the Philippines, meant to represent the different ethnic groups that support him. Unlike Mayweather's, this mouthguard was supplied as a gift to Pacquiao; Vega argued that Mayweather's high-cost mouthguard was simply "hype" meant to "rub it in the face of boxers who can't afford it".
	A bidding war ensued between Corona and Tecate—which had respectively served as prominent sponsors of previous Mayweather and Pacquiao fights—for lead sponsorship rights to the fight. Tecate won the sponsorship deal with a bid of $5.6 million, beating a bid of $5.2 million by Corona. As part of the deal, Tecate's logo was visible on all promotional material for the fight. Pacquiao was expected to feature a number of major sponsorships on his gear, providing an estimated $2.25 million in additional revenue. Among them were long-time sponsors, such as Air Asia, Cafe Puro and Motolite. Daily fantasy sports service FanDuel acquired sponsorship rights for Mayweather, including waistband branding and a block of tickets that were given away through an on-site sweepstakes. The King, a mascot of fast food chain Burger King, was among Mayweather's entourage entering the arena.
	Prior to the fight, Nike launched a line of Pacquiao-oriented merchandise carrying his logo and the slogans "Do What They Say You Can't" and "#MannyDoes". Demand for Mayweather merchandise was also heavy, including apparel branded under the Mayweather Promotions and The Money Team (TMT) labels amongst others.
	From April 24, 2015, through the day of the fight, a MayPac pop-up store operated on the corner of Las Vegas Boulevard and Fremont Street. It sold merchandise for both fighters and featured interactive displays and fan-oriented events.
	In round one, both boxers were aggressive, Mayweather unusually so. Pacquiao attempted to score early points from body shots. However, Mayweather escaped his attack and landed a solid counter strike under Pacquiao's right side. All three judges gave the round to Mayweather. In the second round, Pacquiao repeatedly forced Mayweather toward the ropes, but Mayweather was able to escape or wrap Pacquiao up each time. Pacquiao's jabs mostly missed, but he landed a solid left hand hit late in the round. Mayweather increased his aggression late. Although Harold Lederman of HBO scored this round for Pacquiao, all three judges scored the round in favor of Mayweather.
	Early in round three, Mayweather hit Pacquiao low. Pacquiao reacted angrily to the hit, perceiving it as illegal. The fighters exchanged big hits late in the round, energizing the crowd. For the third consecutive round, all three judges scored it in favor of Mayweather. In the fourth round, Pacquiao chased Mayweather around the ring, throwing punches at a rapid pace. Pacquiao scored a big left handed hit, causing Mayweather to put his high guard up against the ropes. Pacquiao took the round on all three scorecards.
	Having recovered from Pacquiao's big hit in the previous round, Mayweather won the early exchanges of the fifth round. Pacquiao remained on the offensive, but was unable to land any big punches. Mayweather upped his activity and won the round in the eyes of the three judges. Pacquiao came out aggressive in the sixth, forcing Mayweather to the ropes. Pacquiao successfully landed a couple of combinations, but Mayweather appeared to be unfazed. All the judges gave the round to Pacquiao, making the overall score Mayweather 58–56 (4–2 by rounds) on all cards.
	Mayweather changed tactics at the start of the seventh round, becoming the aggressor for a second and forcing Pacquiao on to the ropes. He threw a double jab, then a right-handed punch, landing none, before Pacquiao counterattacked with an unsuccessful combo. Mayweather stayed aggressive in the eighth round, landing jabs that kept Pacquiao off balance. Pacquiao went on the attack, opening up and landing some bigger punches. The round went to Mayweather on the official scorecards.
	In the ninth round, Pacquiao was again on the offensive. He effectively landed several punches, but Mayweather also landed on his counters. Both parties landed a number of hits in a late flurry of action that excited the crowd. Pacquiao was active, while Floyd picked his counters. Two of the three judges gave the round to Pacquiao, while the other saw it for Mayweather. The tenth round saw Pacquiao on the attack. Again, two judges saw it for Pacquiao and one for Mayweather. Mayweather led 96–94 (6–4) on two cards and 98–92 (8–2) on the other with two rounds remaining.
	Mayweather came out swinging in the eleventh round, landing just below his highest volume of the fight. The action then stalled as Pacquiao struggled to land much on a defensive-minded Mayweather, who ducked the attacks. Pacquiao forced Mayweather to the corner, but Mayweather landed a clean hit on Pacquiao's chin. However, Pacquiao still managed to hit solid punches in a fast pace. The judges unanimously scored the round in favor of Mayweather. In the final round, Pacquiao attempted to attack with Mayweather mostly looking to avoid his punches by running across the ring. Mayweather kept the fight in the center of the ring, but Pacquiao did land some inside counters. All three judges gave the round to Mayweather.
	Floyd Mayweather Jr. defeated Manny Pacquiao after 12 rounds by unanimous decision, 118–110, 116–112, 116–112, to remain undefeated in his career. According to CompuBox, Mayweather landed 67 more punches throughout the match. Only three times did Pacquiao land double figure punches in a round. Pacquiao himself thought he won the fight and continues to maintain that he deserved the decision.
	The fight lived up to revenue expectations, generating somewhere between $300 million and $400 million in gross revenue according to early estimates (including announced ticket sales totalling $72,198,500), which would surpass Super Bowl XLIX. Due to the possibility of high demand, viewers were encouraged to pre-order the PPV: a HBO representative reported that the fight had attracted more pre-orders than any other PPV event in the broadcaster's history. Despite the guidance, a high volume of last-minute orders overwhelmed the systems of several major U.S. television providers and resulted in various technical issues, such as difficulties ordering or viewing the PPV and outages that affected unrelated channels as well for some viewers. To address these issues, the main event was pushed back 45 minutes from its originally projected start time of 8:15 p.m. PT (11:15 p.m. ET), to 9:00 p.m PT (12:00 a.m. ET).
	The fight broke PPV viewership records in the United States, with 4.6 million buys and over $410 million in revenue, surpassing the previous $150 million revenue record set by Floyd Mayweather vs. Canelo Álvarez, the 2.48 million buy record set by 2007's Oscar De La Hoya vs. Floyd Mayweather Jr. and a pre-fight estimate of $270 million from three million households. In the Philippines, Kantar ratings estimated that the fight was watched across the three-network consortium by 46.9% of Filipino households; of the three networks simulcasting the fight, ABS-CBN had the largest number of viewers, with a rating share of 24%.
	Due to hundreds of business jets filling up the stands, McCarran International Airport was closed for non-airline flights during the event days. By contrast, the typically bustling streets of the Philippine capital Manila were nearly empty during the fight.
	After the fight, Mayweather remarked "[Pacquiao] definitely had his moments in the fight. As long as I moved on the outside, I was able to stay away from those. He’s a really smart fighter ... My dad wanted me to do more, but I had to take my time. Because Manny Pacquiao is a competitor, and he’s extremely dangerous." Mayweather said he would retire after his next fight, the opponent of which is not yet decided. Pacquiao said "I thought I won the fight. He’s moving around. It’s not easy to throw punches when he’s moving around so much ... I thought I caught him many more times than he caught me." Citing the stats that showed he possibly should have won the fight, Pacquiao has continued to maintain he should have been awarded the decision. On the possibility of a rematch, Mayweather stated on May 9, 2015, that he had no plans to fight Pacquiao again "at this particular time", referring to him as being a "sore loser" and a "coward".
	Hours after the fight, Pacquiao's team disclosed that he had injured his right shoulder in April during a training exercise. The injury was partially healed, but Pacquiao requested and was denied an injection of legal painkillers before the fight. Pacquiao said he re-injured the shoulder in the fourth round of the fight and was ineffective after that. On May 4, a representative of the Nevada State Athletic Commission said that it was looking into why Pacquiao had stated he had no shoulder injuries on pre-fight questionnaire and was considering fining or suspending him for the deception. Pacquiao's team responded with a statement saying the United States Anti-Doping Agency had been informed of the injury, but USADA head Travis Tygart said Pacquiao's team had only asked about the legality of certain substances for use on an unspecified shoulder injury and had provided "no medical information, no MRIs, no documents". Mayweather initially stated that he would be open to the possibility of a rematch with Pacquiao once he had recovered from his shoulder injury, but he changed his mind before talks of a rematch were in the works. Pacquiao later underwent surgery to repair a torn rotator cuff and was out of action for nine months to one year.
	After weighing in for the fight on May 1, Mayweather received an intravenous injection for the stated purpose of pre-bout re-hydration. The two IV infusions were administered at his home, amounted to 16% of the total average male blood quantity, and contained saline, multivitamins and vitamin C. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) forbids such a large amount of fluids entering the body before competition as a preventive step against the possible masking of performance-enhancing drug use. Bob Bennett, the executive director of the NSAC, stated that unless the IV was administered at a hospital, it needs to be cleared by filing a therapeutic-use exemption, and supporting documents through the Nevada commission and authorized by the commission’s medical expert. The Pacquiao camp had requested an injection of the anti-inflammatory Toradol for Pacquiao's injured shoulder before the fight, but was denied authorization by the NSAC. USADA authorized both injections, but the NSAC was not informed of Mayweather's IV until after the fight.
	The fight itself left many fans disappointed. Forbes.com contributor Brian Goff called it "arguably, the least entertaining 'mega fight' in memory", attributing the disappointment to Mayweather's defense-oriented strategy, which is atypical of top boxers. "The New York Times" felt that the bout was "far from electrifying and had some fans grumbling about Mayweather’s methodical defensive style". "Los Angeles Times" columnist Bill Dwyre felt that the fight was "as compelling as the 405 freeway at 8 a.m.". Regarding Pacquiao's undisclosed shoulder injury, he called the entire situation very damaging to boxing, accusing the fight's promoters of allowing the fight to go on for monetary reasons, and potentially alienating fans. Dwyre went on to say that "This was billed the Fight of the Century. As "The Wall Street Journal" so aptly put it, it's good that we have 85 years left to top it." Former heavyweight champ Evander Holyfield, who thought that Pacquiao should have been awarded the decision, questioned the judging of not just this fight but recent prize fights in general in an essay in "The Players' Tribune".
	On May 5, 2015, two Las Vegas residents filed a class-action lawsuit against Pacquiao, his manager and Top Rank, for failing to disclose Pacquiao's injury before the fight. The plaintiffs felt that their actions deceived those who bought tickets or the PPV or bet on the fight and violated the rules of the NSAC. The complaints will be heard by a Los Angeles judge, who will determine whether they may go to trial.
	In May 2016, Showtime Networks also sued Top Rank over the injury, claiming that the promoter violated an indemnification agreement.
	On September 15, 2018, both Mayweather and Pacquiao posted videos on Instagram depicting an encounter between the two at Ultra Japan, speculating the possibility of a rematch. Mayweather's stated in his posting of the video that the fight would happen "this year" and described it as "another nine-figure pay day on the way" and was heard remarking to Pacquiao that he was going to "take [the belt] from you like I did before". In Pacquiao's video (posted with the comment "50–1 #NoExcuses"), Mayweather was heard mentioning the "second of December". It is unknown if any formal negotiations have actually occurred.
	On September 19, 2018, Mayweather clarified his calls for a rematch, stating that he planned to hold a fight in Japan first before any possible rematch.
	On November 4, 2018, it was announced that Mayweather would fight undefeated Japanese kickboxer Tenshin Nasukawa on New Year's Eve. It will be a three-round exhibition boxing match. In the one-sided fight, Nasukawa was knocked down three times in the first round and his corner subsequently threw the towel in.

= = = DAL Global Services = = =

	ERMC Aviation Services, LLC, doing business as Delta Global Services (DGS), is an aviation ground handling services provider, formed late 2018, after Delta Air Lines sold a stake of its subsidiary, DAL Global Services, to Argenbright Holdings I LLC. DGS is jointly owned by Argenbright, with a 51 percent stake, and Delta, with a 49 percent stake. ERMC Aviation Services is owned by Frank A. Argenbright.
	DGS provides services such as aircraft ground handling, aircraft maintenance, cargo handling, and many other aviation-related services. DGS services over 170 airports within the USA and the Bahamas. It has contracts with multiple airlines and has not limited itself to Delta Air Lines. DGS has over 19,000 employees. It is headquartered at the Delta Air Lines headquarters in Atlanta. DGS is partnered with Delta, Alaska Airlines, EnvoyAir, Sun Country, ExpressJet, Spirit and United.

= = = Delta Private Jets = = =

	Delta Private Jets, Inc. is an American airline. Its corporate headquarters is on the property of Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport in Boone County, Kentucky. It operates jet aircraft as a subsidiary of Delta Air Lines. Its main base is Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport.
	The airline was founded as Comair Jet Express. It was renamed in October 2001 by parent company Delta Air Lines. It is wholly owned by Delta Air Lines.
	Delta Private Jets is a private aircraft service, which is aimed at businesses needing service to destinations on a private aircraft or that the airport does not supply on a regular basis. Delta Private Jets is also available to SkyMiles Elite members for an upgrade purchase price of $300–800 on select routes from Delta's Cincinnati, Atlanta, and New York hubs. In addition, this service allows travelers to avoid flying hassles such as security.
	Delta Private Jets headquarters is located at 82 Comair Boulevard building, which used to be the Comair headquarters and was called the Comair General Office Building.
	In June 2017, David Sneed, who had overseen a number of changes, including accepting SkyMiles as payments for jet cards, left Delta Private Jets where he was the senior executive. No replacement was immediately announced, although Delta Air Lines officials say they remain committed to the private jet service. In July 2017, Delta Private Jets named former Virgin Australia COO Gary Hammes as its new president replacing Sneed. In October 2018, Gary Hammes was succeeded by Jeff Mihalic who was appointed CEO of the company. Mihalic is the former President of Delta Material Services. At the same time, long-time Delta employee Lee Gossett was named Senior Vice President of Operations and COO. Prior to his appointment, Gossett was the Vice President of line maintenance at Delta Air Lines.
	In January 2017, Delta Private Jets announced Sky Access, a new membership program. For an initiation fee of $8,500 and $6,000 renewal, members can book as many empty leg flights as they wish for free. Members get the entire aircraft. DPJ said they flew over 6,300 empty legs in 2017.
	In November 2018 DPJ announced expansion of its maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) capabilities by opening a new location at Sheltair Aviation on the grounds of the Ft. Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport (FLL) in Florida.
	On December 9, 2019, Delta Air Lines announced it took a stake in Wheels Up, a US air charter operator founded in 2013 and operating 120 aircraft (King Air 350i twin turboprops, Citation Excels/XLSs, Citation Xs and Hawker 400XP business jets) for its 7,700 members, to became its largest investor and merge it in the first quarter of 2020 with its Delta Private Jets subsidiary, to operate a fleet of 190 business aircraft.
	Delta Private Jet Card holders receive SkyMiles Diamond Medallion tier status. They also receive regular commercial flight ticket discounts.
	The Delta Private Jets fleet includes the following aircraft (as of October 2019):

= = = My Fellow Americans = = =

	My Fellow Americans is a 1996 American comedy film starring Jack Lemmon and James Garner as feuding ex-presidents. Dan Aykroyd, Lauren Bacall, Esther Rolle, John Heard, Wilford Brimley, Bradley Whitford and Jeff Yagher are also in the cast. It is named for the traditional opening of Presidential addresses to the American people.
	Lemmon's perennial collaborator, Walter Matthau, was slated to costar. Health problems kept him from appearing so Garner was chosen to star opposite Lemmon for their first project together.
	Republican Senator Russell Kramer of Ohio (Jack Lemmon) wins the Presidential election, narrowly defeating archrival Democratic Governor Matt Douglas of Indiana (James Garner). Four years later, Douglas wins a landslide victory over the now-incumbent Kramer. Another four years later, Kramer's former Vice President, William Haney (Dan Aykroyd), defeats Douglas. His Vice President, Ted Matthews (John Heard), is widely seen as an idiot, and becomes a continuing embarrassment for the administration. A further three years later, Kramer is spending his time writing books and speaking at various inconsequential functions, while Douglas is finishing his own book and going through a divorce.
	Meanwhile, the Democratic Party learns about "Olympia", codename for a series of bribes from defense contractor Charlie Reynolds (James Rebhorn) paid to Haney when he was Vice President. The Democratic National Committee chairman Joe Hollis (Wilford Brimley) asks Douglas to investigate. Hollis offers the support of the Democratic Party for a Presidential run in return for his help. Douglas accepts, hoping to beat Haney and get back into the Oval Office. Meanwhile, Haney and his Chief of Staff Carl Witnaur (Bradley Whitford) plot to frame Kramer for the scandal. When rumors begin to suggest that Kramer was involved in Olympia, he begins his own investigation.
	NSA agent Colonel Paul Tanner (Everett McGill) has Reynolds assassinated when he attempts to tell Douglas the truth about Olympia. Kramer arrives at the scene to find Douglas with Reynolds' body. Before they can flee, Douglas and Kramer are forced to board Marine One by White House officials, claiming to be taking them to Camp David at the request of Haney. During the flight Douglas realizes that they are heading in the wrong direction. Suspicious, they force the pilots to land. They disembark just before the helicopter explodes.
	Kramer and Douglas are left stranded, with the realization that the explosion was meant to kill them. They decide to go to Kramer's Presidential Library in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio to obtain records the overly-frugal Kramer kept of all meals served during his time in the White House, which will prove Haney was present at a key meeting with Reynolds. During a series of misadventures, they meet a variety of ordinary Americans and see the effects their terms in office have had. After several close encounters with NSA agents, they arrive at the library and discover the evidence has been tampered with to implicate Kramer. A guard gives Kramer a message from Reynolds' secretary stating that Witnaur had recently met with Reynolds. Douglas and Kramer kidnap Witnaur and with Joe Hollis's help, force him to reveal the plot to frame Kramer, though Witnaur claims to have no knowledge of the attempts on their lives, blaming Tanner and Haney. They at first decide to report Witnaur's confession to Kay Griffin (Sela Ward), a Fox News journalist, but Douglas, based upon their adventures, convinces Kramer go to the White House to confront Haney, seeing it as a chance of redemption for their poor choices as Presidents.
	They manage to sneak into the White House with the help of the White House Executive Chef Rita (Esther Rolle) and make it to the Executive Residence only to discover that Haney is giving a press conference outside. Tanner traps Douglas and Kramer in a guest room but they utilize a secret tunnel to escape while the NSA gives chase. Tanner catches up with them and is about to shoot them when he himself is killed by Secret Service Sniper Lieutenant Ralph Fleming (Jeff Yagher), who has recognized the presidents from a chance encounter at a gay pride parade during their adventure, and disobeys orders to shoot them.
	Douglas and Kramer interrupt Haney's speech and take him to the Oval Office to talk. There they play Haney a tape of Witnaur's confession, but Haney denies knowledge of Reynolds' murder or the helicopter explosion. Haney agrees to resign and proceeds to give a resignation speech, claiming to have heart problems. Douglas and Kramer muse that the idiotic Matthews will now be elevated from Vice President to President and realize that the only way it could have happened was under these circumstances. The pair confront Matthews who admits that he, not Haney, had engineered the entire plot so that he could become President, knowing Haney would take the fall. Matthews explains that his stupidity was just an act, but Douglas secretly records his confession on tape. Matthews is sent to prison.
	Nine months later, Douglas and Kramer are running together as independents in the Presidential election, arguing which of them will be the nominee for president. Douglas distracts Kramer by throwing a dollar on the floor, and takes to the podium to announce himself as the Presidential candidate, much to the chagrin of Kramer.
	Most of the principal filming for the film was done in the mountains of western North Carolina. Scenes were filmed along the Broad River where it flows into Lake Lure in Rutherford County, Dillsboro, along the Great Smoky Mountains Railroad; Waynesville, where a giant clown sign crashes through their windshield as they try to flee and where they find the baby in the stolen car is in Marshall, North Carolina; and in Asheville, at the Biltmore Estate.
	In Asheville, North Carolina, the downtown area stands in for an unnamed town in West Virginia. There, the Western Carolina University Marching Band portrays the "All Dorothy Marching Band" (a fictional group based upon gay icon Judy Garland's character in "The Wizard of Oz"), at a gay pride parade.
	In his memoirs, Garner wrote that he enjoyed working with Lemmon but felt the director "was a self appointed genius who didn't know his ass from second case and Jack and I both knew it."
	The film received mixed reviews from critics. It holds a 48% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 60 reviews and with an average rating of 5.3/10.
	Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" praised the performances of Lemmon and Garner but felt the movie was "a series of cheap shots and missed opportunities". However, he said that "a lot of the cheap shots are funny, and maybe the climate is wrong for sharply barbed political satire. I dunno. This is not a great comedy and will be soon forgotten, but it has nice moments." James Berardinelli of "ReelViews" also complimented the actors, writing "Lemmon and Garner slip comfortably into their roles" and saying the movie has "some good one-liners", but he criticized the "failed attempts to inject embarrassingly trite melodrama and recycled action sequences into the story" and also felt the political satire was "weak and obligatory". Mick LaSalle of the "San Francisco Chronicle" described "My Fellow Americans" as a "pleasing but mediocre film, with a great cast, a great story and a misguided script."

= = = The Firm (1993 film) = = =

	The Firm is a 1993 American legal thriller film directed by Sydney Pollack and starring Tom Cruise, Jeanne Tripplehorn, Gene Hackman, Ed Harris, Holly Hunter, Hal Holbrook and David Strathairn.
	The film is based on the 1991 novel "The Firm" by author John Grisham. "The Firm" was one of two films released in 1993 that were adapted from a Grisham novel, the other being "The Pelican Brief".
	Mitch McDeere (Tom Cruise) is a young man from an impoverished background, but with a promising future as a lawyer. About to graduate from Harvard Law School near the top of his class, he receives a generous job offer from Bendini, Lambert & Locke, a small boutique firm in Memphis specializing in accounting and tax law. He and his wife, Abby (Jeanne Tripplehorn), move to Memphis and Mitch sets to work studying to pass the Tennessee bar exam. Avery Tolar (Gene Hackman), one of the firm's senior partners, becomes his mentor and begins introducing Mitch to BL&L's professional culture, which demands complete loyalty, strict confidentiality, and a willingness to charge exceptional fees for their services. Seduced by the money and perks showered on him (including a house, car, and his student loans paid off), he is at first totally oblivious to the more sinister side of his new employer, although Abby has her suspicions due to the Firm's desire for stability in the family.
	Mitch passes the bar exam and begins working long hours that put a strain on his marriage. Working closely with Tolar, Mitch learns that most of the firm's work involves helping wealthy clients hide large amounts of money in off-shore shell corporations and other dubious tax-avoidance schemes. While on a trip to the Cayman Islands Mitch listens to Tolar talk to client Sonny Capps about taxes and hears Capps state how the firm's clients in Chicago break people's legs. Later on, Mitch is seduced by a local woman and cheats on Abby. Unbeknownst to Mitch, this encounter has been arranged by the firm's sinister security chief, Bill DeVasher (Wilford Brimley), who later uses photos of Mitch's beach tryst with the woman as blackmail to keep him quiet about the firm's questionable, even illegal, activities.
	Mitch realizes he is now trapped, but after he learns four associates of the firm died under mysterious circumstances, he hires private investigator Eddie Lomax to learn the truth. Lomax is shot in his office, which his secretary Tammy witnesses. Mitch is then approached by FBI agents who inform him that, while some of BL&L's business is legitimate, their biggest client is the Morolto Mafia family from Chicago. The firm's partners, as well as most of the associates, are all complicit in a massive tax fraud and money-laundering scheme. The two associates who mostly recently died had learned about the firm's dark side and were killed to keep them from talking, while Lomax was killed for asking questions. The FBI agents warn Mitch that his house, car, and office have probably all been bugged. The FBI pressures Mitch to provide the Bureau with evidence they can use to go after the Moroltos and bring down BL&L.
	Mitch knows he faces a stark choice. If he works with the FBI, he believes that even if he stays alive, he will have to disclose information about the firm's legitimate clients—thus breaking the attorney–client privilege and risking disbarment. However, the FBI warns him that if he stays with the firm, he will almost certainly go to jail when the FBI takes down both the firm and the Moroltos. Either way, his life as he knows it is over, and he agrees to cooperate with the FBI in return for $1.5 million and the release of his imprisoned brother Ray in Arkansas. The FBI release Ray but plan to return him to the slammer once Mitch hands the Feds the files. They also give him half the money before they receive the files. Meanwhile, Mitch confesses to Abby about his one-night stand in the Caymans and she separates herself from him, eventually deciding to leave Memphis. 
	Desperate to find a way out of his predicament, Mitch inadvertently stumbles on a solution when one of his clients complains that he was billed for extra several hours of fees, as part of the firm's money-laundering services for the Moroltos. Mailing these padded bills to the firm's clients is considered to be mail fraud, which would expose the firm to RICO charges. Mitch begins secretly copying the firm's billing records with help from Lomax's secretary Tammy, but they need files in Tolar's Cayman house. Meanwhile, Tolar visits Abby at her job to say goodbye, and invites her to come with him to the Caymans. Abby declines, but Tolar reveals his work schedule has changed, thus threatening Mitch's plans. After telling Tammy not to inform Mitch, Abby flies to the Caymans to seduce and drug Tolar. The firm's phone tap picks up Abby's warning to Tammy, and DeVasher sends his hitmen to the Caymans. After Abby and Tammy steal client files from Tolar's house, a drowsy Tolar warns Abby to leave immediately. Tolar is killed by the hitmen. 
	Mitch's plans are jeopardized when a prison guard on the Moroltos' payroll alerts DeVasher after Mitch's brother Ray is transferred to FBI custody without the usual formalities being followed. Evading DeVasher and his thugs, Mitch meets with the Morolto brothers and, presenting himself as a loyal attorney looking out for his clients' best interests, tells them that his contact with the FBI and his copying of the firm's files were merely an attempt to expose the firm's illegal overbilling. Mitch asks the Moroltos for permission to turn over their billing invoices in order to help the FBI make their case against the firm. He reveals that he has made his own copies of the files, but assures them that as long as he is alive, any other information he knows about their legal affairs is covered under attorney-client privilege and will never be revealed. Convinced thus, the Moroltos agree to guarantee Mitch's safety and let him give the FBI all the evidence it needs to prosecute the firm. Since the attorney-client privilege doesn't apply when a lawyer knows about ongoing criminal activity, Mitch is able to keep his status as a lawyer. 
	The film ends as the McDeeres leave their house in Memphis and return to Boston, driving the same well-used car, an early 1980s Toyota Supra, in which they arrived in Memphis.
	Principal photography took place from November 9, 1992 to March 20, 1993 and though it was primarily filmed in Memphis, Tennessee, some scenes were filmed in Marion, Arkansas and the Cayman Islands.
	The film's soundtrack is almost exclusively solo piano by Dave Grusin.
	Gene Hackman's name did not appear on the film's release poster. Hackman joined the film late, when it was already well into production, because the producers had originally wanted to change the gender of the character and cast Meryl Streep, until author John Grisham objected and Hackman was eventually cast. Tom Cruise's deal with Paramount already stated that only his name could appear above the title. Hackman also wanted his name to appear above the credits, but when this was refused he asked for his name to be removed completely from the poster. Hackman's name does appear in the beginning and end credits.
	This is also the final film for Steven Hill and John Beal.
	The film accords with the book in most respects, but the ending is significantly different. Mitch does not end up in the Caribbean, as in the book; he and Abby simply get into their car and drive back to Boston, as the ending narration, "Do you think [the car] will make it?...to Boston?..."
	A more fundamental difference from the book is the motives and manner in which Mitch solves his predicament. In the book, Mitch acknowledges to himself that he is breaking the attorney-client privilege by copying information and giving it to the FBI. In most US states this privilege only applies to crimes that have already been committed. The privilege does not apply if a lawyer knows that his client either is committing or will commit a crime. However, Mitch must disclose information about his legitimate clients as well. Accepting that he will likely not be allowed to practice law anywhere again, he swindles $10 million from the Firm, along with receiving $1 million of a promised $2 million from the FBI for his cooperation. After an extended manhunt involving the police, the firm's lawyers, and hired thugs from the Morolto family, Mitch escapes with Abby (and his brother Ray) to the Caymans. Before fleeing, he leaves behind detailed records of the firm's illegal activities, as well as a recorded deposition. Mitch's information gives federal prosecutors enough evidence to indict half of the Firm's active lawyers right away, as well as several retired partners. The documents also provide the FBI with circumstantial evidence of the Firm's involvement in money laundering and tax fraud, and thus probable cause for a search warrant for the firm's building and files. This additional evidence is enough to smash both the firm and the Morolto family with a massive RICO indictment.
	In the film, apparently in order to preserve the protagonist's personal integrity, Mitch exposes a systematic overbilling scheme by the firm, thus driving a wedge between the Moroltos (who in essence become complicit with Mitch) and their law firm (in the book, overbilling only received a brief mention). He receives a smaller amount of money from the FBI, which he gives to Ray, allowing him to disappear. Rather than capitalizing on his circumstances by stealing money from the Firm, as in the book, the movie's McDeere ends up battered and bruised, but with his integrity and professional ethics intact. Mitch also makes the FBI have to work in order to bring down the firm by having to argue that each instance of excessive billing is a federal offense (by virtue of the excessive bills being sent through the mail). The volume and frequency meets the criteria for RICO, thereby enabling the FBI to effectively put the Firm out of business by seizing its property and equipment and freezing its bank accounts. From here the Moroltos would then need to find another law firm willing to take them on as clients, and if they couldn't, charges for non-lodgment of tax returns could be brought. Since Mitch is exposing only illegal activity, he is able to retain his law license.
	Instead of a BMW, Mitch gets a Mercedes-Benz for joining the firm.
	Avery Tolar was originally Avery Tolleson; the latest version of the novel uses the film's surname. Tolar is portrayed as a sort of reluctant villain in the film, while in the novel he has no such moral conflicts.
	The surname of the second man killed on Grand Cayman is Joe Hodges, instead of Hodge as in the novel.
	Mitch's confession to Abby about his sexual infidelity was also unique to the film. In the novel, McDeere never tells Abby about his infidelity. In the book, Abby's not knowing about Mitch's infidelity is a major "suspense" piece. Mitch comes home one evening and finds an envelope addressed to Abby, that has "Photos – Do Not Bend" written on it. The photos were surreptitiously given to DeVasher by Art Germain. Mitch thinks it is the pictures he was shown of his infidelity overseas. Abby is in the bedroom when he sees the open package. He enters the bedroom and learns that Abby opened the package, but it was empty. Mitch realizes DeVasher is toying with him, and this incident in the book causes Mitch to cooperate with the FBI. In the film, Mitch's confession prompts Abby to seriously consider leaving him, but she ultimately helps him bring down the firm.
	Also, in the book, Eddie's old secretary, Tammy, seduces and drugs Avery. In the movie, however, it is Abby who seduces Avery. This also changes the character development because in the movie Abby is portrayed as risking herself for Mitch. In the book, Abby is simply an accomplice to Tammy.
	In the novel, a dirty FBI agent betrays McDeere to let the firm know about the deal. In the movie, a prison guard alerts the firm to Ray McDeere's release, alerting them that Mitch McDeere cut a deal with the FBI.
	Critical reaction to "The Firm" has been mostly positive, with the film earning a 75% rating at Rotten Tomatoes based on 55 reviews. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.
	Roger Ebert gave "The Firm" three stars out of four, remarking: "The movie is virtually an anthology of good small character performances. [...] The large gallery of characters makes "The Firm" into a convincing canvas [... but] with a screenplay that developed the story more clearly, this might have been a superior movie, instead of just a good one with some fine performances."
	The film earned some negative reviews as well, notably from James Berardinelli, who said that "[v]ery little of what made the written version so enjoyable has been successfully translated to the screen, and what we're left with instead is an overly-long [and] pedantic thriller." Grisham enjoyed the film, remarking: "I thought [Tom Cruise] did a good job. He played the innocent young associate very well."
	The film was released while Grisham was at the height of his popularity. That week, Grisham and Michael Crichton evenly divided the top six paperback spots on "The New York Times" Best Seller list. It opened on June 30, 1993 in 2,393 theatres, and landed at #1 at the box office, grossing $25.4 million over the 4th of July weekend. It remained in the #1 spot at the box office for 3 weeks. After 12 weeks in theatres, the film was a huge success, making over $158 million domestically and $111 million internationally ($270 million worldwide). Additionally, it was the largest grossing R-rated movie of 1993 and of any film based on a Grisham novel.
	The film earned two Academy Award nominations including Best Supporting Actress for Holly Hunter (losing to Anna Paquin for "The Piano", though she did win an Oscar at that year's ceremony for Best Actress in the same film as Paquin) and Best Original Score for Dave Grusin (losing to John Williams for "Schindler's List").
	The film was released on VHS in December 1993, the cassettes were specially made of blue plastic. The DVD was released on May 23, 2000. The special features include only the teaser and theatrical trailers. The Blu-ray was released on September 11, 2012.
	In April 2011 Entertainment One announced that a sequel to "The Firm" was being produced with Sony Pictures Television and Paramount Pictures. The series picked up the story of Mitch and his family ten years after the events of the novel and film. The first season was 22 episodes long and began production in Canada in July 2011. In May 2011, NBC confirmed that they had acquired the U.S. broadcast rights to the show and that they planned to début it in January 2012. The show was cancelled after its first season.

= = = Brigham City (film) = = =

	Brigham City is a 2001 murder mystery independent film. It was written and directed by Richard Dutcher, who also plays in the main role of Sheriff Wes Clayton. It was financed by private investors.
	Because of the in-movie descriptions of geography and population, it depicts a fictional Utah town of Brigham City rather than the actual town of Brigham City.
	It was filmed in Mapleton, Utah.
	The film is about a small, idyllic town in rural Utah. Wes (Richard Dutcher) is the town sheriff, a widower, and one of seventeen bishops in the town. There had never been a murder reported in the town until one day when Wes comes upon the crime scene of a murdered woman. Since Wes has no experience in murder investigations and because he wants to keep the murder's influence out of his town, he calls in the FBI from their closest office in Salt Lake City, Utah. Suspicion becomes rampant as more murders occur, until the killer is finally exposed.
	The film has a 71% "Fresh" rating from critics on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 24 reviews. Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 62 out of 100, based on 8 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
	Lawrence Van Gelder of "The New York Times" praised the acting of Dutcher, Brown, Brimley, and Morgan, calling it, "impeccable." He also described the film as, "an example of concise, skillful filmmaking."

= = = Quaker Oats Company = = =

	The Quaker Oats Company, known as Quaker, is an American food conglomerate based in Chicago. It has been owned by PepsiCo since 2001.
	Quaker Oats was founded in 1901 by the merger of four oat mills:
	The company expanded into numerous areas, including other breakfast cereals and other food and drink products, and even into unrelated fields such as toys.
	Quaker Oats in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, was photographed during the 1930s by Theodor Horydczak, who documented the building, operations, and factory workers at the plant.
	During World War II, the company, through its subsidiary the Q. O. Ordnance Company, operated the Cornhusker Ordnance Plant, which manufactured millions of pieces of various artillery munitions (41 warehouses and 219 magazines of total 280,800 ft² were built).
	In 1968, a plant was built in Danville, Illinois. This plant currently makes Aunt Jemima pancake mixes, Oat Squares, Life Cereals Quaker Oh's, Bumpers, Quisp, King Vitamin Natural Granola Cereals, and Chewy granola bars, as well as Puffed Rice for use as an ingredient for other products in other plants.
	In 1969, Quaker acquired Fisher-Price, a toy company and spun it off in 1991.
	In the 1970s, the company financed the making of the film "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory", obtaining in return a license to use a number of the product names mentioned in the movie for candy bars.
	In 1982 Quaker Oats purchased US Games, a company that created games for the Atari 2600. It went out of business after one year. That same year, Quaker Oats acquired Florida-based orange juice plant Ardmore Farms, which it would own until selling it to Country Pure Foods in 1998.
	In 1983, Quaker bought Stokely-Van Camp, Inc., makers of Van Camp's and Gatorade.
	Quaker bought Snapple for $1.7 billion in 1994 and sold it to Triarc in 1997 for $300 million. Triarc sold it to Cadbury Schweppes for $1.45 billion in September 2000. It was spun off in May 2008 to its current owners, Dr Pepper Snapple Group.
	In 1996, Quaker spun off its frozen food business, selling it to Aurora Foods (which was bought by Pinnacle Foods in 2004).
	In August 2001, Pepsico acquired Quaker Oats for $14 billion dollars.
	The major Canadian production facility for Quaker Oats is located in Peterborough, Ontario. The factory was first established as the American Cereal Company in 1902 on the shores of the Otonabee River during that city's period of industrialization. At the time, the city was known as "The Electric City" due to its hydropower resources, attracting many companies to the site to take advantage of this source. The Trent–Severn Waterway also promised to provide an alternate shipping route from inland areas around the city, although it appears this was never used in practice. On 11 December 1916, the factory all but completely burned to the ground. When the smoke had settled, 23 people had died and Quaker was left with $2,000,000 in damages. Quaker went on to rebuild the facility, incorporating the few areas of the structure that were not destroyed by fire.
	When PepsiCo purchased Quaker Oats in 2001, many brands were consolidated from facilities around Canada to the Peterborough location, which assumed the new QTG (Quaker Tropicana Gatorade) moniker. Local production includes Quaker Oatmeal, Quaker Chewy bars, Cap'n Crunch cereal, Aunt Jemima instant pancake mixes and pancake syrups, Quaker Oat Bran and Corn Bran cereals, Gatorade sports drinks and the Propel fitness water sub-brand, Tropicana juices, and various Frito-Lay snack products. Products are easily identified by the "manufactured by" address on the packaging. The Peterborough facility exports to the majority of Canada and limited portions of the United States. The Quaker plant sells cereal production byproducts to companies that use them to create fire logs and pellets.
	Starting in 1902, the company's oatmeal boxes came with a coupon redeemable for the legal deed to a tiny lot in Milford, Connecticut. The lots, sometimes as small as 10 feet by 10 feet, were carved out of a 15-acre, never-built subdivision called "Liberty Park". A small number of children (or their parents), often residents living near Milford, redeemed their coupons for the free deeds and started paying the extremely small property taxes on the "oatmeal lots". The developer of the prospective subdivision hoped the landowners would hire him to build homes on the lots, although several tracts would need to be combined before building could start. The legal deeds created a large amount of paperwork for town tax collectors, who frequently couldn't find the property owners and received almost no tax revenue from them. In the mid-1970s, the town put an end to the oatmeal lots with a "general foreclosure" condemning nearly all of the property, which is now part of a BiC Corporation plant.
	In 1955, Quaker Oats again gave away land as part of a promotion, this one tied to the "Sergeant Preston of the Yukon" television show in the United States. The company offered in its Puffed Wheat and Puffed Rice cereal boxes genuine deeds to land in the Klondike.
	The Quaker Oats logo starting in 1877 had a figure of a Quaker man depicted full-length, sometimes holding a scroll with the word "Pure" written across it, resembling the classic woodcuts of William Penn, the 17th-century philosopher and early Quaker. Quaker Oats advertising dating back to 1909 did, indeed, identify the "Quaker man" as William Penn, and referred to him as "standard bearer of the Quakers and of Quaker Oats." 
	In 1946, graphic designer Jim Nash created a black-and-white head-and-shoulders portrait of the smiling Quaker Man, and Haddon Sundblom's now-familiar color head-and-shoulders portrait (using fellow Coca-Cola artist Harold W. McCauley as the model) debuted in 1957. The monochromatic 1969 Quaker Oats Company logo, modeled after the Sundblom illustration, was created by Saul Bass, a graphic designer known for his motion picture title sequences and corporate logos. In 2012, the company enlisted the firm of Hornall Anderson to give the 'Quaker man' a slimmer, somewhat younger look. The man is now sometimes referred to as "Larry" by insiders at Quaker Oats.
	And in 1965, a new advertising slogan was introduced: "Nothing is better for thee, than me".
	The company states that their current 'Quaker man' logo "does not represent an actual person. His image is that of a man dressed in Quaker garb, chosen because the Quaker faith projected the values of honesty, integrity, purity and strength."
	The company has never had any ties with the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers). When the company was being built up, Quaker businessmen were known for their honesty (truth is often considered a Quaker testimony). "The Straight Dope" writes "According to the good folks at Quaker Oats, the Quaker Man was America's first registered trademark for a breakfast cereal, his registration taking place on September 4th, 1877." 
	Members of the Religious Society of Friends have occasionally expressed frustration at being confused with the Quaker Oats representation. In recent years, Friends have twice protested the Quaker name being used for advertising campaigns seen as promoting violence. In 1990, some Quakers started a letter-writing campaign after a Quaker Oats advertisement depicted Popeye as a "Quakerman" who used violence against aliens, sharks, and Bluto. Later that decade, more letters were sparked by Power Rangers toys included in Cap'n Crunch cereal.
	From 1946-1953, researchers from Quaker Oats Company, MIT and Harvard University carried out experiments at the Walter E. Fernald State School to determine how the minerals from cereals were metabolized. Parents of mentally challenged children were asked for permission to let their children be members of a "Science Club" and participate in research. Being a member of the Science Club gave the children special privileges. The parents were told that the children would be fed with a diet high in nutrients. They were not told that the food their children were fed contained radioactive calcium and iron, and the consent form contained no information indicating this. The information obtained from the experiments was to be used as part of an advertising campaign. The company was later sued because of the experiments. The lawsuit was settled on 31 December 1997.
	In 2010, two California consumers filed a class action lawsuit against the Quaker Oats Company. Plaintiffs allege that Quaker marketed its products as healthy even though they contained unhealthy trans fat. Specifically, Quaker's Chewy Granola Bars, Instant Oatmeal, and Oatmeal to Go Bars contained trans fat, yet their packaging featured claims like "heart healthy," "wholesome," and "smart choices made easy."
	Plaintiffs' complaint cites current scientific evidence that trans fat causes coronary heart disease and is associated with a higher risk of diabetes and some forms of cancer.
	In 2014, Quaker agreed to remove trans fats from its products at a cost of $1.4 million, although they deny false or misleading labelling.
, these are the product brands marketed under the Quaker Oats name in the US:
, these are the product brands marketed under the Quaker Oats name in the UK:
	These are the product brands marketed under the Quaker Oats name in the Netherlands:

= = = International Workers' Olympiads = = =

	International Workers' Olympiads were an international sporting event arranged between 1925 and 1937 by Socialist Workers' Sport International (SASI). It was an organisation supported by social democratic parties and International Federation of Trade Unions. Workers' Olympiads were an alternate event for the Olympic Games. The participants were members of various labor sports associations and came mostly from Europe. Nowadays the CSIT World Sports Games are the successor sports events of the International Workers' Olympiads. The "World Sports Games" is the main highlight and a new Brand of the CSIT. It is a unique major sports event for thousands of workers and amateurs every two years. The CSIT (International Workers and Amateurs in Sports Confederation) is an international Multi-Sports Organization.
	The Workers' Olympiads were created as a counterweight for the Olympic Games, which were criticized for being confined for the upper social classes and privileged people. The international workers' sports movement did not believe that the true Olympic spirit could be achieved in an Olympic movement dominated by the aristocratic leadership. Pierre de Coubertin, founder of the International Olympic Committee, had always opposed women's participation and supported the cultural superiority of white Europeans over other races. His followers, Henri de Baillet-Latour and Avery Brundage, were openly anti-semitic and both collaborated with the Nazis. On the contrary, the Workers' Olympiads opposed all kinds of chauvinism, sexism, racism and social exclusiveness. The Olympic Games were based in rivalry between the nations, but the Workers' Olympiads stressed internationalism, friendship, solidarity and peace.
	The Lucerne Sport International (later known as Socialist Workers' Sport International) was established in Lucerne, Switzerland in 1920. The first unofficial Workers' Olympiads were held a year later in Prague, Czechoslovakia. The IOC had banned the losing side of the World War I from the 1920 Summer Olympics (Germany even from the 1924 games), but the Workers's Olympiads were open for the "enemy" side as well. The number of participating countries was thirteen. The first official Worker's Olympiads were the 1925 winter games in the German town of Schreiberhau, which today is a part of Poland. They were followed by the first Summer Olympiads in Frankfurt am Main. 
	National flags were not used, but a red flag of international workers' movement. The best athletes were awarded with diplomas, they did not receive medals like in the Olympic Games. The visiting athletes stayed mostly at private accommodation of local families.
	International Workers' Olympiads were more than just a games for the top athletes. The festival was based on a mass participation, it did not restrict entry on the grounds of sporting ability. 1931 Workers' Summer Olympiad in Vienna was the largest event with the participation of 100,000 athletes from 26 countries. The Vienna Workers' Olympiad attracted some 250,000 spectators. It was much bigger event than the 1932 Summer Olympics at Los Angeles, both in number of participants as well as spectators. Praterstadion (now Ernst-Happel-Stadion) was constructed between 1929 and 1931 for the 1931 Olympiad. The last Workers' Olympiad at Antwerp in 1937 was a joint event with the Red Sport International organized Spartakiads.
	Note: the table below is incomplete. Only the participating countries of 1925 and 1937 Winter Olympiads and 1925 Summer Olympiads are correct.

= = = Black Rhythm Revolution! = = =

	Black Rhythm Revolution! is the first album by the jazz drummer Idris Muhammad, recorded for the Prestige label in 1970.
	Stewart Mason of "Allmusic" wrote, ""Black Rhythm Revolution" is not a bad album at all; in fact, most of the tracks are good to great, with the lengthy bookends "By the Red Sea" and "Wander" both featuring memorable grooves and tight, compact solos. It's just considerably less intense than the title might lead one to believ.e. Most critics who listened to the album said, although an unknown, it was one of the better drummer albums of its time.
	All compositions by Idris Muhammad except where noted.
	Production

= = = List of minor planets: 236001–237000 = = =


= = = Algorail = = =

	Algorail is a lake freighter owned and operated by Algoma Central. The ship was built by Collingwood Shipyards in Collingwood, Ontario and was launched in 1967. The ship sails on the North American Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence Seaway delivering coal/coke, aggregates, slag, iron ore/oxides, salt, fertilizers, grain products, gypsum, quartzite, or sand. The ship is currently in service.
	The ship is long overall and between perpendiculars with a beam of . The ship has a maximum draught of and a Saint Lawrence Seaway draught of . "Algorail" has a gross tonnage (GT) of 16,157 and a deadweight tonnage (DWT) of 23,320.
	"Algorail" is powered by four Fairbanks-Morse 10-38D8-1/8 diesel engines driving one shaft. The engines are rated at combined. The vessel is also equipped with one bow thruster and one stern thruster. The ship has a maximum speed of . The ship has four holds, 17 hatches and is equipped with a discharge boom that can swing 105 degrees to either side of the ship and discharges 3,810 tonnes per hour.
	The ship was constructed by Collingwood Shipyards at their yard in Collingwood, Ontario with the yard number 189. "Algorail" was launched on 13 December 1967, christened on 1 April 1968 and completed that month. The second freighter of the name was registered at Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario for Algoma Central. A self-unloading bulk carrier, she is one of the last lake freighters built in the traditional two-superstructure style, with the bridge at the bow. The ship sails on the North American Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence Seaway delivering coal/coke, aggregates, slag, iron ore/oxides, salt, fertilizers, grain products, gypsum, quartzite, or sand.
	On 6 October 1972, "Algorail" allided with the pier at Holland, Michigan loaded with a cargo of salt. The pier tore a hole in her bow, which caused the vessel to sink. The ship was refloated, repaired and put back into service. On 20 April 1999, "Algorail" ran aground at Green Bay, Wisconsin in the Fox River. The ship was undamaged, but attempts by two tugboats to free the ship damaged the docks at Green Bay. On 25 June 2013 she ran aground with a shipment of salt in the Saginaw River. Zilwaukee Dock Manager Jim Cnudde cited "Algorail"s running aground as an indication that greater efforts should be made to keep the river dredged. The ship was freed after unloading some of her cargo into a barge.

= = = Brocas helm = = =

	The Brocas helm is a jousting helm on display at the Rotunda as part of the Tower of London armoury collection. It was commissioned by an English knight from an Italian armourer.
	It is named after the Anglo-Norman Brocas family of Beaurepaire, Hampshire descending from the knight Sir Barnard Brocas (1330–1395). The collection of the family was auctioned after the death of a later Barnard Brocas, as the "Brocas Sale" in 1834.

= = = Yarnell Hill Fire = = =

	The Yarnell Hill Fire was a wildfire near Yarnell, Arizona, ignited by lightning on June 28, 2013. On June 30, it overran and killed 19 members of the Granite Mountain Hotshots. Just one of the hotshots on the crew survived -- he was posted as a lookouot on the fire and was not with the others when the fire overtook them. The Yarnell Hill Fire was one of the deadliest U.S. wildfires since the 1991 East Bay Hills Fire, which killed 25 people, and the deadliest wildland fire for U.S. firefighters since the 1933 Griffith Park Fire, which killed 29 "impromptu" civilian firefighters drafted on short notice to help battle that Los Angeles area fire.
	Yarnell also killed more firefighters than any incident since the September 11 attacks on 9/11. That disaster killed 343 firefighters. The Yarnell Hill Fire is the sixth-deadliest American firefighter disaster in history, the deadliest wildfire ever in the state of Arizona, and (at least until 2014) was "the most-publicized event in wildland firefighting history."
	At 5:36 p.m. MST (23:36 UTC) on June 28, 2013, dry lightning ignited a wildfire on Bureau of Land Management lands near Yarnell, Arizona, a town of approximately 700 residents located about northwest of Phoenix. On June 30, strong winds reaching more than pushed the fire from to over . A long-term drought affecting the area contributed to the fire's rapid spread and erratic behavior, as did temperatures of .
	By July 1, the fire had grown to over and prompted the evacuation of the nearby community of Peeples Valley. The fire was still completely uncontrolled, with more than 400 firefighters on the line. On July 2, the fire was estimated at 8% containment and had not grown in the past 24 hours. By the end of the day on July 3, the fire was reportedly 45 percent contained and not growing, thus allowing Peeples Valley residents to return to their homes on July 4. Four days later, on July 8, Yarnell residents were permitted to return. The fire was declared 100% contained on July 10.
	The Yavapai County Sheriff's Office said that 127 buildings in Yarnell and two in Peeples Valley had been destroyed. A "flash point" of the fire was the Glen Ilah neighborhood of Yarnell, where fewer than half of the structures were burned. Officials shut down of Arizona State Route 89 shortly after the fire started, and of State Route 89 remained closed as of June 30.
	A total evacuation of Yarnell and partial evacuation of Peeples Valley was ordered. At least 600 people were under mandatory evacuation orders. An evacuation shelter was set up at Yavapai College in Prescott, with members of the Red Cross providing cots and blankets for overnight stays, along with meals and medical assistance.
	A second evacuation shelter was set up at Wickenburg High School in nearby Wickenburg, because the closure of State Route 89 made it impossible for some people to reach the first shelter. Officials from the Red Cross said that 351 people spent at least one night at one of the shelters.
	On June 30, firefighters with the Prescott Fire Department's interagency Granite Mountain Hotshots were overrun and killed by the fire. Initial reports indicated that one of the firefighters was not a member of the hotshot crew, but Prescott Fire Chief Dan Fraijo later confirmed that all 19 were from the Granite Mountain Hotshots. The firefighters had apparently deployed fire shelters against the burnover, which reached over , but not all of the bodies were found inside them. The city of Prescott released the names of the 19 firefighters on July 1.
	The lone survivor from the 20-man crew was 21-year-old Brendan McDonough. He had been serving as a lookout when the fire threatened to overtake his position. McDonough was hiking out on foot when he was located by Brian Frisby, the superintendent of the Blue Ridge Hotshots, who was monitoring the radio communications between McDonough and the Granite Mountain IHC captain. Frisby and McDonough moved the crew's vehicles to a safer location, which they were doing at the time of Granite Mountain crew's entrapment.
	After moving the vehicles, Frisby and other members of the Blue Ridge Hotshots attempted to rescue the entrapped Granite Mountain Hotshots but were forced back by the intense flames and heat of the fire. Driving through the streets of Yarnell, the Blue Ridge Hotshots evacuated several residents who had failed to evacuate earlier. Frisby and his assistant eventually made their way to the entrapment site and were some of the first individuals to find the deployment site and the remains of the Granite Mountain crew.
	According to the National Fire Protection Association, it was the greatest loss of life for firefighters in a wildfire since the 1933 Griffith Park fire, the greatest loss of firefighters in the United States since the September 11 attacks in 2001, and the deadliest wildfire of any kind since the 1991 East Bay Hills fire. The number of total fatalities—although not of firefighters—has since been surpassed by California's 2018 Camp fire which killed 85 civilians.
	On June 30, Arizona Governor Jan Brewer issued a statement offering her condolences. "This is as dark a day as I can remember," she said. She ordered flags flown at half-staff in Arizona through July 19. President Barack Obama issued a statement on July 1, promising federal help and praising the 19 firefighters as heroes.
	Federal Emergency Management Agency Administrator Craig Fugate and United States Fire Administrator Ernest Mitchell issued similar statements on July 1. On July 2, members of the Arizona Cardinals visited one of the Red Cross shelters, and the team president donated US$100,000 to the 100 Club of Arizona, an organization that assists firefighters, police, and their families in crises. Authorities said that US$800,000 had been raised for the families of the victims as of July 4.
	On July 2, more than 3,000 people attended a public memorial service at an indoor stadium in Prescott Valley. Vice President Joe Biden, Arizona Governor Jan Brewer, and the team's lone surviving firefighter, Brendan McDonough, spoke at a memorial in Prescott on Tuesday, July 9. That memorial was attended by thousands, including representatives from over 100 hotshot crews across the country, and was streamed live by several media outlets. Individual memorial services were scheduled for later in the hometowns of the 19 firefighters.
	A nine-member investigative team of forest managers and safety experts arrived in Arizona on July 2. Their mission was to "understand what happened as completely as possible" to prevent similar incidents. Granite Mountain Hotshots Memorial State Park was created to honor the hotshots. A path leads from a parking area on Highway 89 up to an observation deck. A trail follows the last steps of the hotshots down to the fatality site where they made their last stand. Encircling the fatality site, 19 gabions, one for each hotshot, are united by chains.
	A second memorial has been placed at the intersection of State Route 89 and Hays Ranch Road in Peeples Valley. On March 3, 2019, the Arizona Hotshots of the Alliance of American Football retired the No. 19 jersey in honor of the nineteen fallen Granite Mountain Hotshots.
	After the fire, the Federal Emergency Management Agency ruled that the fire did not qualify for disaster aid to homeowners because most of the homes that burned were insured. Under federal law, federal disaster relief is not available if there is insurance, and FEMA said: "damage to uninsured private residences from this was not beyond the response and recovery capabilities of the state (and) local governments and voluntary agencies." Brewer appealed to President Obama to overturn the decision.
	Following a three-month investigation, the state's Forestry Division released a report and briefing video on September 28, 2013, which found no evidence of negligence nor recklessness in the deaths of the 19 firefighters and revealed that an airtanker carrying flame retardant was directly overhead as the firefighters died. The investigation did find some problems with radio communications due to heavy radio traffic and the fact that some radios were not programmed with appropriate tone guards.
	On December 4, 2013, the Industrial Commission of Arizona, which oversees workplace safety, blamed the state's Forestry Division for the deaths of the 19 firefighters, based on an investigation by the state's Division of Occupational Safety and Health. The Commission said that state fire officials knowingly put protection of property ahead of safety and should have pulled crews out earlier. The commission levied a $559,000 fine.
	Richard Brody, in "The New Yorker": "The Story That 'Only the Brave' Leaves Out" (October 23, 2017), and Fernanda Santos, in "The New York Times": "Money Splits a City Still Mourning Its Firefighters" (June 26, 2014) point out numerous cases of firefighters' and their survivors' benefits having been withheld, lawsuits, and acrimony among the local politicians, some citizens, and the survivors of the firefighters who died in the Yarnell Hill Fire that became so extreme that, as Santos observes: "Juliann Ashcraft decided to leave Prescott altogether to spare her four children the discomfort of whispers and glares." Brody further points out "battles that the Hotshots’ widows have faced over health insurance, taxes, labor law, and budgets, involving the online harassment of women".
	"Outside" magazine released the documentary film, "The Granite Mountain Hotshots and the Yarnell Hill Fire" (August 12, 2013), in which friends, relatives, colleagues, including Brendan McDonough—the lone survivor of the Granite Mountain Hotshots-speak out.
	The U.S. Forest Service released a series of videos on November 10, 2014, that were shot by wildland firefighters on the day of the Yarnell Hill tragedy. The Forest Service website notes: "To be transparent with the public, the videos are presented exactly as they have been received. The redactions were done before these videos came into the possession of Arizona State Forestry." In its coverage of these videos, "Outside" magazine posted and article and video excerpts.
	The Weather Channel released a documentary, "America Burning: The Yarnell Hill Fire Tragedy and the Nation's Wildfire Crisis" (2014). Kyle Dickman, a former firefighter and former editor of "Outside" magazine, published the nonfiction book, "On the Burning Edge: A Fateful Fire and the Men Who Fought It" (2015). Brendan McDonough published his first-hand account, "My Lost Brothers: The Untold Story by the Yarnell Hill Fire's Lone Survivor" (May 3, 2016).
	Columbia Pictures released a film adaptation of the Yarnell Hill Fire in 2017, titled "Only the Brave", directed by Joseph Kosinski. Miles Teller portrays McDonough, the fire's lone survivor. Josh Brolin, Jeff Bridges, Jennifer Connelly, Taylor Kitsch, and James Badge Dale also feature in the film.

= = = Michael W. Fordyce = = =

	Michael W. Fordyce (December 14, 1944 – January 24, 2011) was a psychologist and a pioneer researcher in the field of empirical happiness measurement and intervention. As a forerunner who approached "happiness" as an applied science, he ushered-in the modern academic branch of Positive Psychology
	Fordyce contributed a happiness-measurement article to the journal "Social Indicators Research", which ranked in the journal's top 2.4% most-cited articles. He demonstrated that happiness can be statistically measured and willfully increased (i.e. through "volitional" behavior).
	Fordyce worked at Edison Community College (Fort Myers, Florida) where he taught a data-driven "happiness training program" for over three decades.

= = = Etihad Rail DB = = =

	Etihad Rail DB is a certified and integrated heavy-rail Operations & Maintenance (O&M) service provider in the UAE. The company was set up in 2013 as a joint venture between Etihad Rail (51%), the developer of the UAE's national railway network and Deutsche Bahn (DB) (49%), Europe's largest railway operator and infrastructure owner. Etihad Rail DB is responsible for the operations and maintenance of Stage One of the UAE's national railway network for Etihad Rail’s primary customer, the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC). Etihad Rail DB concluded an Operations & Maintenance (O&M) Agreement with Etihad Rail in August 2013.
	Stage One is the first of three stages of the UAE's vision to build a mixed freight and passenger railway across the country. Stages Two and Three will extend the railway geographically to the other Emirates as well as connect with partner Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) railway systems in the Sultanate of Oman and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Not only will the UAE's railway provide a valuable boost to sustainable and diversified economic growth and bring communities together across the Emirates, it will also be a concrete step to the development of a safe, more efficient and integrated system movement of freight and people across the region.
	In Stage One of the UAE's national railway network, Etihad Rail DB operates and maintains 264 km of railway route across the Western Region of the Abu Dhabi Emirate and transports granulated sulphur from the sour gas fields of Shah (Al Hosn Gas) and Habshan (GASCO) to the port of Ruwais in the Western Region of Abu Dhabi, where the sulphur product is exported. The spine of the network is the double track line between Liwa and Ruwais in the Western Region of Abu Dhabi. This section is designed to also operate passenger trains in the future.
	Etihad Rail DB is now set to provide 'Shadow Operator' services for stage two of the Etihad Rail project. The choice builds on the five years of expertise and Etihad Rail DB's outstanding success in managing Stage One operations and maintenance. In its 'Shadow Operator' role, Etihad Rail DB will aim to utilise its expertise and lessons learned from Stage One to provide consultancy services to Etihad Rail in preparation for stage two. Such services will include reviewing the design of stage two assets, developing Emiratization requirements, drawing up operational procedures and safety management plans and assisting to ensure the project is delivered with the optimum operations cost.
	Since officially commencing commercial operations in January 2016, Etihad Rail DB has been responsible for the transport of up to 22,000 tonnes of granulated sulphur every day in trains of up to 110 wagons. Trains are hauled by 4,300 horsepower EMD SD-70 locomotives. In February 2017, Etihad Rail DB announced that it had safely run its 1,000th train for ADNOC. As of 20 January 2017, Etihad Rail DB confirmed that it had transported more than 10 million tonnes of sulphur in over 1 million hours worked with zero lost time injury (LTI) in a relatively short time since inception, which reflects its internal culture.
	As of the first half of 2017, Etihad Rail DB had achieved its highest performance records against all international safety standards with no lost-time injuries. As railways are new to the region, a community safety campaign was undertaken in 2014 to educate the public on safety around rail tracks.
	One of the key purposes of the Etihad Rail DB joint-venture is to facilitate knowledge transfer, the sharing of best practices, as well as providing the UAE with a world-class, modern, integrated and efficient rail network that will drive economic growth and social development. In May 2016, Etihad Rail and Etihad Rail DB co-signed an MoU with the Abu Dhabi Vocational Education & Training Institute (ADVETI) related to occupational training. Under the terms of this MoU, the stakeholders will collaborate to create opportunities for occupational training and share knowledge for Emirati students seeking qualifications in the UAE's rail industry, in line with the goals of the country's Emiratization policy. This means that UAE Nationals will have skills across many disciplines needed to operate and maintain the railway such as maintenance and mechanical technicians. Moreover, Etihad Rail DB has also established a human resources excellence programme which is enabling UAE nationals to gain on-the-job experience.
	Network (UAE Stage 1 National Railway Network) 
	Specifications
	Locomotives
	Wagons 
	Yellow Plant 

= = = Hermann Landois = = =

	Hermann Landois (19 April 1835, Münster – 29 January 1905) was a German zoologist. He was the brother of physiologist Leonard Landois (1837-1902).
	He studied natural sciences and theology in Münster, where he was ordained as a priest in 1859. In 1863 he obtained his doctorate in zoology at the University of Greifswald, later becoming an associate professor of zoology at the Academy in Münster (1873).
	In 1871 he founded the "Westfälischen Vereins für Vogelschutz, Geflügel- und Singvögelzucht" (Westphalian Association for bird protection, poultry and songbird breeding), and during the following year founded the "Zoologischen sektion für Westfalen und Lippe" (Zoological Division of Westphalia and Lippe).
	In 1875, he founded the Westphalian zoo in Munster, a preserve with emphasis on European domestic mammals. It had a building for the display, cultivation and breeding of various fowl as well as avaries for songbirds. In 1876 a "monkey house" was constructed. Eventually, the zoo expanded to include native fauna in general. By the end of 1882, the site had "niche displays" (dioramas) representing fauna from Australia, the North Sea coast, German forests, the African landscape, as well as a section that contained fossils from prehistoric Westphalia.

= = = Anton Kushniruk = = =

	Anton Anatolyevich Kushniruk (; born 30 June 1995) is a Russian football defender.
	He made his debut in the Russian Second Division for FC Sibir-2 Novosibirsk on 5 June 2013 in a game against FC Sibiryak Bratsk.
	He made his Russian Football National League debut for FC Sibir Novosibirsk on 11 July 2016 in a game against FC Spartak-2 Moscow.

= = = Patrick Perkins = = =

	Hon. Patrick Perkins, J. P., (10 October 1838 — 17 May 1901), nicknamed Paddy Perkins, was a brewer and politician in colonial Queensland. He was a Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly and, later, a Member of the Queensland Legislative Council.
	Patrick Perkins was born in a humble cottage on a small farm in the village of Clonoulty near Cashel, County Tipperary, Ireland. He was the second son of Thomas Perkins, a farmer, and his wife Ellen ("née" Gooley). He attended the local National School.
	Thomas and Ellen Perkins and their eight children (including Patrick) immigrated on the "Persian", departing Southampton and arrived in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia on 9 April 1854.
	In 1861, he married Mary Ellen Hickey in Victoria. They had four children born in Victoria:Thomas Hector (born 1864); Mary Eveleen, (1867-1942) m. Charles Seymour-Allan; Edgar Colin Francis (born 1868) and Lilly Eleanor Perkins (born 1875) m. Randall Macdonnell, m. George Wilkie Gray. They had two children born in Queensland: Patrick Harold (born 1878) and Helene Cicilia (born 1880, Toowoomba d 1965 Adelaide), Sr Margaret Mary of the Dominican priory, Adelaide.
	Patrick Perkins was a miner and storekeeper on the diggings in Victoria in districts including Ballarat, Bendigo, Woods Point and Jamieson.
	With his brother Thomas, he started breweries in Victoria and Queensland. In 1866, Patrick Perkins started the Perkins Brewery in Toowoomba. In 1872, he later extended his operations to Brisbane with the purchase of the City Brewery in 1872.
	In 1876, Patrick Perkins moved to Queensland in order to manage the Brisbane and Toowoomba breweries.
	Perkins also had interests in property and mining, including the Mount Morgan Mine and coal mining in the West Moreton area.
	He was considered a shrewd and successful business man.
	On 9 April 1877, Edward Wilmot Pechey, the member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly in the seat of Aubigny, resigned. On 1 May 1877, in a by-election, Perkins was elected in Aubigny, defeating Angus Mackay (the then editor of "The Queenslander") by a large majority. He was elected again in Aubigny in the 1878 election and was appointed as Minister of Lands in the First McIlwraith Ministry from 21 January 1879 to 13 November 1883.
	Perkins was elected again in Aubigny in the 1883 election, However, allegations about electoral fraud (including intimidation, bribery, and ballot stuffing) in the Aubigny election started to surface, resulting in a petition to the Governor of Queensland detailing numerous kind of electoral fraud and asking to declare that the Aubigny election was void and that Patrick Perkins was guilty of bribery and corruption. On 21 February 1884, the Committee of Elections and Qualifications ruled the Aubigny election was null and void and called for a by-election. Perkins had denied any involvement in the alleged electoral fraud and the Committee of Elections and Qualifications did not disqualify him from re-contesting the seat, which provoked outrage in some quarters. However, Patrick Perkins announced he would not re-contest the seat as he would be taking a trip to England.
	James Campbell was elected unopposed at the resulting by-election on 4 March 1884.
	At the 1888 election, Perkins was elected in the seat of Cambooya on 10 May 1888, which he held until 6 May 1893.
	On 23 May 1893, Perkins was appointed to Queensland Legislative Council from 23 May 1893. Being a lifetime appointment, he served until his death on 17 May 1901.
	In 1883 used his wealth to buy a palatial home at 273 North Quay, Brisbane, which he called "Aubigny" after the electorate that first sent him to parliament. The house was originally built in 1870 by Samuel Davis, a Jewish businessman, and included a separate building used as Brisbane's first synagogue. Patrick Perkins used the former synagogue as a billiards room. In 1899, the Perkins family rented the property to the Criminal Investigation Department which used the house as offices and the synagogue as a photography room. In 1906, the house was sold to the Rev. Mother Patrick of the Sisters of Mercy to create the 20-bed Mater Misericordiae Hospital (now a tertiary hospital located at South Brisbane); the former synagogue being the hospital chapel. Once the hospital outgrew the house and relocated to the South Brisbane area where it still operates, the house was renamed "Loretto" and used as a hostel for Catholic girls; the former synagogue being the maids' quarters. In about 1939 the house was demolished to make way for the construction of a church for the Church of Christ, Scientist.
	He attended the opening of the first Federal Parliament at the Royal Exhibition Building on 9 May 1901 and caught a chill which developed into bronchial pneumonia, from which he died on Friday 17 May 1901 at "Ingleborough", Berkeley Street, Hawthorn.
	On Saturday 18 May 1901, his funeral was conducted at the Roman Catholic church at Glenferrie, after which he was buried in the Boroondara General Cemetery in Kew, Melbourne.
	In 1928, the Perkins brewing company was bought by their rivals Castlemaine Brewery with new company being known as Castlemaine Perkins Limited.

= = = Nevelo = = =

	The Nevelo is a tram designed by Newag and built in its Nowy Sącz factory.
	In May 2013, the first complete tram was taken to Kraków for trial running.
	The Nevelo is a three-section, articulated, 100% low-floor tram. It has space for 60 seated passengers and 175 standing. The Nevelo has several features designed to lower operating costs, such as regeneration with supercapacitor energy storage. The wheels and suspension are claimed to reduce wear. Wide doors and ramps are provided, to improve wheelchair accessibility.

= = = Meanings of minor planet names: 236001–237000 = = =


= = = P. Sathasivam = = =

	Palanisamy Sathasivam (born 27 April 1949) was the 40th Chief Justice of India, holding the office from 2013 to 2014. On retirement from his judicial career, Sathasivam was appointed as the 21st Governor of Kerala from 5 September 2014 to 4 September 2019. Sathasivam is the second judge from Tamil Nadu to become the CJI, after M. Patanjali Sastri. He is also the first former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court to be appointed as the Governor of a state. He is the first Governor of Kerala to be appointed by the Narendra Modi Government.
	Sathasivam was born to Palaniswamy and Natchiammal in Kadappanallur near Bhavani in Erode district. He graduated from Government Law College Chennai after completing his BA degree Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College, Sivakasi.
	Sathasivam enrolled as an advocate on 25 July 1973 at Madras. He was then appointed to the post of Additional Government Pleader, and later as the Special Government Pleader in the Madras High Court. He was appointed a permanent judge of the Madras High Court on 8 January 1996, and transferred to the Punjab and Haryana High Court on 20 April 2007. He was elevated to the post of Judge of Supreme Court on 21 August 2007. During his tenure as Chief Justice, he was the Chairman of the General Council of the Gujarat National Law University. He succeeded Sheila Dikshit as the Governor of Kerala in August 2014.
	Justice Sathasivam authored several path-breaking judgments including the Reliance Gas Judgment (May 2010) where he observed that "in a national democracy like ours, the national assets belong to the people" and "the government owns such assets for the purposes of developing them in the interests of the people".
	He also delivered the verdict in the controversial triple-murder case of Stains and upheld the conviction of Dara Singh. On 19 April 2010, he delivered the judgement in the Jessica Lal murder case of 29 April 1999. Along with Justice B. S. Chauhan, Sathasivam delivered the judgement in the 1993 Mumbai blasts case, sentencing Bollywood actor Sanjay Dutt to five years' imprisonment under the Arms Act. Dutt was asked to serve out the remainder of his sentence. According to "The Hindu", "In a number of judgements, he [Sathasivam] cautioned the courts against awarding lesser sentence in crimes against women and children and showing undue sympathy towards the accused by altering the sentence to the extent of period already undergone."
	In January 2014, a three-judge panel headed by Chief Justice of India Palanisamy Sathasivam commuted sentences of 15 death-row convicts, ruling that the "inordinate and inexplicable delay is a ground for commuting death penalty to life sentence". Supreme Court of India ruled that delays ranging from seven to 11 years in the disposal of mercy pleas are grounds for clemency. The same panel also passed a set of guidelines for the execution of a death row convict, which includes a 14-day gap from the receipt of communication of the rejection of first mercy petition to the scheduled execution date, after going through the Shatrughan Chouhan vs Union of India case.

= = = 2013–14 Wichita State Shockers men's basketball team = = =

	The 2013–14 Wichita State Shockers men's basketball team represented Wichita State University in the 2013–14 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. They played their home games at Charles Koch Arena, which had a capacity of 10,506. They were in their 69th season as a member of the Missouri Valley Conference. They were led by seventh-year head coach Gregg Marshall. They were the last team to finish the regular season and enter the NCAA Tournament unbeaten until Kentucky did it the next year.
	The 2013–14 season was arguably the best season in Wichita State's 108-year basketball history. After defeating Missouri State on March 1, 2014, Wichita State became the first men's Division I team ever to finish the regular season 31–0 (Kentucky matched it the next year) , the first team to finish 18–0 in conference play in the Missouri Valley Conference since the 1985–86 Bradley Braves, as well as the first to finish the regular season undefeated since Saint Joseph's in 2003–04. The team's 35–0 start was the best men's Division I start ever (before Kentucky started 38-0 the next year), beating the 1990–91 UNLV Runnin' Rebels who began the season 34–0 and the best Missouri Valley Conference start ever, beating the 1978–79 Indiana State Sycamores, who went 33–0 to start the season. They spent most of the season in the top 10 of both major polls, rising as high as #2 in late February. They continued their run by winning their first MVC tournament title since 1987, and were ranked second in both final major media polls, the highest final national ranking in school history. Though some analysts noted that Wichita State's schedule was relatively easy compared to previous teams that finished the regular season primarily because none of their opponents throughout the season were ranked when they played them, as well as only beating one opponent that was ranked at any point in the season (Saint Louis, who also had a lack of quality wins).
	They entered the 2014 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament undefeated at 34–0. The Shockers beat Cal Poly, 64–37 for their NCAA-record 42–game winning streak to start a season. Two days later, and playing their 5th and final straight game at St. Louis' Scottrade Center, Fred VanVleet's three-point attempt at the end-of-game buzzer against Kentucky bounced harmlessly off the rim, and so went their attempt to become the first men's team in 38 years to win the title undefeated.
	In the 2012–13 college basketball season, the Wichita State University Shockers, under sixth-year head coach Gregg Marshall, finished the season 30–9 and 12–6 in Missouri Valley play to finish in second place. They advanced to the championship game of the Missouri Valley Tournament where they lost to Creighton. They received an at-large bid to the 2013 NCAA Tournament, receiving a 9 seed in the West Region, where they defeated 8 seed Pittsburgh and 1 seed Gonzaga to advance to the Sweet Sixteen. In the West Region semifinals they defeated 13 seed La Salle and 2 seed Ohio State in the regional finals to be crowned West Region Champions and advance to the Final Four for the second time in school history and first time since 1965. In the Final Four, they lost to eventual-champion Louisville, 72–68. Wichita State was ranked #4 in the final Coach's Poll of the 2012-13 season.
!colspan=12 style="background:#000; color:#FFC318;"| Exhibition
!colspan=12 style="background:#000; color:#FFC318;"| Non-conference regular season
!colspan=12 style="background:#000; color:#FFC318;"| Missouri Valley Conference regular season
!colspan=12 style="background:#000; color:#FFC318;"| Missouri Valley Tournament
!colspan=12 style="background:#000; color:#FFC318;"| NCAA Tournament
	Fred VanVleet was named one of the ten semi-finalists for the Naismith College Player of the Year Award. Cleanthony Early was named one of fifteen finalists for both the Oscar Robertson Award and the John R. Wooden Award. Early has earned 2014 NCAA Men's Basketball All-American second team recognition from the United States Basketball Writers Association, National Association of Basketball Coaches (NABC), NBC Sports, and "USA Today" as well as third team recognition from the Associated Press (AP) and honorable mention recognition from Bleacher Report. Early also earned John R. Wooden Award All-American Team recognition. VanVleet was a second team selection by "Sports Illustrated" and Bleacher Report, and he earned third team All-American recognition from "Sporting News" and NABC as well as honorable mention recognition from AP.

= = = Nguyễn Quang Hồng = = =

	Nguyễn Quang Hồng (born Duy Xuyên, 1 October 1940) is a Vietnamese lexicographer and scholar at the Viện nghiên cứu Hán nôm in Hanoi. He is editor in chief of the standard dictionary of the ancient vernacular nôm written language.

= = = Peace and Rhythm = = =

	Peace and Rhythm is the second album led by jazz drummer Idris Muhammad which was recorded for the Prestige label in 1971.
	The Allmusic site awarded the album 3 stars stating "Parts of the second solo album by Prestige Records' house drummer, Idris Muhammad, are an even poppier affair than "Black Rhythm Revolution", with a mellow soul-jazz feel replacing the slight Latin tinge of the earlier album... "The Peace and Rhythm Suite" is a side-long suite consisting of two long, spacy compositions that predate the ambient house scene by nearly two decades yet sound entirely of a piece with that style. Long, droning, sustained chords on a variety of wind and reed instruments float above Muhammad's percussion, which ebbs and flows in a free, almost arrhythmic way through most of the piece. Fans of The Orb or Brian Eno will find it an old hat, but for early-'70s jazz, this was downright revolutionary".
	All compositions by Idris Muhammad except where noted

= = = Autumn Laing = = =

	Autumn Laing is a 2011 novel by the Australian author Alex Miller.

= = = Poltergeist (2015 film) = = =

	Poltergeist is a 2015 American supernatural horror film directed by Gil Kenan and written by David Lindsay-Abaire. A reboot of the 1982 film of the same name and the fourth installment overall in the "Poltergeist" franchise, the film stars Sam Rockwell, Rosemarie DeWitt, Jared Harris and Jane Adams.
	Produced by Sam Raimi and Robert Tapert's Ghost House Pictures, Real World Pictures and Roy Lee's Vertigo Entertainment, the film was released on May 22, 2015 by 20th Century Fox and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in the United States. The film received mixed reviews from critics and grossed over $95 million worldwide against a budget of $35 million.
	Eric and Amy Bowen are a married couple looking to buy a house for themselves and their three children: 16-year-old daughter Kendra (Saxon Sharbino), 9-year-old son Griffin (Kyle Catlett), and 6-year-old daughter Madison (Kennedi Clements). Eric was recently laid off, but they are shown a house that has recently come on the market that fits their price range, so they purchase it and move in.
	The first night, they hear strange noises in the walls and Griffin finds a box containing clown dolls that were left at the house. In the middle of the night, lights and electronic devices start turning on and off, as some unseen force appears to move through the home. The commotion wakes Griffin, and he goes downstairs and finds Maddie talking to an unknown presence inside the television. She tells Griffin someone is coming, and he attempts to unplug the TV, causing the lights to go out of control. Maddie then tells the family: "They're here" while touching their TV screen.
	The following evening, Eric and Amy go to dinner with their friends, leaving the three children at home. They learn that their house was built on an old cemetery, although the property developer was supposed to have relocated the human remains. Kendra wakes up to a strange sound in the laundry room. While investigating the noise, the floor cracks and a corpse's hand emerges. It begins pulling at her foot, but she manages to pull herself up. Meanwhile, Griffin notices the clown dolls seem to be moving by themselves. One clown doll attacks him, but he destroys it and runs from his bedroom. He finds Maddie in her room, scared, crouching in a corner, and tells her to stay while he goes to find Kendra. Maddie is then lured into her closet and becomes lost in an unending void. As she sees her bedroom drifting away further, she is dragged into the darkness by ghosts. Griffin is grabbed through a window by the branches of the old tree outside their house, which pulls him outside. Amy and Eric arrive home to see Griffin being tossed around in the tree branches, which releases its grip when they come close, while Kendra tells them she can't find Maddie.
	The family hears Maddie's voice emanating from the television. Amy places her hand on the television screen while Maddie's static hand is seen to be touching Amy's hand from the other side of the screen. Amy and Griffin visit the Paranormal Research department for help. The staff set up equipment in the house and install GPS devices on everyone in the house. While trying to contact Maddie, Eric is ambushed in the closet by a ghost resembling her. Angered, he breaks down the closet wall, throwing a chair into the darkness inside the closet; the chair falls back into the living room of the house, revealing a possible portal Maddie can escape through. The investigators realize that the haunting is a poltergeist. The lead investigator, Dr. Brooke Powell, decides to call occult specialist and television personality Carrigan Burke (revealed, much later, to be Powell's ex).
	Carrigan explains that Maddie is a possible psychic, able to communicate with spirits. He reveals that the ghosts are trapped and are angry because only the headstones were moved to the new cemetery, but the bodies remain; they plan on using Maddie "to free them from their purgatory". Carrigan comes up with a plan to get Maddie back. He anchors a rope in Maddie's room and tosses it into the vortex. They attempt to use Griffin's toy drone to guide Maddie out, but it is immediately destroyed by the ghosts when inside the portal. Griffin, guilt-ridden over leaving Maddie alone in the first place, goes through the portal himself. When he finds Maddie, the ghosts attempt to destroy the rope to trap them, but Griffin and Maddie grab onto the rope and are brought back through the portal.
	The family get in their car and begin to leave the house, but the ghosts drag them back into the house and attempt to abduct Maddie again. The family saves her from being sucked into the portal, and Carrigan decides that as the only other psychic, he must go into the vortex and lead the spirits into the light. The Bowens flee as the house is destroyed by the spirits soaring into the sky as a beacon of light. The investigative team run to their equipment, looking for a sign that Carrigan managed to get back.
	As the Bowens look for a new house, the realtor shows them a house with lots of closet space and an old tree in the backyard; the Bowens drive away laughing. During the end credits, it's revealed that Carrigan survived the incident and is back filming his ghost program, now hosting the show with Dr. Powell.
	In early September 2013, the crew shot interior scenes for the film in an old residence in Toronto. Exterior shots were filmed on the West Mountain of Hamilton. Principal photography began on September 23 and ended on December 13, 2013.
	On August 6, 2014, the film's release date was shifted from February 13, 2015 to July 24, 2015. On March 4, 2015, the date was shifted again to when it was previously set for "Spy". It was released in 3D.
	The film's first trailer was released on February 5, 2015. Forrest Wickman of "Slate Magazine"'s opinion was that the trailer made the film appear to be too similar to the original film. James Hibberd of "Entertainment Weekly" said that the trailer "retains and amplifies several elements from the original", and praised that "the modernizing doesn’t result in, say, the family’s daughter being kidnapped by ghosts in Snapchat". Brad Miska of Bloody Disgusting stated that "while every fiber of my being wants to reject it, [the film] actually looks pretty insane", and praised the trailer's final shot. Ben Kuchera of "Polygon" also opined that the trailer appeared to be similar to the original film, but that it "looks great, as a horror movie".
	"Poltergeist" was released on DVD Blu-ray Disc and Blu-ray 3D on September 29, 2015. The Blu-ray editions included an extended cut of the film.
	On April 10, 2019, it was announced that the Russo brothers would helm a new remake of the franchise.
	On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 31% based on 129 reviews and an average rating of 4.8/10. The site's consensus reads: "Paying competent homage without adding anything of real value to the original "Poltergeist", this remake proves just as ephemeral (but half as haunting) as its titular spirit." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 47 out of 100 based on 27 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale.
	Writing for "Variety", Andrew Barker called it "generally entertaining yet fundamentally unnecessary" and concluded: "Even when one is inclined to admire the cleverness with which the remake revisits and reincorporates "Poltergeist"s themes, it’s hard to pinpoint a single moment where it improves on them, and the aura of inessentiality hangs thick over the proceedings". Neil Genzlinger gave the film a mostly positive review in "The New York Times", writing: "The new "Poltergeist" might well be the scariest movie 13-or-unders have yet seen, just as the original was for their parents back in 1982. Those parents might find it an enjoyable trip down memory lane, even if they do now recognize it as largely a well-served collection of horror-movie tropes". Eddie Goldberger echoed that sentiment in The New York Daily News, writing "It doesn't approach the original--really, how could it? But the new "Poltergeist" is a fun, worthy horror entry." Tirdad Derakhshani wrote in "The Philadelphia Inquirer": "It's not exactly a scary film, but it does provide an enjoyable ride. It's good fun. But it left me befuddled", adding: "Why would anyone want to remake "Poltergeist" in the first place?". Writing in "The Daily Telegraph", Mike McCahill called the film "an efficient scare-machine". Bilge Ebiri wrote in "New York" magazine: "This new "Poltergeist" isn't anything special... But it's not a travesty, and that feels like cause for brief celebration".
	Other critics took a more skeptical view of the film. Writing a review for "The Village Voice", Alan Scherstuhl stated, ""Poltergeist 2015" is to "Poltergeist '82" what today's shipped-frozen-to-the-store Pizza Hut dough is to the kneaded-on-site pies the chain's stoned cooks tossed in the Reagan era. It's the same kind of thing, with the same shape and some shared ingredients, but the texture's gone limp, and there's no sense of occasion about it, and there's some unpalatable goop stuffed in the crust. In a pinch, it beats pizzalessness — but just barely." Linda Cook wrote in "The Quad City Times", "The "Poltergeist" remake is OK, but won't stay with you." Randy Cordova in "The Arizona Republic" wrote, "Ultimately, the whole affair is forgettable."
	"Poltergeist" grossed $47.4 million in North America and $48.2 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $95.6 million against a budget of an estimated $35 million.
	In North America, "Poltergeist" made $1.4 million during its Thursday night showings from 2,500 theaters, and an estimated $9.4 million on its opening day. Through its first three-day opening, it grossed $22.6 million from 3,240 theaters, debuting at fourth place at the box office behind "Tomorrowland", "Pitch Perfect 2" and "". In comparison to prior horror film reboots, its opening is well below the openings of 2009's "Friday the 13th" ($40.57 million), 2010's "A Nightmare on Elm Street" ($32.9 million), 2003's "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre" ($28.1 million), and right below 2005's "The Amityville Horror" ($23.5 million).
	Outside North America, it earned $8.3 million on its opening weekend from 3,750 screens in 36 countries, finishing at sixth place at the international box office. In the UK, Ireland and Malta it opened in third place with $2.2 million and Brazil with $2 million.
 

= = = Restart (Newsboys album) = = =

	Restart is the sixteenth studio album by Christian rock band the Newsboys, released on 10 September 2013 by Sparrow Records and produced by David Garcia, Seth Mosley, Joshua Silverberg, and Christopher Stevens.
	At "HM", Sarah Brehm said that "Restart is packed with tracks that compete with the quality of today's current mainstream pop music, and the lyrics are much more positive, encouraging and wholesome than what is on the radio", and that "unlike their previous albums as it's packed with electrifying beats rivaling radio pop music." Sarah Fine at New Release Tuesday wrote that this release was different from any of their past albums, yet stated that "The production quality is nearly flawless, and lyrically, working with some of the best songwriters in the industry shows in the quality of the work. While the lyrics take the band to a whole new level, the group's journey into uncharted sonic waters is the real game changer." At Jesus Freak Hideout, Mark Rice added that "It is no great secret that Tait's Boys have been progressively getting more poppy and electronic, but I could never have seen it coming for the Newsboys to venture into the realm of dubstep."
	At Indie Vision Music, Jonathan Andre wrote that the release was "Full of powerful lyrics, infectious enthusiasm and pop-dance melodies that are new, fresh and invigorating, the band are able to deliver 16 songs full of intensity, hopefulness, encouragement and powerful truths directly from Scripture." Dave Wood of Louder Than the Music said that "This is the new style of modern worship, taken outside of the four walls of the church, and served up on an accessible plate that a secular-influenced generation will enjoy." At Christian Music Zine, Emily Kjonaas wrote that "The new-era Newsboys have rediscovered, and solidified, their sound and you can hear it in "Restart"." Daniel Edgeman of Christian Music Review wrote that the album was "filled with how great our God and many other aspects of our Father." At "Worship Leader", Randy Cross stated that "This isn't just fun music, but lyrics that drive home the purpose that we as Christians embrace", yet told that "The musical style of the first four songs is very similar."
	"Restart" garnered acclaim from music critics. Sarah Brehm felt the release "will be a contender for best pop album of the year in the CCM market." Tony Cummings of Cross Rhythms wrote that "Wherever you look you'll find cleverly conceived, expertly executed and, most important, spiritually uplifting pop music," with the Newsboys "clearly still a brand leader." Roger Gelwicks stated that ""Restart" is the best the Newsboys have ever sounded" and being "Comfortable in their own shoes and daring enough to stay interesting, the Newsboys are still a force to be reckoned with, and "Restart" is proof." Mark Rice of Jesus Freak Hideout felt that "There is lots of good to say about this album, a lot of it being simply a full album of original, fully Christ-centered material made by some excellent musicians." At "Worship Leader", Randy Cross added that ""Restart" is a wonderful album from start to finish. It's electronica start only reinforces the more reflective songs that follow and creates a great balance overall." However, Cross noted that "While this beautifully sets up the more acoustic leaning songs, it may feel repetitive to the casual listener."
	At New Release Tuesday, Sarah Fine wrote that this was the band "at the top of their game". CM Addict's Julia Kitzing wrote that the band "never looked back and their albums just keep getting better." At Indie Vision Music, Jonathan Andre found this to be "such a powerful and compelling album". Dave Wood at Louder Than the Music wrote that he "really did grow to love it." At Christian Music Zine, Emily Kjonaas rated the album a 3.25-out-of-five, and felt that because ""Restart" comes at a time where computerized, auto-tuned music seems to be popular among the mainstream industry" the release may become "popular amongst that crowd." However, she noted that "Newsboys fans may not find this record enjoyable, but Tait-led fans will enjoy "Restart"." On the other hand, Daniel Edgeman at Christian Music Review called this a "stand out album." At "CCM Magazine", Matt Conner wrote that "Electronic dance music is here to stay and clearly so are the Newsboys." DeWayne Hamby, reviewing the album for "Charisma", called it "a new collection of pop-flavored tracks".
	For the "Billboard" charting week of 28 September 2013, "Restart" was the No. 38 most-sold album in the entirety of the United States by the "Billboard" 200 and it was the No. 1 Top Christian Album as well.

= = = Taiwan Balloons Museum = = =

	The Taiwan Balloons Museum () is a museum about balloons in Anli Village, Shengang District, Taichung, Taiwan. The museum is owned and operated by Taiwan Tailloon Balloons Co., Ltd.
	The museum building were once the old factory of the Taiwan Tailloon Balloons Co., Ltd. The current factory of the company is located right next to the museum building.
	The museum building resembles a balloon from outside.
	The museum exhibits the balloon production process, balloon making activities and balloon-related games.
	The museum is accessible west from Fengyuan Station of the Taiwan Railways.

= = = Prescott Fire Department = = =

	The Prescott Fire Department is the municipal fire department for the city of Prescott, Arizona. Additionally, the PFD provides aircraft rescue and firefighting for the Prescott Municipal Airport. Founded in 1885, it is the oldest fire department in the state of Arizona. With a coverage area of and serving a population of 39,843, the PFD consists of 92 career personnel, split among five fire stations.
	Prior to 1884, Prescott had no water system for fire protection. Wells were sunk at the four corners of the courthouse plaza and double acting hand pumps were installed. In 1884 the water system was installed and the Prescott Volunteer Fire Department was started with a single hose company using a two-wheeled cart hand drawn with of hose. In 1954 the then four separate volunteer companies were merged into one and named Prescott Fire Department.
	The Granite Mountain Hotshots were a group within the department whose mission was to fight wildfires. Founded in 2002 as a fuels mitigation crew, it transitioned to a handcrew (Type 2 I/A) in 2004, and ultimately to a hotshot crew in 2008. The crew had their own fire station, station 7, where equipment, including two 10-person crew carriers, was housed. The 2017 film "Only the Brave" was based on the Granite Mountain Hotshots and the Yarnell Fire.
	On June 30, 2013, 19 members of the 20-man group died fighting the Yarnell Hill Fire. Only Brendan McDonough survived. The firefighters had apparently deployed fire shelters, but not all of the bodies were found inside them. According to the National Fire Protection Association, it was the greatest loss of life for firefighters in a wildfire since 1933, the deadliest wildfire of any kind since 1991, and the greatest loss of firefighters in the United States since the September 11 attacks. Vice President Joe Biden attended the memorial and stated, "All men are created equal. But then, a few became firefighters."

= = = Giralda (Kansas City) = = =

	The Giralda is the name of a landmark in Kansas City, Missouri. It stands tall at the corner of West 47th Street and J.C. Nichols Parkway.
	When urban developer J.C. Nichols visited Seville, Spain in the 1920s, he was so impressed with the 12th-century Moorish tower of Giralda that he built a half-scale replica in the Country Club Plaza. The tower was officially christened by then-Seville mayor Felix Morena de la Cova, along with an official delegate in 1967, the same year in which the both cities became sister cities. The original Giralda tower was the minaret of the 12th century Muslim mosque; a Christian belfry was added in 1568.

= = = Odette Valery = = =

	Odette Valery (spelled Valéry in French publications), née Helene Vasilardi, (1883–?) was an Italian dancer of Greek parentage. She made her début at La Scala in 1898 at the age of fifteen. She moved to Paris where she danced with the Ballet Excelsior at the Folies Bergère. She came to regard dancing "en pointe" as "old-fashioned" and made her name doing reconstructions of ancient Greek dances in bare feet. Later she portrayed Cleopatra and did an Egyptian dance with a live asp. She was well-educated and spoke French, German, Italian, Spanish and Russian as well as some English and she played the piano well. In 1908, she caused a sensation in New York when she danced in the last act of "Samson and Delilah" at the Manhattan Opera House where she had been engaged by Oscar Hammerstein I. Her dance included the participation of one of three snakes (with fangs removed) which were cared for by their own groom, Robert, whom she had engaged in addition to other servants who travelled with her. In 1910 she was earning $1000 a week when dancing in the Teatro Comunale di Bologna. She owned several automobiles and amassed a fortune in jewellery. She spent lavishly and by 1912, she was destitute. Her money ran out when she had to have an operation and as a result she could not work for an extended period. Although her weekly salary was what a workman earned in a year at the time, she hadn't saved a penny. She was found ill and starving in a cheap boarding house in Notting Hill, London where she was being cared for by her seven-year-old son Gaeton. She had been surviving thus for a year by pawning her jewellery. She was found by a friend who was performing at Hammerstein's London Opera House. The friend took her in and was planning to send her back to her home in France to recover. She returned to Paris and although she was reputed to have had twenty-eight love affairs in one year at the height of her fame, she had few real friends and continued to live in poverty. It was a California heiress, Mrs. Jackson Gouraud, who came to her aid on reading about her plight and gave a fund-raising ball in her honour at Martin's, New York. The hostess wore a live python around her neck for the event.

= = = Lijin Jose = = =

	Lijin Jose is a Malayalam film director with two feature films and one documentary to his credit. His debut movie was Friday starring Fahad Fazil. He is also the founder of Every Dog has its Day Productions (EDHID). EDHID focuses on giving life to feature films, diversified content for OTT platforms, innovative and awe-inspiring documentaries, digital films and quirky short stories.
	Lijin was born in Alappuzha, Kerala, India. He did his Masters Post Graduate in English Language and Literature from the University of Kerala. He also has a Post Graduate Diploma in Filmmaking from Centre for Development of Imaging Technology (C-dit).
	Lijin Started his film career as an assistant director in 2003. He assisted Ivar, The Journey, Chacko Randaaman, Winter (2004 film) and Seetha Kalyanam. His first film was "Friday" starring Fahad Fazil and Ann Augustine. He directed "Law Point" starring Kunchako Boban and Namita Pramod soon after and focused on making a documentary on the veteran filmmaker, K.G George on his life and career.
	8½ Intercuts- Life and Films of KG George (2017) Documentary
	Unfriend (2014) Malayalam short film
	Friday (2012) Malayalam feature film
	Conditions Apply (2010) Malayalam short film
	International Documentary Short Film Festival of India (IDSFFK), Signs International Film Festival

= = = Brent W. Jeffs = = =

	Brent W. Jeffs is an author, advocate, and member of the influential Jeffs family in the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (FLDS Church).
	Jeffs wrote the memoir "Lost Boy" along with author Maia Szalavitz, which was released on May 19, 2009. The book is a depiction of life within the FLDS Church and his ostracism from the organization at a young age. The title of the book comes from the term "the lost boys", which refers to the many young men expelled from the FLDS Church. Jeffs is a grandson to FLDS "prophet" Rulon Jeffs, nephew to imprisoned FLDS "prophet" Warren Jeffs and Lyle Jeffs, and his mother is the daughter of another non-FLDS "prophet" as well.
	Jeffs was born to Ward Jeffs, son of Rulon Jeffs. Ward had three wives, two of whom were sisters. Between these marriages, Brent had nineteen siblings. Ward eventually left the church, leaving Brent in the FLDS community per Brent's request. Eventually, Brent left the compound and moved into a small apartment with four of his older brothers, where they experimented with alcohol, drug use and partying.
	In 2004 Jeffs named Warren Jeffs as the perpetrator in a civil lawsuit seeking damages for sexual abuse he had suffered as a boy. "Lost Boy" depicts much of the sexual abuse that was inflicted upon him beginning at ages 5 or 6. The memoir also includes abuse from Warren's brothers and other family members.
	Jeffs has appeared on the NPR radio show, "Fresh Air", hosted by interviewer Teri Gross, the television show "Polygamy: What Love Is This?", "Hannity" and "Dr. Phil", with each appearance having to do with the FLDS and polygamy. In each appearance Jeffs discusses the dangers of the FLDS lifestyle and abuse from Warren Jeffs and other influential FLDS Church leaders.
	Since releasing his memoir, Jeffs has married and had a daughter. They live in Salt Lake City, Utah.

= = = Pakistani wedding songs = = =

	This list contains Pakistani wedding songs which are performed during Pakistani weddings. Most are traditional folk songs, but also include pop songs as well.

= = = Burnaugh Building = = =

	The Burnaugh Building, at 107 N. River St. in Enterprise, Oregon, was built during 1916-17 in Early Commercial style. It was commissioned by S. L. Burnaugh for renting; Burnaugh served as mayor of Enterprise in the year following its construction. It has served as a post office, a meeting hall, as a businessplace, and as a multiple dwelling. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.
	It is one of six buildings in Enterprise that was built of "Bowlby stone", a local tuffaceous rock; the Wallowa County Courthouse and the Record-Chieftain's plant building are the only other two surviving of the six.

= = = Scotch Ridge, Ohio = = =

	Scotch Ridge is an unincorporated community in Wood County, Ohio, United States. It is part of Webster Township and located at the intersection of OH 199 and OH 105.
	Scotch Ridge is part of the Eastwood Local School District.
	A post office called Scotch Ridge was established in 1850, and remained in operation until 1926. The community derives its name from Scotland, the ancestral home of a large share of the first settlers.

= = = Super Match (association football) = = =

	The Super Match is an annual and bi-annual pre-season friendly tournament. The tournament was previously referred to as Thomas Cook Trophy until 2008, Ferrostaal Cup in 2010, Winoly Cup in 2012, and Super Match by Carlsberg, due to sponsorship. Manchester City are the hosts of the competition. The game is usually the last before the Premier League opening match and features a highly reputed UEFA club.
	Manchester City have played against UEFA Champions League sides Arsenal, Borussia Dortmund, Lazio, Milan, Olympiacos, Porto, VfB Stuttgart, and Valencia in previous editions of the competition.
	Super Matches which do not involve Manchester City are known as SuperGames and are played in Gothenburg, Sweden.
	"Bold indicates the participating team won the tournament that year."
	The inaugural sponsor of the cup was travel agent Thomas Cook. In 2010, sponsorship of the competition moved to Ferrostaal, who had signed a representative deal with Manchester City. In 2012, the tournament again changed sponsors, this time to sports company "Winoly". In 2013, it was announced that Winoly had moved its sponsorship to a rival competition. On 5 June 2013, Danish Alcoholic beverage company Carlsberg took over sponsorship of the event, then known as the Super Match by Carlsberg. In 2015, there was no title sponsor for the competition.

= = = Eleftherios Goulielmakis = = =

	Eleftherios Goulielmakis (Ελευθέριος Γουλιελμάκης) is a Greek physicist specializing in lasers.
	He is a professor of physics at the University of Rostock, Germany where he currently leads the research activities of the Xtreme Photonic Lab group. He is also the head of the research group "Attoelectronics" at the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics in Garching , Germany.
	He obtained his Bachelor´s and Master´s degree in physics and optoelectronics respectrively from the University of Crete, Greece and the PhD degree (Dr. rer. nat.) from Ludiwig-Maximilans-Universität (LMU) in Munich in 2005. 
	For his work on the attosecond control and synthesis of light waves he has been awarded the of the Academy of Athens in 2007, the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics Young Scientist Prize in Optics of the International Commission for Optics in 2009, the Gustav Hertz Prize of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft (DPG) in 2013. and the of the Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen in 2015. 

= = = International Journal of Digital Multimedia Broadcasting = = =

	The International Journal of Digital Multimedia Broadcasting is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of digital broadcasting technology. It was established in 2007 by Fa-Long Luo, who served as founding editor-in-chief until 2011. The journal is published by Hindawi Publishing Corporation.
	The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

= = = God's Mischief = = =

	God's Mischief (original title: Daivathinte Vikrithikal) is a 1989 Malayalam novel written by M. Mukundan. Like most of Mukundan's works, this novel too is based in Mayyazhi, better known once as Mahé, the French colony after it was decolonised. The story centres on a magician, Father Alfonso, his daughter, Elsee and an Ayurveda Vaidyar Kumaran and his two twin sons and how their life changes after the land is decolonised. The novel won the Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award and the N. V. Prize. It was adapted into a film by noted director Lenin Rajendran in 1992.
	The story begins in 1950s, when the French, the colonial rulers were packing off from Mahé, a coastal town in North Malabar, after 230 years, leaving behind remnants of a cultural history. Those, who considered themselves as belonging to Francophone culture, jumped onto the first available vessel to France. And many of the older generation, orphaned by the departure of the French, struggle to eke out a living even as they remember their days of plenty under their foreign masters. Caught up in their suffering, Kumaran Vaidyar does everything he can to keep the people of his beloved Mayyazhi from starving, but entrusts his own children to the care of his wife, who is no more. Meanwhile, Father Alphonse waves his magic wand and changes pebbles into candy and waits for his good-looking son to return. Through all this, untroubled by the woes of the elders, Shivan, Shashi and Elsie spend an idyllic childhood in sunny, sleepy Mayyazhi. Until the day of reckoning catches up with them and they pay the price of growing up.
	The English translation of the book by Prema Jayakumar was released by Penguin Books India on 30 October 2013. "India Today" wrote: "The translation is brilliant, losing none of the linguistic subtleties of prose and colour of the original Malayalam. The translator has ensured that the delicacy of interlocking relationships, situations and their nuances have been preserved in all their complexity as the book tsunamis towards its climax." A Bengali translation is also available published by Sahitya Academy translated by Basabi Chakrabarty - 'ভগবানের দুষ্টুমি'
	In 1992, a film adaptation of the novel was released, starring Raghuvaran as Alfonso, Rajan P. Dev as Arupurayil Kadungun, Thilakan as Kumaran Vysyar, Srividya as Maggi, Malavika Avinash as Elsee, Vineeth as Sasi, Sudheesh as Sivan and directed by Lenin Rajendran. Mukundan assisted with writing the screenplay and with other production tasks. The film was critically well acclaimed and won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Film.

= = = Great March for Climate Action = = =

	The Great March for Climate Action (also known as the Climate March) was launched on March 1, 2013 by former Iowa lawmaker Ed Fallon, inspired after meeting with Bill McKibben. “Since probably 2007, I’ve identified the climate crisis as the most serious challenge facing our planet, and I’ve been pondering ways in which I could most effectively help address it.”
	The non-profit organization planned to mobilize one thousand people to march across the continental United States in order to raise awareness and action on anthropogenic climate change. The march began March 1, 2014 in Wilmington neighborhood in South Los Angeles, California, and ended on November 1, 2014 when marchers arrived in Washington, D.C. Along the route, participants engaged with the general public and elected officials in order to inspire society to address climate change. In the end, a core group of 34 people traveled the entire route from Los Angeles, California, to Washington D.C., and five people walked every step from LA to DC.
	In a Des Moines Register interview Fallon said, “We think it’s very important. We think this is a tool that will help mobilize people to understand the problem and to do more about it…this needs to become the defining issue of this century.” Fallon was inspired in part by another cross-country march, the 1986 Great Peace March for Global Nuclear Disarmament, for which he coordinated the Iowa logistics. Although this was a national campaign, it was intended to have an international audience and was desired to include participants from multiple nations, as climate change is a global phenomenon.
	The headquarters of the non-profit are located in Des Moines, Iowa. As of October 2013 they had six staff, had raised $120,000, and earned endorsements from 350.org, James Hansen, and U.S. Senator Tom Harkin and Congressman Bruce Braley among others.
	The marchers departed from Santa Monica, California on March 1, 2014, traveling through Nebraska (focus on the Keystone Pipeline) and ended in Washington, D.C. in November, 2014. The route passed through California, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Washington, D.C. and the following cities (unverified):
	Reverend Bob Cook planned to take part in the march. "The Des Moines pastor’s life work has been for the poor, but he doesn’t view the Great March for Climate Action as a departure. The poor are affected most by climate change, as they are from most troubling world events, Cook said."
	Ben Bushwick, a student at Ohio University, marched most of the way. “I’m marching because quite frankly I don’t see any other choice,” Bushwick said. “Atmospheric disruption is a real threat that people do not take seriously and will make mitigation and adaptation efforts a lot more difficult.”
	Faith Meckley, a student at Ithaca College, says, “I was interested, but only for a three-week walk from Pittsburgh to Washington. ... After thinking about it and talking to my academic advisor at Ithaca, I decided to take the spring semester off and do the walk from Taos, N.M., to Washington. I am committed to this issue. I want to do more than my environmental blog and sign petitions. I have a respect for the planet.” In line with her commitment, she left the march early to protest storage of liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas in her hometown region of Seneca Lake, New York.
	An average day’s walk was expected to be 14–15 miles. Campsites for tents were prearranged. Organizers had hoped to haul all of the gear and supplies via bicycles to minimize energy consumption and maximize sustainability, but after some intensive research this proved infeasible, so trucks running on biodiesel or vegetable oil fuel were used. Research into solar cookers, composting toilets, determined how far the marchers were able to use sustainable methods to handle food and energy needs, and human waste. Participants and volunteers shared daily chores including but not limited to setting up camp, food preparation and clean-up. Interactive workshops focused on climate change, the anthropogenic effect on the environment, and active solutions.
	Throughout history, marches have been associated with political and social change. Examples include but are not limited to: the Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913, Gandhi's Salt March to defy Britain's imperial power, Martin Luther King Jr's Selma to Montgomery marches for voting rights and the Great Peace March for Global Nuclear Disarmament. Peace walks have been particularly popular in the peace movement.

= = = Charles Edoa = = =

	Charles Edoa Nga (born 17 May 1990) is a Cameroonian footballer who plays as a striker for Eding Sport.
	Between 2008 and 2013 he played for Union Douala in his country.
	In 10 August, he signed for Al-Orobah FC in the Saudi Professional League.
	Edoa scored the winning goal on his debut for Royal Leopards F.C. in February 2019.
	He made his debut against Tanzania coming as a substitute.

= = = HMS Calypso (1783) = = =

	HMS "Calypso" was a Royal Navy Echo Class ship-sloop. She was built at Deptford between 1781 and 1783, launched on 27 September 1783 and first commissioned on 1 December 1783 for service off Northern Ireland and Scotland. She served in the North Sea, Atlantic, and the West Indies. "Calypso" was sunk whilst acting as a convoy escort on 30 July 1803 after colliding with a West Indiaman merchant ship during a violent storm.
	"Calypso" was built to the same technical drawings as the five other "Echo"-class ships: , , , , and . The class was designed to be 16-gun ship sloops with quarterdecks and forecastles.
	All use the same plans for frame, Inboard profile, Lines, Stern, and upper and lower decks
	"Calypso" was first commissioned in September 1783 under Commander Ralph Dundas for service on the Irish and Scottish stations. She was then refitted at Plymouth and placed in ordinary in October 1785. She was paid off in October 1786.
	Her second commission began in January 1787 under Commander William Mitchell. After fitting for Channel service she sailed for Jamaica on 16 April 1787, returning to home waters in 1790 and once more being placed in ordinary.
	"Calypso" underwent a period of repair and was refitted at Portsmouth between July 1793 and March 1796. Her third commission began in January 1796 under Commander Andrew Smith, who took her to sea following her repair and refit to join Admiral Duncan's North Sea Fleet.
	In January 1797 Commander Richard Worsley took command and operated "Calypso" as a convoy escort and cruiser. Commander C. Collis succeeded Worsley in November 1797. Collis continued operating in this role until April 1798 when "Calypso" returned to Portsmouth for refit.
	Commander Henry Garrett took command in April 1799 and was succeeded by Commander Joseph Baker in November of that year. Baker took "Calypso" to the Caribbean, sailing for the Leeward Islands in February 1800. Whilst under Baker's command on this station, "Calypso" participated in several notable actions.
	In October 1801 Commander Robert Barrie assumed command, followed by Commander Edward Brenton in April 1802, and finally by Commander William Venour in August 1802.
	On 30 July 1803, "Calypso" and the 74-gun "Goliath" were escorting a convoy of heavily laden West Indiamen from Jamaica. The convoy was caught in a violent storm that dismasted 21 of the vessels. One of the merchantmen ran down "Calypso", sinking her with the loss of all hands.
	As an unrated sloop-of-war "Calypso" was too small a ship to warrant a Post-captain and was instead commanded by an officer in the rank of Commander, although aboard ship he was afforded the courtesy title of Captain. The commanders of HMS "Calypso" were:
	From 1794 the Admiralty allowed a crew of 121 for a 16-gun sloop such as HMS "Calypso". The Commander and Lieutenants were professional sea officers, trained in gunnery, navigation and seamanship in equal measure and appointed to the ship by Admiralty Commission. The Lieutenants were all at least nineteen years of age, having served a minimum six-year apprenticeship as Midshipman or Master's Mate before undertaking and passing the examination for Lieutenant. The Commander would usually have been an experienced Lieutenant who had come to the attention of the Admiralty or his Commander-in-Chief through some distinction in service or by having an influential patron. The Commander's duties were almost identical to those of a Post Captain, although on a smaller scale, the exception being that as a Commander he had no automatic rights of promotion to the flag list and could quite easily remain a Commander for the rest of his career.
	The Warrant Officers were specialists appointed to the ship by Navy Board Warrant. The Wardroom Warrant Officers were allowed all the privileges of a Commissioned Officer, eating and sleeping with the Lieutenants. The Standing Warrant Officers stayed with the ship throughout its commission and remained aboard when the ship was placed in ordinary. They were heavily involved with the fitting out of the ship and general maintenance. Cockpit Officers had a higher status than the Petty Officers and could generally expect to reach the Wardroom in time, with its members aspiring to be Lieutenants, Masters, Pursers or Surgeons. Petty Officers performed particular roles that required additional skills or expertise, and they were usually rated by the Captain or First Lieutenant on joining the ship. Unlike the Warrant Officers, the Petty Officers had no security in his rank; the Captain could demote a Petty Officer for negligence. A Petty Officer could also lose his rating on moving to a new ship.
	The seaman were classed as either Able Seaman, Ordinary Seaman, or Landsman. An Able Seaman was an expert all rounder, happy aloft in the rigging or taking the helm and all other aspects of shipboard life. An Ordinary Seaman was one who had a grasp of basic seamanship and could be useful aboard ship but was not yet an expert or skillful sailor. A Landsman was a man with very little or no prior sea experience at all, most commonly a product of the press gang.
	The full crewing requirements for a 16-gun sloop are given in the table below.

= = = Gary Wang = = =

	Gary Wang or Wang Wei (; born May 8, 1973) is a Chinese entrepreneur. He is the founder of the Chinese video sharing company Tudou.com and served as its CEO until August 2012. He is currently the founder of Light Chaser Animation Studios, an animation studio based in Beijing. Wang is also a novelist, screenwriter, and playwright. He holds a Computer Science degree from the Johns Hopkins University, and an MBA from INSEAD. He received his bachelor's degree in international business from the College of Staten Island, CUNY, in 1995.
	Wang's first full-time job out of college was as a salesman of apparel snap fasteners, although he "wore an ill-fitting $90 suit and didn't know how to pronounce Christian Dior." He later moved on to a position at Hughes Electronics, where he worked from 1997 to 2001 through roles in engineering and last held the role of business development manager. After obtaining his MBA at INSEAD in 2002, Wang served as the corporate development director of Bertelsmann Group, an international media company, and also served as the managing director of Bertelsmann Online China, a company operating the e-commerce businesses of Bertelsmann Group in China, from 2003 to 2005.
	Wang founded Tudou in January 2005 (a few months before YouTube), citing the tightly regulated nature of television content in China and his hope to "bridge the huge gap between those people who have creative ideas and talent, but cannot get their work to the audience" as his primary reasons.
	Wang formally launched Tudou online on April 15, 2005, and the website soon took off. Tudou started as a website hosting user-generated content (UGC), but soon expanded to include UGC, premium licensed content and content developed in-house, commonly described as a combination of the YouTube, Hulu, and HBO business models. The number of monthly unique visitors to Tudou increased from approximately 50 million in December 2007 to approximately 182 million in December 2010, and to approximately 200 million in May 2011. The number of registered users increased from approximately 35.6 million in December 31, 2008 to approximately 78.2 million as of December 31, 2010 and further to approximately 90.1 million as of June 30, 2011.
	Wang took Tudou public on NASDAQ in August 2011. On March 12, 2012, Tudou and competitor Youku.com announced a merger to form Youku Tudou Inc., with Tudou valued at US$1.2 billion. Since the merger was formally completed in August 2012, Wang has retired from the new company's daily operations.
	In an interview with the Wall Street Journal on March 12, 2013, Wang announced his new project, Light Chaser Animation Studios, to produce animated feature films targeting the rapidly growing Chinese movie market, which grew by 30% in 2012 and is widely expected to overtake the U.S. market in size by 2020. He cited the lack of quality domestically produced animation content, a rapidly growing domestic market, and improving environment for movie distribution, promotion and copyrights in China as the main reasons behind his decision.
	Light Chaser Animation Studios is based in Beijing, China.
	Wang is also a novelist and playwright for stage and ballet. At 24, Wang wrote the novel "Waiting for Summer", loosely based on his early experiences studying and living in the United States. Wang published the novel in 2006, first serially in the acclaimed Chinese literary magazine "Harvest", and then as an independent work a year later. In 2011, Wang wrote "The Residential Compound", a stage play about urban development and relocation in Beijing. In the same year, Wang wrote the libretto for the San Francisco Ballet's critically acclaimed "RAkU", a story about a "triangle of obsession" taking place in the Tokugawa Era.
	Wang is the screenwriter and director of Light Chaser Animation's first movie, Little Door Gods.

= = = Puneri = = =

	This word explains the characteristics related to the Indian city Pune. Puneri word is referred in following areas.

= = = Cloverdale, Wood County, Ohio = = =

	Cloverdale is an unincorporated community in Wood County, Ohio, United States and is part of Portage Township and located at the intersection of Cloverdale and Kramer roads.
	A post office called Cloverdale was established in 1892, and remained in operation until 1904. Besides the post office, Cloverdale had a church building.

= = = Jodi Marr = = =

	Jodi Marr is an American songwriter and producer. Her musical career began with writing songs and fronting bands in Florida in the late 1990s.
	She won a Grammy Award in 2003 for "De Verdad" on the album "Soy" by Alejandra Guzmán.

= = = Skywire Live = = =

	Skywire Live with Nik Wallenda is a Discovery Channel special that aired on June 23, 2013. The special was billed as a highwire walk across "the majestic Grand Canyon". Interpretations varied as to whether the actual location – the Little Colorado River Gorge in Navajo territory outside Grand Canyon National Park's borders – was truly part of the Grand Canyon.
	Highwire artist Nik Wallenda had been planning to walk across the canyon since 2008, but put the plan on hold first due to logistical difficulties and then to highwire walk over Niagara Falls in 2012. After his success at Niagara, he accelerated plans to cross the canyon. In March 2013, Wallenda and Discovery came to terms on television rights for the walk.
	To prepare, Wallenda practiced in his home town of Sarasota, Florida in heavy winds, including during Tropical Storm Andrea. On June 23, he successfully completed the walk without safety devices in approximately 23 minutes, making him the first person to tightrope walk across a Grand Canyon area gorge. At , it was the highest walk of his career. Afterwards, Wallenda said it was more difficult than he had expected.
	"Skywire Live" aired live in over 200 countries worldwide. It was a ratings success in the United States, generating Discovery's highest-ever rating for a live broadcast. The show also generated a lot of interest of social media, with Wallenda's public display of his Christian faith being a focal point.
	Nik Wallenda is American highwire artist and member of the famed Flying Wallendas circus family. He has been walking the wire since age two and now holds seven world records. In 2008, he set the record for highest and longest bicycle ride across a tightrope. In 2012, he became the first person to successfully tightrope walk directly over Niagara Falls. The feat aired live on ABC who, much to the dismay of Wallenda, decided at the last minute that he would have to wear a safety harness for the event.
	The Grand Canyon area has played host to a number of high-profile stunts and daredevil feats. In 1922, Royal Thomas flew a Lincoln Stanard biplane into Grand Canyon National Park, landing just from the Canyon's edge. The park did not yet have stunting regulations and the feat was approved by park superintendent Walter Crosby. In 1980, stuntman Dar Robinson drove a sportscar over the canyon's edge, parachuting out of the car as it fell. He did the stunt in Hualapai Indian Reservation after being denied a permit by the National Park. In 1999, daredevil Robbie Knievel jumped a narrow portion of canyon in Hualapai territory on a motorcycle, breaking his own world record for longest jump in the process. The event aired live on Fox News. In 2006, Bob Burnquist skateboarded off a ramp into the canyon, descending to the bottom with a parachute. In 2011, Yves "Jetman" Rossy used a custom made jet suit to glide above the Hualapai reservation for eight minutes. He covered a distance of before parachuting into the canyon.
	Nik Wallenda originally secured permits to walk across "the Grand Canyon" in 2008, and planned to make the trip as early as 2009. However, the walk was delayed due to substantial logistical hurdles. His agent, Winston Simone, commented "There's no electricity [at the planned location], there's no hotels, and for the last half-hour there are no paved roads." Additionally, at a then-estimated distance of , the feat would be the longest walk of Wallenda's career by a significant margin. When the opportunity to cross Niagara Falls arose, the Grand Canyon walk was put on hold. Shortly after crossing Niagara Falls, Wallenda said he would try to make the Grand Canyon crossing "within a year". In August 2012, he said that he was "98 percent" certain that the walk would take place in May or June 2013 and announced he would get "something in writing" that no safety harness would be required for the walk.
	On March 18, 2013, Wallenda announced that he had come to terms with The Discovery Channel for television rights. ABC also bid for the walk, but was concerned about the show being repetitive with the Niagara walk and was not prepared to pay as much as Discovery. Additionally, Discovery emphasized its international footprint and promised Wallenda that he would not have to wear a safety device. After he came to terms with Discovery, both Wallenda and his network partners had to finalize permits with the Navajo. According to a tribal spokesperson, the decision to allow the walk was not taken lightly. The process included archaeological, biological, and environmental impact studies.
	According to Wallenda, "There's a lot of updrafts and downdrafts, and the winds are hard to predict [in the Canyon]". The air temperature during the walk was expected to exceed , with the steel cable hitting . To prepare, Wallenda walked a wire twice daily along the banks of a Sarasota river with fans watching. He practiced with wind machines to simulate wind gusts up to . During Tropical Storm Andrea he practiced among wind gusts and heavy rain. Wallenda said it was "hard to prepare for [the updrafts] ... when it comes down to Mother Nature, we’re not in control." His highwire shoes, which are custom made by his mother, had elk-skin bottoms to counteract the heat.
	On June 19, Discovery aired a special episode of "MythBusters" titled "Duct Tape Canyon" to coincide with Wallenda's walk. On the episode, Wallenda appears to the show's team as a hallucination as they attempt to survive in the desert using only duct tape.
	On June 23, 2013, Wallenda highwire walked across the Little Colorado River Gorge in the Navajo Tribal Park. The location was outside Grand Canyon National Park's borders, about 40 miles east of the main tourist facilities. In its official press release, Discovery previewed the feat "Nik Wallenda ... will traverse the majestic Grand Canyon". Other interpretations of whether or not the location was part of the Grand Canyon varied. The Reuters news agency described the location as simply "the Grand Canyon", while the Associated Press described it as a "gorge near the Grand Canyon." Commentary by "Forbes" writer Andrew Bender said there was "one problem" with the walk – "It [wasn't] at the Grand Canyon". He did, however, say the risks were as real and the visuals as spectacular at the location. "National Geographic" described the location as "the Grand Canyon" but noted that, like previous "Grand Canyon" stunts, it was taking place outside the park's borders.
	According to the United States Geological Survey, the Grand Canyon geological area includes the Little Colorado River Gorge. A Grand Canyon National Park spokesperson said the walk "would not have been approved" to take place in the Park due to regulations that "events must not unreasonably impair the park’s atmosphere of peace and tranquility or have an unacceptable impact on the experience of park visitors."
	The event, entitled "Skywire Live", aired live on the Discovery Channel in 219 countries with a 10-second delay. Coverage began with an hour-and-ten-minute preshow, followed by an hour-and-ten-minute main event. It was produced by Peacock Productions and hosted by Natalie Morales and Willie Geist. During the event, viewers were able to select from five different camera angles online at SkywireLive.com, including one attached to his chest that faced straight down. Another camera attached to Wallenda faced straight ahead, and a film crew filmed from the bottom of the Canyon.
	Before the walk started, Wallenda and his family prayed with evangelist and family friend Joel Osteen. He was then helicoptered to an island in the middle of the canyon to start his journey. To limit environmental impact, the event was not open to the public. Members of the press were required to sign a waiver saying they would not sue for post-traumatic stress disorder in the event that Wallenda fell. An armed security guard was positioned at the bottom of the canyon to protect his body from animals.
	As the walk began at 7:38pm MDT, Wallenda realized the wire had become slippery due to gathered dust. He spat on his hands and rubbed his shoes for better grip. Shortly thereafter, he stopped and crouched down on the wire due to wind gusts. He later stopped a second time to break the bounce of the wire that his walking had induced. Throughout the walk, Wallenda could be heard praying, repeatedly saying "Help me to relax, Lord", "God, you’re so good. Thank you for this opportunity, Lord", and "Thank you, Jesus." Midway through he said "Thank you Lord. Thank you for calming that cable, God". Wallenda ran the last few steps then jumped off and kissed the ground. Completing the walk in 22 minutes, 54 seconds, Wallenda became the first person to highwire walk across a Grand Canyon area gorge.
	At , the walk was the highest of Wallenda's career, about seven times as high as the Niagara crossing. He covered a distance of approximately in 22 minutes, 54 seconds, using wire. He carried a balancing pole weighing . Wallenda said it was important for him to vary his pace throughout the walk to prevent resonance effects. Terry and Mike Troffer were his safety coordinator and chief engineer, respectively, for the event.
	Commenting on the walk, a Navajo spokesman said, "We are honored to be a part of this historic event and showcase the beauty that exists on Navajo country," and said he expected the event to boost tourism. Tribal president Ben Shelly said he was grateful for the publicity. "It’s exposing what a beautiful land we have", he said. "Another nation exists, and it's the Navajo Nation." However, a group of Navajo and other Native Americans protested the event saying the tribe should not be promoting the risking of human life to promote tourism. The Navajos did not charge for the use of the site, but Discovery did pay for the paving of a new road and parking lot to accommodate spectators.
	After the walk, Wallenda said it was more difficult than he had expected and that "it took every bit of me to stay focused". He said that dust had accumulated in his contact lenses and called the walk unusually stressful. Additionally, he said an "optical illusion" made it hard to concentrate. However, he called the view breathtaking, and said the opportunity "was a dream come true."
	"Skywire Live With Nik Wallenda" drew an average of 10.7 million viewers in the United States, making it the highest rated program of the night. It beat out NBC's "Crossing Lines" (4.4 million viewers) and CBS's "60 Minutes" (8.2 million) among other offerings. Viewership increased steadily throughout the program, with a spike as the walk itself began.
	During the walk, 13 million people were tuned in. Those numbers made "Skywire Live" the highest rated live program in Discovery's history, easily beating the 4.21 million people who watched Felix Baumgartner's skydive in October 2012, and third-highest overall. The 4.77 share during the actual walk was also the highest in company history. Pre-coverage of the walk also pulled in high numbers, attracting 6.25 million viewers. "Naked and Afraid" which debuted after "Skywire" attracted 4.16 million viewers. Overall, Discovery had its fourth highest-ranked night ever.
	Online coverage attracted 2.1 million viewers, and tweets hit 40,000 per minute. During the peak hour, the program had 648,000 mentions on Twitter. Additionally, Shark Week and #SnuffyTheSeal trended nationally after a commercial for Shark Week featuring a fictional seal named Snuffy aired during "SkyWire". Overall, the show won 71% of TV-related social media usage for the day.
	To capitalize on the program's success, Discovery aired a follow-up interview, "Skywire: Nik Talks the Walk", on June 30. In the special, Wallenda provided commentary on his walk as the entire 23 minute feat was replayed.
	Commentary by Sally Jenkins published by the "Washington Post" called Wallenda "The ultimate athlete, free of all law except gravity ... Beyond criticism. Committing a pointless act — yet praying." Jenkins remarked "We thought daredevils were gone — too much science had reduced them to the predictable ... But along has come this new breed." Comparing Wallenda and Baumgartner's record skydive that also aired on Discovery, she speculated that the emergence of online media combined with "stale, stupid predictability" of television shows has led the re-emergence of interest in daredevil activity. She concluded "Wallenda’s meaningless act restored the meaning of real." "The Telegraph"'s Ben Fogle declared "I have never felt such fear for another person ... I have a new superhero: not a superman with a cape, but a slightly tubby dad in jeans and a T-shirt."
	On social media, Wallenda's prominent display of his faith was the most popular topic. Conservative talk show host Dana Loesch tweeted "Evangelism via entertainment on a tightrope and a major cable network. Brilliant." In contrast comedian and noted atheist Ricky Gervais poked fun saying "Well done Jesus for getting that bloke across the Grand Canyon safely. I bet he feels silly for wasting so much time practicing now." Actor Dean Norris remarked "Regardless of religious belief or not,feel little happier bout life then had #wallenda kept saying thank you nihilists, life is meaningless." Interviewing Joel Osteen after Wallenda's walk, Piers Morgan called the event "an advertisement for the power of prayer and Christianity in America".
	Blue jeans manufacture Buffalo David Bitton was surprised that Wallenda wore a pair of their jeans for the walk. To celebrate, they erected a billboard showing a picture of the walk and reading "Dear Nik, Thanks for taking us to new heights. Buffalo David Bitton." The company also offered Wallenda and his immediate family free jeans for the rest of their lives.

= = = Bank of Starbuck = = =

	The Bank of Starbuck, at Main and McNeil Sts. in Starbuck, Washington, is a historic building built in 1904. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.
	It was deemed significant as one of few surviving commercial buildings from the town of Starbuck's heyday, after the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company's main railway line came through in 1882. Its NRHP nomination also asserts it is a "fine example" of a small town bank in the U.S. west.

= = = Woodbine, Texas = = =

	Woodbine is a small community in Cooke County, Texas, a few miles south of U.S. Route 82 east of Gainesville, Texas. The population was 246 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Gainesville TX-Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is in turn part of the Dallas-Fort Worth, TX-OK Combined Statistical Area.
	The Woodbine Formation is a Cretaceous geologic formation named for the small community in 1905.
	Settlement of the area known as Mineola began back in the 1840s, but the first residents did not become permanent until the mid-1860s. In 1879, the Denison and Pacific Railroad came through, and the community was renamed Woodbine for the abundant vines in the area. Its railroad depot was the first in Cooke County, and the community prospered from it. The same year, Woodbine received a post office that would exist until the Great Depression of the 1930s. By 1900, Woodbine's population was 100, though this figure declined by half by 1940. In 1950, Woodbine had 20 residents. Only its proximity to Gainesville prevented it from disappearing altogether, with a resurgence of population wanting to live outside the city.

= = = B. V. Rajarama Bhat = = =

	B.V. Rajarama Bhat is an Indian mathematician specialising in operator theory. He is a Professor of Mathematics in Indian Statistical Institute, Bangalore.
	Professor Bhat obtained his MSc and PhD degrees from the Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata.
	He was awarded the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology in 2007, the highest science award in India, in the mathematical sciences category.

= = = Camel Safari = = =

	Camel Safari is a 2013 Indian Malayalam-language romance film directed by Jayaraj which narrates a love story set in Rajasthan. The movie features Arun Shankar and Pankaja Menon in the lead roles. Sekhar Menon, Tini Tom, Sabitha Jayaraj, Binu Adimaly, Neha Ramesh, Hashim Hussain, Vishnu Mohan and Anjali Ajayan plays supporting roles; Kamal Gaur, the villain of "Johnnie Walker", made a comeback. The filming of "Camel Safari" begun on 22 November 2012 at the Pushkar Fair in Rajasthan. It was completed in three schedules with the maximum being shot in Rajasthan (Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Bikaner and Pushkar) and the rest in Cochin, Kerala. The song rights of the film were sold to Manorama Music. The film "Camel Safari" was released on 26 September 2013.
	Dia (Pankaja Menon) heroine of the movie is a management student in Mangalore. She and four of her friends (Catherine, Hashim, Yamini and Chinna Gounder) visit Rajasthan for 15 days to attend a marriage. There she meets a Rajput boy Pavan (Arun Shankar) and falls in love with him. What happens to her there after that in that unknown land makes the content of the film.
	"Camel Safari" was released on 26 September 2013.
	Music: Deepankuran, Lyrics: Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri. The song "Kannum kannum" was copied from "Mere meheboob" sung by Mohammed Rafi

= = = United States Post Office-Valentine = = =

	The U.S. Post Office-Valentine, at 348 N. Main St. in Valentine, Nebraska, was built in 1939. It has also been known as Cherry County Sawer Memorial Library Educational Service Unit 17, Media Center.
	It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991; the listing included one contributing building and two contributing objects. It includes invited artwork by University of Nebraska art professor Kady Faulkner.
	It is one of 12 Nebraska post offices featuring a Section of Fine Arts mural. The $700 mural in the post office was both praised and panned when it was originally produced. Now the Valentine Media Center, operated by Educational Service Unit #17.

= = = The Holy Quran: Arabic Text and English translation = = =

	The Holy Quran: Arabic Text and English translation (completed 1936, published 1955) is a parallel text edition of the Quran compiled and translated by Maulvi Sher Ali, an Ahmadiyya missionary at the Fazl Mosque in London. This current version has been published with an alternative translation of, and footnotes to, some of the verses, by Mirza Tahir Ahmad, the fourth successor of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. Since its first publication in 1955 in the Netherlands, many editions have appeared in different countries. In 1997, an appendix was added at the end.
	An ex-evangelist, Clay Chip Smith, has reviewed the translation as, "clear and worded satisfactorily". The Islamic Studies department of the University of Georgia (US) has included the translation in its "Islamic Resources" webpage . A large Indian monthly from Bangalore, the "Islamic Voice", has cited it in its comparison to other contemporary translations of the Quran. The translation, as an Ahmadiyya Movement contribution has been mentioned by the multi-disciplinary study, "The Black Studies Reader".
	This version of Quranic translation is done by a non-islamic group. Be careful 

= = = Grant Dorrington = = =

	Grant Stephen Dorrington OAM BEM (born 15 April 1948) is an Australian rules football administrator who is a former player and coach.
	Dorrington played 45 matches for in the Western Australian National Football League (WANFL) between 1967 and 1972.
	Dorrington's premature retirement came after doctors advised him to stop playing after a series of knocks to the head in early 1972.
	Dorrington joined the coaching ranks in the late 1970s and was assistant to Barry Cable when East Perth won the 1978 WANFL Grand Final.
	In 1980, Dorrington was appointed head coach of East Perth, serving two seasons. Dorrington returned to coaching in 1985 when he was coach of the Western Australian team at the Teal Cup.
	He joined the West Australian Football Commission and has at various times been the Director of Football, General Manager of the Football Development Trust and of the West Australian Football League and Director of Pathways and Competition.
	Dorrington was the chairman of the Western Australian Road Safety Council between 1997 and 2009.
	In 1979 Dorrington was awarded the British Empire Medal (BEM) for services to the Western Australian sesquicentennial. Dorrington received the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) for services to road safety and Australian rules football in Western Australia.

= = = 5th South Carolina Volunteer Infantry Regiment (Colored) = = =

	The 5th South Carolina Infantry Regiment (African Descent) was a infantry regiment of African descent from South Carolina that failed to complete its organization to serve in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The enlisted men were transferred to the 3rd Regiment South Carolina Volunteer Infantry (African Descent) and the 4th Regiment South Carolina Volunteer Infantry (African Descent).

= = = Monographiae Biologicae = = =

	Monographiae Biologicae () is a scholarly scientific literature review series, consisting of monographs published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, an imprint of Springer Science+Business Media. The series subject area generally covers ecology, zoology, and biology. More specifically, the book series covers the biogeography of continental areas, including whole continents; differentiated stand-alone ecosystems such as islands, island groups, mountains or mountain chains; aquatic or marine ecosystems such as coastal systems, mangroves, coral reefs, and other related ecosystems. Fresh water environments are also included in this series such as major river basins, lakes, and groups of lakes.
	Taxonomic studies include the main groups of animals, plants, fungi and the comparative ecology of major biomes.
	The series continues "Physiologia comparata et oecologia", ().
	This series is indexed by the following services:

= = = Česlovas = = =

Česlovas is a Lithuanian masculine given name and may refer to:

= = = Lingkaran Survei Indonesia = = =

	Lingkaran Survei Indonesia (LSI) is an Indonesian survey and political consultancy institution. It was founded in 2005 by a group of public opinion makers, researchers, columnists and survey experts. LSI is active in committing political surveys, for example during the General Election (Pemilu) or District Head General Election (Pilkada). In 2011, Universitas Kristen Indonesia (UKI) awarded LSI an “Achievement Award” since it was judged that LSI has provided significant contribution to the field of social science, political communication, and election politics in Indonesia.
	Lingkaran Survei Indonesia is often made a study subject and even the place where foreign politicians conduct their comparative studies. At the end of 2010 a delegation of US Congress led by Zack Hudgins conducted a meeting with Lingkaran Survei Indonesia. That meeting was a part of their chain of political activities in Indonesia aside from visiting various other institutions such as the People's Representative Council (DPR), political parties, and other elite entities of Indonesian politics. The reasoning behind that meeting was stated as due to Lingkaran Survei Indonesia being considered as an influential political institution in Indonesia, especially as its role as the pioneer of such form of institution in Indonesia.
	According to Tempo Newspaper, LSI was founded in 2005 by Denny JA. Before founding LSI, Denny founded Lembaga Survei Indonesia and served as its Director. Denny JA founded Lingkaran Survei Indonesia as a statement that a survey and consultancy institution can be profitable. The Swa Sembada Magazine wrote that Denny wished to build an institution not only focusing on committing political survey but can also perform political consultancy. Armed with the experience of securing the victory for the team that made Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's claim to presidency possible in 2004, Denny JA founded LSI with the focus of doing political surveys as well as providing political consultancy for political parties and candidates.
	As survey institution, Lingkaran Survei Indonesia (LSI) provides aid for political parties and individuals in mapping their own strengths and weaknesses. Various political parties, such as Partai Golkar, have used LSI's survey results as consideration in choosing which candidates should be supported in District Head General Election (Pilkada.) As political consultant, LSI's first client was Ismeth Abdullah, who was elected as Governor of Riau Islands in 2005. Afterwards, LSI has provided aid to various clients from legislative members to district head candidates. Until 2013, LSI worked with 24 governors and 55 mayors/regents who were later elected.
	Currently, Lingkaran Survei Indonesia (LSI) has developed six subsidiaries: Lingkaran Survei Indonesia (LSI), Konsultan Citra Indonesia (KCI), Lingkaran Survei Kebijakan Publik (LSKP), Citra Publik Indonesia (CPI), Citra Publik Advertising (CPA), and Citra Komunikasi LSI (Cikom).
	From 2004 to 2012, LSI conducted over 800 voter behavioral surveys across Indonesia for a variety of clients, including political parties, presidential candidates, legislative bodies candidates and district head candidates. Republika Newspaper even deigned the title of “Political Foreseer” to Lingkaran Survei Indonesia (LSI) due to its ability to predict the correct victors on various elections far before the real results are announced and published. Museum Rekor Indonesia (MURI—Indonesian Museum of Records) awarded five awards to LSI due to its accuracy in predicting various election results: (1) The 1st Accurate Advertised Survey Predictions for 2005's District Head Election on the Riau Province, (2) The 1st Accurate Advertised Legislative Election Survey Prediction on 2009, (3) The 1st Accurate Advertised Presidential Election Survey Predictions on 2009, (4) The Most Amount of Accurate Advertised Survey Predictions of District Head Elections in One Season of District Head Election (13 elections from 2005 to 2008), (5) The Research Institute with the Most 100% Accurately Predicted Surveys in One Month, (6) correct predictions on March 2006
	LSI began work as a political consultant in 2005. After LSI, similar institutions emerged, including Indobarometer, Fox Indonesia, Polmark Indonesia and Milenium Cipta Citra.
	LSI conducts Quick Counts during General Elections and District Head Elections (Pilkada.) The vast and geographical nature of Indonesia tend to cause delayed announcements of election results—typically, those results can only be known around 2 weeks or even 1 month after the election. Once, people required a significant amount of time in order to finding out the victors of such elections, and this can cause a less than conducive atmosphere on the political situation on areas where those elections are held. Participants of the elections may take numerous visits to the office The General Election Commission (KPU) demanding the results—visits that are often accompanied with violence and demonstration, which in turn will cause a domino effect on the stability of the region (either economically or socially.) These undesirable possibilities of outcomes can be mitigated by using Quick Count: a rapid counting method using scientifically collected results from voting locations (TPS) during elections Done correctly, Quick Count can achieve a result with less than 1% margin of error compared to the official results announced by the General Election Commission (KPU). Through Quick Count, result calculation can be finished very rapidly—at the very least, only 4 hours after the votes are officially collected and counted the results can already be summarized and concluded.
	Since 2005, LSI has conducted hundreds of Quick Counts and made the results available via press conferences and national television channels TV One and Metro TV. The Indonesia Museum of Record (MURI) gifted LSI with various awards such as (1) The Quick Count Accuracy for Sumbawa Election on November 2010 with 0% margin of error when compared to official results. . Before that record, Lingkaran Survei Indonesia has also achieved a record for Quick Count results for the District Head Election on East Tanjung Jabung, Jambi, with only 0.05% difference when compared to the official results (2) The Fastest Announced Accurate Quick Count results (1 hour post voting period ends) on 2009 Presidential Election. This Quick Count was broadcast live by TV One. (3) The first 100 times successively accurate Quick Count results
	Since 2005, LSI has conducted national surveys to gauge public opinion regarding various public issues/policies, such as democracy, Islam, tolerance and the performance of public institutions.
	Quick Poll is a type of survey introduced by LSI in 2011. Quick Poll results are routinely broadcast by TV One every Mondays and Thursdays Quick Poll displays results on how public view recent, up-to-date cases and issues. Quick Poll is a quick survey of public opinion. The main point of difference is that the interview is not done face to face but rather by utilizing handsets connected to all selected respondents. In order to create a representative group of respondents (representing targeted populations in Indonesia), the Quick Poll is conducted in three steps. The first step is the respondent selection process. In this first step, respondents’ characteristic data will be recorded as comprehensively as possible—from job, income, household expenditure, religion, race, education, and any other relevant information. This data includes not only the selected respondent but also his/her members of family. The second step is to give the selected respondent a handset; for a certain kind of respondent however (for example, those who are illiterate or those living in secluded area with no signal), special treatment will be given. The third step is conducting interviews through the handset—all answers from the respondent will be automatically recorded into the server that has been equipped with automatic data processing function able to computerize all data fed into it.

= = = The Things My Father Never Taught Me = = =

	The Things My Father Never Taught Me is a 2012 short comedy film written and directed by Burleigh Smith and starring Smith, Aiden Papamihail, Bridie Carter, and Isabella Paris Hamer. The film has the distinction of being accepted into over 130 film festivals across 19 countries.
	Melvin gives dating advice to his three-year-old son. He teaches him to dress well, act with confidence, and spend time with the right crowd. The results are disastrous. Melvin then meets Mary, an attractive single mother, and his womanising skills are put to the test.
	Festival screenings include the Arizona International Film Festival, the Asiana International Short Film Festival (South Korea), the Boston International Film Festival, the Cambridge Film Festival, the Canada International Film Festival, Clint Eastwood's Carmel Art and Film Festival, Mike Leigh's Cornwall Film Festival, the Dungog Film Festival (Australia), the Fort Lauderdale International Film Festival, the Humboldt Film Festival, the Indianapolis International Film Festival, the Melbourne Underground Film Festival, the Mill Valley Film Festival, the Montreal World Film Festival, and the Long Island International Film Expo (New York), where it screened on opening night.
	Reviewing the film on "Apocalypse Later" at the Filmstock Film Festival, Hal C. F. Astell wrote, "It's obvious that Burleigh Smith dreams of being Woody Allen and he's clearly doing much better than most wannabes ... He's great at making a mild idiot out of himself without ever losing believability. This is a wonderful little short on many fronts."

= = = 2013 Malaysia FA Cup Final = = =

	The 2013 Malaysia FA Cup Final was a football match which was played on 29 June 2013, to determine the champion of the 2013 Malaysia FA Cup. It was the final of the 24th edition of the Malaysia FA Cup, competition organised by the Football Association of Malaysia.
	The final was played between Kelantan and Johor Darul Takzim. Kelantan won 1–0 to win their second Malaysia FA Cup title for the second year in row.
	The final was held at the National Stadium, Bukit Jalil in Kuala Lumpur.

= = = Edward Ennis = = =

	Edward J. Ennis (1908–1990) was an American civil rights lawyer. He worked for the Department of Justice in the 1930s and 1940s, where as director of the alien enemy control unit he oversaw the Japanese American internment. He contributed to the American Civil Liberties Union's efforts to fight the internment, and after World War II resigned from the Department of Justice to join the ACLU, where he rose up through the organization and eventually served as its president from 1969 to 1976.
	Ennis graduated from Columbia University Law School in 1932, and went on to work for the Department of Justice for fourteen years. He was a member of the National Lawyers Guild in the 1930s, but withdrew from the organization, believing it to be under the influence of Communists. He held a variety of positions in the Department of Justice, including as general counsel for the Immigration and Naturalization Service, director of the alien enemy control unit, and administrator of foreign travel control. His role made him the administrator of the Japanese American internment. Ennis chose not resign from his role at that time, but he did help American Civil Liberties Union head Roger Baldwin to come up with legal strategies to oppose the internment, and testified at the trial of Gordon Hirabayashi about the Department of War's withholding of evidence relating to Japanese Americans' loyalty to the United States.
	In 1946, Ennis did resign from the Department of Justice, and joined the board of the ACLU himself. He became the ACLU's general counsel in 1955, and was elected chairman of the ACLU in 1969, succeeding Ernest Angell who was retiring after 19 years with the organization. He served as ACLU president until 1976, during which time he called for the resignation of President Richard Nixon and an end to the property tax exemption enjoyed by religious organizations. Notwithstanding the former, he was critical of the zealousness of opposition to Nixon shown by Charles Morgan, Jr. of the ACLU's Washington, D.C. office. He was succeeded as ACLU president by Norman Dorsen. He remained a member of the ACLU executive committee until 1985.
	Ennis died of diabetes complications on January 7, 1990 at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City. He was survived by his wife Marie Joyce and his stepson Mark C. Zauderer.

= = = Indonesia at the 2013 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games = = =

	Indonesia participated in the 2013 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games in Incheon, South Korea on 29 June – 6 July 2013.
	Indonesia sent 76 athletes which will compete in 6 sports.

= = = I Touch Roses = = =

	"I Touch Roses" is the second single released by the American synthpop band Book of Love. The song was included on the band's eponymous debut album "Book of Love" in 1986. The B-side to the single is "Lost Souls", a remixed version of which also appeared on their debut album.
	Although "I Touch Roses" failed to reach the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, it did make the Top 10 on the "Billboard" Hot Dance Club Play chart, where it peaked at no. 8 in 1985.
	"I Touch Roses" was written by band member Theodore ("Ted") Ottaviano. After the success of their first single, "Boy", "I Touch Roses" followed a similar trajectory, securing that the band would record a full album for Sire Records. In 2009, Ted Ottaviano revealed, "We didn't know it at the time, but thankfully, with 'I Touch Roses', it was not preordained that Sire was developing us at the time. There was no grand scheme. It was more a la carte. But then people started picking up on 'Roses' and then the album happened."
	In 2001, after having success with new remixes of "Boy", the record company commissioned DJ/producer Markus Schulz to attempt a follow up by remixing "I Touch Roses" for the new millennium. A promotional 12" single was released in 2001, featuring the Markus Schulz Dark Rose Remix, and an instrumental version of the remix on the flipside, in order to further promote Book of Love's greatest hits album, "". The new remixes did not chart, and are not included on the album.
	Side A:
	"I Touch Roses" - 3:23
	Side B:
	"Lost Souls" - 4:11
	Side A: 
	Side B:
	Side A:
	"I Touch Roses" (Remix) - 3:19
	Side B:
	"Lost Souls" (Remix) - 6:46
	Side A: 
	Side B:
	Side A:
	Side B:
	Written by Theodore Ottaviano. All instruments arranged, programmed, and performed by Book of Love.
	1985 version credits
	2001 remixes credits
	Official versions of B-side "Lost Souls"
	" * " denotes that version is available as digital download

= = = Oats Park Grammar School = = =

	The Oats Park Grammar School, at 167 E. Park St. in Fallon, Nevada, is a historic school built in 1914. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.
	It was designed in 1914 by noted Nevada architect Frederick J. DeLongchamps, who in 1920 designed an addition as well; the school and addition were built in 1915 and 1921. It was deemed significant for its association with education in the state and for association with DeLongchamps.
	It has also been known as Oats Park School and as Fallon Grammar School.

= = = 3rd Kansas Volunteer Infantry Regiment = = =

	The 3rd Kansas Infantry Regiment was a infantry regiment from Kansas that failed to complete its organization to serve in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was consolidated with the 4th Regiment Kansas Volunteer Infantry to form the 10th Regiment Kansas Volunteer Infantry.

= = = 4th Kansas Volunteer Infantry Regiment = = =

	The 4th Kansas Infantry Regiment was a infantry regiment from Kansas that failed to complete its organization to serve in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was consolidated with the 3rd Regiment Kansas Volunteer Infantry to form the 10th Regiment Kansas Volunteer Infantry.

= = = 1993 in sumo = = =

	The following are the events in professional sumo during 1993.

= = = VAT1L = = =

	Vesicle amine transport protein 1 homolog (T. californica)-like is a protein in humans that is encoded by the VAT1L gene.
	In humans, the VAT1L gene is located on chromosome 16 locus q23.1. According to SAGE data, it is expressed mainly in the brain.

= = = 2013 ITS Cup – Singles = = =

	María Teresa Torró Flor won the event in 2012 but chose to compete at the 2013 Gastein Ladies instead of defending her title.
	Polona Hercog won the title, defeating Katarzyna Piter in the final, 6–0, 6–3.

= = = 2013 ITS Cup – Doubles = = =

	Inés Ferrer Suárez and Richèl Hogenkamp were the defending champions, having won the event in 2012, but both players chose not to defend their title.
	Renata Voráčová and Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová won the tournament, defeating Martina Borecká and Tereza Malíková in the all-Czech final, 6–3, 6–4.
= = = No Good Advice = = =

	"No Good Advice" is a song by British girl group Girls Aloud, taken from their debut album "Sound of the Underground" (2003). The song was written by Aqua's Lene Nystrøm Rasted, Miranda Cooper, Brian Higgins and his production team Xenomania, and produced by Higgins and Xenomania. It has themes of rebellion, reflecting Higgins' general mood of failure after a business partnership fell through.
	Following the overwhelming success of Girls Aloud's debut single "Sound of the Underground", the group waited five months until May 2003 before releasing the follow-up. The song cemented their success when it peaked at number two in Ireland, Scotland and on the UK Singles Chart. "No Good Advice" performed moderately elsewhere, reaching the top forty in the Netherlands, the top fifty in Belgium and peaking at number 88 in Australia.
	The music video features Girls Aloud dressed in futuristic silver outfits and hologram effects. "No Good Advice" was promoted through various live performances and has since been performed on Girls Aloud's first three concert tours. Described as "a disco track with guitar", the song has heavy 1980s influences. The track was lauded by many contemporary music critics, who deemed it a worthy sequel to its predecessor and praised Higgins' production.
	Musically, the song was labelled "a disco track with guitar - a cross between Blondie and The Bangles." The song was written in the key of Bb minor. The song consists of a verse followed by a bridge and chorus. In place of a middle 8, there is a guitar solo instead. The song ends with a spoken outro.
	Originally written for Miranda Cooper under the pseudonym Moonbaby, "No Good Advice" seems to be about a rebellious girl who doesn't need "no good advice" and does things independently. However, according to an interview for "The Guardian" in July 2004, Brian Higgins said that the song reflected his general mood of failure after a special deal between Xenomania and London Records fell through in 2000, and about persisting in spite of what people told him to do or not to do. The song's chorus originally began with the phrase "I don't like fried rice". "No Good Advice" was sung over a rave backing track, until different Xenomania musicians were asked to contribute new backing tracks. Higgins was inspired by indie rock. He stated, "pop music was on its backside and indie music was about to rise [...] The guitar riff on No Good Advice is very very similar to the riff on the track Michael by Franz Ferdinand."
	Brian Higgins said that Girls Aloud initially didn't like the song - "we played them some of it, and they said: 'That's not our sound.' I objected to the use of that phrase 'our sound'. I told them they had five minutes to talk about whether or not they wanted to continue with me. They went away and spoke about it and since then it's been fine. They come in expecting to work, and there's a trust there which, I think, dates back to that day."
	It took Girls Aloud five months to release "No Good Advice". Nadine Coyle said in an interview with The Lipster, "We were No.1 for a month straight and then getting songs from all these other producers and we were, 'Nah, don't like it'. We waited from December to May before releasing a second single because we knew it had to be our strong point or we might as well kiss our careers goodbye." Kimberley Walsh further exclaimed, "We knew it was strong enough to come back with." Girls Aloud reportedly had to re-record "No Good Advice" because "it features rude words", such as "damn" and "shit". However, the line "Here I am / Dirty hands, I don't give a damn" was kept intact. An explicit version of the song appears on the special edition bonus disc of "The Sound of Girls Aloud", replacing the lyric "shut your mouth because it might show" with "shut your mouth because your shit might show". Furthermore, an early demo of the song appears on a singles boxset released in 2009; this demo including the clean lyric in the first bridge and the explicit lyric in the second bridge.
	The song was released as a CD single, featuring an exclusive b-side entitled "On a Round", which was later covered by Taiwanese singer Jolin Tsai under the title "Run Run" for her 2009 compilation album "Jeneration". The CD format also includes the Dreadzone Vocal Mix of "No Good Advice" and its music video. The DVD single did not actually feature the "No Good Advice" music video, just a photo gallery and behind-the-scenes footage. It did, however, include audio of the track and the video to "Sound of the Underground". Another remix, the Doublefunk Vocal Mix, was later featured on the "Life Got Cold" single and the remix album "Mixed Up".
	"No Good Advice" received mostly positive reviews from music critics. A BBC review described the song as "better than anything else [...] in the charts." Unlike many other songs, it was said to be "not obsessed with trying to be a cutting-edge club hit, [...] with at least three different killer hooks welded together" that borrowed heavily from the 1980s. It was said to be "just as good, if not better" than "Sound of the Underground". It provides "more brassy and in-your-face lyrics of defiance and determination [...] Higgins injects an element of instant-catchy-cool to the songs without going overboard in trying to shape uber-chic dance floor hits." On a less positive side, Tourdates.co.uk said that "No Good Advice" was a failure at adding attitude to Girls Aloud's music and imitates "as many songs as possible." The song has been compared to The Knack's "My Sharona".
	In 2003, the song won the Popjustice £20 Music Prize, an annual prize awarded by a panel of judges organised by music website Popjustice to the singer(s) of the best British pop single of the past year. Popjustice founder Peter Robinson wrote that the song "established a motif that would saturate Girls Aloud's string of subsequent singles: an unpredictable and triumphantly contrary desire to push and pull the band in exciting new directions at every turn."
	"No Good Advice" debuted at number two on the UK Singles Chart, held off by R. Kelly's "Ignition Remix". The song slipped to number five in its second week on the chart. The single lasted two more weeks in the top twenty at numbers eleven and seventeen respectively. Overall, "No Good Advice" was inside the top forty for six weeks; it spent an additional eight weeks in the top 75, selling over 105,000 copies. "No Good Advice" suffered a similar fate on the Irish Singles Chart, peaking at number two behind Ireland's Eurovision finalist Mickey Joe Harte. It spent three consecutive weeks at number three, behind Harte and R. Kelly. The song fell to number seven in its fourth week on the Irish chart. It spent four further weeks in the top twenty.
	The song also charted in the top fifty in Belgium and the Netherlands, placing at numbers 45 and 26 respectively.
	The video for "No Good Advice" was directed by Phil Griffin, who previously directed "Sound of the Underground" and would also direct "Life Got Cold". It features the members of Girls Aloud clad in metallic, silver, futuristic outfits (which are seen on the cover of the original release of their album Sound of the Underground). Girls Aloud fade in and out like holograms, centered around a rusty old car parked near a phone booth. They are joined by several men playing electric guitar, whom they flirt with while in various other poses. In a separate scene, while a black background with bright pinkish lights being emitted from behind, all five girls shake tambourines and dance. The last two scenes are intertwined with neon-coloured animated special effects the background, finally ending with an explosion scene.
	In a special programme shown exclusively on MTV to promote their second album "What Will the Neighbours Say?", Girls Aloud confessed that they hated the "No Good Advice" video shoot. According to the group, both Cheryl and Sarah's trousers ripped and the make-up artist shouted at them. The group woke with bruised thighs the following day. The music video can be found on the group's 2005 DVD release "Girls on Film". In the group's 2007 DVD "Style", which also features the music video, Girls Aloud were horrified by the video upon watching it again. Regardless, viewers of FHM TV voted the video for "No Good Advice" as the fifth sexiest music video of all time in 2006.
	"No Good Advice" was performed live for the first time on "" on 5 April 2003, a month ahead of the single's release. Girls Aloud sang in front of a checkered background in red outfits with black accents, as seen on the single's artwork. The group returned to the show three more times to perform "No Good Advice", including a performance using taxi cabs as a prop and another using phone booths. It was performed on "Top of the Pops Saturday" twice, as well as its parent show. Girls Aloud also visited "Blue Peter" and "Popworld". It was also performed at a number of live events in 2003, such as Spring Break, Pepsi Silver Clef, Party in the Park, the West Belfast Festival, and a festival in Belgium. Girls Aloud also sang the song on Germany's "VIVA Interaktiv". In the United Kingdom, Girls Aloud later performed at the Children in Need telethon and on "Popworld"'s Christmas special.
	Girls Aloud performed "No Good Advice" on their first three concert tours. For their first tour, 2005's What Will the Neighbours Say? Live, Girls Aloud performed the song in school uniforms. The rendition featured an introlude taken from part two of the Pink Floyd song "Another Brick in the Wall". The following year, "No Good Advice" was featured as the second track on the Chemistry Tour. The group, who were created by mad scientists in the show's opening sequence, wore lab coats. The performance, influenced by Broadway, was set in a laboratory as each member was paired with a male dance partner. After a dance break, the mad scientist dancers performed a "magic trick" in which he made Cheryl Cole "disappear" and then reappear. For 2007's "", Girls Aloud performed "No Good Advice" in lingerie. The stage featured pedestals and platforms which Girls Aloud were on. For 2009's Out of Control Tour, "No Good Advice" was included in a greatest hits medley which closed the show. The song was also performed on the band's 2013 reunion tour, Ten - The Hits Tour 2013. It was performed as the second song in the show after the opener "Sound of the Underground".
	These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of "No Good Advice".

= = = Water Stories (Cusco album) = = =

	Water Stories is an album by German andean new age band Cusco. It was released in 1990 as their third album for the Higher Octave music label. The album peaked at #11 on the Billboard Top New Age albums chart in 1991.
	The album celebrates some of the world's major water bodies and surrounding areas. Although presented as a proper album, it contains tracks from throughout the early career of the band, and was designed as a sort of "best of" collection. Compared to "Mystic Island", this album's tracks mostly come from the albums "Cusco II", "Virgin Islands" and "Ring der Delphine", but has selected tracks from other albums as well, as well as the brand new track "Chorus", an alternate version of "Flying Condor" from the "Apurimac" album. Each track has been remastered for this release. Additionally, some of the tracks have been edited to shorten them, most noticeably "Bur Said", "Jebel at Tarik", and "Bodensee".

= = = Dave Brown (quarterback) = = =

	David Michael Brown (born February 25, 1970 in Summit, New Jersey) is a former professional American football quarterback who played for Duke University and later in the National Football League for the New York Giants and Arizona Cardinals.
	Brown grew up in Westfield, New Jersey and played high school football at Westfield High School, graduating in 1988.
	After his career in football, Dave went on to become a director at New York Life Investment Management. In 2008, Dave joined Lehman Brothers where he served as a Senior Vice President of Lehman's Private Fund Marketing Group. He left Lehman Brothers in 2008 to become the Co-Head of Greenhill's Private Capital Advisory Group. In 2015, he joined Moelis & Company to lead their new private equity fundraising business.
	Brown had a successful career at Duke University. In his November 4, 1989, starting debut he threw for 444 yards against Wake Forest University, including a 97-yard touchdown to wide receiver Clarkston Hines to establish Duke's longest play from scrimmage. Later that month, Brown set a school single-game record with 479 passing yards against the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, upending Duke's rival, 41-0, to finish the year with seven straight wins and a share of the Atlantic Coast Conference championship. The Blue Devils subsequently received a bid to play in the All-American Bowl, Duke's first bowl game in almost 30 years. In 1991, Brown was chosen as the recipient of Duke's Carmen Falcone Team MVP Award.
	Brown ranks in the top ten in the following categories for Duke football quarterbacks: pass attempts in a season (#4, 437), pass attempts in a career (#5, 845), pass attempts in a game (#8, 54), pass completions in a game (#5, 33), pass completions in a season (#5, 230), pass completions in a career (#5, 463), passing yards in a game (#1, 479), passing yards in a season (#5, 2,794), passing yards in a career (#5, 5,717), touchdown passes in a game (#2, 4), touchdown passes in a season (#3, 20), touchdown passes in a career (#4, 42), 300-yard passing games in a season (#2, 4), 400-yard passing games in a career (#3, 8), 400-yard passing games in a season (#1, 2), and 400-yard passing games in a career (#2, 2).
	Brown ranks in the top ten in the following categories for Duke football offensive players: total offensive yards in a season (#5, 2,851), total offensive yards in a career(#5, 5,770), total offensive yards in a game (#2, 470), and two-point attempts in a game (#1, 3).
	Brown was drafted by the Giants as the top overall selection in the 1992 Supplemental Draft. His first start came on December 12, 1992, when he was forced into the lineup due to injuries of Phil Simms, Jeff Hostetler, and Kent Graham, dropping a 19–0 decision to the Phoenix Cardinals. To make matters worse, Brown himself was injured during the game and didn't play a down the rest of the season.
	Following Simms' retirement after the following season, Brown won the starting job in 1994 and helped guide his team to a 9–7 record, including a season-ending six-game winning streak. However, the Giants won only a combined 11 games in the next two seasons and their offense finished statistically worst in the league in 1996. This finish led to the firing of Dan Reeves, and the hiring of noted QB guru Jim Fassel.
	After injuring his chest during a game against the Dallas Cowboys, Brown lost his starting job in 1997 and was never able to re-claim it. Jim Fassel went the rest of the season with Danny Kanell at quarterback and had an unexpected run to the playoffs and division title. In the off-season Brown was signed by the Arizona Cardinals to play primarily as a backup, and he ended up finishing his career in 2001 with Arizona.
	Following his career in professional football, Brown moved on to investment management.

= = = Ridley Creek State Park = = =

	Ridley Creek State Park is a Pennsylvania state park in Edgmont, Middletown and Upper Providence Townships, Delaware County, Pennsylvania in the United States. The park, about north of the county seat of Media, offers many recreational activities, such as hiking, biking, fishing, and picnicking. Ridley Creek passes through the park. Highlights include a paved multi-use trail, a formal garden designed by the Olmsted Brothers, and Colonial Pennsylvania Plantation, which recreates daily life on a pre-Revolutionary farm. The park is adjacent to the John J. Tyler Arboretum. Ridley Creek State Park is just over from downtown, Philadelphia between Pennsylvania Route 352 and Pennsylvania Route 252 on Gradyville Road.
	The bulk of the property was acquired in the late 1960s from the estate of well known horse breeder Walter M. Jeffords, Sr. and his wife Sarah, a niece of Samuel D. Riddle. The Jeffords had acquired the land starting about 1912 in small parcels, until they had over , which was the largest private undeveloped property in the Philadelphia area by the 1960s. By 1918 they had built a large mansion, now the park office, around a stone colonial farmhouse. Twenty-four other historic properties were located on the grounds, many farmsteads that had retained family ownership since the seventeenth century. In 1976 these properties were registered on the National Register of Historic Places as a national historic district.
	The area was originally settled by English Quakers and remained agrarian into the twentieth century. The oldest property is the 1683 Worrel House. In 1718 a water mill, then known as Providence Mill, began to grind corn. In the late 18th century a plaster mill was established next to the grist mill. A rolling and slitting mill replaced the plaster mill by 1812, and became known as Bishop's Mills. Workers cottages, a dam, and several outbuildings complete the mill complex, now known as Sycamore Mills. The mills operated until 1901, when they were damaged by fire.
	The Colonial Pennsylvania Plantation is a living museum on the farm where the Pratt family lived from 1720 to 1820. Admission is charged and it is open to the general public on weekends from April through November.
	The location of Ridley Creek State Park, just from downtown Philadelphia, has led to its popularity. Ridley Creek is very popular with fishermen. It is stocked with trout by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission. A portion of the creek is a designated catch and release area for fly fishing only. There is a wheelchair accessible fishing platform on a multi-use trail. The of hiking trails at Ridley Creek State Park are popular with dog owners. These trails pass through a variety of habitats. A multi use trail is open to jogging, bicycling and walking. The park also features a equestrian trail.
	The following state parks are within of Ridley Creek State Park:

= = = Not Alone (album) = = =

	Not Alone is a compilation album of five CDs, released in February 2006. It was curated by Mark Logan, founder of Busted Flat records and David Tibet. Proceeds from the sale of "Not Alone" are donated to Médecins Sans Frontières, specifically towards their work on the AIDS epidemic in Africa. As of November 2014, the project has generated $35,500 CAD in donations to M.S.F.

= = = Arthur Edwards (clergyman) = = =

	Arthur Edwards (November 23, 1834–1901) was an American clergyman and editor.
	Edwards was born in Norwalk, Ohio. When he was 7 years old, he was adopted by his uncle, and moved to Michigan.
	He graduated from Ohio Wesleyan University in 1858 and entered the ministry in that same year. In the American Civil War, he served as chaplain of the First Michigan Infantry until after the Battle of Gettysburg. He participated in 18 battles all together and was offered a brevet rank of colonel. However, he resigned from the army and in 1864, he became assistant editor of the "Northwestern Christian Advocate" of Chicago, Illinois. From 1872 until his death, he was the editor.

= = = Life Got Cold = = =

	"Life Got Cold" is a song by British girl group Girls Aloud, taken from their debut album "Sound of the Underground" (2003). The song was written by Miranda Cooper, Brian Higgins and his production team Xenomania, and produced by Higgins and Xenomania. Noel Gallagher of Oasis received a writing credit due to similarities with Oasis' "Wonderwall". 
	Released as their third single in August 2003, "Life Got Cold" became Girls Aloud's third consecutive top three hit on the UK Singles Chart. The song peaked at number two in Ireland and Scotland, and peaked at number 14 in Belgium.
	Set in an abandoned city, the music video suggests coldness and darkness with its blue hue. It portrays Girls Aloud moving in stunted movement. "Life Got Cold" was promoted through various live performances and has since been performed on three of Girls Aloud's concert tours. Described as a "surprisingly poignant", the melancholic ballad received favorable reviews from contemporary music critics; however, it was criticised for its similarities with Oasis.
	"Life Got Cold" is a ballad written in D minor. The chord progressions vary throughout the song but the different chords include B, C, Dm, Gm, and Am. Following typical verse-chorus form, the song consists of a verse followed by a bridge and chorus. The verses are "talk-sung", while the bridge and chorus are song over guitar strumming. The middle 8 is a slower version of the bridge. The song tells the tale of young love that ended "when summer slipped away." "Life Got Cold" was a late addition to "Sound of the Underground", completed by Xenomania shortly before the album's release. Producer Brian Higgins did not take the idea of a Girls Aloud version of the song seriously until he heard the group sing it, because a track working "has always got to be based on an artist's performance, not the music itself. But they sang it, and they really nailed the melancholic aspect of it, and it sounded beautiful." The lyrics focus on "the directionlessness of modern life."
	The song received attention because of similarities between the guitar riff of "Life Got Cold" and that of the 1995 Oasis hit "Wonderwall". A BBC review stated "part of the chorus sounds like it is going to turn into Wonderwall by Oasis." A source told "The Sun" that Girls Aloud "are all big Oasis fans so I'm sure they won't mind comparisons with their classic love song." Warner/Chappell Music has since credited Oasis songwriter Noel Gallagher. Girls Aloud later made a cameo appearance in Oasis' 2007 rockumentary "Lord Don't Slow Me Down".
	"Life Got Cold" was not originally the choice for Girls Aloud's third single. Polydor Records had originally chosen "Some Kind of Miracle" to be released, but the plan was dropped after an overwhelming fan response to "Life Got Cold". The single was released on 18 August 2003 in the UK. It was available on two different CD single formats and as a cassette tape. The first CD featured a cover of the Duran Duran song "Girls on Film" as the b-side, which would later become the title for a Girls Aloud DVD, as well as a remix of "No Good Advice". The disc's enhanced section features the "Life Got Cold" music video and a photo gallery. The second disc included both the radio edit and album version of "Life Got Cold", as well as the 29 Palms Remix Edit and the Stella Browne Edit. It also came with a free fold-out poster. The cassette also featured an exclusive b-side, an original track entitled "Lights, Music, Camera, Action". The photos featured on the single's artwork were reshot at the last minute, following the group's request.
	"Life Got Cold" received positive reviews from music critics, although it did receive criticism due to the similarities with the song Wonderwall by Oasis. BBC called the song a "charming ballad" that was "a sweet but slightly sad pop song." RTÉ.ie thought "Life Got Cold" was "surprisingly poignant."
	However, some noted that the chorus held many similarities to that of the Oasis song "Wonderwall". The songwriters dismissed claims of plagiarising Oasis. Allmusic referred to it as "a solid ballad, suggesting a less intellectual Dido."
	The song entered the UK Singles Chart at number three, behind Blu Cantrell's "Breathe" and Lemar's "Dance (With U)". It spent a second week in the top ten, slipping to number eight. The song spent a total of nine weeks in the top 75 overall, a far cry from the fourteen weeks "No Good Advice" or the twenty-one weeks that "Sound of the Underground" spent in the chart. "Life Got Cold" also debuted at number three on the Irish Singles Chart, but managed to rise to number two the following week. It spent two further weeks in the top ten, then two weeks in the top twenty. The single barely missed the top ten of the Netherlands Top 40, instead peaking at number eleven. It has since become the group's 16th best selling single domestically.
	The music video for "Life Got Cold" was directed by Phil Griffin, who previously directed the videos for "Sound of the Underground" and "No Good Advice". The band members are seen in stunted movement, wandering around an abandoned city setting. Both group and individual shots are shown in various scenes. Nadine Coyle is seen in front of an abandoned building, while Sarah Harding is next to a car and a phone booth. Nicola Roberts is alone in a kitchen as pouring rain can be seen on the window. Cheryl Cole is shown in an alleyway, while Kimberley Walsh is alone on a street curb. The group are shown together on an abandoned bus, in an alley at night, and sat in front of the abandoned building. The video has a slightly blue hue to it, suggesting coldness and darkness. It also makes use of lens flares.
	The video can be found on two of Girls Aloud's official DVD releases, "Girls on Film" (2005) and "Style" (2007).
	"Life Got Cold" was first performed live by Girls Aloud at two summer festivals in 2003, Pop Beach and Live & Loud. The first televised performance occurred on "" on 19 July 2003. The group performed in black-and-white business casual attire, as seen in the music video and on the single's artwork. They performed on "CD:UK" once more the following month, although Cheryl was absent due to illness. Girls Aloud also appeared on "Diggin' It", "Popworld", "Top of the Pops" and "Top of the Pops Saturday" (twice).
	Girls Aloud performed "Life Got Cold" on three of their concert tours. For 2005's What Will the Neighbours Say? Live, Girls Aloud were positioned at the top of a staircase as they sang the song in colourful, simple evening gowns. The song was given a reggae reworking for 2007's The Sound of Girls Aloud: The Greatest Hits Tour. The song was also included on the bands reunion tour, Ten - The Hits Tour 2013.
	These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of "Life Got Cold".

= = = Gilbert Brown = = =

	Gilbert Jesse Brown (born February 22, 1971) is a former American football player. A nose tackle who played for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (1993–99, 2001–03), Brown played 125 Packers games (103 starts) recording 292 tackles (186 solo) and seven sacks. Nicknamed "The Gravedigger," in honor of his celebratory dance following a thunderous tackle, Brown played in 15 Packers playoff games. He was a major contributor on strong defenses during the mid-1990s. His best season was 1996, when Green Bay won Super Bowl XXXI. He was also part of the Kansas team that won the 1992 Aloha Bowl, and was selected for the All-Academic Big Eight team in 1991.
	Gilbert grew up in Detroit, Michigan with parents Leroy and Ann Brown, older brother Wes, and younger siblings, Sheri, Tommy and Anna (all of whom went to college and became athletes). Like Leroy, Gilbert was athletic and fast. Even his brothers could not run home before Gilbert if he was craving a biscuit.
	During his career at Mackenzie High School, he recorded 189 tackles and 19 sacks. His senior year culminated in all-state honors. Brown also lettered in track, competing in the shot put. He graduated from high school in 1989.
	Back in high school, Gilbert never looked at big-time football factories such as Michigan. He wanted to get away from what he saw in Detroit. He wanted a quiet, smaller environment in which to live after one of his classmates was gunned down. So he turned down Bo Schembechler and the University of Michigan to go to a school known for its powerful basketball program, and not for its football ability: the University of Kansas. The Kansas Jayhawks coach Glen Mason said, "The very first play of the first drill, he goes up against a lineman and he absolutely demolished him. We just looked around at each other."
	With the Jayhawks, Brown helped build a winning program along with fellow defensive lineman and future NFL first round pick Dana Stubblefield (Kansas went to the Aloha Bowl in '92). But Brown went through more difficult times during his college years: a friend Brown had just met on campus died unexpectedly of spinal meningitis, and Brown's father died of congestive heart failure during Brown's senior year.
	He started all but 2 games in four seasons at the University of Kansas (1989–92), and was tied for sixth in school history in tackles by a defensive lineman with 168, fifth in career tackles for loss with 30, and had 7½ career sacks. He finished second on the team in sacks, tackles for loss and fumbles recovered in 1991 while helping the Jayhawks hold opponents to an average of 150.9 yards per game on the ground, which was the best run defense at Kansas since 1968 at the time. A year earlier, as a sophomore, was named as the Jayhawks’ ‘Co-Defensive Most Valuable Player’ and earned second team All-Big Eight Conference recognition. Brown started nine games at nose guard as a freshman...An All-Academic Big Eight selection in 1991.
	He came up with the "Gravedigger" move at Kansas—after a big defensive hit, he would dig an imaginary grave, which became his trademark and nickname.
	He majored in human development.
	Brown was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the third round of the 1993 NFL Draft (79th overall pick), but was waived during the final roster cutdowns on August 30, 1993 in his first training camp due to his weight. He was listed at 315 in college, but showed up to Vikings camp at a hefty 355. But the Packers, desperate then for defensive linemen, picked him up on August 31. Brown played in just two games that season while he worked off some of his weight in practice. In 1994, he played but his season was cut short with a torn Anterior cruciate ligament. Again in 1995, he played, but an elbow injury cut that season short. In 1996, he started all 16 games next to Santana Dotson, Sean Jones and Reggie White, a defensive unit that allowed a league record low 19 touchdowns. Brown had a career-high 51 tackles, and his first complete 16 game season.
	Brown became a fan favorite, partly because he was easy to spot, and partly because of his eccentric gravedigger dance. During the 1996 season, it became known that Brown would regularly order the "Gilbertburger" — a Double Whopper with extra everything, cut in half with extra cheese, no pickles — always obtained from the Oneida Street Burger King in Green Bay. Burger King even made it available for a short time as a promotion in Wisconsin Burger King restaurants.
	Brown was a highly sought after free agent after the 1996 season, but he elected to take a pay cut to stay with the Packers. On February 18, 1997, he signed a three-year, $8.25 million contract, which was 10 times his 1996 salary, but was about $1 million less than the offer he received from Jacksonville. He said that he would rather stay with the team and fans that he knew and loved.
	Many people thought that he started getting bigger around that time, and thought that he was as high as 360 or 375, much higher than his listed 345. "That was outrageous, I never got that big," said Brown. "The biggest I ever got up to was maybe 350, something like that." But the Packers were fine with his size. Despite his weight, he posted three sacks during the 1997 season, which tied his career high from 1994.
	After playing all 16 games during the 1998 and 1999 seasons, he spent the 2000 season out of football after his contract with the Packers was not renewed. Before the 2001 training camp, he worked out and lived for a time with Fred Roll, his former strength and conditioning coach at the University of Kansas, and subsequently returned to Green Bay for training camp in July at a perceptibly more svelte 339 pounds — and once again equipped with his former quickness. He was re-signed by the Packers on March 23, 2001, after which Brown announced, "If I didn’t think I could do this anymore, I wouldn't be here".
	Brown had two good years after his return to football. However, he ruptured a biceps during the 2003 pre-season, but played on without having surgery. He recorded 14 tackles, one fumble recovery (the first of his career) and one pass defensed. In a victory over Chicago (Dec. 7), Brown posted a season-high four stops, along with a pass breakup.
	On March 2, 2004, the Packers released Brown. He had played 125 Packers games (103 starts) with 292 tackles (186 solo) and seven sacks. He also played in 15 Packers playoff games. In franchise history, only Brett Favre (22), Mason Crosby (18) and Aaron Rodgers (16) have more.
	Gilbert was featured in the "Sports Illustrated" special, "Where Are They Now?", featuring former professional athletes and what they are up to. Brown is currently a co-owner of the Milwaukee Mile, a racetrack that is often used for NASCAR races and at one time was the Packers' part-time home field. Gilbert even claims that he will occasionally fit his massive frame inside a race car and take a few laps.
	Gilbert, with the strong influence of his mother and family, felt that he wanted to give something back to the community, so he started his foundation which helps inner-city kids, and many other causes such as Breast Cancer and Make A Wish. In 2002, he combined his love for cars with his desire to give back when he organized a car show, Gilbert Brown and Friends, in Elkhart Lake, Wisconsin, which benefited the Make-a-Wish Foundation.
	Galesville, Wisconsin establishment Champions Sports Bar and Grill has a burger named in Brown's honor: the Gravedigger burger, which weighs in at 93 ounces (just over 5¾ lbs). The weight of the burger is a callback to Brown's jersey number, which was 93.
	On October 23, 2007, the Milwaukee Bonecrushers of the Continental Indoor Football League announced that Brown had signed a three-year contract to be the team's new head coach. The Bonecrushers began their season in March. However On Tuesday, April 8, 2008, Gilbert Brown resigned as head coach of the Milwaukee Bonecrushers citing irreconcilable differences with ownership.
	On December 11, 2007, the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame, Inc., Tuesday announced Brown would be inducted into the Hall at the 38th Hall of Fame Induction Banquet, to be held the evening of July 19, 2008, in the Lambeau Field Atrium.
	On August 6, 2009, it was announced that Brown would return to coaching as the first head coach of the expansion La Crosse Spartans of the Indoor Football League.
	On April 1, 2011, Brown announced he was taking a leave of absence from the La Crosse Spartans.
	As of Aug. 2011, Brown is the head coach of the Green Bay Chill of the Lingerie Football League, which was later renamed as the Legends Football League.
	On March 12, 2014 Gilbert Brown and his project partner, the Vistelar Group, launched an IndieGoGo project to raise money for the production/development/distribution of curriculum to counteract bullying, called the Bully-Proofing Playbook for Parents, Teachers & Kids.

= = = AND 1 Streetball = = =

	AND 1 Streetball is a streetball video game for PlayStation 2 and Xbox, developed by Black Ops Entertainment and published by Ubisoft. The game was released on June 6, 2006, in conjunction with the AND1 Mixtape Tour. A scaled-down, mobile version of the game, developed by Gameloft, called "And1 Street Basketball" was also released. 
	While not the first game to feature AND 1 players, "'AND 1 Streetball" is officially licensed by the company, and includes the 2005 AND1 roster as well as Duke Tango, AND1's MC for its annual Mix Tape Tours.
	The game features a story mode mirroring the "And1 Streetball" series on ESPN, where players are able to create their own basketball player and enter him in the AND1 Mix Tape Tour in order to get a contract with the AND1 team. Along the way, players are able to create their own stylized trick moves and pull them off with a two-analog stick system called "I BALL."
	The PlayStation 2 version supports multiplayer via multitap and GameSpy, while the Xbox version includes Xbox Live support.
	The PlayStation 2 version received "mixed" reviews, while the Xbox version received "generally unfavorable reviews" according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.

= = = Agency debt = = =

	Agency debt also known as an Agency bond is a security, usually a bond, issued by a United States government-sponsored agency or federal budget agency. The offerings of these agencies are backed but not guaranteed by the US government. Some prominent issuers of these securities are Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac). Agency debt is also called an agency security.
	Mortgage-backed security

= = = Kevin Hardy (linebacker) = = =

	Kevin Lamont Hardy (born July 24, 1973) is a former American football linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) for the Jacksonville Jaguars, Dallas Cowboys, and Cincinnati Bengals. He played college football at the University of Illinois.
	Hardy attended William Henry Harrison High School, where he received numerous awards and accolades as a high school football player. As a senior, he posted 127 tackles (47 solo), 2 interceptions, 32 receptions for 610 yards and 13 touchdowns, 55 carries for 410 yards, returned 6 punts for 42 yards and 15 kickoffs for 344 yards. He received All-Evansville, City Player of the Year, All-Southern Indiana and Conference and Region Player of the Year honors.
	He also was a cum laude honor roll student, played basketball and ran track. His basketball teammates included Calbert Cheaney, an All-American at Indiana, Walter McCarty, who played at Kentucky, and Chris Lowery who played at Southern Illinois and is now an assistant coach at Kansas State University.
	Hardy accepted a football scholarship from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. As a redshirt freshman, he was third on the team with 67 tackles. As a sophomore, he started all 11 games and ranked fourth on the team with 78 tackles.
	As a junior, he registered 80 tackles. During his time at Illinois, the Fighting Illini had a number of outstanding linebackers. In the 1994 season, the four linebackers in coach Lou Tepper's 3–4 defense were Hardy, fellow Butkus Award winner Dana Howard, future NFL player John Holecek, and Simeon Rice. Because of this, Hardy was often overlooked as a linebacker. At his position, he was not prolific in accumulating tackles like Howard, or in quarterback sacks as was Rice, who as a "rush linebacker" played on the line of scrimmage like a defensive end. 
	Hardy was recognized as being among the very best linebackers in college football as a senior, winning the Dick Butkus Award and receiving consensus first-team All-American honors. He started every game at "drop" linebacker, finishing with 105 tackles (second on the team), 11 sacks, 15 tackles for loss, 5 forced fumbles and 3 interceptions (tied for the team lead). He had 18 tackles against Michigan State University and 3 sacks against Indiana University.
	Hardy finished his career ranked ninth on the Illinois All-time list with 330 tackles, fourth in sacks with 18, and fourth in tackles for loss with 38. He was a business major and was initiated as a member of Omega Psi Phi fraternity.
	Hardy was selected by the Jacksonville Jaguars with the second overall choice in the 1996 NFL Draft, signing a six-year $14.8 million contract with a six million dollar signing bonus. Hardy's fellow linebacker at Illinois, Rice, was selected with the third overall choice. Hardy became the first defensive rookie in franchise history to start on opening day, going on to start 15 games. He recorded 130 tackles (second on the team), 5.5 sacks (third in the NFL among rookies), 7 quarterback hurries, 2 interceptions (tied for the team lead), 7 passes defensed, 2 forced fumbles, one fumble recovery and was named to the NFL All-Rookie team.
	In 1997, he was limited with injuries, starting 11 out of 13 games at strongside linebacker. He tallied 73 tackles (3 for loss), 2.5 sacks and 5 quarterback hurries. He suffered a sprained left medial collateral ligament against the Dallas Cowboys, missing 3 contests and seeing limited action in several games the remainder of the season because of the injury. He was able to start the wild card playoff game against the Denver Broncos, collecting 8 tackles.
	In 1998, with the signing of free agent Bryce Paup, he was moved to weakside linebacker and started all 16 games. He had a franchise record 186 tackles, while also making 1.5 sacks, 10 quarterback hurries, 2 interceptions, 7 passes defensed, 2 forced fumbles and one fumble recovery.
	In 1999, Hardy led all AFC linebackers with 10.5 sacks and led the team with 153 tackles. He also had 7 tackles for loss, 24 quarterback hurries, 2 forced fumbles and one fumble recovery, helping the Jaguars achieve a 14-win season. Hardy was selected to the Pro Bowl as well as named to the AP All-Pro first team.
	In 2000, he registered 149 tackles (led the team), 3 sacks, 16 quarterback pressures, 6 tackles for loss, one interception, 5 passes defensed, 2 forced fumbles and 2 fumble recoveries.
	In 2001, he was moved back to strongside linebacker, but injured his knee in the ninth game of the season. At the time he had 98 tackles (second on the team), 5 1/2 sacks (tied for third on the team), 9 quarterback pressures, one interception and 4 passes defensed. It would be his last game with the Jaguars, who eventually moved him to the injured reserve list, due to needing a microfracture surgery which was thought to be career threatening, because in those days not many players fully recovered from this medical procedure. He left as the franchise's All-time tackles leader, after playing six seasons, which included four trips to the NFL playoffs.
	The Dallas Cowboys gambled that he could return from the complex surgery and signed him on April 14, 2002, as an unrestricted free agent, counting $2.5 million in his first year and structuring the rest of the $23 million contract with a $5.025 million option in the second year.
	Hardy recovered from his injury and played for the Cowboys in the 2002 NFL season, finishing the season ranked third on the team in both total (114) and solo tackles(73), while making 2 sacks, 18 quarterback pressures, 8 tackles for loss, 10 passes defensed and 3 forced fumbles. He played outside linebacker, lining up as a defensive end in some passing downs. Because of salary cap issues, he was released on February 27, 2003, in order to avoid a $5.025 million option bonus if the Cowboys retained him.
	On March 6, 2003, he signed a four-year, $14 million USD contract with the Cincinnati Bengals as an unrestricted free agent, to be the Bengals new middle linebacker, after playing outside linebacker in his previous seasons. Hardy was an integral part of the Bengals' defense, starting all 16 games, leading the team in defensive snaps played (1,030 of 1,038 for 99.2%) and was second on the team in tackles (91). 
	In 2004, he was moved to strongside linebacker after the signing of free agent Nate Webster, starting 14 games and making 84 tackles. The Bengals terminated Hardy's contract in a salary-cap move on May 3, 2005.
	Hardy finished his career with 742 tackles (563 solo), 36 sacks, 43.5 tackles for loss, 11 forced fumbles, seven fumble recoveries, 45 pass deflections, five interceptions for 59 yards, and one touchdown in 134 games.
	Hardy currently resides in Jacksonville, Florida. In August 2007, he built his South Beach club venture, Dream Nightclub, centered around a motto that "reality is overrated." "I've been around and entertained people all my life, so I made a business out of it" said Hardy.

= = = David Anthony Higgins = = =

	David Anthony Higgins (born December 9, 1961) is an American actor. He is known for his television roles of Craig Feldspar on "Malcolm in the Middle", Joe on "Ellen", and Reginald Bitters on "Big Time Rush". He also recurred on the television series "Mike & Molly" as Harry.
	Higgins was born on December 9, 1961, in Des Moines, Iowa, one of five children (including brothers Steve and Alan) of Marian Higgins (née Coppola; 1932–2011) and Harold Higgins, who was a janitor at West Des Moines schools. After receiving encouragement from a fourth-grade teacher, he won a scholarship to the Des Moines Playhouse and performed in several summer operettas. He was raised in Des Moines and graduated from Theodore Roosevelt High School in 1980. He attended the University of Iowa, where he studied liberal arts until he realized he wanted to pursue a career in entertainment.
	Along with his brothers Steve and Alan, he performed in a comedy troupe, Don't Quit Your Day Job, and performed at notable places, including the Hotel Kirkwood. Eventually, they toured in other states including California and received such good reception that they got their own show on Comedy Central in 1989, "The Higgins Boys and Gruber". After the show ended, they each started separate careers in comedy.
	Higgins received his big break when cast in 1994 as outspoken barista Joe in the sitcom "Ellen". He is perhaps most well recognized for his roles as Craig Feldspar in "Malcolm in the Middle" and Mr. Bitters in "Big Time Rush". He also guest starred on Nickelodeon's "True Jackson, VP" as Dave. He appeared in 3 episodes as minor character Stan in "". He began recurring as Harry in season two of the CBS series "Mike & Molly", and was then upgraded to a series regular in season three.
	Higgins has served as a writer and co-star on the television show "The Higgins Boys and Gruber" and co-wrote "The Wrong Guy" with "The Simpsons" writer Jay Kogen and Dave Foley, starring himself and Foley.
	In 2000, he married Julia, and they have two children. They live in Studio City, California. In 2004, he was featured on a Hollywood edition of the Discovery Channel series "Body Challenge", where he worked with a personal trainer. He is a fan of Laurel and Hardy and Buster Keaton.

= = = Anthony Colve = = =

	Anthony or Anthonij Colve (fl. 1667-1695) was a Dutch naval captain and the Director-General of New Netherland during a brief restoration of Dutch rule in New Netherland (roughly present-day New York and New Jersey).
	Colve was likely involved in the recapture of Suriname from the British by a Zeeland squadron led by Abraham Crijnssen in March 1667. Upon his return in 1668, he was an officer cadet ("vaandrig") in until 1670, when he became a captain at Fort Lillo. In 1672, he moved with his troops to Veere.
	Colve was commissioned when the Netherlands retook New York City during the Third Anglo-Dutch War after nine years of British rule. He began his administration on September 19, 1673 and it ended on February 9, 1674, when English rule was restored under the terms of the Treaty of Westminster. New York was renamed New Orange under his administration.
	Upon his return to the Dutch Republic he was a sergeant-major under Caspar de Mauregnault in 1679 and lieutenant-colonel under Jacques-Louis Comte de Noyelles in 1683. He was last reported as a "commandeur" of Veere in 1695.
	Colve married Margarethe "Griton" de Quade. Two daughters and a son are known of this marriage. His son Jacob Lambert Colve (died 1723) was mayor of Veere and a member of the States of Zeeland from 1717 to 1722.
 

= = = WPBF = = =

	WPBF, virtual channel 25 (UHF digital channel 16), is an ABC-affiliated television station licensed to Tequesta, Florida, United States, serving the Gold and Treasure Coasts of South Florida. The station is owned by the Hearst Television subsidiary of Hearst Communications. WPBF's studios are located on RCA Boulevard in the Monet section of Palm Beach Gardens, and its transmitter is located in Palm City southwest of I-95. On cable, the station is available on Comcast Xfinity channel 10 (in Martin, Palm Beach, Okeechobee, and southern St. Lucie counties) and channel 9 (in Indian River and northern St. Lucie counties).
	WPBF first went on-the-air January 1, 1989, owned by Alan Potamkin and the John H. Phipps Company. This marked a return to West Palm Beach for Phipps, which had previously owned NBC affiliate WPTV-TV (channel 5) from 1956 to 1961. The station has always been based within a former RCA computer facility converted in a several-month period to a working television facility.
	WPBF was originally planned to launch as an independent station. A series of events in the Miami market to the south from the 1987 sale of WTVJ to NBC would lead to a much different programming direction for the station. In mid-1988, CBS (which would be evicted from its longtime affiliation with WTVJ at the start of 1989 due to its sale to NBC) bought Fox affiliate WCIX (now WFOR-TV). That station only provided a Grade B ("rimshot") signal to Fort Lauderdale and Broward County because its transmitter was located farther south than the other Miami stations, in Homestead.
	CBS then persuaded the longtime ABC affiliate in West Palm Beach, WPEC (channel 12), to switch to CBS in order to retain a city-grade signal within Fort Lauderdale. In the fall of 1988, ABC chose to affiliate with WPBF rather than with former CBS affiliate WTVX (channel 34), owing to the success of Phipps and Potamkin's other station, WCTV in Tallahassee, along with WTVX's general lack of success with its news department. 
	WPBF thus launched as an ABC affiliate its first day of operation, January 1, 1989, with all of the above moves in Miami and West Palm Beach occurring on the same day. WPBF, having planned to be an independent, had purchased a large inventory of classic sitcoms and cartoons early in 1988 to launch the station, but now having the obligations to a broadcast network, had few timeslots to air the programming in and little compatibility with ABC's schedule. The inventory was thus sold to WTVX a couple of months after signing-on; with no network affiliation, WTVX also shut down their struggling news department, allowing WPBF to build their news operation in their own image without comparisons to WTVX's effort.
	In 1993, WPBF was sold to Paxson Communications (now Ion Media Networks), which at the time owned several FM radio stations as well as a few ABC and CBS affiliates. In 1997, Paxson sold their radio stations and network affiliates (including WPBF) in order to finance the acquisition of stations for Pax TV (now Ion Television), with WPBF going to the Hearst Corporation (Paxson would acquire the inactive license for WPXP-TV (channel 67) shortly thereafter as their Pax station for West Palm Beach). As soon as the transaction was finalized, Hearst handed over control of WPBF to its majority-owned subsidiary, Hearst Television (formerly Hearst-Argyle Television).
	All Hearst-owned ABC affiliates including WPBF preempted "Saving Private Ryan" in 2004. The station was one of three ABC affiliates in the state of Florida that preempted the film. WPBF was also the only ABC affiliate in Florida to preempt "Power Rangers" during the period of time in which the program appeared on the ABC Kids block, due to its lack of educational content, as many of its sister Hearst stations did.
	The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
	On WPBF-DT2 and Comcast digital channels 208 and 616 is the Spanish-language network Estrella TV. Previously, WPBF-DT2 was part of The Local AccuWeather Channel and known locally as "Weather First TV". There was also a live video stream of that channel on its website.
	WPBF discontinued regular programming on its analog signal, over UHF channel 25, at 11:59 p.m. on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 16. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 25.
	As part of the SAFER Act, WPBF kept its analog signal on the air until July 12 to inform viewers of the digital television transition through a loop of public service announcements from the National Association of Broadcasters.
	Syndicated programming on WPBF includes "Wheel of Fortune", "Jeopardy!", "The Dr. Oz Show", and "Access".
	WPBF presently broadcasts 39½ hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with six hours each weekday, five hours on Saturdays and 4½ hours on Sundays).
	Initially, WPBF had a small news department as it did not plan to launch one until after it received the ABC affiliation. After being purchased by Paxson Communications, the station added additional newscasts to its schedule. For a long time they struggled with ratings in their own market, which is attributable to WPLG's very strong over-the-air signal in Palm Beach County and its availability on Comcast throughout the area. However with Hearst's traditional hard news focus on their stations soon instituted within WPBF's news operation, WPBF eventually became a spirited second place news operation, and WPBF usually outranks WPEC currently in most timeslots (NBC affiliate WPTV has been well dominant in the market for years).
	On July 12, 2006, it started airing a half-hour newscast called "Weather First at 4" on weekdays becoming the first station in West Palm Beach to do so. While the main intention of the new broadcast was to cover West Palm Beach area weather, news updates and headlines were added after a short time. This production is streamed live on their website. On July 17, 2006, WPBF added thirty minutes to its weekday morning show which began airing at 5:30. It became a full two-hour broadcast on January 28, 2008. The station debuted a new traffic reporting system featuring data from Traffic.com on February 14 that included a new traffic segment, "Beat the Traffic", seen on weekdays.
	Expansion of local news continued with the launch of a weekend morning newscast on March 8. On August 18, 2008, WPBF began broadcasting a broadcast at noon during the week which is also streamed live on its website. On September 14, 2009, the station debuted a new logo, set, and graphics package while expanding the 4 p.m. newscast to an hour. WPBF dropped weeknight newscasts in the 5 p.m. hour to make room for "Dr. Phil" which had moved to the station from WPTV; that change has since been reverted, for as of September 12, 2011, "The Dr. Oz Show" replaced the 4 p.m. newscast.
	Until October 4, 2010, WPBF was the only channel in the West Palm Beach market that did not offer newscasts in high definition or even enhanced definition widescreen. However, WPBF was operating HD-ready studios and field cameras for its broadcasts. The shows were displayed in pillarboxed standard definition while showing the station's logo and "HD" in the left and right thirds of the screen. On October 4 starting with the weeknight 4 p.m. newscast, WPBF started broadcasting local news in high definition. Upon the upgrade, it began using an updated music package and slightly revised HD graphics previously used by sister station WESH in Orlando. In December 2012, WPBF upgraded their graphics package to the new Hearst Television graphics along with new music and talent opens. However, like another sister station, KSBW in Salinas, California, HD is not mentioned in the news openings. WPBF will also continue to display HD in the left and right thirds of the screen when video footage is shown in 4:3 standard definition. The station does not currently operate a sports department which is unusual for both a big three network channel and a Hearst-owned station.

= = = Non-corporate credit = = =

	Non-Corporate Credit is a catch-all term used to include types of bonds that are forms of credit, but not issued by private corporations - and therefore cannot be considered corporate debt. Non-Corporate Credit generally includes sovereign debt, regional governments and government agencies in a currency other than that of the issuer, and bonds issued by supranational entities.

= = = Marge Champion = = =

	Marjorie Celeste Champion (née Belcher; born September 2, 1919) is an American dancer and actress. At a young age, she was hired as a dance model for Walt Disney Studios animated films. Later, she performed as an actress and dancer in film musicals, and in 1957 had a TV show based on song and dance. She has also done creative choreography for liturgy, and served as a dialogue and movement coach for the 1978 TV miniseries, "The Awakening Land", set in the late 18th century in the Ohio Valley.
	Marge Champion was born as Marjorie Celeste Belcher on September 2, 1919, in Los Angeles, California, to Hollywood dance director Ernest Belcher and his wife, Gladys Lee Baskette (née Rosenberg). She had an older half sister, Lina Basquette, who already was acting in silent films at the age of twelve. Lina was the daughter of her mother's first husband, Frank Baskette, who had committed suicide.
	Marjorie began dancing at an early age as her sister had done. She began dancing as a child under the instruction of her father, Ernest Belcher, a noted Hollywood ballet coach who trained Shirley Temple, Cyd Charisse, and Gwen Verdon. She studied exclusively with her father from age five until she left for New York. She credits her good health and long career to her father's teaching principles: careful, strict progression of activity, emphasis on correct alignment, precise placement of body, attention to detail and to the totality of dynamics and phrasing. Her first dance partner was Louis Hightower. In 1930, she made her debut in the Hollywood Bowl at age 11 in the ballet "Carnival in Venice". By age twelve, she became a ballet instructor at her father's studio. She was hired by The Walt Disney Studio as a dance model for their animated film "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" (1937). Her movements were copied to enhance the realism of the animated Snow White figure.
	In 1937, Marge Belcher married Art Babbitt (1907–1992), a top animator at Disney and creator of Goofy. They divorced in 1940.
	In 1947, she married dancer Gower Champion (1919–1980). They had two sons, Blake and actor Gregg Champion. They divorced in January 1973. Belcher met Gower when she was 12 years old in the ninth grade at Bancroft Junior High and that's when their romance started. Although performances often took them away from California, Los Angeles remained their home base.
	In 1977, she married director Boris Sagal. Sagal was killed on May 22, 1981, in an accident during the production of the miniseries "World War III". She became stepmother to Boris' five children, who include Katey, Jean, Liz, and Joey.
	The very first picture Belcher remembers being in was "The Castles" with Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers. This gave her a feeling that she would really like to do movies but what she really wanted to do was go to New York and be in New York shows. Sadly, Belcher wasn't tall enough not even for ballet, which is what she trained all her life for.
	Together as a dance team, the Champions performed in MGM musicals of the 1940s and 50s, including their first MGM musical "Till the Clouds Roll By" (1946), "Show Boat" (1951) and "Everything I Have Is Yours" (1952). Other films with Gower included "Mr. Music" (1950, with Bing Crosby), "Give a Girl a Break" (1953), "Jupiter's Darling" (1955), and "Three for the Show" (1955). MGM wanted the couple to remake Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers films, but only one, "Lovely to Look At" (1952), a remake of "Roberta" (1935), was completed. The couple refused to remake any of the others, the rights to which were still owned by RKO.
	Gower and Marge Champion appeared as the Mystery Guests on the May 15, 1955 airing of "What's My Line". Mary Healy guessed who they were.
	During the summer of 1957, the Champions had their own TV series, "The Marge and Gower Champion Show", a situation comedy with song and dance numbers. Marge played a dancer and Gower a choreographer. Real-life drummer Buddy Rich was featured as a fictional drummer named Cozy.
	In the 1970s, Champion, actress Marilee Zdenek, and choreographer John West were part of a team at Bel Aire Presbyterian Church that created a number of creative worship services featuring dance and music. They later offered workshops and related liturgical arts programs throughout the country. She and Zdenek co-authored two books, "Catch the New Wind" and "God Is a Verb", related to this work.
	In 1978 she served as a dialogue and movement coach for the TV miniseries, "The Awakening Land", adapted from Conrad Richter's trilogy of the same name. It was set in the late 18th-century Ohio Valley.
	Champion has also worked as a dance instructor and choreographer in New York City. In 1982, she made a rare television acting appearance on the dramatic TV series "Fame", playing a ballet teacher with a racial bias against African-American students.
	Champion appeared in several stage musicals and plays on Broadway as a performer. She made her New York debut in "What's Up" (1943). She also performed in the "Dark of the Moon" (1945) as the Fair Witch, and "Beggar's Holiday" (1946) having multiple roles. She made her last Broadway appearance in "3 for Tonight" in 1955. She also worked as a choreographer or Assistant, including "Lend an Ear" in 1948 as assistant to the Choreographer; "Make a Wish" in 1951, as assistant to Gower Champion; "Hello, Dolly!" in 1964 as special assistant; and "Stepping Out" (1987) as choreographic associate. In 2001, she appeared as Emily Whitman in the Broadway stage revival of "Follies".
	Champion states "as a dancer, by the time you're 40 you're done. If I ever come back, I want to be an actress- it lasts long. But I was 81 when I was in "Follies".
	Marge Champion has been interviewed in numerous documentaries, including for the behind-the-scenes documentary directed by Oscar-winner Chris Innis, "The Story of the Swimmer", which was featured on the 2014 Grindhouse Releasing/Box Office Spectaculars Blu-ray/DVD restoration of "The Swimmer". She was also interviewed at a Hollywood film festival screening of "The Swimmer" by filmmaker Allison Anders for the same release. Champion and Donald Saddler, who met while performing together in the "Follies" in 2001, are the subjects of a short film about the two dancers leading meaningful lives at age 90.

= = = Boxing at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Featherweight = = =

	The featherweight class in the boxing at the 1964 Summer Olympics competition was the third-lightest class. Featherweights were limited to those boxers weighing less than 57 kilograms. The competition was held from October 13, 1964 to October 23, 1964. 32 boxers from 32 nations competed.
	Spanish boxer Valentín Loren punched a Hungarian referee in the face after being disqualified; he was banned for life from international competition.

= = = Imiglucerase = = =

	Imiglucerase is a medication used in the treatment of Gaucher's disease.
	It is a recombinant DNA-produced analogue of the human enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase.
	Cerezyme is a freeze-dried medicine containing imiglucerase, manufactured by Genzyme Corporation. It is given intravenously after reconstitution as a treatment for Type 1 and Type 3 Gaucher's disease. It is available in formulations containing 200 or 400 units per vial. The specific activity of highly purified human enzyme is 890,000 units/mg. A typical dose is 2.5U/kg every two weeks, up to a maximum of 60 U/kg once every two weeks, and safety has been established from ages 2 and up. It is one of more expensive medications, with an annual cost of $200,000 per person in the United States. Imiglucerase has been granted orphan drug status in the United States, Australia, and Japan.
	Cerezyme was one of the drugs manufactured at Genzyme's Allston, Massachusetts plant, for which production was disrupted in 2009 after contamination with Vesivirus 2117.
	The most common side effect is hypersensitivity, which occurs in about 3% of patients. It is associated with symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath, rashes, itching, and angiooedema. Less common side effects include dizziness, headache, nausea, diarrhoea, and reactions at the injection site; they are found in less than 1% of patients.
	No clinical interaction studies have been conducted. Miglustat appears to increase the clearance of imiglucerase by 70%, resulting in decreased enzyme activity.

= = = Blaine Bishop = = =

	Blaine Elwood Bishop III (born July 24, 1970) is a former professional American football safety in the National Football League who played most notably for the Tennessee Titans. He was drafted by the Houston Oilers in the 1993 NFL Draft.
	Bishop attended and played at Cathedral High School in Indianapolis - class of 1988. He then attended St. Joseph's College and played football there before transferring to play college football at Ball State University in Muncie, Indiana. At Ball State University, Bishop earned All-Mid-American Conference Second-Team choice in 1992 as a senior and 1990 as a sophomore. Named team captain his senior year. Bishop made 243 total tackles, 13 pass breakups, 15 tackles for loss, 12 sacks, one interception, and one blocked kick..
	Bishop was drafted in the eighth round (214 overall) of the 1993 NFL Draft by the Houston Oilers. Bishop went on to have a successful NFL career, earning Pro Bowl status four times in 1995, 1996, 1997, and 2000. He was also a three-time All-Pro selection, in 1995, 1996, and 2000. Bishop was widely recognized as the NFL's premier hitting safety during his tenure with the Oilers/Tennessee Titans. In 1999, the Titans made it to Super Bowl XXXIV in which Bishop started, however they lost to the Kurt Warner-led St. Louis Rams. In 2002, he replaced Damon Moore as the starting strong-side safety with the Philadelphia Eagles, forming a tandem with free safety Brian Dawkins.
	Shortly after retiring from his playing career, Bishop worked briefly at WTVF "NewsChannel 5" in Nashville, Tennessee providing sports commentary, usually as part of Titans post-game coverage. He currently co-hosts a radio show in Nashville called "Wake Up Zone" on WGFX "104.5 the Zone" from 6 AM to 10 AM central each weekday. He also coaches the defense at Davidson Academy, a Nashville-area private high school. On Tennessee Titans game days, Bishop can be heard as part of the Titans Radio pre-game and post-game broadcast team on WGFX "104.5 the Zone", affiliates of the Titans Radio Network, and at www.titansradio.com. He is represented by KMG Sports Management. Bishop has also been an announcer for the Tennessee high school football state championship games along with former Titans teammate Kevin Dyson.

= = = Lepton (disambiguation) = = =

	The term lepton from the Greek λεπτός (meaning "small") may refer to:

= = = Carlo Lurago = = =

	Carlo Lurago (also spelled Luraghi) (1615 – 22 October 1684) was an Italian architect, who was most active in Prague.
	He was born in Pellio Superiore in the Val d'Intelvi, near Como. At the age of 23, as an already an accomplished plasterer, he moved to Prague. He would build several different Jesuit churches and cloisters there, including some at the Clementinum, in the early baroque style. His first commission was the stucco decoration on the gothic St. Saviour Church in Prague. He also worked on the Saint Eligius Chapel there in 1654, before his work was redone by Domenico Orsi.
	Lurago was also successful outside of Bohemia. He developed the plans for the Passau Cathedral. It is notable because the main altar has a series of flat elliptical domes. This arch design foreshadows many other buildings of the baroque style. Another notable example of his work is the pilgrimage church of Maria Taferl, which had to be completed by Jakob Prandtauer after Lurago died in Passau.

= = = Paul Williams (boxer) = = =

	Paul Williams (born July 27, 1981) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 2000 to 2012. He held the WBO welterweight title twice between 2007 and 2008, the WBO interim junior middleweight title in 2008, and challenged once for the unified middleweight title in 2010. Nicknamed "The Punisher", and standing at a height of 6 feet 1 inches, Williams was unusually tall for the three divisions in which he competed. His career was cut short in 2012 after a motorcycle accident left him paralyzed from the waist down.
	His debut was in the year 2000. He is promoted by the Goossens. In 2005 he outpointed former Olympic bronze medalist Terrence Cauthen and, later that year, he knocked out Alfonso Sanchez in 5 rounds.
	His ESPN debut was a second-round knockout of Sergio Rios on Wednesday Night Fights. Williams made his HBO debut against then-undefeated Walter Matthysse, winning by a tenth-round technical knockout. That was followed by a victory over former junior welterweight world champion Sharmba Mitchell. He knocked Mitchell down three times en route to a fourth-round TKO.
	Williams became the mandatory challenger for WBO Welterweight Champion Antonio Margarito. The match took place July 14, 2007, in Carson, California, at the Home Depot Center with Williams winning a unanimous decision in which turned out to be a close fight where Williams' seemingly stronger finish seemed to seal him the decision victory in the eyes of boxing experts and fans alike.
	Williams fought Carlos Quintana on February 9, 2008 in his first defense of his title. Williams lost to Quintana by decision in what many considered a minor upset.
	Williams and Quintana had a rematch at the Mohegan Sun Arena in Uncasville, Connecticut on June 7, 2008 for the WBO Welterweight title, at Williams' request. Williams got off to a quick start when a left hand sent Quintana into a daze as several follow-up barrages put Quintana down. He got up, but Williams opened up with dozens of unanswered punches as the referee jumped in to stop the fight while Quintana was going down again.
	Williams was rumored to be moving up two weight classes to fight Kelly Pavlik for the WBC Middleweight title but instead Pavlik himself decided to move up two weight classes himself to fight Bernard Hopkins. Williams fought Andy Kolle on September 25. Williams dominated the fight from the start and recorded a first-round knockout in 1:37 seconds.
	After failing to secure another meaningful contest at welterweight, Williams vacated his WBO welterweight title in order to fight Verno Phillips for the WBO Interim Light Middleweight title.
	On November 29, 2008, Williams defeated Phillips by way of TKO after 8 rounds after the Doctor stopped the fight. In doing so he secured the WBO Interim Light Middleweight title.
	Williams fought Winky Wright on April 11, 2009, in a 12-round middleweight bout featured on HBO. Williams defeated Wright in a unanimous decision which was not close on the scorecards – two of the three judges gave Williams all but one round while the third scored all 12 rounds for Williams.
	Williams was then preparing to fight Middleweight Champion Kelly Pavlik in a bout scheduled to take place on October 3, 2009 in Atlantic City, New Jersey. The bout was postponed when it was discovered Pavlik had a staph infection in his knuckle and had been rescheduled for December 5. However, the bout was called off for a second time six weeks prior to the fight because Pavlik's infection had not completely healed.
	On December 5, 2009 Paul Williams fought Sergio Martínez in a war of a twelve-round main event. In the first round Martinez was knocked down due to bad balance and a grazing left hand that landed just below the ear. In the final seconds of the 1st round though Martinez scored a knockdown of his own over Williams. The next two rounds were heavily in Martinez's favor as he hit Williams with barrages of counter punches. After Martinez was seemingly won the first 3 rounds, rounds 4-7 showed Williams coming back effectively landing hard lefts to the head of Martinez. In rounds 8-10 Martinez again confused Williams with using different varieties of punches, including straight lead lefts to the body followed by right hooks to the head and straight lefts to the face. The final 2 rounds showed much fatigue in Martinez and Williams but both warriors fought through to the end, although Williams seemed to win both of the last 2 rounds by being the far more active boxer (while the punching exchanges were very closely contested during those final 2 rounds as well), which would ultimately prove to be the difference and as a result of having far superior activity during those final 2 rounds, Williams won a close majority decision over Martinez. The judges scored the fight 114-114, 115-113 for Williams and 119-110 for Williams, thus making Williams emerge as the majority decision winner.
	After his close win over Sergio Martínez, Paul Williams moved on to face Puerto Rican prospect Kermit Cintrón. The two met on May 8, 2010 Live on Saturday Night HBO Boxing. In the fourth round, Kermit Cintron fell out of the ring unintentionally and was not allowed to continue fighting due to hitting the arena floor. Williams was ahead on two of the three judges' scorecards at the time of the stoppage and was declared the winner by split technical decision. Cintron, who believed he should have been ahead on the scorecards, filed a complaint to have the ruling changed to a no-contest, claiming he was not given the five-minute recovery time allowed under California rules.
	A highly anticipated rematch with Sergio Martinez eventually materialized at Boardwalk Hall, Atlantic City, New Jersey on November 20, 2010. Upon the Williams camp's insistence, the fight was contested at the catchweight limit of 158 pounds instead of the middleweight limit of 160, with Martinez's WBC Middleweight title on the line. The fight was billed as a potential "fight-of-the-year," however the fight ended abruptly and dramatically when Sergio Martinez delivered a knockout blow with 2:02 left in the 2nd round. The punch was a short left cross that caught Williams right on the chin as he attempted to deliver a left-hand of his own. Williams' right hand was at his waist when the punch landed, rendering Paul Williams unconscious upon contact.
	On July 9, 2011, Paul Williams fought in a light middleweight contest in Atlantic City against former Cuban amateur sensation Erislandy Lara. Throughout the fight, Lara repeatedly hit Williams with hard left hands and appeared to have won the fight convincingly in the eyes of the HBO crew and those sitting at ringside. However, the judges awarded Williams with a narrow majority decision, a highly controversial verdict that ultimately led to the suspension of the three judges by the New Jersey Athletic Control Board.
	On May 27, 2012, Williams was severely injured when he crashed his motorcycle in Georgia. He swerved to avoid hitting a car while traveling at about 75 mph on the motorcycle and was launched sixty feet. Witnesses say he landed on his head and his body "folded like a suitcase." The accident left him with a part of his spinal cord severely bruised, paralyzing him from the waist down. Since it was bruised and not severed, it gives him a chance to regain sensation. The doctors told Williams the swelling could go down in a year or two, potentially giving him a chance of walking again. The accident came as Williams was preparing for his PPV main event against Canelo Alvarez on September 15. "I'm just chilling in a wheelchair because I got tired of walking," Williams said in an interview with Jim Gray on "Showtime Championship Boxing" on the day he was supposed to fight. "Whether I am walking or not walking, my game ain't over until the Lord takes my life."

= = = Tim O'Connor = = =

	Tim or Timothy O'Connor may refer to:

= = = Bride's Hill = = =

	Bride's Hill, known also as Sunnybrook, is a historic house near Wheeler, Alabama. It is one of the state's earliest surviving and most significant, examples of the Tidewater-type cottage. It was added to the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on April 16, 1985 and to the National Register of Historic Places on July 9, 1986.
	A member of the Dandridge family, cousins of America's first First Lady (Martha Washington), is believed to have built Bride's Hill. Its deep cellar, lighted by oblong ground-level windows, houses a basement kitchen-dining room. On the main floor a broad central hall, with a graceful reverse-flight stairway rising to the low half-story above, separates two large rooms. Allegedly a separate brick kitchen structure once stood to the rear. When absorbed into the vast Joseph Wheeler estate in 1907, the house and surrounding farm became known as Sunnybrook. Located in rural Lawrence County, the house has been unoccupied since the 1980s and is in a state of disrepair.
	Brought to the early Alabama plantation frontier by settlers from the Tidewater and Piedmont regions of Virginia, this vernacular house-type is usually a story-and-a-half in height, and characterized by prominent end chimneys flanking a steeply pitched roof often pierced by dormer windows.

= = = Pare Mountains = = =

	The Pare Mountains are a mountain range in northeastern Tanzania, north west of the Usambara Mountains. Administratively, the mountains are a part of Kilimanjaro Region. There are two mountain ranges - North and South Pare ranges, which rise to 2,463 m at Shengena Peak. They form part of the Eastern Arc of mountains. The Pare people live in the area.
	The Pare Mountains are accessible by 4WD, but there are few roads in the South Pares. Species in the Pare mountains include the endemic South Pare white-eye ("Zosterops winifredae"), mountain buzzard ("Buteo oreophilus"), olive woodpecker ("Mesopicos griseocephalus"), moustached tinkerbird ("Pogoniulus leucomystax") and the African hill babbler ("Pseudoalcippe abyssinica").
	During its German occupation, the area around Neu-Hornow (modern Shume) was used for lumber exports along the Usambara Railway.

= = = Udzungwa Mountains = = =

	The Udzungwa Mountains are a mountain range in south-central Tanzania. The mountains are mostly within Iringa Region, south of Tanzania's capital Dodoma. The Udzungwa Mountains are part of the Eastern Arc Mountains, and are home to a biodiverse community of flora and fauna with large numbers of endemic species.
	The mountains are home to the Hehe people, and the name Udzungwa comes from the Kihehe word “Wadzungwa", which means the people who live on mountainsides. Iringa is the largest settlement in the mountains, and the regional headquarters.
	The Undzungwa Mountains cover an area of 16,131.40 km², the largest of the Eastern Arc ranges. The highest peak in the range is Luhombero at . The mountain range extends generally northeast-southwest. The Usangu Plain lies to the northwest, drained by the Great Ruaha River and its tributaries. The Great Ruaha River separates the Udzungwa Mountains from the Rubeho Mountains and Uvidunda Mountains to the northeast. The Kilombero River valley lies to the south and southeast. To the southwest the Makambako Gap separates the Udzungwa Mountains from the Kipengere Range. 
	Both the Great Ruaha and Kilombero rivers are tributaries of the Rufiji River, which empties into the Indian Ocean. The Lukosi River originates in the central part of the range, and empties eastwards into the Great Ruaha. The Little Ruaha River and its tributaries drain much of the western portion of the range, emptying northwards into the Great Ruaha.
	The Udzungwa Mountains intercept moisture-laden winds from the Indian Ocean, and receive more rainfall than the surrounding lowlands. Most of the rainfall occurs in the November-to-May wet season, although mist and light rain occur at higher elevations during the dry season months. Rainfall is higher on the southern and southeastern slopes facing the Indian Ocean, and lower in the mountains' rain shadow to the north and west. Temperatures are cooler at higher elevations.
	The Udzungwa Mountains, along with the others in the Eastern Arc, are made up of ancient crystalline Precambrian rocks that were uplifted over millions of years along fault lines. The most recent period of uplift started 30 million years ago, but the fault system and uplift process may be far older. Soils derived from these ancient rocks are not as fertile as the younger volcanic soils of mountains to the north and west.
	About thirty million years ago, the area was covered by extensive rainforest. During a cooler and drier period some ten million years ago, the lowland forests were converted to savanna, leaving the mountain ranges as "islands" where the tropical forests continued to flourish. The long-term persistence of a humid climate and the isolation of each mountain range has led to a great deal of endemism, and a very diverse flora and fauna. The Udzungwa and other Eastern Arc mountains has extremely high biodiversity with numerous endemic species (more than 25 percent of the vertebrate species). 10 percent of them are protected by the Udzungwa Mountains National Park and the Udzungwa Scarp Nature Forest Reserve.
	The Udzungwa Mountains are covered with lowland rainforest, montane rainforest, miombo woodland, grassland, and heathland. Forests extend from 300 to 2579 meters elevation, and vary in composition and species type with elevation and rainfall. The wetter eastern and southeastern slopes receive more rain from the Indian Ocean and support evergreen forests on the lower slopes; the drier western and northwestern slopes have decidious miombo forests and woodlands at lower elevations and evergreen forests only at higher elevations.
	Broad areas of forest on the central plateau have been cleared for agriculture and pasture. An analysis of satellite images taken between 1999 and 2003 found 1353 km² of the mountains were still covered in evergreen forest.
	The mountains are home to many mammals, including Abbott's duiker "(Cephalophus spadix)", Kipunji "(Rungwecebus kipunji)", and Udzungwa red colobus "(Cercocebus galeritus)", and unusual animals such as the grey-faced sengi "(Rhynchocyon udzungwensis)". The Udzungwa forest partridge ("Xenoperdix udzungwensis") is an endemic species, with its closest relatives appearing to be the hill partridges of Asia. Elephants "(Loxodonta africana)" are found in the forests along the southern escarpment.
	Although the two mountain groups are ecologically distinct, the Eastern Arc Mountains share many species and plant communities with the Southern Highlands which lie to the southwest across the Makambako Gap. Both are Afromontane regions, home to characteristic montane species and ecologically distinct from the adjacent lowlands. The Southern Highlands' climate is more influenced by Lake Malawi than by the Indian Ocean. Some limited-range montane species, including the Kipunji and Kipengere seedeater "(Crithagra melanochrous)", inhabit both the Udzungwa Mountains and the Kipengere Range.
	The Kihansi spray toad "(Nectophrynoides asperginis)", which was found only around a waterfall on the Kihansi River, became extinct in the wild in 2009 when an upstream dam altered its habitat. The toads have since been reintroduced after a successful captive breeding program.
	Protected areas include Udzungwa Mountains National Park (2088.69 km²), and Udzungwa Scarp (20,220 ha), Kisinga-Rugaro (14,164 ha) and West Kilombero (c.55,000 ha outside the national park) forest reserves 
	It is possible to visit the Udzungwa Mountains National Park and go hiking and trekking. The park has no roads passable by vehicle and is accessible only by foot. The trekking routes vary, from the short and easy one-hour Sonjo Waterfall hike to the extremely difficult 6 day trek the Lumemo Trail. The most popular route is the Sanje Waterfalls trail, taking about four hours to complete. 
	The World Wide Fund for Nature is working with local communities to protect the park and provide conservation and management support, monitoring, research and ecotourism initiatives. The help of the local communities is encouraged by giving them access to resources such as the collection of firewood, harvesting medicinal plants and gathering grass for thatching.
	Tanzania's A104 highway runs from northeast to southwest through the central plateau of the mountains, extending northeastwards to Dodoma and southwestwards to Makambako, Mbeya, and the border with Zambia. The A7 highway meets the A104 at Iringa, and extends eastwards through the mountains to Morogoro and Dar es Salaam.
	The Tazara Railway skirts along the southern escarpment of the Udzungwa Mountains, passing through Kidatu (where it meets the Misuku branch of Tanzania's Central Line at a break of gauge), Katulukilla, Mang’ula, Kiberege, Siginali, Ifakara, Idete, Ruipa, Mbinga, Mngeta, Ikule, Chita, Chisano, Mlimba, Lumumwe, Mpanga, Kitete, Kimbwe, Uchindile, Mgololo, Kiyowela, Kitandililo, and Mahongole.

= = = Legs (novel) = = =

	Legs is a 1975 novel by William Kennedy. It is the first book in Kennedy's Albany Cycle.
	The book chronicles the life of the gangster Jack 'Legs' Diamond. It is told from the perspective of Jack's lawyer, Marcus Gormen. Marcus becomes involved with "Legs" Diamond was to seek excitement out of his boring life, and the best way to do this was by immortalizing a highly popular gangster. Through Gormen's eyes, Kennedy is able to elicit sympathy for the criminal, transposing this sympathy into the context of America during the 1920s and 30s: excess, collapse, destitution, and analysis of right and wrong, good and evil.
	In 2009, Audible.com produced an audio version of "Legs", narrated by Joe Barrett, as part of its "Modern Vanguard" line of audiobooks.

= = = Mario Bates = = =

	Mario Doniel Bates (born January 16, 1973) is a former American football running back in the NFL for the New Orleans Saints, Arizona Cardinals, and the Detroit Lions. His brother, Michael also played in the NFL.
	Playing for the 1993 Arizona State Sun Devils, he carried the ball 246 times for 1,162 yards with 8 TD in just 11 games. He became a 2nd Round pick in the 1994 NFL Draft.

= = = Dr. Shrinker = = =

	Dr. Shrinker was a segment during the first season of the ABC network's "The Krofft Supershow" in 1976.
	Dr. Shrinker (Jay Robinson) is a mad scientist who creates a shrink ray that can miniaturise anything. Three young adults — Brad Fulton (Ted Eccles), B.J. Masterson (Susan Lawrence) and her brother Gordie Masterson (Jeff MacKay) — crash land their airplane on an island. As they make their way to the only house on the island, they meet Dr. Shrinker and his assistant, Hugo (Billy Barty). Dr. Shrinker, in an effort to prove that his shrinking ray works, shrinks the three people down to tall. The remainder of the series was different efforts by the 'Shrinkies' to return to normal size, while Dr. Shrinker and Hugo want to catch the trio so that they will have physical proof that the ray works for whatever world power wants to buy it. Dr. Shrinker also implied that he would give the unnamed buyer the Shrinkies as a free bonus. However, in one episode, Dr. Shrinker's plan was to sell the shrink ray to the highest bidder, and the second highest bidder would receive the Shrinkies.
	Each episode was basically the same. As Dr. Shrinker himself said in one episode..."I chase the Shrinkies. I catch the Shrinkies. The Shrinkies escape. It's a vicious cycle, and it's driving me mad!"
	The concept was very likely inspired by the 1940 film "Dr. Cyclops" in which a scientist working in the South American jungle uses his radiation experiments to shrink a group of fellow scientists to prevent them from discovering his secret work.
	"Dr. Shrinker" lasted only one season on the "Krofft Supershow". During the second season, it was dropped (as was the superhero segment "Electra Woman and Dyna Girl"). One episode, "Slowly I Turn", is available on DVD with the Krofft Box Set. In 2005, Marty Krofft said that he and his brother would be recording commentary for a DVD release of "Dr. Shrinker".

= = = Larry Chester = = =

	Larry Travis Chester (born October 17, 1975) is a former American football defensive tackle who played in the National Football League (NFL).
	After playing college football at Temple, Chester signed with the Indianapolis Colts as an undrafted free agent in 1998, and stayed with the Colts organization until 2000. He was picked up by Carolina Panthers for a season, then played with the Miami Dolphins for another three seasons.

= = = Pupil Referral Unit = = =

	In the UK, a Pupil Referral Unit (PRU) (previously known as Pupil Re-integration Unit by some Local Education Authorities) is an alternative education provision which is specifically organised to provide education for children who aren't able to attend school and may not otherwise receive suitable education. This could be because they have a short- or long-term illness, have been excluded, or are a new starter waiting for a mainstream school place.
	Each LEA has a duty under section 19 of the Education Act 1996 to provide suitable education for children of compulsory school age who cannot attend school. Placing pupils in PRUs is just one of the ways in which local authorities can ensure that they can comply with this duty. PRUs are a mixture of public units and privately managed companies.
	There are currently over 421 PRUs in England. Between 2002 and 2003, 17,523 pupils attended PRUs at some point. Although PRUs do not have to provide a full National Curriculum, they should offer a basic curriculum which includes English, mathematics, the sciences, PSHE and ICT.
	A PRU is treated the same as any other type of school, subject to the same inspections from Ofsted. Since September 2010, some PRUs are referred to as "Short Stay Schools", although the government still broadly refer to them as PRUs or Alternative Provision (APs).

= = = Bunty Avieson = = =

	Carolyn "Bunty" Avieson is an Australian journalist, feature writer, novelist and academic. She has a PhD (MQ), a Master of Philosophy (MQ) and an Associate Diploma of Journalism (RMIT). In 2008–2009 she worked as a media consultant to newspaper "Bhutan Observer," partly funded by the United Nations Development Program and was a consultant to Journalists Without Borders, Asia Pacific Desk. She has published three novels, a novella and travel memoir; and been translated into Japanese, German and Thai. She is the recipient of two Ned Kelly Crime Writing Awards. In the 1990s she was editorial director of mass market women's magazines, "Woman's Day" and "New Idea".
	Avieson's partner is the film producer Mal Watson, who made The Cup and Travellers & Magicians, with writer/director Khyentse Norbu. Avieson and Watson have a daughter, Kathryn, who was the baby in the travel book "Baby in a Backpack to Bhutan". They live in Sydney. Avieson's father was the late Associate Professor John Avieson, one of Australia's first journalism academics, who authored several books, including "Applied Journalism in Australia" and "Editing Australian Newspapers."

= = = Frankford Candy &amp; Chocolate Company = = =

	Frankford Candy & Chocolate Company is an American candy manufacturer, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, founded in 1947 by Sam Himmelstein. The current CEO is Stuart Selarnick. In the 2000s, Frankford Candy & Chocolate Company became a very successful manufacturer. It is one of the largest producers of chocolate rabbits in the United States, making over 100 varieties. In 2000, it started licensing popular children's TV characters, such as SpongeBob SquarePants. Frankford produces their candy in China, Pennsylvania and Italy.
	Frankford purchased Cap Candy, a division of Hasbro, and the Wonder Ball from Nestlé in the 2000s. The Wonder Ball has since been discontinued.

= = = Adrian Burk = = =

	Adrian Matthew Burk (December 14, 1927 – July 28, 2003) was an American football quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) for the Baltimore Colts and Philadelphia Eagles. After his playing career he served as an official.
	Burk played college football at Baylor University and was drafted in the first round of the 1950 NFL Draft. Burk is one of eight NFL quarterbacks (Sid Luckman, George Blanda, Joe Kapp, Y. A. Tittle, Peyton Manning, Nick Foles, and Drew Brees) who share the record of seven touchdown passes in one regular season game. He threw seven touchdown passes on October 17, 1954, when the Eagles won 49–21 over the Washington Redskins. Three of his touchdown passes were to Eagles end Pete Pihos.
	Burk graduated from Baylor Law School and became general counsel to the Houston Oilers.
	Burk later worked as an NFL official as a back judge (now field judge), wearing uniform number 63. He worked the game that saw Joe Kapp of the Minnesota Vikings tie his record for seven touchdown passes in one game in 1969 vs. the Baltimore Colts. Burk was also the back judge in the famous 1972 playoff game between the Oakland Raiders and the Pittsburgh Steelers. That game, played in Pittsburgh, featured the play that came to be called the "Immaculate Reception". From his position as back judge, Burk was the first of the officials to signal a touchdown.
	During a 1973 game between the Chicago Bears and Denver Broncos, Bears coach Abe Gibron can be heard chewing out Burk throughout the contest. Gibron was miked for the game by NFL Films, and the footage was released by NFL Films Executive Director Steve Sabol in 2001.

= = = Mahale Mountains = = =

	The Mahale Mountains are a mountain range in western Tanzania, on the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika. They rise to atop Mount Nkungwe.
	The range and its habitats are protected by the Mahale Mountains National Park, being known for wildlife including chimpanzees and lions.
	They were the traditional homeland of the Holoholo people, before being relocated in the 1970s for the creation of Mahale Mountains National Park.

= = = Cohoes Falls = = =

	Cohoes Falls [Kahon:ios, Mohawk for "Canoe Falls"] is a waterfall on the Mohawk River shared by the city of Cohoes and the town of Waterford, New York, United States. Discovered by the indigenous people, the falls were called "Ga-ha-oose" or "Ga-ho'n'-yoos" by the Mohawks, which is believed to mean "The Place of the Falling Canoe." Cohoes historian Arthur Masten wrote in his 1880 history that the phrase might mean "Potholes in the River," referring to the potholes that appear in the riverbed when it is dry. In the oral tradition of the "Haudenosaunee" (Iroquois), the Cohoes Falls are the site where The Great Peacemaker, performed a feat of supernatural strength, convincing the Mohawk people to become the founders of the Iroquois League of Nations or Confederacy. Some historians believe the Mohawks launched the Confederacy as early as 1142 CE, though other experts report dates ranging from 1450-1650.
	Celebrated by 18th-century travelers in letters and journals, the Cohoes Falls, also called The Great Falls of the Mohawk, were regarded as the second-most beautiful cataract in New York State after Niagara. In 1804, the national poet of Ireland, Thomas Moore, visited Cohoes and wrote a paean to the waterfall's beauty: "Lines Written at the Cohos, or Falls of the Mohawk River."
	In 1831, town leaders built a dam across the Mohawk River to harness the power of the falls to fuel the turbines of the city's burgeoning textile industry. Over the next several decades, the predominant company, Harmony Mills, became the largest manufacturer of cotton in the United States, thanks to its control of local water rights. When all the mills closed in the wake of the Great Depression, city leaders neglected the potential of the falls for tourism. They leased the flow rights to a series of power companies, including Niagara Mohawk and Orion Power.
	The Erie Canal was planned to overcome the navigational barrier of the Cohoes Falls. The original "Clinton's Ditch", the Erie Canal of 1825, was built through the city of Cohoes. The later Enlarged Canal was realigned, yet still went through the City of Cohoes. The Barge Canal, which opened in 1918, bypasses Cohoes and runs though the Village of Waterford via the Waterford Flight of Locks.
	The Cohoes Falls is 90 feet (28 m) high and 1,000 feet (305 m) wide. Its flow is most impressive in springtime, sometimes running at of water per second, but as the season changes, there is less water for the falls because so much of the flow is diverted at the Crescent Dam to the Barge Canal through Lock 6. Most of the water is still diverted for power generation; some is diverted for the Cohoes water supply. During the summer, the falls are virtually dry, revealing shale rock formations that have their own distinctive beauty. The 87-year average flow of the Mohawk River at Cohoes is 34,638 cubic feet per second, but this includes water diverted to the power plant and Erie Canal locks.

= = = Usambara Mountains = = =

	The Usambara Mountains of northeastern Tanzania in tropical East Africa, comprise the easternmost ranges of the Eastern Arc Mountains. The ranges of approximately long and about half that wide, are situated in the Lushoto District of the Tanga Region. They were formed nearly two million years ago by faulting and uplifting, and are composed of Precambrian metamorphic rocks. They are split into two sub-ranges; the West Usambaras being higher than the East Usambaras, which are nearer the coast and receive more rainfall.
	The mountains are clad in virgin tropical rainforest which has been isolated for a long period and they are a centre of endemism. Historically they were inhabited by Bantu, Shambaa, and Maasai people but in the eighteenth century, a Shambaa kingdom was founded by Mbegha. The kingdom eventually fell apart after a succession struggle in 1862. German colonists settled in the area which was to become German East Africa, and after World War I it became part of the British mandated territory of Tanganyika.
	The Usambaras are approximately long and ranging from in width. They form part of the Eastern Arc Mountains, which stretch from Kenya through Tanzania. The range is one of the world's Biodiversity hotspots.
	The range is accessible from the towns of Lushoto in the west, and Amani in the east. The Usambaras are commonly split into two sub-ranges, the West Usambara Mountains and the East Usambara Mountains. The East Usambara are closer to the coast, receive more rainfall, and are significantly smaller than the West Usambara.
	The mountain range was formed nearly two million years ago. Due to a lack of glaciations and a relatively consistent climate, the rainforest has gone through a long term and unique evolution resulting in an impressive amount of endemism and an old growth cloud rainforests. 
	The West and East Usambaras are large ranges of Precambrian metamorphic geologic formations of acid-gneisses, pyroxenes, and amphiboles. These mountains were formed by faulting and uplifting creating the drainage system of troughs that form many watersheds, which provide water to a majority of the population of northeast Tanzania.
	The Usambara Mountains are fairly unusual in East Africa with their natural regions still covered in tropical forests, which otherwise continentally remain primarily in Western Africa. Considered tremendously significant ecologically and a Biodiversity hotspot. There are many protected zones throughout the range, which are being expanded and contributed to by the Tanzanian government, associated NGO's and research teams, and donor countries such as Norway.
	Several species are endemic to the Usambara forests, including the Usambara eagle-owl ("Bubo vosseleri"), the Usambara akalat ("Sheppardia montana"), the Usambara weaver ("Ploceus nicolli"), the African violet ("Saintpaulia ionantha"), the tree species "Calodendrum eickii".
	Historically the Usambara Mountains have been inhabited by the Bantu, Shambaa, and Maasai people who were a mix of agriculturalists and pastoralists.
	A Shambaa kingdom based on Vugu was founded by Mbegha in the first half of the 18th century. His grandson Kinyashi Muanga Ike gave the kingdom a stronger political and military structure. Under Kinyashi's son Kimweri ye Nyumbai the kingdom grew to cover both the west and east Usambaras, extending down to the coast and into the Pangani River valley to the south. After Kimweri died in 1862 the kingdom fell apart in a succession struggle.
	In the late 19th century when within the Usambara District of German East Africa, German colonialists came into the area bringing with them a mix of cash crops like lumber trees, coffee, tea, and quinine, and also designated forests as reserves for either water conservation or timber use. They also brought many new Western concepts, which often were diametrically opposed to traditional beliefs, such as coexistence with the forest versus forest as a "separate wilderness". The result of colonialism was a massive change in the way forests were perceived in the community, and conversion of traditional agriculture to cultivating cash crops such as quinine, pine trees, bananas, maize, tea, and coffee.
	In 1882 Adalbert Emil Walter Redliffe le Tanneux von St. Paul-Ilaire (known as Baron Walter), the Governor of the Usambara District of German East Africa, collected seed and plants of a small herb which were sent to Hermann Wendland, Director of the Berlin Royal Botanic Garden. Wendland cultivated the plants and recognized them as representing a new species in a new genus, "Saintpaulia ionantha", with the English common name African violet. In the generic name. Saintpaulia he recognized von St. Paul-Ilaire; the specific name he assigned means violet (Gr. ion) flower (Gr. anthos). In their native Usambara Mountains cloudforests, the plants are threatened with extinction.
	After World War I it became part of the British mandate territory of Tanganyika. The British administration continued to reserve and exploit forests.
	Today, the population of the Usambara Mountains region has one of the highest growth rates (about 4% compared to the Tanzanian national average of 2.1%), a staggering amount of poverty, and highest densities of people in all of Tanzania. Most of the inhabitants are subsistence farmers who rely heavily on the forests around them for timber, medicinal plants, clearing for agriculture, and fuel wood.
	70% of the original forest cover of the West and East Usambaras has been lost. Its ecosystems were significantly disrupted by foreign-controlled logging companies which carried out large-scale deforestation from the 1950s onwards. A sawmill at Tanga processed East Usambara timber, and its output was increased in the 1970s with Finnish development funding. Major land and forest degradation remains a pressing issue.
	There are still many places that attract visitors looking for experiences beyond developed tourist resorts. These include the trade town of Lushoto (German colonial era Wilhelmsthal), the once popular German resort Amani Nature Reserve and farm, and the Mazumbai University Forest, which is considered the last example of a pristine tropical forest in the East Usambaras.

= = = New York Peace Society = = =

	The New York Peace Society was the first peace society to be established in the United States. It has had several different incarnations, as it has merged into other organizations or dissolved and then been re-created.
	David Low Dodge founded the society in 1815, soon after the end of the War of 1812. It became an active organization, holding regular weekly meetings, and producing literature which was spread as far as Gibraltar and Malta, describing the horrors of war and advocating pacificism on Christian grounds.
	In 1828, the society merged with others in New Hampshire, Maine, and Massachusetts to form the American Peace Society.
	The society was re-formed as an independent organization in 1837. Until 1844, it sought to prevent war against Mexico by advocating negotiation. It then dissolved. An attempt was made to re-create it, but this was short-lived.
	The society was founded anew for the final time in 1906, in the context of the Philippine–American War, the rapid expansion of American influence and military usage abroad and the rise of the Anti-Imperialist League. It was organized by Oscar Straus and Charles Levermore with the support of steel magnate Andrew Carnegie.
	The society was involved in a "National Arbitration and Peace Conference" in 1907. During the First World War, the society helped to organize the League to Enforce Peace in opposition to American involvement.
	In 1940, the society merged into the Quaker World Alliance for International Friendship through Religion.

= = = National Awami Party (Wali) = = =

	The Wali Khan faction of the National Awami Party was formed after the 1967 split in the original NAP between Maulana Bhashani and Khan Wali Khan. The Wali Khan faction was later named National Awami Party (NAP) after the separation of East Pakistan.
	The NAP was banned twice during its eight-year-long existence, the first time under Yahya Khans government in 1971 and the second time in 1975 by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's government. It was then resurrected under the name National Democratic Party, from which in turn was formed the Awami National Party.
	The Party represented left wing views in Pakistan and its core politics was based on the disbanding of the One Unit, restoration of adult franchise (1967–1970), land reforms, protection of tenants' rights, redistribution of wealth through nationalisation, Pakistan becoming a confederacy as well as the holding of fair elections, protection of an independent judiciary and freedom of the press. It contested the 1970 election, winning the second largest number of seats in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the largest in Baluchistan, and a handful of seats in East Pakistan's provincial assembly. It failed to win any seats in Punjab and Sindh.
	After the division of Pakistan in 1971, NAP formed coalition governments in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan on the basis of winning majority of seats in the two provinces. Arbab Sikandar Khan was appointed Governor of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Ghaus Bux Bizenjo Governor of Balochistan. Sardar Akhtar Mengal was elected the first Chief Minister of Balochistan and the NAP supported Mufti Mahmud of the JUI as Chief Minister of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The party was disbanded in 1975 amidst a government crackdown. It was resurrected in 1976 under the National Democratic Party under Sherbaz Mazari but split in 1979 following disagreements amongst the left wing of the party against the leadership.
	A brief attempt was made to resurrect the Party by Ajmal Khattak under the name National Awami Party of Pakistan in 2000, however the party was routed in the 2002 election and much of its leadership merged back with the ANP.
	On 30 November 1967 the NAP split between Maulana Bhashani and Khan Wali Khan, ostensibly because Bhashani sided with China while Professor Muzaffar Ahmed, along with Khan Abdul Wali Khan, sided with the USSR in the Sino-Soviet split.
	Following the split, the leftist members of the NAP, many of whom were active in a Kissan (peasant) Committee, decided to follow the Wali Khan faction. Soon after, the leadership of the Wali Khan faction, being landlords, decided not to allow members of the NAP to also be members of the Kissan Committee. The leftists, led by Afzal Bangash, then decided to leave the NAP and establish the Mazdoor Kisan Party.
	The NAP party leadership struggling with a rivalry between Mahmud Ali Kasuri and Mahmudul Haq Usmani for the Presidency. Ultimately the leadership backed Abdul Wali Khan as a compromise candidate. The National Council of the Party met on 30 June and 1 July 1968 at Royal Hotel, Peshawar, with Professor Muzaffar Ahmed, President of East Pakistan NAP chairing the first session. Abdul Wali Khan was unanimously elected as President of the party. 
	Office Bearers
	The National Awami Party was a socialist political party that advocated greater provincial autonomy and the Theory of Four Nationalities. The theory advocated by senior NAP leader Bizenjo stated Pakistan was composed of four distinct "nations", the Pukhtun, Baloch, Sindhi and Western Punjabi.
	The party contested the 1970 elections from Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (K-P), Balochistan, Sindh and East Pakistan. It did not field any candidates in the Punjab, Nationally it fielded 16 candidates from K-P, three of whom got elected, securing 18.4% of the vote, in Balochistan three out of four candidates were elected but it failed to win any seats from Sindh.
	In 1971, in an attempt to avert a possible showdown between the Military and the people of East Pakistan, on March 23, 1971, Khan, along with other Pakistani politicians, jointly met Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. They offered support to Mujeeb in the formation of a government, but it was already too late to break the impasse as Yahya Khan had already decided on a full scale military crackdown. Pakistan's increasing vulnerability and widespread international outrage against the military crackdown eventually created a situation that led to war between Pakistan and India. This war proved disastrous and culminated in Pakistan's armed forces being defeated in East Pakistan and the creation of the new state of Bangladesh. Shocked by the defeat, Yahya Khan resigned from office and the military. Under General Gul Hassan Khan, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was brought back from America and appointed President.
	During the martial law crackdown against East Pakistan, the National Awami Party under Wali Khan was one of a handful of parties that protested the military operation. In one case, Khan helped a senior East Pakistani diplomat's son escape to Afghanistan from possible internment in West Pakistan. The military government, in retaliation against the protests, banned the party and launched mass arrests of party activists.
	In 1972, as the opposition leader, Wali Khan was contacted by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who wanted to lift martial law and set up a new constitution. Wali Khan's negotiations with Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto led to the NAP signing of an agreement with the government in 1972, called the Tripartite Agreement. The agreement led to the lifting of martial law and removal of the ban on the National Awami Party. This led to the formation of National Awami Party coalition provincial governments in the North-West Frontier Province and Baluchistan. Despite the initial positive start, the agreement rapidly began to unravel due to the growing animosity between Khan and Bhutto.
	In 1972, Wali Khan was elected as Parliamentary leader of the opposition, the NAP made several initiatives to broaden its support across the country. It dropped its demand to rename the then North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) as Pakhtunistan, declared Urdu as the provincial language of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan and espoused federalism with greater autonomy for the provinces. Senior party leader Ghaus Bux Bizenjo advocated that Pakistan consisted of four nationalities and their empowerment equally would prevent the breakup of Pakistan.
	The party's provincial governments faced attacks from leftists and Maoists who advocated armed conflict to take land from landlords and feudals. These attacks were allegedly on the behest of leftists within the Pakistan People's Party.
	On March 23, 1973, the Federal Security Force, a paramilitary force under the alleged orders of Bhutto, attacked a public opposition rally at the Liaquat Bagh in the town of Rawalpindi and killed a dozen people; many more were wounded by their automatic gunfire. Wali Khan narrowly escaped a bullet during the attack. Public anger amongst ethnic Pashtuns ran high, as almost all the dead and most of the wounded were from the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and were mostly members of the National Awami Party. The enraged party workers and followers wanted to parade the dead bodies on the streets in Peshawar and other cities of the province, and provoke a full scale confrontation. Wali Khan rejected this notion and held back his infuriated party cadres, escorting the dead bodies to Peshawar; he had them buried quietly with their bereaved families.
	Following the massacre the Federal Security Force launched a crackdown against the party that led to many senior leaders including Ajmal Khattak to flee into exile to Kabul.
	The Balochistan government immediately faced multiple crise,s the first of which was when the Balochistan police department, mostly officered by people from Punjab or Khyber Pukhtunkhwa. As there was a provision that employees in the federating provinces would return to their province of origin after the dissolution of the One Unit. Most of the officers insisted on leaving. Despite this fact, Sardar Ataullah Mengal as chief minister, moved a resolution in the Balochistan Assembly to do away with the domicile as a qualification and suggested that those who had spent several generations in the province should be treated as locals. It was later on alleged that the officers were incited to leave through the efforts of PPP supporters and the then Chief Minister of Punjab Ghulam Mustafa Khar.
	Unable to exercise any effective authority Ataullah Mengal turned to the Baloch Student Organization to assist in security.
	The policing crisis also gave way to a subsequent intra-tribal conflict. The Baloch nationalists declared that it was fomented by the then Interior Minister Abdul Qayyum Khan but without evidence to prove the statements issued.
	However, the final straw was the discovery of arms in the Iraqi embassy in Islamabad and Nawab Akbar Bugti's declaration of the London Plan, that alleged that NAP-led governments in Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was seceding to gain independence from Pakistan. Hence, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's government, fresh from the humiliation of 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War used the pretext of arms shipment from Iraq to dismember Pakistan and dismissed the Balochistan provincial government in 1973, in protest against the decision the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa government resigned in protest. Ataullah Mengal and his colleagues, including Ghaus Bux Bizenjo and Khair Bakhsh Marri were arrested along with other NAP leaders.
	In the face of an increasingly strong national campaign led by the NAP against the government, Bhutto banned NAP on February 8, 1975 after the murder of his close colleague Hayat Khan Sherpao, throwing thousands of its workers and much of its leadership, including party President Khan Abdul Wali Khan, in jail for alleged anti-state activities.
	Invoking the 1st amendment of the 1973 constitution the government charged Wali Khan and his colleagues under the Hyderabad Conspiracy Case in 1976, although they were acquitted of the charge of the murder of PPP stalwart Hayat Khan Sherpao, the decision to ban the NAP was upheld by the courts. In addition to Khan Abdul Wali Khan, the case also implicated two governors, two chief ministers, scores of national and provincial parliamentarians, Khan Amirzadah Khan, Syed Kaswar Gardezi, Habib Jalib (Urdu revolutionary poet) and Mir Gul Khan Nasir (Balochi Revolutionary Poet/Leader) and even some of Bhutto’s former colleagues, many of whom were later re-elected and became federal or provincial ministers.
	With the NAP leadership largely imprisoned, a new political party was formed on the wreckage of the NAP in 1976 by Sherbaz Khan Mazari. Named National Democratic Party (NDP), it was headed by Sherbaz Khan Mazari. The Hyderabad case was withdrawn after General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq imposed martial law in July 1977. Wali Khan left party affairs to Sher Baz Mazari after his release from jail in 1979. The party faced a split at that time between far left elements led by Khair Bakhsh Marri advocating outright separation and armed struggle and those advocating political struggle led by Sherbaz Khan Mazari. The split ended the alliance between Pashtun Nationalists and Baloch Nationalists that Wali Khan had formed in 1969 and led to the formation of the Pakistan National Party.
	Sherbaz Khan Mazari led the NDP into joining the Movement for Restoration of Democracy. The alliance with former rivals the PPP did not go down well with Ghaffar Khan who encouraged by Governor Fazle Haq warned Ghaffar Khan of what would happen if the PPP returned to power.
	This move led to a split between Mazari and Wali Khan which were aggravated after Wali Khan in a statement rejected the 1973 constitution and Wali Khan's election as NDP President.
	The NDP was merged with other nationalist parties from Balochistan and Sindh in 1986 in Karachi to launch a new political party named Awami National Party with Wali Khan as its president and Rasul Bux Palejo as its general-secretary.

= = = Rob Burnett (American football) = = =

	Robert Barry Burnett (born August 27, 1967) is a former defensive end who played in the NFL for 14 seasons.
	Burnett attended Newfield High School located on Long Island, New York. He played college football at Syracuse University, where he was a four-year letterman, and was a semifinalist for the Lombardi Award in 1989, his senior year.
	Rob Burnett was drafted in the 5th round with the 129th pick in the 1990 NFL Draft by the Cleveland Browns, with whom Burnett made his only Pro Bowl. He played there until the Browns moved to Baltimore, when he became a member of the Ravens. Playing for the Baltimore Ravens into 2001, Burnett earned a Super Bowl Ring when the Ravens defeated the New York Giants in Super Bowl XXXV. Due to salary cap issues, Burnett was not brought back by the Ravens after 2001. After playing two more seasons with the Miami Dolphins, Burnett retired.
	In 2006, Rob Burnett became a commentator for WBAL-AM, specifically covering Baltimore Ravens games. Burnett was present during the Ravens' Super Bowl XXXV reunion, in 2010.
	Burnett was inducted into the Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame on Long Island in the Football Category with the Class of 2001.

= = = Vouliagmenis Avenue = = =

	Vouliagmenis Avenue () is one of the longest avenues in the Greater Athens area, stretching from central Athens to the seaside resort of Vouliagmeni. The total length is 21 km. The avenue begins at Athanasios Diakos Street and Michalakopoulou Street and the southbound portion of the avenue runs with three lanes to the southern portion of Athens and eastern Dafni. The two nearest Athens Metro subway stations that lie within this avenue are Agios Ioannis, Dafni and Agios Dimitrios (opened in 2004) and part of the southern section of the Red Line runs underneath the avenue. It has an intersection with the road linking with the Hymettus Ring of the Attiki Odos motorway and Katechaki Avenue. It also has several intersections in Glyfada and with the Vari-Koropi Avenue.

= = = TalkOrigins Archive = = =

	The TalkOrigins Archive is a website that presents mainstream science perspectives on the antievolution claims of young-earth, old-earth, and "intelligent design" creationists. With sections on evolution, creationism, geology, astronomy and hominid evolution, the web site provides broad coverage of evolutionary biology and the socio-political antievolution movement.
	The TalkOrigins Archive began in 1994 when Brett J. Vickers collected several separately posted FAQs from the talk.origins newsgroup and made them available from a single anonymous FTP site. In 1995, Vickers, then a computer science graduate student at the University of California at Irvine, created the TalkOrigins Archive web site. In 2001, Vickers transferred the TalkOrigins Archive to Wesley R. Elsberry, who organized a group of volunteers to handle the maintenance of the Archive.
	In 2004, Kenneth Fair incorporated the TalkOrigins Foundation as a Texas 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. The Foundation's purposes include funding and maintaining the TalkOrigins Archive and holding copyrights to Archive articles, thereby simplifying the process of reprinting and updating those articles. The copyright issue has posed a particular problem since the FAQs started off as a small collection with little thought given to copyright but have since mushroomed. In 2005, the Foundation was granted tax-exempt status by the IRS.
	The FAQs and FRAs (Frequently Rebutted Assertions) on the TalkOrigins Archive cover a wide range of topics associated with evolutionary biology and creationism. These include Mark Isaak's Index to Creationist Claims, a list of creationist positions on various issues, rebuttals, and links to primary source material. The TalkDesign site fulfills a similar role with the Intelligent Design movement. Also hosted is Jim Foley's Fossil Hominids sub-site which studies the evidence for human evolution and has an extensive list of links to websites on both evolutionary biology and creationism. Lastly, the Quote Mine Project examines the use of Quote miningtaking quotes out of contextby creationists. The feedback system collects reader comments and posts a compilation, along with responses, each month. The archive maintains a sister site which addresses Intelligent Design arguments.
	Talkorigins.org has gained awards and recognition over the years:
	The Archive is also referenced in college-level textbooks and has had material from the archive incorporated into over 20 college or university courses.

= = = SATC = = =

	SATC may refer to:

= = = Tony Brackens = = =

	Tony Lynn Brackens, Jr. (born December 26, 1974) is a former American college and professional football player who was a defensive end in the National Football League (NFL) for nine seasons. He played college football for the University of Texas, and earned All-American honors. A second-round pick in the 1996 NFL Draft, he played for the Jacksonville Jaguars for his entire pro football career.
	Brackens was born and raised in Fairfield, Texas. He attended Fairfield High School, and played for the Fairfield Eagles high school football team.
	Brackens attended the University of Texas at Austin, where he played for the Texas Longhorns football team from 1992 to 1995. He developed a reputation as a ferocious hitter as a defensive end. As senior in 1995, he was recognized as a consensus first-team All-American and was also a first-team All-Southwest Conference selection. He finished his career ranked eighth on the Longhorns' all-time list with 24 sacks. He was also a key contributor to the 1995 Longhorns team that went 10-1 and won the Southwest Conference and gained a berth in the 1996 Sugar Bowl against the Virginia Tech Hokies.
	He was taken in the second round of the 1996 NFL draft by the Jacksonville Jaguars, for whom he played his entire professional career. His lone Pro Bowl appearance came in 2000, after the 1999 season in which he had 12 sacks and 8 forced fumbles. As of 2011, he held the all-time Jacksonville Jaguars records for several categories: sacks (55), fumble recoveries (13) and forced fumbles (28). He is also the leading tackler (all-time) among Jaguars defensive ends.
	He was released in 2004, after a series of troubling leg injuries and operations. About his release, Brackens stated, "Mentally and physically, I thought I could probably still do it, but I didn’t want to put up with all the rule changes. All the stuff they’re doing to players takes the fun out of the game." The moment in which he was let go was captured by NFL Films in "Jacksonville Jaguars: Inside the Training Camp", an unofficial version of the Hard Knocks TV series.

= = = Radio Classics = = =

	Radio Classics is a US old time radio network owned by RSPT LLC. It provides the programming content for Sirius XM Radio's 24-hour satellite radio channel of the same name. Radio Classics also syndicates the Radio Spirits-branded program "When Radio Was" to over 200 terrestrial radio stations. In addition, Radio Classics has a monthly online subscription service, providing subscribers with unlimited streaming and twenty hours per month of downloads of old time radio shows that have appeared on past "When Radio Was", "Radio Super Heroes", "Radio Movie Classics", or "Radio Hall of Fame" (special edition of "When Radio Was" that focuses on National Radio Hall of Fame inductees) installments.
	Shows broadcast by Radio Classics include "The Jack Benny Program", "Abbott & Costello", "Gunsmoke", "The Mysterious Traveler", and "The Shadow". Hard-boiled noir detectives such as Philip Marlowe, Richard Diamond, and Johnny Dollar are also featured.
	The Sirius XM channel, carried on channel 148 on XM (where it was on channel 164) and Sirius (where it was on channel 118), is hosted by Greg Bell, who had previous radio experience as a program director, news director, sports director, anchor, and reporter. Shows are played in two-hour blocks of programming which are rotated in different time slots during the week. This allows the audience in various time zones to be able to hear a show at convenient times. Commercials and Sirius XM promos are played before, after and during the old radio shows, though the amount of advertising time does not exceed eight minutes per hour. Occasionally, the original vintage commercials are broadcast, though the majority of the spots are modern commercials provided by Sirius XM and/or their sponsors.
	Prior to February 1, 2009 XM and Sirius had separate Radio Classics channels, with different programming on each. They were combined as part of the larger merger between the two satellite radio services.

= = = The Bhagavad Guitars = = =

	The Bhagavad Guitars were an indie-rock band which formed in 1985 as Inner Circle in Canberra by Jeremy Butterworth on guitar and vocals, Kynan Hughes on bass guitar and Matt Kerr on drums and John Kilbey (under the pseudonym, John Underwood, for their first three releases to distance himself from brother Steve Kilbey and his band, the Church) on guitar and vocals. Hughes was replaced successively by Adrian Workman and then by Tony Locke. They recorded three 12 inch extended plays for Red Eye before recording a studio album, "Introversion", in 1991 which was shelved due to record company disputes until July 1996. Meanwhile, they issued their first album, "Hypnotised", in May 1992 via Karmic Hit/Shock, and disbanded in 1998. The group reformed in 2008 to record a new album, "Unfamiliar Places", released in May 2011.
	The Bhagavad Guitars were formed in 1985 as Inner Circle in Canberra by Jeremy Butterworth on guitar, vocals and flute, John Underwood (a.k.a. John Kilbey) on guitar and vocals, Kynan Hughes on bass guitar and Matt Kerr on drums. As teenagers they had played together in a band while students at Dickson College. In 1987 they relocated to Sydney and renamed themselves, the new name, "was derived from a pun on the title of the Hindu book "Bhagavad Gita"." Butterworth later reflected, "We started off seriously interested in Eastern thinking, different philosophies, meditation... etc but now we're more cynical."
	In July 1988 they released their debut five-track extended play, "Foreverglades", which was produced by the Church's Steve Kilbey (Underwood's older brother) for Red Eye Records. Its "featured track, 'Just to Be Sure' became a radio hit in Sydney." They followed in October with a six-track EP, "Headland", where Hughes had been replaced on bass guitar by Adrian Workman.
	Red Eye compiled the two EPs, leaving off "Shrine" from "Headland", into a full-length album, also titled, "Foreverglades", in July 1990. They followed with a third EP, "Party", with six tracks, in October of that year. Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, observed, "The band's brand of spacious, chiming guitar-based pop called to mind the likes of The Crystal Set, The Church and UK band Simple Minds."
	The group's album, "Introversion", was recorded in 1991 but did not appear until July 1996 on Karmic Hit/Shock Records. It included, "a bonus 14-minute CD EP "Extraversion"." In 1992 Kilbey formed a record label, Karmic Hit, which issued the group's single, "Hypnotise Me" in February. They followed with their first studio album, "Hypnotised", in May 1992 with Tony Locke on bass guitar and lead vocals for two tracks, "Romeo Error" and "Accident".
	After the Bhagavad Guitars separated, Kilbey released three solo albums, "Nothing More Than Something to Wear" (February 2003) as John Kilbey, "Catching Some Z's" (2004) as J.L.K. and "Good Fortunes" (March 1999) by the Penny Drops. Kilbey was part of a band, Warp Factor 9, which released an album, "5 Days in a Photon Belt", in 1993.
	The Bhagavad Guitars reformed in 2008 and released another album, "Unfamiliar Places", in May 2011.

= = = Salomon BIG = = =

	The Salomon Broad Investment Grade Index (known as the Salomon BIG or Citigroup BIG) is a common American Bond index, akin to the S&P 500 for stocks, originally owned by Salomon Brothers, run by its successor, Citigroup and now by FTSE Russell. The BIG is generally used for managing broad debt portfolios from short to long-dated maturities, similar to the Barclays Capital Aggregate Bond Index ("Agg") or the Merrill Lynch Domestic Master. 
	The BIG includes treasuries, agency debt, corporates, non-corporate credit, mortgage-backed securities, and asset-backed securities (ABS). Unlike the Agg, it includes 144As, but unlike the Agg, it does not include municipals or commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS). Like the Agg, the BIG does not include any inflation-indexed bonds, and is limited to investment grade securities, including no high-yield debt or emerging market debt.

= = = Stoa Basileios = = =

	Stoa Basileios (), meaning Royal Stoa, was a stoa constructed in Ancient Athens in the 6th century BC and substantially altered in the 5th century BC. It was located in the northwest corner (known as "the Herms" because of the great number of "Herma" set up there) of the Athenian Agora.
	The Royal Stoa was the headquarters of the King Archon and of the Areopagos council (in charge of religious affairs and crime). A statue of "Themis" (representing Justice) stood in front of the building. Copies of some of the city laws were kept in the Stoa.
	The front of the building was where Socrates met Euthyphro and had the conversation which Plato recreated in his "Euthyphro". It was where Socrates was formally charged with impiety by Meletus. Historians believe that the voting for ostracism, a political practice in Athens during the 5th century BC, may have taken place in front of the Royal Stoa.

= = = Shutterstock = = =

	Shutterstock is an American provider of stock photography, stock footage, stock music, and editing tools; it is headquartered in New York City. Founded in 2003 by programmer and photographer Jon Oringer, Shutterstock maintains a library of around 200 million royalty-free stock photos, vector graphics, and illustrations, with around 10 million video clips and music tracks available for licensing. Originally a subscription site only, Shutterstock expanded beyond subscriptions into a la carte pricing in 2008. It has been publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange since 2012.
	Since its founding Shutterstock has acquired a handful of other companies, starting with Bigstock in 2009 and followed by digital asset management software provider Webdam in 2014. After acquiring Rex Features and PremiumBeat in 2015, Shutterstock signed a partnership agreement with the Associated Press and most recently acquired Flashstock in 2017. It also has licensing deals with companies such as Penske Media Corporation. The company had over 100,000 contributors as of March 2016, with an "active customer base of 1.4 million people in 150 countries."
	Shutterstock was founded in 2003 by American entrepreneur and computer programmer Jon Oringer. Creating his own online marketplace, Oringer initially uploaded 30,000 of his own stock photos and made them available via subscription, with unlimited downloads and a monthly starting fee of US$49. When demand exceeded his photo supply, he began hiring additional contributors. In 2006, the firm claimed that it was the "largest subscription-based stock photo agency in the world" with 570,000 images in its collection. The firm branched into film in 2006 with the launch of Shutterstock Footage. , By 2007, the company had 1.8 million photos. Insight Venture Partners invested in the company that year. Shutterstock expanded beyond subscriptions into a la carte pricing in August 2008, with its "On Demand" service removing daily download limits.
	On September 23, 2009, Shutterstock announced that it had purchased Bigstock, a rival credit-based microstock photography agency. "Fast Company" argued the deal put "Shutterstock on a competitive playing field with Getty, whose iStockPhoto is also credit-based." Shutterstock had 11 million royalty-free stock images by early 2010. In February 2011, it announced a two-year partnership with the American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA) 
	By April 2012 the company had 18 million royalty-free stock images. The firm announced the Shutterstock Instant tool in May 2012, which displayed images in an interlocking mosaic to increase viewing speed. The product was launched by the newly formed Shutterstock Labs, which develops tools and interfaces for Shutterstock, among other projects. In May 2012, Shutterstock filed for an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange, which it completed on October 17, 2012 under the ticker SSTK.
	Shutterstock, Inc. announced Spectrum, a new "image discovery tool," in March 2013. At the time, the firm had 24 million licensable photos, vectors and illustrations in its portfolio. In August 2013, Shutterstock and Facebook announced a partnership to integrate Shutterstock's library within Facebook's Ad Creator, allowing advertisers to select from Shutterstock's images when creating ads. At the time, Shutterstock was available in 20 languages including Thai, Korean, French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, German, Russian, Chinese, and Japanese.
	In September 2013, Shutterstock launched Offset, marketplace prioritizing high end curated photos from established artists. In October 2013, the firm stated it served 750,000 customers, with 30 percent of those customers in Europe. Shutterstock's shares had reached a $2.5 billion market value by the fall of 2013, while revenue for 2013 was US$235 million.
	In March 2014, Shutterstock acquired Webdam, a provider of online digital asset management software. In May 2014, the firm partnered with Salesforce to integrate Shutterstock's image library into Salesforce's Social Studio. Shutterstock debuted its Palette tool in July 2014, a "multi-color image discovery tool." The firm announced it had surpassed 2 million video clips on September 2, 2014. Shortly afterwards it revealed a new app meant to help contributors with uploading and categorizing photos. Shutterstock's revenue was $328 million in 2014, an increase of 39% from 2013. In 2014, Shutterstock paid "over $83 million to its roughly 80,000 contributors."
	In January 2015, Shutterstock acquired both Rex Features, Europe's largest independent photo press agency for $33 million, and PremiumBeat, a stock music and sound effects service, for $32 million. Penske Media Corporation formed a partnership with Shutterstock in June 2015 to create and license entertainment and fashion images. According to the terms of the deal, by 2016 Shutterstock would have an exclusive right and license to PMC's archive, which included magazines such as "Variety", "Women's Wear Daily," and "Deadline". "Crain's" wrote that with the partnership, "Shutterstock, a provider of stock imagery and music tracks, is stepping into the world of red carpets and fashion runways—and taking a key provider of fashion and entertainment photos and video away from archrival Getty Images.".
	The company also acquired BEImages, another largest independent photo press agency.
	By March 2016, the company had "over 100,000 contributors," with around 70 million images and 4 million video clips available for licensing and sale. That month Shutterstock announced it would be distributing material from the Associated Press in the United States, with the deal to last 3 years and cover 30 million photos and around 2 million videos. The photos were expected to go live in April. According to "Entrepreneur", Shutterstock also had an "active customer base of 1.4 million people in 150 countries."
	In July 2016, Shutterstock revealed a partnership with Google advertising products including AdSense, AdWords, and AdMob. The integration allows marketers creating Google ads to directly access Shutterstock images and track ad performance via the Shutterstock API. In October 2016, the firm announced a distribution deal with the European Pressphoto Agency.
	In February 2018, Shutterstock invested $15 million into China based ZCool, building on the operational relationship the two firms have had since 2014 when ZCool first became the exclusive distributor of Shutterstock creative content in China. Webdam, which Shutterstock itself acquired back in 2014, was sold to Amsterdam-based Bynder for $49.1 million to move Shutterstock's strategy away from digital asset management. Shutterstock later enter into a partnership with Tencent Social Ads, the online advertising subsidiary of Tencent.
	In May 2018, IBM's Watson Content Hub, a content management system (CMS) for marketers to create content using the IBM Watson AI search tool, announced its partnership with Shutterstock,beginning July, 2018.
	Shutterstock is headquartered in New York. In October 2013 Shutterstock opened its new European headquarters in Berlin, Germany and by March 2014, Shutterstock had additional offices in Amsterdam, Chicago, Denver, London, Montréal, Paris and San Francisco. After maintaining its New York headquarters for years in a Wall Street office, in March 2014 Shutterstock relocated into the Empire State Building. According to "Inc.", the office was selected with the goal of decreasing commute times for New York employees. The new location was built with no private offices, instead with 23 "pop-in rooms" for private meetings and conferences when needed.
	After its founding in 2003 with CEO Jon Oringer as the sole employee, by 2007 Shutterstock had grown to 30 people. In 2010 Oringer hired Thilo Semmelbauer as COO, who had previously worked with TheLadders.com and Weight Watchers. With 295 employees as of October 2013, the firm had grown to 700 employees as of 2016. In 2014, "Fast Company" published an article featuring Shutterstock as an example of a successful "intrapreneur"-reliant company, touting the company's "hackathons" for fostering staff creativity.
	In response to the company censoring results in China, over 180 Shutterstock employees signed a petition again the decision.
	Shutterstock licenses media for online download on behalf of photographers, designers, illustrators, videographers and musicians, maintaining a library of almost 200 million royalty-free stock photos, vector graphics, and illustrations. Shutterstock also has 10 million video clips and music clips in its portfolio. While Shutterstock currently has several payment models, "The Atlantic" wrote in 2012 that Shutterstock "pioneered the subscription approach to stock photo sales, allowing customers to download images in bulk rather than à la carte." "The Atlantic" further wrote that Shutterstock is "a web community in the manner of a Facebook or a Twitter or a Pinterest, with its value relying almost entirely on the enthusiasms of its contributors."
	With potential contributors able to apply to the site for free, Shutterstock has a team of reviewers "charged with ensuring editorial consistency and quality." As of 2016, if one of ten of a photographer's pictures are accepted, then they become a Shutterstock contributor. As of 2011, only around 20 percent of applicants were approved, and "less than 60 percent of all the images uploaded by those approved contributors were ultimately put up on the site." Once approved, contributors can begin uploading their work through the website. They supply keywords, categorize the images, and submit them to the "inspection queue", where images are examined for quality, usefulness and copyright and trademark laws. Each time an image is downloaded, the photographer receives a flat rate. Explains VICE, "photographers retain copyright over their images, but Shutterstock is given full permission to market, display, and license the image to the customers on their site without final approval from the photographer." As of March 2015, contributors added around 50,000 new images daily, and Shutterstock had paid around $250 million to contributors since its founding. In 2014, it paid $80 million to contributors.
	In September 2019, engineers at Shutterstock began designing a system to censor results displayed to users with IP addresses in China, with the system being implemented in October 2019. The system returns no results in response to queries such as "President Xi", "Chairman Mao", "Taiwan flag", "dictator" or "yellow umbrella".
	The company has a history of aggressive marketing practices including misleading pricing, free trial offers with hidden fees, cumbersome switch of automatic subscription renewal as well as the cancellation of the subscription itself. Because of these practices many consider shutterstock to be a scam , .
	Shutterstock began selling stock video in February 2006. Shutterstock Footage operates similarly to their image library, offering video clips by subscription or on a per-clip basis. As of 2014, Shutterstock Footage contained around 2 million royalty-free video clips. Shutterstock Music debuted later, with new content submittable by contributors.
	Shutterstock for iPad was launched in November 2011, and in May 2012 the app received a Webby Award for People's Voice in the tablet app category for utilities and services. Shutterstock for iPad was followed in 2012 by a universal iOS app, which by 2013 had been downloaded 650,000 times. The iOS app originally lacked the ability to download images, with that functionality added later. The universal iOS app also included new features for Shutterstock, including the ability to filter image searches by color. Shutterstock debuted an Android App in 2013, and in September 2014, Shutterstock launched an app dedicated to its contributors, both available for iOS and Android. The app allows contributors to upload, keyword and categorize new images.
	In 2012, Shutterstock launched Shutterstock Labs, a lab for "exploratory tools and products." In May 2012, Shutterstock Images LLC announced the Shutterstock Instant tool, which according to the company was inspired by Shutterstock for iPad. The interface displays images in an interlocking mosaic view, allowing users to view more photos in less time. Shutterstock Instant was made available on the Shutterstock Labs website. The prototype for the search tool Spectrum was launched on March 21, 2013. With development in-house by Shutterstock Labs, the tool "indexes hexagram data to yield search results by color." In July 2014, Shutterstock launched Palette, which allows users to add colors to the terms of the search, in addition to keywords.
	Shutterstock has developed a number of tools utilizing a "convolutional neural network" that it created to help with reverse image search technology. The network is "essentially a computer system that is trained to recognize images – there are millions of specific items such as cats, bicycles, the night sky – and pull up the most relevant photos." It "breaks down the key components of a photo numerically, drawing from its pixel data instead of metadata that is pulled from those tags and keywords."
	In March 2016, Shutterstock debuted its Reverse Image Search tool. According to "Entrepreneur," with the tool "users can upload an image, either from Shutterstock or another source, and the tool will call up images that look like and have a similar feel to the original photo." The reverse image search allows users to not just search by keywords, but to also find images based on "color schemes, mood, or shapes." Later that month, the firm debuted its Similar Search and Discovery tools, with the "similar search" option provided beneath photos on its website.

= = = WWE Cyber Sunday = = =

	Cyber Sunday was an annual professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). From 2004 to 2005, the event was known as Taboo Tuesday and was exclusive to the Raw brand.
	During the event's "Taboo Tuesday" years, it was the first regularly-scheduled pay-per-view held by the company on a Tuesday since 1991's This Tuesday in Texas, the first regularly-scheduled non-Sunday pay-per-view since the 1994 Survivor Series, and the first non-Sunday pay-per-view of any kind since in 1996. The inaugural event was held in October, and the 2005 event was pushed back to early November. By 2006 the show was moved to a more traditional Sunday night slot—alleviating problems with the taping schedule of "SmackDown!" (usually held on Tuesdays)—and renamed Cyber Sunday.
	The most distinctive feature of Cyber Sunday was the ability for fans to vote on certain aspects of every match. The voting typically began in the middle of an episode of "Raw" a few weeks beforehand and ended during the pay-per-view, often moments before the match was slated to begin. Because of this, Cyber Sunday was billed as an "interactive pay-per-view". For the first four events, voting was made online through WWE.com, with the official tag line for the PPV being ""Log On. Take Over."" In 2008 however, this was replaced by votes through text messaging but this was only available to United States mobile carriers. However, the match between The Undertaker and The Big Show was made universal, as fans were allowed to vote for the match stipulation on WWE.com.
	In 2009, the event's Pay-Per-View slot was replaced by Bragging Rights. However, the fan interaction aspects of the pay-per-view have since been incorporated into "Raw" as "WWEActive" (originally "RawActive") for most "Raw" episodes.

= = = Anne-Marie Hurst = = =

	Anne-Marie Hurst was the lead vocalist for the groups the Elements, Skeletal Family and Ghost Dance. She was the lead vocalist of the Elements until 1982. In December 1982, she helped form Skeletal Family. After departing from Skeletal Family in 1985, she co-founded Ghost Dance with Gary Marx (formerly of the Sisters of Mercy).
	Hurst released her first solo album, "Day of All Days", in 2011 on Jungle Records.

= = = Poughkeepsie Galleria = = =

	The Poughkeepsie Galleria (locally known as "The Galleria") is a shopping center on U.S. 9 in the Town of Poughkeepsie, New York, located just north of Wappingers Falls, and is the largest shopping center in Dutchess County. The Galleria has an area of with two floors containing 123 shops and restaurants as well as a 16-screen, stadium-seating Regal Cinemas theater. 
	The Galleria is owned and managed by The Pyramid Companies, a group who also owns and manages regional sister mall the Palisades Center in West Nyack, NY. The Galleria has adopted the Pyramid corporate "MB-18" teenage curfew policy on Friday and Saturday evenings, a policy that began in September 2005. Anchor stores include Best Buy, Dick's Sporting Goods, JCPenney, Macy's, Sears, and Target.
	In the early 1980s, a proposal for a two-story indoor mall in Poughkeepsie, New York was submitted. Despite much conflict and many protests, the proposal was submitted, and the mall opened on August 1, 1987 as the Poughkeepsie Galleria Mall.
	Upon opening, the mall had five anchor stores: G. Fox & Co., Jordan Marsh, Lechmere, Filene's, and J. C. Penney. Due to underperformance, the Filene's store closed in 1989 and was replaced with Steinbach, which relocated from South Hills Mall next door. Sears also announced plans to relocate from South Hills Plaza at the same time. Steinbach closed in 1995 and became Dick's Sporting Goods and DSW Shoe Warehouse the same year. Filene's returned to the mall in the early 1990s by taking over the defunct G. Fox chain, while Sears ultimately opened at the mall after Jordan Marsh was vacated. Montgomery Ward also moved into the mall in the early 1990s, becoming the sixth anchor and replacing an existing store in Poughkeepsie.
	In 2004, both DSW and Dick's moved to new locations vacated by Montgomery Ward, while the former Filene's and Lechmere building was converted to Target.
	During January 2005, the mall announced it would enact and begin enforcing the Pyramid Companies' "MB-18" teenage curfew policy beginning in September 2005, following a large fight involving young teenagers in front of then-Filene's. Due to the size of the incident, local police were called, and several arrests were made. Filene's was converted to Macy's in 2006.

= = = Mirko Marjanović = = =

	Mirko Marjanović (, ; 27 July 1937 – 21 February 2006) was a former Prime Minister of Serbia from 1994 to 2000 and a high-ranking official in Slobodan Milošević's Socialist Party of Serbia (SPS).
	Marjanović was born into a large working-class family with 7 children in Knin, in the Littoral Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (present-day Croatia). He had 4 brothers and 2 sisters. His father, Dušan, worked in the local factory, while mother Marija was a homemaker.
	After completing primary school and gymnasium in his hometown, Marjanović moved to Zagreb where he attended musical academy which he never finished.
	He then moved to Belgrade, where in 1960 he graduated at University of Belgrade's Faculty of Economics, more specifically at the department for microeconomics.
	Upon graduation, Marjanović came back to Knin since he found employment there as the supervisor in Tvik factory. From there, he advanced to the position of financial director, and eventually moving on to metallurgical factory in Zenica. In 1973, he transferred to the Moscow outpost of Progres - a state company that handled close to 80% of Yugoslav black metallurgy and other heavy industries. 
	By 1976 he quickly advanced up the ranks to become one of the directors at Progres. He handled company's steel division in Russia quite successfully while developing an impressive network of influential friends and business partners such as Viktor Chernomyrdin (later to become Prime Minister of Russia), and Yuri Brezhnev, son of Leonid Brezhnev.
	In 1979, Marjanović was named as Progres' general director.
	From 1989 until 1994, he was the president of FK Partizan's executive board. One of his more notable moves while at the post was bringing Predrag Mijatović to the club in December 1989. Mijatović, at the time a young promising player from Titograd's FK Budućnost, was very close to signing with Hajduk Split when Marjanović stepped in and convinced him to come to Belgrade. Upon leaving the club, Marjanović was named Partizan's honorary president.
	Marjanović officially commenced his PM term on 18 March 1994. He was widely regarded as little more than a puppet of then Serbian president Slobodan Milošević.
	After early parliamentary elections in late 1997, Milošević's SPS-led coalition (with Yugoslav Left and New Democracy) formed a government with far-right Serbian Radical Party (SRS) led by Vojislav Šešelj. Marjanović was picked for another PM term that started on March 24, 1998.
	Naturally, Marjanović continued as a mere extension of Slobodan Milošević who at this time held the post of President of Yugoslavia. Here's how sources from the top levels of Milošević's Socialist Party of Serbia described Marjanović's government modus operandi in "Evropljanin" magazine: "Prime Minister Marjanović suggests something – ministers do not vote – and then Marjanović simply concludes the matter as agreed on. Of course Marjanović neither suggests nor concludes anything without first consulting Milošević". ("Evropljanin" issue #13, 19 October 1998, p. 15)
	Even deputy PM Vojislav Šešelj indirectly confirmed this operating procedure when he said the government meetings are always well prepared, never lasting longer than 15–20 minutes. ("Srpska slobodarska misao", Vol. I 2000, issue #1, p. 142)
	This two-year period is widely seen as the most brutal whilst Serbia was led by Milošević. Marjanović's government (with Šešelj as its deputy PM), passed two of what critics consider to be the most draconian pieces of legislation in Serbian political history: the University Law that stripped the University of Belgrade of its autonomy, opening the way for the government to install professors, deans and rectors, as well as the Information Law, which aimed to restrict the activities of media financed by political enemies; despite this, the media played a prominent role in the 5 October 2000 coup d'état.
	Similarly to his first term in office, Marjanović again took a back seat, leaving the limelight to more aggressive members of his cabinet like deputy PM Šešelj and Minister of Information Aleksandar Vučić.
	On 21 October 2000, two weeks after the Bulldozer Revolution, Marjanović resigned to be replaced by a transitional government composed of the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS), the Socialist Party of Serbia (SPS), and the Serbian Renewal Movement (SPO) until new parliamentary elections could be organized.
	Marjanović continued to lead Progres all throughout his six and a half years as Serbian PM, though he claimed his status at the company was frozen. The company, which during the 1990s started importing gas from Russia (deal personally negotiated by Marjanović) was still officially publicly owned.
	Although allegations of wrongdoing ran rampant for years, Marjanović was never prosecuted. No legal action was taken against him after the new authorities took office following the overthrow of Slobodan Milošević in October 2000. On 23 January 2002, Marjanović was re-elected as Progres' main board president.
	He died on 21 February 2006, in Belgrade, at age of 68, from undisclosed causes. 

= = = Jessica Schultz = = =

	Jessica Schultz (born January 2, 1985 in Anchorage, Alaska) is an American curler from Richfield, Minnesota. She currently plays second for Erika Brown.
	Schultz was a member of the United States women's curling team at the 2006 Winter Olympics. For the 2006 U.S. World Team Trials in March, Schultz was named skip, or captain, of Team USA (the team's regular skip, Cassie Johnson, did not play in the tournament), and the team finished fourth under her direction.
	She joined the Erika Brown rink in 2011. Brown and her team won the 2013 United States Women's Curling Championship and went on to represent the United States at the 2013 World Women's Curling Championship, finishing in fourth after losing the bronze medal game to Canada's Rachel Homan. They also qualified to participate at the 2014 United States Olympic Curling Trials. They finished first in the round robin standings and defeated Allison Pottinger in a best-of-three series final to clinch the berth to the Olympics.
	She lived in Duluth, Minnesota. While attending Lake Superior College, she studied physical therapy.

= = = Bobby Kingsbury = = =

	Bobby Kingsbury (born August 30, 1980) in Cleveland, Ohio, is an American baseball player. He is a two-time Atlantic 10 Player of the Year and went on to play in the Pittsburgh Pirates minor-league organization. Kingsbury was the first baseball player to earn back-to-back Atlantic 10 Player of the Year Awards, in 2001 and 2002. He went to school at Fordham where he set an NCAA record for stolen bases in a game (8), and was drafted by the Pirates in the 8th round of the 2002 Major League Baseball Draft, but his excellent glove, a quick bat, an intelligent hitting approach, and his work ethic could have given him a third or fourth-round pick if he'd gone to a warm-weather college. 
	During the 2004 Summer Olympics held in Athens, Greece, Kingsbury, who has a Greek grandmother, was given the chance to play for the host nation, Greece. Most of the players on the Greek baseball team were Americans with Greek heritage, including North Florida coach Dusty Rhodes, and White Sox scout John Kazanas, Clay Bellinger of the Orioles, outfielders Nick Markakis the Orioles and Nick Theodorou of the Dodgers, and catchers Mike Tonis of Royals and George Kottaras of the Padres. 
	Kingsbury, an alumnus and 2008 Hall of Fame inductee of Fordham University and current member of the Pittsburgh Pirates organization, picked up one of the biggest hits of the tournament for Greece, an RBI triple, in their lone win, which came against Italy in the preliminary round.
	In the spring of 2006, Kingsbury was invited to the Pirates major-league camp in Bradenton, FL as a non-roster invitee. During the seventh inning of the first game against the Philadelphia Phillies, Kingsbury dove for a ball in right field and upon hitting the ground dislocated his left throwing shoulder. He fully tore his rotator cuff and labrum thus ending his 2006 campaign.

= = = The Curse of the Daleks = = =

	The Curse Of The Daleks is a Dalek stage play, written by David Whitaker and Terry Nation, which appeared for one month at the Wyndham's Theatre in London beginning 21 December 1965. It is notable for being Terry Nation's first live action attempt to exercise his ownership of the Dalek concept independently of the BBC. As such, it does not include the character of the Doctor, the TARDIS or any other elements from the "Doctor Who" television series. Produced by John Gale and Ernest Hecht, and directed by Gillian Howell, it was performed mostly as a matinée indicating that children were the intended primary audience.
	Following the crash landing of an Earth spacecraft on Skaro, one of the astronauts believes he can turn the Daleks into his servants. As ever, the Daleks have other plans.
	Freelance writers for the BBC were allowed to retain intellectual property rights over concepts and characters they introduced into individual serials. As a result, Terry Nation found himself co-owning the Dalek phenomenon of the mid-1960s. Nation was eager to find some way of divorcing them from the "Doctor Who" universe so that he could build a franchise which would not require BBC cooperation, and two such attempts were made in 1965.
	One was the Doctor and companionless episode "Mission to the Unknown". Though commonly known as an introduction to the "Doctor Who" serial, "The Daleks' Master Plan", it was also preparatory to a proposed Dalek-only pilot called, "The Destroyers". Had it been completed, "The Destroyers" would have been centred on the same "Space Security Service" seen in "Mission to the Unknown" and "Master Plan".
	The play was the second attempt, which introduced the idea of the accidental human discovery of the planet Skaro (similar to the storyline of the TARDIS crew in "The Daleks"), and the humans' subsequent reaction against the Daleks.
	While this was the only one of the approaches to be produced on the strength of Terry Nation's ownership alone, it received no further independent development. Elements from this play were later reworked by David Whitaker for the Second Doctor television story "The Power of the Daleks".
	"The Times" newspaper's anonymous critic gave "The Curse of the Daleks" a mixed but generally positive assessment in a review published on 22 December 1965. "No less compelling on the stage than the television screen, the Daleks are the undoubted stars of this futuristic adventure story," opened the piece. The reviewer concluded that: "After their false start, depending too much on weak jokes and technical jargon, a feeling of genuine crisis is generated. And the patience of the youthful matinée audience is rewarded as the Dalek menace increases. Despite the rather stilted dialogue, the actors play with all possible conviction, and Gillian Howell's direction has the necessary pace."
	In 2008 Big Finish Productions released "The Curse of the Daleks" as an audio drama, directed by Nicholas Briggs. The only returning cast member from the original production was John Line, playing the older professor character instead of Ladiver.
	Cast
	For a time an animated CGI version of "The Curse Of The Daleks", created by Doctor Who enthusiast Stuart Palmer, was available to view on line. It was removed so as not to compete with the Big Finish audio adaptation. A number of still images and reviews of the production remain, located on the website www.alteredvistas.co.uk.

= = = Joe Friel = = =

	Joe Friel is an endurance sports coach best known as an elite triathlon and cycling coach as well as the author of "The Triathlete's Training Bible", "The Cyclist's Training Bible", "The Mountain Biker's Training Bible", "Going Long: Training for Ironman-Distance Triathlons", and "Your First Triathlon".
	Friel holds a master's degree in exercise science, is a USA Triathlon and USA Cycling certified elite-level coach. He is a founder and past Chairman of the USA Triathlon National Coaching Commission. He has also been active in business as the founder of TrainingPeaks, a web-based software company, and TrainingBible Coaching.
	Friel coached Ryan Bolton, an Olympic athlete and the winner of the 2002 Ironman Triathlon at Lake Placid. Friel uses the training philosophy of periodization developed by Tudor Bompa.

= = = Creía yo = = =

	Creía yo ("I Believed") is a short poem in Spanish written by Macedonio Fernández, first published in 1953, which has much to say on the power struggle of the trinity of life occurrences, Life, Love, and Death. In the poetry of Macedonio, these three characters play a large role as important aspects of every person’s life.
	Throughout the seven lined poem, Macedonio maintains a constant rhythm and beat by writing each verse, except for the third, with eleven syllables, taking into account synalephas. At the same time, Macedonio retains a soft, calm sound in his words with many uses of alliteration. In the listening to "Creía yo" being read out loud, it is obvious that this poem was written with euphony in mind. This style adds to the concept that Love, though subtle and delicate, is much stronger than Death. Another form of alliteration that is utilized can be found in the vocals of the poem as well. “Mas poco Muerte puede, pues no puede” In this one verse alone, the sounds of “m,” “ue,” and “p” are used often. Yet these three sounds are also consistently used throughout the poem to maintain the steady pattern of sound. The rhyme scheme for the poem is ABAAACA.

= = = Dominique chicken = = =

	The Dominique, also known as Dominicker or Pilgrim Fowl, is a breed of chicken ("Gallus gallus domesticus") originating in the United States during the colonial period. It is considered America's oldest breed of chicken, probably descending from chickens brought to New England from southern England during colonial times. By the 19th century, they were widely popular and were raised in many parts of the country. Dominiques are a dual purpose breed, being valued for their meat as well as for their brown eggs. They weigh at maturity. In earlier times, their feathers were much sought after as stuffing for pillows and mattresses.
	This breed originated in New France, now Quebec. After the Plymouth Rock breed was developed from the Dominiques in the 1870s, the Dominiques' popularity declined, until by 1950 they were so rare as to be considered nearly extinct. During the 1970s, Dominiques were listed in "Critical" status by the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy, with fewer than 500 breeding birds in North America. However, due to a revival of interest in them and other rare breeds, the Dominiques have made a comeback and are now listed on the "Watch" list, indicating lesser danger of extinction.
	Dominiques are quite distinctive in appearance. They have a rose comb and a heavy plumage of irregularly striped dark grey and light grey feathers (a pattern called "barring" or sometimes "hawk coloring"). This dark/light grey striping is often mistaken for black and white striping. The breed matures quickly, producing eggs at about six months of age, and at that age, considered a hen.
	At first glance, Dominiques and Barred Rocks appear strikingly similar, often leading to confusion when discerning a particular breed. The strongest indicators are the comb, plumage, and color.
	Dominiques possess a rose comb while Barred Rocks possess a single comb. This is generally the most obvious difference.
	Dominiques exhibit staggered barring in their plumage, lending to a somewhat mottled appearance. Barred Rocks exhibit crisp, parallel barring.
	Dominiques exhibit a softer contrast of "not quite black on not quite white", while Barred Rocks exhibit a high-contrast black-on-white color.
	Dominique hens tend to be calm, personable birds (a desirable trait in an egg production bird). Their calm, steady demeanor makes them successful as show birds or family pets. However, Dominique roosters can sometimes be even more aggressive than the Rhode Island Red and have been known to kill small cats, snakes, and even mink.
	The hens tend to be good mothers, brooding and raising chicks with a high rate of success.
	The Dominique is hardy and a good forager, traits which are attributed to the harsh conditions in which the breed first developed.

= = = Frank Winters = = =

	Frank Mitchell Winters (born January 23, 1964) is a former American football center in the National Football League for the Cleveland Browns, New York Giants, Kansas City Chiefs, and the Green Bay Packers.
	Frank Mitchell Winters was born in Hoboken, New Jersey. He lived in Union City, and played football at Emerson High School. 
	Winters played American football at Western Illinois University and was drafted in the tenth round of the 1987 NFL Draft.
	Winters was the Packers' starting center serving for eight straight seasons (1993–2000). He played in the Pro Bowl and also earned USA Today All-Pro honors in 1999. His nickname was "Frankie Baggadonuts" or "Old Bag of Donuts".
	On July 18, 2008, Winters was inducted into the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame. His ceremony was marked by heightened media interest because quarterback Brett Favre gave the induction speech amidst the developing saga regarding Favre's status with the Packers.
	On May 20, 2009, Winters got an internship with the Indianapolis Colts.
	He has part ownership in a popular Missouri bar and grill, Frankie & Johnny's.

= = = Pelorus River = = =

	Te Hoiere / Pelorus River is a river at the northern end of South Island of New Zealand in the region of Marlborough. It flows from the Richmond Range into Pelorus Sound. This area is fantastic for camping and is renowned for its magnificent river swimming where the Pelorus River runs through a gorge at Pelorus Bridge.
	At Pelorus Bridge Scenic Reserve, the river was used as a film locations for the barrel rider scene in "", which increased the area's popularity for river rafting.
	In August 2014, the river's name was officially altered to Te Hoiere / Pelorus River.
	The Pelorus River was originally known as Te Hoeire by local Māori after the first canoe to travel to the South Island. The river flows east until it enters Pelorus Sound at Havelock. The valley was the site of a massacre of Ngāti Kuia and Ngāti Apa ki te Rā Tō by Te Rauparaha. European exploration and exploitation was begun by Lieutenant Chetwode of in 1838, who named both the river and the sound after his vessel.

= = = Richmond Webb = = =

	Richmond Jewel Webb (born January 11, 1967) is a former National Football League offensive tackle with the Miami Dolphins and the Cincinnati Bengals. Webb played college football for Texas A&M University. He was selected by the Dolphins as the ninth overall pick in the 1990 NFL Draft.
	He played for the Dolphins for eleven seasons and set team records for 118 consecutive starts and seven consecutive Pro Bowls. After playing for the Dolphins, Webb played two seasons for the Bengals. His career declined due to injuries, and though he tried out for the Dolphins in 2003, Webb wasn't signed and he decided to retire in the fall of 2004. On July 9, 2005, Webb signed a one-day contract to retire as a member of the Dolphins.
	On December 25, 2006, Webb was inducted into the Dolphins Honor Roll. He was the second Miami player to be inducted in 2006, following Dick Anderson, and the 16th overall.
	Webb attended Dallas Independent School District's Roosevelt High School, where his teammates included future NFL players Aaron Wallace and Kevin Williams.

= = = Stevie Jackson = = =

	Stephen "Stevie" Jackson (born 16 January 1969) is a Scottish musician and songwriter. He is best known for playing lead guitar and singing in the Glasgow-based indie band Belle and Sebastian.
	Prior to joining Belle & Sebastian, Jackson was a member of the now-defunct The Moondials, a band that released a single on Electric Honey, a label that would later issue Belle & Sebastian's first album, "Tigermilk". The Moondials experience was a pleasant one for Jackson, and it took a great deal of work for nominal Belle & Sebastian frontman Stuart Murdoch to convince him to join his group. At the time, Murdoch was playing the open mic circuit in Glasgow as a solo act, and it was at one of these performances, at The Halt Bar, that Jackson first saw Murdoch play.
	In the beginning, Belle & Sebastian existed mostly as an outlet for Murdoch's songwriting. Since the band's third album, "The Boy With The Arab Strap", other members have begun to contribute, Jackson chief amongst them. All of the band's subsequent full-lengths have featured compositions by Jackson, and he wrote the band's 2001 single "Jonathan David" as well as "To Be Myself Completely" for 2006's "The Life Pursuit".
	In 2012 Jackson, accompanied by members of the Glasgow band The Wellgreen, recorded a version of George McCrae's "Rock Your Baby" for a fundraising cd titled "Super Hits Of The Seventies" for US radio station WFMU. Jackson has undertaken several collaborative works with Roy Moller.

= = = Christopher Galvin = = =

	Christopher B. Galvin (born March 21, 1950) is an American businessman. He served as the chairman and chief executive officer of Motorola from 1997 to 2003.
	Christopher Galvin is the grandson of Paul Galvin, the founder of Motorola, and the son of Robert Galvin, who served as CEO of Motorola from 1959 to 1990. He received his BS in political science from Northwestern University and his M.B.A. from the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University.
	From 1967 to 1973, during college, Galvin held part-time summer assignments at Motorola. From 1973 to 1983, he served full-time positions in sales, sales management, marketing management and mobile two-way radio product management, taking leave 1975–77 to attend graduate business school full-time. From 1983 to 1985, he became marketing director then general manager of the Tegal semiconductor equipment unit owned by Motorola Inc. In 1985, he became vice-president and director of Motorola's radio paging Division, where he sponsored the team that created one of the first virtually completely automated manufacturing operations in the US, called Project Bandit. Galvin was promoted to corporate vice-president and general manager of paging. In 1988, he was named chief corporate staff officer of the corporation, later senior vice president and appointed to the Policy and Operating Committees of Motorola Inc. In 1990, he was promoted to assistant chief operating officer and joined as the third member of the office of the CEO of Motorola Inc. In 1993, he was elevated to president and chief operating officer. In 1997, he became CEO. In 1999, he added the role of chairman of the board to that of CEO.
	Following the dot.com crash in 2000, he led a massive three-year restructuring of Motorola that included large lay-offs, closure of manufacturing facilities and reducing break-even costs. Simultaneously, Galvin led the renewal of Six Sigma Quality through Digital Six Sigma and introduced Motorola's MOTO language advertising campaign in 2002. The RAZR cellular phone was designed by Galvin's innovators in new product development methodologies created during the 2001–2003 timeframe. RAZR was introduced July 27, 2004. The innovations behind the RAZR was so cutting edge that even Galvin's eventual successor, Ed Zander, stated “There was a small team developing the RAZR before I got there. When I saw the technology, it blew me away.”
	On September 19, 2003, the board of directors announced publicly it would seek another CEO. Galvin stated his objection to the board's view of Galvin's turnaround efforts, and stated, "The Board and I do not share the same view of the pace, strategy and progress at this stage of the turnaround.”
	Sixteen working days later, on October 13, 2003, Motorola Inc. reported that its global customer new product orders were up 25% company-wide and up 44% for cellular mobile phones in Q3 2003 compared to Q3 2002. Similarly, on January 20, 2004, Motorola Inc. reported on Galvin's last full quarter serving as CEO and the quarter of the board's search for a new CEO, Q4 2003, that Motorola's collection of global telecom, semiconductor, automotive, broadband-media and public safety customers increased new product line orders by 42% and by 64% in their cellular mobile phone business compared to Q4 2002.
	He was forced to resign on January 4, 2004. Seventy-seven working days later, on April 20, 2004, Motorola announced its financial performance for Q1, 2004, the quarter of Galvin's departure. The data showed that the then $30 billion run rate in annual revenue resulted in a 42% increase in sales corporatewide revenue growth, a 532% improvement in operating earnings, $0.9B in pre-tax earnings, $0.7B in free cash flow, and a resulting $0.9B net cash position on the balance sheet. Motorola Inc.’s cellular mobile phone business recorded an uptick of 67% sales revenue growth ($4.1B in quarterly sales) and earned a 9.8% operating margin for the period, three months before the RAZR phone was to be announced. At the time Motorola Inc.’s business portfolio included four Fortune 500 sized multi-billion business sectors compared to its six business sectors at the time. Zander, who assumed the CEO role on January 5, 2004, stated after the announcement of Q1 2004 financial results "The first 90 days I talked to everybody. My agenda was very simple: learning the business as fast as I could. I did not want to shoot from the hip."
	The following quarter, the financial performance initiated by Galvin proved sustainable and repeatable. On July 20, 2004, Motorola reported Q2 2004 results of increased sales revenue growth by 41% to $8.7B, an improvement in operating earnings by 394%, $800 M in pre-tax earnings, $800 M in free cash flow, and a $1.8B net cash position on the balance sheet. The cellular mobile phone business recorded an increased sales revenue growth of 67%, equating to $3.9B in quarterly sales while maintaining a 10.2% operating margin.
	In 2008, several years after Galvin's departure, a study was completed by the Monitor-Global Business Network consulting company to identify and compare the best + $5B in revenue global high tech corporate turnarounds since 1990. In comparing six-year periods including three years of turnaround actions and the corresponding companies’ resulting financial performance, the study placed Galvin's turnaround of Motorola as one of the top five large high tech turnarounds. The companies compared were IBM, Apple, Xerox, HP and Motorola.
	In 2010, he was featured in the Andrea Redmond book "Comebacks: Powerful Lessons from Leaders Who Endured Setbacks and Recaptured Success on Their Terms" (), which details his unplanned departure from Motorola, and how he responded.
	In 2014 Alan Murray, deputy managing editor and executive editor, online for "The Wall Street Journal", posted his review of "Boards that Lead", published by Harvard Business Review Press. The authors were Ram Charan, business advisor, Dennis Carey, vice chairman of Korn Ferry, and Michael Useem, professor at the Wharton Business School. Murray wrote, “Not all the book’s examples are success stories. Inevitably, Messrs. Charan, Carey and Useem devote a few pages to monumental failures. The authors tell the story of the board of Motorola Inc., which the authors blame for destroying the company. In 2004, it pushed out CEO Christopher Galvin (a grandson of the founder) just as his strategy was starting to deliver success, then replaced him with CEOs who enjoyed some early successes based on Mr. Galvin’s efforts, and then presided over the company’s decline and breakup.” The authors attribute this blunder to not backing a bet on solid technology or strategy, of which investment in technology had been the heart and soul of the Motorola culture, and having a reflexive response to the demands of investors, some of whom where short-term traders.
	After departing Motorola, he served as chairman of Navteq Inc. (2004–2008). In mid-2004 Navteq Inc. went public with an IPO. In July 2008, Navteq closed a $8.1B gross cash sale to Nokia generating a positive 255% return to shareholders in at the time of Navteq's IPO.
	Prior to Cleversafe's sale to IBM in late 2015, Galvin was chairman of Cleversafe Inc., a digital storage company. IBM paid more than $1.3 billion in cash acquire Cleversafe Inc., thereby adding data-storage software that works for both public and private cloud-computing systems. This was IBM's largest deal in 2015.
	In 2005, he co-founded Harrison Street Real Estate Capital LLC, a real estate private equity firm, with his brother Michael P. Galvin and Christopher N. Merrill. Harrison Street Real Estate has launched a series of focused and differentiated closed-end opportunity funds. The company's focus is investing in sectors of the real estate market that have their own compelling demand generators. These sectors include: Education, Healthcare and Storage, focusing specifically on Senior Living, Student Housing, Medical Office and Self Storage. The firm's goal is to create a series of differentiated investment products that span the risk/return spectrum. Harrison Street has 85+ employees and is headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. As of Q1 2016 the firm and its affiliates manage approximately $10.4 billion in property assets and publicly traded securities through multiple investment vehicles on behalf of Sovereign Wealth Funds, Public & Corporate Pension Funds, Endowments, Insurance Companies, Foundations and Family Offices. In July 2018, Colliers International acquired Galvin's stake in the business.
	He serves as executive chairman and co-founder of UniqueSoft Inc. a software company that uses highly automated tools and processes to transform legacy code into maintainable, high performance solutions, as well as sits on the board of directors of MCR Inc., a Harrison Street Capital LLC financed roll-up in US Department of Defense services. He is a member of Colliers International's board of directors. 
	He has served as a member of the board of counselors of the Bechtel Corporation.
	He sits on the board of trustees of his alma mater, Northwestern University, the Tsinghua University School of Management and Economics in Beijing, the American Enterprise Institute, The Business Council, the American Society of Corporate Executives, and the Chicago Council of Global Affairs. He serves as chair of the Rhodes Scholars selection committee for Illinois-Michigan. He has served as chairman of the U.S.-China Business Council. He has also served on the boards of the Rand Corporation, the U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of Defense Science Board. He has been an advisor to the City of Tianjin, China, the CEO of Hong Kong, and the Searle Family Trust. In 2004, he co-founded The Galvin Projects, a virtual global think tank that published three books (2008–09).

= = = Earl of Bellomont = = =

	Earl of Bellomont, in the Kingdom of Ireland, was a title that was created three times in the Peerage of Ireland. The first creation came on 9 December 1680 when Charles Kirkhoven, 1st Baron Wotton, was made Earl of Bellomont. He had already been created Baron Wotton, of Wotton in the County of Kent, in the Peerage of England on 31 August 1650. He was childless and both titles became extinct on his death in 1683.
	The second creation came on 2 November 1689 Richard Coote, 2nd Baron Coote, later Governor of New York, was made Earl of Bellomont. He was the son of Richard Coote, who had been created Lord Coote, Baron of Coloony, in the County of Sligo, in the Peerage of Ireland on 6 September 1660. Lord Coote was a younger son of Sir Charles Coote, 1st Baronet, and the younger brother of Charles Coote, 1st Earl of Mountrath (see Coote baronets for more information on this branch of the family). Lord Bellomont was succeeded by his elder son, Nanfan, the second Earl, who in his turn was succeeded by his younger brother, Richard, the third Earl. The earldom became extinct when the latter died without surviving male issue in 1766.
	The late Earl was succeeded in the barony of Coote by his first cousin once removed, Charles Coote, who became the fifth Baron. Charles was the son of Charles Coote (1695–1750), Member of Parliament for County Cavan, son of the Honourable Thomas Coote, a Justice of the Court of King's Bench (Ireland), younger son of the first Baron. On 4 September 1767 the earldom of Bellomont was created for the third time when Charles was made Earl of Bellomont (although the title was probably erroneously spelled "Bell"a"mont" in the letters patent). On 18 May 1774 Lord Bellomont was created a Baronet, of Donnybrooke in the County of Dublin, in the Baronetage of Ireland, with remainder to his illegitimate son Charles Coote. On his death in 1800 the barony and earldom became extinct as he left no surviving legitimate male issue. He was succeeded in the baronetcy according to the special remainder by his illegitimate son, Charles, the second Baronet (see Coote baronets for further history of this title).

= = = Carbon Lehigh Intermediate Unit = = =

	Carbon Lehigh Intermediate Unit #21 (CLIU), located in Schnecksville, Pennsylvania, Lehigh County USA, is one of twenty nine Intermediate Unit Educational Service Agencies created by an Act of the General Assembly of Pennsylvania in 1971. CLIU provides services to 14 public school districts, non-public schools in its service region and two Vocational-Technical schools in Carbon County and Lehigh County. The agency has no taxing power. Its revenues come from federal grants, state grants, private grants, annual payments from each public school district in its region and charges to individuals for some services like driver's education. The agency provides many services including specialized special education services and training for teachers to meet their state mandated continuing professional education with some offered online. CLIU21 also operates a Librarians' Consortium for librarians from public libraries, private libraries, school libraries and higher education librarians.
	The CLIU serves as a coordinating agency for the purpose of bringing together several school districts, vocational schools, businesses, higher education and community groups. The agency is governed by a board made up of one member from each participating public school districts. The members are appointed from the sending school board's elected members. Each local school board reviews and must approve the intermediate unit's annual budget in the spring of each school year.
	Dr. Elaine E. Eib is the Executive Director (contract April 17, 2014 - April 17, 2018, salary $149,972 in 2014). Kimberly A. Talipan serves as the Assistant to the Executive Director (salary $140,349 in 2015). Employees of all Pennsylvania Intermediate units are members of the PSERS state teacher pension system. The teacher and administrator retirement benefits are equal to at least 2.00% x Final Average Salary x Total Credited Service. (Some teachers benefits utilize a 2.50% benefit factor.) After 40 years of service, Pennsylvania public school teachers and administrators can retire with 100% of the average salary of their final 3 years of employment.
	The agency serves:
 
	The CLIU Business Office is the fiscal agent for all revenue and expenditures made by the CLIU. The Business Office oversees approximately 50 different budgets totaling in excess of $80 million. In addition, the Business Office is also responsible for all the external reporting to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and also the Federal government for the various programs and budgets of the CLIU.

= = = Central University of Finance and Economics = = =

	Central University of Finance and Economics (CUFE; ), is a research university located in Beijing, China.
	Central University of Finance and Economics is the first economics and management university which was founded by the China Central Government and now under the direct administration of the Ministry of Education of China. The university is a national key university with subjects in economics, management, law, literature, philosophy, science, engineering, pedagogy and art.
	Central University of Finance and Economics is both a Project 211 and the 985 Innovative Platforms for Key Disciplines Project university, which receives support from the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Finance and the Beijing Government. It is a Chinese Ministry of Education Double First Class Discipline University, with Double First Class status in certain disciplines.
	Central University of Finance and Economics has been regarded as the best university in finance, economics, business and management of China, which is known as "the Cradle of Giants in the Fields of Finance and Management". "In The Report of Chinese Universities and Courses evaluation" of 2017–2018 (released by Research Center for China Science Evaluation), Central University of Finance and Economics was ranked No.1 among 67 finance and economics universities in mainland China. According to "2018 China College Rankings By Salary", the average salaries of CUFE graduates is ranked No.9 in China. In the Assessments of Ministry of Education, the Applied Economics of CUFE is ranked as No. 1 in China, accompanying with the Peking University and the Renmin University of China.
	In 1949, shortly after the founding of the People's Republic of China, CUFE (then called Central School of Taxation), the first university of finance and economics in the Republic, was created by the China Central Government.
	In 1952, the faculties and staffs of economics of the Peking University, the Tsinghua University, the Yenching University, the Fu Jen Catholic University are merged into CUFE.
	The former name of CUFE was Central School of Taxation. Later, it went through several stages of development, from Central Institute of Finance, Central Institute of Finance and Economics, to Central Institute of Finance and Banking.
	In 1996, the Institute was officially renamed as Central University of Finance and Economics (CUFE) under the direct leadership of the Ministry of Education. CUFE upholds "loyalty, unity, truth and innovation" as its motto, adhering to the philosophy of "pursuing truth and excellence". With over 125,000 graduates, CUFE is known as "the Cradle of Giants in the Field of Finance and Management ".
	In 1999, the former president of China, Jiang Zemin, gave CUFE his autograph to celebrate the 50th birthday of the university.
	World-class Discipline honored by the Ministry of Education: Applied Economics, which includes National Economics, Regional Economics, Public Finance, Finance, Industrial Economics, International Trade, Labor Economics, Statistics, Quantitative Economics, Defense Economics, Governmental Economics and Management, Investment, Media Economics, Insurance, Actuarial Science, Security Investment, International Finance, Financial Engineering, Taxation.
	National Key Disciplines honored by the Ministry of Education: Applied Economics, National Economics, Regional Economics, Public Finance, Finance, Industrial Economics, International Trade, Labor Economics, Statistics, Quantitative Economics, Defense Economics, Accounting.
	Municipal Key Disciplines honored by the Beijing Government: Business Administration, Statistics, Political Economics, World Economics, Chinese Marxism, Economic Information Management, Management of Multinational Company
	Key Research Base of the Ministry of Education: China Institute of Actuarial Science
	Central University of Finance and Economics has four campuses in Beijing (Civil Campus, Shahe Campus, Qinghe Campus and Xishan Campus) and operates 38 correspondence centers in 18 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions across China. The schools, centers, institutes and academies of CUFE are listed below.
	School of Public Finance and Tax
	School of Finance
	School of Accountancy
	School of Insurance
	School of Statistics and Mathematics
	School of International Trade and Economics
	School of Economics
	Business School
	School of Management Science and Engineering
	School of Government
	School of Sport Economics and Management
	Law School
	School of Sociology and Psychology
	School of Marxism
	School of Culture and Communication
	School of Foreign Studies
	School of Information
	Institute for Finance and Economics Research
	Institute of Defense Economics and Management
	International Institute of Green Finance
	Center for China Fiscal Development
	China Center for Human Capital and Labor Market Research
	China Economics and Management Academy
	Chinese Academy of Finance and Development
	China Academy of Public Finance and Public Policy
	As of September 2017, Central University of Finance and Economics has 1,759 faculty and staff (1178 full-time teachers). Among full-time teachers, there are 293 professors, 451 associate professors and 434 assistant professors and lecturers.
	In the recent three years (2015–2017), the newly hired faculty members of CUFE are mainly graduated from world-renowned universities, such as
	"North America": UCLA, UC Riverside, UC Davis, Wharton School, Cornell University, Brown University, UIUC, University of Virginia, Boston University, Georgetown University, Emory University, University of Lowa, Queen's University, University of Alberta, University of Waterloo
	"Europe": Leiden University, University of Rome La Sapienza, University of Rome Tor Vergata, University of London, University of Edinburgh, University of Nottingham, University of Hamburg, University of Bonn, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
	"Asia": National University of Singapore, Singapore Management University
	"China": University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Peking University, Tsinghua University, Renmin University of China, Fudan University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
	Currently there are 15,117 students registered at Central University of Finance and Economics, including 10,101 undergraduates, 4,343 masters, 674 PhD candidates.
	CUFE has trained more than 125,000 experts in economics and management who have made, and continue to make, significant contributions to the development of China. Many CUFE alumni hold key positions in government, such as the vice premier of the Central Government, the minister of finance, the central bank governor.
	In the recent three years (2015–2017), more than 50% of the undergraduate students of CUFE will pursuit a master's or doctoral degree after graduation. They mainly go to the universities listed below.
	"North America": MIT, Stanford University, Yale University, University of Chicago, Columbia University, University of California Berkeley, University of Pennsylvania, Johns Hopkins University, New York University, UIUC, Duke University, Washington University in St Louis, Cornell University, Carnegie Mellon University, UC San Diego, University of Washington, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Northwestern University, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, University of California-Los Angeles, University of Texas at Austin, Georgia Institute of Technology, UC Santa Barbara, University of Toronto, University of Waterloo
	"Europe": University of Oxford, Imperial College London, London School of Economics and Political Science, University College London, London Business School, University of Edinburgh, King's College London, University of Manchester, HEC Paris
	"Asia and Oceania": National University of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Management University, University of Melbourne, Australian National University, University of Tokyo, Seoul National University
	"China": University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Central University of Finance and Economics, Renmin University of China, Peking University, Tsinghua University, Fudan University, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, University of Science and Technology of China, Zhejiang University, Nanjing University.
	As of 2017, Central University of Finance and Economics has cooperations with 126 universities, governments, international organizations and companies abroad.
	Started in 2006, asked to help the China's Central Government, CUFE has trained thousands of senior administration officials from 91 developing countries.
	CUFE has cooperations with many universities all over the world, such as University of Waterloo, University of Birmingham, Tilburg University, Stevens Institute of Technology, Victoria University, Academy of Finance of the Russian Federation, St. Petersburg State Economic University, Ukraine Kiev National University of Economics, Chung-Ang University, Tunghai University, Ming Chuan University, Kyungnam University, Soochow University, University of Pernambuco.
	CUFE has cooperations with international organizations as well, such as the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries (IFoA), the Chartered Insurance Institute, the Australian and New Zealand Institute of Insurance and Finance.
	CUFE also has many cooperations with some international companies, such as Zurich Financial Services Group, AXA, National Union Life and Limb Insurance Company.
	In 2013, CUFE has launched a Confucius Institute in the University of Pernambuco, Brazil.

= = = Manu Tuiasosopo = = =

	Manu'ula Asovalu Tuiasosopo (born August 30, 1957) is a former American football defensive lineman. He was the 18th overall selection of the 1979 NFL Draft by the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at UCLA. After five years in Seattle, he played the final three seasons of his career with the San Francisco 49ers, who won Super Bowl XIX in January 1985.
	Tuiasosopo was last employed by the Alaska Airlines cargo department in Seattle. He currently coaches the defensive line for Monroe High School in Monroe, Washington.
	Tuiasosopo is the father of former NFL quarterback, Marques, and running back, Zach. His son Matt was a utility player in Major League Baseball and is now manager of the Rome Braves in the minors. He also has two daughters, Leslie and Ashley.

= = = Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 = = =

	The Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 is an act of the Victorian government designed to protect species, genetic material and habitats, to prevent extinction and allow maximum genetic diversity within the Australian state of Victoria for perpetuity. It was the first Australian legislation to deal with such issues.
	It specifically excludes pathogenic bacteria and viruses from protection.
	Species may be listed under the act, and so can threatening processes. The Act provides for the declaration of Critical Habitat; however, no declarations of critical habitat for endangered species have been made.
	Related acts include:
	Also relevant is the Forest Practices Code.
	Lawyers for Forests (LFF) published a review of the act in 2002, and found a lack of resources to enforce the act, a lack of government transparency and accountability, that the act may be and is ignored in government decisionmaking, and that the act is generally unenforceable. The review identified the following factors:
	As well as a general review, the review considers the impact of the Act on the Leadbeater's possum, the powerful owl and the tiger quoll, as well as on a threatened community and a threatening process. For example, it considers the concern of environmentalists for the small and poorly placed Special Protection and Management Zones for the tiger quoll, the continuing clear-fell logging followed by slash burns in their management zones, and the failure to stop the use of 1080 poison, which is a threat to the species.
	LFF recommended that the NRE should receive appropriate funding to fully implement the FFG Act, and the government commit to NRE fulfilling its obligations under the Act. The group further recommended that the Act should be enforceable, and NRE should be accountable in its efforts to fulfil its obligations under the Act.
	Other environmental groups have echoed the review; for example, the "delays or lack of implementation of key documents required under the FFG Act" has also been noted by the Victorian Rainforest Network.

= = = Cap and Gown Club = = =

	Cap and Gown Club, founded in 1890, is an eating club at Princeton University, in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. Colloquially known as "Cap", the club is one of the "Big Four" eating clubs at Princeton (the others are The Ivy Club, University Cottage Club, and Tiger Inn). Members are selected through a selective process called bicker. Sometimes known as "the Illustrious Cap and Gown Club," it was the first of the currently selective eating clubs to accept women. Though personalities of eating clubs certainly change throughout the years, Cap and Gown is described in F. Scott Fitzgerald's This Side of Paradise as "anti-alcoholic, faintly religious and politically powerful."
	Cap was the most bickered eating club in 2011, 2013, 2014, and 2015. It has been the most selective club since 2013, with 227 students bickering in Spring 2015, forty-four percent of whom were offered membership.
	Cap is located at 61 Prospect Avenue between Cloister Inn and the University Cottage Club. It is the only Princeton eating club to stay in the same geographic location for its entire existence. Three Cap clubhouses have occupied this location. The first was completed in 1892. In 1895 when the club outgrew this clubhouse, the structure was moved across the street, and William Ralph Emerson was commissioned to design the second clubhouse (completed in 1896). Ten years later, Cap was ready to expand again. The Emerson building was moved away, and Raleigh Gildersleeve designed the clubhouse that Cap still occupies today. A major renovation and expansion of the clubhouse to increase the size of the clubhouse in step with its growing membership was completed in February 2011.
	Notable Cap and Gown alumni include Dean Cain '88, Brooke Shields '87, and Donald Rumsfeld '54. Neurosurgeon Wilder Penfield, who pioneered the concept of the brain homunculus, was also a member of Cap and Gown.

= = = São José, São Tomé and Príncipe = = =

	São José (Portuguese for Saint Joseph) is a village in the western part of São Tomé Island in São Tomé and Príncipe. Its population is 98 (2012 census). It lies 2.5 km south of Diogo Vaz, 4 km northeast of Santa Catarina and 9 km southwest of Neves.

= = = Michigan Civil Rights Initiative = = =

	The Michigan Civil Rights Initiative (MCRI), or Proposal 2 (Michigan 06-2), was a ballot initiative in the U.S. state of Michigan that passed into Michigan Constitutional law by a 58% to 42% margin on November 7, 2006, according to results officially certified by the Michigan Secretary of State. By Michigan law, the Proposal became law on December 22, 2006. MCRI was a citizen initiative aimed at stopping discrimination based on race, color, sex, or religion in admission to colleges, jobs, and other publicly funded institutions – effectively prohibiting affirmative action by public institutions based on those factors. The Proposal's constitutionality was challenged in federal court, but its constitutionality was ultimately upheld by the Supreme Court of the United States.
	On 21 March 2008, Judge David M. Lawson of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan dismissed a case filed by plaintiffs challenging the constitutionality of Proposal 2. Judge Lawson held that Proposal 2 does not violate the United States Constitution.
	The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit overturned MCRI on July 1, 2011. Judges R. Guy Cole Jr. and Martha Craig Daughtrey said that "Proposal 2 reorders the political process in Michigan to place special burdens on minority interests." Michigan Attorney General Bill Schuette said he would appeal the court ruling.
	Bill Schuette, Attorney General for the State of Michigan announced his appeal of the Sixth Circuit's decision on July 28, 2011. The MCRI stood in effect until this appeal was complete.
	On November 16, 2012, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, sitting en banc, upheld the earlier ruling that the MCRI was unconstitutional. Schuette then announced his intention to appeal to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court of the United States granted certiorari in "Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action" on March 25, 2013. The Court heard arguments in the case on October 15, 2013, and the Court ruled on April 22, 2014 "that there is no authority ... for the judiciary to set aside Michigan laws that commit to the voters the determination whether racial preferences may be considered in governmental decisions, in particular with respect to school decisions." Thereby upholding the Constitutionality of the amendment.
	The ballot initiative amended the Michigan Constitution to include a new section (Section 26 of Article I):
	The subject of the proposal has been hotly debated, with the very definition of what it encompasses at the center of the controversy. Proponents argue that it bans programs in public hiring, public employment, and public education that "give preferential treatment to" or "discriminate against" individuals on the basis of race, gender, ethnicity, or national origin. Opponents argue that Proposal 2 bans all affirmative action programs in the operation of public employment, education, or contracting.
	Proponents cite the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the "Equal Protection" clause of the 14th Amendment that forbids the United States or any state from denying "equal protection of the law" to any citizen as models for the proposal. It is a near copy of similar initiatives passed in California (Proposition 209) and Washington (Initiative 200).
	In 2004, When the first attempt was made to place the measure on the ballot, Gregory Creswell was MCRI spokesperson, volunteer coordinator, and an organizer. In a pre-kick-off announcement, he articulated some reasons he was working for the amendment: "I believe it is wrong for the government and politicians to dictate to an employer who they must or must not hire, just as I believe Jim Crow is immoral and just as I believe apartheid in South Africa was immoral," said Creswell.
	At the petition kick-off meeting affirmative action advocate Rev. Horace Sheffield III clashed with Creswell after being denied entry to the event. Creswell's rivalry with Sheffield dated back to 2000 when Creswell criticized a protest outside the Detroit Police headquarters, following a couple shootings of suspects by police.
	After some early court challenges, a state appeals court permitted MCRI petitioners to continue gathering signatures, but the effort was postponed till the 2006 cycle due to time constraints.
	During the early debate about the proposal shortly following the collection of signatures (508,282 submitted January 6, 2005), the Michigan Civil Rights Commission, a governmental body charged with investigating civil rights violations in the state of Michigan, concluded an investigation of MCRI and asserted that supporters of the MCRI had committed widespread and systematic racially targeted fraud in their petition campaign to secure ballot access. The proponents of the initiative issued a multi-page refutation of the report, including a notation that it was never signed by the Commission and alleging misconduct by the Commission itself.
	In September 2006, after opponents filed a federal lawsuit against the MCRI alleging fraud in the collection of petition signatures, a federal judge in Detroit found that some voter fraud had in fact taken place but denied an injunction to have the initiative barred.
	Oral arguments in a federal lawsuit charging MCRI and the State of Michigan with violating the Voting Rights Act of 1965 were heard on August 17, 2006 with attorneys presenting their closing arguments on the morning of August 18, 2006. The case was heard by U.S. District Court Judge Arthur Tarnow, who promised to rule on the matter by September 8, 2006, to give officials enough time to print up the ballot. During the first day of the hearing, hundreds of protesters picketed outside the courthouse chanting among other things, "Racist fraud, hell no! MCRI has got to go!" The lawsuit was filed by Operation King's Dream, Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick, Detroit City Council, American-Arab Anti Discrimination Committee, Michigan Legislative Black Caucus, Keep the Vote No Takeover, AFSCME Locals 207, 312, and 2920, and UAW 2200 as well as several individual voters. Michigan Governor Jennifer Granholm submitted an amicus brief in support of the plaintiffs.
	On August 29, 2006, the case was decided with Judge Tarnow, a Democratic judicial appointee, refusing to remove the initiative from the ballot. However, Judge Tarnow declared that "MCRI engaged in systematic voter fraud by telling voters that were signing a petition supporting affirmative action." However, because the case was not decided on these grounds, this statement is legally characterized as "dicta"—judicial commentary that is not relevant to the outcome of a case. Tarnow also found the testimony of Jennifer Gratz (MCRI's executive director) in the court to be evasive and misleading. His stated reason for refusing an injunction to remove the MCRI from the ballot was the MCRI "targeted all Michigan voters for deception without regard to race." He ruled that the Voting Rights Act was not violated because it "is not a general anti-voter fraud statute, but rather prohibits practices which result in unequal access to the political process because of race."
	Luke Massie, national co-chair of the Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action, Integration, and Immigrant Rights & Fight for Equality By Any Means Necessary (BAMN) announced that the plaintiffs would appeal Tarnow's decision to the U.S. 6th Circuit Court of Appeals, saying "It makes no sense to conclude there was fraud and allow the vote to go forward." The 6th Circuit rejected the appeal in mid-September.
	On November 27, 2006, Proposal 2 was certified officially by the Michigan Secretary of State to have passed by a margin of 58% to 42% (2,141,010 "Yes" votes to 1,555,691 "No" votes). The last reported poll of October 15, by The Detroit News, showed MCRI to have up to a 50–41% lead. In another Free Press—Local 4 Michigan poll conducted by Selzer & Co. Inc. of Des Moines between October 8 to October 11 of 643 likely voters, it was shown that 41% were in favor of the MCRI, while 44% opposed the measure, and 15% of the voter poll were undecided. The poll had a margin of error of 3.9% making the poll a statistical dead-heat. Another poll, from mid-September 2006, showed MCRI was up 48–37 with 15% undecided, with the pollster admitting that his previous polls had not used the exact language of the proposal until the Sept. poll. The entire polling process highlighted an ongoing debate about the scientific value of modern phone polling on questions of race or controversial social issues where the polled members of the public may be "embarrassed" by social desirability bias to give a truthful response about their intended vote for fear that they will be identified. The effect, which was predicted by several Michigan political consultants and even some pollsters themselves, represents a new concern in polling accuracy.
	In July 2005, the Michigan State Board of Canvassers declined to certify the MCRI proposal for Michigan's November 2006 ballot after hearing allegations that a significant number of signatures were obtained by telling supporters of affirmative action that the petition was likewise, in support of affirmative action. Counter-allegations were made by MCRI supporters that the allegations were fabricated and that the Board of Canvassers' decision-process itself was being improperly influenced by politics because Michigan Democratic Party Chairman Mark Brewer was "giving orders" to the two Democrat-appointed members of the Board, and backed up by the linked videotape shot by MCRI Treasurer and publisher Chetly Zarko. Despite the deadlocked vote by the Canvassers and their inability to certify the petition as a result, in October of the same year the Michigan Court of Appeals ordered the board to certify the petitions.
	On December 14, 2005, in Lansing, Michigan, while attempting to comply with that court order to certify the petitions, the board's four members were scheduled to make the final vote to certify the petitions for the November ballot. However, the meeting attended by hundreds of Detroit high school students. The crowd began to shout "No voter fraud," until they became so loud that the members left the room adjourning until 2pm. Chanting, "They say Jim Crow! We say hell no!," the emotion-surged crowd of students continued until a table was overturned in the commotion and the Lansing police came in to control the situation. Opponents of MCRI labeled their own conduct "civil disobedience" while proponents argued it crossed the line into outright violence and intentional intimidation. Video of the situation can be seen here.
	After the protest, the election panel again failed to certify the petitions with a vote of 2–1, falling short of the required three votes. Republican board members Katherine Degrow and Lyn Banks voted in favor with Democrats Paul Mitchell voting no and Doyle O'Connor not voting.
	The meeting received considerable media attention because of the protest. In the months following the controversial board meeting, Mitchell resigned from the board and O'Connor was charged with contempt of court; however the charges were dismissed after O'Connor sought disclosure of improper communications between the chief judge and the Republican leadership of the Legislature. O'Connor later testified against the MCRI at the August 17 federal court hearing, relaying how he had witnessed two African-American women circulating the anti-affirmative action petition in Detroit telling signers that it was in support of affirmative action.
	Proponents of the MCRI claim that the initiative will make illegal only those programs and policies, affecting university admissions, public employment, and contracting, that grant "preferential treatment" based on gender, race, or ethnicity. These claims were disputed by some opponents who cite California's Proposition 209, alleging that the language of that proposal outlawed "all affirmative action policies" and programs, and MCRI's language is nearly identical. Proponents counter this argument by arguing that while MCRI is nearly identical to California's amendment, neither MCRI or 209 outlawed "all" or any "affirmative action." They point to programs such as California's use of socio-economic indicators, outreach targeted at the 150 lowest scoring high schools, and traditional anti-discrimination enforcement as some among many race-neutral types of "affirmative action". On March 7, 2007, however, the Michigan Civil Rights Commission, which had previously fought against Proposal 2, issued a report at the behest of the Governor, taking the position that Proposal 2 did not eliminate "all" affirmative action. In their summary of a 63-page report, Linda Parker, chair of the Commission, now agreed with Proposal 2 advocates, "With this Report, the Commission and Department confirm that Proposal 2 does not mean the end of equal opportunity or diversity in Michigan,". The Report explicitly cites the difference between "preferential treatment" and "affirmative action". Proponent of Proposal 2, Chetly Zarko, argued that this "flip-flop" by the Commission not only proved MCRI was correct all along about the legal issues and difference, but that it disproved the Commission's report alleging "fraud" in signature-collection since the Commission had previously alleged in its June 2006 fraud-allegation report that petitioners "should" have used the words "affirmative action" in their presentation..
	Several groups have challenged the constitutional amendment since its passage.
	On November 8, 2006, BAMN called a press conference announcing that they had launched a second lawsuit against Proposal 2 in conjunction with United for Equality and Affirmative Action and Rainbow/PUSH Coalition, claiming that it violates both the Equal Protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and the First Amendment as affirmed by the Supreme Court decision, "Grutter v. Bollinger".
	That same day, about 2,000 students gathered on the diag at the University of Michigan where University President Mary Sue Coleman gave a speech in which she promised U-M would go to court to defend its efforts to promote diversity, even though the people of Michigan had voted against affirmative action. Two weeks later, on November 21, Grand Rapids Mayor George Heartwell said he was considering having the city file a federal lawsuit to overturn Proposal 2.
	On December 19, U.S. District Court Judge David Lawson ruled that the state's three largest public universities—the University of Michigan, Michigan State University, and Wayne State University—could delay implementation of Proposal until July 1, 2007. The universities had filed a lawsuit seeking the delay, charging fairness in admissions, in response to BAMN's lawsuit in which all three universities were named as defendants. The Center for Individual Rights has asked the U.S. Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals to overturn Judge Lawson's ruling and force the universities to adhere to the ban on affirmative action immediately.
	On December 29, a 3-judge panel of the 6th US Circuit Court of Appeals lifted Judge Lawson's injunction granting the 3 universities the July 1 implementation delay and ordered them to implement Proposal 2 immediately.
	The city of Lansing has also filed a lawsuit to delay implementation of Prop 2 until July 2007. In Detroit, Matt Allen, a spokesman for Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick said the city illegally "will continue doing business as it has been" in spite of the statewide ban on affirmative action.
	Another lawsuit has been filed in federal court by the NAACP and the ACLU to block the ban on affirmative action.
	On January 4, 2007, the Center for Individual Rights filed a lawsuit in Washtenaw Circuit Court, asking a judge to order the University of Michigan to immediately comply with Proposal 2, and abandon their affirmative action programs. The case was resolved on January 29 when Eric Russell, whom the Center for Individual Rights was representing voluntarily withdrew the lawsuit.
	Jan. 9–10: BAMN held a press conference at Cass Tech High School in Detroit announcing that their appeal of the Federal Appeals Court decision overturning the delay of the ban on affirmative action. The next day, after placing holds on admissions, the University of Michigan announced that they will comply with the ban on affirmative action. Hours later, Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens responded to BAMN's appeal of the 6th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals decision overturning the delay of Proposal 2's implementation and ordered all briefs due by January 17. U-M, Wayne State, MSU, and Michigan Governor Jennifer Granholm all filed briefs in support. Michigan Attorney General Mike Cox urged Stevens to deny the injunction. On January 19, the Supreme Court denied BAMN's appeal without comment.
	On Thursday, February 15, BAMN submitted 2,000 petitions to the Board of Regents of the University of Michigan demanding that there be no drop in minority enrollment. The following Tuesday, on February 20, the Michigan Student Assembly, the elected student government of U-M passed a resolution demanding that there be no drop in underrepresented minority student enrollment.
	On Friday, July 1, 2011, the Federal Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals held the amendment unconstitutional on the grounds that it "reorders the political process in Michigan to place special burdens on minority interests," and thus violates the 14th Amendment. Attorney General Bill Schuette then announced that he would appeal the ruling and ask to have the case re-heard "en banc," by all active judges rather than a panel of three.
	On Thursday, November 3, 2011, the Equal Justice Society and more than a dozen other organizations announced that they had filed an amicus brief in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, urging the court to strike down Michigan's Proposal 2 as unconstitutional. The brief authors argue that Proposal 2 violates the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment of the Constitution by creating procedural barriers for people of color.
	On 16 November 2012, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals sitting en banc upheld the earlier ruling that the Initiative is unconstitutional. Supporters announced their intention to appeal to the Supreme Court.
	On March 25, 2013 the Supreme Court granted a writ of certiorari, agreeing to hear the case. Arguments were heard during the Supreme Court term beginning in October 2013.
	On April 22, 2014 the Supreme Court of the United States upheld the Michigan Civil Rights Initiative as Constitutional.
	On Friday, February 16, 2007, the University of Michigan released admissions data showing that, in a period that includes the time after Proposal 2 was implemented, minority admissions of primarily lower test scores declined 25% from the same period a year before. The data also show that in the period immediately before Proposal 2 was implemented, minority admissions was up 55% from the same period in 2006. A spokeswoman for the university, Julie Peterson, has said that since the numbers aren't final and since so many minority students applied early, the drop cannot necessarily be attributed to the amendment itself.
	Notable endorsers of the MCRI include:
	Notable opponents of the MCRI include:

= = = Attachiamenta bonorum = = =

	Attachiamenta bonorum, in ancient law books, denotes an attachment of chattels to recover a personal debt or estate.

= = = Boulders Beach = = =

	Boulders Beach is a sheltered beach made up of inlets between granite boulders, from which the name originated. It is located in the Cape Peninsula, near Simon's Town towards Cape Point, near Cape Town in the Western Cape province of South Africa. It is also commonly known as Boulders Bay. It is a popular tourist stop because of a colony of African penguins which settled there in 1982. Boulders Beach forms part of the Table Mountain National Park.
	These African penguins are only found on the coastlines of Southern Africa - (South Africa & Namibia). These penguins are currently on the verge of extinction. As a result, the penguins are under the protection of the Cape Nature Conservation.
	Although set in the midst of a residential area, it is one of the few sites where this vulnerable bird ("Spheniscus demersus") can be observed at close range, wandering freely in a protected natural environment. From just two breeding pairs in 1982, the penguin colony has grown to about 3,000 birds in recent years. This is partly due to the reduction in commercial pelagic trawling in False Bay, which has increased the supply of pilchards and anchovy, which form part of the penguins' diet.
	Bordered mainly by indigenous bush above the high-water mark on the one side, and the clear water of False Bay on the other, the area comprises a number of small sheltered bays, partially enclosed by granite boulders that are 540 million years old.
	The most popular recreational spot is Boulders Beach, but the penguins are best viewed from Foxy Beach, where newly constructed boardwalks take visitors to within a few meters of the birds. It is also a popular swimming beach, although people are restricted to beaches adjacent to the penguin colony.

= = = Henry Thomas (American football) = = =

	Henry Lee Thomas Jr. (born January 12, 1965) is a former professional American football player who played defensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL). His nickname was "Hardware Hank." He played for the Minnesota Vikings for the first eight seasons of his career. He attended Louisiana State University, where he played college football for the LSU Tigers football team. Thomas twice was selected to the Pro Bowl. He joined the Detroit Lions in 1995, where he played two seasons, before finishing his career with four seasons with the New England Patriots.

= = = Conrad Baker = = =

	Conrad Baker (February 12, 1817 – April 28, 1885) was a state representative, 15th Lieutenant Governor, and the 15th Governor of the U.S. state of Indiana from 1867 to 1873. Baker had served in the Union Army during the American Civil War, rising to the rank of colonel but resigned following his election as lieutenant governor, during which time he played an important role in overseeing the formation and training of states levies. He served as acting-governor for five months during the illness of Governor Oliver Morton, and was elevated to Governor following Morton's resignation from office. During Baker's full term as governor, he focused primitively on the creation and improvement of institutions to help veterans and their families that had been disaffected by the war. He also championed the post-war federal constitutional amendments, and was able to successfully advocate their acceptance.
	Conrad Baker was born in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, on February 12, 1817, the son of Conrad Baker, a Presbyterian minister, and Mary Winternheimer Baker. He worked on the family farm until age fifteen and attended common school. He then enrolled in Pennsylvania College in Gettysburg where he studied law, but quit before graduating. He continued to study law in the office of Thaddeus Stevens. He met Matilda Escon Sommers and the couple married in 1838. They had two children. Baker was admitted to the bar in 1839 and opened his own office in Gettysburg.
	Bakers closed his practice in 1841, and moved his family west to settle in Evansville, Indiana. He opened a new law office there, and took an interest in the city's civics. In 1845 he ran as the Whig candidate for representative of Vanderburgh County in the Indiana House of Representatives. He served one one-year term before returning to his practice. He was elected to serve on a county court in 1852 but resigned in 1854. His brother, William Baker, had also become active in the local politics, and served four terms as major of Evansville during the same time period.
	Baker was outspokenly anti-slavery, and following the break-up of the Whig party, he joined the newly formed Republican Party in 1854. At the state convention in 1856, he was nominated to run as lieutenant governor on the ticket with Oliver Morton a governor. The election was one of the most divisive in state history, with both sides making scathing attacks on the other. Despite the party's merger with several other third parties, the Republicans lost the election and Baker returned to his law practice in Evansville.
	Baker's wife, Matilda died in 1855, and Baker remarried in 1858 to Charlotte Frances Chute. The couple had two daughters and one son. He was in Evansville when the American Civil War began, and was part of a large crowd that gathered to discuss the event. He took the podium and delivered a speech calling on the crowd to take an oath of allegiance to the Union, which was administered by his brother, the Mayor. He then called on all the able-bodied men to follow him to war. Baker and his brother began actively recruiting a full regiment of men to serve in the war, and he was promoted to serve as Colonel of the 1st Regiment Indiana Cavalry.
	Baker led his regiment in defensive and garrison duty across the western theater of the war, and remained in regular communication with Governor Oliver Morton, who has become governor a few months earlier. Baker was most involved in coordinating supplies, and became a valuable organizer. Morton soon promoted him to serve as provost marshal of the state, and ordered him to return to Indianapolis to oversee operations. There he oversaw the formation of dozens of state regiments, tens of thousand of men, the shipment of tons of supplies, the distributions of weapons, and the management of the state arsenal.
	Baker left the army in 1864 to run again as Lieutenant Governor on the ticket with Oliver Morton and was elected with a 20,000-vote majority. Morton took a period of poor health in 1865 after suffering a paralytic stroke. He continued his duties briefly, but decided to attempt to seek a cure to the paralysis. He left the state and left Baker to serve as acting governor for five months until his health recovered. When Morton was elected to the Senate in 1866, Baker succeeded him as governor. While completing Morton's term, he began to advocate school reform. His primary goal was to improve the quality of teachers, which he sought to do by creating incentives to encourage teachers to consider their job as a permanent career. At that time, teaching was considered a temporary position by most teachers, until they could find a superior job elsewhere. The General Assembly accepted his plan and passed legislation to enact it.
	In 1868, Baker was reelected to the position of governor, defeating Thomas Hendricks by 961 votes, the closest in state history. During his administration, a women's prison was built, and a soldiers' home to assist the returning veterans and the Indiana State Normal School in Terre Haute were constructed. Other school institutions were built during his term using federal funding provided by the land-grant system. Along with private donations, the money was used to start Purdue University. Baker signed the law to create the school in 1869, and it opened just after his term ended. Another of Baker's acts as governor was to establish the governor's portrait collection. The assembly agreed to spend up to $200 per portrait for the creation of the collection. Baker then hired painters and sought out the families of the former governors to procure photos and paintings from which official portraits could be created.
	Baker's most difficult goal to achieve was the ratification of the post-war amendments that, among other things, banned slavery and granted blacks the right to vote. His advocacy on the issues though managed to secure each of their ratifications, with the fourteenth amendment being the last ratified in 1869. The Democrats had resigned office "en masse" when the bill was put up for a vote to deny quorum, but the Republicans went ahead to approve the amendment. When the Democrats took the legislature in the following election, they revoked the ratification of the amendments, but it was too late and the federal government, which was Republican-dominated at the time, had already added them to the constitution.
	After Baker's term as governor expired he retired from public office and reopened his law office. His new partner was his former political opponent, Thomas Hendricks. After Hendricks was elected governor in 1872, Baker took on state attorney general Oscar B. Hord and Chief Justice of the Indiana Supreme Court Samuel Perkins as partners. The law firm was passed on to Baker's son, and has since became one of the leading law firms in the United States, Baker & Daniels LLP.
	Baker remained active in public affairs and urged the state schools to grant equal opportunities. He became fairly active in the woman's suffrage movement and delivered an address to one of their meetings. He died on April 28, 1885, and was buried in Evansville, Indiana.
	Notes
	Bibliography

= = = Soil compaction = = =

	In geotechnical engineering, soil compaction is the process in which stress is applied to a soil causes densification as air is displaced from the pores between the soil grains. When stress is applied that causes densification due to water (or other liquid) being displaced from between the soil grains, then consolidation, not compaction, has occurred. Normally, compaction is the result of heavy machinery compressing the soil, but it can also occur due to the passage of (e.g.) animal feet. 
	In soil science and agronomy, soil compaction is usually a combination of both engineering compaction and consolidation, so may occur due to a lack of water in the soil, the applied stress being internal suction due to water evaporation as well as due to passage of animal feet. Affected soils become less able to absorb rainfall, thus increasing runoff and erosion. Plants have difficulty in compacted soil because the mineral grains are pressed together, leaving little space for air and water, which are essential for root growth. Burrowing animals also find it a hostile environment, because the denser soil is more difficult to penetrate. The ability of a soil to recover from this type of compaction depends on climate, mineralogy and fauna. Soils with high shrink-swell capacity, such as vertisols, recover quickly from compaction where moisture conditions are variable (dry spells shrink the soil, causing it to crack). But clays such as kaolinite, which do not crack as they dry, cannot recover from compaction on their own unless they host ground-dwelling animals such as earthworms — the Cecil soil series is an example. 
	Before soils can be compacted in the field, some laboratory tests are required to determine their engineering properties. Among various properties, the maximum dry density and the optimum moisture content are vital and specify the required density to be compacted in the field. 
	Soil compaction is a vital part of the construction process. It is used for support of structural entities such as building foundations, roadways, walkways, and earth retaining structures to name a few. For a given soil type certain properties may deem it more or less desirable to perform adequately for a particular circumstance. In general, the preselected soil should have adequate strength, be relatively incompressible so that future settlement is not significant, be stable against volume change as water content or other factors vary, be durable and safe against deterioration, and possess proper permeability.
	When an area is to be filled or backfilled the soil is placed in layers called lifts. The ability of the first fill layers to be properly compacted will depend on the condition of the natural material being covered. If unsuitable material is left in place and backfilled, it may compress over a long period under the weight of the earth fill, causing settlement cracks in the fill or in any structure supported by the fill. In order to determine if the natural soil will support the first fill layers, an area can be proofrolled. Proofrolling consists of utilizing a piece heavy construction equipment (typically, heavy compaction equipment or hauling equipment) to roll across the fill site and watching for deflections to be revealed. These areas will be indicated by the development of rutting, pumping, or ground weaving.
	To ensure adequate soil compaction is achieved, project specifications will indicate the required soil density or degree of compaction that must be achieved. These specifications are generally recommended by a geotechnical engineer in a geotechnical engineering report.
	The soil type - that is, grain-size distributions, shape of the soil grains, specific gravity of soil solids, and amount and type of clay minerals, present - has a great influence on the maximum dry unit weight and optimum moisture content. It also has a great influence on how the materials should be compacted in given situations. Compaction is accomplished by use of heavy equipment. In sands and gravels, the equipment usually vibrates, to cause re-orientation of the soil particles into a denser configuration. In silts and clays, a sheepsfoot roller is frequently used, to create small zones of intense shearing, which drives air out of the soil.
	Determination of adequate compaction is done by determining the in-situ density of the soil and comparing it to the maximum density determined by a laboratory test. The most commonly used laboratory test is called the Proctor compaction test and there are two different methods in obtaining the maximum density. They are the standard Proctor and modified Proctor tests; the modified Proctor is more commonly used. For small dams, the standard Proctor may still be the reference.
	While soil under structures and pavements needs to be compacted, it is important after construction to decompact areas to be landscaped so that vegetation can grow.
	There are several means of achieving compaction of a material. Some are more appropriate for soil compaction than others, while some techniques are only suitable for particular soils or soils in particular conditions. Some are more suited to compaction of non-soil materials such as asphalt. Generally, those that can apply significant amounts of shear as well as compressive stress, are most effective. 
	The available techniques can be classified as:
	The construction plant available to achieve compaction is extremely varied and is described elsewhere.
	Soil compactors are used to perform test methods which cover laboratory compaction methods used to determine the relationship between molding water content and dry unit weight of soils. Soil placed as engineering fill is compacted to a dense state to obtain satisfactory engineering properties such as, shear strength, compressibility, or permeability. In addition, foundation soils are often compacted to improve their engineering properties. Laboratory compaction tests provide the basis for determining the percent compaction and molding water content needed to achieve the required engineering properties, and for controlling construction to assure that the required compaction and water contents are achieved. Test methods such as EN 13286-2, EN 13286-47, ASTM D698, ASTM D1557, AASHTO T99, AASHTO T180, AASHTO T193, BS 1377:4 provide soil compaction testing procedures.

= = = Landstinget = = =

	Landstinget was the upper house of the Rigsdag (the parliament of Denmark), from 1849 until 1953, when the bicameral system was abolished in favor of unicameralism. Landstinget had powers equal to the Folketing, which made the two houses of parliament hard to distinguish.
	Originally, membership and the electorate was restricted, and the members were largely conservatives. Membership of the house was then restricted to certain sectors of society: only males with a certain net worth could hold a seat. In 1915, these restrictions were removed, and a few new members were appointed by the existing members.
	Ting (old Norse: þing) means assembly. It first came into being during Viking times and was formed by the freemen of the community, and it generally numbered about a hundred men. Tings were necessary in the clan-based society of Northern Germany and Scandinavia, because they allowed for inter-clan wars to be resolved or prevented through the mediation of the ting. It also served as the place for religious rites and trade negotiations.
	Landstinget is also the Danish name for the modern Parliament of Greenland.
	Under the Constitution of 1849, the requirements for the right to vote was the same for the two houses, however the requirements for electability were stricter for Landstinget; candidates were limited to those of age 40 and above and they were required to have a substantial income. The house originally had 51 members, all elected indirectly. The voters elected a group of electors for each constituency, and the electors elected the members of the house. The members were elected for a term of eight years; however, terms were staggered so that half of the seats were up for election every four years.
	With the Constitution of 1866, the electoral system was reformed. The number of seats was increased to 66 of which twelve were appointed by the king for a period of twelve years, and one by the Faroese Løgting. The remaining 53 were elected indirectly.
	In Copenhagen, half the electors were elected by the voters paying the largest amount of tax, and the other half by all the voters. In the rest of the country, one elector was elected by the voters in each parish in the countryside and half as many electors were elected in the market towns by the same system as in Copenhagen. Then for each elector elected in the parishes and the market towns, one elector was found among those that paid the greatest amount of tax in the parishes. As the main direct tax of the time was based on real estate and its value as farmland, this system greatly favored manor owners. The result was a conservative majority lasting 35 years, until the 1902 election.
	The next reform of the electoral system came with the Constitution of 1915, and the first election under this system was the 1918 election. Women were given the right to vote, the number of seats was increased to 72, the number of constituencies was reduced to seven, and the system of royally appointed members was replaced by 18 members elected by the resigning Landsting for a period of eight years.
	Although a 1939 referendum that would have replaced Landstinget with another chamber—the Rigsting—and simplified the legislative process, failed due to a low voter turnout, the bicameral system and thereby Landstinget was abolished when the current constitution was approved in a 1953 referendum.

= = = M. Clifford Townsend = = =

	Maurice Clifford Townsend (August 11, 1884 – November 11, 1954) was the 35th Governor of the U.S. state of Indiana from 1937 to 1941. During his term he led relief efforts during and after the Great Flood of 1937.
	Maurice Clifford Townsend, known as Clifford to his friends and family, was born on a farm in Blackford County, Indiana to David and Lydia Glancy Townsend on August 11, 1884. He had one sister, Myrtle, and the two were raised on a country farm. After completing high school in 1901 he worked as a teamster in the oil fields during the Indiana Gas Boom, and later in a factory. In 1907 he entered Marion College in Grant County. After working as a teacher for six years to pay for his education, he graduated in 1907. He then taught in the common schools, and served as school superintendent for different counties between 1909 and 1919.
	He entered politics as a representative in the Indiana House in 1923. His single term in the legislature was focused mostly on reforming the state's tax code, an issue he worked on up through his term as governor. In 1928 he ran an unsuccessful campaign for Congress, but was defeated. He then returned to education, serving again as a school superintendent and on the executive committee of the Indiana's Teachers Association in 1929. Townsend's experience in education made Paul V. McNutt consider him as a candidate for Lieutenant Governor and helped him to win the nomination at the state's Democratic convention in 1932.
	He was elected the 33rd Lieutenant Governor on the Democratic ticket and served from 1933 until 1937. The position of Lieutenant Governor was dramatically altered during his term. Previously, the position received only a token salary, only required active work during legislative sessions, which amounted to sixty days every two years. The position was granted significantly more power after the passage of the 1932 Executive Reorganization Act when the position was made head of the state's agricultural department and assigning him other administrative duties. The change put a large number of patronage jobs under his control.
	Townsend's mother placed his name in nomination for governor at the 1936 Democratic state convention. His nomination though, was a tough battle. The Democratic Party was split between three strong faction, with McNutt supporting Townsend, powerful senator Sherman Minton supporting Pleas Greenlee, and the chairman of the state party supporting Kirk McKinney. The fight at the convention was bitter, and a fist fight broke out before the final vote took place. In the end McNutt's control over the party machine determine the nomination in favor of Townsend. The popular McNutt campaigned heavily on Townsend's behalf in the general election. Republicans again made gains in the General Assembly, but Democrat kept the majority and Townsend won the election, defeating Republican Raymond Springer by over 180,000 votes.
	Townsend was inaugurated January 11, 1937. The state was immediately beset with a disaster as the Great Flood of 1937 began. Within a week, every community on the Ohio River was destroyed and hundreds of thousands were homeless. In the early stages, he coordinated evacuation efforts, routing all available trains to carry people to safety as flood waters rose. Thousand of relief workers and the national guard were called out to help rebuild. The disaster remains the second worse to have ever hit the state. Indiana was the only state affected by the flood, and there were no drownings reported. Harry L. Hopkins of the National Relief Administration said, "No state was better managed during the flood than Indiana."
	Before the flood relief was completed, a large strike broke out in General Motors factories across the state. Violence broke out in Anderson and the National Guard was called out by Townsend to restore order and protect the factory. The strike prompted Townsend to request the creation of the state Division of Labor to provide voluntary mediation in union strikes. Steel workers in Gary launched a strike in 1937, and the division successfully prevented it from turning violent.
	As the end of his term neared, the former state party chairman Frederick Van Nuys, who had been elected Senator again, attempted take control of the party from the McNutt-Townsend faction. The battle was primarily over who would control federal patronage jobs. President Franklin Roosevelt intervened after Van Nuys opposed his plan to stack the United States Supreme Court, and used his own influence to have Van Nuys defeated in his reelection bid. Townsend at first agreed to go along with Roosevelt's plan, but after McNutt decided it would be to harmful to the state party, Townsend changed his mind, much to Roosevelt's chagrin.
	In the mid-term elections, Republican took the control of the Indiana House of Representatives, 51 to 49. The Republicans blocked Townsend's proposed new social programs, and attempted to roll back many of his predecessor's programs. The Senate blocked the bills from passage, and the session ended in deadlock. Only a few pieces of legislation were passed: the driver's license examination became required by law, pensions for the state's firemen were approved, free textbooks were authorized for public schools and the state ordered school buses to be painted yellow for safety's sake—this last starting a nationwide trend.
	After Townsend left office, he extricated himself from internal politics of the state party, and did not involve himself in the selection of his successor. During World War II Townsend used his farm experience in government service, directing the Office of Agricultural War Relations, the Agricultural Conservation and Adjustment Administration, and the Food Production Administration. In 1943 he resigned from federal service and returned to Indiana to manage his farms in Blackford and Grant counties. Townsend was the Democratic nominee for the United States Senate in 1946, but was defeated by William E. Jenner. He died November 11, 1954 from a heart attack, and was buried at the Odd Fellows Cemetery in Hartford City, Indiana.
	Notes
	Bibliography

= = = Fresno Chaffee Zoo = = =

	The Fresno Chaffee Zoo is a zoo in Roeding Park in Fresno, California covering 39 acres and housing over 190 species. Its attractions include Stingray Bay, Dino Dig, Valley Farm, Sea Lion Cove, African Adventure, and Ross Laird's Winged Wonders Bird Show. The zoo is accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) and is a member of the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA).
	The zoo was formed some time around 1908. The earliest zoo record describes a collection consisting of two bears and around fifty birds of various species. According to the zoo's website, "bears, local cats, hoof stock, and birds were added to the Zoo and housed in log cabin type exhibits." The Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) officially recognized the park opening in 1929 as the Roeding Park Zoo.
	Only few animals were seen, but that number would later rise. The year attendance was around 2,000 and most of the visitors were from Fresno and the surrounding areas.
	The zoo grew substantially in the 1940s and 1950s, with 100 animals and more birds by 1947. The zoo's first foreman, Eldon "Curly" Blocker, was hired from the San Diego Zoo. In 1949, the zoo's Asian elephant Nosey (a name determined by a citywide "Name-the-Elephant" Contest) was acquired, with help from the Fresno Rotary Club. Her arrival coincided with Fresno's "49ers Days Rodeo Parade", and Nosey's presence in that parade was popular enough to spawn the creation of the Fresno Zoological Society, which would create interest in the zoo and provide a fundraising mechanism. In the 1950s, ten large exhibits were added to the zoo grounds with monkeys, sea lions, camels, giraffes, an African bird aviary, a flamingo habitat, and on-site feed and medical compounds. The zoo became an institutional member of the AZA in 1957. In 1965 Paul S. Chaffee was hired as the zoo's first director. In the late 1960s, the animal exhibits were renovated, with climate control being added to increase the comfort of the animals. In 1967, the large bird of prey exhibit was constructed, and in 1968, a master plan for future development was drafted. something to support the rest of this
	The zoo's area expanded by a third, and new exhibits featuring bison, elk, and prairie dogs were added. In 1976, in honor of the American Bicentennial Celebration, the park's grizzly bear facility was expanded. In 1978, the Park Zoo Trust Fund (distinct from the Zoo Admissions Trust Fund) was established to make sure a portion of concession sales were used to improve the zoo. This freed the zoo from having to approve a budget with the City Council. In 1979, the zoo added the Edward A. Kane Reptile House, the world's first computer-controlled reptile habitat.
	In 1982, Nosey the Elephant's habitat was renovated and three new elephants were brought in. A red wolf exhibit known as Wolf Woods was added in 1984, and the Doris and Karl Falk Wildlife Education Center was completed, becoming part of the zoo's Educational Center. In 1985, the zoo's name changed from the Roeding Park Zoo to the Fresno Zoo. In 1988, the zoo's walk-through rainforest exhibit was added. 1989 saw the addition of a large classroom wing, and the implementation of the Adopt-an-Animal fundraising program. Paul S. Chaffee, the zoo's director since 1965, died in 1990, and the Fresno Zoo was renamed the Chaffee Zoological Gardens of Fresno in his honor. In 1993, Nosey the elephant died at the age of 47.
	In 2004, "Measure Z" was passed by the voters (73%) in Fresno to raise money to expand the zoo, and to improve the animal exhibits. The US$150 million project was contingent upon the submission and review of an environmental impact report. The name of the zoo was shortened to Fresno Chaffee Zoo in 2006. In 2007, a traveling "Stingray Bay" exhibit visited and attracted large crowds. Several stingrays were bred while they were visiting Fresno. In 2009, a permanent Stingray Bay exhibit was opened, funded by Measure Z. In the rain forest exhibit, the former butterfly house (Maddis House) reopened as the Tropical Treasures exhibit in March 2009, with poison dart frogs and a sloth among other species.
	In August 2012, a very large Sea Lion Cove, designed after the Central Coast’s Point Lobos, was opened. It contains 250,000 gallon saltwater tank with rock outcrops and islands, while preserving the redwood trees that surround the enclosures. A 35-ft viewing glass allows guest to watch the sea lions underwater. This exhibit also includes pelicans. This was the first major exhibit funded by Measure Z. The old sea lion enclosure was repurposed for river otters.
	In January 2014, ground was broken for the approximately 18-acre "African Adventure" expansion doubling the size of the zoo and including large animal exhibits such as lions, breeding elephants, cheetahs, rhinos, meerkats, hippos, gorillas, and penguins. Measure Z, which provided funding for capital zoo projects, was renewed by voters in November 2014.
	On October 15, 2015, phase one of African Adventure opened. The 13 acre exhibit is home to over 100 animals including lions, African elephants, cheetahs, and rhinos. In 2016, the zoo opened the "Roo Walkabout," an Australian walk-through exhibit which features red kangaroos, emus and kookaburras. That year set a new attendance record with just under 1 million visitors.
	Attendance dropped significantly from 2016 to 2017, to 833,114 guests; 2018 saw another slight drop to 828,000 guests. While no major new exhibits opened in 2017, May 2018 saw the debut of a new children's water attraction named "Wilderness Falls." This new play area was designed to allow younger guests to "cool off and make a splash in the waterfall, follow the footprints and explore the wilderness, and discover the fire lookout tower." Work also began in late 2018 on an infrastructure project designed to enable future zoo expansion, including the forthcoming "Kingdoms of Asia" project, as well as a new warthog and tortoise exhibit. The warthog/tortoise exhibit opened in African Adventure in June 2019.

= = = Elizabeth of Carinthia, Queen of Germany = = =

	Elizabeth of Carinthia (also known as Elizabeth of Tyrol; – 28 October 1312), was a Duchess of Austria from 1282 and Queen of Germany from 1298 until 1308, by marriage to the Habsburg king Albert I. 
	Born in Munich, Bavaria, she was the eldest daughter of Count Meinhard of Gorizia-Tyrol, and Elizabeth of Bavaria, Queen of Germany, widow of the late Hohenstaufen king Conrad IV of Germany. 
	Elizabeth thus was a half-sister of Conradin, King of Jerusalem and Duke of Swabia. Elizabeth was in fact better connected to powerful German rulers than her future husband: a descendant of earlier monarchs, for example Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, she was also a niece of the Bavarian dukes, Austria's important neighbors.
	She was married in Vienna on 20 December 1274 to Count Albert of Habsburg, eldest son and heir of the newly elected King Rudolf I of Germany, thus becoming daughter-in-law of the King of the Romans and Emperor-to-be. After Rudolf had defeated his rival King Ottokar II of Bohemia in the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld, he invested his son Albert with the duchies of Austria and Styria at the Imperial Diet in Augsburg on 17 December 1282. 
	Albert initially had to share the rule with his younger brother Rudolf II, who nevertheless had to waive his rights according to the Treaty of Rheinfelden the next year. Duke Albert and Elizabeth solidified their rule in what was to become the Habsburg "hereditary lands", also with the help of Elizabeth's father Meinhard, who in his turn was created Duke of Carinthia by King Rudolf I in 1286.
	Elizabeth was described as shrewd and enterprising, in possession of some commercial talents. The construction of the Saline plant in Salzkammergut goes back to her suggestion. 
	Upon the death of Albert's father in 1291, the princes elected Count Adolf of Nassau German king, while Duke Albert himself became entangled in internal struggles with the Austrian nobility. Not until Adolf's deposition in 1298, Elizabeth's husband was finally elected King of the Romans on 23 June 1298. Two weeks later, Adolf was defeated and killed in the Battle of Göllheim. In 1299, Elizabeth was crowned Queen of the Romans in Nuremberg. 
	On 1 May 1308 her husband was murdered by his nephew John "the Parricide" near Windisch, Swabia (in modern-day Switzerland). After Albert's assassination, Elizabeth had the Poor Clare monastery of Königsfelden erected at the site, where she died on 28 October 1312 and was also buried. Today her mortal remains rest at Saint Paul's Abbey in Carinthia.
	Elizabeth's and Albert's children were:

= = = Yancey Thigpen = = =

	Yancey Dirk Thigpen (born August 15, 1969) is a former professional American football wide receiver who played for the San Diego Chargers (1991), the Pittsburgh Steelers (1992–1997), and the Tennessee Oilers/Titans (1998–2000). Before his NFL career, he played for Winston-Salem State University, where he also played collegiate basketball.
	Thigpen played infrequently in his first three seasons, but had a breakout year in 1994, catching 36 passes for 546 yards. Then in 1995, he made the Pro Bowl, catching 85 passes for 1,307 yards and five touchdowns, and assisting his team to Super Bowl XXX, where he recorded three catches for 19 yards and a touchdown in the Steelers 27–17 loss to the Dallas Cowboys. His tough style of play earned him the nickname "Meatball," which was later changed to "Phil" when he joined the Oilers in 1998.
	Thigpen played only six games in the following season due to injuries, but made a full recovery in the 1997 season, catching 79 passes for 1,398 yards and 7 touchdowns and making his second Pro Bowl selection.
	In 1998, he signed a five-year, $21 million contract with the Oilers, which at the time was the highest known contract ever signed among wide receivers. He went on to play with them for the final three seasons of his career, assisting the team (now known as the Titans) to Super Bowl XXXIV in the 1999 season. Such a large contract for a wide receiver was a signal of the role which wide receivers would begin to play in the NFL. Thigpen retired after the 2000 season with 313 career receptions for 5,081 yards and 30 touchdowns. He also rushed for four yards, returned two punts for 30 yards, and gained 188 yards on eight kickoff returns.

= = = Cardiovascular physiology = = =

	Cardiovascular physiology is the study of the cardiovascular system, specifically addressing the physiology of the heart ("cardio") and blood vessels ("vascular").
	These subjects are sometimes addressed separately, under the names cardiac physiology and circulatory physiology.
	Although the different aspects of cardiovascular physiology are closely interrelated, the subject is still usually divided into several subtopics.
	Under most circumstances, the body attempts to maintain a steady mean arterial pressure.
	When there is a major and immediate decrease (such as that due to hemorrhage or standing up), the body can increase the following:
	In turn, this can have a significant impact upon several other variables:

= = = Shriek: An Afterword = = =

	Shriek: An Afterword is a fantasy novel by American writer Jeff VanderMeer. Published in 2006, "Shriek" is set in the fictional city of Ambergris, a recurring setting in VanderMeer's work. The novel was written over a period of eight years, owing in part to what the author said, "[some scenes that are] very personal."
	Ambergris, named for "the most secret and valued part of the whale", is a fantastical urban milieu, explicitly modern and apparently pre-industrial (despite the presence of guns, bombs, and motor vehicles). Ambergris is characterized by grocery stores, post offices, cafés, and vendors (The "Borges Bookstore" bears note). The city was built over the land (and quiet protests) of the fungally-adept "graycaps", humanoids of uncertain disposition. The inhabitants of Ambergris enjoy a fascination with squid, and celebrate an anarchic annual Festival of the Freshwater Squid.
	"Shriek: An Afterword" deals principally with two eponymous siblings, Janice and Duncan Shriek. Janice, an ex-society figure and art critic, narrates with great and sometimes dark flamboyance. Duncan, a historian of note, entertains twin obsessions: rival historian Mary Sabon and the mysterious graycaps. The Shrieks figure rather prominently in VanderMeer's collection of Ambergris novellas and short stories "City of Saints and Madmen": Duncan narrates the novella "The Early History of Ambergris", while Janice's art criticism figures into the World Fantasy Award-winning novella "The Transformation of Martin Lake".
	Reviewer of "The Believer" noted "It's not clear what obsesses Jeff VanderMeer more, mushrooms or books. Both appear on almost every page of his new novel Shriek: An Afterword, in which disgraced historian Duncan Shriek seeks to uncover the mystery of a race of mushroom people with mysterious fungal plans, who lurk below the surface of the moss-covered city of Ambergris. VanderMeer's previous novels are part of a fantasy subgenre, often categorized as the New Weird. While Shriek certainly contains fantasy elements, it doesn’t fit into any strictly delineated genre. There are more ideas here than flights of fancy; VanderMeer owes more to Borges than Tolkien."

= = = Drugs I Need = = =

	Drugs I Need is a satirical animated short made by The Animation Farm and the Austin Lounge Lizards and produced by the Consumers Union.
	The animation parodies a regular pharmaceutical television commercial, detailing the benefits of a drug whose use isn't described in detail. Instead, a large number of side effects are sung to an upbeat musical jingle, which emphasizes that the consumer should buy the fictional drug "Progenitorivox"— even if the generic drug is half the cost— if only to be like a family on TV. The animation ends with a seemingly random disclaimer, also a parody of pharmaceutical or "drug" advertisements.
	The video won the Public Affairs Council's "Grassroots Innovation Award" in 2006.

= = = Sideritis syriaca = = =

	Sideritis syriaca, commonly known as ironwort, is a plant similar to chamomile, used in the Balkans (where it is known as "mountain tea") to make a sweet beverage. It grows on a high altitude in the mountains. It is commonly found on wet grounds, on the high pastures, above 1500 m.

= = = J. J. Stokes = = =

	Jeral Jamal Stokes (born October 6, 1972) is a retired American football wide receiver. Stokes played in the National Football League (NFL) for nine seasons. He played college football for the UCLA Bruins, and was recognized as a unanimous All-American. A first-round selection in the 1995 NFL Draft,drafted by the San Francisco 49ers ,he played professionally for the San Francisco 49ers, Jacksonville Jaguars and New England Patriots of the NFL.
	Stokes was born in San Diego, California. He attended Point Loma High School in San Diego, where he was part of a talented high school football team that included quarterback Dan White and lineman La'Roi Glover. The team was coached throughout Stokes' four years by local legend Bennie Edens.
	While attending University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Stokes played for the Bruins football team from 1991 to 1994. His breakout season came in his junior year when he was named the Pac-10 Offensive Player of the Year. Stokes' junior season was rewarded with a top ten finish in the balloting for that year's Heisman Trophy, being the only junior recognized. Stokes' junior season ended with unanimous All-American recognition by The Sporting News, AP, UPI, and Kodak. Stokes' senior year began as the nation's leading Heisman contender but was quickly sidetracked by a severe upper thigh contusion suffered in the season's first game. Stokes still holds UCLA school records for receiving touchdowns in a season (17 in 1993), receiving touchdowns in a career (28), receiving yards in a game (263 vs. USC in 1992) and receptions in a game (14 vs. Wisconsin, 1994 Rose Bowl), among others.
	On October 9, 2009, Stokes was inducted into the UCLA Athletics Hall of Fame.
	Stokes was selected with the first round (tenth overall pick) of the 1995 NFL Draft by the San Francisco 49ers, and he played for the 49ers from to . The 49ers traded up 20 spots to the No. 10 pick in the first round of the draft to select Stokes. After a slow start to his rookie season, the former Bruin ultimately netted 38 receptions for 517 yards and four touchdowns, the last of which was tossed by Jerry Rice.
	During the 1996 season, Stokes suffered a broken hand and missed most of the season, leading to the emergence of the 49ers' third round pick in the 1996 NFL Draft, wide receiver Terrell Owens.
	In 1997, with Rice sidelined with a torn ACL, Stokes and Owens formed a formidable duo for quarterback Steve Young, with Stokes hauling in 58 passes for 733 yards and four touchdowns. Once Rice returned, Stokes' production did not falter as he would achieve career highs in receptions (63), yards (770) and touchdowns (eight). Stokes was also the recipient of Denver linebacker Bill Romanowski spitting in his face during a "Monday Night Football" game in December 1997.
	Along with the rest of the team, Stokes' production dropped in 1999 as a result of Young's career-ending concussion in a Monday night game in Arizona. Football Outsiders called Stokes "the league's least valuable receiver" in 1999.
	The 49ers released him in 2003 and he was initially signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars before going to New England. Stokes was rarely used in the Patriots offense, only contributing 15 catches for 154 yards during the 2003 campaign. New England released him and activated fullback Larry Centers near the end of the season. However, he was re-signed by the Patriots prior to the AFC Championship Game.
	He worked as a radio host for the ESPN radio affiliate based out of Modesto, California. Currently, he works as an analyst for Fox Sports on UCLA's football games and for high school football on the internet in Southern California.

= = = This Week in Science = = =

	This Week in Science ("TWIS") is a science talk radio broadcast from KDVS (90.3 FM) on the University of California, Davis campus. Each week, "TWIS" founder/host Kiki Sanford and co-host Justin Jackson review current research in technology. "TWIS" reaches an international audience, with listeners in 60 countries worldwide. It regularly fields science questions on the air from listeners around the world.
	The show is available live on FM radio in Northern California and via live internet broadcasts from the KDVS website. Archived versions of the show as well as a podcast are available from the show's website.
	Founder and host Kirsten Sanford holds a B.S. in Conservation Biology and a Ph.D in Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology from the University of California, Davis, and is a frequent lecturer on the Davis campus. Sanford was awarded the 2005 American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Mass Media Fellowship Award in recognition for her work with "This Week in Science". Through this fellowship she worked as a television news producer at WNBC News in New York City working with noted health and science reporter Max Gomez.
	Justin Jackson has been the show's co-host since 2005.
	Blair Bazdarich joined as the show's third co-host in 2013 after serving as an intern for over a year.
	"This Week in Science" regularly interviews notable scientists, technologists, and luminaries. Past interviewees include:

= = = Cubohemioctahedron = = =

	In geometry, the cubohemioctahedron is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. Its vertex figure is a crossed quadrilateral.
	It is given Wythoff symbol 4/3 4 | 3, although that is a double-covering of this figure.
	A nonconvex polyhedron has intersecting faces which do not represent new edges or faces. In the picture vertices are marked by golden spheres, and edges by silver cylinders.
	It is a hemipolyhedron with 4 hexagonal faces passing through the model center. The hexagons intersect each other and so only triangle portions of each are visible.
	It shares the vertex arrangement and edge arrangement with the cuboctahedron (having the square faces in common), and with the octahemioctahedron (having the hexagonal faces in common).
	The "cubohemioctahedron" can be seen as a net on the hyperbolic tetrahexagonal tiling with vertex figure 4.6.4.6.
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	The hexahemioctacron is the dual of the cubohemioctahedron, and is one of nine dual hemipolyhedra. It appears visually indistinct from the octahemioctacron.
	Since the cubohemioctahedron has four hexagonal faces passing through the model center, thus it is degenerate, and can be seen as having four vertices at infinity.
	In Magnus Wenninger's "Dual Models", they are represented with intersecting infinite prisms passing through the model center, cut off at a certain point that is convenient for the maker.

= = = Bertha of Putelendorf = = =

	Bertha von Putelendorf (died 1190) was the daughter of Count Palatine Friedrich von Putelendorf in Saxony.
	She married Berthold I, Count of Henneberg (died 1157), and had two surviving children:

= = = Darbandokeh = = =

	Darbandokeh is a former Assyrian village located in the sub-district of Harir and in the district of Shaqlawa. It is populated by Kurds today. 
	The Assyrians of Darbandokeh came right after the Assyrian genocide that took place within the Ottoman Empire. They came from the Shamezdin region, located within Hakkari, Turkey and are of the Nochiya tribe. In 1938, fifteen families totaling 108 people lived in the village. As a result of forced migration in the late 20th century, today no Assyrians remain in the village of Darbandokeh. The Assyrian quarter of the village was resettled by pro-government Kurds after the entire village's population fled in 1963 due to fighting.
	Darbandokeh is the birthplace of many renowned Assyrians. It is where the Patriarch of the Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East, Mar Dinkha IV, was born. It is also the birthplace of the former Secretary General of the Assyrian Universal Alliance, Emanuel Kamber. 

= = = Vinbarbital = = =

	Vinbarbital is a hypnotic drug which is a barbiturate derivative. It was developed by Sharp and Dohme in 1939.

= = = George Baerveldt = = =

	George Baerveldt, M.B.Ch.B., is a Professor in the Department of Ophthalmology at the University of California, Irvine.
	Baerveldt developed and currently holds four patents related to the Baerveldt Glaucoma Implant, a device for the drainage of excess fluid from the eye in complex cases of glaucoma.
	Professor Baerveldt is also one of the inventors of the Trabectome, a device for minimally-invasive glaucoma surgery.

= = = Palaú = = =

	Palaú is a town in the Mexican state of Coahuila. It is located on the eastern boundary of the Chihuahuan Desert, in the municipality of Múzquiz. Temperatures in the summertime can easily reach 45 degrees Celsius and the winters are mild but wet. The main industry is coal mining.
	When an Austrian engineer discovered these energy riches in the late 19th century, the northern portion of Coahuila quickly transformed from a sparsely populated region of cattle ranchers to an industrial powerhouse. Thousands of Japanese immigrants came seeking work; some of their descendants, with Japanese surnames, are still here. Simabuco is one of several Japanese Surnames and is traced back to Anastacio Simabuco whose family is believed to have migrated from Okinawa,Japan at the turn of the 20th Century.
	Coahuila coal feeds steel mills in Monclova and Monterrey, the country's third-largest city. Two coal-fired electric plants near the U.S. border supply as much as 8 percent of Mexico's electricity.
	Population (INEGI 2005): 16,133 (men 8,063; women 8,070)

= = = Great ditrigonal icosidodecahedron = = =

	In geometry, the great ditrigonal icosidodecahedron (or great ditrigonary icosidodecahedron) is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. It has 4 Schwarz triangle equivalent constructions, for example Wythoff symbol 3 | 3 5/4 gives Coxeter diagram = . It has extended Schläfli symbol a{5/2,3} or c{3,5/2}, as an "altered great stellated dodecahedron" or "converted great icosahedron".
	Its circumradius is formula_1 times the length of its edge, a value it shares with the cube.
	Its convex hull is a regular dodecahedron. It additionally shares its edge arrangement with the small ditrigonal icosidodecahedron (having the triangular faces in common), the ditrigonal dodecadodecahedron (having the pentagonal faces in common), and the regular compound of five cubes.

= = = Dan E. Fesman = = =

	Dan E. Fesman (sometimes credited as Dan Fesman) is a television producer and writer. Fesman graduated from Teaneck High School in Teaneck, New Jersey.
	Fesman has also been producer and writer on several recent series, including "Grimm", "LAX", "Wonderfalls" and "Dead Like Me". He has written for "Special Unit 2", "", "Now and Again", "The King of Queens", "Zero Stress" and "NCIS".

= = = Dyckman Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line) = = =

	Dyckman Street (pronounced ) is a station on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located roughly at the intersection of Dyckman Street and Nagle Avenue in the neighborhood of Inwood, Manhattan, it is served by the 1 train at all times.
	The West Side Branch of the first subway was extended northward to a temporary terminus of 221st Street and Broadway on March 12, 1906 with the first open station at Dyckman Street, as the stations at 168th Street, 181st Street, and 191st Street were not yet completed. This extension was served by shuttle trains operating between 157th Street and 221st Street until May 30, 1906 when express trains began running through to 221st Street.
	In 1948, platforms on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line from 103rd Street to 238th Street were lengthened to 514 feet to allow full ten-car express trains to platform. Previously the stations could only platform six car local trains. The platform extensions were opened in stages. On April 6, 1948, the platform extension opened for stations from 103rd Street to Dyckman Street, with the exception of 125th Street.
	This station, located atop an embankment, has two side platforms, two tracks and maintains a level grade. It lies at the northern portal of the Washington Heights Mine Tunnel, which takes the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line through the bedrock of Manhattan. North of the station, the terrain of Upper Manhattan drops abruptly and the line becomes elevated to Van Cortlandt Park–242nd Street.
	Both platforms have beige windscreens and red canopies with green frames at the center. A waist-level black fence runs along either side. The platforms are offset as the South Ferry-bound one inclines more to the north than the 242nd Street-bound one. Each platform has two "DYCKMAN ST" mosaics.
	This is one of only two aboveground Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line stations with two tracks (the other being 242nd Street). A center express track, which is currently unused in revenue service, forms just north of this station and runs nonstop to just south of 242nd Street. A spur track used to be located to the south of the station, but was removed when the platforms were extended.
	The station is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, as is the nearby Substation 17.
	A 1991 artwork in the waiting area is called "Flight" by Wopo Holup. It features ceramic relief tiles depicting birds in flight.
	The station's only entrance is a station house slightly above ground level at the southern corner of Nagle Avenue, Dyckman Street, and Hillside Avenue. There is a ramp and stairs from street level to the station house. It has a turnstile bank, token booth, and two staircases to each platform, with an elevator to the southbound platform.
	In February 2014, as part of an ongoing rehabilitation, the MTA built a ramp from street level to the mezzanine and opened an elevator to connect the southbound platform to the mezzanine. The elevator, which was not originally planned in the station renovation, was built due to a lawsuit by the United Spinal Association. The elevator is of a "machine room-less" design and is the first of its type to be installed in the New York City Subway system. The renovations also included rehabilitation of the tunnel portal, realignment and rehabilitation of the platforms and installation of new cast iron lighting fixtures.
	The southbound elevator is located at the southwest corner of Hillside Avenue, St. Nicholas Avenue, and Fort George Hill, and is accessible by a ramp to the station house.
	This station is not accessible to the disabled on the northbound side because the suit was settled only after the northbound side was already renovated, and in any case, the area's geography made it prohibitively expensive to add an elevator to the northbound platform. Northbound accessibility was proposed in February 2019 as part of the MTA's "Fast Forward" program.

= = = Shane Acton = = =

	Shane John Acton (17 September 1946 – 25 February 2002) was an English sailor, known for circumnavigating the globe in an boat, the smallest ever to survive the voyage. He first set sail from Britain in 1972 at the age of 25.
	Acton was born and raised in Coleridge, Cambridge, England. Without any sailing experience, he departed in a used 18' 4" bilge-keel sailing boat for which he paid the modest sum of £400. The boat was a Caprice, a Robert Tucker design originally named "Super Shrimp" but referred to by Shane simply as "Shrimpy". Later Shane was accompanied for much of the voyage by his girlfriend, Iris Derungs, a photographer from Switzerland. He sailed westabout through the Panama Canal, circling the globe and returning to England as a local celebrity eight years later. The voyage is chronicled in his book "Shrimpy: A Record Round-the-World Voyage in an Eighteen Foot Yacht".
	In 1984, he set off on a second voyage from England to Central America via the French canals, the Mediterranean and the Canary Islands and wrote a book of this voyage "Shrimpy sails again".
	He lived his later years near Golfito, Costa Rica, and died of lung cancer on February 25, 2002 in Cambridge, aged 55.

= = = Tim Ruddy = = =

	Tim Ruddy (born April 27, 1972) is a former American football offensive lineman. He was born in Dunmore, Pennsylvania. Tim Ruddy was a center for the Miami Dolphins from 1994 to 2003.
	Ruddy attended The University of Notre Dame from 1990–1994. He was a four-year letterman and two year starter during this time. He was selected as a second-team All-America and first-team All-Independent by "The Football News" and the Associated Press. Ruddy also posted a perfect 4.0 GPA his junior and senior years at Notre Dame. He graduated with 3.86 GPA. He holds a B.S. in mechanical engineering. He also earned post-graduate scholarships from the NCAA and the National Football Foundation. He is also a member of Tau Beta Pi (National Engineering Honor Society).
	Ruddy was the second-round draft choice (65th overall) of Miami in 1994. Ruddy started 140 games of his 156 games played in which 16 of those non starts were his rookie year but he saw time in all of them. During most of his career he was the center for Dan Marino who has held almost every meaningful NFL passing record and is widely recognized as one of the greatest quarterbacks in football history.
	In 2001 Ruddy was named to his first and only Pro Bowl. He was originally named a second alternate, but replaced the injured Tom Nalen of the Denver Broncos. He was the first Miami center to be selected to the Pro Bowl since Hall of Fame center Dwight Stephenson in 1987. The last few years of Ruddy's career were plagued with knee problems and his playing time was limited. Ruddy was released by Miami following the 2003 season. It was rumored he talked to a few teams after his departure from Miami but didn't sign with any team.
	Ruddy was selected as one of the top 40 Miami Dolphin players of all time, and was named as a second team offensive line selection to the Pennsylvania Football News All-Century Team.

= = = Marijuana Party of Canada candidates in the 2006 Canadian federal election = = =

	Changes to Canadian elections law in 2004 closed "Longley's Loophole". This court decision resulted in the loss of funding for the Parti Marijuana Party and other small parties. The Marijuana Party of Canada fielded twenty-three candidates in the 2006 federal election receiving a total of nine-thousand two-hundred and seventy-five votes, averaging (0.82%) across the 23 ridings fielding candidates. In Nunavut, Ed Devries won 7.9% of the vote finishing in fourth place, ahead of the Green Party candidate. Party leader Blair Longley received 332 votes (0.72%) finishing fifth out of six candidates in the Montreal riding of Hochelaga.
	Chisholm listed his occupation as a Call Center Tech Support in the 2006 campaign. He received 193 votes (1.01%) finishing fifth out of six candidates.
	Anthony received 436 votes (1.0%) finishing fifth out of six candidates.
	Party leader Blair Longley, received 332 votes (0.72%) finishing fifth out of six candidates. He ran previously as Parti Marijuana Party leader in the 2004 general election for the BC riding of North Okanagan—Shuswap earning 492 votes (0.95%). Longley ran again in the Hochelaga riding during the 2008 federal election listing himself as unemployed, receiving 183 votes (0.4%)
	Listed as a Thinker, Longley previously ran twice in the Vancouver Quadra riding during the 1984 and 1988 general elections. He received 364 votes (0.62%) as Green candidate in 1984, and received 52 votes (0.1%) as an independent in 1988.
	St-Onge, a Gardener, was one vote shy of 420, earning 419 votes (0.8%) finishing sixth out of six candidates.
	Giroux listed his occupation as Father in 2000 and Driver in 2006. He received 371 votes (0.76%) finishing sixth out of six candidates. Giroux received 547 votes (1.17%) in the 2004 federal election, and 1020 votes (2.26%) in the 2000 federal election.
	Fiset listed his occupation as Philosopher in 2000, Educator in 2004, and Horticulturalist in 2006. Fiset received 397 votes (0.8%) finishing sixth out of six candidates. Fiset received 401 votes (0.83%) in the 2004 federal election, and 968 votes (2.42%) in the 2000 federal election.
	Tanguay listed her occupation as Paper Carrier. Tanguay received 338 votes (0.69%) finishing sixth out of nine candidates in the riding won by Bloc Quebecois leader Gilles Duceppe. Tanguay received 572 votes (1.2%) in the 2004 federal election.
	Kolaczysnki listed himself as a postal worker in the 2004 campaign. He was the only candidate in the riding to run a $0 campaign. He finished fifth of six candidate with 426 votes (0.61%) with the riding being won by Gordon O'Connor. Kolaczysnki ran previously in the Lanark—Frontenac—Lennox and Addington riding (won by Scott Reid) during the 2004 general election, winning 479 votes (0.85%).
	Rathwell was born on November 26, 1958, in Carleton Place, Ontario. He later moved to Alberta to work in the oilpatch for five years, and spent five additional years working at a sour gas factory. He has a Fourth Class Stationary Engineering certificate from the Southern Alberta Institute of Technology.
	He credits marijuana for helping him come to terms with post-traumatic stress syndrome, arguing that conventional treatments did not work for him ("Ottawa Citizen", 10 June 1998). His wife also suffers from multiple sclerosis, and Rathwell believes that marijuana use has kept her alive by causing the condition to subside. He joined the Marijuana Party after he was denied a certificate to grow marijuana for medical purposes and sentenced to nine months in jail for illegal cultivation.
	He received 501 votes (0.84%), finishing sixth against Conservative incumbent Scott Reid.
	James Bender (born 1964) earned 771 votes (1.55%), the most of any Parti Marijuana Party candidate, finishing sixth of seven candidates. Running previously in the riding during the 2004 general election he received 794 votes (1.73%). Bender is self made, formerly operating Lady Godiva's in Woodstock, Ontario, as well as former operator of "The Ganja Tree" in Woodstock, Ontario. Bender has been involved in social protest for many years in several areas. He is a proponent of legal marijuana, regulated by the government with similar control and distribution mechanisms in place in order to stabilize the industry, removing it from the paradigm of criminality. At present he is working on a pesticide ban, the redirecting of a golf course, (in order to protect a wetland area) and is a member of the Trans National Radical Party which holds NGO in consultant status with the United Nations.
	Bender regularly contributes to many national and local newspapers as an opinion writer. He operates an online newspaper known as the "Woodstock Ontario Independent News". He was awarded the Community Care and Access "Heroes in the Home Award", receiving commendation from Ontario Premier Dalton McGuinty, as well as many other government officials and leaders for his role in arguing a human rights case involving summer access to camp programs for disabled children against the city of Woodstock, Ontario, which he subsequently won.
	Bender ran unsuccessfully for city council in Woodstock, Ontario, in the November 2006 municipal elections. He garnered 2023 votes (6.4%).
	Bender also ran in the 2007 Ontario general elections as an Independent candidate, coming in fourth place ahead of the Family Coalition, a branch of the Christian Heritage Party. He won a total vote count of 632 votes, casting himself as a social liberal, fiscal conservative. Bender has organized and registered with Elections Canada, the Oxford Marijuana Party, effective February, 2007. He lives in Woodstock with his partner and two children, one of whom is autistic.
	Poet, John Akpata received 387 votes (0.58%) finishing sixth out of nine candidates. He received 495 votes (0.84%) in the Ottawa-South riding in the 2004 federal election.
	Aiden Wiechula was born on November 10, 1985, in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and lived in Waterloo, Ontario; Saudi Arabia; and Vancouver Island, British Columbia, before moving to Peterborough to attend Trent University. He was a member of the New Democratic Party before joining the Marijuana Party and was a twenty-year-old History student at the time of the 2006 election. When he declared his candidacy, he was quoted as saying, "The cannabis issue is a great example of everything the government has mishandled and done wrong. It [voting for the Marijuana Party] is a great protest vote against bigger party mentality."
	Wiechula was on the left wing of the Marijuana Party. He has said that he became interested in politics via an opposition to the American invasion of Iraq. During the 2006 campaign, he called for free community college courses and for university student tuition fees to be cut in half. He denied that this would result in a lower quality of education, pointing to the example of low tuition fees in Quebec.
	Wiechula received 455 votes (0.72%) on election, finishing fifth against Conservative candidate Dean Del Mastro. He later joked that he had fulfilled his goal of receiving more votes than his father, Marek Wiechula, who received 204 votes as a Libertarian Party candidate in the 1975 Ontario provincial election.
	In 2009, Wiechula wrote a piece defending the political legacy of J.S. Woodsworth, founder of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation.
	Marijuana advocate, Terry Parker received 311 votes (0.58%) finishing fifth out of eight candidates. Parker also ran in this riding in the 2000 and 2004 general elections. In 2000 he received 711 votes (1.85%) and in 2004 received 384 votes for (0.82%). He ran again in the riding in 2008 earning 209 votes (0.43%).
	Minister of the Church of the Universe Ethier received, just over 420 votes. His 421 votes (0.92%) put him sixth of seven candidates.
	Thompson received 424 votes (1.1%) finishing fifth of five candidates. In the 2004 election he received 547 votes (1.51%) in the riding.
	Denis Carriere received 486 votes (1.25%) finishing fifth of five candidates.
	Dowling received 390 votes (0.74%) finishing sixth out of seven candidates. He received 519 votes (1.07%) in the riding during the 2004 federal election.
	Marshall finished sixth of six candidates in the riding won by Stephen Harper. He did not receive any votes, likely due to missed filing deadline.
	Felger received 334 votes (0.71%) finishing fifth of seven candidates.
	Banov received 327 votes (0.63%) finishing fifth of seven candidates.
	Heathcliff Dionysus Campbell received 259 votes (0.45%) finishing sixth of seven candidates.
	Boyer received 158 votes (0.27%) finishing sixth of seven candidates.
	Mallach won 311 votes (0.5%) finishing fifth of seven candidates.
	Devries received 724 votes (7.9%) finishing fourth out of five candidates. He received the largest percentage of votes amongst 2006 Parti Marijuana Party candidates.

= = = Mihailo Marković = = =

	Mihailo Marković, PhD (; 24 February 1923 – 7 February 2010) was a Serbian philosopher who gained prominence in the 1960s and 1970s as a proponent of the Praxis School, a Marxist humanist movement that originated in Yugoslavia.
	A co-author of the SANU Memorandum, Marković was a prominent supporter of Slobodan Milošević in the late 1980s and 1990s. 
	Marković was born in Belgrade, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. He became a member of the youth organization of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ) in 1940, and in 1944 he became a member of the KPJ itself. As a partisan he actively participated in the struggle for liberation of Yugoslavia during World War II.
	Marković took a doctorate in philosophy first at the University of Belgrade Faculty of Philosophy in 1955, and then another in 1956 at University College London. There he studied logic under A. J. Ayer, and wrote his thesis on "The Concept of Logic". In 1963 he became a full professor of philosophy at the University of Belgrade's Faculty of Philosophy, and the dean of the faculty in the period 1966–1967. From 1960 to 1962 he was the president of the Yugoslav Society of Philosophy. In the 1970s, he taught at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor and was a director of the Institute of Philosophy at the University of Belgrade. He also taught for many years at the University of Pennsylvania, first as a frequent visiting professor from 1972 to 1980 and then as an adjunct professor from 1981 to 1993. Marković was a co-Chairman of the International Humanist and Ethical Union (1975–1985). He has been a corresponding member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts since 1963 and a full member since 1983.
	In his honour, a collection of articles entitled "Philosophy and Society" was published in Belgrade in 1987.
	After the Resolution of the Informbiro condemning the Yugoslav communist regime, Marković took part in a fierce debate against Stalinist dogmatism, becoming one of the fiercest critics of the Stalinist philosophical theses. His "Revision of the Philosophical Bases of Marxism in the USSR", published in 1952, was the first major attack on the Stalinist philosophy in Yugoslavia.
	In the 1960s Marković became a major proponent of the Praxis School of Marxist interpretation, which emphasized the writings of young Marx, and their dialectical and humanist aspects in particular. He also actively contributed to the international journal "Praxis". Due to his critical observations, together with seven other professors from the Faculty of Philosophy in Belgrade, Marković was suspended in January 1975, and finally lost his job in January 1981. After that, Marković worked in the Institute of Social Research until his retirement in 1986.
	As a member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SANU) in 1986, Marković, together with Vasilije Krestić and others, wrote the SANU Memorandum, a document that has formulated the central tenets of Serbian nationalism. While the document has been viewed in some neighbouring former Yugoslav republics as a preparation for full-scale Greater Serbian expansionism, many Serbs considered it a realistic depiction of the Serbian position within Yugoslav federation.
	Marković was vice-president of the Slobodan Milošević's Socialist Party of Serbia from 1990 to 1992, as well as its one time chief ideologue. At other times, he was a vocal critic of the official SPS party line. In November 1995 he was released from all duties in the party.

= = = Small rhombihexahedron = = =

	In geometry, the small rhombihexahedron (or small rhombicube) is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. It has 18 faces (12 squares and 6 octagons), 48 edges, and 24 vertices. Its vertex figure is an antiparallelogram.
	This polyhedron shares the vertex arrangement with the stellated truncated hexahedron. It additionally shares its edge arrangement with the convex rhombicuboctahedron (having 12 square faces in common) and with the small cubicuboctahedron (having the octagonal faces in common).
	It may be constructed as the exclusive or (blend) of three octagonal prisms.

= = = Small cubicuboctahedron = = =

	In geometry, the small cubicuboctahedron is a uniform star polyhedron, indexed as U. It has 20 faces (8 triangles, 6 squares, and 6 octagons), 48 edges, and 24 vertices. Its vertex figure is a crossed quadrilateral.
	The cubicuboctahedron is a faceting of the rhombicuboctahedron. Its name comes from that the square faces lying on the planes corresponding to the rhombic dodecahedron, has been replaced by six octagonal faces parallel to the square faces of the cube.
	It shares its vertex arrangement with the stellated truncated hexahedron. It additionally shares its edge arrangement with the rhombicuboctahedron (having the triangular faces and 6 square faces in common), and with the small rhombihexahedron (having the octagonal faces in common).
	As the Euler characteristic suggests, the small cubicuboctahedron is a toroidal polyhedron of genus 3 (topologically it is a surface of genus 3), and thus can be interpreted as a (polyhedral) immersion of a genus 3 polyhedral surface, in the complement of its 24 vertices, into 3-space. (A neighborhood of any vertex is topologically a cone on a figure-8, which cannot occur in an immersion. Note that the Richter reference overlooks this fact.) The underlying polyhedron (ignoring self-intersections) defines a uniform tiling of this surface, and so the small cubicuboctahedron is a uniform polyhedron. In the language of abstract polytopes, the small cubicuboctahedron is a "faithful realization" of this abstract toroidal polyhedron, meaning that it is a nondegenerate polyhedron and that they have the same symmetry group. In fact, every automorphism of the abstract genus 3 surface with this tiling is realized by an isometry of Euclidean space.
	Higher genus surfaces (genus 2 or greater) admit a metric of negative constant curvature (by the uniformization theorem), and the universal cover of the resulting Riemann surface is the hyperbolic plane. The corresponding tiling of the hyperbolic plane has vertex figure 3.8.4.8 (triangle, octagon, square, octagon). If the surface is given the appropriate metric of curvature = −1, the covering map is a local isometry and thus the "abstract" vertex figure is the same. This tiling may be denoted by the Wythoff symbol 3 4 | 4, and is depicted on the right.
	Alternatively and more subtly, by chopping up each square face into 2 triangles and each octagonal face into 6 triangles, the small cubicuboctahedron can be interpreted as a non-regular "coloring" of the combinatorially "regular" (not just "uniform") tiling of the genus 3 surface by 56 equilateral triangles, meeting at 24 vertices, each with degree 7. This regular tiling is significant as it is a tiling of the Klein quartic, the genus 3 surface with the most symmetric metric (automorphisms of this tiling equal isometries of the surface), and the orientation-preseserving automorphism group of this surface is isomorphic to the projective special linear group PSL(2,7), equivalently GL(3,2) (the order 168 group of all orientation-preserving isometries). Note that the small cubicuboctahedron is "not" a realization of this abstract polyhedron, as it only has 24 orientation-preserving symmetries (not every abstract automorphism is realized by a Euclidean isometry) – the isometries of the small cubicuboctahedron preserve not only the triangular tiling, but also the coloring, and hence are a proper subgroup of the full isometry group.
	The corresponding tiling of the hyperbolic plane (the universal covering) is the order-7 triangular tiling. The automorphism group of the Klein quartic can be augmented (by a symmetry which is not realized by a symmetry of the polyhedron, namely "exchanging the two endpoints of the edges that bisect the squares and octahedra) to yield the Mathieu group M.

= = = Arthur Aviles = = =

	Arthur Avilés (born 1963) is an American Bessie Award-winning dancer and choreographer of Puerto Rican descent. Avilés was born in Queens, New York, and raised in Long Island and the Bronx. He graduated from Bard College, a liberal arts college in Annandale-on-Hudson, New York. After graduating from Bard, he became a member of the Bill T. Jones/Arnie Zane Dance Company, and toured internationally with the company for eight years 1987 to 1995.
	Mr. Avilés began his own company, the Arthur Aviles Typical Theatre (AATT), in 1996 in Paris, France, and moved the company to the Bronx that same year. In addition to his work with AATT, Avilés became the company choreographer for the Paris-based theatrical company Faim de Siecle, and has choreographed a series of productions that have been performed in the United States and in France.
	In December 1998, he co-founded with Charles Rice-González BAAD! - The Bronx Academy of Arts and Dance, a new performance and workshop space in the American Bank Note Company Building, a warehouse in the Hunts Point section of the Bronx. In October 2013, the organization moved to Westchester Square into a gothic revivalist building on the campus of St. Peter's Episcopal Church. "The New York Times" has said that BAAD! is "a funky and welcoming performance space." In addition to the Bessie Award, Avilés received an Arts and Letters Award from his alma mater in 1995, a BRIO (Bronx Recognizes Its Own) Award from the Bronx Council on the Arts (BCA) in 1999, a PRIDE (Puerto Rican Initiative to Develop Empowerment) Award honoring outstanding contributions and services to the Puerto Rican, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Communities, a 2004 New York Foundation for the Arts Fellowship, in 2008 he received an award from NYC Comptroller Bill Thompson and a NYC Mayor's Arts Award, and 2015 received an honorary doctorate from Bard College. In 2005, AATT was among 406 New York City arts and social service institutions to receive part of a $20 million grant from the Carnegie Corporation, which was made possible through a donation by New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg.
	Anna Kisselgoff of "The New York Times" wrote, "If you don’t know Mr. Aviles, you haven’t seen one of the great modern dancers of the last 15 years." Jennifer Dunning, "The New York Times" dance critic, described his work as follows: "Arthur Aviles has developed an individual voice and style that might be compared to bold street theater and poster art, communicating his truths about life as seen as a gay male Puerto Rican through simple narratives that are always colorful and often poignant and amusing."
	Since 1991, Aviles has collaborated extensively with his first cousin, the comedian and performer Elizabeth Marrero. He has also collaborated with other gay Puerto Rican performers such as Jorge Merced. Avilés is publicly gay, as he has indicated in interviews, and many of his dance pieces explore gay topics.

= = = Sideritis = = =

	Sideritis (Gr: σιδηρίτις), also known as ironwort, mountain tea and shepherd's tea, is a genus of flowering plants well known for their use as herbal medicine, commonly as an herbal tea. They are abundant in Mediterranean regions, the Balkans, the Iberian Peninsula and Macaronesia, but can also be found in Central Europe and temperate Asia.
	In Greek "sideritis" can be literally translated as "he who is made of iron". The plant was known to ancient Greeks, specifically Pedanius Dioscorides and Theophrastus. Although Dioscorides describes three species, only one (probably "S. scordioides") is thought to belong to "Sideritis". In ancient times "sideritis" was a generic reference for plants capable of healing wounds caused by iron weapons during battles. However, others hold that the name stems from the shape of the sepal, which resembles the tip of a spear.
	In 2002, molecular phylogenetic research found "Sideritis" and five other genera to be embedded in "Stachys". Further studies will be needed before "Stachys", "Sideritis", and their closest relatives can be revised.
	Some schemes recognize and categorize up to 319 distinct species, subspecies, ecotypes, forms or cultivars, including:
	Botanists have encountered difficulties in naming and classifying the varieties of "Sideritis" due to their subtle differences. One particularly confusing case is that of "S. angustifolia" Lagasca and "S. tragoriganum" Lagasca.
	The genus is composed of short (8–50 cm), xerophytic subshrubs or herbs, annual or perennial, that grow at high altitudes (usually over 1000 m) with little or no soil, often on the surface of rocks.
	It is pubescent, either villous or coated by a fine, woolly layer of microscopic intertwined hairs.
	"Sideritis" inflorescence is verticillaster.
	Very popular in Greece, Turkey, Albania, Kosovo, Bulgaria and North Macedonia, "Sideritis scardica" is used as a herb either for the preparation of herbal teas, or for its aromatic properties in local cuisines. The herbal tea is commonly prepared by decoction, by boiling the stems, leaves and flowers in a pot of water, then often serving with honey and lemon.
	Ironwort has been traditionally used to aid digestion, strengthen the immune system and suppress common cold, the flu and other viruses, allergies and shortness of breath, sinus congestion, even pain and mild anxiety.
	Scientists have suggested that the popular pronouncement of ironwort as panacea may have some basis in fact. Studies indicate a positive effect on many common ailments. Ironwort is known scientifically to be anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant. Active elements include diterpenoid and flavonoids. Significant research has been done on ironwort confirming its popular use to prevent colds, flu, and allergies. Most of this research has taken place in universities in the Netherlands and in Greece, Turkey, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, and Albania, where the plant is indigenous.
	"Sideritis raeseri" is the most commonly cultivated "Sideritis" in Bulgaria, Greece, Albania and North Macedonia, where advanced hybrids also exist. Planting is recommended during two periods (October–November or February–March in the Northern hemisphere) and gathering in July, when in full bloom. The plant is typically dried before usage.
	Photos:

= = = Max Lanier = = =

	Hubert Max Lanier (August 18, 1915 – January 30, 2007) was an American left-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball who spent most of his career with the St. Louis Cardinals. He led the National League in earned run average in 1943, and was the winning pitcher of the clinching game in the 1944 World Series against the crosstown St. Louis Browns. His son Hal became a major league infielder and manager.
	Born in Denton, North Carolina, Lanier was one of a handful of players who remained active during the World War II years. A naturally right-handed player, he had become a left-handed pitcher only because he twice broke his right arm in childhood. After signing with the Cardinals in 1937, he reached the major leagues in 1938. He had arguably his best season in 1943, compiling a 15–7 record with a league-best 1.90 ERA. In 1944 he won a career-high 17 games, and was the winner of the final game of the World Series against the crosstown Browns. He was named an NL All-Star in both 1943 and 1944.
	Lanier, along with a dozen other major leaguers, defected to the Mexican League in 1946 after being offered a salary nearly double what he was making with the Cardinals. Disappointed by poor playing conditions and allegedly broken contract promises, he tried to return to the Cardinals in 1948, but was barred by an order from commissioner Happy Chandler, imposing a five-year suspension on all players who had jumped to the Mexican League. In response, Lanier and teammate Fred Martin, as well as Danny Gardella of the New York Giants, sued Major League Baseball in federal court, challenging baseball's reserve clause as a violation of U.S. antitrust law (preceding the similar suit by Curt Flood some 25 years later). Chandler reinstated Lanier and the other players in June 1949. Lanier immediately held out for more money than he was being paid at the time of his leaving for Mexico, but eventually signed a contract paying him the same amount as in 1946.
	Lanier rejoined the Cardinals in 1949. After winning a total of 101 games for the club, he ended his career with the New York Giants (1952–53) and the Browns (1953).
	Over fourteen seasons, Lanier posted a 108–82 record with 821 strikeouts and a 3.01 ERA in 1619 innings pitched, including 21 shutouts and 91 complete games.
	Lanier died at age 91 in Dunnellon, Florida.

= = = Steve Odland = = =

	Steve Odland is an American businessman. He is the President and CEO of The Conference Board. He also is the former Chairman and CEO of Office Depot, Inc. and AutoZone, Inc., and the former President and CEO of Tops Markets and the Committee for Economic Development. 
	Steve was a graduate of Mullen High School in Denver Colorado.
	He received his Bachelor’s of Business Administration from The University of Notre Dame, and a Master's of Management degree from the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University.
	From 2013 to June 2018 he was President and CEO of the Committee for Economic Development, a non-partisan, business-led public policy organization that delivers well-researched analysis and reasoned solutions to the nation’s most critical issues. 
	In 2017, in collaboration with Joseph Minarik, Senior Vice President and Director of Research at CED, Odland co-authored "Sustaining Capitalism: Bipartisan Solutions to Restore Trust & Prosperity". The book lays out a clear plan for how business and policy leaders can generate prosperity for business and society now, all while making capitalism sustainable for generations to come. The book received coverage by, among other publications, Fortune, Yahoo! Finance, Bloomberg, and CNBC.
	Steve began his career at the Quaker Oats Company. From 1981 to 1996 he progressed through various positions and divisions at Quaker including pet foods, Golden Grain, international foods, and cereals. From 1996-1998 he served as President of the Foodservice Division of Sara Lee Bakery. He subsequently became President and CEO of Tops Markets, a position he held until 2000.
	From 2001-2005 Odland was President, Chairman, and CEO of AutoZone. At the end of his tenure, AutoZone had over $5.6B in net sales, and approximately 3,500 stores and 45,000 employees across the U.S. and Mexico. He established the first corporate governance guidelines at the company. To drive teamwork and accountability he enacted, among other initiatives, the “40-headed CEO,” in which every month the 40 most senior executives (hence the "40-headed CEO”) convened for a half a day to review the company’s operations, performance, and financials. 
	He was named top new CEO in 2002 by Bloomberg Markets Magazine. 
	From 2005-2010 Odland was Chairman and CEO of Office Depot. During his tenure he implemented award-winning environmental initiatives ranging from green products to green buildings and energy saving measures. His commitment to diversity, including at the top echelons of the company, resulted in several awards and other accolades. The National Association for Female Executives named Office Depot as one of the top 30 companies dedicated to the advancement of women executives; the Women’s Business Development Council named it the Florida Corporation of The Year; DiversityBusiness.com recognized the company as one of the top for multicultural business opportunities. Also, Office Depot’s Supply Chain Diversity team published a catalog to exclusively feature Historically Underutilized Businesses – a first for the industry and one of the few such efforts in all of retailing. In the aftermath of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, the Office Depot Foundation donated $10,000 to Doctors Without Borders to provide medical supplies; it also donated $10,000 to Feed The Children. 
	He is the 2007 recipient of Florida Atlantic University’s Business Leader of the Year.
	From 2011 to 2012 he taught as an Adjunct Professor in the graduate schools of business at Florida Atlantic University and Lynn University.
	He is profiled in the books, "Nobodies to Somebodies: How 100 Great Careers Got Their Start", and "Leaders on Ethics: Real-world Perspectives on Today’s Business Challenges".
	He currently is a Director of General Mills, Inc. and Analogic Corporation. He is a Senior Advisor at PJ SOLOMON, a Trustee of The Conference Board, and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.
	Odland is a Contributor to CNBC and The Hill, and a former Contributor to Forbes.
	He has been a member of the Business Roundtable and Chairman of its Corporate Governance Taskforce; a U.S. Presidential Appointee as commissioner on the National Surface Transportation Policy and Revenue Study Commission; a member of the Committee on Capital Markets Regulation; a U.S. Presidential Appointee on the President's Council on Service and Civic Participation; a member of the Advisory Council of the Institute for Corporate Ethics; a member of the Advisory Council of the University of Notre Dame Mendoza College of Business; Chairman of Memphis Tomorrow; and a member of the Florida Council of 100.

= = = Hardy Rawls = = =

	Hardy Rawls (born November 18, 1952) is an American character actor. His most notable role was as "Dad" Don Wrigley on the Nickelodeon television series "The Adventures of Pete & Pete". His first role was in the film "D.A.R.Y.L." as baseball coach "Bull McKenzie."
	He portrayed "Ol' Lonely" (the "lonely" Maytag Repairman) beginning in 2003, having taken the place of Gordon Jump. Maytag announced on April 2, 2007 that he was being replaced by Clay Earl Jackson of Richmond, VA. He has also made guest appearances on "Late Night with Conan O'Brien", "" and "".
	Rawls is 1974 graduate of Seminole State College of Florida.

= = = Mr. Blotto = = =

	Mr. Blotto is a jam band from Chicago, Illinois. They blend hard rock, original rock, southern rock, folk music, and country rock. They formed in 1991, and continue to tour extensively in the midwest area. Along with their seven album releases and four DVDs, they have also released four "official bootleg" albums of their live recordings. Their most recent release "Live at the Leaf" chronicles a weekend in New Orleans playing at the legendary Maple Leaf. It was released in 2018.
	The core of Mr. Blotto is the brother songwriting team of Mike and Paul Bolger, who had played together in garage rock bands throughout high school. They went in separate directions musically when they attended different colleges, Mike leaning towards the hardcore punk stylings of Hüsker Dü, and Paul focusing on the resurgence of 70s rock like Aerosmith, while eventually discovering Crosby, Stills and Nash and the Grateful Dead, who would later become huge influences. After Paul graduated he decided to pursue the life of a full-time musician while Mike opted to become a lawyer. Paul landed a gig as the house singer in a Polish club in Chicago called "The Cardinal Club." It was here that Paul met guitarist Bob Georges and they decided to begin playing together.
	Earlier the Bolger brothers played in the 1980s in a group called Fred, alongside future members of the Freddy Jones Band. 
	Paul and Bob found drummer Alan Baster at a jazz night, and hired him on. After several auditions for a bass player yielded no results, Paul convinced Mike to be an interim bass player. The band as a four-piece started hitting Chicago area open mic nights and outlying bars, developing their roots-oriented jamband sound and weaving a large amount of reworked Grateful Dead songs into their sets to supplement the originals being penned by Paul, Mike and Bob. As their audience grew, Mike quit being a lawyer and became a full-fledged member.
	They released Parking Karma and found their way into the larger bars and venues of the Chicago scene. After the album was released, Dave Allen - an old college bandmate of Paul's - joined on keyboards, filling out the bass-acoustic guitar-electric guitar-keyboards-drums ensemble that has remained consistent through personnel changes since.
	In addition to Piano, Synths, & Hammond B-3, Dave supplied another singing voice and an ability to improvise lyrics that complemented a long-standing element of the early Blotto show, the "Reggae Rap," in which Paul would freestyle over a rock-steady type of beat.
	In the mid-90s, they released a second CD, "Bad Hair Day," and continued their process of steadily playing shows in the Chicago area. By the end of the decade they had built their audience to the point that they were a significant draw at local performances and festivals.
	1998 saw a third CD, Ancient Face; in 1999 Bob Georges was replaced by Mark Hague. The introduction of Mark (who had played with the Freddy Jones Band) marked a creative period for the band, and he helped pen the next generation of Mr. Blotto tunes. Paul, Mark & Mike started meeting every Monday to work on new original ideas. In these sessions, any idea would be chased down and put to tape. These songs became Cabbages and Kings, the 4th CD which (93.1) WXRT called the band's best release yet.
	Around this time, the band addressed the constant demand for a Live Record. Mr. Blotto had been, from its inception, an improvisational band and had always allowed people to record the shows. A taper path was built that included an analog to digital converter, a distribution amplifier, and an open invitation for all to enjoy the high quality of a constant gain board patch in either digital or analog. As a result, clean Mr. Blotto boots began to cross the country, often in advance of the band—this is especially true outside of the Midwest, where they rarely tour.
	Seeing as not everyone had a portable CD burner or DAT, Mr. Blotto began issuing Live Shows and Compilations. The Bootleg Series is a single CD of songs handpicked by the band for their unique characteristics, where the Just Did It series is made up of double disc sets from one particular show or run of shows.
	In 2005, Alan Baster left the band...and Mr. Blotto picked up a drummer from Indiana by the name of Tony Dellumo. Shortly thereafter Paul, Mark, Mike, Tony and Dave started in on a new album that was finished spring 2006. With help of the Grateful Dead lyricist John Perry Barlow, Mr. Blotto released their 5th studio album: "Barlow Shanghai."
	When Dave "B3" Allen had to leave the band at the end of 2005, Mr. Blotto hired on another well established musician in the Northwest Indiana music scene by the name of Steve Ball. Steve Ball is best known in Northwest Indiana and the Chicago music scene as not only a keyboard player, but also a guitar, bass, mandolin and harmonica journeyman.
	In 2007, the group released an album jointly written with John Perry Barlow, who had previously worked as a lyricist with the Grateful Dead.
	In 2009, Mr. Blotto played the Wakarusa festival and co-headlined the Little Turtle Music & Arts festival in Indiana alongside Los Lobos and The Willie Waldman Project.
	Alan Baster returned as drummer in July 2009. Tony Dellumo left to drum with the band Chester Brown.
	On May 29, 2013, the band announced that June 21, 2013 is the official release date for the new studio album, "Thread". The new album will contain 14 original songs, and will be available on-line and at the official CD Release Show at Martyr's in Chicago, IL
	During a band interview with Planet 19 Media Productions, Mike and Paul described the origins of the name Mr. Blotto:
	Mike: ""We used to put "Mr." before things. It was like putting "est" at the end of something, so, uh, "I'm Mr. Thirsty, I gotta get something to drink", that kind of thing.""
	Paul: ""We were at a Dead show and we were sideways and we said "I'm Mr. Blotto today" and thought it was funny.""
	Mr. Blotto allows fans to record performances from the soundboard and many of these recordings can be heard at www.archive.org. 638 shows have been archived as of summer 2013. The oldest show being 5-29-1993.
	The group hosts a yearly festival in Chicago called Blottopia. Blottopia is a two-day camping festival held in July. The Festival was held along the Fox River at Vasa Park in Elgin, Illinois. from 2000 until 2011. The band has played a surprise album for the final encore on the second night since Blottopia II.
	The 2012 Blottopia was held at Iron Horse in Sabula, Iowa.
	From 2013 to 2015, Blottopia has been held at the Hideaway Lakes Campground in Yorkville, Illinois, once again on the Fox River.
	The 2016 Show was held at Wardawgs Paintball in Holiday Hills, IL.
	The 2017 Show moved yet again to Who Else Land in Dixon, IL.
	Previous encores at Blottopia have included:
	Mr. Blotto singer Paul Bolger became an investor in the "Wire, a venue, school and recording space described as an incubator for musical ideas." Located in Berwyn on Roosevelt Road, 2 blocks from the famous nightclub Fitzgeralds, in an area that promises to become a music "destination", with dining and entertainment close by. Mr. Blotto performs concerts here throughout the year.

= = = Anne of Foix-Candale = = =

	Anna of Foix-Candale (1484 – 26 July 1506) was Queen of Hungary and Bohemia as the third wife of King Vladislaus II.
	Anne was the daughter of Gaston of Foix, Count of Candale and Infanta Catherine of Navarre. Her mother was the youngest daughter of Queen Eleanor of Navarre, and Gaston IV, Count of Foix. Anne grew up at the French royal court in Blois. She was educated in Latin and the Classics. 
	The nephew of the French monarch, the Duke of Longueville, is reported to have been in love with her and wished to marry her, but he was prevented because a political marriage was planned for Anne. The elderly, twice-divorced and childless king Vladislaus II of Hungary of the Jagiellon dynasty had been searching a wife capable of giving him a son. His sights were set on a powerful alliance, and Anne, closely related to French royalty, was a good choice. So Anne got engaged in 1500, the marriage contract confirmed in 1501, and she wed Vladislaus by proxy at the French court in Blois in 1502. On her way to Hungary, she was much celebrated in Italy and in Venice, causing a conflict between France and Hungary over who should pay the expenses. On 29 September 1502, Anne wed Vladislaus in Székesfehérvár and she was crowned Queen of Hungary there that same day.
	Anne brought a French court and French advisors with her to Hungary. The relationship was happy at least from the king's view, and he is reported to have regarded her as a friend, assistant and a trusted advisor. She incurred debts in Venice and was said to favour this city all her life. In 1506, her signature was placed on a document alongside the king's regarding an alliance with the Habsburgs. On July 23, 1503 Anne gave birth to a daughter, known as Anna Jagellonica, and on July 1, 1506 to the long-awaited male heir, the future king Louis II. She enjoyed great popularity, but her pregnancies ruined her health. She died in Buda on July 26, 1506, a little more than three weeks after the birth of her son due to complications from delivery. She was 22.
	Although Anna was Vladislaus II's third wife, she gave birth to his only surviving legitimate children, both of whom were born in Buda:

= = = Boxing at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Lightweight = = =

	The lightweight class in the boxing at the 1964 Summer Olympics competition was the fourth-lightest class. Lightweights were limited to those boxers weighing less than 60 kilograms. 34 boxers from 34 nations competed.

= = = Nine Reasons to Say Goodbye = = =

	Nine Reasons to Say Goodbye is an album by the rock band A Day in the Life. It was released in 2001 and is the only album by the band under the A Day in the Life name before their name change to Hawthorne Heights. It features their entire original lineup. 
	It was re-released in 2005 by Carbon Copy Media with a second disc that contains songs by 4 other bands who were signed to Carbon Copy Media, plus two other songs by A Day in the Life.
	The album cover is lead vocalist JT Woodruff taking a selfie in a bathroom mirror.

= = = Mark Royals = = =

	Mark Alan Royals (born June 22, 1965) is a former American football punter in the National Football League. He attended Mathews High School. He was the last player from the St. Louis Cardinals (football) to retire from the NFL. He is currently a color commentator for coverage of the Arena Football League's Tampa Bay Storm on the regional sports television network Spectrum Sports Florida. He has also co-hosted various sports radio shows since retiring. 
	Royals may be best known for a bad punt he kicked in the 1993 NFL season AFC wildcard game between the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Kansas City Chiefs on January 8, 1994. Near the end of the fourth quarter with Pittsburgh leading Kansas City by seven points, Royals failed to direct a punt towards a sideline, and instead, punted the ball forward directly towards the line of scrimmage. The punt was blocked and recovered by Kansas City. With 1:43 remaining in the fourth quarter and on 4th down, Kansas City quarterback Joe Montana threw a touchdown pass to receiver Tim Barnett. The ensuing PAT tied the game which then went into sudden death overtime. Kansas City kicker Nick Lowery eventually kicked the game winning field goal for the Chiefs eliminating the Steelers from the playoffs. Royals was cut from the Steelers roster later in 1994.

= = = Buckhorn, California = = =

	Buckhorn is the name of two unincorporated communities in the U.S. state of California:

= = = James Cotton (basketball) = = =

	James Wesley Cotton (born December 14, 1975) is an American former professional basketball player who played for the Seattle SuperSonics in the National Basketball Association. He played college basketball for the Long Beach State 49ers. He was selected by Seattle in the second round of the 1997 NBA Draft.
	Cotton was born in Los Angeles, California, and played basketball at Artesia High School in Lakewood before transferring to St. John Bosco High School in Bellflower. He played college basketball at Long Beach State. Cotton requested he be redshirted at the university.
	Cotton, a 6' 5" (1.96 m) shooting guard, left Long Beach State early and was selected with the fourth pick of the second round (32nd pick overall) in the 1997 NBA draft by the Denver Nuggets. His rights were then traded to the Seattle SuperSonics in a swap for the draft rights to Bobby Jackson.
	He was used sparingly by the Sonics over two seasons until he and Hersey Hawkins were involved in a player trade to the Chicago Bulls in exchange for Brent Barry on August 12, 1999. Cotton was waived by the Bulls prior to the commencement of the 1999-2000 NBA season. He also played with the West Sydney Razorbacks in the Australian National Basketball League.
	Cotton's younger brother, Schea, also became a pro basketball player.

= = = Nonconvex great rhombicuboctahedron = = =

	In geometry, the nonconvex great rhombicuboctahedron is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. It is represented by Schläfli symbol t{4,3/2} and Coxeter-Dynkin diagram of . Its vertex figure is a crossed quadrilateral.
	This model shares the name with the convex "great rhombicuboctahedron", also called the truncated cuboctahedron.
	An alternate name for this figure is quasirhombicuboctahedron. From that derives its Bowers acronym: querco.
	It shares the vertex arrangement with the convex truncated cube. It additionally shares its edge arrangement with the great cubicuboctahedron (having the triangular faces and 6 square faces in common), and with the great rhombihexahedron (having 12 square faces in common). It has the same vertex figure as the pseudo great rhombicuboctahedron, which is not a uniform polyhedron.
	The great deltoidal icositetrahedron is the dual of the nonconvex great rhombicuboctahedron.

= = = Speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Men's 1500 metres = = =

	The men's 1500 m speed skating competition for the 2006 Winter Olympics was held in Turin, Italy.
	Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.
	No new world or Olympic records were set during this competition.

= = = Hal Lanier = = =

	Harold Clifton Lanier (born July 4, 1942) is a former infielder, coach and manager in Major League Baseball. From November 2014 through the end of his 2018 contract, Lanier, served as the first manager of the Ottawa Champions of the independent Can-Am League. From through , Lanier played for the San Francisco Giants (1964–71) and New York Yankees (1972–73). He is the son of Max Lanier, a former MLB All-Star pitcher.
	In his rookie season Lanier posted a career-high .274 batting average for the San Francisco Giants and was selected for the 1964 "Topps" All-Star Rookie team.
	In 1968, Lanier led NL shortstops in putouts (282) and fielding average (.979). After that, he moved from second base to shortstop, and finally to third base. He also played in part of two seasons with the New York Yankees.
	In a 10-season career, Lanier was a .228 hitter with eight home runs and 273 RBI in 1196 games played. In each of the three seasons from 1967 to 1969 he ranked last among NL qualifiers in average, on-base percentage, and slugging percentage.
	Following his playing career, Lanier managed in the minors and served as third base coach for the St. Louis Cardinals from 1981–85, including the 1982 World Series and National League champion teams. He then went on to manage the Houston Astros from 1986–88 and had a 254-232 win-loss record. In 1986, he was named NL Manager of the Year by the BBWA and "TSN" for leading the Astros to their first Division Title since 1980 and the best record (96-66) in team history up to that point. A power struggle between Lanier and Astros' general manager Dick Wagner in 1987 eventually led to Wagner leaving the team.
	In 1988, the Astros lost a home game to the San Francisco Giants. As the team prepared to eat the post-game meal, take showers, and go home, they received word they were wanted back on the field. Lanier brought out the batting cage and ordered the team to take batting practice again. Lanier was fired at the end of the season.
	In recent years, Lanier has managed in the independent minor leagues. He managed for the Winnipeg Goldeyes in the Northern League for several years, then moved to the Can-Am League to manage the Sussex Skyhawks. While with the Skyhawks, Lanier led the team to the league championship in 2008 over the Quebec Capitales in the Can-Am League Championship Series. He left the Skyhawks following the 2009 season to become manager of the Normal CornBelters.
	On December 12, 2012, the Yuma Desert Rats of the independent American West Baseball League, announced they had come to terms with Lanier to manage the Desert Rats for the 2013 season, however the team folded before playing a game. On November 18, 2014, the Ottawa Champions of the Can-Am League announced that Lanier would be their manager for the 2015 season. On September 17, 2016, his team beat the Rockland Boulders 3-1 to win 2016 league championship three games to two. In late 2018, Lanier was fired by Ottawa after the Champions missed the playoffs in two consecutive seasons.

= = = Small dodecahemidodecahedron = = =

	In geometry, the small dodecahemidodecahedron is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. Its vertex figure alternates two regular pentagons and decagons as a crossed quadrilateral.
	It is a hemipolyhedron with six decagonal faces passing through the model center.
	It shares its edge arrangement with the icosidodecahedron (its convex hull, having the pentagonal faces in common), and with the small icosihemidodecahedron (having the decagonal faces in common).

= = = Becky Lourey = = =

	Becky Lourey (born September 24, 1943) is an American politician, a former Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL) state senator and state representative, and a former Minnesota gubernatorial candidate. Her son, Matt, served in the U.S. Army and was killed on May 27, 2005, as a result of injuries received in combat over Buhriz, Iraq, where he was serving in his second tour of duty.
	Lourey was elected to the Minnesota House of Representatives in 1990, running against a long-time incumbent Republican, and became the first woman to represent her rural district. She was re-elected in 1992 and 1994. She ran for and was elected to the Minnesota Senate in 1996, again defeating a veteran incumbent, later becoming chair of the Senate Health and Family Security Committee and earning a reputation as an expert on health care.
	Lourey did not run for re-election in 2006. Her son, Tony, held her former seat until 2018, after which he was appointed to Governor Tim Walz's cabinet.
	Lourey announced her candidacy for Governor in November 2005. She lost the DFL Party endorsement to Attorney General Mike Hatch, gaining the support of 31% of the delegates on the first ballot, with 38% voting for Hatch and 29% voting for Steve Kelley. She withdrew from the endorsement process after the third ballot after falling behind Kelley, with Hatch's vote total increasing. She subsequently ran an opposition campaign against Hatch in the September primary, losing with 24% of the popular vote.
	Lourey's gubernatorial campaign health care platform was the Health Care Security Plan, which included the details to put a universal health coverage system in place in Minnesota by 2010. That system would have been voluntary, not mandatory as was the Massachusetts health program that was enacted into law in Spring 2006. The platform also included other state-level health reform proposals, including the current Minnesota Medical Association's proposal.
	At the heart of the Lourey health care plan was an expanded and reformed "MinnesotaCare", a state program providing health insurance coverage for low-income Minnesotans that she, along with several others, had authored in the state legislature in 1993. Under her Health Care Security Plan, all Minnesotans would have been eligible to join the new MinnesotaCare by 2010. Employers could participate by offering their employer plan via the new BusinessCare program to be created as part of the revised MinnesotaCare. There were several cost containment measures in Lourey's Health Care Security Plan, including a requirement that any HMOs, private health insurers or Third Party Administrators receiving contracts to administer state-funded health plans spend no more than 5% on administrative expenses.

= = = Lafayette School Corporation = = =

	The Lafayette School Corporation administers three high schools, one intermediate school, one Jr. High School and eight elementary schools in Lafayette, Indiana. Its administrative offices are at 2300 Cason Street in Lafayette, Indiana.
	Originally known as the School City of Lafayette, the district became the Lafayette School Corporation on January 1, 1963. Its superintendents have included:
	The district's current superintendent is Mr. Les Huddle.
	Lafayette's school system has built a reputation for extracurricular programs, especially its band, choral, and visual arts programs. The Marching Bronchos, under the direction of Thomas W. Barker, Jr., have qualified for ISSMA State Marching Band Finals seven times since 1983 and have performed in Hollywood, Philadelphia, Orlando, and Hawaii. The wind ensemble has consistently qualified for ISSMA State Concert Band Finals since 2001. The concert choir, Varsity Singers, under the direction of Jeff Vallier and John Satterfield, has consistently qualified for ISSMA State Concert Choir Finals since 1994, receiving second-place honors three times. The show choir The First Edition is nationally known, including performances in Miami, Orlando, Philadelphia, Nashville, Washington D.C., Chicago, Boston, Los Angeles, New York City, Europe, Mexico, and the Bahamas, and has been recognized on four occasions since 1990 by the Indiana General Assembly for outstanding achievements in musical performance and community contributions. Students in the visual arts program consistently take top honors at state and national level competitions.
	Current members of the elected non-partisan Board of School Trustees of the Lafayette School Corporation include:
	All regular meetings of the Board of School Trustees of the Lafayette School Corporation are held at the Hiatt Administration Center located at 2300 Cason St. in Lafayette, Indiana on the second Monday of each month at 7:00pm.
	In August 2006 Lafayette Tecumseh Junior High School (formerly Tecumseh Middle School) was renamed, and assigned to serve all 7th and 8th grade students in the LSC. Lafayette Sunnyside Middle School was renamed Sunnyside Intermediate School and started serving all 5th and 6th grade students in 2010.

= = = Smila = = =

	Smila ( ) is a city located on Dnieper Upland near the Tyasmyn River. It is a district center of Cherkasy Oblast of Ukraine.
	Settlements Ploske and Irdynivka are subordinated to Smila city council. 
	Smila serves as the administrative center of Smila Raion (district), but is designated as a City of regional significance and does not belong to the raion.
	Climate in the city is moderate continental. Winters are soft with frequent thaws. Summers are warm, sometimes with little rain. Periods of temperatures higher than +10 endure up to 170 days. Annual precipitation level is 450–520 mm. Dnieper tributary Tyasmyn River flows through the city.
	Smila and its neighbourhood have been settled since the ancient times. Archeologists discovered a number of ruins of ancient settlements and numerous mounds located in different parts of Smila and near the city. Two biggest ancient settlements and 44 mounds were first researched during 1879–1883 years by O. O. Bobrynsky, grandson of Smila owner, Count Olexiy Olexiyovich Bobrynsky. These findings belong partly to the Stone Age and partly to the Bronze age.
	Official foundation date of Smila is 1542. Grand Duchy of Lithuania documents tell us that settlement Yatzkove-Tyasmyno was founded on a hamlet place in 1542. The modern name of the city has been known since the first half of the 17th century.
	City’s name is connected with a local legend first recorded by Count L. O. Bobrynsky: "An unknown girl led warriors through a heavy swamp showing a route to the enemy. The battle was very bloody. They killed a lot of enemies there but they couldn’t save the brave girl. They buried her near Tyasmyn and called her Smila. Then warriors honoured her in the city’s name."
	After the Union of Lublin in July 1569, it was a settlement of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
	During 1648 — 1667  this squadron town belonged to Chyhyryn Regiment. In 1654 Russian tsar gave Pereyaslav colonel Pavlo Teteria possession of the town. During 1658-1659 Danylo Vyhovsky changed Teterya as the owner.
	Chudniv treaty of 1660 renewed Polish power on this land. Smila became an ownership of Stanislav Koniecpolski as part of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Constant wars between Ukrainian Cossacks, Polish owners, Tatars, Turks, Russians and Swedes led to demolition of Smila. (More The Ruin)
	Further owners of Smila, princes Lubomirski built a wooden castle with arbor and palisade around the whole city in 1742.
	During 1730s-1760s parts of the population of Smila took part in Haidamaka movement. In 1787 prince Xaveriy Lubomirski sold lands around Smila to Russian prince Potyomkin. Six years later Smila became a property of Potyomkin’s nephew, Count Alexander Samoylov. Two years later population of Smila was 1747 people with 50 crafters, 9 shoemakers, 6 weavers, 8 tailors. Others were peasants.
	After second Partition of Poland Smela was a township which subordinated to Cherkassy county of Kiev Governorate of the Russian Empire. In 1838 was built here.
	City since 1926.
	During the World War II it was occupied by Nazi German troops since August 1941 until January 1944.
	In January 1989 the population was 79 449 people.
	In January 2013 the population was 68 636 people.
	The economic emphasis is on mechanical engineering, and the food industry is also of importance.
	Smila is the biggest transport center of the region as a huge railway station is located here. 
	Smila, where the Kiev–Dnipro and Odessa–Russia rail routes cross, is one of the most important railway junctions in Ukraine. The large station at the junction is named after Ukraine's national poet and artist, Taras Shevchenko.
	Smila is currently twinned with:

= = = Mysterious Traveller = = =

	Mysterious Traveller is the fourth studio album by the jazz ensemble Weather Report and was released in 1974. This was their final recording with founding bassist Miroslav Vitouš, who left due to creative differences. Vitouš was replaced by Alphonso Johnson. Another addition to the line-up is drummer Ishmael Wilburn. Greg Errico was the drummer for the tour between the previously released "Sweetnighter" and this album, but declined an invitation to be a permanent member of the band.
	The record is the band's first that predominantly uses electric bass and incorporates liberal uses of funk, R&B grooves, and rock that would later be hallmarked as the band's "signature" sound. Also, the more restricted compositional format became evident on this album, replacing the more "open improvisation" formats used on the first three albums. It was voted as the album of the year by the readers of "Down Beat" for 1974, garnering Weather Report's second overall win in that category, also garnering a five-star review from that publication along the way.
	The album peaked at #2 in the "Billboard" Jazz album chart, #31 in the R&B album chart, and #46 in the "Billboard" 200 chart.
	Early copies of the album do not list "Cucumber Slumber" on the back cover or inner sleeve, and list "Jungle Book" as the final track of side one rather than side two. However, most known copies of the album include the seven tracks in the order listed above. One exception is the cassette release, with "Blackthorn Rose" as the second track of side one and "American Tango" as the second track of side two.
	The Mastersound SBM edition of "Mysterious Traveller" includes a previously unreleased song, "Miroslav's Tune", as a bonus track at the end of the album.

= = = Small icosihemidodecahedron = = =

	In geometry, the small icosihemidodecahedron (or small icosahemidodecahedron) is a uniform star polyhedron, indexed as U. Its vertex figure alternates two regular triangles and decagons as a crossed quadrilateral.
	It is given a Wythoff symbol, 3/2 3 | 5, but that construction represents a double covering of this model.
	It is a hemipolyhedron with its six decagonal faces passing through the model center.
	It shares its edge arrangement with the icosidodecahedron (its convex hull, having the triangular faces in common), and with the small dodecahemidodecahedron (having the decagonal faces in common).

= = = Maria Taferl = = =

	Maria Taferl is an Austrian market municipality of 872 people in the District of Melk and the most important pilgrimage site in all of Lower Austria. After Mariazell, Maria Taferl is the most important pilgrimage destination in all of Austria.
	Maria Taferl is located in the Nibelungengau in Lower Austria on a bank over the Danube. 47.48 percent of the municipality is forested. As the Maria Taferl Market, which takes place on the so-called "Taferlberg" ("Taferl Mountain"), the remaining districts are found in the hilly surrounding area. To the south, the basilica is widely visible throughout the town.
	Little is known about the early settlement of Maria Taferl. The Celtic Kingdom of Noricum was located on the northern shore of the Danube. During Roman times, the Danube served as the border of the Province of Noricum. Even today in the church plaza, there is a stone of Celtic origin, on which heathen sacrifices were made. This attests to Maria Taferl's long tradition as a place of religious activity.
	Maria Taferl and the surrounding countryside belonged to the territory of the Ostarrichi during the time of the Bambergs in the Middle Ages. It then became part of the Habsburg holdings. For a long time, it was part of the land of the Lords of Weißenberg, whose seat lay in the nearby town of Münichreith. It is assumed that the various districts of the town were already established during the Middle Ages. The history of the modern market of Maria Taferl begins in the 17th century.
	The first church was built around a shrine to the Holy Mother, which is the origin of the name "Maria Taferl." The legends say that the statue of the Pietà at the shrine was an offering from Alexander Schinagel, a forester, who had a miraculous recovery from a serious illness. It replaced a crucifix there, which had also been the site of a miracle, for when local shepherd Thomas Pachmann tried to chop down the oak on which it was placed, he gravely injured both his legs. After a prayer to the Virgin Mary, his almost fatal wounds stopped bleeding. The old oak was destroyed by fire in 1755, which also damaged the statue.
	The church building was built from 1660 to 1710. Its construction was begun under the imperial architect Georg Gerstenbrand and the Italian Carlo Lurago. Its famous cupola was built by Jakob Prandtauer from 1708 to 1710. He also designed the current appearance of Melk Abbey. The Maria Taferl church is built in the baroque style with ample amounts of gold leaf and a frescoed ceiling. In the center of the high altar is the namesake Marian stature. The building's rear houses its crypt.
	According to an inscription in the building's interior, the building of the church gave the local inhabitants new courage after the Plague, the Turkish Wars, and the Thirty Years' War had all taken their toll. It also supported the ideas of the Counter-Reformation in the heartland of the Catholic House of Habsburg. All this speaks to Maria Taferl as an important manifestation of the Catholic faith on the main traveling route of the Danube.
	There are many traditional stories of angelic processions here, which come from the 17th century. The tradition of pilgrimage to Maria Taferl also dates back to that time. In 1760 alone, there were 700 pilgrimage processions and over 19,000 masses said there. The church is also a kind of information treasure chest about its pilgrims, their origins, and their number. Within it are the gifts of the pilgrims, who came on account of illness and were cured. Another reason for Maria Taferl's importance as a pilgrimage destination was the stone cross, a gift from the citizens of Freistadt for pilgrims who died on the journey. It is also evidence of the exhausting nature of pilgrimage in those days. The murdered Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his family lived in the nearby Artstetten Castle and is known to have regularly attended mass at Maria Taferl.
	Maria Taferl became a "Basilica minor" in 1947.
	By 2010, the basilica's interior should have undergone a complete restoration. It will then celebrate a double jubilee: 350 years since the laying of its cornerstone in 1660, and 300 years since its completion in 1710. The interior's last restoration was around 50 ago; the exterior was restored in 1982, and in 1998, the domes of the two towers were re-covered.
	Besides the basilica, in Maria Taferl there is also a monument for the Fallen of both World Wars. These men are honored annually at meeting of veteran's groups.
	There is a folk belief that the water from the well at Maria Taferl can help with eye complaints.
	Other landmarks in the town are the Elementary School Museum, as well as the mechanical nativity, which tells the story of Maria Taferl's origins.
	The municipality of Maria Taferl is divided into seven districts:
	The mayor of Maria Taferl is Herbert Gruber and the Chief Officer is Daniela Lahmer. In the Municipal Council the 15 seats went to the following parties: ÖVP 10 and SPÖ 5.
	After agriculture, tourism is the most important economic activity in Maria Taferl.

= = = Small dodecicosahedron = = =

	In geometry, the small dodecicosahedron (or small dodekicosahedron) is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. Its vertex figure is a crossed quadrilateral.
	It shares its vertex arrangement with the great stellated truncated dodecahedron. It additionally shares its edges with the small icosicosidodecahedron (having the hexagonal faces in common) and the small ditrigonal dodecicosidodecahedron (having the decagonal faces in common).

= = = Bibliography of the history of the Republican Party = = =

	These are the references for further information regarding the history of the Republican Party in the U.S. since 1854.

= = = Octahemioctahedron = = =

	In geometry, the octahemioctahedron or allelotetratetrahedron is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. Its vertex figure is a crossed quadrilateral.
	It is one of nine hemipolyhedra, with 4 hexagonal faces passing through the model center.
	It is the only hemipolyhedron that is orientable, and the only uniform polyhedron with an Euler characteristic of zero (a topological torus).
	It shares the vertex arrangement and edge arrangement with the cuboctahedron (having the triangular faces in common), and with the cubohemioctahedron (having the hexagonal faces in common).
	By Wythoff construction it has tetrahedral symmetry (T), like the "rhombitetratetrahedron" construction for the cuboctahedron, with alternate triangles with inverted orientations. Without alternating triangles, it has octahedral symmetry (O).
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	The octahemioctacron is the dual of the octahemioctahedron, and is one of nine dual hemipolyhedra. It appears visually indistinct from the hexahemioctacron.
	Since the hemipolyhedra have faces passing through the center, the dual figures have corresponding vertices at infinity; properly, on the real projective plane at infinity. In Magnus Wenninger's "Dual Models", they are represented with intersecting prisms, each extending in both directions to the same vertex at infinity, in order to maintain symmetry. In practice the model prisms are cut off at a certain point that is convenient for the maker. Wenninger suggested these figures are members of a new class of stellation figures, called "stellation to infinity". However, he also suggested that strictly speaking they are not polyhedra because their construction does not conform to the usual definitions.
	The octahemioctacron has four vertices at infinity.

= = = Crambe abyssinica = = =

	Crambe abyssinica is an annual oilseed crop of the family Brassicaceae. It is mainly cultivated due to the high levels of erucic acid that are contained in its seeds. The crambe oil is used for industrial purposes and its side products can be partly used as animal feed.
	"C. abyssinica" has its origins in eastern Africa and was domesticated in the Mediterranean region. It grows up to a height between 0.5 and 2m, depending on field conditions. Its cropping cycle is rather short, ranging from 90 to 100 days. Usually, its straight stalk is moderately branched and its leaves are of an oval shape. The plant’s flowers are small and white, arranged in racemes and have four free sepals, four free alternating petals, two shorter and four longer free stamens, what is typical for Brassicaceae. Mostly, these flowers are self-pollinated, but some cases of cross-pollination have been observed. Its indehiscent fruits enclose only one spherical seed that contains around 26% protein, 18% fibre and 35% oil. This oil content is lower than what can be extracted from rapeseed and the oil is not edible. The pericarp of the seed usually adheres to the seed even at harvest.
	Crambe has not been in cultivation for a long time. It was probably cultivated for the first time in the 1930s in the former USSR. Later the crop was tested in other regions of the USSR, in Sweden and in Poland, where crambe was grown on 25’000 ha after the second world war. Research efforts in northern and eastern Europe were increased and the agronomical characteristics and industrial uses of crambe were intensively studied. By successive selection within "C. abyssinica," conventional breeding started in the 1950s in some European countries. Hereby improved strains were introduced to Canada and the United States. Further selection and crossing of different accession led to the release of new varieties in the 1970s. Through introgression of wild populations and mass selection two new cultivars were created in the 1980s which were promoted as high yielding source of erucic acid. In the 1990s a breeding program was started in the Netherlands. Nevertheless, after a period of great efforts to bring crambe into extended cultivation, interest in the crop in Europe has declined in recent years .
	With a germination temperature of 6 °C which is also equivalent to the basal growing temperature, "C. abyssinica" is a winter crop in southern Europe and subtropical areas whereas it is cultivated as spring crop in northern Europe and more continental areas. The optimal growing temperature is approximately 15 °C. It tolerates annual average temperature between 5.7 and 16.2 °C and frost down to -6 °C. Because of its ability to get along with only 350mm of precipitation, "C. abyssinica" is considered to be relatively drought tolerant. Nevertheless, drought stress during the development stages of flowering and grain filling reduces productivity. Cultivation is possible up to an annual precipitation of 1200mm. Crambe has modest demands regarding soil properties, it tolerates soil pH from 5.0 to 7.8. Low soil depth and a high stone and gravel content decrease drought tolerance.
	Seeds of many improved varieties are available on the market and are sown at a rate of approximately 120 seeds per m and at a depth of 5-15mm. Seed maturation is uniform and the 1000 seed weight varies between 6.0 and 7.5g. Management procedures from sowing to harvesting can be conducted largely with the same machinery used for common cereals. Yield levels vary widely between 1100-1600kgha in Russia, 450-2500kgha in the U.S. and 600-2400kgha in Germany.
	"C. abyssinica" can be easily inserted in crop rotations with a requirement of 1600 growing degree-days. Its rotation contingent should not exceed 25%. Because of similar soil requirements and increased soil borne pathogen pressure, cultivation directly after other Brassicaceae species should be avoided as well as cultivation after artificial grassland and fallows due to an enriched soil seed bank of potential weeds and regarding the limited pre-emergence weed management methods.
	"C. abyssinica" is cultivated for a wide range of industrial purposes. The interest lies mainly in the high erucic acid content (55-60%) of its seed oil and makes the crop a competitive option to other oil plants as industrial rapeseed. The composition of crambe oil gives this product several special traits, such as high smoke point, good wettability of different materials and high viscosity. In addition, its oil has a higher biodegradability than mineral oils. Therefore, erucic acid derived compounds are used as additives in the plastic industry, high temperature hydraulic fluids, waxes, base for paints and coatings, lubricants and many other products. Furthermore, the extracted seed oil is used in pharmaceutical products and cosmetics.
	The crambe meal, which is a side product of industrial oil production, can be used as a protein supplement for animal feed. It contains approximately 46% proteins, which are of high nutritional quality. Unfortunately, the crambe seed shred also contains toxic compounds as glucosinolates, tannins and inositol phosphate. The use as forage is therefore very limited. The incorporation rate of crambe by-products into animal feed should not be higher than 5% for growing-finishing pigs, 15% for dairy cows, and 19% for sheep. It is not recommended to feed poultry.
	A possible new utilization for crambe are biofuels since the oil composition is suitable for processing.
	Genetically, "C. abyssinica" has a set of 2n=90 chromosomes and is hexaploid. However, it shows low genetic variation in important agronomic traits, e.g. erucic acid content. Thus, improvement of cultivars through selection is difficult to achieve. A new source of variation could be found in the related taxon "Crambe hispanica". Recent efforts are found in the field of gene technology. To overcome the limited genetic variation, gene technology has been used in recent years to improve different important agronomic traits of crambe. Site-directed mutagenesis could be another tool for further improvement of the crop. However, the genetic control of many agronomic traits are unknown, thus the potential for genetic improvement is limited at the moment. Additionally further research aims to assess the potential of using the seed cake in protein-based plastic production and to find further uses for the whole plant.

= = = Small dodecicosidodecahedron = = =

	In geometry, the small dodecicosidodecahedron (or small dodekicosidodecahedron) is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. Its vertex figure is a crossed quadrilateral.
	It shares its vertex arrangement with the small stellated truncated dodecahedron and the uniform compounds of 6 or 12 pentagrammic prisms. It additionally shares its edge arrangement with the rhombicosidodecahedron (having the triangular and pentagonal faces in common), and with the small rhombidodecahedron (having the decagonal faces in common).
	The dual polyhedron to the small dodecicosidodecahedron is the small dodecacronic hexecontahedron (or small sagittal ditriacontahedron). It is visually identical to the small rhombidodecacron.

= = = 231st Street station = = =

	231st Street is a local station on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of West 231st Street and Broadway in the Kingsbridge and Riverdale sections of the Bronx, it is served by the 1 train at all times.
	This station opened on January 27, 1907 as the 230th Street station, but was built near the site of the originally proposed northern terminus of the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line at Bailey Avenue and 230th Street, a block southeast of the current station. It was also near two former Kingsbridge railroad stations owned by two separate branches inherited by the New York Central Railroad; one was along a former segment of the Spuyten Duyvil and Port Morris Railroad (now the Hudson Line), and the other was for the New York and Putnam Railroad (now abandoned). 
	In 1948, platforms on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line from 103rd Street to 238th Street were lengthened to 514 feet to allow full ten-car express trains to platform. Previously the stations could only platform six car local trains. The platform extensions were opened in stages. On July 9, 1948, the platform extensions at stations between 207th Street and 238th Street were opened for use at the cost of $423,000.
	In 2002, it was announced that 231st Street would be one of ten subway stations citywide, as well as one of five on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line, to receive renovations. The station was extensively renovated in 2003–2004, which included installation of elevators for both platforms to make it fully ADA-accessible and replacing the exit-only turnstiles on the 242nd Street-bound platform with High Entry/Exit and Exit-Only turnstiles ones, allowing both access and exit from that side.
	This elevated station has two side platforms and three tracks. The center track that bypasses this station is not used in revenue service. This is the IRT Broadway-Seventh Avenue Line's southernmost station in the Bronx (Marble Hill–225th Street station is physically on the mainland of New York State, but legally part of Manhattan).
	Both platforms have beige windscreens and red canopies with green frames and outlines in the center and green waist-high, steel fences at either ends with lampposts at regular intervals. The platforms are offset with the Manhattan-bound platform to the south of the 242nd Street-bound one. The station signs are in the standard black name plates in white lettering.
	There are two sets of artwork at this station. One of them was made in 1991 and is called "Elevated Nature I-IV" by Wopo Holup. It consists of gray marble tiles with a green border on the platform walls of the station house. It is also located at four other stations on this line. The other artwork was made in 2007 by Felipe Galindo and is called "Magic Realism in Kingsbridge". It consists of stained glass panels on the platform windscreens depicting images of the surrounding area.
	Each platform has an adjacent same-level station house in the center. However, only the Manhattan-bound platform is open to the public. A set of doors from the platform leads to a small waiting area and a bank of turnstiles. On the 242nd Street-bound platform, a set of High Entry/Exit and Exit-Only turnstiles lead to a passageway around the station house separated from the platform by a metal fence.
	Outside fare control on the Manhattan-bound platform, there is a token booth, two staircases going down to either western corners of 231st Street and Broadway, and one elevator going down to the southwest corner. Two emergency gates on the platform lead directly to each of the staircases. Outside fare control on the 242nd Street-bound platform, there are two staircases going down to either eastern corners of 231st Street and Broadway and one elevator going down to the northeast corner.

= = = Carl Pontus Gahn = = =

	Carl Pontus Gahn (1759–1825) was a Swedish military officer who participated in the Russo-Swedish War in Finland in 1788-1789, the Finnish War campaign in Norway in 1808 and the unsuccessful invasion of Norway at Eidskog in 1814 where he was imprisoned. He was ennobled in 1809, taking the title "Gahn af Colquhoun" in acknowledgement of his Scottish ancestry (Gahn was itself a contraction via Cahun of the family name of Colquhoun). He was promoted to the rank of Major General in 1814 and became president of the Martial Court of Appeals (Krigshovrätten) in 1824.

= = = Rhombicosahedron = = =

	In geometry, the rhombicosahedron is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. Its vertex figure is an antiparallelogram.
	A rhombicosahedron shares its vertex arrangement with the uniform compounds of 10 or 20 triangular prisms. It additionally shares its edges with the rhombidodecadodecahedron (having the square faces in common) and the icosidodecadodecahedron (having the hexagonal faces in common).
	The rhombicosacron is a nonconvex isohedral polyhedron. It is the dual of the uniform rhombicosahedron, U56. It has 50 vertices, 120 edges, and 60 crossed-quadrilateral faces.

= = = Great icosicosidodecahedron = = =

	In geometry, the great icosicosidodecahedron (or great icosified icosidodecahedron) is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. Its vertex figure is a crossed quadrilateral.
	It shares its vertex arrangement with the truncated dodecahedron. It additionally shares its edge arrangement with the great ditrigonal dodecicosidodecahedron (having the triangular and pentagonal faces in common) and the great dodecicosahedron (having the hexagonal faces in common).

= = = Harry Swayne = = =

	Harry Vonray Swayne (born February 2, 1965) is former offensive tackle. He is one of the few players to have started a Super Bowl with three teams: Super Bowl XXIX with the Chargers, Super Bowl XXXIII with the Broncos and Super Bowl XXXV with the Ravens
	He was the chaplain for the Chicago Bears before becoming the assistant player development director for the Baltimore Ravens. Harry and his wife Dawn have five children.

= = = Small rhombidodecahedron = = =

	In geometry, the small rhombidodecahedron is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. Its vertex figure is a crossed quadrilateral.
	It shares its vertex arrangement with the small stellated truncated dodecahedron and the uniform compounds of 6 or 12 pentagrammic prisms. It additionally shares its edge arrangement with the rhombicosidodecahedron (having the square faces in common), and with the small dodecicosidodecahedron (having the decagonal faces in common).
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	The small rhombidodecacron (or small dipteral ditriacontahedron) is a nonconvex isohedral polyhedron. It is the dual of the small rhombidodecahedron. It is visually identical to the Small dodecacronic hexecontahedron. It has 60 intersecting antiparallelogram faces.

= = = Delta (TV series) = = =

	Delta is an American sitcom starring Delta Burke that aired on ABC from September 15, 1992 to August 25, 1993. It was a new starring vehicle for Burke, as her return to television following her dismissal from the CBS sitcom "Designing Women" in the spring of 1991.
	Burke portrays Delta Bishop, a young woman with dreams of writing and singing country music. She became a hairstylist at Mona's House of Hair, married Charlie Bishop and thought she had found happiness. After eight years of marriage, she became restless: she was eager to follow in the footsteps of her childhood idol, Patsy Cline, and become a country music star. She quits her job, leaves her husband and friends behind, and travels to Nashville, Tennessee. There, she finds an apartment over the garage of a home owned by her cousin, Lavonne Overton (Gigi Rice), and her husband, Buck (Bill Engvall). She also finds a job waiting tables at The Green Lantern, a local bar that hosts an amateur night which she believes that if she could sing her songs there, it could jumpstart her career. 
	Burke, most popular for her role as Suzanne Sugarbaker on "Designing Women", reportedly utilized her own singing talents for the role of Bishop, and dyed her familiar brunette hair blonde to play the role. The theme song was "Climb That Mountain High" by Reba McEntire which was not a charted single; the tune was featured on Reba's 1990 MCA album "Rumor Has It".
	The sitcom premiered September 15, 1992, to healthy ratings following "Roseanne". It then moved to Thursday nights opposite FOX's "The Simpsons", and ratings began to sink. It was pulled from the schedule in December 1992 and returned to ABC the following spring 1993 for six episodes before finally being canceled. In an attempt to infuse ratings, Burke brought her brunette hair back that spring (even refilming the opening credits to correspond with the change in hair color), in the sake of familiarity, but it did little to save it.
	Earl Holliman was nominated for Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Series, Miniseries or Television Film at the 50th Golden Globe Awards in 1992.

= = = Yuen Chau Tsai = = =

	Yuen Chau Tsai, was an island in Tolo Harbour, Hong Kong. It is now connected to land by a causeway after land reclamation. It is part of Tai Po New Town in the Tai Po District.
	The Tai Wong Yeh Temple and Island House are located in the area of the former island.
	Built in 1905, Island House was built as the residence for the first British Police Magistrate appointed in 1898. It is one of the declared monuments of Hong Kong.
	Tai Wong Yeh Temple () is located at the Island House Interchange. The temple was originally a stone tablet which was erected on the northern shore of Yuen Chau Tsai by the villagers in Chik Mei Village, located on the north bank of the Shenzhen River, in the mid-Qing Dynasty. In the late Qing Dynasty, some fishermen raised funds to build the temple for worship by local fishermen at the present location.
	In 1960, a formal launching ceremony for dragon boats was first held at the Tai Wong Yeh Temple in Yuen Chau Tsai is held on Dragon Boat Festival. The ceremony has remained a tradition since then.
	An opening ceremony was held in 1988 marking its renovation.
	In 1960s, John Walden, who was the first one to report the site, collected stone adzes and geometric pottery sherds at the shoreline and the southern slope of Yuen Chau Tsai. In the 1980s and 1990s, field investigations recovered prehistoric cultural remains from the site.

= = = Succinyl coenzyme A synthetase = = =

	Succinyl coenzyme A synthetase (SCS, also known as succinyl-CoA synthetase or succinate thiokinase or succinate-CoA ligase) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible reaction of succinyl-CoA to succinate. The enzyme facilitates the coupling of this reaction to the formation of a nucleoside triphosphate molecule (either GTP or ATP) from an inorganic phosphate molecule and a nucleoside diphosphate molecule (either GDP or ADP). It plays a key role as one of the catalysts involved in the citric acid cycle, a central pathway in cellular metabolism, and it is located within the mitochondrial matrix of a cell.
	Succinyl CoA synthetase catalyzes the following reversible reaction:
	where Pi denotes inorganic phosphate, NDP denotes nucleoside diphosphate (either GDP or ADP), and NTP denotes nucleoside triphosphate (either GTP or ATP). As mentioned, the enzyme facilitates coupling of the conversion of succinyl CoA to succinate with the formation of NTP from NDP and Pi. The reaction has a biochemical standard state free energy change of -3.4 kJ/mol. The reaction takes place by a three-step mechanism which is depicted in the image below. The first step involves displacement of CoA from succinyl CoA by a nucleophilic inorganic phosphate molecule to form succinyl phosphate. The enzyme then utilizes a histidine residue to remove the phosphate group from succinyl phosphate and generate succinate. Finally, the phosphorylated histidine transfers the phosphate group to a nucleoside diphosphate, which generates the high-energy carrying nucleoside triphosphate.
	Bacterial and mammalian SCSs are made up of α and β subunits. In "E. coli" two αβ heterodimers link together to form an αβ heterotetrameric structure. However, mammalian mitochondrial SCSs are active as αβ dimers and do not form a heterotetramer. 
	The "E. coli" SCS heterotetramer has been crystallized and characterized in great detail. As can be seen in Image 2, the two α subunits (pink and green) reside on opposite sides of the structure and the two β subunits (yellow and blue) interact in the middle region of the protein. The two α subunits only interact with a single β unit, whereas the β units interact with a single α unit (to form the αβ dimer) and the β subunit of the other αβ dimer. A short amino acid chain links the two β subunits which gives rise to the tetrameric structure.
	The crystal structure of Succinyl-CoA synthetase alpha subunit (succinyl-CoA-binding isoform) was determined by Joyce et al. to a resolution of 2.10 A, with PDB code 1CQJ. .
	Crystal structures for the "E. coli" SCS provide evidence that the coenzyme A binds within each α-subunit (within a Rossmann fold) in close proximity to a histidine residue (His246α). This histidine residue becomes phosphorylated during the succinate forming step in the reaction mechanism. The exact binding location of succinate is not well-defined. The formation of the nucleoside triphosphate occurs in an ATP grasp domain, which is located near the N-terminus of the each β subunit. However, this grasp domain is located about 35 Å away from the phosphorylated histidine residue. This leads researchers to believe that the enzyme must undergo a major change in conformation to bring the histidine to the grasp domain and facilitate the formation of the nucleoside triphosphate. Mutagenesis experiments have determined that two glutamate residues (one near the catalytic histidine, Glu208α and one near the ATP grasp domain, Glu197β) play a role in the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the histidine, but the exact mechanism by which the enzyme changes conformation is not fully understood.
	Johnson et al. describe two isoforms of succinyl-CoA synthetase in mammals, one that specifies synthesis of ADP, and one that synthesises GDP.
	In mammals, the enzyme is a heterodimer of an α- and a β-subunit. The specificity for either adenosine or guanosine phosphates is defined by the β-subunit, which is encoded by 2 genes. SUCLG2 is GTP-specific and SUCLA2 is ATP-specific, while SUCLG1 encodes the common α-subunit. β variants are produced at different amounts in different tissues, causing GTP or ATP substrate requirements.
	Mostly consuming tissues such as heart and brain have more ATP-specific succinyl-CoA synthetase (ATPSCS), while synthetic tissues such as kidney and liver have the more GTP-specific form (GTPSCS). Kinetics analysis of ATPSCS from the breast muscle of pigeons and GTPSCS from pigeon liver showed that their apparent Michaelis constants were similar for CoA, but different for the nucleotides, phosphate, and succinate. The largest difference was for succinate: Kapp of ATPSCS = 5mM versus that of GTPSCS = 0.5mM.
	SCS is the only enzyme in the citric acid cycle that catalyzes a reaction in which a nucleoside triphosphate (GTP or ATP) is formed by substrate-level phosphorylation. Research studies have shown that "E. coli" SCSs can catalyze either GTP or ATP formation. However, mammals possess different types of SCSs that are specific for either GTP (G-SCS) or ATP (A-SCS) and are native to different types of tissue within the organism. An interesting study using pigeon cells showed that GTP specific SCSs were located in pigeon liver cells, and ATP specific SCSs were located in the pigeon breast muscle cells. Further research revealed a similar phenomenon of GTP and ATP specific SCSs in rat, mouse, and human tissue. It appears that tissue typically involved in anabolic metabolism (like the liver and kidneys) express G-SCS, whereas tissue involved in catabolic metabolism (like the brain, the heart, and muscular tissue) express A-SCS.
	SCS facilitates the flux of molecules into other metabolic pathways by controlling the interconversion between succinyl CoA and succinate. This is important because succinyl CoA is an intermediate necessary for porphyrin, heme, and ketone body biosynthesis.
	In some bacteria, the enzyme is regulated at the transcriptional level. It has been demonstrated that the gene for SCS (sucCD) is transcribed along with the gene for α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (sucAB) under the control of a promoter called sdhC, which is part of the succinate dehydrogenase operon. This operon is up-regulated by the presence of oxygen and responds to a variety of carbon sources. Antibacterial drugs that prevent phosphorylation of histidine, like the molecule LY26650, are potent inhibitors of bacterial SCSs.
	Measurements (performed using a soy bean SCS) indicate an optimal temperature of 37 °C and an optimal pH of 7.0-8.0.
	Fatal infantile lactic acidosis: Defective SCS has been implicated as a cause of fatal infantile lactic acidosis, which is a disease in infants that is characterized by the build-up of toxic levels of lactic acid. The condition (when it is most severe) results in death usually within 2–4 days after birth. It has been determined that patients with the condition display a two base pair deletion within the gene known as SUCLG1 that encodes the α subunit of SCS. As a result, functional SCS is absent in metabolism causing a major imbalance in flux between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. Since the cells do not have a functional citric acid cycle, acidosis results because cells are forced to choose lactic acid production as the primary means of producing ATP.

= = = Christian Peter = = =

	Christian Peter (born October 5, 1972) is a former American football defensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL). Peter's younger brother, Jason, also played in the NFL.
	Peter grew up the oldest of four children in the Locust section of Middletown Township, New Jersey.
	Peter attended Middletown High School South, where he played one year of football as a junior. The team went undefeated and won the state title in 1990.
	Peter received a full athletic scholarship to the University of Nebraska where he was a three year starter. He became one of the leaders of Nebraska's feared "Blackshirt" defense. Peter was an all-Big Eight Conference and honorable mention All-American in his senior year, and finished his college career with 124 total tackles, 20 tackles for loss and nine sacks. He was inducted into the Nebraska Football Hall of Fame in 2006.
	While attending Nebraska, Peter had several run-ins with the law for various offenses such as threatening a parking attendant while his vehicle was being towed, trespassing, public urination, refusing to comply with police, minor in possession of alcohol, and failure to appear in court. He was convicted four times. [3][4]
	In 1993 Peter was accused of groping Natalie Kuijvenhoven (a former Miss Nebraska) in a crowded bar. He pled guilty and was sentenced to 18 months probation, and was suspended for a 1993 exhibition game. Following the 1993 charges from Kuijvenhoven, Kathy Redmond, who attended the University of Nebraska with Peter, came forward and claimed that Peter had sexually assaulted her during their freshman year in 1991. No criminal charges were filed in the matter, but Redmond did file a Title IX suit against the University of Nebraska in 1995; the suit was settled out of court.
	In 1994, only a month before the draft, Peter was convicted of disturbing the peace after a woman accused him of grabbing her throat in a Kearney, Nebraska bar. He said he was under the influence during the altercation and admitted to responding in an inexcusable way after she had called him a rapist.
	Peter was drafted by the New England Patriots in the fifth round of the 1996 NFL Draft. The pick set off a firestorm of criticism from the Boston area press, including Patriots fans and women's groups, as well as Myra Kraft, wife of Patriots owner Robert Kraft.[3] After learning more about Peter's history, the Patriots relinquished the rights to him only a week after the draft. The team said that Peter's behavior was "incompatible with our organization's standards of acceptable conduct."[6] According to "The Boston Globe", Myra Kraft personally demanded that the Patriots cut ties with Peter.[3] It was the first time in NFL history that a drafted player had been waived by a team before the start of training camp. Partly due to the backlash, no other team expressed interest.
	After the 1996 season, the New York Giants signed Peter as a free agent on condition that he go through counseling for substance abuse, attention deficit disorder, and anger management.[7] He apologized for his behavior while at Nebraska and still speaks about the Giants today as having saved his life. After four years with the Giants, he went on to play with the Indianapolis Colts and the Chicago Bears, where he retired in 2004.
	Today, Peter speaks openly of his sobriety, past struggles, and those who have helped him along the way. He travels to schools, businesses, communities, rehabs, and correctional facilities sharing his story in hopes that someone struggling will be helped. Peter currently serves on the board of the Tigger House Foundation, a 501(c) (3) non-profit organization dedicated to achieving a positive impact by reducing the death rate of heroin and opiate addiction.
	Peter is currently residing in his home state of New Jersey with his wife and three children. In 2007, he started The Competitive Advantage Companies, a full service insurance brokerage firm based out of Red Bank, NJ.

= = = Heptagrammic prism (7/3) = = =

	In geometry, the {7/3} heptagrammic prism is one of an infinite set of nonconvex prisms formed by square sides and two regular star polygon caps, in this case two {7/3} heptagrams.

= = = Heptagrammic prism (7/2) = = =

	In geometry, the {7/2} heptagrammic prism is one of an infinite set of nonconvex prisms formed by square sides and two regular star polygon caps, in this case two {7/2} heptagrams.

= = = Jammin' in New York = = =

	Jammin' in New York is George Carlin's 14th album and eighth HBO special, recorded on April 24 and 25, 1992, at the Paramount Theater, on the grounds of Madison Square Garden in New York City. Topics include the war in the Persian Gulf, similarities and differences among average Americans and language used at airports.
	The album won a Grammy Award in 1993 for Best Spoken Comedy Album.
	On-air HBO promos for the live broadcast on April 25, 1992 referred to the program as George Carlin: Live at the Paramount. Before the opening credits, the words "This show is for SAM" appear. This is a reference to comedian Sam Kinison, who had died in a car crash two weeks before the recording.
	Carlin considered "Jammin' in New York" his favorite and best HBO special.
	This is also the first Carlin album to more-or-less contain the entire audio of his HBO special without interruption, deletion, or rearrangement.

= = = Vicia villosa = = =

	Vicia villosa, known as the hairy vetch, fodder vetch or winter vetch, is a plant native to some of Europe and western Asia. It is a legume, grown as a forage crop, fodder crop, cover crop, and green manure. Although non-native, it occurs in all US states and is considered invasive by some states, such as Alaska, Florida, Georgia, Michigan, Minnesota, Oregon, and Washington state — as well as in Japan and some parts of Europe where it is not native. It is also found in most Canadian provinces.
	Hairy vetch is very similar to tufted vetch ("Vicia cracca"), the most noticeable difference being that tufted vetch has a smooth stem.
	Several subspecies are recognized:
	The species "Vicia hirsuta" is also called hairy vetch.
	Hairy vetch is widely used by organic growers in the United States as a winter cover crop and in no-till farming, as it is both winter hardy and can fix as much as 200 lb/acre of atmospheric nitrogen. Disadvantages of hairy vetch in production agriculture are related to the crop having a portion of hard seed and its tendency to shatter seed early in the season, leading to it remaining in the field as a weed later in the season. This can be a particular problem in wheat production.
	Organic gardeners often plant hairy vetch (a nitrogen-fixing legume) as a companion plant to tomatoes, as an alternative to rotating crops in small growing areas. When it is time to plant tomatoes in the spring, the hairy vetch is cut to the ground and the tomato seedlings are planted in holes dug through the matted residue and stubble. The vetch vegetation provides both nitrogen and an instant mulch that preserves moisture and keeps weeds from sprouting.
	It is regulated in the state of Florida. Some sources consider it generally invasive in areas with suitable climate for it to out-compete native species, in a manner similar to how cow vetch, "Vicia cracca", is regarded. With both vetches, their agricultural usefulness is typically given precedence over concerns regarding potential ecological degradation. Despite being native to part of Europe it is considered an alien or invasive species in some European countries, such as Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, and Spain.

= = = Art Rupe = = =

	Arthur N. "Art" Rupe (born Arthur Goldberg, September 5, 1917) is an American music industry executive and record producer. He started Specialty Records, noted for its rhythm and blues, blues, gospel and early rock and roll music recordings, in Los Angeles in 1946.
	Born to a Jewish family in the Pittsburgh suburb of Greensburg, Pennsylvania, Rupe grew up in the nearby suburb of McKeesport. As a boy, he listened to music sung at a local black Baptist church. He attended college at Virginia Tech, Miami University, and UCLA. During World War II, he worked for a shipbuilding company in Los Angeles. Along the way, he changed his surname from Goldberg to Rupe, which was an ancestral name.
	Toward the end of the war, Rupe resolved to get into the entertainment industry. After losing money he had invested in a small record company, he spent $200 on what were called "race records" at the time to systematically analyze them and determine the formula for records that would sell. He decided that the secret lay in a big band sound with a churchy feel. He found the recording talent he needed in the many after-hours clubs in the Watts district. He and Ben Siegert first started Juke Box Records in 1944 and after a few hits, he broke with his partners and started a new company, Specialty Records. The label soon thrived with Roy Milton, Percy Mayfield, and Jimmy Liggins, along with a very successful gospel catalog. The major producers for the label were Rupe, Robert "Bumps" Blackwell, and J. W. Alexander. Johnny Vincent was a sales representative for the company.
	Rupe had a love of gospel music, and in 1947 he began recording gospel quartets such as the Soul Stirrers, the Swan Silvertones, the Pilgrim Travelers, Alex Bradford, Dorothy Love Coates and Sister Wynona Carr. His taste for gospel carried over into secular music and influenced his choice of artists to record, such as Guitar Slim, Don and Dewey, Lloyd Price, Larry Williams, and Little Richard. It led him to value feeling over technique in the recording studio. Concerns about religious objections to the secularization of gospel music, combined with a contract dispute, resulted in his decision not to put out a pop record with gospel singer Sam Cooke. He recorded but ultimately chose not to release two songs that later became big hits, "You Send Me" and "Summertime".
	In 1952, Rupe first traveled to New Orleans because of his attraction to the gospel sound of Fats Domino who played piano in the band of Dave Bartholomew, a former trumpeter with Duke Ellington. It was on this trip that he auditioned and then recorded Lloyd Price.
	Rupe obtained his most successful artist when Little Richard, then a little-known recording artist, followed Lloyd Price's suggestion and sent Rupe a demo record. Art sent Blackwell to New Orleans to do a recording session. During a recording break Little Richard sang an obscene song while playing the piano. Blackwell sensed that it was a hit, but after the lyrics had been cleaned up, there was no time to teach the song to a piano player. So Little Richard both played and sang the only song to emerge from that first session, done in just three takes, "Tutti Frutti", one of the most significant rock and roll records ever made. Rupe also recorded Guitar Slim, with a young Ray Charles on piano. In addition, Specialty issued some of wildest R&B records, such as "Cherokee Dance", by Froggy Landers; "(Everytime I Hear) That Mellow Saxophone", by Roy Montrell; "Drunk" by Jimmy Liggins; and the rock & roll "Moose on the Loose", by Roddy Jackson.
	When asked why Specialty was so successful, Rupe credited his own ability to produce rather than his business skills. In the early 1960s, he stopped producing records but remained active in the music business as a publisher. He returned during the fifties revival period in the late 1960s but only to reissue landmark recordings of the R&B era. Rupe sold Specialty to Fantasy Records in 1991. However, it is worth noting that the contracts that were given to the artists to sign left Rupe and others at the label with full ownership and publishing rights of the music. Richard signed a contract with Specialty Records in 1955. He reportedly gave the label full ownership of all the music he recorded with them in return for 50% of the royalties earned. In his authorized biography, he states that he sold his publishing rights to “Tutti Frutti” for $50, leaving him with a small half-cent royalty rate per record sold. In 1959, Little Richard left the label and filed a lawsuit claiming he never received his royalties. He settled for $11,000 and waived his rights to royalties from such hits as “Tutti Frutti” and “Long Tall Sally”.
	During the 1960s and later, Rupe became increasingly involved in oil and gas investments. Success in this area allowed him to establish the Arthur N. Rupe Foundation, a philanthropy based in Santa Barbara.
	He turned 100 in September 2017.
	In 2007, Rupe was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame.
	On December 15, 2010, it was announced that Rupe will be awarded the Ahmet Ertegun Award (along with former Elektra Records founder Jac Holzman) by the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

= = = Texar's Revenge, or, North Against South = = =

	Texar's Revenge, or, North Against South () is the full title of the English translation of the novel written by the French science-fiction author Jules Verne, and centers on the story of James Burbank, an antislavery northerner living near Jacksonville, Florida, and Texar, a pro-slavery southerner who holds a vendetta against Burbank. Originally published in France in 1887, the book received a tepid reaction upon its release in the United States, partly because of Verne's inexpertise regarding some details of the American Civil War, and has since fallen into obscurity compared to many of Verne's other works.
	Texar and Burbank are bitter enemies, Burbank's northern view of slavery as an evil being an unpopular stance with Texar and the rest of the community, deep in the Confederate States of America. On top of this disagreement, though, Texar is angry at Burbank for past legal troubles Burbank has brought upon Texar, and, despite Texar inventing a perfect alibi that allows him to escape conviction, Texar feels the need for vengeance and eventually becomes a prominent and powerful member of the Jacksonville community. Using this newfound power, Texar turns the townsfolk against Burbank and leads a mob that destroys the Burbank plantation, known as Camdless Bay. Burbank's daughter Dy and caretaker Zermah are both kidnapped by a man claiming to be Texar and are purportedly taken to a place in the Everglades called Carneral Island. En route, and after enlisting the help of the United States Navy, they find a separate group searching for Texar in response to crimes that apparently happened in the same time as the ones at Camdless Bay but in a distant location. This opens up the realization that there is one real Texar and one who is not, and the search continues now, not only for Dy and Zermah, but for the answer to this mystery.
	"Nord Contre Sud", the original French title of the book, was first published in its fully illustrated edition in November, 1887, by J. Hetzel et Cie, Paris.
	In the first American (and first English) translation, "Nord Contre Sud" (North Against South) was relegated to a subtitle and the book's title was made "Texar's Vengeance", quickly re-translated as "Texar's Revenge". This edition was published by George Munro, New York (1887), a translation by Laura E. Kendall as part of the "Seaside Library". Since then, however, there have been more minor variations on the title, some editions referring to the title as "The Texar's Revenge", others omitting the title completely in favor of the more simple "North Against South". The most common and generally most accepted American version of the title is the full "Texar's Revenge, or, North Against South". There have also been a handful of editions that have split the book into two volumes, those being "Burbank the Northerner" and "Texar the Southerner", both of which are contained in most editions of the book. Various cheap editions were published in the U.S. for the next 20 years by W. L. Allison, Hurst, and others.
	The first fully illustrated edition in English was "North against South" published by Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivington, London, December 1887. This is a different anonymous translation from the one published by George Munro. In 2007 the first fully illustrated edition of "North against South" in the U.S. was published by the Choptank Press of St. Michaels, Maryland as a Lulu Press book, a replica re-publication of the Sampson Low first edition.
[In Jules Verne's] story of "Texar"... a very thin streak of narrative is padded to almost unwieldy proportions by a quantity of remarkably inaccurate information about the rebellion. If anyone thought the game worth the candle it would be easy to point out the various comical inaccuracies in the historical part of the story... [quoted in T&M]

= = = Pentagrammic antiprism = = =

	In geometry, the pentagrammic antiprism is one in an infinite set of nonconvex antiprisms formed by triangle sides and two regular star polygon caps, in this case two pentagrams.
	This polyhedron is identified with the indexed name U as a uniform polyhedron.
<BR>An alternative representation with hollow centers to the pentagrams.
	Net (fold the dotted line in the centre in the opposite direction to all the other lines):

= = = Cueva del Fantasma = = =

	Cueva del Fantasma ("Cave of the Ghost" in Spanish) is a giant cave in southern Venezuela, located in one of the most biologically rich, geologically ancient parts of the world, along the slopes of Aprada-tepui. Large enough for two helicopters to land in the cave, the report from "Zootaxa" is said to be the first photographic evidence of such an immense cave. However, experts note, it is not technically a cave, but rather a collapsed, steep gorge.

= = = Bryan Cox = = =

	Bryan Keith Cox (born February 17, 1968) is an American football coach and former player. His most recent position was as the defensive line coach for the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for Western Illinois University, a small college football program, but received attention for his aggressive style of play. Although Cox was a relatively late fifth-round pick by the Miami Dolphins in the 1991 NFL Draft, he rose to prominence as a standout linebacker during his twelve NFL seasons from 1991 through 2002. He was a three-time pro bowler with the Miami Dolphins, and was also a member of the New England Patriots club that won Super Bowl XXXVI.
	Cox was a member of the East St. Louis High School Flyers high school football team, where he was coached by Bob Shannon.
	Cox attended Western Illinois University and was a mass communications major and a letterman in football. In football, he was a four-year letterman and a two-year starter. As a senior, he was named as a first-team All-America selection by the "Football Gazette" and was a first-team all-conference selection. As a junior, he was named the Western Illinois Most Valuable Player. As a sophomore, Cox played in every game, and finished his sophomore season with 54 tackles, four forced fumbles, three fumble recoveries, two interceptions and three blocked kicks. As a freshman, Cox was a reserve nickel-back and finished the season with 30 tackles.
	Cox was drafted by the Dolphins in the fifth round of the 1991 NFL Draft, chosen 113th overall. As a rookie, Cox started 13 games as the Dolphins right outside linebacker, racking up a total of 61 tackles along with two sacks. Miami finished out the season 8-8. In his sophomore campaign, Cox blossomed and helped lead the Dolphins to an 11-5 record and the AFC Championship Game. He made his first Pro Bowl and was named to the All Pro team after recording 127 tackles, 14 sacks and five forced fumbles. Miami switched to a 4-3 defense in 1993 and Cox was moved to right linebacker. The team started out 9-2, but lost their last five to miss the playoffs. Cox again led the team with 122 tackles, four forced fumbles and four fumble recoveries. He also collected five sacks and an interception.
	Cox earned his second Pro Bowl selection in 1994, starting 16 games at middle linebacker, leading the team with 100 tackles. Miami finished the season 10-6, winning the Wild Card Game against the Kansas City Chiefs, 27-17 before losing the Divisional Playoff to the San Diego Chargers, 22-21. In 1995, Cox was selected to his second consecutive Pro Bowl, and third overall. He again started every game at middle linebacker, finishing the year with a team high 119 tackles, 7.5 sacks and three forced fumbles. The Dolphins went 9-7 before bowing out in the Wild Card Game to the Buffalo Bills, 37-22. The defense tied for the AFC lead by allowing only seven rushing touchdowns. Overall, Cox spent five years with the Dolphins playing both outside and middle linebacker, starting 75 out of a possible 78 games.
	Cox would go on to play seven more seasons in the NFL for the Chicago Bears, New York Jets, New England Patriots, and New Orleans Saints. In a career encompassing 165 games, Cox recorded 764 tackles, tallied 51.5 quarterback sacks, caught four interceptions and forced 22 fumbles. Among his most famous plays was a 27-yard interception-return touchdown against the Patriots in September 1999 while playing with the Jets; another famous play came with the Patriots in September 2001 in a game against the Indianapolis Colts; Cox hit receiver Jerome Pathon in the first quarter, a hit that briefly knocked Pathon out.
	Throughout his NFL career, Cox was easily recognizable on the field due to the unusual headrest- or "surfboard"-style neck roll he wore and colored to match his uniform jersey.
	From 2004-2005 he worked as an analyst for TVG Network. Cox also co-hosted an afternoon drive radio program for Fox Sports Radio in 2006 alongside Chris Myers.
	He was an assistant defensive line coach for the New York Jets for three seasons (2006–08) under Eric Mangini. After Mangini was fired and became the coach of the Cleveland Browns in January 2009, he brought Cox with him, where Cox was the defensive line coach.
	On February 21, 2011, Cox was hired by the Miami Dolphins as their pass rush coach.
	On February 17, 2012, Cox was hired to become a defensive assistant at the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He was hired the same day as Bill Sheridan.
	On January 11, 2014, Cox was hired by the Atlanta Falcons as their defensive line coach.
	In the 2016 season, Cox and the Falcons reached Super Bowl LI on February 5, 2017. Against the New England Patriots, the Falcons would fall in a 34–28 overtime defeat.
	On February 8, 2017, the Atlanta Falcons relieved Cox of his duties as the defensive line coach. He is now a football analyst on FS1.
	Bryan's son, Bryan Cox Jr., played football as a defensive lineman for the Florida Gators and was a member of the Carolina Panthers practice squad, but got promoted to the active roster in late September of 2017. He signed with the Cleveland Browns on November 13, 2019.

= = = Pentagrammic crossed-antiprism = = =

	In geometry, the pentagrammic crossed-antiprism is one in an infinite set of nonconvex antiprisms formed by triangle sides and two regular star polygon caps, in this case two pentagrams.
	It differs from the pentagrammic antiprism by having opposite orientations on the two pentagrams.
	This polyhedron is identified with the indexed name U as a uniform polyhedron.
	The pentagrammic crossed-antiprism may be inscribed within an icosahedron, and has ten triangular faces in common with the great icosahedron. It has the same vertex arrangement as the pentagonal antiprism. In fact, it may be considered as a parabidiminished great icosahedron.

= = = Short, sharp shock = = =

	The phrase "short, sharp shock" means "a quick, severe punishment." It is an example of alliteration. Although the phrase originated earlier, it was popularised in Gilbert and Sullivan's 1885 comic opera "The Mikado", where it appears in the song near the end of Act I, "I Am So Proud". It has since been used in popular songs, song titles, literature, as well as in general speech.
	John Conington's 1870 translation of the "First Satire of Horace" includes the following lines: 
	In Act I of the 1885 Gilbert and Sullivan opera "The Mikado", the Emperor of Japan, having learned that the town of Titipu is behind on its quota of executions, has decreed that at least one beheading must occur immediately. In the dialogue preceding the song, three government officials, Pooh-Bah, Ko-Ko and Pish-Tush, discuss which of them should be beheaded in order to save the town from "irretrievable ruin". Pooh-Bah says that although his enormous "family pride" would normally prompt him to volunteer for such an important civic duty, he has decided to "mortify" his pride, and so he declines this heroic undertaking. He points out that since Ko-Ko is already under sentence of death for the capital crime of flirting, Ko-Ko is the obvious choice to be beheaded.
	The three characters then sing the song "I Am So Proud". In the last lines of the song, Pooh-Bah, Ko-Ko and Pish-Tush contemplate "the sensation" of the "short, sharp shock" caused by being beheaded:
	The phrase is particularly popular in music. For example, the phrase is used in the song "Us and Them" (from Pink Floyd's 1973 album, "The Dark Side of the Moon").
	"Short Sharp Shock" is also the name of a 1984 album by Chaos UK. It also appears in the title of an album, "Short Sharp Shocked", by Michelle Shocked and the EP "Shortsharpshock" by Therapy?. Short Sharp Shock is the name of a crossover thrash band from Liverpool, England. The phrase is used in the song "East Side Beat" by The Toasters, and in the 1980 song "Stand Down Margaret" by The Beat. It can also be found in the lyrics of a Billy Bragg song entitled "It Says Here" found on his 1984 album "Brewing Up with Billy Bragg" and of a They Might Be Giants song entitled "Circular Karate Chop" on their 2013 album "Nanobots".
	In literature, the phrase is used in the title of a 1990 fantasy novel, "A Short, Sharp Shock" by Kim Stanley Robinson. In the 1996 fantasy novel by Terry Pratchett, "Feet of Clay", police commander Sam Vimes is "all for giving criminals a short, sharp shock", meaning electrocution.
	Since Gilbert and Sullivan used the phrase in "The Mikado", "short, sharp shock" has been used in political discourse in the UK. The phrase met renewed popularity with respect to government policy on young offenders pursued by the Conservative government of 1979–1990 under Margaret Thatcher, having appeared in the 1979 Conservative Policy manifesto, which promised that the party would "experiment with a tougher regime as a short, sharp shock for young criminals". These policies led to the enactment of the Criminal Justice Acts of 1982 and 1988 which, among other reforms, replaced borstals with the youth detention centres in place today.

= = = Jesse Burr Strode = = =

	Jesse Burr Strode (February 18, 1845 – November 10, 1924) was an American Republican Party politician.
	He was born in Fulton County, Illinois on February 18, 1845, and graduated from Abingdon College in Abingdon, Illinois (which was later consolidated with Eureka College). During the American Civil War he enlisted in Company G, Fiftieth Regiment, of the Illinois Volunteer Infantry serving from September 10, 1861, to the end of the war.
	He returned to Abingdon first becoming principal of the schools from 1865 to 1873, being elected councilman six times and mayor twice. He moved to Plattsmouth, Nebraska and studied law passing the bar in and set up practice there in 1879. He was a district attorney from 1882 to 1888, moving to Lincoln, Nebraska in 1887. He was a district court judge in 1892. He was elected to the Fifty-fourth United States Congress and reelected to the Fifty-fifth United States Congress as a representative for the 1st district of Nebraska. He did not run for reelection in 1898, returning to Nebraska to become prosecuting attorney for the third district of Nebraska. He then became department commander of the Grand Army of the Republic in 1919 and 1920. He died in Lincoln on November 10, 1924, and is buried in Wyuka Cemetery.

= = = Small ditrigonal icosidodecahedron = = =

	In geometry, the small ditrigonal icosidodecahedron (or small ditrigonary icosidodecahedron) is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. It has extended Schläfli symbol a{5,3}, as an "altered dodecahedron", and Coxeter diagram or .
	It is constructed from Schwarz triangle (3 3 5/2) with Wythoff symbol 3 | 5/2 3. Its hexagonal vertex figure alternates equilateral triangle and pentagram faces.
	Its convex hull is a regular dodecahedron. It additionally shares its edge arrangement with the great ditrigonal icosidodecahedron (having the triangular faces in common), the ditrigonal dodecadodecahedron (having the pentagrammic faces in common), and the regular compound of five cubes. As a simple polyhedron it is also a hexakis truncated icosahedron where the triangles touching the pentagons are made coplanar, making the others concave.

= = = Strict father model = = =

	The strict father model of parenting is one which values strict discipline, particularly by the father, in parenting.
	Ideas involved in this model include:
	This model of child-rearing would involve, for example, allowing children to cry themselves to sleep on the grounds that picking up a child when it should be sleeping on its own improperly fosters dependence on the parents. In his book "Dare to Discipline", James Dobson advocates the strict father model. However, some researchers have linked authoritarian childrearing with children who withdraw, lack spontaneity, and have lesser evidence of conscience.
	The strict father model is discussed by George Lakoff in his books, including "Moral Politics," "Don't Think of an Elephant," "The Political Mind," and "Whose Freedom?". In these books, the strict father model is contrasted with the nurturant parent model. Lakoff argues that if the metaphor of nation as family and government as parent is used, then conservative politics correspond to the strict father model. For example, conservatives think that adults should refrain from looking to the government for assistance lest they become dependent.

= = = Stellated truncated hexahedron = = =

	In geometry, the stellated truncated hexahedron (or quasitruncated hexahedron, and stellatruncated cube) is a uniform star polyhedron, indexed as U. It is represented by Schläfli symbol t'{4,3} or t{4/3,3}, and Coxeter-Dynkin diagram, . It is sometimes called quasitruncated hexahedron because it is related to the truncated cube, , except that the square faces become inverted into {8/3} octagrams.
	The stellated truncated hexahedron is not a true stellation of the truncated hexahedron; its core is a regular octahedron. 
	It shares the vertex arrangement with three other uniform polyhedra: the convex rhombicuboctahedron, the small rhombihexahedron, and the small cubicuboctahedron.

= = = Mark Stuart (musician) = = =

	Mark Alan Stuart (born April 14, 1968) is a Christian rock musician, singer and songwriter best known as the lead vocalist for the Christian rock band Audio Adrenaline during their original run from 1987 to 2007.
	Mark Stuart met the original guitarist and bassist for Audio Adrenaline, Barry Blair and Will McGinniss, while attending Kentucky Christian College (now known as Kentucky Christian University). Barry Blair was Mark's roommate for three years. They founded the band in 1986 under the name of A-180. However, they temporarily disbanded the next year when Mark went to Haiti for a semester. When he returned to Kentucky, the band reformed and recruited Bob Herdman, who brought them two songs to record. After they did, they changed their name to Audio Adrenaline and signed a deal with Forefront Records. After more than twenty years of success with the band and eight studio albums, Stuart and the band decided to retire on January 2006. The primary reason cited was Stuart's "ongoing vocal challenges" stemming from vocal cord damage caused by a disorder known as spasmodic dysphonia, not by overuse.
	Mark Stuart and Will McGinniss have started a project called Know Hope Collective. The project features a changing group of musicians that will sing worship songs and present testimonies.
	Stuart married Kerri McKeehan, sister of TobyMac, in 1995. The two later divorced.
	Stuart has visited Haiti consistently to help with missionary efforts. He started the Hands and Feet Project in 2004 along with Audio Adrenaline.
	On January 12, 2010, Mark, his parents (Drex and Jo), and his wife Aegis were working at the Hands and Feet Project in Jacmel, Haiti when the earthquake struck Port-au-Prince. None at the Project were injured by the quake, and Mark was able to get the word out about the plight of the residents of Jacmel via multiple Skype interviews with media outlets such as CNN, MSNBC and BBC, among others. He assisted with relief efforts in Jacmel until he returned to the U.S. on January 22, when he continued to assist by raising funds through continued coordination of relief efforts and organization of benefit concerts.

= = = Great cubicuboctahedron = = =

	In geometry, the great cubicuboctahedron is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U.
	It shares the vertex arrangement with the convex truncated cube and two other nonconvex uniform polyhedra. It additionally shares its edge arrangement with the nonconvex great rhombicuboctahedron (having the triangular faces and 6 square faces in common), and with the great rhombihexahedron (having the octagrammic faces in common).
	The great hexacronic icositetrahedron (or great lanceal disdodecahedron) is the dual of the great cubicuboctahedron.

= = = Dodecadodecahedron = = =

	In geometry, the dodecadodecahedron is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. It is the rectification of the great dodecahedron (and that of its dual, the small stellated dodecahedron). It was discovered independently by , and .
	The edges of this model form 10 central hexagons, and projected onto a sphere, represent 10 great circles. These 10, along with the great circles from projections of two other polyhedra, form the 31 great circles of the spherical icosahedron used in construction of geodesic domes.
	It has four Wythoff constructions between four Schwarz triangle families: 2 | 5 5/2, 2 | 5 5/3, 2 | 5/2 5/4, 2 | 5/3 5/4, but represent identical results. Similarly it can be given four extended Schläfli symbols: r{5/2,5}, r{5/3,5}, r{5/2,5/4}, and r{5/3,5/4} or as Coxeter-Dynkin diagrams: , , , and .
	A shape with the same exterior appearance as the dodecadodecahedron can be constructed by folding up these nets:
	12 pentagrams and 20 rhombic clusters are necessary. However, this construction replaces the crossing pentagonal faces of the dodecadodecahedron with non-crossing sets of rhombi, so it does not produce the same internal structure.
	Its convex hull is the icosidodecahedron. It also shares its edge arrangement with the small dodecahemicosahedron (having the pentagrammic faces in common), and with the great dodecahemicosahedron (having the pentagonal faces in common).
	This polyhedron can be considered a rectified great dodecahedron. It is center of a truncation sequence between a small stellated dodecahedron and great dodecahedron:
	The truncated small stellated dodecahedron looks like a dodecahedron on the surface, but it has 24 faces: 12 pentagons from the truncated vertices and 12 overlapping as (truncated pentagrams). The truncation of the dodecadodecahedron itself is not uniform and attempting to make it uniform results in a degenerate polyhedron (that looks like a small rhombidodecahedron with {10/2} polygons filling up the dodecahedral set of holes), but it has a uniform quasitruncation, the truncated dodecadodecahedron.
	It is topologically equivalent to a quotient space of the hyperbolic order-4 pentagonal tiling, by distorting the pentagrams back into regular pentagons. As such, it is topologically a regular polyhedron of index two:
	The colours in the above image correspond to the red pentagrams and yellow pentagons of the dodecadodecahedron at the top of this article.
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	The medial rhombic triacontahedron is a nonconvex isohedral polyhedron. It is the dual of the dodecadodecahedron. It has 30 intersecting rhombic faces.
	It can also be called the small stellated triacontahedron.
	The "medial rhombic triacontahedron" is a stellation of the rhombic triacontahedron, which is the dual of the icosidodecahedron, the convex hull of the dodecadodecahedron (dual to the original medial rhombic triacontahedron).
	It is topologically equivalent to a quotient space of the hyperbolic order-5 square tiling, by distorting the rhombi into squares. As such, it is topologically a regular polyhedron of index two:
	Note that the order-5 square tiling is dual to the order-4 pentagonal tiling, and a quotient space of the order-4 pentagonal tiling is topologically equivalent to the dual of the medial rhombic triacontahedron, the dodecadodecahedron.

= = = Great icosidodecahedron = = =

	In geometry, the great icosidodecahedron is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. It is given a Schläfli symbol r{3,5/2}. It is the rectification of the great stellated dodecahedron and the great icosahedron. It was discovered independently by , and .
	The name is constructed analogously as how a cube-octahedron creates a cuboctahedron, and how a dodecahedron-icosahedron creates a (small) icosidodecahedron.
	It shares the same vertex arrangement with the icosidodecahedron, its convex hull. Unlike the great icosahedron and great dodecahedron, the great icosidodecahedron is not a stellation of the icosidodecahedron, but a faceting of it instead.
	It also shares its edge arrangement with the great icosihemidodecahedron (having the triangular faces in common), and with the great dodecahemidodecahedron (having the pentagrammic faces in common).
	This polyhedron can be considered a rectified great icosahedron:
	The truncated "great stellated dodecahedron" is a degenerate polyhedron, with 20 triangular faces from the truncated vertices, and 12 (hidden) pentagonal faces as truncations of the original pentagram faces, the latter forming a great dodecahedron inscribed within and sharing the edges of the icosahedron.
	The dual of the great icosidodecahedron is the great rhombic triacontahedron; it is nonconvex, isohedral and isotoxal. It has 30 intersecting rhombic faces. It can also be called the great stellated triacontahedron.
	The great rhombic triacontahedron can be constructed by expanding the size of the faces of a rhombic triacontahedron by a factor of formula_1, where formula_2 is the golden ratio.

= = = Cubitruncated cuboctahedron = = =

	In geometry, the cubitruncated cuboctahedron or cuboctatruncated cuboctahedron is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U.
	Its convex hull is a nonuniform truncated cuboctahedron.
	Cartesian coordinates for the vertices of a cubitruncated cuboctahedron are all the permutations of
	The tetradyakis hexahedron (or great disdyakis dodecahedron) is a nonconvex isohedral polyhedron. It has 48 intersecting scalene triangle faces, 72 edges, and 20 vertices.
	It is the dual of the uniform cubitruncated cuboctahedron.

= = = Great truncated cuboctahedron = = =

	In geometry, the great truncated cuboctahedron (or quasitruncated cuboctahedron or stellatruncated cuboctahedron) is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. It is represented by Schläfli symbol tr{4/3,3}, and Coxeter-Dynkin diagram, . It is sometimes called the quasitruncated cuboctahedron because it is related to the truncated cuboctahedron, , except that the octagonal faces are replaced by {8/3} octagrams.
	Its convex hull is a nonuniform truncated cuboctahedron. The truncated cuboctahedron and the great truncated cuboctahedron form isomorphic graphs despite their different geometric structure.
	Cartesian coordinates for the vertices of a great truncated cuboctahedron centered at the origin are all permutations of

= = = Rolling Thunder (roller coaster) = = =

	Rolling Thunder was a racing wooden roller coaster at Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson, NJ. Rolling Thunder was the park's first wooden coaster, and debuted in 1979 during the park's fifth anniversary season. It closed in 2013.
	Rolling Thunder opened in 1979. To mark the 100th anniversary of roller coasters in the USA, Rolling Thunder's Coaster 2 side was renamed "Rednuht Gnillor," the backwards spelling of "Rolling Thunder," in 1984. The trains were turned around so riders would view the ride while riding backwards. During this season, Rednuht Gnillor's warning signs were placed in the back of the station and on the back of the lift hill so riders could see them.
	Rolling Thunder was standing but not operating in September and October 2005 and through most of the Spring of 2006 due to the construction of the Plaza del Carnival section and El Toro.
	Rolling Thunder closed on September 8, 2013, to make room for . Soon after Rolling Thunder closed, it was demolished, except for one part of the track which is still standing.
	The line for the ride began at an adjoining entrance and had separate queues for each track. The queue to the right of the entrance lead to the Coaster 1 track and Coaster 2 was reached by the queue on the left. Guests who were not tall enough for coasters with 54-inch (137 cm) minimum height would ride Rolling Thunder, which had a 44-inch (112 cm) height requirement.
	Unlike most racing coasters, Rolling Thunder's tracks were not always next to each other, they separated at several points in the ride. After the first drop, the left track traveled over a big hill, followed by a small hill, whereas the second track reversed that. On the turnaround at the back, the left track traveled up and made a level turn, while the right track traveled up and dropped while turning. The hills on the return segment were also staggered. The trains were not always raced.
	The structure and track was mostly built from 850,000 feet (259,080 m) of Douglas Fir. In the past, the Douglas Fir had been treated with pesticides which were not considered environmentally friendly and the track and supports were slowly being replaced with southern yellow pine.
	The track was made by bolting seven layers of wood. In most places on the ride, there were two layers of southern yellow pine, which sat atop five layers of Douglas-Fir. Older sections of track still had seven layers of Douglas-Fir (mostly on the lift) and there were refurbished sections of track with seven layers of southern pine. A strip of steel was bolted onto the top layer of wood track and three-inch-wide pieces of steel were bolted onto the sides.
	Rolling Thunder used skid brakes to stop the trains rather than modern fin brakes. The trains had brake pads underneath each car which slid against the brakes to lift the train's wheels off the track. The brakes were always in the up position unless the operator, in conjunction with the rear unloader attendant, advanced a train. The road wheels were heard spinning at the end of the ride and continued to spin until the operator, in conjunction with the unload attendant, advanced the train.
	There were three sets of brakes. The trim and ready brakes were located in the tunnel at the end of the ride. The trim brake slowed and stopped the train and served as a holding place for one train until the second train left the station. The train was advanced off the trim and onto the ready brake. The ready brake held the train until the second train reached the top half of the lift hill. The Dispatch brake held the train in the station while it was being unloaded and loaded for the next ride. The trains were stopped manually and were not always aligned with the queue stalls in the station. Therefore, the attendants had to direct the guests to their rows from time to time before the airgates were opened.
	When the brake pads and wheels got wet, there was little friction to stop the trains and they slid too far onto the brakes. For safety reasons, only one train ran per side in rainy weather.
	There were four trains that were distinguishable by color: Red, Blue, Yellow and Green. Each train had four three-bench Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters cars held together by hitch bars. Each car contained six seats. Each train held a maximum of 24 riders.
	The trains used buzz bars that locked in one position. Seat dividers and headrests were added in 1981 to prevent people from standing on the ride while it was in operation. Seat belts were added on the ride's 30th anniversary.
	There were three types of wheels used on the trains. Sixteen road wheels rode on the steel layer on top of the track. Sixteen guide wheels guided the trains around the turned on a separate steel track located on the sides of the wooden track. Sixteen upstop wheels rode on the bottom of the track.
	On August 16, 1981, a 20-year-old park employee from Middletown, NJ fell from the coaster to his death during a routine test run. An investigation by the New Jersey Labor Department concluded that the man may not have secured himself with the safety bar. A park representative later confirmed this conclusion, saying that the employee "may have assumed an unauthorized riding position that did not make use of safety restraints." The ride was inspected, and the Labor Department concluded that the ride was "operationally and mechanically sound."

= = = West Lafayette Community School Corporation = = =

	The West Lafayette Community School Corporation administers the following schools in West Lafayette, Indiana, United States:
	The superintendent is Dr. Rocky D. Killion.

= = = Nurturant parent model = = =

	The nurturant parent model also "Nurturing Parent" is a metaphor, for a belief system, which is built upon an underlying value system. In this Nurturant Parenting contrasts with Stern Father parenting (Strict Father) as two distinct metaphors each used as icons of contrasting value and political systems, i.e. Regressive (Strict Father) and Nurturing Parent as Progressive . 
	The Nurturant Parent metaphor draws on parenting style. The ideal, effective Nurturing Parent gives his children both "roots in the ground and wings to fly." He or she does this by imparting, conveying, role-modeling and enforcing boundaries which encourage the child towards personal freedom (try out your new wings). The Nurturant Parent model has a healthy respect for children's inherent intelligence. As safe and appropriate, they can and should be allowed to explore their environment. Parents are responsible for protecting their child from serious mistakes, by offering guidance. A child will be picked up if the child cries because the parent wants the child to feel safe and supported. If a child grows up believing its needs are likely to be met, it will be more confident when facing challenges.
	At the same time or alternately as appropriate, the Nurturant Parent encourages the child to have deep and peaceful roots in the ground through managed exercise of the child's own self-discipline, self-connection, age-appropriate house chores, limited allowance, discussion of both Feelings and Thoughts and mutually healthy boundaries with strangers, friends and adults generally. 
	The above was originally expressed more simply as 'a family model where children are expected to explore their surroundings; at the same time, being protected by their parents.' 
	Other ideas:
	This model is based on a study conducted by the Boston College Graduate Program in Human Development where researchers were investigating the parenting style preferred by parents of extraordinarily creative children. Most parenting books recommend the authoritative style. The researchers discovered another parenting style which they called "the nurturing parent" that focuses on responsibility, empathy, and creativity. The basic approach these parents used was to:
	Herbert Jay Rosenfield (LCSW) in his unfinished book "Caring Parents: a Guide to Successful Parenting" encourages use of the acronym "RECEPEE", for "Reasonable Expectations, Clearly Expressed, Performed Everyday and by Example". "The factors that children need to develop good self-esteem...are primarily 'gifts' from us parents!" writes Rosenfield, who offers another acronym "UCARE":
	Reverend George Englehardt stated succinctly, in 1991, that "parental responsibility is to provide their children with a safe, loving, nurturing environment".
	The nurturant parent model is also discussed by George Lakoff in his books, including "Moral Politics" and "Whose Freedom?" In these books, the nurturant parent model is contrasted with the strict father model. Lakoff argues that if the metaphor of nation as family and government as parent is used, then progressive politics correspond to the nurturant parent model. For example, progressives want the government to make sure that the citizens are protected and assisted to achieve their potential. This might take the form of tough environmental regulations or healthcare assistance.
	The model is also consistent with slow parenting in that children are encouraged to explore the world for themselves. They have to learn to face the risks that nature presents. Although slow parenting might go further and reduce the level of protection offered by parents, it would not advocate withholding it entirely.

= = = Truncated great dodecahedron = = =

	In geometry, the truncated great dodecahedron is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. It is given a Schläfli symbol t{5,5/2}.
	It shares its vertex arrangement with three other uniform polyhedra: the nonconvex great rhombicosidodecahedron, the great dodecicosidodecahedron, and the great rhombidodecahedron; and with the uniform compounds of 6 or 12 pentagonal prisms.
	This polyhedron is the truncation of the great dodecahedron:
	The truncated small stellated dodecahedron looks like a dodecahedron on the surface, but it has 24 faces, 12 pentagons from the truncated vertices and 12 overlapping as (truncated pentagrams).
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	The small stellapentakis dodecahedron (or small astropentakis dodecahedron) is a nonconvex isohedral polyhedron. It is the dual of the truncated great dodecahedron. It has 60 intersecting triangular faces.

= = = Small stellated truncated dodecahedron = = =

	In geometry, the small stellated truncated dodecahedron (or quasitruncated small stellated dodecahedron or small stellatruncated dodecahedron) is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. It is given a Schläfli symbol t{5/3,5}, and Coxeter diagram .
	It has 12 pentagons and 12 decagrams, {10/3} faces.
	It shares its vertex arrangement with three other uniform polyhedra: the convex rhombicosidodecahedron, the small dodecicosidodecahedron and the small rhombidodecahedron.
	It also has the same vertex arrangement as the uniform compounds of 6 or 12 pentagrammic prisms.

= = = Great stellated truncated dodecahedron = = =

	In geometry, the great stellated truncated dodecahedron (or quasitruncated great stellated dodecahedron or great stellatruncated dodecahedron) is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. It is given a Schläfli symbol t{5/3,3}.
	It shares its vertex arrangement with three other uniform polyhedra: the small icosicosidodecahedron, the small ditrigonal dodecicosidodecahedron, and the small dodecicosahedron:
	Cartesian coordinates for the vertices of a great stellated truncated dodecahedron are all the even permutations of
	where τ = (1+)/2 is the golden ratio (sometimes written φ).

= = = Catherine of Foix, Countess of Candale = = =

	Catherine de Foix (c. 1455 – died before 1494) was a French noblewoman.
	She was a daughter of Gaston IV, Count of Foix and Eleanor of Navarre, and granddaughter of John II of Aragón and Blanche I of Navarre.
	Catherine married her second cousin Gaston de Foix, Count of Candale. 
	They had four children:

= = = Arthur Lyon Fremantle = = =

	General Sir Arthur James Lyon Fremantle (11 November 1835 – 25 September 1901) was a British Army officer and a notable British witness to the Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War. Whilst holding the rank of "Captain and Lieutenant Colonel" he spent three months (from 2 April until 16 July 1863) in North America, travelling through parts of the Confederate States of America and the Union. Contrary to popular belief, Colonel Fremantle was not an official representative of the United Kingdom; instead, he was something of a tourist.
	Fremantle was born into a distinguished military family; his father, Lieutenant-General John Fremantle, had commanded a battalion of the Coldstream Guards, and had served during the Peninsular War and Waterloo Campaign, as well as acting as aide-de-camp to Lieutenant-General John Whitelocke during the abortive British invasion of Buenos Aires in 1807. Arthur's middle name, Lyon, came from his mother, Agnes Lyon. He was called "Arthur" after the Duke of Wellington, who had been the first witness at his parents' wedding in 1829.
	After his graduation from Royal Military College, Sandhurst, Arthur Fremantle was commissioned into the British Army in 1852, serving firstly as an ensign in the 70th Foot, before being transferred to the 52nd Foot almost immediately thereafter. The following year, Fremantle became ensign and lieutenant in the Coldstream Guards, and continued to receive promotions until, in 1860, at the age of 25, he held the rank of captain of his regiment and lieutenant colonel in the Army.
	The same year, Fremantle was appointed to the position of assistant military secretary at Gibraltar under Governor William John Codrington. In January 1862, the Confederate commerce raider CSS "Sumter", pursued by the Union Navy, arrived in port. The ship's commander, Raphael Semmes, sought to have his ship repaired and refitted, although ultimately the "Sumter" was sold and its crew transferred to the newly constructed CSS "Alabama". Sometime in early 1862, the young British captain met the flamboyant Confederate captain, and was inspired by Semmes' tales of blockade running and combat on the high seas.
	Like many other officers of his generation, including Lieutenant Colonel Garnet Wolseley, Fremantle had a considerable interest in the American Civil War. Unlike most of the others, however, he decided to take a tour of the South, and applied for a leave of absence in 1863. By his own admission, his initial sympathies lay with the Union, due to his natural distaste for slavery. But as stated in his own book, in the Preface:
	On 2 March 1863, Captain and Lieutenant Colonel Fremantle left England on board the mail steamer "Atrato".
	Fremantle entered the Confederacy through the Mexican town of Matamoros, Tamaulipas, on 2 April on board the Royal Navy frigate HMS "Immortalité" to avoid being in violation of the Union blockade, and crossed the Rio Grande into Brownsville, Texas. Within three hours of his arrival in the Confederacy, Fremantle encountered 'frontier justice' for the first time, finding the body of a renegade, known as Montgomery, half-buried and stripped of flesh at the roadside. Spending almost two weeks in Brownsville, with occasional visits across the border to Matamoros and the village of Bagdad, Fremantle became acquainted with General Hamilton P. Bee and several merchants and diplomats who were facilitating the trade of cotton across the border with Mexico. Part of the reasoning for Fremantle's tenure in Brownsville may have been that he wished to meet General John B. Magruder, for whom he had a letter of introduction. However, Magruder was delayed, and Fremantle left Brownsville on 13 April in a carriage in the company of some of his merchant friends. Their driver and his assistant, Mr Sargeant and Judge Hyde, are particularly memorable figures from Fremantle's diary, in no small part due to Fremantle's astonishment that a member of the justiciary should be working on a stagecoach. Later, General Longstreet would recall meeting the same two men during his own service in Texas.
	After finally meeting with General Magruder shortly after leaving Brownsville, Fremantle continued his journey across the Texan desert, dutifully recording in his diary his observations about the taste of polecat, the snuff habits of Texan women, and allusions to the coarse language of his drivers and travelling companions. He finally arrived in San Antonio, Texas, on 24 April, where he sold most of his luggage, and from there travelled to Houston, Texas, where he arrived on 30 April. Here, he dined with General William Read Scurry, and observed that those Confederate officers he encountered were extremely complimentary about Great Britain and the Queen, even proposing toasts to her health and to the Empire. Fremantle now proceeded with haste across the remaining Texan countryside, as rumours concerning the fate of Alexandria, Louisiana began to reach him. Furthermore, the continuing siege of Vicksburg, Mississippi, was another source of anxiety, as the capture of the city would make passage across the Mississippi River practically impossible.
	Setting off for Galveston, Texas, on 2 May, Fremantle found himself meeting Sam Houston, the father of Texan independence, though he found the elder statesman to be vain and egotistical, as well as bitter and uncouth in his mannerisms. This occurred less than three months before Houston's death, presumably making Fremantle one of the last foreign visitors to meet the general. The English observer finally left Texas on 8 May, arriving in Shreveport, Louisiana, and partaking of the hospitality of General Edmund Kirby Smith and his wife.
	On the advice of General Kirby Smith, Fremantle made his way to Monroe, Louisiana, to attempt to cross the river from there due to the uncertainty surrounding the status of Alexandria. By the morning of 10 May, the day Fremantle's stagecoach arrived at its destination, travellers began to report that the city had fallen. In Monroe itself, Fremantle learned of the Confederate victory at Chancellorsville, although the news was accepted by locals without excitement. The wounding of Stonewall Jackson, however, caused some distress. The high expectations of Southerners, and their contempt for their enemies, would be among the few major points of criticism made by Fremantle. After considerable anxiety on board a steamer on the Mississippi, Fremantle finally crossed the river and arrived in Natchez, Mississippi, on 15 May.
	From Natchez, Fremantle travelled to Jackson, which he reached on 18 May. As the city had been evacuated and attacked only a few days earlier, Fremantle was treated with some suspicion by soldiers and locals, who expressed scepticism that an English officer should be travelling alone through the South. One local, the gun-toting Mr Smythe, even went so far as to threaten the foreign visitor with execution should he be unable to prove his identity and credentials. Upon 'examination' by a mob in a hotel, Fremantle finally convinced a Confederate cavalry officer and an Irish doctor of his legitimacy, and was spirited away to meet General Joseph E. Johnston, who accepted the peculiar traveller into his company. Fremantle remained near Johnston for several days, learning of the death of General Jackson from his Chancellorsville wound.
	Fremantle's next stop was at Mobile, Alabama, which he reached on 25 May after an eventful journey by train, in which a railway engineer shot a passenger. After inspecting the defences of the city with General Dabney H. Maury, Fremantle briefly visited Montgomery, the former capital of the Confederate States, before arriving in Chattanooga, Tennessee, on 28 May. Here, Fremantle met yet more prominent figures, including Generals William J. Hardee and Leonidas Polk, and Clement Vallandigham, the leader of the Copperheads. Later, Fremantle also encountered Braxton Bragg, who supplied the Englishman with letters of introduction and passes, allowing him to travel to Shelbyville, which he reached the following day. Fremantle remained here until 5 June, inspecting troops in the company of General Hardee, his fellow Englishman Colonel George St. Leger Grenfell and the Irish-born General Patrick Cleburne. He also witnessed the baptism of General Bragg, and a small skirmish between Federal and Confederate forces outside the town, before leaving for Charleston the following day.
	Increasingly, Lieutenant Colonel Fremantle became possessed of a desire to get to the Confederate capital, Richmond, and from there attempt to locate the Army of Northern Virginia, with whom he intended to journey for a while. From Tennessee, he travelled through Augusta and Atlanta, before arriving in Charleston, South Carolina, the birthplace of the war, on 8 June. The English tourist was keen to inspect the defences of the city, and remained there until 15 June, inspecting Fort Sumter and visiting Morris Island in the company of General Roswell S. Ripley, commander of South Carolina's First Military District. During this stay, Fremantle also met General PGT Beauregard, and a member of Captain Raphael Semmes' crew from the CSS "Sumter", whom Fremantle had first met in Gibraltar in 1862.
	En route to Richmond, Fremantle passed through Wilmington, North Carolina, and Petersburg, Virginia, before arriving in the Confederate capital two days after leaving Charleston. On the day of his arrival, he was granted a meeting with Confederate Secretary of State Judah P. Benjamin. During the audience, Benjamin assured Fremantle that British diplomatic recognition of the C.S.A. would terminate the war without more bloodshed, though the British officer was concerned about a possible Union invasion of Canada. Benjamin also complained to his guest about revelations about his gambling habits made by the former correspondent of "The Times", William Howard Russell. Benjamin then took Fremantle to see President Jefferson Davis, with whom he spoke for an hour. From Fremantle's account, it is possible to conclude that the Confederate leaders may have been trying to impress their British visitor on the matter of diplomatic intervention, without real consideration of his lack of power to do so.
	Intent on finding Lee's army at the earliest opportunity, Fremantle visited the Confederate Secretary of War James Seddon on 18 June, where he was furnished with letters of introduction to Generals Lee and Longstreet. Leaving Richmond two days later, Fremantle came upon the division of General William Dorsey Pender on 21 June, and reached Lee's headquarters at Berryville a day later.
	Here, Fremantle met the individuals who would be his companions for the next two weeks. Among them were Francis Lawley, the "Times" correspondent who had replaced Russell, Captain Fitzgerald Ross, an Austrian cavalry officer, and Captain Justus Scheibert, a Prussian army engineer who had been sent to inspect Confederate fortifications by his government. The accounts of these four men present the most enlightening accounts written by foreigners of the Campaign and Battle of Gettysburg.
	Lieutenant Colonel Fremantle introduced himself to General Longstreet on 27 June, a crucial meeting since it allowed Fremantle to observe the advance through Maryland and Pennsylvania in close quarters to the General and his staff. As well as the other foreign observers, Fremantle also became well acquainted with some of Longstreet's staff officers, including Gilbert Moxley Sorrel, Thomas Goree, and the medical staff, Doctors Cullen and Maury. As a neutral observer, Fremantle was allowed to enter the town of Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, which was off-limits to most soldiers and officers on the orders of General Lee.
	On 30 June, Fremantle met the famous commander of the Army of Northern Virginia for the first time, and learned from Longstreet that General George Meade had replaced Joseph Hooker as commander of the Army of the Potomac. In the camp, Fremantle spoke to the staff officers about the likelihood of battle in the near future. The next day, the sound of artillery fire alerted the English visitor that the two armies had indeed met each other. According to Fremantle's diary, a spy, presumably Henry Thomas Harrison, informed the company that there was a significant concentration of Union troops around Gettysburg. Whilst talking to Union prisoners, Fremantle met General Ambrose Powell Hill, who complained of being ill. Later in the evening, when the Union forces had reformed on Cemetery Ridge, Fremantle climbed a tree to observe the last of the fighting, before consulting with Longstreet again about the following day's action.
	On 2 July, the four foreign observers returned to the battlefield at 5 am, in time to witness a meeting between Generals Lee, Longstreet, Hill, John Bell Hood and Henry Heth. Once more, Fremantle climbed his tree to see what was happening, this time in the company of Captain Scheibert. After touring the Confederate lines, Fremantle returned to that position at about 2 pm on the advice of General Longstreet, but was frustrated that the attack did not take place until well after 4 pm. For the first time, the Englishman heard the 'Rebel Yell', as well as a Confederate band playing polkas and waltzes above the din of battle. That evening, news reached the observers of the wounding of General Hood, as well as the death of General William Barksdale.
	On the morning of 3 July, Captain Ross and Colonel Fremantle made an inspection of the town of Gettysburg itself, intending to get to the cupola of the seminary, which had been used by General John Buford as a vantage point two days earlier. The commencement of the Union bombardment stopped the two observers, and so they returned to Longstreet's headquarters early in the afternoon. Fremantle alone found the General sitting on a small fence. Thinking that the battle was just getting under way, Fremantle commented to Longstreet that he 'wouldn't have missed this for anything'. Longstreet wryly pointed out to his guest that the attack had already happened, and had been repulsed. Longstreet asked if Fremantle had anything to drink, at which the Englishman made a gift to the general of his silver hip flask.
	Coming upon Lee, Fremantle found him rallying the defeated troops, reassuring them and trying to rally them ahead of an anticipated Union counterattack. The Union counterattack did not come, however, and Fremantle retreated along with the rest of the Confederate Army on the night of 4 July. As the army fell back into Maryland, Fremantle met Jeb Stuart, the cavalry commander whose absence during the preceding battle cost Lee valuable intelligence. On 7 July, Fremantle took his leave of Longstreet and his staff, intending to cross the Union lines and make his way to New York City. A parting remark made by Major Latrobe did little to reassure him: 'You may take your oath he'll be caught for a spy'. Longstreet was more confident of Fremantle's abilities, informing his aide that, since Fremantle had managed to travel across lawless areas of Texas, crossing the Union lines would cause him little difficulty.
	Two days later, in Hagerstown, Fremantle left Lawley and Ross, and made his way towards the Union Army. Despite initial suspicion, Fremantle convinced General Benjamin Franklin Kelley that he was no spy, even showing the officer a pass from General Lee verifying Fremantle's neutral status.
	His passage having been secured, Fremantle arrived by train in New York City on the night of 12 July, booking into the Fifth Avenue Hotel.
	The following day, Fremantle went out for a walk along Broadway. Upon his return to the hotel, he found that shopkeepers were closing their shutters early, and then noticed that several buildings were ablaze. Fire engines were present, but the crowd was not permitting them to be used. Increasingly alarmed, Fremantle saw a black youth pursued by the mob, eventually finding refuge with a company of soldiers, to the disgust of the massed protestors. Bewildered, the Englishman asked a bystander why the crowds were so vehement in their hatred of blacks. In response, he was told that they were 'the innocent cause of all these troubles'.
	In fact, the New York City draft riots ( 13–16 July 1863), the most violent insurrection in the history of the US had begun, and were eventually to evolve into an anti-black pogrom. A day later, Fremantle noted that the activities of the mob were worsening, with battles between police and rioters now taking place in the streets. An English captain reported that the mob had forced their way onto his ship and beaten his black crew members, forcing a French warship to threaten violence against any attacks against foreign vessels.
	On 15 July, amidst the violence and terror gripping large parts of the city, Fremantle boarded the SS "China", and began his voyage back to Britain.
	Upon returning to England, the young Lieutenant Colonel Fremantle found himself being questioned by friends and colleagues on the truth of the situation in the Confederate States, as only Union newspapers were readily available in England. Suitably encouraged, Fremantle wrote a book on his experiences in America, "Three Months in the Southern States", based on the diary which he kept throughout his sojourn in the South. Published in 1864, the book was well-received both in Great Britain and in the Union, and it was even printed in Mobile by S.H. Goetzel & Co., being eagerly read even by the beleaguered Southerners, who wanted to see how their struggle was being reported by a foreign visitor.
	Fremantle married shortly after his return to Great Britain, and served with his regiment until 1880, when he was placed on half pay after 28 years of service without seeing any active duty. The following year, however, he was promoted to the rank of major general and assigned as aide-de-camp to Prince George, Duke of Cambridge, commander-in-chief of the British Army.
	The United Kingdom was upset by the disasters suffered by the Anglo-Egyptian forces contending with the Mahdist army in the Sudan (Battle of El Obeid; 1st Battle of El Teb). Fremantle was sent to the Sudan, temporarily serving as garrison commander at the port of Suakin.
	Fremantle followed General Graham in his inland raid when he intended to crush the Mahdist Osman Digna. Fremantle was in command of the Brigade of Guards and as such took part in the harsh Battle of Tamai.
	After the fall of Khartoum and the departure of the British from the Sudan, Fremantle stayed for a brief time in Cairo, then returned to England in 1886, serving in the War Office as Deputy Adjutant-General for Militia, Yeomanry and volunteers. In February 1893 he became Commander-in-Chief, Scotland, a post he held for less than a year.
	He ended his career on a high note by being appointed to the office of Governor of Malta in January 1894. During his time on the island, Fremantle became a popular governor, presiding over political decisions such as the matter of mixed and non-Catholic marriages, and the issue of the payment of reparations to the Maltese ecclesiastical authorities from the Napoleonic Wars. In 1897, Fremantle renamed the line of fortifications that was under construction the Victoria Lines to commemorate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria. In November 1898, he hosted a visit to the island by the German Emperor, Kaiser William II, who arrived in Valletta on board his personal yacht, the "Hohenzollern", upon which Governor Fremantle joined the Kaiser for dinner.
	In 1899, after his term in office ended, Lieutenant-General Arthur Fremantle returned to England. Fremantle was appointed a Knight of Grace of the Order of St John on 7 March 1900.
	A member of the Royal Yacht Squadron, General Fremantle died at the age of 65 in the Squadron's headquarters in Cowes Castle on the Isle of Wight from complications of asthma on 25 September 1901. On the centenary of his funeral, a ceremony marking the restoration of his grave in Woodvale Cemetery, near Brighton, was conducted by his descendants and by Civil War re-enactors from the United States.
	Although the book was a best-seller at the time, the ultimate failure of the Confederacy to win its independence led to a sharp decrease in Britain in the appetite for Civil War diaries after 1865, including Fremantle's diary. In 1952, however, historian Walter Lord published a revised edition of "Three Months in the Southern States", retitled "The Fremantle Diary", which featured an introduction by the editor and detailed references.
	Part of the reason for the enduring fame of Fremantle compared to his fellow observers may be his role in Civil War literature and film, thanks to the success of Michael Shaara's historical novel, "The Killer Angels". The novel, published in 1974, deals with the events of the Battle of Gettysburg and the effects of the engagement on some of the main protagonists, including Generals Longstreet and Lee, as well as Colonel Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain and General John Buford. Shaara's primary source material for researching the novel included the diaries, letters and correspondence of figures who were either involved in or present at the Battle.
	In the 1993 film adaptation of Shaara's novel, retitled "Gettysburg", Lieutenant Colonel Fremantle is portrayed by James Lancaster. His character changes little from the book, once again engaging in important discussions with General Longstreet and his officers on the Confederacy's relations with the United Kingdom. However his appearance is substantially different from reality: in the movie he is shown in a scarlet British uniform sipping tea from a china cup, whereas, being in an unofficial capacity, he was dressed in a "gray shooting-jacket" and had been living rough like many others in the country.
	Since 1993, Fremantle has been portrayed in historical re-enactments in the United States by Roger Hughes, who also led the efforts to have Fremantle's grave in Brighton restored in 2001. Hughes maintains a website providing considerable information on Fremantle, his family, his travels and Civil War re-enactments.

= = = Truncated great icosahedron = = =

	In geometry, the truncated great icosahedron (or great truncated icosahedron) is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. It is given a Schläfli symbol t{3,5/2} or t{3,5/2} as a truncated great icosahedron.
	Cartesian coordinates for the vertices of a "truncated great icosahedron" centered at the origin are all the even permutations of
	where τ = (1+√5)/2 is the golden ratio (sometimes written φ). Using 1/τ = 1 − 1/τ one verifies that all vertices are on a sphere, centered at the origin, with the radius squared equal to 10−9/τ. The edges have length 2.
	This polyhedron is the truncation of the great icosahedron:
	The truncated "great stellated dodecahedron" is a degenerate polyhedron, with 20 triangular faces from the truncated vertices, and 12 (hidden) pentagonal faces as truncations of the original pentagram faces, the latter forming a great dodecahedron inscribed within and sharing the edges of the icosahedron.
	The great stellapentakis dodecahedron is a nonconvex isohedral polyhedron. It is the dual of the truncated great icosahedron. It has 60 intersecting triangular faces.

= = = Great ditrigonal dodecicosidodecahedron = = =

	In geometry, the great ditrigonal dodecicosidodecahedron (or great dodekified icosidodecahedron) is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U.
	It shares its vertex arrangement with the truncated dodecahedron. It additionally shares its edge arrangement with the great icosicosidodecahedron (having the triangular and pentagonal faces in common) and the great dodecicosahedron (having the decagrammic faces in common).

= = = Cathedral Parkway–110th Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line) = = =

	Cathedral Parkway–110th Street is a local station on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of Cathedral Parkway and Broadway in Morningside Heights, Manhattan, it is served by the 1 train at all times.
	Operation of the first subway began on October 27, 1904, with the opening of the original 28 stations of the New York City Subway from City Hall to 145th Street on the West Side Branch including the 110th Street station.
	In 1948, platforms on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line from 103rd Street to 238th Street were lengthened to 514 feet to allow full ten-car express trains to platform. Previously the stations could only platform six-car local trains. The platform extensions were opened in stages. On April 6, 1948, the platform extension opened for stations from 103rd Street to Dyckman Street, with the exception of 125th Street.
	In 2002, it was announced that 110th Street would be one of ten subway stations citywide, as well as one of five on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line, to receive renovations.
	This station has two side platforms and three tracks, the center one being an unused express track. The southbound local track is technically known as BB1 and the northbound one is BB4; the BB designation is used for chaining purposes along the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line from 96th Street to 242nd Street. Although it cannot be accessed at Cathedral Parkway–110th Street, the center track is designated as M. These designations are rarely, if ever, used in ordinary conversation.
	This is the closest station to the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, located one block east.
	Each platform has separate fare controls, and there are no crossovers or crossunders allowing free transfers between directions. The only entrance to the southbound platform is at the north-west corner of 110th Street and Broadway; there are entrances to the northbound platform from both the north-eastern and south-eastern corners of 110th Street and Broadway. There is a newsstand on the southbound platform.

= = = Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical = = =

	This is a list of winners and nominations for the Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical. Prior to 1960, category for direction included plays and musicals.
	Out of 19 women nominated for 29 musicals, only 4 women have won this award for 4 musicals:
	Bold represents winner

= = = Taluks of Bangalore = = =

	The Indian city of Bengaluru has four taluks in Bangalore Urban district in Karnataka:

= = = Great dodecicosidodecahedron = = =

	In geometry, the great dodecicosidodecahedron (or great dodekicosidodecahedron) is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U.
	It shares its vertex arrangement with the truncated great dodecahedron and the uniform compounds of 6 or 12 pentagonal prisms. It additionally shares its edge arrangement with the nonconvex great rhombicosidodecahedron (having the triangular and pentagrammic faces in common), and with the great rhombidodecahedron (having the decagrammic faces in common).

= = = Small icosicosidodecahedron = = =

	In geometry, the small icosicosidodecahedron (or small icosified icosidodecahedron) is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U.
	It shares its vertex arrangement with the great stellated truncated dodecahedron. It additionally shares its edges with the small ditrigonal dodecicosidodecahedron (having the triangular and pentagrammic faces in common) and the small dodecicosahedron (having the hexagonal faces in common).

= = = Rhombidodecadodecahedron = = =

	In geometry, the rhombidodecadodecahedron is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. It is given a Schläfli symbol t{5/2,5}, and by the Wythoff construction this polyhedron can also be named a "cantellated great dodecahedron".
	Cartesian coordinates for the vertices of a uniform great rhombicosidodecahedron are all the even permutations of
	where τ = (1+)/2 is the golden ratio (sometimes written φ).
	It shares its vertex arrangement with the uniform compounds of 10 or 20 triangular prisms. It additionally shares its edges with the icosidodecadodecahedron (having the pentagonal and pentagrammic faces in common) and the rhombicosahedron (having the square faces in common).
	The medial deltoidal hexecontahedron (or midly lanceal ditriacontahedron) is a nonconvex isohedral polyhedron. It is the dual of the rhombidodecadodecahedron. It has 60 intersecting quadrilateral faces.

= = = Doddabettahalli = = =

	Doddabettahalli is a village and the highest point in Bangalore, Karnataka, India (962 m). It is located in the Bangalore North Taluk.

= = = Icositruncated dodecadodecahedron = = =

	In geometry, the icositruncated dodecadodecahedron or icosidodecatruncated icosidodecahedron is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U.
	Its convex hull is a nonuniform truncated icosidodecahedron.
	Cartesian coordinates for the vertices of an icositruncated dodecadodecahedron are all the even permutations of
	where τ = (1+)/2 is the golden ratio (sometimes written φ).
	The tridyakis icosahedron is the dual polyhedron of the nonconvex uniform polyhedron, icositruncated dodecadodecahedron. It has 44 vertices, 180 edges, and 120 scalene triangular faces.

= = = Victor Lord = = =

	Victor Dalby Lord is a fictional character and patriarch of the Lord family from the American soap opera "One Life to Live".
	An original protagonist on the series, Victor is introduced in the first episode as the preeminent mass media magnate of fictional Philadelphia Main Line suburb Llanview, Pennsylvania. Victor was originally and most notably played by actor Ernest Graves. Graves debuted July 15, 1968, and played the role until he left the series and last appeared in March 1974.
	Series creator Agnes Nixon and executive producer Doris Quinlan subsequently recast Victor to Shepperd Strudwick, who first appeared in December 1974 and played the role until the character's initial onscreen death in June 1976.
	Series creator and then-scriptwriter Agnes Nixon originally created the character of Victor Lord based on her father, Harry Eckhardt. She crafted the role in an attempt to understand the reserved, domineering Eckhardt patriarch, an entrepreneur who financially thrived during the Great Depression manufacturing funeral garments.
	Ernest Graves played the role from show's first episode in 1968 through March 1974. Shepperd Strudwick took over the role in December 1974, playing Victor continually through the character's onscreen death June 16, 1976. Tom O'Rourke briefly stepped into the role as a mirage in 1985, and Les Tremayne played the role of Victor in Heaven in 1987. Bill Moor and Terry Caza both appeared in the role in flashbacks from 1994 to 1995. The character was briefly brought back to life 26 years after his original death in January 2003, portrayed by William Stone Mahoney; the resurrection set the soap opera record for the longest span between a character's onscreen death and resurrection. Mahoney went on to play resurrected Victor through his second onscreen death in March 2003, reappearing as a vision for an episode in 2004.
	In the summer of 1968, Victor Lord (Graves) is introduced as the owner of Lord Enterprises founder and publisher of the Philadelphia Main Line newspaper, "The Banner", serving the fictional town of Llanview, Pennsylvania. A widower, he is the domineering single father of daughters Victoria or "Viki" (originally Gillian Spencer) and Meredith or "Merrie" (originally Trish Van Devere). The family inhabits Victor's inherited family estate, Llanfair. His wife, Eugenia Randolph Lord, died while giving birth to Meredith and was, ultimately, unable to produce his desired male heir to his estate (a picture of her hangs above the mantle of the Lord library in early episodes). Victor thereby goes about grooming his eldest child, Viki, to assume the role of running the estate by hiring her as an editor for his newspaper.
	Victoria desperately seeks her father's approval and gleefully assumes the role of heiress to the family fortune. Victor eventually grows weary of Victoria's admiration for one of his star reporters, working class executive editor Joe Riley (Lee Patterson). In the early years, Victor is also unhappy at the growing relationship of his younger daughter, Meredith, with upwardly-mobile doctor Larry Wolek (Paul Tulley, Jim Storm). He meddles in the personal relationships of his daughters, causing a rift between him and Victoria. In November 1968, unable to reconcile her feelings for Joe and for her father, Victoria develops multiple-personality disorder, manifesting in an alter-ego, "Niki Smith," and begins dating Vinny Wolek (Antony Ponzini).
	As Victoria recovers from her first bout with multiple personalities, Victor concedes to the relationships of his white collar daughters to working class gentlemen when he uncovers that he had a long-lost son. Victor embarks on a search for the son he had long yearned for. Viki and Joe first marry in December 1969, and Merrie (Lynn Benesch onward) and Larry (Michael Storm onward) in June 1970. A short time later, Joe apparently dies in a car crash while reporting in California, giving Victor the opportunity to set his widowed daughter up with a suitor more to his liking. With a vacant editor-in-chief position available, Victor replaces Joe with promoted upper-crust writer Steve Burke (Bernie Grant).
	In 1971, Victoria (Erika Slezak onward) announces her engagement to Steve, which her father approves of; Victor is, however, unhappy when he discovers his continually frail daughter Meredith is seeking to conceive a child with Larry. Merrie is prescribed bedrest and later gives birth to Victor's first onscreen grandchildren, twins (one which dies a childbirth and the other, a grandson named Daniel). In the summer of 1973, in the midst of Victor's search for his son, Meredith is held hostage in the Llanfair carriage house with brother-in-law Vinny when burglars try to steal Victor's prized art collection. A distressed Victor pleads with the robbers to release Meredith during hostage negotiations with Llanview Police Department Lt. Ed Hall (Al Freeman, Jr.). Meredith is viciously assaulted by the thieves, who are killed by the police, and later dies at Llanview Hospital. Victor is devastated by her death, and he (Graves) leaves Llanview in 1974 in search for his heir-presumptive son.
	The hostage crisis of Meredith and Vinny in 1973 saw the introduction of newly minted Dr. Dorian Cramer (originally, Nancy Pinkerton), who Viki dislikes at first sight. Dorian, at first, dates Llanview Hospital co-worker Dr. Mark Toland (Tom Lee Jones), and in the midst of the romance on-the-job in summer 1974. Dorian is suspected of medical malpractice, and all of the hospital board of directors (except for Viki) vote to fire her. Dorian assumes that Viki's was the deciding vote to fire her and vows revenge. When Victor (Strudwick) reappears in December 1974 and suffers a heart attack, and an unemployed Dorian decides to use him to get even with the Lord family.
	Dorian becomes Victor's personal physician in 1975, and the two quickly elope in May. Soon afterward, Tony Harris (George Reinholt) arrives in Llanview, and Dorian quickly realizes he is Victor's long-sought son. Tony quickly becomes friends with Victor, and when Tony uncovers a diary from Viki and Meredith's mother, Eugenia, and realizing Victor to be his estranged father, to the chagrin of a greedy Dorian. Dorian connives and succeeds in creating a rift between Victor and his new son. When Tony and Victor learn of Dorian's scheme, Tony first confronts Dorian, who denies having done anything wrong. On April 30, 1976, when Victor begins questioning Dorian, the ensuing argument leads Victor to have a debilitating stroke which leaves him unable to speak or dictate alterations to his will. Determined to keep her Victor from speaking to anyone, Dorian brings him home and succeeds from keeping everyone away from him. Soon, Victor suffers a second stroke which sends him back to the hospital. Despite his attempts to speak to Viki, Victor apparently dies in June 16, 1976, and Dorian inherits half of his wealth.
	In 1985, Viki commences celebrations of the 50th anniversary of her father's newspaper. During preparations for the celebration, Viki's goddaughter, Tina (Andrea Evans), happens upon a hidden door in the Llanfair library, leading to a secret room. While in the room, Tina stumbles upon a letter written by Victor addressed to Viki, telling of his affair and brief marriage with Viki's former college friend Irene Manning Clayton and the siring of his daughter Tina. When Tina divulges the revelations, Viki reverts to alter-ego "Niki Smith" and Tina, for the following year, embarks on a mission to gain what she believes to be rightfully hers as a member of the Lord family. Recovered, Viki later uncovers in 1988 that she had a daughter, Megan Gordon (Jessica Tuck), while under the hypnosis insisted upon by Victor and delivered by her longtime friend and brother-in-law, Larry. Megan dies of lupus in 1992.
	Viki engages in an extramarital affair in 1993 with writer Sloan Carpenter (Roy Thinnes), who authors Victor's biography, "Lord of "The Banner"". While penning the book, Dorian (now, Robin Strasser onward) nervously plots to prevent its publication as Sloan's papers allude to Dorian's complicity in Victor's death, a tale which became a Llanview urban legend in the years following Victor's apparent death. Intrigued by Dorian's intense interest in the book, Viki implores the Llanview Police Department to investigate the circumstances of Victor's death. They comply, leading to the arrest (and conviction, after trial) of Dorian for Victor's murder. When Dorian is sentenced to death by lethal injection, con man David Vickers (Tuc Watkins) arrives in town in 1994, claiming to possess the alleged diary of Viki's late friend and Tina's mother, Irene. Later revealed to be a forgery, the diary claims dead Irene smothered Victor, exonerating Dorian at the eleventh hour. Soon afterward, an actual diary entry from Irene reveals she bore Victor another son, reformed rapist Todd Manning (Roger Howarth).
	When Viki learns of the initial forgery, Viki, still loyal to her late father, vows to send Dorian back to jail for Victor's death in 1995. Dorian then divulges the source of Viki's multiple personalities—Victor had long molested his eldest daughter Victoria and her repressed memories of the molestation led to the creation of her initial alter-ego, Niki. Victoria then suffered a recurrence of her multiple personality disorder, subsequently releasing several new personalities, who accost Dorian and hold her hostage in Victor's secret room. Upon recovery, Viki comes to terms with her father's inappropriate behaviors.
	Because of the pain she had to endure and dark secrets that were revealed, Viki, who had once worshiped the ground her father walked on and idealized him, now has nothing but contempt, rage, and disgust at Victor's depravity and actions.
	Finally in 2003, following the arrival of Viki's long-lost daughter, Natalie (Melissa Archer), an ailing Victor (William Stone Mahoney) resurfaces. It is during this time when Mitch Laurence (Roscoe Born) marries Natalie in a plot spearheaded by Victor to kill his granddaughter and harvest her heart, as he was dying of old age and heart disease. Viki foils Victor and Mitch's plot, saving Natalie from impending death. Victor is again rushed to the hospital. Larry tells Victor's present children, Viki and Todd (Howarth), to say their final goodbyes to their dying father. Victor dies on-screen in March 2003, a month before a shocked Dorian returns to Llanview.
	In 2007, during the funeral of Asa Buchanan, Dorian and Viki are trapped together in Asa's wine cellar. The two argue and Dorian tells Viki that she, not Viki, killed Victor. Viki, flabbergasted, reminds Dorian that neither she nor Dorian had killed Victor because he had returned from the dead a few years before. Dorian then plants a seed of doubt in Viki's mind, responding "if that really was him." During the episode first aired on November 26, 2008, Viki visits her father's grave, and the date of death shown is "June 16, 1976", the date of the episode in which Victor originally died. It was never mentioned onscreen whether or not the Victor who appeared in 2003 was an imposter, and the 2003 storyline is not mentioned again in the series, leading to speculation that it was simply retconned out of continuity.
	In 2011, it was revealed by a back-from-the dead Irene that the man known as Todd (Trevor St. John) since May 2003 was in fact his twin, Victor Lord, Jr. (St. John), and the real Todd Manning (Howarth) had been held hostage by her since his disappearance in March 2003. Victor, Jr. is later seemingly killed on the episode that first aired August 31, 2011. On the original finale January 13, 2012, however, Victor, Jr. is revealed to be alive and being held captive by Allison Perkins (Barbara Garrick).
	During an interview with "TV Guide Canada" in February 2009, "Dorian Lord" actress Robin Strasser, offered a belated explanation for the recent reversal about Victor's murderer:
	The notion that Dorian is Victor's true murderer is bolstered in the August 16, 2011 episode of "One Life to Live". When David Vickers Buchanan mentions that the (albeit forged) entry from Irene Manning's diary cleared Dorian of a murder she did not commit, Dorian comments to herself, "... or so Viki chooses to believe."
	From the outset, the original portrayal of Victor Lord by actor Ernest Graves was received as ruthless and overbearing, playing a role introduced as the powerful center of the fictional town of Llanview, and of the lives of his daughters Victoria and Meredith. For his portrayal of a dying Victor, actor Shepperd Strudwick earned a Daytime Emmy Award nomination for Lead Actor in a Drama Series in 1976.
	Leading series actress and onscreen daughter Erika Slezak reflected on Victor's transformation at the 25th anniversary of "OLTL" in 1993 recalling, "Once, Victor Lord was a paragon of virtue, then producer Paul Rauch said, 'let's turn him into a dirty old man who sleeps with young women and keeps pornography in the basement.'"

= = = Truncated dodecadodecahedron = = =

	In geometry, the truncated dodecadodecahedron (or stellatruncated dodecadodecahedron) is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. It is given a Schläfli symbol t{5/3,5}. It has 120 vertices and 54 faces: 30 squares, 12 decagons, and 12 decagrams. The central region of the polyhedron is connected to the exterior via 20 small triangular holes.
	The name "truncated dodecadodecahedron" is somewhat misleading: truncation of the dodecadodecahedron would produce rectangular faces rather than squares, and the pentagram faces of the dodecahedron would turn into truncated pentagrams rather than decagrams. However, it is the quasitruncation of the dodecadodecahedron, as defined by . For this reason, it is also known as the quasitruncated dodecadodecahedron. Coxeter et al. credit its discovery to a paper published in 1881 by Austrian mathematician Johann Pitsch.
	Cartesian coordinates for the vertices of a truncated dodecadodecahedron are all the triples of numbers obtained by circular shifts and sign changes from the following points (where formula_1 is the golden ratio):
	Each of these five points has eight possible sign patterns and three possible circular shifts, giving a total of 120 different points.
	The truncated dodecadodecahedron forms a Cayley graph for the symmetric group on five elements, as generated by two group members: one that swaps the first two elements of a five-tuple, and one that performs a circular shift operation on the last four elements. That is, the 120 vertices of the polyhedron may be placed in one-to-one correspondence with the 5! permutations on five elements, in such a way that the three neighbors of each vertex are the three permutations formed from it by swapping the first two elements or circularly shifting (in either direction) the last four elements.
	The medial disdyakis triacontahedron is a nonconvex isohedral polyhedron. It is the dual of the uniform truncated dodecadodecahedron.

= = = Great truncated icosidodecahedron = = =

	In geometry, the great truncated icosidodecahedron (or great quasitruncated icosidodecahedron or stellatruncated icosidodecahedron) is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. It is given a Schläfli symbol t{5/3,3}, and Coxeter-Dynkin diagram, .
	Cartesian coordinates for the vertices of a great truncated icosidodecahedron centered at the origin are all the even permutations of
	where τ = (1+)/2 is the golden ratio.
	The great disdyakis triacontahedron (or trisdyakis icosahedron) is a nonconvex isohedral polyhedron. It is the dual of the great truncated icosidodecahedron.

= = = Asclettin, Count of Aversa = = =

	Asclettin Drengot (also "Ascletin" or "Asclettino") was the son of Asclettin, count of Acerenza, brother of Rainulf Drengot, whom he succeeded in the county of Aversa in 1045. He was duly elected by the Norman nobles of Aversa and invested with the countship by his suzerain, Guaimar IV of Salerno. 
	Asclettin did not immediately come into possession of the duchy of Gaeta, which Ranulf had ruled as a vassal of Guaimar. Instead, the Gaetans chose Atenulf, Count of Aquino, as duke. Guaimar attacked and defeated him on behalf of Asclettin, but in return for his assistance against Pandulf the Wolf, then assaulting Monte Cassino, he freed him and confirmed in Gaeta. 
	Asclettin only ruled a few months before dying prematurely. He was succeeded by his cousin Rainulf Trincanocte. His younger brother Richard later succeeded to Aversa and brought the family the principality of Capua as well.

= = = Great snub icosidodecahedron = = =

	In geometry, the great snub icosidodecahedron is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. It can be represented by a Schläfli symbol sr{5/2,3}, and Coxeter-Dynkin diagram .
	This polyhedron is the snub member of a family that includes the great icosahedron, the great stellated dodecahedron and the great icosidodecahedron.
	In the book "Polyhedron Models" by Magnus Wenninger, the polyhedron is misnamed "great inverted snub icosidodecahedron", and vice versa.
	Cartesian coordinates for the vertices of a great snub icosidodecahedron are all the even permutations of
	with an even number of plus signs, where
	and
	where τ = (1+)/2 is the golden mean and
ξ is the negative real root of ξ−2ξ=−1/τ, or approximately −1.5488772.
	Taking the odd permutations of the above coordinates with an odd number of plus signs gives another form, the enantiomorph of the other one.
	The circumradius for unit edge length is
	where formula_2 is the appropriate root of formula_3. The four positive real roots of the sextic in formula_4
	are the circumradii of the snub dodecahedron ("U"), great snub icosidodecahedron ("U"), great inverted snub icosidodecahedron ("U"), and great retrosnub icosidodecahedron ("U").
	The great pentagonal hexecontahedron (or great petaloid ditriacontahedron) is a nonconvex isohedral polyhedron and dual to the uniform "great snub icosidodecahedron". It has 60 intersecting irregular pentagonal faces, 120 edges, and 92 vertices.

= = = WIVT = = =

	WIVT, virtual channel 34 (UHF digital channel 27), is an ABC-affiliated television station licensed to Binghamton, New York, United States and serving the Eastern Twin Tiers of Southern Upstate New York and Northern Pennsylvania. Owned by Nexstar Media Group, it is a sister station to low-powered, Class A NBC affiliate WBGH-CD, channel 20 (which is simulcast in high definition on WIVT's second digital subchannel). The two stations share studios and transmitter facilities on Ingraham Hill Road in the town of Binghamton. On cable, WIVT is available on Charter Spectrum channel 6 and in high definition on digital channel 1200.
	Alfred E. Anscombe, former General Manager of WKBW-AM-TV in Buffalo, secured a construction permit for Binghamton's third television station on April 25, 1961. He named it WBJA-TV after his wife Beth J. Anscombe. Initially, the station was allocated to UHF analog channel 56. However, five years earlier, two competing ABC affiliates in Northeastern Pennsylvania (WILK-TV channel 34 in Wilkes-Barre and WARM-TV channel 16 in Scranton) merged to form WNEP-TV, retaining WILK's license but using WARM's old UHF channel 16.
	Seeing a chance to use more signal at less cost, Anscombe sought and won a new construction permit for analog channel 34. The new station signed on November 24, 1962 from studios at its transmitter site on Ingraham Hill south of Binghamton; it was the third station to sign on in the Binghamton area, after WBNG and WICZ-TV. It has always been an ABC affiliate. The Northeastern Pennsylvania-area station now known as WOLF-TV signed on in 1985 on analog channel 38; it would eventually move to channel 56 thirteen years later.
	Anscombe planned for WBJA to be the first station in a seven-station group; however, only one other station, WEPA-TV in Erie, Pennsylvania (now defunct; its channel 66 allocation was later used by WFXP) was started before the two stations were acquired by Gerald Arthur, Oliver Lazare, and Jules Hessen, a group who also owned WEEE in Rensselaer, in 1966. Pinnacle Communications bought WBJA in 1978 and changed the call letters to WMGC-TV on October 19, reflecting its new "Magic 34" branding. It dropped the branding by the mid to late-1980s, but retained the call letters.
	Pinnacle sold WMGC to Citadel Communications in 1986; in 1995, Citadel sold the station, along with WVNY in Burlington, Vermont, to USA Broadcast Group, which was soon renamed U.S. Broadcast Group after a complaint from USA Network. U.S. Broadcast Group put its stations up for sale in early 1997; WSKG-TV contemplated acquiring WMGC and operating it as an NBC affiliate to raise money for its public broadcasting operations; during this time, a cable-only version of WETM (which would be replaced by WBGH-CD later that fall) served as the network's affiliate for the Binghamton market following WICZ's affiliation with Fox in April 1996. The station would be purchased by the Ackerley Group, which changed the call letters to WIVT on February 26, 1998. The call letters were derived from Ackerley's station in Syracuse, WIXT (now WSYR-TV).
	A few months later, Ackerley nearly lost its investment. On May 31, 1998, a tornado ripped through WIVT's Ingraham Hill studios and destroyed its tower; radio stations WSKG, WSQX and WAAL also had their towers destroyed in that storm. WBNG had live reports that night literally from the WIVT facilities. The station had a feed restored to Time Warner Cable for customers in the immediate Binghamton area, but was off-the-air for several months. WIVT became a sister station to WBGH when that station was sold by Smith Television to Ackerley in 2000. Ackerley merged with Clear Channel Communications (now iHeartMedia) on June 14, 2002. On April 20, 2007, the company entered into an agreement to sell its entire television stations group to Newport Television, a broadcasting group established by Providence Equity Partners; the deal was completed on March 14, 2008.
	Newport announced on July 19, 2012 that it would sell 12 of its stations, including WIVT and WBGH, to Nexstar. The sale was completed on December 3. On September 16, 2013, it was announced that Mission Broadcasting would acquire WICZ and low-powered MyNetworkTV affiliate WBPN-LP from the Stainless Broadcasting Company subsidiary of Northwest Broadcasting. Upon the deal's completion, the stations' operations would have been taken over by Nexstar making them sisters to WIVT and WBGH. In March 2015, Mission's purchase of WICZ and WBPN was canceled; as a result, Stainless withdrew the license assignment applications on March 18.
	The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
	Since WBGH operates as part of the WIVT twinstick, its second digital subchannel now carries WBGH in 720p high definition as of February 9, 2010. The official plan was to broadcast WBGH-CD in high definition in the future with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) roll-out plan for low-power digital stations. The plan took effect when WBGH-CD flash cut to digital in August 2015.
	WIVT shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 34, after midnight on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition VHF channel 4 to UHF channel 34 for post-transition operations.
	Syndicated programming on WIVT includes "Wheel of Fortune", "Jeopardy!", and "Judge Judy" among others. All are distributed by CBS Television Distribution.
	For the most part, WIVT has been a non-factor in the local newscast race in Binghamton. It has spent most of its history as the third station in what was at one point essentially a two-station market (since it did not sign-on until November 1962). The outlet reaped virtually no benefit when the area's long-time NBC affiliate WICZ switched to Fox in 1996. Immediately after taking control, the Ackerley Group significantly upgraded WIVT's news department with the ability to share resources with WIXT's well-respected news department in Syracuse as well as the company's other television properties in Upstate New York.
	WIVT's evening newscasts began to be simulcast on WBGH in 2000 after that station's acquisition by Ackerley. After the aforementioned tornado destroyed its newly renovated studios, the station temporarily relocated to the facilities of WSKG-TV in Vestal while rebuilding on Ingraham Hill. However, the upgrades proved unsustainable and cuts began to be made as a result. Shortly before Clear Channel took over in June 2002, WIVT eliminated its weekday morning and midday newscasts.
	On July 8, WIXT in Syracuse began producing a two-hour weekday morning show known as "Daybreak". Airing from 5 until 7, the regional newscast (separate from WIXT and originating from a secondary set at its East Syracuse studios) was simulcasted on sister stations WWTI in Watertown and WUTR in Utica. The show included brief localized updates (focusing on Binghamton) twice an hour although most coverage was regional in nature with area-wide weather forecasts.
	In 2003, WIVT dropped its weekend newscasts due to a loss of viewership. The station eventually closed down its local sports department in 2006 and at the same time reduced its 11 p.m. newscast to a short five-minute update. WIVT also began originating its early weeknight shows, featuring unique segments including exclusive musical performances, from secondary studios in the Oakdale Mall in Johnson City. Due to a lack of meteorologists (except for a lone weather anchor) based at WWTI, WIVT's forecasting personnel also produced most weather segments that were taped in advance for that station.
	On June 5, 2009, WIVT and WBGH announced there would be a consolidation of news operations with sister station WETM-TV in Elmira after Newport Television made across the board cuts. WBNG reported all but two people from the news staff and all production personnel for the news department would be terminated. The "Press & Sun-Bulletin" later identified the two personnel remaining as News Director Jim Ehmke and news anchor Peter Quinn but also said fifteen other members of the original 28 person staff, including non-news personnel, would remain based in Binghamton. The two stations would continue to be locally operated and maintain engineer staff at the studios on Ingraham Hill Road. WIVT and WBGH then began simulcasting WETM's newscasts with only regional weather coverage of the Eastern Twin Tiers.
	A separate newscast specifically focusing on the Binghamton area was brought back to WIVT and WBGH on June 28, 2009 through a simulcast on both stations. This effort originally consisted of a 6 p.m. weeknight newscast entirely produced from WETM's studios in Elmira. Eventually, production of the news and sports portions of the broadcast shifted back to the WIVT and WBGH facility. These segments are recorded earlier in the day (usually by 5 o'clock) and feature locally based photojournalists in Binghamton. A repeat of the 6 o'clock newscast at 11 was subsequently added to the schedules of WIVT and WBGH. During the broadcast, WSYR in Syracuse provides a local weather forecast (featuring rotating meteorologists) that is also recorded in advance. Soon after adding the hyper-local Binghamton news, WIVT ceased simulcasting WETM's newscasts making the taped weeknight newscast the only local news shown on the station. However, WBGH continued to air WETM's weekend 11 p.m. newscast until some point in late 2013.

= = = Karavas = = =

	Karavas (; ) is a town in the Kyrenia District of Cyprus. It is under the "de facto" control of Northern Cyprus. , the town has a population of 6,597.
	The name "Karavas" comes from the Greek "karávi" (), meaning "ship".
	Prior to the Turkish invasion in 1974, Karavas had a Greek population of approximately 2200. Karavas was captured by the Turkish Army before the second Turkish invasion of Cyprus after July 20, 1974. The city was attacked on August 6, during the so-called armistice. All Greek Cypriot inhabitants were forced out of Karavas by Turkish military forces and have become refugees, living in Cyprus and abroad.
	The Turkish Cypriot municipality Alsancak was founded in 1974.
	"Pente Mili" is one of the most beautiful beaches in Karavas.
	The Cyprus Treasure, an impressive collection of silver vessels, dishes, spoons and jewelry, was found here in 1902 and 1917. It can be found in the British Museum in London, Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City and the Cyprus Museum in Nicosia.
	Karavas is the ancestral village of the British pop singer George Michael.
	Karavas is twinned with:

= = = Small snub icosicosidodecahedron = = =

	In geometry, the small snub icosicosidodecahedron or snub disicosidodecahedron is a uniform star polyhedron, indexed as U. It has 112 faces (100 triangles and 12 pentagrams), 180 edges, and 60 vertices. Its stellation core is a truncated pentakis dodecahedron. It also called a holosnub icosahedron, ß{3,5}.
	The 40 non-snub triangular faces form 20 coplanar pairs, forming star hexagons that are not quite regular. Unlike most snub polyhedra, it has reflection symmetries.
	Its convex hull is a nonuniform truncated icosahedron.
	Cartesian coordinates for the vertices of a small snub icosicosidodecahedron are all the even permutations of
	where ϕ = (1+)/2 is the golden ratio and α = .

= = = Morven (Princeton, New Jersey) = = =

	Morven, known officially as Morven Museum & Garden, is a historic 18th-century house at 55 Stockton Street in Princeton, Mercer County, New Jersey, United States. It served as the governor's mansion for nearly four decades in the twentieth century, and has been designated a National Historic Landmark. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
	In 1701, Richard Stockton purchased, from William Penn, the property. His grandson Richard Stockton (1730–1781) had 150 acres, on which, in the 1750s, he built the house that his wife Annis Boudinot Stockton named "Morven", after a mythical Gaelic kingdom in Ireland.
	Commodore Robert Stockton (1795–1866) later lived in the house that was built on the property. Robert Wood Johnson II, chairman of the company Johnson and Johnson, leased the home after Bayard Stockton died during 1932.
	In 1944, New Jersey Governor Walter E. Edge purchased Morven from the Stockton family. The sale was subject to the condition that Morven would be given to the state of New Jersey within two years of Edge's death. Edge transferred ownership of Morven to the state during 1954, several years before he died.
	Morven served as the New Jersey's first governor's mansion from 1944 until 1981.
	During 1982, the New Jersey Governor's Mansion was re-designated to Drumthwacket. Morven was adapted as a museum.

= = = King Abdullah Economic City = = =

	King Abdullah Economic City (KAEC, ; ) is a megaproject announced in 2005 by king Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, the then-king of Saudi Arabia.
	With a total development area of 173 km² (66.8 sq mi), the city is located along the coast of the Red Sea, around 100 km north of Jeddah, the commercial hub of Saudi Arabia. The city is also approximately an hour and 20 minutes away from the city of Mecca, 3 hours from Medina by car and an hour away from all Middle Eastern capital cities by plane.
	The total cost of the city is around SR 207 billion, with the project being built by Emaar Properties. A Tadawul-listed company created from Emaar Properties, a Dubai-based public joint stock company and one of the world’s largest real estate companies, and SAGIA (Saudi Arabian General Investment Authority) which is the main facilitator of the project.
	The city, along with another five economic cities, is a part of an ambitious "10x10" program to place Saudi Arabia among the world's top ten competitive investment destinations by the year 2010, planned by SAGIA. The first stage of the city is completed in 2010 and the whole city is planned to be fully completed by 2020. The city aims to diversify the nation's oil-based economy by bringing direct foreign and domestic investments. The city is also aspires to help create up to one million jobs. Upon completion, KAEC is said to be larger than Washington DC.
	It is being built along with 4 new cities in Saudi Arabia to control sprawl and congestion in existing cities.
	The city is divided into six main components: Industrial Zone, Sea Port, Residential Areas, Sea Resort, Educational Zone, and a Central Business District (CBD) which includes the Financial Island.
	The industrial zone is estimated to cover 63 km², of land will be dedicated to industrial and light manufacturing facilities—identified as key growth drivers for the Saudi economy—and can now host 2,700 industrial tenants. The jobs created estimated to be in industrial and light industries (330,000); research and development (150,000); business and office (200,000); services (115,000); hospitality (60,000) and education and community services (145,000). The "Plastics Valley" planned within the zone will use raw materials readily available in Saudi Arabia to produce high-end plastics used in automotive, biomedical, construction and food packaging industries. As of April 2016, 127 companies signed contracts to build and operate factories in the city.
	A
	King Abdullah Port is estimated to cover 17 square kilometers, it will be the largest in the region with a capacity of over TEU|20 million of containers per year. The first concession was given to National Container Terminal (NCT) and the operator is currently operating on four container berths. The port will have facilities to handle cargo and dry bulk, and will be equipped to receive the world’s largest vessels notably with its state-of-the-art Ship-to-shore cranes able to handle 25 containers across and the deepest draft in the region -18m. The port is the kingdom's first to be owned and funded by the private sector. The port serves as a linking passage between three continents, Asia, Africa and Europe. The port is considered an important part in the transportation network that connects between the contents and delivers goods to around 400 million people in the Middle East.
	In 2018, King Abdullah Port at KAEC had ranked second among the world’s fastest-growing ports.
	The residential area is planned to include 260,000 apartments and 56,000 villas. It will be divided into smaller residential, commercial, and recreational areas. Parks and green spaces will be used extensively throughout the residential area. The area is estimated to be home for around half a million residents, and another ten thousand tourists. Each district would feature its own public amenities, such as mosques, shops and recreational venues.
	The Resorts Area will be designed to feature services and amenities, hoping to draw both local and international tourists. Set to become a major destination on the map of Saudi Arabia and the map of the Middle East as a whole. It will include hotels, shopping centers and other recreational facilities. The number of hotel rooms and suites are proposed to be 25,000 hotel rooms in more than 120 hotels. Among the tourist draws at the resort is an 18-hole golf course, with training facilities and driving range. An equestrian club, yacht club and a range of water sports will also be constructed.
	The Educational Zone is a part of plan to bring the Saudis capabilities and aspirations in technology to globally competitive levels. The Educational Zone is planned to consist of multi-university campus flanked by two Research & Development parks. The multi-university campus is designed to accommodate 18,000 students, and a 7,500 faculty and staff members.
	The central business district (CBD) is planned to offer 3.8 km² of office space, hotels and mixed-use commercial space. The Financial Island, within the CBD, has now been doubled in area to cover 14 hectares (35 ac) of land, which will be the largest regional financial nerve center for the world’s leading banks, investment houses and insurance groups.
	On June 12, 2008, King Abdullah visited the city and evaluated the progress. He also inaugurated projects and initiatives with a total worth of $35 billion (SR 130 billion). These projects include:
	The king also inaugurated the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST). The university is 20 km away south of the city in the village of Thuwal. It opened in September 2009.
	According to the Saudi Real Estate Companion, 2015 was a key milestone for the project given the number of residential and commercial projects that were handed over. This was largely seen as a success given that total residential sales in 2014 and 2015 amounted to around 2,500 units. 
	Emaar, E.C. and SAGIA have also signed several memoranda of understanding (MoUs) and contracts with international and local developers in many fields. These developers include:
	Emaar, E.C has also launched two residential areas, Bay La Sun Village, and Esmeralda Suburb which includes a golf community. Both of the areas received an overwhelming response from investors. Bay La Sun is in itself a fully integrated community that includes several new initiatives including:
	KAEC will be served by Al-Haramain High speed line. The construction of the station has been completed by 2018. On 25 September 2018, king Salman Bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud inaugurated the project. 
	The city is the destination of Alan Clay, the protagonist in Dave Eggers's 2012 novel "A Hologram for the King".
	Alberini C. (2011), "Urbanistica e Real Estate. Il ruolo della finanza nei processi di trasformazione urbana", Milano, Franco Angeli Ed., Cap.5 - "Nuove realizzazioni e fondi di investimento: KAEC new towns nel deserto fondate sul petrolio" (pag. 125-132).

= = = USS Kaskaskia (AO-27) = = =

	USS "Kaskaskia" (AO-27) was a "Cimarron"-class fleet replenishment oiler serving in the United States Navy, named for the Kaskaskia River in Illinois.
	"Kaskaskia" was launched 29 September 1939 by the Newport News Shipbuilding & Drydock Company, Newport News, Virginia; sponsored by Mrs. Joseph P. Kennedy; acquired by the Navy from Esso Oil Company, 22 October 1940; and commissioned 29 October 1940, Commander U.S. Gregory in command.
	"Kaskaskia" cleared Boston, Mass19 November 1940 for Pearl Harbor, arriving 3 January 1941. She transported oil between West Coast ports and Pearl Harbor, making six cruises before 7 August, when she made an oil run to Johnston Island. The oiler returned to Mare Island 10 September for overhaul and repairs. In San Francisco when the Japanese made their surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, "Kaskaskia" immediately began preparations to join the Service Force in the Pacific.
	Sailing from San Diego 6 January 1942, "Kaskaskia" commenced fueling operations en route before arriving Pago Pago 20 January. For the next six months she operated out of Nom-a refueling the ships engaged in the violent struggle to stem the Japanese advance. The oiler arrived Kodiak, Alaska, 3 July with a cargo of oil and fuel to be used in the Aleutian Islands campaign. She returned to Wilmington, California, loaded oil and aviation gasoline and continued oil runs to Alaskan ports until she steamed to Nouméa late in March 1943. "Kaskaskia" supplied many ships, increasing the mobility of the fleet during the successful campaigns in the South Pacific.
	"Kaskaskia" returned to San Pedro 28 July for repairs before resuming her duties at Pearl Harbor 21 September. She transported oil between California and Hawaii until she sailed 25 November to support the Gilbert Islands campaign. Returning to Pearl Harbor 10 December, the oiler resumed her cruises between San Pedro and Hawaii.
	As the Navy pushed relentlessly toward Japan, "Kaskaskia" departed Pearl Harbor 16 January 1944 to support operations in the Marshall Islands. After the Navy had captured the Kwajalein and Majuro Atolls, "Kaskaskia" supported carrier task forces during their devastating raids on Truk, the Marianas Islands, and Palau Islands in February and March.
	The oiler continued fueling operations in the Marshall Islands area until she cleared Majuro 6 June to fuel destroyers and destroyer escorts in the invasion of Saipan. Throughout June and July "Kaskaskia" remained on hand, assisting the fleet to take Saipee, Guam, and Tinian – important supply areas in the future campaign for the Philippines.
	As the Navy fought toward the Philippines, Admiral Nimitz decided to take the Palau Islands as a staging area for aircraft and ships during the invasion of Leyte. "Kaskaskia" departed Manus on 4 September with a task group bound for an assault on Peleliu. She operated in the Palau area until returning Manus 8 October. Her stay was a brief one, however, as she sailed 10 October for Leyte. Prior to the actual landings, she fueled units of the fleet, continuing this vital duty until a beachhead had been established. The oiler returned Ulithi 23 October and made another fueling run to the Philippine area early in November.
	After an overhaul at San Diego December 1944 through February 1945, "Kaskaskia" arrived Kwajalein 11 March to service the fleet. The oiler cleared Ulithi 30 March for the fueling area off Okinawa, the last major step before the Japanese homeland itself. Once again the oilers, the unsung heroes of the war, stood by refueling the many ships engaged in the irresistible assault from the sea on Okinawa.
	"Kaskaskia" was relieved of fueling duties off Okinawa, only to be summoned for another important service. She departed Ulithi 3 July to refuel units of the carrier task forces, launching raids on the Japanese Islands of Honshū and Hokkaidō. When the Japanese surrendered, "Kaskaskia" steamed into Tokyo Bay 10 September with ships of the Occupation Forces. She continued refueling operations in Japan, China, and Formosa for an entire year before arriving San Pedro 28 September 1946.
	Between 1947 and 1950 she ferried oil and aviation gasoline from the West Coast to the Far East and naval bases in the mid-Pacific. When North Korean troops invaded South Korea, the United States accepted the challenge and ordered its forces to defend the embattled peninsula. "Kaskaskia" cleared San Diego 16 September to operate out of Sasebo. During October she entered the heavily mined waters off Wonsan, fueling ships blockading and bombarding that key port.
	During December she arrived off Hungnam to service ships engaged in evacuation operations in that area. Throughout the harsh winter months, "Kaskaskia" continued vital fueling missions between Japan and Korea. During the United Nations counteroffensive in the spring of 1951, she also stood by for fueling operations. The oiler returned to Long Beach, California, 27 August for overhaul and operations along the Pacific Coast.
	She sailed for the second Korean tour January 1952, arriving Sasebo on 22 January to refuel the ships engaged in the Korean War. In addition to services in Korea, she also supplied units in Japan, Okinawa and Formosa before returning Long Beach 31 July. Overhaul and training preceded her third Korean deployment from 27 December to July 1953. On this tour she supported ships engaged in fire support operations. Returning home 17 August, "Kaskaskia" underwent overhaul; she then sailed again for the Far East 4 January 1954, operated out of Sasebo and returning San Francisco 12 October. Following coastal operations, the oiler was placed out of commission, in reserve, 8 April 1955.
	"Kaskaskia" was transferred to MSTS 8 January 1957, and operated in that capacity with a Navy crew until 21 October 1957 when she decommissioned and was turned over to the Maritime Administration 10 December. "Kaskaskia" was struck from the Navy List 2 January 1959.
	The Berlin Crisis of 1961 necessitated the reactivation of ships and "Kaskaskia" was reinstated 8 September. Following overhaul and alterations she recommissioned at Hoboken, New Jersey, 6 December, Captain John D. Howell in command. After shakedown operations in the Caribbean, the oiler arrived Mayport, Florida, 1 May 1962. Throughout the summer she engaged in exercises off the Florida Coast, and sailed to the Azores to participate in Project Mercury, manned orbital flights. She was in company with during the latter's recovery of Astronaut Walter Schirra 3 October, demonstrating the large role of the Navy in space operations.
	"Kaskaskia" return to Mayport 22 October and two days later sailed to participate in the Cuban blockade. President John F. Kennedy ordered the blockade when the Soviet Union tried to plant offensive missiles only from the United States. The naval pressure persuaded the Soviet Union to withdraw the missiles, easing the crisis. The oiler returned to operations out of Mayport 21 November.
	She cleared Mayport 5 February 1963, for a six-month Mediterranean cruise to refuel ships of the US 6th Fleet, then resumed refueling exercises off Florida for the rest of the year. During 1964 "Kaskaskia" engaged in fueling operations and exercises off Florida and in the Caribbean, constantly seeking improved methods to increase the mobility of the Fleet.
	On 6 January 1965, "Kaskaskia" sailed for another 6th Fleet deployment. While she was operating in the Mediterranean, her crew worked day and night delivering over 19,000,000 gallons of fuel to 169 ships. "Kaskaskia" returned to Mayport, 7 June 1965. She operated primarily along the Atlantic Coast and in the Caribbean into 1967. Highlights of this period were service to ships patrolling off the coast of riot-torn Santo Domingo in the summer of 1965, and participation in the recovery team for an unmanned Apollo Program space flight in February 1966.
	"Kaskaskia" was decommissioned for the final time in December 1969 and sold for scrap in September 1970.
	"Kaskaskia", received nine battle stars for World War II and seven stars for Korean War service.

= = = Snub dodecadodecahedron = = =

	In geometry, the snub dodecadodecahedron is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. It is given a Schläfli symbol sr{5/2,5}, as a snub great dodecahedron.
	Cartesian coordinates for the vertices of a snub dodecadodecahedron are all the even permutations of
	with an even number of plus signs, where
	where τ = (1+)/2 is the golden mean and
α is the positive real root of τα−α+2α−α−1/τ, or approximately 0.7964421.
	Taking the odd permutations of the above coordinates with an odd number of plus signs gives another form, the enantiomorph of the other one.
	The medial pentagonal hexecontahedron is a nonconvex isohedral polyhedron. It is the dual of the snub dodecadodecahedron. It has 60 intersecting irregular pentagonal faces.

= = = Earl Ray Tomblin = = =

	Earl Ray Tomblin (born March 15, 1952) is an American politician who served as the 35th Governor of West Virginia from 2011 to 2017 as a member of the Democratic Party. Prior to becoming governor, Tomblin served as President of the West Virginia Senate for almost 17 years. Tomblin became acting governor in November 2010 following Joe Manchin's election to the U.S. Senate. He won a special election in October 2011 to fill the unexpired term ending in January 2013 and was elected to a first full term as governor in November 2012.
	Tomblin was born in Logan County, West Virginia, and is the son of Freda M. (née Jarrell) and Earl Tomblin. His mother was 18 years old when he was born. He has a Bachelor of Science degree from West Virginia University where he was a member of Kappa Alpha Order and then went along to receive a Master of Business Administration degree from Marshall University.
	Tomblin was elected to the West Virginia House of Delegates in 1974, and reelected in 1976 and 1978. He won election to the Senate for the 7th district in 1980 and was subsequently re-elected every four years until his election as governor.
	Tomblin was elected on January 3, 1995, as the 48th President of the West Virginia Senate. Having served in the position for almost seventeen years, he is the longest serving Senate President in West Virginia's history. Tomblin became the first Lieutenant Governor of West Virginia upon creation of the honorary designation in 2000.
	As a senator, he represented the 7th Senate District encompassing Boone, Lincoln, Logan, and Wayne counties.
	Tomblin became acting governor when Joe Manchin resigned after being elected to fill the United States Senate seat of the late Senator Robert Byrd. Tomblin is the first person to serve as acting governor under West Virginia's current constitution.
	While acting governor, Tomblin also retained the title of Senate President, per the state constitution. However, he did not participate in legislative business or preside over the Senate while acting governor.
	In 2011, Tomblin stated his desire to run for the governorship. Following a ruling by the Supreme Court of Appeals on January 18, 2011, a special gubernatorial election was scheduled for October 4, 2011. Tomblin was successful in the Democratic Primary, beating a field of six contenders, while Morgantown businessman Bill Maloney emerged as the Republican nominee in the May 14 primary. He went on to win the general election against Maloney and was sworn in as governor on November 13, 2011. Immediately before taking the oath as governor, Tomblin officially resigned from both the offices of Senate President and state senator.
	Tomlin ran for a full term in 2012, and defeated Maloney in a rematch.
	In the 2016 presidential election, Tomblin endorsed fellow Democrat Hillary Clinton.
	Tomblin said that he is pro-life. Despite this, in March 2014, Tomblin vetoed a bill that would have banned abortions in West Virginia after 20 weeks, which he said was due to constitutionality issues. In March 2015, Tomblin again vetoed the bill, however his veto was overridden by the West Virginia legislature.
	A May 2013 survey by Republican strategist Mark Blankenship showed Tombin's job approval rating to be at 69 percent, unchanged from two months earlier. According to a poll conducted by Public Policy Polling in September 2013, Tomblin had an approval rating of 47 percent with 35 percent disapproving, up from 44 percent in 2011.
	Tomblin was married on September 8, 1979 to Joanne Jaeger, a native New Yorker and graduate of Marshall University, who served as the president of Southern West Virginia Community and Technical College from 1999 to 2015. They reside in Chapmanville and have one son, Brent. Tomblin attends the First Presbyterian Church of Logan.

= = = Tony Award for Best Orchestrations = = =

	The Tony Award for Best Orchestrations is awarded to acknowledge the contributions of musical orchestrators in both musicals and plays. The award has been given since 1997.

= = = Ditrigonal dodecadodecahedron = = =

	In geometry, the ditrigonal dodecadodecahedron (or ditrigonary dodecadodecahedron) is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. It has extended Schläfli symbol b{5,5/2}, as a "blended great dodecahedron", and Coxeter diagram . It has 4 Schwarz triangle equivalent constructions, for example Wythoff symbol 3 | 5/3 5, and Coxeter diagram .
	Its convex hull is a regular dodecahedron. It additionally shares its edge arrangement with the small ditrigonal icosidodecahedron (having the pentagrammic faces in common), the great ditrigonal icosidodecahedron (having the pentagonal faces in common), and the regular compound of five cubes.
	Furthermore, it may be viewed as a facetted dodecahedron: the pentagonal faces may be inscribed within the dodecahedron's pentagons. Its dual, the medial triambic icosahedron, is a stellation of the icosahedron.
	It is topologically equivalent to a quotient space of the hyperbolic order-6 pentagonal tiling, by distorting the pentagrams back into regular pentagons. As such, it is a regular polyhedron of index two:

= = = Great dodecahemidodecahedron = = =

	In geometry, the great dodecahemidodecahedron is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. Its vertex figure is a crossed quadrilateral.
	Aside from the regular small stellated dodecahedron {/,5} and great stellated dodecahedron {/,3}, it is the only nonconvex uniform polyhedron whose faces are all non-convex regular polygons (star polygons), namely the star polygons {/} and {/}.
	It is a hemipolyhedron with 6 decagrammic faces passing through the model center.
	Its convex hull is the icosidodecahedron. It also shares its edge arrangement with the great icosidodecahedron (having the pentagrammic faces in common) and the great icosihemidodecahedron (having the decagrammic faces in common).
	There is some controversy on how to colour the faces of this polyhedron. Although the common way to fill in a polygon is to colour its whole interior, this can result in some filled regions hanging as membranes over empty space. Hence, "neo filling" is sometimes used instead as a more accurate filling. In neo filling, orientable polyhedra are filled traditionally, but non-orientable polyhedra have their faces filled with the modulo-2 method (only odd-density regions are filled in).

= = = Small dodecahemicosahedron = = =

	In geometry, the small dodecahemicosahedron (or great dodecahemiicosahedron) is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. Its vertex figure is a crossed quadrilateral.
	It is a hemipolyhedron with ten hexagonal faces passing through the model center.
	Its convex hull is the icosidodecahedron. It also shares its edge arrangement with the dodecadodecahedron (having the pentagrammic faces in common), and with the great dodecahemicosahedron (having the hexagonal faces in common).
	There is some controversy on how to colour the faces of this polyhedron. Although the common way to fill in a polygon is to just colour its whole interior, the middle of the pentagrams are over empty space, as can be seen from the picture of the great dodecahemicosahedron above. Hence, some, such as Jonathan Bowers, do not fill in the middle of the pentagram: this filling has been called "natural filling". In the natural filling, orientable polyhedra are filled traditionally, but non-orientable polyhedra have their faces filled with the modulo-2 method (only odd-density regions are filled in).

= = = Richard Bone = = =

	Richard Bone (born February 3, 1952) is an American electronic musician.
	Born in Atlanta, Georgia, Bone began his professional musical career creating soundtracks and scores for several off-Broadway companies working in experimental theater. In 1979, he released with his band Bone the single "Pirate the Islands/Headlines Have It" before joining the new-wave band Shox Lumania in 1981. Bone then recorded a solo 7" entitled "Digital Days/Alien Girl" on and was subsequently signed to Survival Records in the UK where he released several LPs, EPs, singles and contributed to various compilation albums. His 1983 single "Joy of Radiation" reached No. 1 on the Hong Kong Dance Chart.
	Bone started the label Quirkworks Laboratory Discs in 1991, allowing him freedom to create music of a more experimental nature and retain control of his musical direction. Since then Bone has released over 25 recordings of new material and several collaborations and compilations. Of the new material recordings, three quickly rose to No. 1 on industry charts as well as receiving numerous other honors. In 2004 Bone's recording "The Reality Temples" was nominated for the 2004 New Age Reporter Lifestyle Music Awards' Best Electronic Album, his 2005 recording "Saiyuji" was nominated for the 2005 New Age Reporter Lifestyle Music Awards' Best Ambient Album, his 2007 recording "Infinite Plastic Creation" was awarded the 2007 New Age Reporter Lifestyle Music Awards' Best Electronic Album and his 2008 release "Sudden Departure" was nominated for the 2008 New Age Reporter LifeStyle Awards’ Best Ambient and Best Electronic Album.
	In 2016 Bone recorded a very limited-edition release on USB entitled "AERA" and the upcoming CD recording from the UK label Mega Dodo entitled "Age of Falconry", expected mid 2017.

= = = Great dodecahemicosahedron = = =

	In geometry, the great dodecahemicosahedron (or small dodecahemiicosahedron) is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. Its vertex figure is a crossed quadrilateral.
	It is a hemipolyhedron with ten hexagonal faces passing through the model center.
	Its convex hull is the icosidodecahedron. It also shares its edge arrangement with the dodecadodecahedron (having the pentagonal faces in common), and with the small dodecahemicosahedron (having the hexagonal faces in common).
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	The great dodecahemicosacron is the dual of the great dodecahemicosahedron, and is one of nine dual hemipolyhedra. It appears visually indistinct from the small dodecahemicosacron.
	Since the hemipolyhedra have faces passing through the center, the dual figures have corresponding vertices at infinity; properly, on the real projective plane at infinity. In Magnus Wenninger's "Dual Models", they are represented with intersecting prisms, each extending in both directions to the same vertex at infinity, in order to maintain symmetry. In practice the model prisms are cut off at a certain point that is convenient for the maker. Wenninger suggested these figures are members of a new class of stellation figures, called "stellation to infinity". However, he also suggested that strictly speaking they are not polyhedra because their construction does not conform to the usual definitions.
	The great dodecahemicosahedron can be seen as having ten vertices at infinity.

= = = Pagri = = =

	Pagri or Phari (; ) is a town in Yadong County in the Tibet Autonomous Region, China near the border with Bhutan. the town had a population of 2,121. It is one of the highest towns in the world, being about above sea-level at the head of the Chumbi Valley.
	Thomas Manning, the first Englishman to reach Lhasa, visited Pagri from 21September until 5November 1811 and had this to say about his room in the town: "Dirt, dirt, grease, smoke. Misery, but good mutton." Pagri was of some military importance in the early 20th century when it was occupied by the British Tibet Expedition under Francis Younghusband in 1904. The Pagri Fortress ("Dzong") was located here and was important for the government as it stood between Tibet and Bhutan. Pagri was a staging area en route to Gyantse and ultimately Lhasa.
	During the summer of 1912, the 13th Dalai Lama met Agvan Dorzhiev at Phari Dzong and then accompanied him to the Samding Monastery, before returning to Lhasa after his exile in India.
	Thubten Ngodup, the current Nechung Oracle, was born in Phari in 1957.
	The houses are mostly made of Tibetan traditional stone and wood. The Pagri Valley lies in an alpine steppe zone on the south side, with an average annual temperature , and an extreme maximum temperature of . Annual precipitation is about , snow and ice melt forming rich water resources, shrubs and meadows development, a good place for the development of animal husbandry. Pagri is rich in minerals, wild animals, plants, and tourism resources. It is also a trading centre but due to geographical location is prone to natural disasters. Summer flash floods, mudslides, winter avalanches, snowstorms, etc. are common, and poor facilities makes it vulnerable to disaster. During the rainy season, water levels rise causing serious flooding, reducing soil quality and arable land every year, damaging the ecological environment and a threat to the inhabitants of Pagri. To the northeast of Pagri is Mount Jomolhari.
	Owing to its extreme altitude, Pagri has an alpine climate (Köppen "ETH") that is too cold to permit the growth of trees, even though the altitude is still marginally too low for the formation of permafrost. Example Mount Fuji in Japan, Uelen in Russia and Longyearbyen in Svalbard Norway. The winter is severe in spite of the fact that no month has daytime maxima below , and also very dry and long, extending as late as May. Snowfall, however, is rare because of the dryness. Summers, during which the great majority of precipitation occurs, are cool even at their warmest and consistently damp, even though the Himalayas prevent falls from ever being heavy.

= = = Great icosihemidodecahedron = = =

	In geometry, the great icosihemidodecahedron (or great icosahemidodecahedron) is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. Its vertex figure is a crossed quadrilateral.
	It is a hemipolyhedron with 6 decagrammic faces passing through the model center.
	Its convex hull is the icosidodecahedron. It also shares its edge arrangement with the great icosidodecahedron (having the triangular faces in common), and with the great dodecahemidodecahedron (having the decagrammic faces in common).
	There is some controversy on how to colour the faces of this polyhedron. Although the common way to fill in a polygon is to just colour its whole interior, this can result in some filled regions hanging as membranes over empty space. Hence, the "neo filling" is sometimes used instead as a more accurate filling. In the neo filling, orientable polyhedra are filled traditionally, but non-orientable polyhedra have their faces filled with the modulo-2 method (only odd-density regions are filled in).

= = = Rainulf Trincanocte = = =

	Rainulf II, called Trincanocte, was the fourth Count of Aversa (1045–1048), the cousin of his immediate predecessor Asclettin and nephew of Rainulf Drengot, the founder of their family's fortunes in the Mezzogiorno. There was a succession crisis after the premature death of Asclettin and Guaimar IV of Salerno, as suzerain of Aversa, tried to impose his candidate on the Normans, but they elected Trincanocte and he prevailed in getting Guaimar's recognition too. In 1047, he was present at a council with Pandulf IV of Capua and Guaimar, where the former was returned to his princely position and the latter's great domain was broken up. The feudal titles of Rainulf and Drogo of Hauteville, count of Apulia, were confirmed by the Emperor Henry III and they were made his direct vassals. Within a year, Trincanocte died and was succeeded by his infant son Herman under the regency of his cousin Richard, whom he had originally spurned, believing him to be a dangerous rival. Soon, Herman was displaced (or worse) and Richard was count.

= = = Todd Nauck = = =

	Todd Nauck is an American comic book artist and writer. Nauck is most notable for his work on "Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man," "Young Justice" and his own creation, "Wildguard".
	Nauck's first assignment from Marvel Comics was writing, penciling and inking "Mutant Mishaps", a story that was published on the back cover of "What The--?!" #21 (September 1992). He subsequently wrote and illustrated the "Mutant Mishaps" story that appeared in "What The--?" #25 (Summer 1993).
	In early 1994, Todd was hired by Rob Liefeld's Extreme Studios of Image Comics when a friend from art school showed his "WildGuard" work to Dan Fraga at a comic book convention, who in turn showed it to Liefeld, which led to Nauck's first Image work. Nauck went on to draw such series as "Badrock and Co.", "New Men", "New Force", "Supreme", "Youngblood" and "Team Youngblood". By 1997, Nauck began work with DC Comics. After drawing several "Legion of Superheroes" stories, he helped launch the "Young Justice" series with writer Peter David. Nauck drew 53 issues of the 55 issue run of the series, including three double-sized issues and a portion of the "Young Justice/Spyboy" crossover mini-series.
	Nauck published his creator-owned series, "Wildguard", with Image Comics. The series was patterned after a reality television show competition, in which various wannabe superheroes competed for a spot on a new superhero team, and judged by a panel of judges, as on the television series "American Idol".
	Nauck's other work includes "Teen Titans" (Volume 3) #32-33, "Teen Titans Go!", "Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man" #11-13 and 17-23, "American Dream" #1-5, S"pider-Man: the Clone Saga" #1-6, "Amazing Spider-Man" #628 and the covers for "X-Campus" #1-4.
	Nauck was the artist of the much-publicized five-page back-up story that appeared in "The Amazing Spider-Man" #583, which was published in January 2009, and featured a cameo appearance by then-President-elect Barack Obama.
	Nauck's art was featured in the eighth season finale of the reality television show "", which aired May 15, 2011. In the episode, he and colorist John Rauch, on behalf of Marvel Custom Solutions, designed life-sized Marvel Comics superheroes on the bedroom wall of the show's beneficiary, Patrick Sharrock, a 9-year-old boy with brittle bone disease, and depicted Sharrock himself as a superhero named Dr. Scorcher. They also provided similar art for the episode's scene transitions, which depicted Ty Pennington, Xzibit, and the rest of the show's cast as superheroes as well.
	Nauck would continue his work with Marvel Custom Solutions, teaming with writer C. B. Cebulski and kitchenware retailer Williams-Sonoma to raise awareness of child hunger for Share Our Strength in "Spider-Man and the Avengers" #1. The twelve-page story features Edwin Jarvis hosting a cooking demonstration interrupted by the Frightful Four.
	In 2012, Nauck signed on with Robert Kirkman's Skybound Entertainment at Image Comics to draw the second volume of the "Invincible" spin-off series, "Guarding the Globe", which ran for six issues before relaunching in 2013 as "Invincible Universe" which ran for twelve issues. 
	In 2018, Nauck joined Dark Horse Comics to draw the six mini-series "Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Comic", drawing the "host segments" of the comic.

= = = Icosidodecadodecahedron = = =

	In geometry, the icosidodecadodecahedron (or icosified dodecadodecahedron) is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. Its vertex figure is a crossed quadrilateral.
	It shares its vertex arrangement with the uniform compounds of 10 or 20 triangular prisms. It additionally shares its edges with the rhombidodecadodecahedron (having the pentagonal and pentagrammic faces in common) and the rhombicosahedron (having the hexagonal faces in common).

= = = Small ditrigonal dodecicosidodecahedron = = =

	In geometry, the small ditrigonal dodecicosidodecahedron (or small dodekified icosidodecahedron) is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. Its vertex figure is a crossed quadrilateral.
	It shares its vertex arrangement with the great stellated truncated dodecahedron. It additionally shares its edges with the small icosicosidodecahedron (having the triangular and pentagrammic faces in common) and the small dodecicosahedron (having the decagonal faces in common).

= = = Henry F. Schaefer III = = =

	Henry Frederick "Fritz" Schaefer III (born June 8, 1944) is a computational and theoretical chemist. He is one of the most highly cited chemists in the world, with a Thomson Reuters H-Index of 121 as of 2020. He is the Graham Perdue Professor of Chemistry and Director of the Center for Computational Chemistry at the University of Georgia.
	Schaefer is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, American Physical Society, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Royal Society of Chemistry, American Chemical Society, and an honorary fellow of the Chemical Research Society of India, among others.
	Schaefer is an outspoken Christian. He has described himself as sympathetic to teleological arguments, but primarily a "proponent of Jesus."
	Schaefer was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, and was educated in Syracuse, New York; Menlo Park, California; and East Grand Rapids, Michigan.
	He was awarded a B.S. degree in chemical physics by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1966, where he had the opportunity to work with scientists including George Whitesides, John C. Slater, F. Albert Cotton, Richard C. Lord, and Walter R. Thorson.
	He then received a National Defense Education Act Fellowship which enabled him to earn a Ph.D. degree in chemical physics from Stanford University in 1969. At Stanford he worked with Frank E. Harris on "ab initio" electronic structure theory and quantum chemistry. For his Ph.D. thesis work, he examined the electronic structure of first-row atoms and the oxygen molecule. He published 12 articles in journals including "Physical Review" and "Physical Review Letters" prior to defending his dissertation.
	Schaefer became an assistant professor of chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley in 1969, with access to Berkeley's Control Data Corporation (CDC) 6600 mainframe computer. Through collaborations with other researchers, he also gained access to resources at the University Computing Company (UCC) in Palo Alto, which had a UNIVAC 1108. He worked at Berkeley from 1969 to 1987, with one exception. Schaefer spent 1979-1980 as the Wilfred T. Doherty Professor of Chemistry and inaugural Director of the Institute for Theoretical Chemistry at the University of Texas, Austin, before deciding to return to Berkeley. During his time at Berkeley, Schaefer published 375 papers and several books, including "The Electronic Structure of Atoms and Molecules: A Survey of Rigorous Quantum Mechanical Results" (1972) and "Quantum Chemistry: The Development of Ab Initio Methods in Molecular Electronic Structure Theory" (1984), a survey of research with commentary.
	In August 1987 Schaefer moved to the University of Georgia as Graham Perdue Professor of Chemistry and Director of the newly formed Center for Computational Chemistry. With the help of an IBM 3090-200E mainframe (as well as later models) he and his research group developed various computer-based methods for advanced quantum chemistry.
	Other academic appointments include Professeur d'Echange at the University of Paris (1977), Gastprofessur at the Eidgenossische Technische Hochshule (ETH), Zurich (1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010), and David P. Craig Visiting Professor at the Australian National University (1999). In 2004 he became Professor of Chemistry, Emeritus, at UC Berkeley.
	Schaefer became a member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science (IAQMS) in 1984. 
	He was elected president of WATOC (World Association of Theoretical and Computational Chemists) in 1996, and held the position until 2005. He is also a Fellow of the American Physical Society as of 1977,
	of the American Association for the Advancement of Science as of 2002,
	and of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences as of 2004.
	As of January, 2020, Schaefer was the author of more than 1,600 peer-reviewed publications. A majority of these appeared in the "Journal of Chemical Physics", the "Journal of the American Chemical Society", and the "Journal of Physical Chemistry".
	He was the editor of "Molecular Physics" for 11 years.
	He has directed 123 Ph.D. students, as well as many postdoctoral associates and visiting professors, now working at 42 academic institutions around the world.
	Research within the Schaefer group involves the use of computational hardware and theoretical methods to solve problems in molecular quantum mechanics. His contributions to the field of quantum chemistry include a paper challenging, on theoretical grounds, the geometry of triplet methylene as assigned by Nobel Prize-winning experimentalist Gerhard Herzberg; the development of the Z-vector method simplifying certain calculations of correlated systems; and a wide body of work undertaken in his research group on the geometries, properties, and reactions of chemical systems using highly accurate "ab initio" quantum chemical techniques. Many of these papers have predicted, or forced a reinterpretation of, experimental results.
	Schaefer was awarded the American Chemical Society's ACS Award in Pure Chemistry in 1979 "for the development of computational quantum chemistry into a reliable quantitative field of chemistry and for prolific exemplary calculations of broad chemical interest". The Pure Chemistry Award is given to the outstanding chemist in America under the age of 35. In 1983 he received the Leo Hendrik Baekeland award for the most distinguished North American chemist under the age of 40. In 1992, he was awarded the Centenary Prize of the Royal Society of Chemistry, London, with a citation that included "the first theoretical chemist successfully to challenge the accepted conclusion of a distinguished experimental group for a polyatomic molecule, namely methylene."
	In 2003, Schaefer received the American Chemical Society Award in Theoretical Chemistry and the Ira Remsen Award of Johns Hopkins University. In 2004, a six-day conference was convened in Gyeongju, Korea on the “Theory and Applications of Computational Chemistry: A Celebration of 1000 Papers of Professor Henry F. Schaefer III.” Schaefer was honored with the $10,000 Joseph O. Hirschfelder Prize in 2005 by the University of Wisconsin's Theoretical Chemistry Institute, joining a distinguished list of some of the best-known scientists in the field.
	In 2011 Schaefer received the prestigious Ide P. Trotter Prize of Texas A&M University. Previous recipients of the Trotter Prize include Nobelists Francis Crick, Charles Townes, Steven Weinberg, William Phillips, and Roald Hoffmann. 
	In 2012 he received a Humboldt Research Award from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in Germany, and on March 29, 2012 he received the $20,000 SURA Distinguished Scientist Award, given to the outstanding scientist in any field in the 17 southern states of the US, for fulfilling SURA's mission of fostering excellence in scientific research.
	In 2013 Schaefer received the Chemical Pioneer Award of the American Institute of Chemists.
	On March 18, 2014, Professor Schaefer received the American Chemical Society Peter Debye Award in Physical Chemistry.
	In March 2015, Professor Schaefer was elected as an Honorary Fellow of the Chemical Research Society of India. He returned to India to give his CRSI Honorary Fellow award lecture on February 6, 2016, at Panjab University in Chandigahr.
	Schaefer received the American Institute of Chemists Gold Medal on May 8, 2019.
	Schaefer is also an active Protestant Christian educator who regularly speaks to university audiences (over 500 to date), Christian groups and the public on science/faith issues. In 2003, he published "Science and Christianity: Conflict or Coherence?", a collection of essays and talks on the subject. A second edition appeared in 2016. He is a member of the Christian Faculty Forum at the University of Georgia.
	On January 25. 2008, Schaefer was invited to present a lecture entitled 'The Big Bang, Stephen Hawking and God' at the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, during TECHFEST, Asia's largest technology festival. This evoked a response from a group of six atheist students in the form of handbills. Schaefer was, however, invited to return to IIT Bombay to present an Institute Lecture in February 2014. In 2016, Schaefer was again invited to present a plenary lecture at TECHFEST. His lecture on December 17, "The Life of a Scientist," was presented to a large audience without incident. On December 14, 2018, Schaefer gave another plenary lecture at TECHFEST.
	There has been some controversy concerning the designation of Schaefer as a "five-time nominee for the Nobel Prize." The original source of this estimate is a December 23, 1991 cover article from U.S. News & World Report. 
	The names of nominees and other information about the Nobel nomination process cannot be revealed for 50 years following the nomination discussions, so such a designation is speculative.

= = = Cubbon Park = = =

	Cubbon Park, officially called Sri Chamarajendra Park is a landmark 'lung' area of Bengaluru city, located () within the heart of the city in the Central Administrative Area. Originally created in 1870, when Major General Richard Sankey was the then British Chief Engineer of Mysore state, it covered an area of and subsequent expansion has taken place and the area reported now is about . It has a rich recorded history of abundant flora and fauna plantations coupled with numerous impressive and aesthetically located buildings and statues of famous personages, in its precincts.
	This public park was first named as Meade’s Park after Sir John Meade, the acting Commissioner of Mysuru in 1870 and subsequently renamed as Cubbon Park after the longest-serving commissioner of the time, Sir Mark Cubbon. To commemorate the Silver Jubilee of Sri Krishnaraja Wodeyar’s rule in Mysore State, in 1927, the park was again renamed as Sri. Chamarajendra Park, in memory of the 19th-century ruler of the state Sri Chamarajendra Wodeyar (1868–94), during whose rule the park came into existence.
	The landscaping in the park creatively integrates natural rock outcrops with thickets of trees, massive bamboos, with grassy expanse and flowerbeds and the monuments within its limits, regulated by the Horticulture Department of the Government of Karnataka. The predominantly green area of the park has many motorable roads, and the well-laid-out walking paths running through the park are frequented by early morning walkers and the naturalists who study plants in the tranquil natural environment. Tourists visiting this park in the city of Bengaluru have nicknamed the city itself as 'Garden City'. 
	The importance of the park to the city's environment is best stated by two urban architects who have won the national competition to design 'Freedom Park'.
	The park is accessible from M.G. Road, Kasturba road, Hudson Circle and Ambedkar Veedhi (Road). The motorable roads which run through the park are allowed for light motor vehicles only. All locations of the park are accessible through walking paths.
	The Park is open to the public at all times but the roads around the park are closed for traffic from 5:00 to 8:00 am every day to provide more safety and fresh environment for morning walkers and exercisers.
	Indigenous and exotic botanical species found in the park are about 68 genera and 96 species with a total of around 6000 plants/trees. Indigenous species found in the park are:
	artocarpus, cassia fistula, ficus, polyalthias etc., and exotic species such as araucaria, bamboo, castanospermum australe, grevillea robusta, millettia, peltophorum, schinus molle, swietenia mahagoni, tabebuia. sp etc.
	Amongst the ornamental and flowering exotic trees lining the roads in the park are the Grevillea robusta (silver oak)—the first oaks introduced to Bangalore from Australia—and the delonix or the gulmohar tree (bright red flowers with long petals) along the Cubbon road in the park, which is a widely cultivated tropical ornamental tree around the world.
	The avenue of araucarias along with canna beds on either sides of the road from the Central Public Library to Hudson circle, avenue of Swieteninas in the Northern side of the park, the Java fig avenue along the road leading to the Government Museum, polyalthia avenue along the road from Queen Victoria’s statue to King Edward VII's statue and the chestnut tree avenue from the Chamarajendra statue to Siddalingaiah circle are testimony to the botanical richness of the park. Other attractions at the Park are the Ringwood circle, lotus pond and bamboo grove nook.
	The formal gardens, from the central hall of the original Attara Kacheri (means 18 government offices) now the Karnataka High Court, extends along the ceal promenade developed symmetrically with avenues, to the Museum building. Another impressive artistic structure is Iyer Hall, which houses the Central Library with a rose garden as a frontage. It is undisputedly the largest public library in the state as evidenced by the college students thronging to read here, and has the world's most extensive collection of Braille books. Other buildings located within or at the periphery of the park are 1) the Indira Priyadarshini Children’s Library, 2) the Venkatappa Art Gallery, 3) the Aquarium (stated to be the second largest in India), 4) the YMCA, 5) Yuvanika — the State Youth Centre, 6) Century Club, 7) Press Club, 8) Jawahar Bal Bhavan, 9) Tennis Pavilion, 10) the Cheshire Dyer Memorial Hall and 11) the Ottawa Chatter.
	A bandstand, in an octagonal shape made with cast-iron, was built in the early part of the 1900s. Before India’s Independence, the British Royal Air Force used to play western band music at the band stand every Saturday evening.
	An attraction for children is the well planned children's amusement park as part of Jawahar Bal Bhavan, which has the toy train, Puttani Express that runs (0.75 miles or 1.2 km) within the Park, the Doll museum and a boating facility. A 20-million-year-old fossilized tree — a gift from the Geological Survey of India, is also reported at the park.
	Memorials in the form of marble statues in honour of Queen Victoria (installed in 1906), King Edward VII (installed in 1919), Major General Sir Mark Cubbon, Sri Chamarajendra Wodeyar (installed in 1927) and Sir K. Sheshadri Iyer (installed (in 1913) are seen located in front of the historical buildings within the park.
	Attara Kacheri, built in 1864 A.D during British rule, is a stone structure in an intense red hue, a two storied building with Corinthian columns in Gothic Style of architecture and is located at the entrance to the Park. The Public offices (Secretariat of the Government of Karnataka) were located here from 1868 AD to 1956 AD, which were later moved to the Vidhana Soudha, opposite to it. The building now accommodates the Karnataka High Court. In the Central Hall a portrait of Sir Mark Cubbon decorates the ceiling. An equestrian statue of Cubbon by Baron Marochetti is located at the back of the building.
	The State Archeological Museum, one of the oldest in India, built in 1876 by Colonel Sankey, located within the Park, is similar in design to the Attara Kacheri in its architectural style and hue. While the original collection in the museum belonged to Benjamin L. Rice of the Mysore Gazetteer, antiquities from Mohenjodaro period are on display in the Museum. Exhibits in the Museum include specimens of Vijaynagara and Halebid architecture, ancient coins and stone inscriptions as old as 5000 years.
	Seshadri Iyer Memorial Hall, built in 1915 in a classic European style with Tuscan and Corinthian columns, in honour of Sir K.Seshadri Iyer who was Dewan of Mysore State from 1883 to 1901, is an impressive red building with gables. It houses the Seshadri Memorial library. The memorial building is ensconced in the middle of the park, framed by the greenery of the park and fronted by the rose garden. The Library has an area of 300 km and functions as the Apex of the Karnataka Public Libraries system, which is governed by State Library Authority. In the year 2000, the Library was awarded the Raja Rammohan Roy Library Foundation Award for the best state central library in India in recognition of its outstanding contribution to meritorious services rendered in the spread of knowledge and gearing up of library movement in the city of Bengaluru in particular and in the state of Karnataka in general. The library has presently a collection of 2.65 lakh books and also a Braille section.
	The Preservation Act, 1979 passed by the Government of Karnataka to preserve the uniqueness of the park is under the provision of Karnataka Government Park (Preservation) Act, 1975, which states:
	"Accordingly, it is directed that neither any land should be granted to nor any further constructions be permitted whether temporary or permanent by any organization or individuals in the Cubbon Park and Lalbagh areas except the constructions taken up by the Horticulture Department in furtherance of the objectives of the department."
	The Centre for Environment Education (CEE), India, in the year 2006, embarked on a project to develop a brochure on the Park and involve the youth in several activities to help them to explore the park and through it, learn more about the wider environment. The brochure brought out as a joint effort of CEE, Department of Horticulture, AGRICULTURE PURPOSE That has been the most unique in the whole world that been a impressive area or the garden in the world
	After being largely ignored since Indian Independence in 1947, a large number of people have slowly started to acknowledge the pioneering work done by Mark Cubbon and other British administrators. On 23 August 2013, the statue of Mark Cubbon was garlanded for the first time since 1947, by Advocate S Umesh of the Cubbon Park Walkers’ Association. The occasion was to mark the 238th birth anniversary of Sir Mark Cubbon. Special permission was obtained from the Karnataka High Court, and Police protection was provided. The group credited Mark for being one of the chief architects of Bengaluru and Mysuru. The move was however opposed by Vatal Nagaraj, infamous for vandalizing the Cenotaph Memorial near the Hudson Memorial Church. However, the association defended their move of honoring Mark Cubbon, as his contribution to Bengaluru was undeniable. Cubbon Park was renamed as Sri Chamarajendra Park way back in 1927, but the name was never popular, and people continued to call it Cubbon Park. Further, according to historians, it would be foolish to erase history, by trying to remove all symbols of British rule, and mere symbolism cannot lead to development.

= = = Nonconvex great rhombicosidodecahedron = = =

	In geometry, the nonconvex great rhombicosidodecahedron is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. It is also called the quasirhombicosidodecahedron. It is given a Schläfli symbol t{5/3,3}. Its vertex figure is a crossed quadrilateral.
	This model shares the name with the convex "great rhombicosidodecahedron", also known as the truncated icosidodecahedron.
	Cartesian coordinates for the vertices of a nonconvex great rhombicosidodecahedron are all the even permutations of
	where τ = (1+)/2 is the golden ratio (sometimes written φ).
	It shares its vertex arrangement with the truncated great dodecahedron, and with the uniform compounds of 6 or 12 pentagonal prisms. It additionally shares its edge arrangement with the great dodecicosidodecahedron (having the triangular and pentagrammic faces in common), and the great rhombidodecahedron (having the square faces in common).
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	The great deltoidal hexecontahedron is a nonconvex isohedral polyhedron. It is the dual of the nonconvex great rhombicosidodecahedron. It is visually identical to the Great rhombidodecacron. It has 60 intersecting cross quadrilateral faces, 120 edges, and 62 vertices.
	It is also called a "great strombic hexecontahedron."

= = = Great rhombihexahedron = = =

	In geometry, the great rhombihexahedron (or great rhombicube) is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. Its dual is the great rhombihexacron. Its vertex figure is a crossed quadrilateral.
	There is some controversy on how to colour the faces of this polyhedron. Although the common way to fill in a polygon is to just colour its whole interior, this can result in some filled regions hanging as membranes over empty space. Hence, the "neo filling" is sometimes used instead as a more accurate filling. In the neo filling, orientable polyhedra are filled traditionally, but non-orientable polyhedra have their faces filled with the modulo-2 method (only odd-density regions are filled in).
	It shares the vertex arrangement with the convex truncated cube. It additionally shares its edge arrangement with the nonconvex great rhombicuboctahedron (having 12 square faces in common), and with the great cubicuboctahedron (having the octagrammic faces in common).
	It may be constructed as the exclusive or (blend) of three octagrammic prisms. Similarly, the small rhombihexahedron may be constructed as the exclusive or of three octagonal prisms.
	The great rhombihexacron is a nonconvex isohedral polyhedron. It is the dual of the uniform great rhombihexahedron (U). It has 24 identical bow-tie-shaped faces, 18 vertices, and 48 edges.
	It has 12 outer vertices which have the same vertex arrangement as the cuboctahedron, and 6 inner vertices with the vertex arrangement of an octahedron.
	As a surface geometry, it can be seen as visually similar to a Catalan solid, the disdyakis dodecahedron, with much taller rhombus-based pyramids joined to each face of a rhombic dodecahedron.

= = = .243 Winchester Super Short Magnum = = =

	The 243 Winchester Super Short Magnum or 243 WSSM is a rifle cartridge introduced in 2003. It uses a .300 WSM (Winchester Short Magnum) case shortened and necked down to accept a .243in/6mm diameter bullet, and is a high velocity round based on ballistics design philosophies that are intended to produce a high level of efficiency. The correct name for the cartridge, as listed by the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI), is 243 WSSM, without a decimal point. Winchester has discontinued the manufacture of 243 WSSM ammunition.
	As of the first half of 2016, Winchester/Olin did manufactured and release for sale some WSSM ammunition. The product is only manufactured periodically, often on inconsistent intervals.
	The 243 WSSM is an addition to the Winchester Super Short Magnum (WSSM) family of cartridges, which also include the .223 WSSM and the .25 WSSM, and the idea behind the 243 WSSM was to develop a compact, higher velocity version of the well-established and internationally popular .243 Winchester unveiled by Winchester in 1955. The 243 WSSM was first introduced in 2003.
	The 243 WSSM's case is unusually short and fat in profile, contrasting markedly with most other rifle cartridges, and is intended to take advantage of what ballisticians have shown is the more uniform and efficient burning of propellant powder when it is held in a short, fat stack by the cartridge case.
	In their ballistics tables, Winchester list a very high muzzle velocity of with a projectile for this cartridge. Based on Hodgdon reloading data typical velocities should range from approximately with a bullet to approximately with a bullet. The percentage gain in performance over the older .243 Winchester is around 10% or less.
	This cartridge is usually used for small game such as varminting, and used for animals as large as deer.
	Compared to other factory 6mm sporting cartridges the 243 WSSM is capable of functioning in the AR-15. Other factory produced 6mm cartridges like the 243 Win. and 6mm Rem. are both too long for the AR-15 and require the AR-10 platform.
	The 243 WSSM is 3/8 inch shorter than the 243 Win. giving the 243 WSSM the ability to fit in a super-short action rifle. Thus 243 WSSM rifles can be lighter, have stiffer actions and have faster actions to cycle.
	The 243 WSSM gives generally a 10% increase in velocity over the 243 Win.

= = = Great dodecicosahedron = = =

	In geometry, the great dodecicosahedron (or great dodekicosahedron) is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. Its vertex figure is a crossed quadrilateral.
	It has a composite Wythoff symbol, 3 5/3 (3/2 5/2) |, requiring two different Schwarz triangles to generate it: (3 5/3 3/2) and (3 5/3 5/2). (3 5/3 3/2 | represents the "great dodecicosahedron" with an extra 12 {10/2} pentagons, and 3 5/3 5/2 | represents it with an extra 20 {6/2} triangles.)
	Its vertex figure "6.10/3.6/5.10/7" is also ambiguous, having two clockwise and two counterclockwise faces around each vertex.
	It shares its vertex arrangement with the truncated dodecahedron. It additionally shares its edge arrangement with the great icosicosidodecahedron (having the hexagonal faces in common) and the great ditrigonal dodecicosidodecahedron (having the decagrammic faces in common).
	There is some controversy on how to colour the faces of this polyhedron. Although the common way to fill in a polygon is to just colour its whole interior, this can result in some filled regions hanging as membranes over empty space. Hence, the "neo filling" is sometimes used instead as a more accurate filling. In the neo filling, orientable polyhedra are filled traditionally, but non-orientable polyhedra have their faces filled with the modulo-2 method (only odd-density regions are filled in).

= = = Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play = = =

	The Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play has been given since 1960. Before 1960 there was only one award for both play direction and musical direction, then in 1960 the award was split into two categories: "Dramatic" and "Musical". In 1976 the Dramatic category was renamed to Play. For pre-1960 direction awards please reference Tony Award for Best Director.
	Only 6 women have won this award:

= = = Great rhombidodecahedron = = =

	In geometry, the great rhombidodecahedron is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. Its vertex figure is a crossed quadrilateral.
	It shares its vertex arrangement with the truncated great dodecahedron and the uniform compounds of 6 or 12 pentagonal prisms. It additionally shares its edge arrangement with the nonconvex great rhombicosidodecahedron (having the square faces in common), and with the great dodecicosidodecahedron (having the decagrammic faces in common).
	There is some controversy on how to colour the faces of this polyhedron. Although the common way to fill in a polygon is to just colour its whole interior, this can result in some filled regions hanging as membranes over empty space. Hence, the "neo filling" is sometimes used instead as a more accurate filling. In the neo filling, orientable polyhedra are filled traditionally, but non-orientable polyhedra have their faces filled with the modulo-2 method (only odd-density regions are filled in).

= = = Inverted snub dodecadodecahedron = = =

	In geometry, the inverted snub dodecadodecahedron (or vertisnub dodecadodecahedron) is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. It is given a Schläfli symbol sr{5/3,5}.
	Cartesian coordinates for the vertices of an inverted snub dodecadodecahedron are all the even permutations of
	with an even number of plus signs, where
	where τ = (1+)/2 is the golden mean and
α is the negative real root of τα−α+2α−α−1/τ, or approximately −0.3352090.
	Taking the odd permutations of the above coordinates with an odd number of plus signs gives another form, the enantiomorph of the other one.
	The medial inverted pentagonal hexecontahedron (or midly petaloid ditriacontahedron) is a nonconvex isohedral polyhedron. It is the dual of the uniform inverted snub dodecadodecahedron.

= = = Great snub dodecicosidodecahedron = = =

	In geometry, the great snub dodecicosidodecahedron (or great snub dodekicosidodecahedron) is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. It has Coxeter diagram, and Schläfli symbol s{(5/3,5/2,3)}. It has the unusual feature that its 24 pentagram faces occur in 12 coplanar pairs.
	It shares its vertices and edges, as well as 20 of its triangular faces and all its pentagrammic faces, with the great dirhombicosidodecahedron, (although the latter has 60 edges not contained in the great snub dodecicosidodecahedron). It shares its other 60 triangular faces (and its pentagrammic faces again) with the great disnub dirhombidodecahedron.
	The edges and triangular faces also occur in the compound of twenty octahedra. In addition, 20 of the triangular faces occur in one enantiomer of the compound of twenty tetrahemihexahedra, and the other 60 triangular faces occur in the other enantiomer.
	There is some controversy on how to colour the faces of this polyhedron. Although the common way to fill in a polygon is to just colour its whole interior, this can result in some filled regions hanging as membranes over empty space. Hence, the "neo filling" is sometimes used instead as a more accurate filling. In the neo filling, orientable polyhedra are filled traditionally, but non-orientable polyhedra have their faces filled with the modulo-2 method (only odd-density regions are filled in). In addition, overlapping regions of coplanar faces can cancel each other out. The difference between the fillings of this polyhedron is very slight, but still present.

= = = Great inverted snub icosidodecahedron = = =

	In geometry, the great inverted snub icosidodecahedron (or great vertisnub icosidodecahedron) is a uniform star polyhedron, indexed as U. It is given a Schläfli symbol sr{5/3,3}, and Coxeter-Dynkin diagram . In the book "Polyhedron Models" by Magnus Wenninger, the polyhedron is misnamed "great snub icosidodecahedron", and vice versa.
	Cartesian coordinates for the vertices of a great inverted snub icosidodecahedron are all the even permutations of
	with an even number of plus signs, where
	and
	where τ = (1+)/2 is the golden mean and
ξ is the greater positive real solution to ξ−2ξ=−1/τ, or approximately 1.2224727.
	Taking the odd permutations of the above coordinates with an odd number of plus signs gives another form, the enantiomorph of the other one.
	The circumradius for unit edge length is
	where formula_2 is the appropriate root of formula_3. The four positive real roots of the sextic in formula_4
	are the circumradii of the snub dodecahedron ("U"), great snub icosidodecahedron ("U"), great inverted snub icosidodecahedron ("U"), and great retrosnub icosidodecahedron ("U").
	The great inverted pentagonal hexecontahedron (or petaloidal trisicosahedron) is a nonconvex isohedral polyhedron. It is composed of 60 self-intersecting pentagonal faces, 150 edges and 92 vertices.
	It is the dual of the uniform great inverted snub icosidodecahedron.

= = = Prajavani = = =

	Prajavani (Kannada for "Voice of the People") is a leading Kannada-language broadsheet daily newspaper published in Karnataka, India. Having a readership of over 2.01 million, it is one of the largest circulated newspapers in the state.
	Prajavani was founded in 1948 in Bangalore by K.N. Guruswamy. The Printers (Mysore) Private Limited, the company which owns the newspaper, continues to be privately held by members of the founding family.
	Prajavani (PV) has a history of being a politically independent newspaper, although it tends to opine with a liberal tilt. It is known for espousing the causes of Dalits, encouraging women's empowerment and taking pro-poor positions on economic issues. It has managed to maintain an independent position, despite an increasingly polarized media landscape in Karnataka. Prajavani uses the tagline "the most trusted Kannada daily newspaper", which appears below its masthead.
	Prajavani was the leading Kannada newspaper for decades, until it was overtaken in circulation by "Vijaya Karnataka" (VK) in 2004. The gulf between PV and the upstart VK became huge for a while, but the two newspapers appear to be competing much more closely as of 2014, with PV having significantly recovered ground according to industry numbers. Some analysts have also attributed this to the launch of Vijaya Vani, by the original owner of Vijaya Karnataka, Vijay Sankeshwar and his VRL Group, which has apparently eaten into the readership of "Vijaya Karnataka". Other regional competitors include "Udayavani", "Varthabharathi", "Kannada Prabha" and "Samyukta Karnataka".

= = = Snub icosidodecadodecahedron = = =

	In geometry, the snub icosidodecadodecahedron is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U.
	As the name indicates, it belongs to the family of snub polyhedra.
	Cartesian coordinates for the vertices of a snub icosidodecadodecahedron are all the even permutations of
	with an even number of plus signs, where
	and where τ = (1+)/2 is the golden mean and
ρ is the real solution to ρ=ρ+1, or approximately 1.3247180.
ρ is called the plastic constant.
	Taking the odd permutations of the above coordinates with an odd number of plus signs gives another form, the enantiomorph of the other one.
	The medial hexagonal hexecontahedron is a nonconvex isohedral polyhedron. It is the dual of the uniform snub icosidodecadodecahedron.

= = = Herman, Count of Aversa = = =

	Herman (fl. c. 1050) was the son of Rainulf Trincanocte, count of Aversa (1045–1048), whom he succeeded. He was only an infant then and he was put under the regency of his father's cousin Richard. Within two years, he had disappeared from the scene and Richard was count. His fate is a mystery, though it is not hard to imagine that, as an obstacle to power, he was disposed of in the most efficient manner.

= = = 103rd Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line) = = =

	103rd Street is a local station on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 103rd Street and Broadway on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, within Manhattan Valley, it is served by the 1 train at all times.
	Operation of the first subway began on October 27, 1904, with the opening of the original 28 stations of the New York City Subway from City Hall to 145th Street on the West Side Branch including the 103rd Street station.
	In 1948, platforms on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line from 103rd Street to 238th Street were lengthened to to allow full ten-car express trains to platform. Previously the stations could only platform six-car local trains. The platform extensions were opened in stages. On April 6, 1948, the platform extension opened for stations from 103rd Street to Dyckman Street, with the exception of 125th Street.
	In 2002, it was announced that 103rd Street would be one of ten subway stations citywide, as well as one of five on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line, to receive renovations.
	This station was part of the original subway, and has two side platforms and three tracks, the center one being an unused express track. The southbound local track is known as BB1 and the northbound one is BB4; the BB designation is used for chaining purposes along the Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line from 96th Street to 242nd Street and not in everyday speech. Although it cannot be accessed at 103rd Street, the center track is designated as M.
	There is a mezzanine above the platforms, which contains the fare control area, as well as stairs to the street and both platforms.
	This is the southernmost 3-track station on the line. South of the station, there are switches that connect the express track to either local track, with trains then being able to crossover to the rising express tracks from the IRT Lenox Avenue Line. Under 103rd Street, the dual express tracks serving the southern part of the line descend and curve to the east to form the IRT Lenox Avenue Line. They turn off of Broadway and onto 104th Street directly underneath this station. An emergency exit from the Lenox Avenue Line is located in the middle of the northbound platform.
	The station has four entrance/exit stairs that serve both platforms:
	A fifth, exit-only stair leads from the northbound platform to the SE corner of Broadway and 104th Street.
	The 103rd Street station was one of the settings in the William S. Burroughs book "Junkie" and was briefly featured in the film "Black Swan".

= = = Small retrosnub icosicosidodecahedron = = =

	In geometry, the small retrosnub icosicosidodecahedron (or retrosnub disicosidodecahedron or small inverted retrosnub icosicosidodecahedron) is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. It is also called a retroholosnub icosahedron, ß{3/2,5}.
	The 40 non-snub triangular faces form 20 coplanar pairs, forming star hexagons that are not quite regular. Unlike most snub polyhedra, it has reflection symmetries.
	Its convex hull is a nonuniform truncated dodecahedron.
	Cartesian coordinates for the vertices of a small retrosnub icosicosidodecahedron are all the even permutations of
	where ϕ = (1+)/2 is the golden ratio and α = .

= = = Great retrosnub icosidodecahedron = = =

	In geometry, the great retrosnub icosidodecahedron or great inverted retrosnub icosidodecahedron is a nonconvex uniform polyhedron, indexed as U. It is given a Schläfli symbol sr{3/2,5/3}.
	Cartesian coordinates for the vertices of a great retrosnub icosidodecahedron are all the even permutations of
	with an even number of plus signs, where
	and
	where τ = (1+)/2 is the golden mean and
ξ is the smaller positive real root of ξ−2ξ=−1/τ, namely
	or approximately 0.3264046.
	Taking the odd permutations of the above coordinates with an odd number of plus signs gives another form, the enantiomorph of the other one. Taking the odd permutations with an even number of plus signs or vice versa results in the same two figures rotated by 90 degrees.
	The circumradius for unit edge length is
	where formula_3 is the appropriate root of formula_4. The four positive real roots of the sextic in formula_5
	are the circumradii of the snub dodecahedron ("U"), great snub icosidodecahedron ("U"), great inverted snub icosidodecahedron ("U"), and great retrosnub icosidodecahedron ("U").

= = = English District of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod = = =

	The English District is one of the 35 districts of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (LCMS). It is one of the Synod's two non-geographical districts, along with the SELC District. The district has congregations in the states of Arizona, California, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Wisconsin, and the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec.
	The district has its origins in the congregations of the former English Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri and Other States, which merged with the LCMS in 1911. The English Synod had been formally organized in 1888 out of the English (Evangelical) Lutheran Conference of Missouri of the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod.
	Prior to 1839, a group of Lutherans of the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod moved from western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee to southeast Missouri. In 1872, a free conference was held in Gravelton, Missouri, with participants from that group, the LCMS, the Holston Synod, and the Norwegian Synod. The LCMS president, C. F. W. Walther, urged the Tennessee Synod members to organize themselves as a conference of the Tennessee Synod, the English (Evangelical) Lutheran Conference of Missouri.
	The conference applied for admission to the LCMS as a district in 1887, but was advised to instead form a separate synod because the LCMS was still a German-language synod while the conference used English. The conference therefore organized as the independent English Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri and Other States in 1888. The English Synod was in full agreement with the LCMS on doctrine, and joined the Evangelical Lutheran Synodical Conference in 1890. 
	In 1911, with members of the LCMS itself becoming at least bilingually English-speaking, the English Synod merged into the LCMS. However, because it wanted to maintain its identity, it was accepted as a non-geographical district. Despite the transition of the LCMS to English, the English District has continued as a separate district.
	The English Synod operated two colleges, both acquired in 1893. In 1908, it gave St. John's College of Winfield, Kansas, to the LCMS. Concordia College of Conover, North Carolina, was transferred to the LCMS at the time of the merger. Both colleges were subsequently closed.
	"The Lutheran Witness", the main lay-oriented magazine of the LCMS, was originally published, starting in 1882, by the Cleveland District Conference. The English Synod took over publication in 1888, and it became an LCMS publication upon the 1911 merger.
	The district now includes approximately 159 congregations and missions in 17 U.S. states and the Canadian province of Ontario, subdivided into 25 circuits, as well as 36 preschools, 15 elementary schools and one high school. Baptized membership in district congregations is approximately 48,600.
	English District offices are located in Farmington, Michigan. Delegates from each congregation meet in convention every three years to elect the district president, vice presidents, circuit counselors, a board of directors, and other officers. The district publishes its newsletter, "English Channels," ten times a year.
	Hecht was one of four district presidents who were removed from office by Synod President J. A. O. Preus on April 2, 1976 for non-compliance with synodical directives on the ordination and placement of improperly endorsed ministerial candidates from Seminex.

= = = Troullos = = =

	Troullos, also known as Trullos, is the archaeological site of an ancient Minoan settlement on Crete. The Troullos site is the eastern-most section of the ancient settlement at Archanes. The king of Knossos is believed to have maintained a summer palace there.
	Trullos was first excavated by Sir Arthur Evans, later by Spyridon Marinatos and most recently by J. and E. Sakellarakis. The site was in use from Middle Minoan II until late Minoan I.
	Among the movable artifacts at Troullos:

= = = Baldwin 60000 = = =

	Baldwin 60000 is an experimental steam locomotive built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Eddystone, Pennsylvania, in 1926, during the height of the railroading industry. It received its number for being the 60,000th locomotive built by Baldwin.
	It was designed to be the best locomotive that Baldwin ever made. It boasts three cylinders, weighs about , including tender, and can pull a load of up to . Its top speed is .
	60000 was very innovative, carrying unusual technology, including a water-tube firebox. This was intended to improve efficiency but the tubes were prone to burst inside the firebox. It is also a compound, expanding the steam once in the inside cylinder and then again in the two outside cylinders. Although compounding increases efficiency, it was an extra complication that the US railroads had mostly rejected by the middle twenties. The weight and length of the engine were too much for all but the heaviest and straightest tracks.
	This locomotive was experimental and was meant to be the model for future development. However, its demonstration runs never persuaded railroads to purchase more. In 1933, it was purchased by the Franklin Institute Science Museum for $1 and remains there today.
	After a series brief test runs following construction, the 60000 was sent to the Pennsylvania Railroad's Altoona Test Plant in Altoona, Pennsylvania. Placed on rollers without its tender, it was tested on the traction dynamometer to measure its performance, which included maximum drawbar horsepower. Following tests at the Altoona Test Plant, the Pennsylvania Railroad placed the engine in freight service between Enola Yard near Harrisburg and Morrisville Yard via the Trenton Cutoff. During testing on the PRR, 60000 pulled a maximum of 7,700 tons.
	Following testing on the PRR, the 60000 was sent for additional testing on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Between November and December 1926, the 60000 was tested on the Cumberland Division between Brunswick and Keyser, Maryland, the Connellsville Division between Cumberland, Maryland, and Connellsville, Pennsylvania, and the Pittsburgh Division, which included the Sand Patch and Seventeen-Mile grades.
	In February 1927, the 60000 was sent to the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad's Beardstown Division of Illinois. The 60000 was run in tandem with the CB&Q's own M2-A Class 2-10-2 number 6157, in order to compare coal and water consumption. Overall, the 60000 was superior in its coal and water consumption.
	On 24 February 1927, the 60000 was sent to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad. Testing was performed on the Pecos division between Clovis and Belen, New Mexico. As with the CB&Q, the AT&SF compared the performance of the 60000 with that of its own power in the form of two 3800-Class 2-10-2s. Once more the 60000 demonstrated superior fuel consumption than the locomotives of the host railroad.
	In the summer and fall of 1927, the 60000 was sent to the Southern Pacific Railroad, which overhauled the locomotive and converted it to an oil burner at its Sacramento Shops. Following its conversion, the 60000 was tested in both freight and passenger service on the Sacramento Division, during which the engine carried a Southern Pacific tender. Following tests on the SP, the 60000 was sent to the Great Northern Railway between Everett, Washington and Minot, North Dakota. Overall, the 60000 did not perform as well on oil as it did on coal.
	Converted back to coal, the 60000 was then returned to the Baldwin Locomotive Works and used as a stationary boiler before being sold to the Franklin Institute.

= = = HMT = = =

	HMT may refer to:
	Science
	Places
	Organizations and Companies
	Other

= = = Allegheny West = = =

	Allegheny West is the name of two places in the United States:

= = = Israel B. Richardson = = =

	Israel Bush Richardson (December 26, 1815 – November 3, 1862) was a United States Army officer during the Mexican–American War and American Civil War, where he was a major general in the Union Army. Nicknamed "Fighting Dick" for his prowess on the battlefield, he was mortally wounded at the Battle of Antietam near Sharpsburg, Maryland.
	Richardson was born in Fairfax, Vermont. He was reportedly a descendant of famed American Revolutionary War general Israel Putnam. He was appointed from Vermont to the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York. He graduated 38th out of 52 cadets in the Class of 1841. He was one of 23 classmates who would become generals during the Civil War. After some routine assignments, Richardson served as a second lieutenant in the Second Seminole War in Florida. He was promoted to first lieutenant on Sep 21, 1846.
	He received two brevets for meritorious service during the Mexican–American War, to captain and major for the actions at Contreras, Churubusco, and Chapultepec. In Mexico while serving under General Winfield Scott in the Army of Occupation, he received his nickname, "Fighting Dick", which would carry over to the Civil War.
	He later served as a captain in the 3rd U.S. Infantry (a rank he achieved in 1851) at various frontier outposts in Texas and New Mexico Territory, San Antonio, Texas 1848–49, Post Opposite El Paso del Norte, 1849–1850; Fort Fillmore 1851–52, 1852–53; Fort Webster, 1852, 1853–54; and Fort Thorn, 1854–55. He then resigned his commission in 1855 and began farming near Pontiac, Michigan.
	When the Civil War broke out, Richardson was still farming in Michigan. He enlisted in the Union Army and recruited and organized the 2nd Michigan Infantry. He married Fannie Travor on May 18, 1861, in Wayne County, Michigan. When he reported with his regiment in Washington, DC, General Winfield Scott greeted him with "I'm glad to have my 'Fighting Dick' with me again". Richardson, promoted to colonel on May 25, 1861, was assigned command of the 4th Brigade, 1st Division, in the newly organized army of Brigadier General Irvin McDowell. His brigade saw limited action at the First Battle of Bull Run near Blackburn's Ford, and in covering the subsequent federal withdrawal to Washington. He was promoted to brigadier general, ranking from May 17, 1861.
	He commanded several brigades in the Army of the Potomac and then the 1st Division of the II Corps during the Peninsula Campaign in mid-1862. He was involved in the fighting at the battles of Yorktown, Seven Pines, and the Seven Days. He was particularly distinguished in sharp fighting near the Chickahominy River. Richardson was promoted to major general after the Seven Days Battles. His division was stationed in Washington, DC, during the Second Battle of Bull Run and did not participate in that engagement.
	Richardson's 1st Division played a key role during the Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862, attacking Confederate positions in the center of the Sunken Road in support of the 3rd Division of Maj. Gen. William H. French. After stubborn fighting, by 1:00 pm, Richardson had gained control of the high ground in front of the apex of the defensive line, and his men enfiladed the remaining defenders in the road, which would gain the nickname "Bloody Lane" for the carnage. Richardson pushed forward beyond the road and was directing the fire of his artillery and organizing another attack when he was struck by a shell fragment.
	Carried to the rear, Richardson was treated at a field hospital. His wound was not considered life-threatening, and he was given a room in Major General George B. McClellan's headquarters, the Pry House. President Abraham Lincoln paid his respects to the wounded Richardson during a visit to the battlefield in October. However, infection set in, and then pneumonia, which claimed the life of the popular general in early November. He was among six generals to be killed or mortally wounded at Antietam.
	His body was escorted to Detroit. Large crowds lined the streets during his funeral procession to nearby Pontiac, where he was buried in Oak Hill Cemetery.
	Fort Richardson, a Texas frontier fort active from 1867 to 1878, was named for him.
	The Israel B. Richardson Camp #2 of the Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War in Oakland, Michigan, was also named for the fallen general.
	Battery Richardson, a 12-inch coast artillery gun battery at Fort Hancock, New Jersey, was named for him.

= = = Jere Wood = = =

	Jere Wood (born c. 1949) is the former mayor of Roswell, Georgia, serving five consecutive terms. Mayor Wood defeated Democrat "Pug" Mabry, who served as mayor for over thirty years, in the election of 1997. During his election he ran on the platform of slow-growth, fighting urban sprawl and what he viewed as its negative side effects. At the time, he promised to only be a two-term mayor. He ran unchallenged and secured re-election in 2001. Wood is the son of Roy "Splinter" Wood, a Democrat, who was Undersecretary of the United States Department of the Interior (DOI) during the Carter Administration in the 1970s. Wood won the mayor's race again in the election held in November 2005.
	Mayor Wood is a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition, an organization formed in 2006 and co-chaired by New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg and Boston mayor Thomas Menino.
	During the attempted merger of Comcast and Time Warner Cable, a number of politicians sent letters to the FCC expressing their support. Wood was one of these, stating the merger would help spur business growth. It was later discovered that Wood had actually submitted a letter that had been ghostwritten by Comcast. Wood was just one of a number of politicians exposed by "The Verge" to have participated in such a practice.
	In 2016, Roswell resident Michael Litton filed a lawsuit accusing Wood of violating the city of Roswell's charter by seeking a third term as mayor. Wood, who was first elected in 1997, advocated in 2010 for the Roswell mayor to have a term limit of three four-year terms. He has said the intent was that the clock would start for him when the law was passed, and not when he was first elected.
	Although Wood had enjoyed the support of State Representative Betty Price, she has since stated that she does not intend to amend the charter to allow Wood to run for a subsequent term. She had been willing to support a charter change that would allow the mayor to serve out his term, but no more. "My goal has been to save the city the expense of a costly trial," Price said. Since the start of the controversy, the city of Roswell has spent $16,843 through city attorney fees on defending Wood, as of mid-2016. On August 3, 2017, Wood was removed from office after a judge finding he did violate city law.
	In October 2016, Wood filed suit in Fulton Superior Court against Roswell and the Roswell Council Members over whether he could renovate his home. Wood's home is located in the Roswell historic district, which requites prior approval when renovating. He was initially granted approval by the Roswell Historic Preservation Commission to build a 1.5 story, 3,000 square foot house on his property. However, the city council later overturned the decision in August 2016. Wood alleged in the lawsuit that council members acted improperly by deciding the council had the legal authority to reverse the commission's earlier decision. State historic preservation laws allow "limited authority" for the council members to "approve, modify and approve, or reject" the historic commission’s final decision, but only if it is found that the commission abused its discretion.
	Wood often mountain bikes, wind surfs or kayaks. He earned his Eagle Scout Award during his youth and has been active in the Boy Scout program in the North Fulton area.

= = = Strawberry Mansion = = =

	Strawberry Mansion could refer to:

= = = Tracey Wickham = = =

	Tracey Lee Wickham (born 24 November 1962 in Rosebud, Victoria) is an Australian former middle distance swimmer. Wickham was the World Champion for the 400 m and 800 m freestyle in 1978, and won gold in both events at the 1978 and 1982 Commonwealth Games. She is a former world record holder for the 400 m, 800 m and 1500 m freestyle. Despite her success in the pool, Wickham has battled hardship and personal tragedy throughout her life.
	Wickham began swimming at the age of eight at John Rigby’s pool in Brisbane and mastered her technique under the guidance of Peter Diamond. At the age of thirteen, she was selected to be on the Australian team for the 1976 Montreal Olympic Games but failed to reach the finals at that meet.
	In 1977, Wickham’s family moved to California, where she trained for six months with coaching legend Mark Schubert. She returned to Brisbane at the end of 1977 and she came under the guidance of coach Bill Sweetenham at the Commercial Swimming Club. On 8 February 1978, Wickham broke her first world record, the 1500 m freestyle, in a solo swim at the Fortitude Valley Pool in Brisbane, clocking 16:14.93.
	At the 1978 Commonwealth Games in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Wickham won both the 400 m and 800 m freestyle. That same year, she set world records in both events, and won both the 400 m and 800 m freestyle at the 1978 Berlin World Championships, setting a world 400 m record of 4.06.28, which stood as the Championship record until 2007. Both world records stood until 1987, long after her retirement.
	In 1980, Australia decided against an official boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics. A number of Australian athletes elected to boycott the Games personally. Wickham maintains that she withdrew from the team because of illness, as she was suffering glandular fever at the time, not because of the boycott. The 800 m freestyle was won by fellow Australian Michelle Ford at that meet.
	Wickham retired at the end of 1979 due to financial problems. The policy of amateurism was upheld by the Amateur Swimming Union of Australia during this period, meaning Wickham could neither earn money from the sport nor receive any prizes.
	Wickham returned to swimming in the early 1980s under coach Laurie Lawrence. She won gold in the 400 m and 800 m freestyle at the 1982 Commonwealth Games, where she took the Athletes Oath at the Opening Ceremony. Her gold medal for the 400 m was presented to her by Queen Elizabeth II and Wickham retired from swimming immediately afterwards.
	Following the birth of her daughter, Wickham dived back into the water in May 1990, again with Lawrence as her coach. She competed in the 7.6 km open water race from Magnetic Island to Townsville, placing first in the female division. She also won the female division of the Lake Trasimeno 20 km marathon race. She retired for good following the birth of her son in January 1992.
	She was educated at the All Hallows' School, in Brisbane along with her sisters Julie and Kelly. Wickham married in 1986 and had two children, Daniel and Hannah. She divorced her husband in the mid-1990s.
	Her daughter, Hannah, died at the age of nineteen from synovial sarcoma on 2 October 2007. Wickham is an ambassador for Hannah’s Chance Foundation, which supports teenage cancer victims.
	On 30 December 1978, Wickham was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire.
	On 10 December 1985, she was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame, and was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame at Fort Lauderdale in 1992.
	On 25 October 2000, she was awarded the Australian Sports Medal for outstanding contribution as a competitor in swimming.
	On 13 June 2005, she was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia for service to Australian swimming and to the development of young swimmers through teaching and coaching roles.
<br>

= = = Parit Sulong Bridge = = =

	Parit Sulong Bridge () is a famous bridge in Parit Sulong, Batu Pahat District, Johor, Malaysia and the site of a battle during World War II.
	The construction of the bridge began in 1925 and it was completed in 1929. The late Almarhum Sultan Ibrahim of Johor later officiated the opening of the bridge in 1930. The construction of the bridge with the curve shape at the middle for the purpose of convenient passage for bauxite ore barge from Seri Medan. 
	Anecdotal accounts by local people also reported the late Almarhum Sultan Ibrahim of Johor has shaking one of the bridge structure with intention for examination of bridge firm.
	During World War II, the battle of Parit Sulong Bridge between the British and Imperial Japanese Army took place on January 21, 1942.
	In 1993 the Johor state government decided to demolish the old bridge and replace it. The old bridge was finally torn down in 1994. The new bridge was constructed on 1995 and completed in 1997.

= = = Tarr = = =

	Tarr is a modernist novel by Wyndham Lewis, written in 1909–11, revised and expanded in 1914–15 and first serialized in the magazine "The Egoist" from April 1916 until November 1917. The American version was published in 1918, with an English edition published by the Egoist Press appearing shortly afterwards; Lewis later created a revised and final version published by Chatto and Windus in 1928. Set in the bohemian milieu of pre-war Paris, it presents two artists, the Englishman Tarr and the German Kreisler, and their struggles with money, women and social situations. The novel abounds in somewhat Nietzschean themes. Tarr, generally thought to be modelled on Lewis himself, displays disdain for the 'bourgeois-bohemians' around him, and vows to 'throw off humour' which he regards—especially in its English form—as a 'means of evading reality' unsuited to ambition and the modern world. This self-conscious attitude and the situations that it brings about are a major source of the novel's pervasive dark humour. Lewis will later clarify that there "is laughter and laughter. That of true satire is as it were tragic laughter". Kreisler, a violent German Romantic of protean energy and a failure as an artist, is in many ways the focus of the novel. An indication of the extremity of his vivid portrait is Lewis' own wondering several years later if he had, in Kreisler, anticipated the personality of Hitler.
	The American first edition used a punctuation mark (resembling an equals sign: '=') between sentences (after full stops, exclamation marks or question marks; in the earlier "Egoist" version it had been an m-dash). It has been claimed that these were an attempt by Lewis, an artist, to introduce 'painterly strokes' into literature. This has, however, been disputed by Dr. John Constable, who believes that they are nothing more than a German punctuation mark briefly adopted by Lewis. Lewis himself wrote to Ezra Pound about this when reconstructing missing parts of the manuscript for the U.S. edition: "Were those parallel lines = Quinn mentions kept going by the Egoist, or not? Could not they be disinterred, & used by Knopf?" (Lewis to Pound, October 1917). Evidently not all were disinterred, as large stretches of the book as published are without them.
	Both the 1918 and 1928 versions of the novel have been in and out of print since its original publication. Oxford University Press has reissued the 1928 text, edited and with notes by Scott W. Klein of Wake Forest University, as part of its Oxford World Classics paperback series in 2010.

= = = Juana Manuel = = =

	Juana Manuel of Castile (1339 – 27 March 1381) was Queen consort of Castile from 1369 until 1379. She also was the heiress of Escalona, Villena, Peñafiel and Lara, as well as Lady of Biscay.
	She was the daughter of the Infante Juan Manuel of Castile (1282–1348) and his second wife Blanca Núñez de Lara de La Cerda. Her mother Blanca (d. 1347) was a descendant of the Lords of Biscay and of Lara and of Alfonso X's eldest son (Fernando de la Cerda). She was the last legitimate member of the House of Ivrea.
	Her father had been for five years a serious enemy of King Alfonso XI, his former protégé, and the king wished to neutralize or absorb the might of the Peñafiel family. Although Juana was not the heiress (yet), already in her youth she had to go along with royal wishes. The king's very influential concubine, Leonor de Guzmán, wanted to obtain some high prestige and property to her eldest son and had her eyes on the young Juana. On 27 July 1350 her brother and guardian, Fernando Manuel of Peñafiel, had to marry his young sister to Henry (1333–79), eldest of the illegitimate sons of Alfonso XI of Castile. This brought Henry certain lands.
	However it was later that Juana's relatives' heirless deaths made Juana the great heiress she turned out to be, while her husband became threat to the royal power. In 1369, he became King Henry II of Castile, after he deposed and murdered his half-brother to take the throne.
	They had the following children:
	In 1361 (at the death of her teenage niece Blanca, daughter of her brother Fernando Manuel who himself had died in c 1350 without other children) she inherited Villena, Escalona and Peñafiel. Because Juana was a maternal granddaughter of La Palomilla, from her another cousin, Isabel de Lara who was murdered in 1361 and her young daughter Florentina (d after 1365), she also inherited Lara and Biscay. In 1369, she became queen of Castile and León.
	When in 1381 she died and left her inheritance to her son, Biscay finally was united with Castile, and ultimately Spain. The Basque people remember her for that.

= = = Happy Sad (album) = = =

	Happy Sad is the third album by singer-songwriter Tim Buckley, released in 1969. It was recorded at Elektra Sound Recorders in Los Angeles, California and was produced by former Lovin' Spoonful members Zal Yanovsky and, coincidentally, his subsequent replacement Jerry Yester. It marked the beginning of Buckley's experimental period, as it incorporated elements of jazz that he had never used before. Many of the songs here represent a departure from the binary form that dominated much of his previous work. The sound of the album is characterized by David Friedman's vibraphone, an instrument which gives the album a more relaxed tone than Buckley's earlier work. The songs are much longer than on previous releases and this style continued through to later works. The vocals on the album are more drawn out than earlier performances and this represents the beginning of Buckley using his voice like an instrument. The lyrics on "Happy Sad" represent a change as Buckley stopped working with Larry Beckett, his lyricist on the two previous albums "Tim Buckley" and "Goodbye and Hello", and began writing the lyrics himself. Buckley's self-penned efforts stand in contrast to Beckett's occasionally political and literary-style work. Buckley would also go on to author all his own material on the following two albums.
	"Happy Sad" shares much in common with his later albums, "Lorca" and "Blue Afternoon". Much of the material that would appear on those albums was written at the same time as the songs that appear on this album, representing the most productive and prolific period of Buckley's career. Buckley's musical tastes expanded during the period that the album was written and the first track, "Strange Feelin", was directly inspired by Miles Davis' "All Blues" from "Kind of Blue" and the melody of the song is directly taken from the song. "Buzzin' Fly" was written much earlier than the rest of the work and was originally performed with a group Buckley had during high school, the Harlequin 3, with bassist Jim Fielder and later lyricist, Larry Beckett.
	The third track, "Love from Room 109 at the Islander (On Pacific Coast Highway)", is a song composed of various movements and this represents the second time Buckley wrote in this manner, his previous effort being the title track of "Goodbye and Hello". The segments of the song were written separately as "Danang" and "Asbury Park", as demonstrated on the later released demo sessions, "". The final version of the song is backed by an 'ocean' sound effect, however this was not originally intended to feature on the song. Buckley and the band were happy with the take of song but because of a recording problem the track had a slight electric buzzing in the background. The producer solved this by muffling the buzzing with the ocean overdub.
	"Dream Letter" is as an ode and apology to his ex-wife, Mary Guibert, and his son Jeff Buckley. This is the second song Buckley wrote about the pair, the first being "I Never Asked to Be Your Mountain" on his previous LP, "Goodbye and Hello". In comparison to that song "Dream Letter" has a more apologetic tone, the lyrics reveal this with Buckley lamenting "Does he ever ask about me?" . It would be over five years later that Buckley would meet with his son again. The name of the song would later be used for a live album: posthumous release "". The concert features much of the same personnel from the "Happy Sad".
	"Gypsy Woman" is a long track highlighting Buckley's vocal acrobatics and on the record has some qualities of a jam session. Buckley and his band were disappointed with its recording but the song would remain as part of Buckley's live repertoire for the following years. The closer of the album, "Sing a Song For You", is more similar to Buckley's work on "Goodbye and Hello" than to the songs on the rest of the album. It shares the verse/chorus style and folk leanings of "Song to the Siren", which though released on "Starsailor" was written around the same period.
	Released at the height of his popularity, "Happy Sad" was his highest charting album, reaching #81 in the US Pop albums chart, but Buckley's experimentation on this album would alienate some of the fanbase and his mainstream appeal he gained with "Goodbye and Hello". However, this was only the beginning of Buckley's experimentation with sound and genre, and subsequent releases would further reduce his mainstream popularity and see his sales take a downturn.
	All tracks written by Tim Buckley.
	Side One
	Side Two

= = = Lakkos = = =

	Lakkos is the archaeological site of an ancient Minoan settlement on Crete, just south of Archanes.

= = = Fred Baxter = = =

	Frederick Denard Baxter (born June 14, 1971) is an American former college and professional football player who was a tight end in the National Football League (NFL) for eleven seasons. He played for the NFL's New York Jets, Chicago Bears and New England Patriots. Baxter played college football for Auburn University and was selected by the Jets in the 5th round of the 1993 NFL Draft. He was born in Brundidge, Alabama.

= = = Sultan Ismail Bridge = = =

	The Sultan Ismail Bridge (; Jawi: جمبتن سلطان اسماعيل) is a bridge in Muar town across the Muar River in Johor, Malaysia. It was the first bridge built across a river that connects Bandar Maharani, Muar to Tanjung Agas which is now named as part of Tangkak district. The bridge replaced old ferry services in the 1960s. The bridge was originally a toll bridge making the second toll bridge in Malaysia after Sultan Yahya Petra Bridge in Kelantan (opened in 1967).
	Before construction, the people who want to Cross (call for the Tanjung Agas and Malacca) had crossed the Muar river using the ferry facility called "Penambang" which began operating around 1890 since Muar was officially opened by the late Sultan of Johor, Almarhum Sultan Abu Bakar.
	Due to the rapid development time, felt unable to cope "Penambang" vehicles wishing to cross the Muar River. Travel by ferry is quite time consuming and even dangerous especially during flood season. Therefore, the proposal was made to build a bridge that will connect to Tanjung Agas Muar Town and Malacca.
	Originally, the government planned to build a bridge across Sungai Batu Pahat alone. But after receiving pressure from Muar residents, the government added a proposal to build a bridge to Muar and Batu Pahat. Proposal to build two bridges that have been included in the Second Malaya Plan (1961–1966) by the Malayan Public Works Department (JKR) and it was announced by the Minister of Public Works, Tun VT Sambanthan.
	The Government then open invitation to tender in 1960 and received 25 tenders from 10 firms who are interested in the two of them are from the French company based here. The government had to wait almost 4 years to get financing to build the bridge.
	Finally, in July 1964 the government announced that two local companies Wing Co. Ltd. and Development Services Ltd has won the tender of RM5.2 million for the two bridges Muar and Batu Pahat.
	Initially, the government estimated allocation of RM8 million for the construction of both the bridge and the government finally succeeded in obtaining financing proceeds of RM9 million loan from Chase Manhattan Bank.
	The government has allocated RM3.25 million for construction work. The work was initiated at the end of construction in 1965 and was completed in early 1967. They are built just 1.5 kilometres from the Tangga Batu Penambang Ferry Terminal.
	The bridge over 1,264 feet (385 meters) is constructed with an area of 24 feet (7 meters) of the vehicle lanes, 8-foot (2-meter) for bike paths / bike, and 5 feet of sidewalks. It can accommodate a load of 500 tons for each 100 feet (30 meters).
	To complete this bridge, 4 pontoons used to carry concrete mixers, cement, sand and cranes weighing up to 120 with 50 ton lift in which a total of 2 piers built specifically to fit the mould of concrete beams.
	The bridge was built on 48 piles of special steel imported from Germany and reinforced concrete piles 82. It is estimated that more than 9,000 cubic meters of concrete and 2100 tons of steel and a workforce of 130 people was used during the construction of the bridge.
	With the construction of this bridge, road users from Johor Bahru to Melaka when it has saved about 64 miles by road from Segamat–Tangkak–Jasin.
	To handle the influx of traffic due to the construction of the bridge. Four roundabouts was built at a cost of RM1 million in every locations including Jalan Yahya roundabout, Bentayan roundabout, Sulaiman roundabout and Khalidi roundabout.
	The Muar bridge was officially opened by the late Sultan of Johor, Almarhum Sultan Sir Ismail Al-Khalidi ibni Almarhum Sultan Sir Ibrahim Al-Masyhur on Saturday, 16 April 1967 at 10.30 am and was named officially as the Sultan Ismail Bridge. The inauguration was witnessed by thousands of people who first opened and crossed the Muar River to use the bridge. Following the opening of the bridge, the "Penambang" ferry service was terminated effective midnight Friday, 15 April 1967.
	The Sultan Ismail Bridge is the second toll bridge in Malaysia after Sultan Yahya Petra Bridge in Kelantan (opened in 1967). The RM80,000 toll plaza was built in Tanjung Agas for toll collection to cover the cost of the building of the bridge.
	Initially, the government announced that tolls are charged RM0.25 for motorbikes, RM0.75 to RM1.75 for cars and heavy vehicles such as trucks and buses.
	After opening, the price raised to RM0.50 toll for motorbikes, RM1.50 for cars and taxis and RM3.50 for heavy vehicles such as trucks and buses. This has invited objections from residents, particularly taxi and bus operators where at first they boycotted the use of the bridge.
	After numerous objections made mainly from traders and industrial sectors, starting 1 July 1971, the second Prime Minister, Tun Abdul Razak has announced a reduction to RM0.50 toll for cars and RM1.00 for heavy vehicles such as trucks and buses, while for motorcyclists it is free.
	Tun Abdul Razak then visit to Muar in May 1975, he announced that the toll charged for Sultan Ismail Bridge Muar would be abolished.
	Between the 1990s and the 2000s, traffic congestion occurred at the Sultan Ismail Bridge since the official opening of the North–South Expressway Southern Route between Ayer Keroh and Pagoh and the opening of the Tangkak and Pagoh Interchange on 1 April 1989. To this end, in 1998, the federal government announced that the new second bridge would be built at Parit Bunga to ease congestion on the existing bridge. The second bridge was constructed between March 2001 and June 2003 and was officially opened to traffic in 2004 alongside the opening of the Muar Bypass.
	On 25 November 2012, in conjunction with the birthday of the sultan of Johor, Sultan Ibrahim Ismail ibni Almarhum Sultan Iskandar Al-Haj (birth date: 22 November 2012) and the Declaration of Bandar Maharani Muar as a Royal Town of Johor, for the first time in history, after 45 years of opening to traffic, Sultan Ismail Bridge was closed for about 12 hours, from 3:00 pm to 5:00 am.
	The closure of the bridge was to allow the people to witness the decorated boat parade and fireworks display at the Sultan Ismail Bridge. In addition to these events, stalls were opened for the public to relax on the bridge.

= = = Jason Belser = = =

	Jason Daks Belser (born May 28, 1970) is a former American football defensive back in the National Football League. He played college football for the Oklahoma Sooners. He played high school football at Raytown South High School in Raytown, Missouri. He is currently the head football coach at Freedom High School in South Riding, Virginia. 
	He is the son of Caesar and Evelyn Belser.

= = = Muar Second Bridge = = =

	Muar Second Bridge (Malay: Jambatan Kedua Muar Jawi: جمبتن كدوا موار) is a famous landmark in Muar, Johor, Malaysia. It crosses the Muar River.
	Between the 1990s to 2000s, traffic congestion was prevalent at the Sultan Ismail Bridge since the official opening of the North–South Expressway Southern Route between Ayer Keroh and Pagoh and the opening of the Tangkak and Pagoh Interchange on April 1, 1989. In 1998, the federal government announced that a second bridge would be built at Parit Bunga to ease traffic congestion on the existing bridge.
	The bridge was constructed between March 2001 and June 2003. It was built by Public Works Department of Malaysia (JKR) while the main contractor was Ranhill Bersekutu Sdn Bhd. The bridge was officially opened to traffic on 2004 alongside the opening of the Muar Bypass.
	The Muar Second Bridge is a 632-metre semi-harp cable-stayed bridge with a 132-metre mid-span across Muar River, similar in design to the Sunshine Skyway Bridge in Tampa Bay, Florida, in the United States, and Prai River Bridge in Penang, Malaysia. The bridge project also features a complex interchange at Parit Bunga, the first in the town.

= = = California State Water Project = = =

	The California State Water Project, commonly known as the SWP, is a state water management project in the U.S. state of California under the supervision of the California Department of Water Resources. The SWP is one of the largest public water and power utilities in the world, providing drinking water for more than 23 million people and generating an average of 6,500 GWh of hydroelectricity annually. However, as it is the largest single consumer of power in the state itself, it has a net usage of 5,100 GWh.
	The SWP collects water from rivers in Northern California and redistributes it to the water-scarce but populous south through a network of aqueducts, pumping stations and power plants. About 70% of the water provided by the project is used for urban areas and industry in Southern California and the San Francisco Bay Area, and 30% is used for irrigation in the Central Valley. To reach Southern California, the water must be pumped over the Tehachapi Mountains, with at the Edmonston Pumping Plant alone, the highest single water lift in the world. The SWP shares many facilities with the federal Central Valley Project (CVP), which primarily serves agricultural users. Water can be interchanged between SWP and CVP canals as needed to meet peak requirements for project constituents. The SWP provides estimated annual benefits of $400 billion to California's economy.
	Since its inception in 1960, the SWP has required the construction of 21 dams and more than of canals, pipelines and tunnels, although these constitute only a fraction of the facilities originally proposed. As a result, the project has only delivered an average of annually, as compared to total entitlements of . Environmental concerns caused by the dry-season removal of water from the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta, a sensitive estuary region, have often led to further reductions in water delivery. Work continues today to expand the SWP's water delivery capacity while finding solutions for the environmental impacts of water diversion.
	The original purpose of the project was to provide water for arid Southern California, whose local water resources and share of the Colorado River were insufficient to sustain the region's growth. The SWP was rooted in two proposals. The United Western Investigation of 1951, a study by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, assessed the feasibility of interbasin water transfers in the Western United States. In California, this plan contemplated the construction of dams on rivers draining to California's North Coast – the wild and undammed Klamath, Eel, Mad and Smith River systems – and tunnels to carry the impounded water to the Sacramento River system, where it could be diverted southwards. In the same year, State Engineer A.D. Edmonston proposed the Feather River Project, which proposed the damming of the Feather River, a tributary of the Sacramento River, for the same purpose. The Feather River was much more accessible than the North Coast rivers, but did not have nearly as much water. Under both of the plans, a series of canals and pumps would carry the water south through the Central Valley to the foot of the Tehachapi Mountains, where it would pass through the Tehachapi Tunnel to reach Southern California.
	Calls for a comprehensive statewide water management system (complementing the extensive, but primarily irrigation-based Central Valley Project) led to the creation of the California Department of Water Resources in 1956. The following year, the preliminary studies were compiled into the extensive California Water Plan, or Bulletin No. 3. The project was intended for "the control, protection, conservation, distribution, and utilization of the waters of California, to meet present and future needs for all beneficial uses and purposes in all areas of the state to the maximum feasible extent." California governor Pat Brown would later say it was to "correct an accident of people and geography".
	The diversion of the North Coast rivers was abandoned in the plan's early stages after strong opposition from locals and concerns about the potential impact on the salmon in North Coast rivers. The California Water Plan would have to go ahead with the development of the Feather River alone, as proposed by Edmonston. The Burns-Porter Act of 1959 provided $1.75 billion of initial funding through a bond measure. Construction on Stage I of the project, which would deliver the first of water, began in 1960. Northern Californians opposed the measure as a boondoggle and an attempt to steal their water resources. In fact, the city of Los Angeles – which was to be one of the principal beneficiaries – also opposed the project; locals saw it as a ploy by politicians in the other Colorado River basin states to get Los Angeles to relinquish its share of the Colorado River. Historians largely attribute the success of the Burns-Porter Act and the State Water Project to major agribusiness lobbying, particularly by J.G. Boswell II of the J.G. Boswell cotton company. The bond was passed on an extremely narrow margin of 174,000 out of 5.8 million ballots cast.
	In 1961, ground was broken on Oroville Dam, and in 1963, work began on the California Aqueduct and San Luis Reservoir. The first deliveries to the Bay Area were made in 1962, and water reached the San Joaquin Valley by 1968. Due to concerns over the fault-ridden geography of the Tehachapi Mountains, the tunnel plan was scrapped; the water would have to be pumped over the mountains' crest. In 1973, the pumps and the East and West branches of the aqueduct were completed, and the first water was delivered to Southern California. A Peripheral Canal, which would have carried SWP water around the vulnerable and ecologically sensitive Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta, was rejected in 1982 due to environmental concerns. The Coastal Branch, which delivers water to coastal central California, was completed in 1997.
	The Feather River, a tributary of the Sacramento River, provides the primary watershed for the State Water Project. Runoff from the Feather River headwaters is captured in Antelope, Frenchman, and Davis reservoirs, which impound tributaries of the North and Middle forks of the Feather River. Collectively referred to as the Upper Feather River Lakes, these three reservoirs provide a combined storage capacity of about .
	Water released from the Upper Feather River system flows into Lake Oroville, which is formed by the Oroville Dam several miles above the city of Oroville. At , Oroville is the tallest dam in the United States; by volume it is the largest dam in California. Authorized by an emergency flood control measure in 1957, Oroville Dam was built between 1961 and 1967 with the reservoir filling for the first time in 1968. 
	Lake Oroville has a capacity to store approximately of water which accounts for 61 percent of the SWP's total system storage capacity, and is the single most important reservoir of the project.
	Water stored in Lake Oroville is released through the 819 MW Edward Hyatt pumped-storage powerplant and two other hydroelectric plants downstream of Oroville Dam, which together make up the Oroville-Thermalito Complex. The Thermalito Forebay and Afterbay support the 120 MW Thermalito Pumping-Generating Plant, and the Thermalito Diversion Dam supports a smaller 3.3 MW powerplant. The entire system generates approximately 2.2 billion kilowatt hours per year, making up about a third of the total power generated by SWP facilities.
	From Oroville, a regulated water flow travels down the Feather and Sacramento Rivers to the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta. North of Rio Vista, about per year is pumped into the North Bay Aqueduct, completed in 1988. The aqueduct delivers water to clients in Napa and Solano counties.
	The vast majority of the SWP water is drawn through the Delta's complex estuary system into the Clifton Court Forebay, located northwest of Tracy on the southern end of the Delta. Here, the Harvey O. Banks Pumping Plant lifts water into the California Aqueduct. Completed in 1963, the eleven pump units can lift up to of water – upgraded in 1986 from its original capacity of across seven units.
	From here the water flows briefly south along the California Aqueduct to the Bethany Reservoir. The South Bay Pumping Plant supplies the South Bay Aqueduct, which has delivered water west to Alameda County since 1962 and Santa Clara County since 1965. The aqueduct carries a maximum of per year. Up to of this water can be stored in Lake Del Valle, an offstream reservoir located near Livermore.
	South of the Bay Area diversions, the bulk of the SWP water – ranging from per year – travels south along the western flank of the San Joaquin Valley through the California Aqueduct. The main section of the aqueduct stretches for ; it is composed mainly of concrete-lined canals but also includes of tunnels, of pipelines and of siphons. The aqueduct reaches a maximum width of and a maximum depth of ; some parts of the channel are capable of delivering more than . The section of the aqueduct that runs through the San Joaquin Valley includes multiple turnouts where water is released to irrigate roughly of land on the west side of the valley.
	The aqueduct enters the O'Neill Forebay reservoir west of Volta, where water can be pumped into a giant offstream storage facility, San Luis Reservoir, formed by the nearby B.F. Sisk Dam. San Luis Reservoir is shared by the SWP and the federal Central Valley Project; here water can be switched between the California Aqueduct and Delta-Mendota Canal to cope with fluctuating demands. The SWP has a 50 percent share of the of storage available in San Luis Reservoir.
	South of the San Luis Reservoir complex, the aqueduct steadily gains elevation through a series of massive pumping plants. Dos Amigos Pumping Plant is located shortly south of San Luis, lifting the water . Near Kettleman City, the Coastal Branch splits off from the main California Aqueduct. Buena Vista, Teerink and Chrisman Pumping Plants are located on the main aqueduct near the southern end of the San Joaquin Valley near Bakersfield. The aqueduct then reaches A.D. Edmonston Pumping Plant, which lifts the water over the Tehachapi Mountains that separate the San Joaquin Valley from Southern California. It is the highest pump-lift in the SWP, with a capacity of across fourteen units. Initial construction of Edmonston was completed in 1974, with the last three units installed in the 1980s.
	Once reaching the crest of the Tehachapis, the aqueduct runs through a series of tunnels to the Tehachapi Afterbay, where its flow is partitioned between West and East Branches.
	The Coastal Branch diverts about per year from the California Aqueduct to parts of San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara counties. The aqueduct stretches for , and is mostly made up of buried pipeline. Pumping plants at Las Perillas, Badger Hill, Devil's Den, Bluestone, and Polonio Pass serve to lift the water over the California Coast Ranges. Once over the crest of the mountains, the water is reregulated in a series of small reservoirs numbered Tanks 1 through 5. The Coastal Branch was completed in 1994 following a severe drought that led to calls for importation of SWP water.
	Through a pipeline known as the Central Coast Water Authority extension, completed in 1997, the Coastal Branch supplies water to Lake Cachuma, a reservoir on the Santa Ynez River.
	From the terminus of the main California Aqueduct at Tehachapi Afterbay, the West Branch carries water to a second reservoir, Quail Lake, via the Oso Pumping Plant. The water then runs south by gravity to the 78 MW William E. Warne Powerplant, located on the Pyramid Lake reservoir. The West Branch delivered about per year for the period 1995–2010.
	From Pyramid Lake, water is released through the Angeles Tunnel to the Castaic Power Plant on Elderberry Forebay and the Castaic Lake reservoir located north of Santa Clarita. Castaic Power Plant is a pumped-storage hydroelectric plant capable of producing 1,247 MW on peak demand. Together, Pyramid and Castaic Lakes form the primary storage for West Branch water delivered to Southern California. Water is supplied to municipalities in Los Angeles and Ventura counties.
	The East Branch takes water from Tehachapi Afterbay along the north side of the San Gabriel Mountains and San Bernardino Mountains to the Silverwood Lake reservoir, which can hold . From here it passes through a tunnel under the San Bernardino Mountains to the Devil Canyon Powerplant, the largest "recovery plant", or aqueduct power plant, of the SWP system. The water then flows through the Santa Ana Tunnel to Lake Perris, which can store up to .
	Water deliveries through the East Branch averaged per year from 1995 through 2012. The East Branch principally provides water for cities and farms in the Inland Empire, Orange County, and other areas south of Los Angeles. Through Lake Perris, the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California receives a large portion of its water from the SWP. Water is also supplied to the San Diego Aqueduct through a connection from Perris to Lake Skinner, further south.
	The original 1957 California Water Plan included provisions for dams on the Klamath, Eel, Mad and Smith Rivers of California's North Coast. Fed by prolific rainfall in the western Coast Ranges and Klamath Mountains, these rivers discharge more than to the Pacific each year, more than that of the entire Sacramento River system. The plan was basically a variation of a contemporary Bureau of Reclamation project, the Klamath Diversion.
	A series of dams in these watersheds would shunt water through interbasin transfers into the Klamath River system. The centerpiece of the project would be a reservoir on the Klamath River – the largest man-made lake in California – from where the water would flow through the Trinity Tunnel into the Sacramento River, and thence to the canals and pump systems of the SWP. This would have provided between of water each year for the SWP. The diversion of the North Coast rivers, however were dropped from the initial SWP program.
	In the mid-1960s, devastating flooding brought renewed interest in damming the North Coast rivers. The Department of Water Resources formed the State-Federal Interagency Task Force with the Bureau of Reclamation and the Army Corps of Engineers to develop plans for developing the rivers in the name of flood control – which would, incidentally, provide a way to divert some of their water into the SWP system. Although most of the proposed projects met their demise over political squabbles, one that persisted was the Dos Rios Project on the Eel River system, which would have involved constructing a gigantic dam on the Middle Fork of the Eel River, diverting water through the Grindstone Tunnel into the Sacramento Valley. Supporters of this project cited the disastrous Christmas flood of 1964 and the flood control benefits Dos Rios would provide to the Eel River basin.
	The Klamath and Dos Rios diversions were heavily opposed by local towns and Native American tribes, whose land would have been flooded under the reservoirs. Fishermen expressed concerns over the impact of the dams on the salmon runs of North Coast rivers, especially the Klamath – the largest Pacific coast salmon river south of the Columbia River. The project would have eliminated 98 percent of the salmon spawning grounds on the Klamath. California Governor Ronald Reagan refused to approve the Dos Rios project, citing economic insensibility and fraudulent claims made by project proponents. The flood control benefits, for example, were largely exaggerated; the Dos Rios dam would have reduced the record Eel River flood crest of 1964 by only had it been in place.
	In 1980, the North Coast rivers were incorporated into the National Wild and Scenic Rivers system, effectively eliminating the possibility of any projects to divert them.
	The Peripheral Canal, which since 2015 has been called the California WaterFix, was a planned twin tunnel project that would extend through the center of the Delta, below ground. Earlier designs called for a canal to skirt the Delta to the east, hence its name. It would have drawn water from the Sacramento River to bypass the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta, a vast estuary and agricultural region consisting of over of tidal waterways. Supporters of the canal included the Central Valley farmers and the Metropolitan Water District and urban developers in Los Angeles who are beneficiaries of the water. Supporters claimed it would eliminate the need to pull water directly through this sensitive region, reducing salinity intrusion and water quality problems during the dry season. The canal was included in the initial SWP planning, and the lack of the canal is among the principal reasons the SWP has never been able to deliver its full entitlement.
	Opponents to the canal believe the construction project would do extensive damage to the sensitive Delta ecosystem, farms and communities. Opponents also believe there will be long-term damage to the Delta ecosystem from fresh water being removed prior to flushing through the Delta and flowing more naturally to the San Francisco Bay.
	Governor Jerry Brown had supported a ballot initiative in the early 1980s and has stated his intention to finish this project during his current governorship. Supporters of the canal have a strong argument as water being drawn from the southern intakes create problems for wildlife and changes the natural flow in these areas which would be corrected by drawing water further north. Supporters also claim that the California levees are also vulnerable to earthquakes and directing water away from them protects the supply of water. Delta farmers, communities, and commercial salmon and bass fishermen are especially concerned about the canal. However, Delta scientists disagree. The new proposed canal would transport of water to Silicon Valley, southern California and the majority of it would be directed to the Central Valley, a location with political influence and interest in the canal being built.
	Since the 1980s, there has been interest in creating a large off-stream reservoir in the Sacramento Valley. Water "skimmed" off high winter flows in the Sacramento River would be pumped into a storage basin in the western side of the valley known as Sites Reservoir. The reservoir would hold about of water to be released into the Sacramento River during low-flow periods, boosting the water supply available for SWP entitlement holders and improving water quality in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta. This project has previously arisen in several forms, including proposals for a Glenn Reservoir or the Glenn-Colusa Complex on nearby streams, which would also have been receiving reservoirs for water sent east through the Dos Rios Project's Grindstone Tunnel or other transfers from North Coast rivers.
	With its large storage capacity, Sites Reservoir would increase the production and flexibility of California's water management system, yielding of new water per year. This project is being seriously considered by the Department of Water Resources, as California's water system is expected to face serious shortfalls of per year by 2020. However, the project has been criticized for its high cost, and potential disruption of fish migration when large amounts of water are drawn from the Sacramento River during the wet season.
	The Los Banos Grandes reservoir was first proposed in 1983 and would have served a similar purpose to Sites. The reservoir would have been located along the California Aqueduct several miles south of San Luis Reservoir, and would have allowed for the storage of water during wet years when extra water could be pumped from the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta. Pumped-storage hydroelectric plants would have been built between Los Banos Grandes and the existing Los Banos flood control reservoir, and between that reservoir and the aqueduct. The current status of Los Banos Grandes remains uncertain, as the DWR has been unable to appropriate funding since the 1990s.
	The existing SWP facilities are collectively known as Stage I. Stage II, which includes such works as the Peripheral Canal and Sites Reservoir, was to have been built beginning in the late 1970s and 1980s – but due to concerted opposition from Northern Californians, environmentalist groups and some economic interests, as well as the state's increasing debt, attempts to begin construction have all met with failure. Parties currently receiving SWP water are also opposed to its expansion, because water rates could be raised up to 300 percent to help pay for the cost. As a result, SWP capacity falls short by an average of each year; contractors only occasionally receive their full shares of water.
	The disparity of costs to the project's various constituents has been a frequent source of controversy. Although the overall average cost of SWP water is $147 per acre-foot ($119 per 1,000 m), agricultural users pay far less than their urban counterparts for SWP water. The Kern County Water Agency (the second largest SWP entitlement holder) pays around $45–50 per acre-foot ($36–41 per 1,000 m) of SWP water, which is mostly used for irrigation. The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (the largest entitlement holder) pays $298 per acre-foot ($241 per 1,000 m). This basically means that cities are subsidizing the cost of farm water, even though the cities also provided primary funding for the construction of the SWP.
	In the early 1970s, the SWP system still had a lot of "surplus" – water supply developed through the construction of Oroville Dam, which was running unused to the Pacific Ocean because the water delivery infrastructure for Southern California had not yet been completed (and when it was, southern California was slow to use the water). The surplus water was given for irrigation in the San Joaquin Valley instead. Because the water would only be a temporary supply, farmers were advised to use it for seasonal crops (such as alfalfa or hay) rather than permanent crops such as orchards. Nevertheless, many farmers used the water to develop new permanent crops, creating a dependency on SWP water that is technically part of Southern California's entitlement, This is now causing tensions as Southern California continues to increase its use of SWP water, decreasing the amount of surplus available to the system, especially in years of drought.
	In dry years, water pumped from the Delta creates a hazard to spring-run salmon. As the Banks Pumping Plant pulls water from the Sacramento River southward across the Delta, it disrupts the normal flow direction of east to west that salmon smolt follow to the Pacific Ocean. Populations of salmon and steelhead trout have reached critically low levels in the decades after SWP water withdrawals began. The fish migration issue has become hotly contested in recent years, with rising support for the construction of the Peripheral Canal, which would divert water around the Delta, restoring the natural flow direction.
	Water use and environmental problems associated with the SWP led to the creation of the CALFED Bay-Delta Program (CALFED) in 1994. The primary goals are to improve quality of SWP water while preventing further ecological damage in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta.
	In January 2014, after the moderately dry year of 2012 and the record California drought of 2013, the Department of Water Resources announced that the SWP would be making zero deliveries that year, the first time in the project's history, due to dangerously low snowpack and reservoir levels. On April 18, 2014, the Department of Water Resources increased the SWP allocation back to five percent and that level remained until the initial allocation for 2015 was give on December 1, 2014.
	Background color denotes facility shared with Central Valley Project.

= = = Bob Bass = = =

	Robert Eugene Bass (January 28, 1929 – August 17, 2018) was an American basketball coach and executive who worked in college basketball, the American Basketball Association (ABA), and the National Basketball Association (NBA).
	Bass graduated from Oklahoma Baptist University and has a master's degree from the University of Oklahoma.
	Bass' professional coaching career started with the ABA's Denver Rockets (now the Denver Nuggets) in 1967, which he coached for two years. He coached college basketball at Texas Tech for a season-and-a-half from 1969 to 1971. He coached The Floridians of the ABA for two years before the team folded at the end of the 1972 season. The next season, he coached the Memphis Tams; and, at the beginning of the 1974/75 season, Bass was hired by the ABA's San Antonio Spurs, which he coached for nearly two seasons, until the franchise moved into the NBA in 1976 as part of the ABA–NBA merger.
	At that point, Bass moved into the Spurs' front office, assuming the role of general manager. He would, over the years with the team, assume coaching duties on an interim basis as needed—in 1980, 1984, and 1992. He finished his coaching career with a 311-300 record. At the conclusion of the 1989/90 season, Bass won the NBA Executive of the Year Award. Bass would then take a general manager position with the Charlotte Hornets in 1995; in that capacity, he would win the award again in 1997. Bass retired in 2004 (by which time the Hornets had relocated to New Orleans.
	Bass served as the head basketball coach at Oklahoma Baptist for 15 years and was named the NAIA Coach of the Year in 1967. In 1966, his team won the NAIA national title.
	Bass was hired as head coach of the Texas Tech Red Raiders replacing Gene Gibson. Bass cited a challenge to return to the college game and a distaste for the long pro season and its demands on his time away from family for accepting the position of head coach at Texas Tech.
	In his first season, the Red Raiders posted a 14–10 record under Bass and finished third in the Southwest Conference (SWC) regular season standings. The 1969–70 team posted the first winning season for the Red Raiders in four years.
	On January 15, 1971, Bass resigned to take the same position with The Floridians of the American Basketball Association after coaching the first 13 games of the 1970–71 Red Raiders season. The following day, Bass coach The Floridians to a 123–119 win over the Utah Stars in Miami. Former Red Raiders player and first-year assistant coach Gerald Myers was named interim head coach for the remainder of the season.
	Bass died in his San Antonio home on August 17, 2018. He was 89.

= = = Barindra Kumar Ghosh = = =

	Barindra Kumar Ghosh or Barindra Ghosh, or, popularly, Barin Ghosh (5 January 1880 – 18 April 1959) was an Indian revolutionary and journalist. He was one of the founding members of Jugantar, a revolutionary outfit in Bengal. Barindra Ghosh was a younger brother of Sri Aurobindo.
	Barindra Ghosh was born at Croydon, near London on 5 January 1880. His father, Dr. Krishnadhan Ghosh, was a physician and district surgeon. His mother Swarnalata was the daughter of the Brahmo religious and social reformer, scholar Rajnarayan Basu. Revolutionary and a spiritualist in later life, Aurobindo Ghosh was Barindranath's third elder brother. His second elder brother, Manmohan Ghose, was a scholar of English literature, a poet and professor of English at Presidency College, Calcutta and at Dhaka University. He also had a elder sister named Sarojini Ghosh.
	Barindranath attended school in Deoghar, and after passing the entrance examination in 1901, joined Patna College. He received military training in Baroda. During this time, (late 19th century – early 20th century) Barin was influenced by Aurobindo and drawn towards the revolutionary movement.
	Barin came back to Kolkata in 1902 and started organizing several revolutionary groups in Bengal with the help of Jatindranath Mukherjee. In 1906, he started publishing "Jugantar", a Bengali weekly and a revolutionary organization named Jugantar soon followed. Jugantar was formed from the inner circle of Anushilan Samiti and it started preparation for an armed militancy activities to oust British from Indian soil;.
	Barin and Jatindranath Mukherjee alias Bagha Jatin were instrumental in the recruitment of many young revolutionaries from across Bengal. The revolutionaries formed the Maniktala group in Maniktala, Kolkata. It was a secret place where they started manufacturing bombs and collected arms and ammunition.
	Following the attempted killing of Kingsford by two revolutionaries Khudiram and Prafulla on 30 April 1908, the police intensified its investigation which led to the arrest of Barin and Aurobindo Ghosh on 2 May 1908, along with many of his comrades. The trial (known as the Alipore Bomb Case) initially sentenced Barin Ghosh and Ullaskar Datta to death. However, the sentence was reduced to life imprisonment, by Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das and Barin was deported to the Cellular Jail in Andaman in 1909 along with other convicts.
	Barin was released during a general amnesty in 1920 and returned to Kolkata to start a career in journalism. Soon he left journalism and formed an "ashram" in Kolkata. He published his memoirs "The tale of my exile - twelve years in Andamans". In 1923, he left for Pondicherry where his elder brother Aurobindo Ghosh had formed the Sri Aurobindo Ashram. He was influenced by Aurobindo towards spirituality and Sadhana. Barin returned to Kolkata in 1929 and again took up journalism. In 1933 he started an English weekly, "The Dawn of India". He was associated with the newspaper "The Statesman", and in 1950, he became the editor of the Bengali daily "Dainik Basumati". This time he got married. He died on 18 April 1959.
	The following are books by Barindra Ghosh:
	Other books

= = = Residence in English family law = = =

	"Residence may refer to various parts of English law including taxation, immigration, and family law. This article deals exclusively with English family law. See residence in English law for disambiguation."
	In family law, the Court can order a Residence Order of the Family Court under section 8 of The Children Act 1989 following the breakdown of a marriage and determining where the children are to live and with whom. The order can be sole or joint, and if joint, it can be made to a couple regardless whether they are married. If a residence order is granted, this automatically gives him, her, or them parental responsibility for the child(ren) which will continue until the order terminates (usually this will be until the child(ren) reach their sixteenth birthday unless there are exceptional circumstances justifying a longer period).
	The following can make an application for a Residence Order under section 8 of The Children Act 1989 as of right:
	If an applicant cannot apply for the Order as of right, (e.g. they are wider family members such as grandparents etc. who wish to seek orders for their grandchildren), they can make an application to the court seeking leave to issue the application. In deciding whether to grant leave, the court will consider, amongst other things:
	As a matter of public policy, the courts have always operated under the doctrine of "parens patriae" to make the best interests of any children their first and paramount concern. From time to time, this doctrine has been included in statutes, the most recent relevant version being section 1 of The Children Act 1989 which requires the court to consider the "welfare checklist". Before making a section 8 order (i.e. a residence order) the court must consider:
	A child is not automatically a party to the proceedings and will be represented by a Guardian ad litem unless the court considers it necessary. If a Guardian is appointed but the children and the Guardian do not agree on what recommendations to make to the court and the children are of sufficient age and understanding, they will be able to instruct a solicitor directly to represent their views and the Guardian will present an independent view to the court. Whether or not a Guardian is appointed, the court can request a Welfare Report under section 7 of The Children Act 1989, either from the local authority where the child currently resides or from a Children and Family Reporter who is an officer appointed by CAFCASS. The report will usually inform the court of the child's wishes and feelings, but the officer will recommend what he or she thinks is in the child's best interests in the circumstances of the case rather than just advocate the child's wishes.

= = = Donnell Bennett = = =

	Donnell Bennett, Jr. (born September 14, 1972 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida) is a former American football fullback in the National Football League for the Kansas City Chiefs and the Washington Redskins. Bennett attended Cardinal Gibbons High School where he was a standout running back. He played college football at the University of Miami and was drafted in the second round of the 1994 NFL Draft. While at the University of Miami, he was roommates with Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson. He is married to Adrienne Bennett and has four sons: Matthew, Donnell III, Coleman, and Caden.

= = = Fox Television Center = = =

	Fox Television Center is a television studio facility located at 1999 South Bundy Drive in West Los Angeles in Los Angeles, California, in the United States.
	The studios and offices of two Los Angeles television stations owned by Fox Television Stations Group, KTTV (Channel 11) and KCOP (Channel 13), are located here. The facility also houses Fox Sports' studio shows for the National Football League and other sports.
	KTTV moved here from its former longtime home at Metromedia Square in Hollywood in 1996, which had been sold to the Los Angeles Unified School District in 2000 and demolished in 2003 to make way for Helen Bernstein High School.
	KCOP's studios were also located in Hollywood for a long time on La Brea Avenue until it moved to share space with its sister station in 2003.
	Across the street from this facility is the home of Asian-language television station KSCI.

= = = Dean Biasucci = = =

	Dean Biasucci (born July 25, 1962) is a former placekicker in the National Football League (NFL) who played for the Indianapolis Colts and the St. Louis Rams.
	Biasucci played college football for the Western Carolina Catamounts, and was a member of the team that reached the 1983 NCAA Division I-AA Football Championship Game. Professionally, Biasucci is the third all-time leading scorer for the Colts, collecting 783 points from 1984 to 1994.
	Biasucci became an actor after his retirement, portraying himself in "Jerry Maguire" and receiving roles in other smaller movies such as "New Alcatraz". He also had small guest appearances on "ER" and "The West Wing". Biasucci was also a charter guest during an episode of the "Bravo" network reality show "Below Deck Mediterranean".

= = = Gabriel Soto = = =

	Gabriel Soto Díaz (born April 17, 1975) is a Mexican actor and model. He won the national male pageant El Modelo Mexico, and placed first runner-up in Mister World 1996. He was also a member of the former Mexican boy band Kairo, and acts in telenovelas.
	Gabriel Soto attended Edron Academy.
	He began modeling at age 18 after participating in the Mister World contest in 1996 in Istanbul, Turkey, and becoming the first runner-up. 
	In 1997, Gabriel joined the band Kairo replacing Eduardo Verástegui. The albums he participated were "Libres" and "Pasiones".
	He has participated in several soap operas in which he managed to convince the public and the critics with his performance. 
	Mi querida Isabel was the first soap opera in which Gabriel acted, followed by Alma Rebelde, Mi destino eres tú, and Carita de ángel leading his most important role, playing Ulises "ugly" in the soap opera Amigas y rivales produced by Emilio Larrosa.
	In 2002, Soto appeared in the soap opera Las vías del amor with Aracely Arambula and Jorge Salinas which was produced by Emilio Larrosa.
	In 2004, he was cast in the soap opera Mujer de Madera, produced by Emilio Larrosa, starring in one of the main roles alongside Edith Gonzalez, who would later be replaced by Ana Patricia Rojo. In this telenovela he also worked with Jaime Camil and Maria Sorte.
	In 2005, following his return from Los Angeles where he took courses in acting for film, boxing classes, and surf, Soto competed in the Mexican version of Dancing with the Stars.
	Then, in 2006, he starred in the telenovela La Verdad Oculta produced by Emilio Larrosa, next to Galilea Montijo Alejandra Barros and Eduardo Yanez, who after being away for many years from telenovelas returned to join the cast.
	In 2007, Gabriel starred in the soap opera Bajo las riendas del amor, an adaptation of Cuando llega el amor.
	In 2008, he joined the Lucero Suárez. produced Querida Enemiga as a protagonist alongside Ana Layevska, Jorge Aravena and María Rubio.
	In 2009, he participated in Sortilegio, produced by Carla Estrada, in which he played Fernando Alanis, before touring the United States with the play "Sortilegio, el show".
	In 2011, he appeared in La Fuerza del Destino, produced by Rosy Ocampo, as Camilo Galvan, one of the protagonists. The telenovela also starred David Zepeda, Sandra Echeverria, Laisha Wilkins and Juan Ferrara.
	In 2012, he starred in Un Refugio para el Amor with Zuria Vega, playing the role of Rodrigo Torreslanda.
	In 2013, he starred as the protagonist (alongside Gloria Trevi) in Emilio Larrosa's telenovela: "Libre para amarte".
	His last starring role was as Maximiliano Bustamante in the universally acclaimed telenovela Yo no creo en los hombres where he also garnered critical appraisal.

= = = Word superiority effect = = =

	In cognitive psychology, the word superiority effect (WSE) refers to the phenomenon that people have better recognition of letters presented within words as compared to isolated letters and to letters presented within nonword (orthographically illegal, unpronounceable letter array) strings. Studies have also found a WSE when letter identification within words is compared to letter identification within pseudowords (e.g. "WOSK") and pseudohomophones (e.g. "WERK").
	The effect was first described by Cattell (1886), and important contributions came from Reicher (1969) and Wheeler (1970). Cattell first wrote, "I find it takes about twice as long to read...words which have no connexion as words which make sentences, and letters which have no connexions as letters which make words. When the words make sentences and the letters words, not only do the processes of seeing and naming overlap, but by one mental effort the subject can recognize a whole group of words or letters".
	G. Reicher and D. Wheeler developed the basic experimental paradigm to study the WSE, referred to as the Reicher-Wheeler paradigm. In this paradigm, an observer is presented with a word or nonword string that is followed by a mask (brief stimulus to measure effects on behavior) . The observer is then asked to name one of the letters from the cued position in that word or string making the test a two-alternative forced choice (2-AFC). For example, for the letter R in the word "card", an observer might be asked to choose between the letter R and T, and will usually be more efficient in doing so than if they are asked to make the same choice with the string of letters such as "cqrd". Each possible completion with the two possible letters in the word condition produce a word.
	The WSE has since been exhaustively studied in the context of cognitive processes involved during reading. Large amounts of research have also been done to try to model the effect using connectionist networks.
	The WSE has traditionally been tested using a tachistoscope, as the durations of the letter string presentations need to be carefully controlled. Recently, stimulus presentation software has allowed much simpler manipulation of presentation durations using computers. The WSE has also been described without a tachistoscope.
	A string of letters, usually four or five, is flashed for several milliseconds onto a screen. Readers are then asked to choose which of two letters had been in the flashed string. For example, if "WOSK" had been flashed, a reader might have to decide whether "K" or "H" had been in "WOSK". A WSE arises when subjects choose the correct letter more consistently when letter strings are real words rather than nonwords (e.g. "WKRG") or single letters.
	The existence of a WSE generally implies that there is some type of access or encoding advantage that words have in the mind that pseudowords or single letters do not have. Various studies have proposed that the distinction is a result of pronounceability differences (nonwords are not pronounceable and therefore are not as easily remembered), frequency (real words are more frequently encountered and used), meaningfulness (real words have semantic value and therefore are better retained in memory), orthographic regularity (real words follow familiar spelling conventions and are therefore better retained in memory), or neighborhood density (real words tend to share more letters with other words than nonwords and therefore have more activation in the mind).
	Other studies have proposed that the WSE is heavily affected or even induced by experimental factors, such as the type of masking used after the presentation of the word, or the duration of the masks.
	The two popular models claiming to explain the WSE are the interactive activation model (IAM) and the dual-route coding model (DRC) Neither of these models takes attention into account; This is a relationship looked into through research on the WSE. Evidence shows that the WSE persists without an observer’s conscious awareness of the word presented, which implies that attention is neither necessary for WSE nor involved in this phenomenon. However, attentional focus has been demonstrated to modulate the WSE which agrees with recent neurophysiological data explaining that attention, in fact, modulates early stages of word processing.
	The activation-verification model (AVM) is another model that was developed to account for reaction time data from lexical decision and naming tasks. The basic operations explored in the AVM that are involved in word and letter recognition are encoding, verification, and decision. Both the IAM and the AVM share many basic assumptions such as the fact that stimulus input activates spatially-specific letter units, that activated letter units, modulate the activity of word units, and that letter and word recognition are frequently affected by top-down processes (e.g. Reading the phrase "A cow says..." a person would guess "moo" and in checking that the word begins with 'm' ignores the rest of the letters).
	The WSE has proven to be an important finding for word recognition models, and specifically is supported by Rumelhart and McClelland's interactive-activation model of word recognition. According to this model, when a reader is presented with a word, each letter in parallel will either stimulate or inhibit different feature detectors (e.g. a curved shape for "C", horizontal and vertical bars for "H", etc.). Those feature detectors will then stimulate or inhibit different letter detectors, which will finally stimulate or inhibit different word detectors. Each activated connection would carry a different weight, and thus the word "WORK" in the example would be activated more than any other word (and therefore recognized by a reader).
	According to this interactive-activation model, the WSE is explained as such: When the target letter is presented within a word, the feature detectors, letter detectors and word detectors will all be activated, adding weight to the final recognition of the stimulus. However, when only the letter is presented, only the letter detector level will be activated. Therefore, we may remember the presented stimulus word more clearly, and thereby be more accurate in identifying its component letters, as observed in the WSE.
	The AVM deals with encoding, verification, and decision operations. Encoding is used to describe the early operations that lead to the unconscious activation of learned units in memory. After encoding, verification occurs. Verification often leads to the conscious recognition of a single lexical entry from the respondents. Verification is to be viewed as an independent, top-down analysis of stimulus that is guided by the stored, or previously learned, representation of a word. Real-time processing in verification can be mimicked by a computer simulation. Lastly, the factors affecting speed and accuracy of performance in a particular paradigm depend on whether decisions are based primarily on information from encoding or verification.
	One of the findings of the Johnston and McClelland reportwas that the WSE does not occur inevitably whenever we compare a word and a nonword. Rather, it depends somewhat upon the strategies that readers use during a task. If readers paid more attention to the letter in a particular "position", they would experience the adverse word superiority effect. This is because the reader would no longer have the benefit of having the word detector level activated with as much weight if they neglected to focus on the full word.

= = = Nickels (game) = = =

	Nickels is a betting game played with any desired denomination of coins. It is played on a flat, hard surface next to a back wall, such as the side of a building or a street curb. The object is to place a coin closer to the wall than one's opponents.
	The play area consists of the following:
	Rules of the game, some necessary and others not, include:

= = = Everything I Touch Falls to Pieces = = =

	Everything I Touch Falls To Pieces is the debut full-length album from influential Chicago-based metalcore band Dead to Fall. The band shows a style in the vein of Swedish-influenced melodic death metal. The album's general theme deals with personal struggle and conflict with a loved one, often due to betrayal. The album is said to resemble the music of "At The Gates, The Haunted, with a touch of Killswitch Engage and Shadows Fall being added to the mix".

= = = Rex Hughes = = =

	Rex Hughes (September 24, 1938 – May 9, 2016) was an American college and professional basketball coach. He coached men's basketball at Long Beach City College, Kent State University, and later served as a National Basketball Association (NBA) assistant coach. He served as head coach for part of a season with the Sacramento Kings, and a single game as an interim coach with the San Antonio Spurs. Hughes also worked in NBA scouting and basketball operations with the Kings, Atlanta Hawks and Orlando Magic.
	In 1968-1969, Hughes was Head Coach at Long Beach City College, his first collegiate job after coaching in high school. His squad finished 23-5. When Hughes left to be an assistant at Nebraska, he was replaced by Lute Olson, in his first collegiate job.
	Replacing Frank Truitt at Kent State University in 1974, Hughes' teams went 6-20, 12-14 and 8-19 over the next three seasons. The team started 1-10 in 1977-1978 when he was replaced by Mike Boyd.
	In 1978-1979, Hughes was Head Coach and General Manager of the Montana Sky (Great Falls, Montana) in the short-lived Western Basketball Association. The Sky were co-owned by country singer Charlie Pride. Notably, Hughes had Cazzie Russell and Brad Davis on the roster. Hughes was hired by the Sky mid-season when Coach Bill Klukas was fired after a 3-17 start. The league folded after one season.
	In 1991-1992 Hughes served as an Assistant Coach under Dick Motta with the Sacramento Kings and went 22-35 in 57 games replacing Motta as Head Coach after Motta was fired.
	In 1992-1993, Hughes was hired to serve as an Assistant Coach to Jerry Tarkanian with the San Antonio Spurs. However, just 20 games into the season at 9-11, Tarkanian was fired. Hughes was 1-0 as interim Head Coach before John Lucas (39-22) was hired.
	On March 4, 2009, Hughes became the 15th person in "The Rex Streak", a streak by radio talk show host Jim Rome of consecutive days interviewing someone named Rex.
	Hughes died on May 9, 2016 at the age of 77.

= = = FSV Salmrohr = = =

	FSV Salmrohr is a German association football club in the village of Salmrohr, Rhineland-Palatinate. Founded in 1921, the small club has limited resources and has relied largely on local talent, but still managed two decades of play in the tier III Amateur Oberliga Südwest and Regionalliga West/Südwest and earned a national amateur title in 1990.
	In 1925, they became part of the Deutschen Jugendkraft, a Catholic-sponsored national league, playing as "DJK Salmrohr/Dörbach". The modern-day side was formed following World War II in 1946 as "SV Salmrohr". It was renamed "Fussball Club Salmrohr 1946" the following year and took on the name "Fußballsportverein Salmrohr/Dörbach" in 1957.
	Through the 1980s and 1990s, "FSV" was as an upper table side in third division play and earned a single season promotion to the 2nd Bundesliga in the 1986–87 following their qualification round win over "SSV Ulm 1846". In 1990, they beat "Rheydter SV" 2:0 to claim the national amateur championship. The team again qualified for promotion play following their 1992 Oberliga title, but were beaten by "Wuppertaler SV". Between 1992–96, "Salmrohr" captured five consecutive regional cup titles, however, in the late-1990s the club's performances began to tail off and they slipped to lower level competition.
	An attempt to give "Eintracht Trier" a boost into the 2.Bundesliga in 1997 through a partial union that saw a number of "Salmrohr"'s footballers go to "Trier" failed. The next year the club only escaped relegation because a pair of teams that finished ahead of them were denied licenses due to their financial problems. By the turn of the millennium "Salmrohr" was playing in the Oberliga Südwest as a fourth division side.
	Most recently the team drifted between the Oberliga Südwest and the Rheinlandliga, winning another promotion in 2011 and finishing sixth in the Oberliga in 2012. From 2012–13 the Oberliga Südwest was renamed Oberliga Rheinland-Pfalz/Saar, with "Salmrohr" continuing in this league. It came second in the league in 2013 and 2014 and narrowly missed out on promotion when it lost to FC Nöttingen in the newly introduced promotion round of the Oberliga runners-up.
	The club's honours:
	The recent season-by-season performance of the club:

= = = Defense Language Aptitude Battery = = =

	The Defense Language Aptitude Battery (DLAB) is a test used by the United States Department of Defense to test an individual's potential for learning a foreign language and thus determining who may pursue training as a military linguist. It consists of 126 multiple-choice questions and the test is scored out of a possible 164 points. The test is composed of five audio sections and one visual section. As of 2009, the test is completely web-based. The test does not attempt to gauge a person's fluency in a given language, but rather to determine their ability to learn a language. The test will give the service member examples of what a selection of words or what a portion of a word means, then asks the test taker to create a specific word from the samples given.
	Preparation for the DLAB includes multiple study guides and practice tests. These resources give one the appropriate means by which to prepare for the test and gauge a possible outcome. However, a study guide for the DLAB is not like traditional studying - you are not learning content that will be on the DLAB, but rather learning the style of the DLAB. Someone failing the test or getting a low score can always retake the DLAB but only after a wait of 6 months. For most service members, this is too long and will cause them to miss the deadline for submitting their scores. Adequate preparation is thus a near-necessity.
	The languages are broken into tiers based on their difficulty level for a native English speaker as determined by the Defense Language Institute. The category into which a language is placed also determines the length of its basic course as taught at DLI.
	To qualify to pursue training in a language, one needs a minimum score of 95. The Marines will waive it to 90 for Cat I and Cat II languages and the Navy will waive it to an 85 for Cat I languages, a 90 for Cat II languages, and a 95 for Cat III languages. The Air Force does not currently offer a waiver. The Army National Guard is able to waive a score of 90 into a Cat. IV language.
	The DLAB is typically administered to new and prospective recruits at the United States Military Entrance Processing Command sometime after the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery is taken but before a final job category (NEC, MOS, AFSC) is determined. An individual may usually take the DLAB if they score high enough on the ASVAB for linguist training and are interested in doing so. The DLAB is also administered to ROTC cadets while they are still attending college. The DLAB is also used for the Australian Defence Force.
	Furthermore, the DLAB is a required test for officers looking to either join the Foreign Area Officer program or the Olmsted Scholar Program. The required grade for these programs is a 105, but the recommended grade is at least a 130 or above.
	Military personnel interested in retraining into a linguist field typically also must pass the DLAB. In few select cases, the DLAB requirement may be waived if proficiency in a foreign language is already demonstrated via the DLPT.
	While these scores are required to enter a language program of that category, often placement is based upon need rather than score. For example, a service member that receives a score of 115 may be placed in Russian (category III). The maximum score on the DLAB was 176, but has recently been lowered to 164.
	http://dlabprep.com/how-is-the-dlab-test-organized/ Retrieved 24 April 2016.
	http://usmilitary.about.com/cs/joiningup/a/dlab.htm Retrieved 24 April 2016.

= = = Greg Biekert = = =

	Gregory "Greg" Biekert (born March 14, 1969) is an American football coach and former linebacker.
	Biekert attended Longs Peak Middle School and Longmont High School in Longmont, Colorado, where he lettered in football. He was a standout linebacker for the Colorado Buffaloes. After college, he was drafted by the then L.A. Raiders in the seventh round of the 1993 NFL Draft and played in 144 games with 123 starts. He led the Raiders in tackles for six seasons, including four straight years (1998–2001). He recovered the Tom Brady fumble that was ruled an incomplete pass because of the Tuck rule in the 2001 AFC divisional playoff game against the New England Patriots. After two full seasons with the Minnesota Vikings, Biekert retired after the 2003 season.
	Biekert rejoined the Raiders as an assistant coach on defense on July 27, 2010. He was promoted to linebackers coach on February 8, 2011. He was not retained following the 2011 season.

= = = Aribert (archbishop of Milan) = = =

	Aribert (or Heribert) (Italian: "Ariberto da Intimiano", Lombard: "Aribert de Intimian") (Intimiano, between 970 and 980 - Milan, 16 January 1045) was the archbishop of Milan from 1018, a quarrelsome warrior-bishop in an age in which such figures were not uncommon.
	Aribert went to Konstanz in June 1025, with other bishops of Northern Italy, to pay homage to Conrad II of Germany, the beleaguered founder of the Salian dynasty. There, in exchange for privileges, he agreed to crown Conrad with the Iron Crown of Lombardy, which the magnates had offered to Odo of Blois. 
	This he did, on 26 March 1026, at Milan, for the traditional seat of Lombard coronations, Pavia, was still in revolt against imperial authority. He journeyed to Rome a year later for the imperial coronation of Conrad by Pope John XIX on 26 March 1027; at a synod at the Lateran he negotiated a decision of the precedence of the archdiocese of Milan over that of Ravenna. He subsequently joined an imperial military expedition into the Kingdom of Arles, which Conrad inherited upon the death in 1032 of Rudolph III of Burgundy, but which was contested by Odo.
	In the political arena of Italy, power was disputed between the great territorial magnates— the "capitanei"— with their vassal captains and the lesser nobility— the "valvassores"— allied with the burghers of the Italian communes.
	Aribert created enemies among the lower nobility, against whom he perpetrated the worst violences, and with the metropolitan of Ravenna, whose episcopal rights, along with those of the smaller sees, he ignored. A revolt soon engulfed northern Italy and, at Aribert's request, Conrad's son, the Emperor Henry III, travelled south of the Alps in the winter of 1036/37, to quell it. The Emperor, however, took the position of champion of the "valvassores" and demanded that Aribert should make a defence against charges brought against him, but Aribert refused, on the grounds that he was the emperor's equal. 
	His consequent arrest provoked the rebellion of the anti-Imperial faction of the Milanese, seen by 19th-century historians as fiercely patriotic. Aribert had soon escaped his imprisonment and was leading the revolt from Milan. The Emperor found himself unable to take Milan by siege and proceeded to Rome, where his diplomatic skills succeeded in isolating Aribert from his erstwhile allies, notably through his famous decree of 28 May 1037, securing the tenancy of lesser vassals, both imperial and ecclesiastical. 
	The Emperor took the step of deposing the fighting archbishop, and John's successor Pope Benedict IX excommunicated Aribert in March 1038. That year, he held up the Carroccio as the symbol of Milan and soon it was the symbol of all the Tuscan cities as far as Rome. Aribert ended his episcopacy in relative peace, having agreed to cease hostilities with Henry, at Ingelheim in 1040, reconciled with him and obtained the revocation of his excommunication.
	The tomb of Aribert is located in the first span of the right aisle of Milan Cathedral. The archbishop's sarcophagus is surmounted by a copy of the famous crucifix in gilded copper foil (the original is located in the museum of Milan Cathedral) originally donated by Aribert to the monastery of San Dionigi, a convent which was later demolished in 1783.
	A reproduction of the cross of Aribert is also one of the symbols of victory at the Palio di Legnano. The historical re-enactment takes place every year on the last Sunday of May and concludes with a horse race between the eight "contrade" Legnanesi: the contrada winner of the competition exposes the cross for a whole year in its own church of reference until the next edition of the prize.

= = = Tomax and Xamot = = =

	Tomax and Xamot Paoli (also called the Crimson Twins or Crimson Guard Commanders) are fictional characters from the "" toyline, comic books and animated series. They are the co-leaders of Cobra's elite troops, the Crimson Guard, and debuted in 1985. Their preliminary names were Movat and Tovam respectively.
	The Paoli brothers speak in notable accents which show they are from Corsica. The brothers were at some point members of the Unione Corse (Corsican Brotherhood), served in the French Foreign Legion's 1REP in Algeria, then as mercenaries in Africa (Congo, southern Africa) and South America, before changing careers and becoming bankers in Zurich, Switzerland. Unhappy with the world of corporate finance, the brothers found the opportunities available in international terrorism far more suited to their abilities, and joined Cobra. Their specialties are in infiltration, espionage (military and industrial), sabotage, propaganda, and corporate law.
	Like the Crimson Guard that they lead, Xamot and Tomax also lead the "respectable" corporate face of Cobra as the founders, owners, and CEOs of Extensive Enterprises. When not engaged in terrorism, they efficiently manage Cobra's business affairs in shirt and tie. Their preferred mode of attack is through brains over brawn, using the law to serve the purposes of Cobra. They have covered their paper trail and connection to Cobra so well, that it is thought to be impossible to prove a connection between them and the terrorist organization.
	The twin brothers are mirror images of each other; Tomax's hair is parted on the right side of his head and Xamot's on the left;, the piping on their uniforms goes up the opposite side on each twin; the brothers' names are mirror images of one another. The only distinguishing mark between the two is a scar on Xamot's right cheek. Tomax and Xamot share an empathic connection commonly known as "The Corsican Syndrome" in which identical twins are believed to be psychically bonded, in a manner similar to The Corsican Brothers. While this is often useful, as it allows them to communicate wordlessly, finish each other's sentences, and speak in unison, it is also a liability as they feel each other's pain.
	Tomax and Xamot were first released as action figures in 1985. Included in their package were laser pistols and a zip-line with skyhook.
	The filecards for the 2008 version of the figures list their last name as Rogue.
	In the Marvel Comics "G.I. Joe" series, the twins first appeared in "" #37 (July 1985). They fight G.I. Joe forces throughout a busy amusement park, attempting to ambush Gung-Ho and Blowtorch. They are defeated when the Joes play "possum"; the Twins don't realize the amusement park's ride has stopped their machine gun fire.
	Their forces, the Crimson Guard, are shown as capable battlefield soldiers and respectable businessmen. As the latter, they are to gain as much economic influence as possible, solely for the benefit of Cobra.
	A Joe team, assisted by Sierra Gordo revolutionaries, assaults a Cobra fortress, one of many in a style called Terror Drome. During the confrontations, the twins man a helicopter gunship and badly injure Stalker. Other Joes destroy the helicopter but the twins (and Stalker) survive. Later, the Joes completely take the fortress. Having prepared, Tomax and Xamot purposely wait until the Joes are inside before attempting to activate several explosive devices. This fails, as the Joes had brought their own explosive expert, Tripwire.
	In issue #109, the Twins and their forces do capture a squad of Joe members. They misinterpret an order from Cobra Commander and incorrectly believe that they must now execute all the Joes. While they are unwilling to outright kill the subdued prisoners, a S.A.W. Viper willingly fires into the prisoners, killing Doc, Heavy Metal, Crankcase and Thunder. The survivors injure the Viper with a hidden knife and escape. In the ensuing pursuit, the prisoners commandeer a Cobra vehicle, which is fired upon by other Cobra forces. Breaker, Crazylegs and Quick Kick are killed while the survivors make it back to Joe territory.
	Years later, in the Devil's Due series, the Twins fall under the influence of Destro's son, who has infected them with multi-function nanites. Their businesses still continue, such as working with Ripper to promote his soda company. After the nanite threat is neutralized, the twins activate Crimson Guardsmen in order to provide support to the now-free Cobra Commander.
	They continue to broker most deals for Cobra. The twins lead the unsuccessful hunt for the Cobra Island Joe infiltrator, "Barrel Roll", and were in charge of the secret construction of Monolith Base in Badhikstan, but after G.I. Joe raided the base, they fled with Cobra Commander to a cave. There, Red Shadows agent Dela Eden arrived and unleashed gunfire on the group.
	In the "G.I. Joe Special Missions: Antarctica" one-shot, a Joe team broke up an illegal oil drilling operation that was run by Tomax, who was able to escape. During the story, Xamot was strangely absent. In one scene Tomax talked to his brother as if he were present, despite the scene showing an empty chair. The whereabouts of Xamot were revealed in another story in the same issue, when G.I. Joe raided a Cobra medical facility and found Xamot, in a coma and unresponsive (presumably from the Red Shadows attack). Xamot is then held in G.I. Joe custody, still in a coma.
	Some months later, Tomax leads a raid on "The Coffin", a G.I. Joe maximum-security prison located in Greenland, to rescue his brother and free other Cobra operatives. He successfully frees his brother and several other Cobra agents. Off panel, the invading Cobra forces cause the death of 'loose ends' held at the Coffin, including Cobra operatives Monkeywrench and Dr. Biggles-Jones. Tomax and Xamot are captured by the Joes in the final battle with Cobra. Both are sent to the Coffin.
	Tomax and Xamot also appeared in the second "G.I. Joe vs. the Transformers" mini-series by Devil's Due. In it, Tomax and Xamot had used Cybertronian technology to become human-looking cyborgs who, when touching each other, shoot a massive blast. In order to avoid them using that power, Shockwave kills Xamot. Tomax later appears, grieving.
	In this new IDW continuity, Tomax and Xamot are revealed to be French and originally part of the Unione Corse. They set up their security company Extensive Enterprises, which was co-opted by Cobra; while Tomax enjoys being part of Cobra, he is unaware Xamot has become disgruntled and no longer trusts his brother. Xamot is badly beaten by Chuckles, who then self-destructs a nuclear missile payload on board a Cobra submarine, sacrificing himself and Xamot in the process. Tomax survives.
	Tomax eventually cuts a deal with GI Joe, offering to use his resources through Extensive Enterprises, to help the group find members of Cobra for captured. As part of the deal, Tomax was allowed to operate a casino in Las Vegas to create a cover that he was still involved in criminal activities, under the watchful eyes of Flint.
	Tomax and Xamot are first introduced in the "" miniseries "Pyramid of Darkness". They appear as the commanders of the Crimson Guard, as well as the heads of Extensive Enterprises. Unlike the comics, the twins in the cartoon were often cagey, self-interested, and eager to seize power for themselves, although they garner little support from other Cobra members, and their attempts are usually quashed by Cobra Commander. They share a psychic link, and feel one another's pain, which the Joes use to their advantage several times in battle. When the two are together and speaking, they speak in tandem, often finishing each other's sentences. 
	At the beginning of the second season, Tomax and Xamot join Doctor Mindbender and Destro in creating Serpentor, also having grown tired of Cobra Commander's failures. But as soon as Serpentor is brought to life and orders his attack and invasion of the United States, Tomax and Xamot are the first to point out the sheer impossibility of such an attack. Their objections are quickly silenced however when Serpentor begins to throttle them.
	In the un-produced third season of the original Sunbow/Marvel series, Tomax and Xamot were planned to be the season's main villains, with most of Cobra-La and the Cobra Organization being destroyed at the end of the film. Tomax and Xamot would then form a new criminal organization known as "the Coil" to fight against the Joes. This season never went into production due to the abrupt cancellation of the series by Hasbro.
	In the cartoon, Tomax was voiced by Corey Burton and Xamot by Michael Bell.
	In "", they side with Cobra-La, and are seen fighting the Joes in the final battle, until a huge explosion destroys all of Cobra-La.
	Tomax and Xamot are not seen again in the DiC-produced third season. Their old headquarters, the Extensive Enterprises building, is seen, however, and General Hawk mentions that they closed them down. The building itself has been abandoned and is being used as a secret Cobra base. The Crimson Guard, however, are still present, in the form of the Crimson Guard Immortals. However, they are used more as a grunt force, as opposed to an elite group.
	Tomax and Xamot appear in "" voiced by Stephen Stanton, dubbing themselves as the "Brothers of Light" due to their psychic abilities to manipulate others into do their bidding when standing together. Their psychic link is strong to the point of empathy: if one is in pain, the other feels it. Tomax and Xamot use their powers to "fleece" believers whom they brainwash into their cult with a machine that enhances their psychic abilities, planning on expanding their cult worldwide. When the Joes end up in their desert oasis while searching for Doctor Mindbender, who is searching for a psychic to further his research, only Tunnel Rat and Snake Eyes manage to stay out of their control as they eventually expose the brothers' deception to their followers.
	Forced to destroy their base of operations, Tomax and Xamot convince Doctor Mindbender to take them with him to escape retaliation. However, the two soon find themselves being subjected to Mindbender's experiments in improving Bio-Vipers such as creation of the prototype Shadow-Vipers, mentally commanded by Storm Shadow. Later, during the events of the "Union of the Snake", Cobra attempts to use their abilities to control various telecommunication company heads. After their plan is foiled by the Joes, Tomax and Xamot manage to break free of their bonds and mesmerize Baroness and Mindbender to fight each other for their amusement, before realizing the need to escape when the authorities arrive. Soon after, the brothers ponder about spreading their cause through telecommunications.
	Tomax and Xamot are featured as bosses in the 1992 "G.I. Joe" arcade game.
	In "", during the US President's press conference, one of the news vans has the logo for Extensive Enterprises, the Cobra front company run by the Crimson Guard commanders Tomax and Xamot. The twins will be appearing in the third film "".

= = = Fucked Up = = =

	Fucked Up is a Canadian hardcore punk band from Toronto, Ontario, formed in 2001. The band consists of Damian Abraham (vocals), Mike Haliechuk (guitar, vocals), Josh Zucker (guitar), Ben Cook (guitar, vocals), Sandy Miranda (bass) and Jonah Falco (drums, vocals).
	To date the band has released five studio albums, alongside several EPs, singles, and companion releases. The band won the 2009 Polaris Music Prize for their second studio album, "The Chemistry of Common Life". In 2018, the band released its fifth studio album, "Dose Your Dreams", after a hiatus. Driven by Haliechuk, it is a concept album focusing on the band's recurring character David, and featuring several guest lead vocalists, alongside Abraham, Falco, and Haliechuk.
	The band formed and played their first shows in early 2001. The initial practicing lineup consisted of 10,000 Marbles (Mike Haliechuk, lead guitar), Concentration Camp (Josh Zucker, rhythm guitar, vocals), Mustard Gas (Sandy Miranda, bass guitar) and Chris Colohan (of Left For Dead/The Swarm fame, who was lead vocalist for Cursed). Just prior to recording their demo tape, Concentration Camp concentrated on guitar duties and vocal duties were taken over from Colohan by Pink Eyes (Damian Abraham, also known as Mr. Damian). Drums were played by Mr. Jo (Jonah Falco, also credited as G. Beat or J. Falco).
	Following the release of the demo, the band embarked on a long series of 7" records. The band released the ""No Pasaran"" 7" in May 2002. The "Police" 7" was released on March 2003, quickly followed the "Baiting the Public" 7" in May 2003. Two more 7"'s followed in 2004, the "Dance of Death" single, and the "Litany" 4-song ep. The vinyl releases to this point were collected on 2004s "Epics in Minutes" CD. The band was the subject of a two-minute 16 mm film showing its links to the Toronto hardcore scene, a local infoshop and punk radio show.
	The band's use of imagery and symbolism (notable the use of Sigils) took a decided turn after the release of Epics in Minutes, as it was followed by two limited 12"s, the "Looking for Gold" 12", and the live "Let Likes be Cured by Likes" 12". The "Looking for Gold" 12" contained no liner notes or credits, no song titles, and a hidden track. It was self-released by the band in 2004 in two limited runs of 300 and 400 copies. The title track was 16 minutes long, used 18 guitar tracks, had a three-minute drum solo and contained 5 minutes of whistling.
	In the summer of 2004 the band released the "Generation" 7" and 12" eps. After touring for most of 2005 the band took on David Eliade as a quasi-full-time manager/promoter. In early 2006 Eliade began shopping demos of songs from the planned "Hidden World" album to labels, ending with the band signing to Jade Tree Records for an early fall 2006 release of the album. Jade Tree is distributed by Touch & Go which in turn has a distribution agreement with ADA (Warner Music Group). Jade Tree licensed the vinyl version to Deranged Records, which released it as a double album in November 2006.
	Several other records, such as "Year of the Dog" 12" were released, before the band went on the European tour, visiting England, Germany and Spain, among other places. January 16, 2007 marked the band's live television debut on "MTV Live", where they were introduced as "Effed Up". During their performance of their song "Baiting the Public", the majority of the audience were moshing and causing damage to the set (also visible was a cut on Damian's forehead), resulting in a sum of $2,000 in damages. This performance sparked controversy and resulted in MTV Canada banning moshing from future "MTV Live" performances.
	On October 9, 2008 the band returned to MTV Live, this time performing in the men's washroom. Once again, the band (and their fans) caused a large amount of damage, destroying the ceiling, spray painting walls and knocking over amps and a motorcycle which was brought into the washroom as a prop. Fans, who were told beforehand to stay out of the washroom and to watch from outside the door, rushed the doors and joined in the destruction the band had already started. The band was supposed to play three songs, but were stopped after the first song as MTV was not aware of the destruction the band had planned and were concerned about the safety of the band, audience and crew.
	On October 10 Abraham blogged about the performance on the MTV Live website, saying the bathroom performance was "f**king out of control terrifying."
	In November 2007, the band played a show in New York that was filmed for the movie "Burn", directed by Richard Roepnack. The performance was positively reviewed in the "New York Times", although the Times chose not to print the band's name, referring to them instead as a string of asterisks.
	The band signed to Matador Records in Spring of 2008. That summer, Matador reissued the "Year Of The Pig" 12" single. This time it came out with additional formats including a series of three 7"es, for the US, UK and Japan respectively, each with a different edit of the A-side and a new B-side. A CDEP compiled all the versions from the various vinyl versions. The band toured extensively in the UK behind this release, following it with a trip up the West Coast.
	On October 7, 2008, Matador released Fucked Up's second album, "The Chemistry Of Common Life." It has received near-universal critical acclaim from publications such as the NME, The New York Times, Blender, Pitchfork, Alternative Press, Q Magazine and many more. The band toured the Eastern US in October, including a much-covered 12-hour long show on the Bowery in New York on October 14. They were joined by musical guests including Ezra Koenig of Vampire Weekend, Moby, John Joseph of the Cro-Mags, members of Endless Boogie, Les Savy Fav, Dinosaur Jr., and others.
	In November 2008, the band participated with other similarly named bands, including Holy Fuck, Fuck, and Fuck Buttons in the "Festival of the Fuck Bands" music festival in the village of Fucking, Austria.
	In 2009, Damian Abraham was invited to become a regular guest (appearing one to three times a month) on the Fox News show "Red Eye w/ Greg Gutfeld", which he had previously appeared on twice.
	In 2009 Fucked Up took part in an interactive documentary series called City Sonic. The series, which featured 20 Toronto artists, had lead singer Damian Abraham inside Rotate This talking about his love of vinyl and punk music.
	Fucked Up were confirmed to play the ATP New York 2010 music festival in Monticello, New York in September 2010. The band also confirmed they will play their annual Halloween gig in Toronto, October 31, 2010. The band had initially cancelled the event due to scheduled tour with Against Me!. "We were going to go on this tour in the UK with this band Against Me!, but then they cancelled all their shows for some reason (they never told us) so the tour isn't happening so we'll be in Toronto so we figure what the hell." They were joined by The Sadies at The Garrison, Toronto.
	In February 2011, the band toured Australia for the first time as a part of the Soundwave Festival. Additionally, the band played some select side-shows from the festival with artists as diverse as The Bronx, Terror, H20, Trash Talk and Polar Bear Club.
	On June 7, 2011, Fucked Up released their third studio album, "David Comes to Life". A self-professed "rock opera" set in Thatcherite Britain, it tells a story of love, loss and redemption. The story is complicated by misdirection and unreliable narrators. The record debuted at No. 83 on the Billboard 200 in the US. It has received wide critical acclaim.
	In November 2011 it was announced that the band would be going on hiatus, as Abraham is not able to handle raising a family and tour the same time.
	In December 2011, Spin magazine named "David Comes to Life" its No. 1 Album of 2011, and put the band on the cover, writing "Fucked Up have synthesized 40 years of rock into what's ostensibly a hardcore record, and in doing so created its own logic."
	On February 7, 2012, the band was listed as one of the acts to be featured during the Orion Music + More Festival. The event took place June 23–24, 2012 in Atlantic City, New Jersey and was curated by Metallica. The band was also listed to play Fun Fun Fun Fest in November, 2012, in Austin, Texas.
	In August 2012, Fucked Up was nominated for the Polaris Music Prize for the second time. The shortlist nomination described "David Comes to Life" as follows: "Excessive? Sure. Ridiculous? At times. Brilliant? Sounds pretty damn close to it."
	In March 2014, Fucked Up announced their fourth LP, named "Glass Boys", which was released by Matador Records on June 3, 2014.
	Avatars of the band and their songs "Paper the House" and "Queen of Hearts" were featured in the 2016 video game "LOUD on Planet X".
	In 2016 the band released the "Zanzibar" soundtrack, recorded in 2011, to Tod Browning's silent movie from 1928 "West of Zanzibar" starring Lon Chaney.
	In 2018 the band announced their fifth studio album, "Dose Your Dreams" which was released on October 5 via Merge Records.
	In January 2008, Fucked Up, along with Xiu Xiu, filed a lawsuit against "Rolling Stone" and Camel Cigarettes for an advertisement that included both bands in an "Indie Rock Universe" special. The advertisement apparently portrayed the bands as supporters of Camel. Pink Eyes stated that "The fact that "Fucked Up" was mentioned in there wasn't some great coincidence. This isn't a case of subliminal advertising, where we're claiming that there were penises in the shadows — our name is right there. Maybe they thought we were too stupid to know what was going on."
	On January 28, 2010, The Court of Appeal of the State of California for the First Appellate District reversed the lower court's ruling, saying constitutional principles of freedom of speech and the press require that the lawsuit be dismissed.
	Fucked Up has collaborated extensively with other artists on record and during live performances. Hidden World features guest instrumentation from Final Fantasy, and guest vocals by Ben Cook of No Warning (2 years before he joined the band), George Pettit and Dallas Green, formerly of Alexisonfire, Chris Colohan of Cursed, and Heidi Hazelton. Year of the Pig was written in part with Max Mccabe-Locos of The Deadly Snakes, who plays piano and organ on the record, and a lead vocal by Jennifer Castle of Castlemusic. In late 2007, the holiday charity single David Christmas featured guest vocals from Nelly Furtado, Davey Havok, David Cross, Shenae Grimes of and Faris Badwan of The Horrors, among others.
	On March 15, 2008 at the Mess With Texas Fest in Austin Tx, Circle Jerks singer Keith Morris joined Fucked Up on stage and sang Backed Against the Wall, Beverly Hills, and Nervous Breakdown.
	On February 6, 2009 at the Echoplex in Los Angeles, they were joined onstage again by Keith Morris of the Circle Jerks to play the Black Flag song Nervous Breakdown.
	On February 8, 2009 while playing at San Francisco's The Independent, Fucked Up were joined on stage by former Dead Kennedys singer Jello Biafra, for their encore of the Ramones' "Blitzkrieg Bop".
	On December 8, 2009, Fucked Up released a second all-star Christmas single, this time a cover of Band Aid's "Do They Know It's Christmas," featuring Ezra Koenig of Vampire Weekend, the members of Yo La Tengo, David Cross (again), Kevin Drew of Broken Social Scene, Tegan & Sara, Andrew W.K., Bob Mould, Kyp Malone of TV On The Radio, and GZA. Proceeds from the single go to benefit three charitable organizations working to publicize the high disappearance rate of Aboriginal women in Canada.
	On January 21, 2010, Abraham joined Dinosaur Jr. at the Phoenix Concert Theatre in Toronto for the encore, performing vocals on "Chunks". He made another appearance with Dinosaur on September 26, 2012 at Lee's Palace during the encore, performing the same vocals for "Chunks". He was accompanied by Murph at the microphone stand, while Harvey Milk (band) drummer Kyle Spence performed drums.
	On April 15, 2011, Fucked Up released a special Record Store Day exclusive vinyl LP entitled "David's Town". It is not billed to Fucked Up, and in fact pretends to be a compilation album documenting the scene in the fictitious UK city of Byrdesdale Spa, the late '70s setting for the band's upcoming "rock opera" "David's Come To Life". Each song featured a guest singer (one was sung by the band's vocalist Abraham, three were sung by other band members), including Danko Jones, Wesley Patrick Gonzalez, Dan Romano, Simone Schmidt, Cee Kay, A.C. Newman and Dylan Baldi.
	This is the list of all known appearances of Fucked Up or their songs on mainstream television.

= = = Japanese swords in fiction = = =

	The katana sword appears in many folk tales as well as legends. This piece of Japanese history not only appears in old folklore, it is also very popular in modern fiction as well as contemporary art pieces such as film and theater. The katana has reached far and wide in the world of fictional stories and can be used to tell tales of wisdom and bravery or evil and treachery. The sword can be seen not only as a tool for the hero but also a tool for the villain.
	Many legends surround Japanese swords, the most frequent being that the blades are folded an immense number of times, gaining magical properties in the meantime. While blades folded hundreds, thousands, or even millions of times are encountered in fiction, there is no record of real blades being folded more than around 20 times. With each fold made by the maker, every internal layer is also folded, and so the total number of layers in a sword blade is doubled at each fold; since the thickness of a katana blade is less than 2 iron atoms, going beyond 20 folds no longer adds meaningfully to the number of layers in the blade. Folding a blade only ten times will therefore create 1024 layers; 20 times will create 1,048,576 layers.
	Furthermore, while heating and folding serves to even out the distribution of carbon throughout the blade, a small amount of carbon is also 'burnt out' of the steel in this process; repeated folding will eventually remove most of the carbon, turning the material into softer iron and reducing its ability to hold a sharp edge. This can be combated with carburization, though it does not produce even carbon distribution, partially defeating the purpose of folding.
	Some swords were reputed to reflect their creators' personalities. Those made by Muramasa had a reputation for violence and bloodshed,
	while those made by Masamune were considered weapons of peace. A popular legend tells of what happens when two swords made by Muramasa and Masamune were held in a stream carrying fallen lotus petals: while those leaves touching the Muramasa blade were cut in two, those coming towards the Masamune suddenly changed course and went around the blade without touching it.
	Kusanagi (probably a tsurugi, a type of Bronze Age sword which precedes the katana by centuries) is the most famous legendary sword in Japanese mythology, involved in several folk stories. Along with the Jewel and the Mirror, it was one of the three godly treasures of Japan. A common misconception is that Katanas magically sprung into existence in Japan, utterly isolated from the mainland. The technique of folding steel came from the manufacture of the Dao in China, and contact with the mainland would affect how the katana evolved through the centuries. The katana design itself was developed over hundreds of years and the katana design was a development of the Tachi.
	The most common depiction, especially in the Western world, of the Katana is a weapon of unparalleled power, often bordering on the physically impossible. Katanas are often depicted as being inherently "superior" to all other weapons possessing such qualities as being impossibly light, nigh-unbreakable and able to cut through nearly anything. By contrast, traditional European weapons are often depicted as clumsy, crude and unwieldy by comparison.
	It is the prime weapon of choice for Japanese heroes in historical fiction set before the Meiji period. Carrying a non-sealed katana is illegal in present-day Japan, but in fiction this law is often ignored or circumvented to allow characters to carry katana as a matter of artistic license. For instance, some stories state that carrying weapons has been permitted due to a serious increase in crimes or an invasion of monsters from other dimensions. With this law in mind, katana are sometimes used for comic relief in anime and manga set in the present, although this is sometimes replaced by the use of a bokken having surprisingly comparable capabilities. In the film "", the main protagonist is permitted to bring her katana on board an airliner; presumably, this is a policy of the fictitious Japanese airline, as other passengers can also be seen carrying swords.
	Due to the renowned quality of the sword and the mysticism surrounding the relationship between the blade and its wielder, the katana appears in various works of fiction, including film, anime, manga, other forms of literature, and computer games. It is frequently used by non-Japanese creators, partly due to its status as an easily recognizable icon of Japan and its high reputation as a formidable weapon in skilled hands. Four well-known appearances in Western culture are Bruce Willis' weapon of opportunity in Quentin Tarantino's "Pulp Fiction", the Bride's signature weapon in "Kill Bill" (a film strongly influenced by Japanese samurai movies), the katana used by the main characters in "Highlander" and the 1975 Tom Laughlin action/cult Western film "The Master Gunfighter". Other iconic appearances for the western audience include a pair of Ninjato carried by the character Leonardo in the "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" franchise. Ulrich Stern wields one in the first, second and third seasons of "Code Lyoko," but gains an additional katana in the fourth season and in "".
	Manga and anime show a prominent feature of katana for specific characters. In the manga "Bakuman", the characters while researching on the commonality between the popular manga styles, mentioned Japanese swords are always present in them, including "InuYasha", "One Piece", "Bleach", "Gin Tama" and various other examples. 
	There are also several manga series that were inspired by the Japanese swords. Kamata Kimiko's "Katana" is one such series; it is heavily imbued with the theme of katana with the story plot following an extraordinary teenage boy with the ability to see the 'spirit forms' of swords.
	The sakabatō (逆刃刀) is a type of katana from "Rurouni Kenshin", wielded by Himura Kenshin. It is a “reverse-edge sword”, translated in the English-language dub as a “reverse blade sword”. Some companies have created true replicas of the sakabatō.
	The sharpened edge is the inward curved, longer side of the blade – the opposite of a standard katana – making it extremely difficult to kill an opponent; it generally knocks the wielder's enemies "senseless" rather than killing them. The only way for the sakabatō to cut is to rotate the hilt by 180 degrees within the hand, thus holding the sword backwards. The sakabatō symbolises Kenshin's oath not to kill again.
	Video games also provide frequent appearances of the katana, most with unique characteristics. Kaede, the protagonist of the arcade series "The Last Blade", Yoshimitsu, the well known ninja from "Tekken", and Mitsurugi, the Japanese samurai from the "Soul" series also wield Katanas as their default weapons. Katana frequently appear in role-playing video games, such as some "Elder Scrolls" games like , , or "Neverwinter Nights", as weapons; often faster than a longsword yet less powerful. The browser video game "Touken Ranbu" developed by Nitroplus and DMM Games involves the player assuming the role of a sage who has the power to bring historical katana to life. One of the recent appearances of the katana in another video game series is in "Left 4 Dead 2", a game made by Valve. In "Final Fantasy VII", the character Sephiroth wields a very long katana. Other games in the "Final Fantasy" series include a sword called the Masamune, apparently named after the famous Japanese swordsmith. In "Ninja Gaiden", protagonist Ryu Hayabusa wields two legendary Japanese swords, the Dragon Sword, a katana which was carved from a Dragon's fang, and the Blade of the Archfiend, a Tachi which was forged from a cursed meteorite. In the "Devil May Cry" series, Sparda, the father of protagonist Dante, who is a legendary demon weaponsmith, designed one of his masterpieces Yamato after a traditional Japanese katana, which is then wielded by Dante's twin brother Vergil, who is a master of Iaijutsu.
	In the three video games based on the 2D animated French television show "Code Lyoko" ("Get Ready to Virtualize!", "", and "") Ulrich Stern utilizes his saber to slice and dice monsters.
	"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" (1987) deals with it twice. In "Ninja Sword of Nowhere", an alien spacecraft left a fragment of an alien metal, used to travel between dimensions in a mere microsecond, on Earth thousands of years ago, before a craftsman found the alien metal, forging a Japanese sword. This creates a legend of a sword which allows its owner to show up and disappear whenever he or she wishes. Even "Sword of Yurikawa" has a plot with an old Japanese sword.
	The French shows "Code Lyoko" and its cancelled sequel "" depict one of its five main characters, Ulrich Stern, with a katana (called "saber") as his only weapon on the virtual world of Lyoko and eventually the Cortex region. Usually calling out "Impact!" he slashes the programmed monsters of X.A.N.A. in one strike, but can also throw it like a javelin to destroy two or three targets from a distance. At one point, his katana was temporarily modified and upgraded by the false Franz Hopper, capable of charging and emitting a wave of white energy that could wipe out three monsters from a distance. In its fourth season, he is presented with an additional katana, which is easier for him to get a "close slave."

= = = Blanca de la Cerda y Lara = = =

	Blanca de la Cerda y Lara ( – 1347) was a Spanish noblewoman.
	She was the daughter of Fernando de la Cerda (1275–1322) and Juana Núñez de Lara, called "la Palomilla".
	Blanca was the second wife of Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena (1282–1349), a member of the junior branch of the Castilian royal house. Their daughter Juana Manuel of Castile married the (illegitimate) Henry II of Castile and became queen consort of Castile.

= = = Thomas Devin = = =

	Thomas Casimer Devin (December 10, 1822 – April 4, 1878) was a United States Army officer and general. He commanded Union cavalry during the American Civil War and during the Indian Wars.
	Born in New York City to Irish parents. Devin was a house painter and partner in a paint and varnish company with his brother John for much of his early life, while also serving as a lieutenant colonel in the New York State Militia.
	After the start of the Civil War, Devin formed his militia cavalry company into "Captain Devin's Independent Company" and served as its captain. Late that year, he became Colonel of the 6th New York Volunteer Cavalry, nicknamed the "2nd Ira Harris Guards", which he would lead for the next year.
	The regiment's first important service was in the Maryland Campaign of 1862. At the Battle of Antietam, one of its squadrons was involved in the first attacks of the day. At the Battle of Fredericksburg, Devin inherited command of David McMurtrie Gregg's cavalry brigade, when the latter took charge of the brigade of George Dashiell Bayard, who had been killed by Confederate artillery fire. At the Battle of Chancellorsville in 1863, his small brigade was the only cavalry not detached for Brig. Gen. George Stoneman's raid and he successfully led three Union Corps on the stealthy flanking march that preceded the battle. The men of the brigade repeatedly distinguished themselves in the heavy fighting of the battle. They suffered almost 200 casualties in the battle, higher losses than Union cavalry units had seen prior to that time. Devin also led his brigade in the Battle of Brandy Station (June 9, 1863), and took command of Brig. Gen. John Buford's division while Buford commanded the entire right wing of the two-pronged attack on Confederate cavalry. While observing the skirmish line early in the fighting, Devin had his horse shot out from under him.
	At the Battle of Gettysburg, Devin's brigade served in Brig. Gen. John Buford's cavalry division that began the battle on July 1, 1863. Devin had become a favorite of Buford's and his rugged leadership style lent him the nickname "Buford's Hard Hitter," while his own men like to refer to him as "Uncle Tommy." As the Confederate attacks began, Devin's brigade was screening the northwest and northern road approaches to Gettysburg, and successfully delayed the arrival of Jubal A. Early's division. Friendly fire from Union artillery on Cemetery Hill caused most of his brigade to withdraw into the town of Gettysburg and they later skirmished with the Confederates as they entered the town. The two brigades of Buford's cavalry division present on the field on July 1 and 2 were withdrawn from the battlefield by Cavalry Corps commander Alfred Pleasonton on the afternoon of July 2.
	After Gettysburg, Devin continued to command a brigade and sometimes a division in the Cavalry Corps of the Army of the Potomac. In the spring of 1864, he participated in the raid on Richmond by Judson Kilpatrick's cavalry. In August he accompanied the Cavalry Corps to the Shenandoah Valley, where they fought under Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan during the Valley Campaigns of 1864. Devin was wounded once during the war, a wound in the foot on August 16, 1864, at the fighting at Guard Hill, Virginia or Crooked Run, Virginia. When Wesley Merritt became the Cavalry Corps commander, Devin inherited command of his division. On November 19, 1864, President Abraham Lincoln appointed Devin brigadier general of volunteers for his part in the Battle of Cedar Creek, to rank from October 19, 1864. The President submitted the nomination on December 12, 1864, and the U.S. Senate confirmed it on February 14, 1865.
	Devin was mustered out of the volunteer service on January 15, 1866. On January 13, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Devin for appointment to the brevet grade of major general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the appointment on March 12, 1866. President Johnson also appointed Devin brevet colonel in the regular army for Fisher's Hill, to rank from March 2, 1867. On March 26, 1867, President Johnson nominated Devin for appointment to the brevet grade of brigadier general in the regular army for Sayler's Creek, to rank from March 2, 1867, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the appointment on April 5, 1867.
	Devin obtained a commission in the Regular Army after the Civil War under the provisions of the Army Act of 1866. This Act required that the officer ranks of the new infantry and cavalry regiments be filled by a certain percentage of officers from the Volunteer regiments raised during the Civil War. Ending the war as a Brigadier General and Brevet Major General, Devin became a Lieutenant Colonel and was assigned to the 8th U.S. Cavalry. Initially serving with part of the regiment in New Mexico, Devin assumed command of the Subdistrict of Prescott in Arizona in late 1867. He died of stomach cancer and exposure, on sick leave from active duty, as Colonel of the 3rd U.S. Cavalry. Devin was initially interred in Calvary Cemetery on Long Island, but upon his wife's death in 1897, both were interred in West Point Cemetery, West Point, New York, very near his old friend and commander John Buford.
	On June 30, 1878, the United States Army established a temporary camp in southeastern Montana Territory during the building of the Fort Keogh-Deadwood Telegraph Line. The post was named "Camp Devin." It served as a base for part of the 9th U.S. Infantry until being abandoned later that year.
	Devin was portrayed by David Carpenter in the 1993 film "Gettysburg", based on Michael Shaara's novel, "The Killer Angels".

= = = List of Academy Award Best Actor winners by age = = =

	This is a list of winners of the Academy Award for Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role, presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) to an actor who has delivered an outstanding performance while working within the film industry. More popularly known as the Academy Award (or the Oscar) for Best Actor, this award was initially presented at the 1st Academy Awards ceremony for 1927–1928 and was most recently presented at the 91st Academy Awards ceremony for 2018. Throughout the past 91 years, accounting for ties and repeat winners, AMPAS has presented a total of 92 Best Actor awards to 81 actors. This list is current as of the 91st Academy Awards ceremony held on February 24, 2019.

= = = Alberto J. Mora = = =

	Alberto J. Mora (born 1951) is a former General Counsel of the Navy. He led an effort within the Defense Department to oppose the legal theories of John Yoo and to try to end the use of torture at Guantanamo Bay.
	Mora is featured in two documentaries: the 2008 Academy Award-winning "Taxi to the Dark Side" and "Torturing Democracy".
	Mora was born in Boston, Massachusetts and grew up in Cuba. His father, a medical doctor and professor, is Cuban, and his mother's parents are from Hungary, which they fled in advance of active Hungarian-German cooperation in 1941. Mora's family fled Cuba after the Cuban Revolution of 1959 when Mora was eight years old. Mora's family relocated to Jackson, Mississippi, where Mora lived until leaving for college. He received a B.A., with honors, from Swarthmore College in 1974. 
	From 1975 to 1978 he worked for the U.S. State Department as a foreign service officer at the U.S. embassy in Lisbon, Portugal. He left to enter law school at the University of Miami School of Law, where he received his J.D. in 1981. He worked in litigation at a number of firms, until returning to government work. From 1989 to 1993, he served in the administration of the President George H.W. Bush as general counsel to the United States Information Agency. He was later appointed three times by President Bill Clinton to the Broadcasting Board of Governors, which oversees the Voice of America and other U.S. information services. He also worked as an Of Counsel attorney with the prominent law firm of Greenberg Traurig, at their Washington office, focusing on matters of international law. 
	Mora speaks Spanish, French, and Portuguese. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.
	In 2001, President George W. Bush appointed Mora as the General Counsel of the Navy, the most senior civilian lawyer for the Navy, after a recommendation by former U.S. Secretary of Defense Frank Carlucci, who is friends with Mora.
	Mora was in the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, when it was struck by the Boeing 757 of American Airlines Flight 77. Mora said that it "felt jarring, like a large safe had been dropped overhead."
	Mora retired from the Federal Government in January 2006. He became the chief counsel for Wal-Mart's international division and later served as general counsel and secretary of Mars, Inc.
	In December 2002, Mora received word from David Brant, director of the Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS), that NCIS agents at the naval base at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba had learned that detainees being held there were being subjected to "physical abuse and degrading treatment" by members of the Joint Task Force 170 (JTF-170), and that authorization for this treatment had come from "a 'high level' in Washington". Mora reports that he was "disturbed" and felt he had to learn more.
	Mora described his reaction to learning of the authorization for coercive interrogation techniques in these words:
	To my mind, there's no moral or practical distinction [between cruelty and torture]. If cruelty is no longer declared unlawful, but instead is applied as a matter of policy, it alters the fundamental relationship of man to government. It destroys the whole notion of individual rights. The Constitution recognizes that man has an inherent right, not bestowed by the state or laws, to personal dignity, including the right to be free of cruelty. It applies to all human beings, not just in America—even those designated as 'unlawful enemy combatants.' If you make this exception, the whole Constitution crumbles. It's a transformative issue...<br> Besides, my mother would have killed me if I hadn't spoken up. No Hungarian after Communism, or Cuban after Castro, is not aware that human rights are incompatible with cruelty. The debate here isn't only how to protect the country. It’s how to protect our values."
	Mora and Brant met with Rear Admiral Michael Lohr, the Judge Advocate General of the Navy, and Dr. Michael Gelles, the Chief Psychologist of the NCIS, and learned more about the Guantanamo interrogation practices, and determined that they were "unlawful and unworthy of the military services", and that they would investigate further.
	Mora obtained a copy of a request by the commander of JT-170, Major General Michael Dunlavey, to Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld for authorization to apply extraordinary interrogation techniques, including "stress positions, hooding, isolation, 'deprivation of light and auditory stimuli', and use of 'detainee-individual phobias (such as fear of dogs) to induce stress; a legal brief accompanying the request that supported the legality of such techniques, by the Senior Judge Advocate to JT-170, Lieutenant Colonel Diane Beaver; and an approval of the request by Rumsfeld. The legal brief held that "cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment could be inflicted on the Guantanamo detainees with near impunity".
	Mora found the brief to be "a wholly inadequate analysis of the law" and that the approved request was "fatally grounded on these serious failures of legal analysis" because it provided no bright line standard for what techniques would be prohibited; the techniques it approved "could produce effects reaching the level of torture"; and that "even if the techniques as applied did not reach the level of torture, they almost certainly would constitute 'cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment, and either way would be unlawful.
	In the following weeks, Mora actively argued with a large number of the most senior lawyers and officials of the military and the Defense Department that the interrogation techniques that had been approved were unlawful. On January 15, 2003, he received word from William Haynes, the General Counsel of the Department of Defense, that Rumsfeld would be suspending the authority for the extraordinary interrogation techniques later that day. Mora was "delighted" and "reported the news widely".
	Two days later, Rumsfeld directed Haynes to establish a Working Group to develop a new set of guidelines for interrogation techniques, headed by Mary L. Walker, General Counsel of the Air Force. Mora worked actively to establish interrogation guidelines prohibiting coercive interrogation techniques, citing scientific evidence that they were ineffective, as well as legal arguments that they were unlawful.
	However, early in the process, the Working Group was provided with a legal brief from the Department of Justice Office of Legal Counsel (OLC), and told they should follow its guidance. This was the same brief that later became infamous as the "Torture Memo", largely written by OLC deputy director John Yoo.
	Mora regarded the OLC memo as lengthy and seemingly sophisticated, but otherwise identical to the Beaver brief he had already argued against. Mora argued against the conclusions of the OLC memo, arguing that the OLC memo was "fundamentally in error" and "virtually useless as guidance... and dangerous." With Walker's encouragement to share his views, he circulated an opposing draft memo, entitled "Proposed Alternative Approach to Interrogations".
	But, according to Mora, contributions from members of the Working Group began to be rejected if they did not conform to what was already in the OLC memo, and Walker, the head of the Working Group, said of his arguments, "I disagree and moreover I believe [the General Counsel of the Defense Department] disagrees." Mora evaluated the work being prepared by the Working Group as containing "profound mistakes in its legal analysis" and as "unacceptable". Mora met with DOD General Counsel Haynes who disagreed with Mora's arguments.
	Walker invited the author of the OLC memo, John Yoo, to meet with the senior DOD lawyers, both uniformed and civilian at the Pentagon, which Yoo did twice, explaining the cases in detail and the President's authority and responding to all questions. Mora met with Yoo, who defended the Justice Department's legal analysis, and told Mora the President had the authority to order the application of torture, not that he should but that the Commander in Chief had the authority to do so for the safety of the nation. Mora then met with Haynes, and advised him of his opinion that the Working Group's legal analysis, taken from the Department of Justice legal memorandum, was flawed, and should be put in a drawer and "never... see the light of day again." The Working Group never relied upon the extreme power of the Commander in Chief as the additional techniques they recommended did not approach what could be construed as torture. The Working Group voted unanimously to send forth the recommended techniques to Secretary Rumsfeld, who adopted the majority of them. The Administration later asked the Justice Department to review the adopted techniques, which they did, finding them consistent with law. John Yoo did not participate in the later analysis.
	After that, Mora never saw a final report of the Working Group, and assumed that it had been abandoned. He learned otherwise only in May 2004, when he heard it referenced in televised reports on the Abu Ghraib scandal, and received confirmation from the Deputy General Counsel of the Air Force that a final draft of the Working Group's report had been signed out and delivered to the Joint Task Force Guantanamo commander, Major General Geoffrey Miller, who had also been subsequently sent to Abu Ghraib to "Gitmo-ize" it. Mora is a Senior Fellow at the Carr Center for Human Rights of the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.
	For his efforts, Mora was honored with the John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award in 2006, which is administered by the John F. Kennedy Library Foundation.

= = = History of the United States Republican Party = = =

	The Republican Party, also referred to as the GOP ("Grand Old party"), is one of the world's oldest extant political parties. It is the second-oldest existing political party in the United States; its chief rival, the Democratic Party, is the oldest.
	The Republican Party emerged in 1854 to combat the Kansas–Nebraska Act and the expansion of slavery into American territories. The early Republican Party consisted of African-Americans, northern white Protestants, businessmen, professionals, factory workers, and farmers. The GOP was pro-business, and it supported banks, the gold standard, railroads and high tariffs; the party opposed the expansion of slavery. At its inception, Republican Party had almost no presence in the Southern United States; by 1858, however it had enlisted former Whigs and former Free Soil Democrats to form majorities in nearly every Northern state.
	With the election of Abraham Lincoln (the first Republican President) in 1860, the Party's success in guiding the Union to victory in the American Civil War, and the Party's role in the abolition of slavery, the Republican Party largely dominated the national political scene until 1932. In 1912, Theodore Roosevelt formed the Progressive ("Bull Moose") Party after being rejected by the GOP and ran unsuccessfully as a third-party presidential candidate calling for social reforms. After 1912, many Roosevelt supporters left the Party, and the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right. The GOP lost its congressional majorities during the Great Depression (1929–1940); under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Democrats formed a winning New Deal coalition that was dominant from 1932 through 1964.
	After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the party's core base shifted, with the Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics and the Northeastern states becoming more reliably Democratic. White voters increasingly identified with the Republican Party after the 1960s. Following the Supreme Court's 1973 decision in "Roe v. Wade", the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals. The Republican Party won five of the six presidential elections from 1968 to 1988. Two-term President Ronald Reagan, who held office from 1981 to 1989, was a transformative party leader whose conservative policies called for reduced government spending and regulation, lower taxes and a strong anti-Soviet Union foreign policy. Reagan's influence upon the party persisted into the next century.
	Since the 1990s, the Party's support has chiefly come from the South, the Great Plains, the Mountain States and rural areas in the North. The 21st century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism. The GOP supports lower taxes, free market capitalism, a strong national defense, gun rights, deregulation and restrictions on labor unions; it opposes abortion. In addition to advocating for conservative economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. There have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one political party. The most recent, Donald Trump, was elected President in 2016.
	The Republican Party grew out of opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which was signed into law by President Franklin Pierce in 1854. The Act opened Kansas Territory and Nebraska Territory to slavery and future admission as slave states, thus implicitly repealing the prohibition on slavery in territory north of 36° 30′ latitude that had been part of the Missouri Compromise. This change was viewed by anti-slavery Northerners as an aggressive, expansionist maneuver by the slave-owning South. Opponents of the Act were intensely motivated and began forming a new party. The Party began as a coalition of anti-slavery Conscience Whigs such as Zachariah Chandler and Free Soil Democrats such as Salmon P. Chase.
	The first anti-Nebraska local meeting where "Republican" was suggested as a name for a new anti-slavery party was held in a Ripon, Wisconsin schoolhouse on March 20, 1854. The first statewide convention that formed a platform and nominated candidates under the Republican name was held near Jackson, Michigan, on July 6, 1854. At that convention, the party opposed the expansion of slavery into new territories and selected a statewide slate of candidates. The Midwest took the lead in forming state Republican Party tickets; apart from St. Louis and a few areas adjacent to free states, there were no efforts to organize the Party in the southern states.
	New England Yankees, who dominated that region and much of upstate New York and the upper Midwest, were the strongest supporters of the new party. This was especially true for the pietistic Congregationalists and Presbyterians among them and, during the war, many Methodists and Scandinavian Lutherans. The Quakers were a small, tight-knit group that was heavily Republican. By contrast, the liturgical churches (Roman Catholic, Episcopal and German Lutheran) largely rejected the moralism of the Republican Party; most of their adherents voted Democratic.
	The new Republican Party envisioned modernizing the United States, emphasizing expanded banking, more railroads and factories, and giving free western land to farmers ("free soil") as opposed to letting slave owners buy up the best properties. It vigorously argued that free market labor was superior to slavery and was the very foundation of civic virtue and true republicanism; this was the "Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men" ideology. Without using the term "containment", the Republican Party in the mid-1850s proposed a system of containing slavery. Historian James Oakes explains the strategy: The federal government would surround the south with free states, free territories, and free waters, building what they called a 'cordon of freedom' around slavery, hemming it in until the system's own internal weaknesses forced the slave states one by one to abandon slavery.
	The Republican Party launched its first national convention in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on February 22, 1856. The convention elected a governing National Executive Committee and passed resolutions calling for the repeal of laws enabling slaveholding in free territories and "resistance by Constitutional means of Slavery in any Territory," defense of anti-slavery individuals in Kansas who were coming under physical attack, and a call to "resist and overthrow the present National Administration" of Franklin Pierce, "as it is identified with the progress of the Slave power to national supremacy." Its first national nominating convention held in the summer in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. John C. Frémont ran as the first Republican nominee for President in 1856 behind the slogan "Free soil, free silver, free men, Frémont and victory!" Although Frémont's bid was unsuccessful, the party showed a strong base. It dominated in New England, New York and the northern Midwest and had a strong presence in the rest of the North. It had almost no support in the South, where it was roundly denounced in 1856–1860 as a divisive force that threatened civil war.
	The Republican Party absorbed many of the previous traditions of its members, who had come from an array of political factions, including Working Men, Locofoco Democrats, Free Soil Democrats, Free Soil Whigs, anti-slavery Know Nothings, Conscience Whigs, and Temperance Reformers of both parties. Many Democrats who joined were rewarded with governorships, or seats in the U.S. Senate, or House of Representatives.
	During the presidential campaign in 1860, at a time of escalating tension between the North and South, Abraham Lincoln addressed the harsh treatment of Republicans in the South in his famous Cooper Union speech: [W]hen you speak of us Republicans, you do so only to denounce us as reptiles, or, at the best, as no better than outlaws. You will grant a hearing to pirates or murderers, but nothing like it to "Black Republicans." [...] But you will not abide the election of a Republican president! In that supposed event, you say, you will destroy the Union; and then, you say, the great crime of having destroyed it will be upon us! That is cool. A highwayman holds a pistol to my ear, and mutters through his teeth, "Stand and deliver, or I shall kill you, and then you will be a murderer!"
	The election of Lincoln as President in 1860 opened a new era of Republican dominance based in the industrial North and agricultural Midwest. The Third Party System was dominated by the Republican Party (it lost the presidency only in 1884 and 1892). Lincoln proved brilliantly successful in uniting the factions of his party to fight for the Union in the Civil War. However, he usually fought the Radical Republicans who demanded harsher measures. Many conservative Democrats became War Democrats who had a deep belief in American nationalism and supported the war. When Lincoln added the abolition of slavery as a war goal, the Peace Democrats were energized and carried numerous state races, especially in Connecticut, Indiana and Illinois. Democrat Horatio Seymour was elected governor of New York and immediately became a likely presidential candidate.
	Most of the state Republican parties accepted the antislavery goal except Kentucky. During the American Civil War, the party passed major legislation in Congress to promote rapid modernization, including a national banking system, high tariffs, the first temporary income tax (subsequently ruled unconstitutional in "Springer v. United States"), many excise taxes, paper money issued without backing ("greenbacks"), a huge national debt, homestead laws, railroads and aid to education and agriculture.
	The Republicans denounced the peace-oriented Democrats as disloyal Copperheads and won enough War Democrats to maintain their majority in 1862. In 1864, they formed a coalition with many War Democrats as the National Union Party. Lincoln chose Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate and was easily re-elected. During the war, upper-middle-class men in major cities formed Union Leagues to promote and help finance the war effort. Following the 1864 elections, Radical Republicans Led by Charles Sumner in the Senate and Thaddeus Stevens in the House set the agenda by demanding more aggressive action against slavery and more vengeance toward the Confederates.
	Under Republican congressional leadership, the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution—which banned slavery in the United States—passed the Senate in 1864 and the House in 1865; it was ratified in December 1865. In 1865, the Confederacy surrendered, ending the Civil War. Lincoln was assassinated in April 1865; following his death, Andrew Johnson took office as President of the United States.
	During the post-Civil War Reconstruction era, there were major disagreements on the treatment of ex-Confederates and of former slaves, or freedmen. Johnson broke with the Radical Republicans and formed a loose alliance with moderate Republicans and Democrats. A showdown came in the Congressional elections of 1866, in which the Radicals won a sweeping victory and took full control of Reconstruction, passing key laws over the veto. Johnson was impeached by the House, but acquitted by the Senate.
	With the election of Ulysses S. Grant in 1868, the Radicals had control of Congress, the party and the army and attempted to build a solid Republican base in the South using the votes of Freedmen, Scalawags and Carpetbaggers, supported directly by U.S. Army detachments. Republicans all across the South formed local clubs called Union Leagues that effectively mobilized the voters, discussed issues and when necessary fought off Ku Klux Klan (KKK) attacks. Thousands died on both sides.
	Grant supported radical reconstruction programs in the South, the Fourteenth Amendment and equal civil and voting rights for the freedmen. Most of all he was the hero of the war veterans, who marched to his tune. The party had become so large that factionalism was inevitable; it was hastened by Grant's tolerance of high levels of corruption typified by the Whiskey Ring.
	Many of the founders of the GOP joined the liberal movement, as did many powerful newspaper editors. They nominated Horace Greeley for President, who also gained the Democratic nomination, but the ticket was defeated in a landslide. The depression of 1873 energized the Democrats. They won control of the House and formed "Redeemer" coalitions which recaptured control of each southern state, in some cases using threats and violence.
	Reconstruction came to an end when the contested election of 1876 was awarded by a special electoral commission to Republican Rutherford B. Hayes, who promised through the unofficial Compromise of 1877 to withdraw federal troops from control of the last three southern states. The region then became the Solid South, giving overwhelming majorities of its electoral votes and Congressional seats to the Democrats through 1964.
	In terms of racial issues, Sarah Woolfolk Wiggins argues that in Alabama: White Republicans as well as Democrats solicited black votes but reluctantly rewarded blacks with nominations for office only when necessary, even then reserving the more choice positions for whites. The results were predictable: these half-a-loaf gestures satisfied neither black nor white Republicans. The fatal weakness of the Republican Party in Alabama, as elsewhere in the South, was its inability to create a biracial political party. And while in power even briefly, they failed to protect their members from Democratic terror. Alabama Republicans were forever on the defensive, verbally and physically.
	Social pressure eventually forced most Scalawags to join the conservative/Democratic Redeemer coalition. A minority persisted and, starting in the 1870s, formed the "tan" half of the "Black and Tan" Republican Party, a minority in every Southern state after 1877. This divided the party into two factions: the lily-white faction, which was practically all-white; and the biracial black-and-tan faction.
	In several Southern states, the "Lily Whites", who sought to recruit white Democrats to the Republican Party, attempted to purge the Black and Tan faction or at least to reduce its influence. Among such "Lily White" leaders in the early 20th century, Arkansas' Wallace Townsend was the party's gubernatorial nominee in 1916 and 1920 and its veteran national GOP committeeman. The factionalism flared up in 1928 and 1952. The final victory of its opponent the lily-white faction came in 1964.
	The party split into factions in the late 1870s. The Stalwarts, followers of Senator Roscoe Conkling, defended the spoils system. The Half-Breeds, who followed Senator James G. Blaine of Maine, pushed for reform of the Civil service. Independents who opposed the spoils system altogether were called "Mugwumps". In 1884, Mugwumps rejected James G. Blaine as corrupt and helped elect Democrat Grover Cleveland, though most returned to the party by 1888.
	As the Northern post-war economy boomed with industry, railroads, mines and fast-growing cities as well as prosperous agriculture, the Republicans took credit and promoted policies to keep the fast growth going. The Democratic Party was largely controlled by pro-business Bourbon Democrats until 1896. The GOP supported big business generally, the gold standard, high tariffs and generous pensions for Union veterans. However, by 1890 the Republicans had agreed to the Sherman Anti-Trust Act and the Interstate Commerce Commission in response to complaints from owners of small businesses and farmers. The high McKinley Tariff of 1890 hurt the party and the Democrats swept to a landslide in the off-year elections, even defeating McKinley himself.
	Foreign affairs seldom became partisan issues (except for the annexation of Hawaii, which Republicans favored and Democrats opposed). Much more salient were cultural issues. The GOP supported the pietistic Protestants (especially the Methodists, Congregationalists, Presbyterians and Scandinavian Lutherans) who demanded prohibition. That angered wet Republicans, especially German Americans, who broke ranks in 1890–1892, handing power to the Democrats.
	Demographic trends aided the Democrats, as the German and Irish Catholic immigrants were mostly Democrats and outnumbered the British and Scandinavian Republicans. During the 1880s, elections were remarkably close. The Democrats usually lost, but won in 1884 and 1892. In the 1894 Congressional elections, the GOP scored the biggest landslide in its history as Democrats were blamed for the severe economic depression 1893–1897 and the violent coal and railroad strikes of 1894.
	From 1860 to 1912, the Republicans took advantage of the association of the Democrats with "Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion". Rum stood for the liquor interests and the tavernkeepers, in contrast to the GOP, which had a strong dry element. "Romanism" meant Roman Catholics, especially Irish Americans, who ran the Democratic Party in every big city and whom the Republicans denounced for political corruption. "Rebellion" stood for the Democrats of the Confederacy, who tried to break the Union in 1861; and the Democrats in the North, called "Copperheads", who sympathized with them.
	Demographic trends aided the Democrats, as the German and Irish Catholic immigrants were Democrats and outnumbered the English and Scandinavian Republicans. During the 1880s and 1890s, the Republicans struggled against the Democrats' efforts, winning several close elections and losing two to Grover Cleveland (in 1884 and 1892).
	Religious lines were sharply drawn. Methodists, Congregationalists, Presbyterians, Scandinavian Lutherans and other pietists in the North were tightly linked to the GOP. In sharp contrast, liturgical groups, especially the Catholics, Episcopalians and German Lutherans, looked to the Democratic Party for protection from pietistic moralism, especially prohibition. Both parties cut across the class structure, with the Democrats more bottom-heavy.
	Cultural issues, especially prohibition and foreign language schools became important because of the sharp religious divisions in the electorate. In the North, about 50% of the voters were pietistic Protestants (Methodists, Scandinavian Lutherans, Presbyterians, Congregationalists and Disciples of Christ) who believed the government should be used to reduce social sins, such as drinking.
	Liturgical churches (Roman Catholics, German Lutherans and Episcopalians) comprised over a quarter of the vote and wanted the government to stay out of the morality business. Prohibition debates and referendums heated up politics in most states over a period of decade as national prohibition was finally passed in 1919 (repealed in 1933), serving as a major issue between the wet Democrats and the dry GOP.
	The election of William McKinley in 1896 marked a resurgence of Republican dominance and is cited as a realigning election.
	The Progressive Era (or "Fourth Party System") was dominated by Republican Presidents, with the sole exception of Democrat Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921). McKinley promised that high tariffs would end the severe hardship caused by the Panic of 1893 and that the GOP would guarantee a sort of pluralism in which all groups would benefit. He denounced William Jennings Bryan, the Democratic nominee, as a dangerous radical whose plans for "Free Silver" at 16–1 (or Bimetallism) would bankrupt the economy.
	McKinley relied heavily on finance, railroads, industry and the middle classes for his support and cemented the Republicans as the party of business. His campaign manager, Ohio's Mark Hanna, developed a detailed plan for getting contributions from the business world and McKinley outspent his rival William Jennings Bryan by a large margin. This emphasis on business was in part mitigated by Theodore Roosevelt, the presidential successor after McKinley's assassination in 1901, who engaged in trust-busting. McKinley was the first President to promote pluralism, arguing that prosperity would be shared by all ethnic and religious groups.
	Theodore Roosevelt, who became President in 1901, had the most dynamic personality of the era. Roosevelt had to contend with men like Senator Mark Hanna, whom he outmaneuvered to gain control of the convention in 1904 that renominated him and he won after promising to continue McKinley's policies. More difficult to handle was conservative House Speaker Joseph Gurney Cannon.
	Roosevelt achieved modest legislative gains in terms of railroad legislation and pure food laws. He was more successful in Court, bringing antitrust suits that broke up the Northern Securities Company trust and Standard Oil. Roosevelt moved to the left in his last two years in office, but was unable to pass major Square Deal proposals. He did succeed in naming his successor Secretary of War William Howard Taft who easily defeated Bryan again in the 1908 presidential election.
	By 1907, Roosevelt identified himself with the left-center of the Republican Party. He explained his balancing act:
	The tariff issue was pulling the GOP apart. Roosevelt tried to postpone the issue, but Taft had to meet it head on in 1909 with the Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act. Eastern conservatives led by Nelson W. Aldrich wanted high tariffs on manufactured goods (especially woolens), while Midwesterners called for low tariffs. Aldrich tricked them by lowering the tariff on farm products, which outraged the farmers. Insurgent Midwesterners led by George Norris revolted against the conservatives led by Speaker Cannon. The Democrats won control of the House in 1910 as the rift between insurgents and conservatives widened.
	In 1912, Roosevelt broke with Taft, rejected La Follette, and tried for a third term, but he was outmaneuvered by Taft and lost the nomination. Roosevelt led his delegates out of the convention and created a new party (the Progressive, or "Bull Moose" ticket), in the election of 1912. Few party leaders followed him except Hiram Johnson of California. Roosevelt had the support of many notable women reformers, including Jane Addams. The Roosevelt-caused split in the Republican vote resulted in a decisive victory for Democrat Woodrow Wilson, temporarily interrupting the Republican era.
	The Republicans welcomed the Progressive Era at the state and local level. The first important reform mayor was Hazen S. Pingree of Detroit (1890–1897), who was elected governor of Michigan in 1896. In New York City, the Republicans joined nonpartisan reformers to battle Tammany Hall and elected Seth Low (1902–1903). Golden Rule Jones was first elected mayor of Toledo as a Republican in 1897, but was reelected as an independent when his party refused to renominate him. Many Republican civic leaders, following the example of Mark Hanna, were active in the National Civic Federation, which promoted urban reforms and sought to avoid wasteful strikes.
	The party controlled the presidency throughout the 1920s, running on a platform of opposition to the League of Nations, high tariffs, and promotion of business interests. Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover were resoundingly elected in 1920, 1924 and 1928, respectively. The breakaway efforts of Senator Robert La Follette in 1924 failed to stop a landslide for Coolidge and his movement fell apart. The Teapot Dome Scandal threatened to hurt the party, but Harding died and Coolidge blamed everything on him as the opposition splintered in 1924.
	The pro-business policies of the decade seemed to produce an unprecedented prosperity—until the Wall Street Crash of 1929 heralded the Great Depression. Although the party did very well in large cities and among ethnic Catholics in presidential elections of 1920–1924, it was unable to hold those gains in 1928. By 1932, the cities—for the first time ever—had become Democratic strongholds.
	Hoover was by nature an activist and attempted to do what he could to alleviate the widespread suffering caused by the Depression, but his strict adherence to what he believed were Republican principles precluded him from establishing relief directly from the federal government. The Depression cost Hoover the presidency with the 1932 landslide election of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Roosevelt's New Deal coalition controlled American politics for most of the next three decades, excepting the two-term presidency of Republican Dwight Eisenhower. The Democrats made major gains in the 1930 midterm elections, giving them congressional parity (though not control) for the first time since Woodrow Wilson's presidency.
	Historian George H. Nash argues: Unlike the "moderate," internationalist, largely eastern bloc of Republicans who accepted (or at least acquiesced in) some of the "Roosevelt Revolution" and the essential premises of President Truman's foreign policy, the Republican Right at heart was counterrevolutionary. Anticollectivist, anti-Communist, anti-New Deal, passionately committed to limited government, free market economics, and congressional (as opposed to executive) prerogatives, the G.O.P. conservatives were obliged from the start to wage a constant two-front war: against liberal Democrats from without and "me-too" Republicans from within.
	The Old Right emerged in opposition to the New Deal of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Hoff says that "moderate Republicans and leftover Republican Progressives like Hoover composed the bulk of the Old Right by 1940, with a sprinkling of former members of the Farmer-Labor party, Non-Partisan League, and even a few midwestern prairie Socialists".
	After Roosevelt took office in 1933, New Deal legislation sailed through Congress at lightning speed. In the 1934 midterm elections, ten Republican senators went down to defeat, leaving them with only 25 against 71 Democrats. The House of Representatives was also split in a similar ratio. The "Second New Deal" was heavily criticized by the Republicans in Congress, who likened it to class warfare and socialism. The volume of legislation, as well as the inability of the Republicans to block it, soon made the opposition to Roosevelt develop into bitterness and sometimes hatred for "that man in the White House". Former President Hoover became a leading orator crusading against the New Deal, hoping unrealistically to be nominated again for President.
	Most major newspaper publishers favored Republican moderate Alf Landon for President. In the nation's 15 largest cities the newspapers that editorially endorsed Landon represented 70% of the circulation, while Roosevelt won 69% of the actual voters in those cities, ignoring the press and using the radio to reach voters directly.
	Roosevelt carried 46 of the 48 states thanks to traditional Democrats along with newly energized labor unions, city machines and the WPA. The realignment creating the Fifth Party System was firmly in place. Since 1928, the GOP had lost 178 House seats, 40 Senate seats and 19 governorships, though it retained a mere 89 seats in the House and 16 in the Senate.
	The black vote held for Hoover in 1932, but started moving toward Roosevelt. By 1940, the majority of northern blacks were voting Democratic. Roosevelt made sure blacks had a share in relief programs, the wartime Army and wartime defense industry, but did not challenge segregation or the denial of voting rights in the South.
	Minority parties tend to factionalize and after 1936 the GOP split into a conservative faction (dominant in the West and Midwest) and a liberal faction (dominant in the Northeast)—combined with a residual base of inherited progressive Republicanism active throughout the century. In 1936, Kansas governor Alf Landon and his young followers defeated the Herbert Hoover faction. Landon generally supported most New Deal programs, but carried only two states in the Roosevelt landslide with his moderate campaign. The GOP was left with only 16 senators and 88 representatives to oppose the New Deal, with Massachusetts Senator Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. as the sole victor over a Democratic incumbent.
	Roosevelt alienated many conservative Democrats in 1937 by his unexpected plan to "pack" the Supreme Court via the Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937. Following a sharp recession that hit early in 1938, major strikes all over the country, the CIO and AFL competing with each other for membership and Roosevelt's failed efforts to radically reorganize the Supreme Court, the Democrats were in disarray. Meanwhile, the GOP was united as they had shed their weakest members in a series of defeats since 1930. Re-energized Republicans focused attention on strong fresh candidates in major states, especially Robert A. Taft the conservative from Ohio, Earl Warren the moderate who won both the Republicans and the Democratic primaries in California and Thomas E. Dewey the crusading prosecutor from New York. The GOP comeback in 1938 was made possible by carrying 50% of the vote outside the South, giving GOP leaders confidence it had a strong base for the 1940 presidential election.
	The GOP gained 75 House seats in 1938, but were still a minority. Conservative Democrats, mostly from the South, joined with Republicans led by Senator Robert A. Taft to create the conservative coalition, which dominated domestic issues in Congress until 1964.
	From 1939 through 1941, there was a sharp debate within the GOP about support for Britain in World War II. Internationalists, such as Henry Stimson and Frank Knox, wanted to support Britain and isolationists, such as Robert A. Taft and Arthur Vandenberg, strongly opposed these moves as unwise, if not unconstitutional. The America First movement was a bipartisan coalition of isolationists. In 1940, a total unknown Wendell Willkie at the last minute won over the party, the delegates and was nominated. He crusaded against the inefficiencies of the New Deal and Roosevelt's break with the strong tradition against a third term.
	The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 ended the isolationist-internationalist debate. The Republicans further cut the Democratic majority in the 1942 midterm elections. With wartime production creating prosperity, the conservative coalition terminated most New Deal relief programs.
	Senator Robert A. Taft of Ohio represented the wing of the party that continued to oppose New Deal reforms and continued to champion non-interventionism. Governor Thomas E. Dewey of New York, represented the Northeastern wing of the party. Dewey did not reject the New Deal programs, but demanded more efficiency, more support for economic growth and less corruption. He was more willing than Taft to support Britain in 1939–1940. After the war the isolationists wing strenuously opposed the United Nations and was half-hearted in opposition to world communism.
	As a minority party, the GOP had two wings: The left-wing supported most of the New Deal while promising to run it more efficiently and the right-wing opposed the New Deal from the beginning and managed to repeal large parts during the 1940s in cooperation with conservative Southern Democrats in the conservative coalition. Liberals, led by Dewey, dominated the Northeast while conservatives, led by Taft, dominated the Midwest. The West was split and the South was still solidly Democratic.
	In 1944, a clearly frail Roosevelt defeated Dewey for his fourth consecutive term, but Dewey made a good showing that would lead to his selection as the candidate in 1948.
	Roosevelt died in April 1945 and Harry S. Truman, a less liberal Democrat became President and replaced most of Roosevelt's top appointees. With the end of the war, unrest among organized labor led to many strikes in 1946 and the resulting disruptions helped the GOP. With the blunders of the Truman administration in 1945 and 1946, the slogans "Had Enough?" and "To Err is Truman" became Republican rallying cries and the GOP won control of Congress for the first time since 1928, with Joseph William Martin, Jr. as Speaker of the House. The Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 was designed to balance the rights of management and labor. It was the central issue of many elections in industrial states in the 1940s to 1950s, but the unions were never able to repeal it.
	In 1948, with Republicans split left and right, Truman boldly called Congress into a special session and sent it a load of liberal legislation consistent with the Dewey platform and dared them to act on it, knowing that the conservative Republicans would block action. Truman then attacked the Republican "Do-Nothing Congress" as a whipping boy for all of the nation's problems. Truman stunned Dewey and the Republicans in the election with a plurality of just over twenty-four million popular votes (out of nearly 49 million cast), but a decisive 303–189 victory in the Electoral College.
	Before Reconstruction and for a century thereafter, the white South identified with the Democratic Party. The Democratic Party's dominance in the Southern states was so strong that the region was called the Solid South. The Republicans controlled certain parts of the Appalachian Mountains and they sometimes did compete for statewide office in the border states.
	Before 1948, the Southern Democrats saw their party as the defender of the Southern way of life, which included a respect for states' rights and an appreciation for traditional southern values. They repeatedly warned against the aggressive designs of Northern liberals and Republicans as well as the civil rights activists they denounced as "outside agitators", thus there was a serious barrier to becoming a Republican.
	In 1948, Democrats alienated white Southerners in two ways. The Democratic National Convention adopted a strong civil rights plank, leading to a walkout by Southerners. Two weeks later, President Harry Truman signed Executive Order 9981 ending discrimination against Blacks in the armed forces. In 1948, the Deep South walked out, formed a temporary regional party and nominated J. Strom Thurmond. Thurmond carried the Deep South, but the outer South stayed with Truman and most "Dixiecrats" returned to the Democratic Party, and there were no permanent membership losses.
	In 1952, Dwight D. Eisenhower, an internationalist allied with the Dewey wing, was drafted as a GOP candidate by a small group of Republicans led by Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. in order that he challenge Taft on foreign policy issues. The two men were not far apart on domestic issues. Eisenhower's victory broke a twenty-year Democratic lock on the White House. Eisenhower did not try to roll back the New Deal, but he did expand the Social Security system and built the Interstate Highway System.
	After 1945, the isolationists in the conservative wing opposed the United Nations and were half-hearted in opposition to the expansion of communism around the world. A garrison state to fight communism, they believed, would mean regimentation and government controls at home. Eisenhower, the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force Commander, defeated Taft in 1952 on foreign policy issues.
	To circumvent the local Republican Party apparatus mostly controlled by Taft supporters, the Eisenhower forces created a nationwide network of grass-roots clubs, "Citizens for Eisenhower". Independents and Democrats were welcome, as the group specialized in canvassing neighborhoods and holding small group meetings. Citizens for Eisenhower hoped to revitalize the GOP by expanding its activist ranks and by supporting moderate and internationalist policies. It did not endorse candidates other than Eisenhower, but he paid it little attention after he won and it failed to maintain its impressive starting momentum. Instead the conservative Republicans became energized, leading to the Barry Goldwater nomination of 1964. Long-time Republican activists viewed the newcomers with suspicion and hostility. More significantly, activism in support of Eisenhower did not translate into enthusiasm for the party cause.
	Once in office, Eisenhower was not an effective party leader and Nixon increasingly took that role. Historian David Reinhard concludes that Eisenhower lacked sustained political commitment, refused to intervene in state politics, failed to understand the political uses of presidential patronage and overestimated his personal powers of persuasion and conciliation. Eisenhower's attempt in 1956 to convert the GOP to "Modern Republicanism" was his "grandest flop". It was a vague proposal with weak staffing and little financing or publicity that caused turmoil inside the local parties across the country. The GOP carried both houses of Congress in 1952 on Eisenhower's coattails, but in 1954 lost both and would not regain the Senate until 1980 nor the House until 1994. The problem, says Reinhard, was the "voters liked Ike—but not the GOP".
	Eisenhower was an exception to most Presidents in that he usually let Vice President Richard Nixon handle party affairs (controlling the national committee and taking the roles of chief spokesman and chief fundraiser). Nixon was narrowly defeated by John F. Kennedy in the 1960 United States presidential election, weakening his moderate wing of the party.
	Conservatives made a comeback in 1964 under the leadership of Barry Goldwater, who defeated moderates and liberals such as Nelson Rockefeller and Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. in the Republican presidential primaries that year. Goldwater was strongly opposed to the New Deal and the United Nations, but rejected isolationism and containment, calling for an aggressive anti-communist foreign policy. In the presidential election of 1964, he was defeated by Lyndon Johnson in a landslide that brought down many senior Republican congressmen across the country. Goldwater won five states in the deep South, the strongest showing by a Republican presidential candidate in the South since 1872.
	By 1964, the Democratic lock on the South remained strong, but cracks began to appear. Strom Thurmond was the most prominent Democrat to switch to the Republican Party. One long-term cause was that the region was becoming more like the rest of the nation and could not long stand apart in terms of racial segregation. Modernization brought factories, businesses and larger cities as well as millions of migrants from the North, as far more people graduated from high school and college. Meanwhile, the cotton and tobacco basis of the traditional South faded away as former farmers moved to town or commuted to factory jobs. Segregation, requiring separate dining and lodging arrangements for employees, was a serious obstacle to business development.
	The highly visible immediate cause of the political transition involved civil rights. The civil rights movement caused enormous controversy in the white South with many attacking it as a violation of states' rights. When segregation was outlawed by court order and by the Civil Rights acts of 1964 and 1965, a die-hard element resisted integration, led by Democratic governors Orval Faubus of Arkansas, Lester Maddox of Georgia, Ross Barnett of Mississippi and, especially George Wallace of Alabama. These populist governors appealed to a less-educated, blue-collar electorate that on economic grounds favored the Democratic Party and supported segregation.
	After passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, most Southerners accepted the integration of most institutions (except public schools). With the old barrier to becoming a Republican removed, Southerners joined the new middle class and the Northern transplants in moving toward the Republican Party. Integration thus liberated Southern politics from the old racial issues. In 1963, the federal courts declared unconstitutional the practice of excluding African-American voters from the Democratic primaries, which had been the only elections that mattered in most of the South. Meanwhile, the newly enfranchised black voters supported Democratic candidates at the 85–90% level, a shift which further convinced many white segregationists that the Republicans were no longer the black party.
	The New Deal Coalition collapsed in the mid-1960s in the face of urban riots, the Vietnam War, the opposition of many Southern Democrats to desegregation and the Civil Rights Movement and disillusionment that the New Deal could be revived by Lyndon Johnson's Great Society. Nixon defeated both Hubert Humphrey and George C. Wallace in 1968. When the Democratic left took over their party in 1972, Nixon won reelection by carrying 49 states.
	Nixon's involvement in Watergate brought disgrace and a forced resignation in 1974 and any long-term movement toward the GOP was interrupted by the scandal. Nixon's unelected vice president, Gerald Ford, succeeded him and gave him a full pardon, giving Democrats a powerful issue they used to sweep the 1974 off-year elections. Ford never fully recovered. In 1976, he barely defeated Ronald Reagan for the nomination. First Lady Betty Ford was notable for her liberal positions on social issues and for her work on breast cancer awareness following her mastectomy in 1974. The taint of Watergate and the nation's economic difficulties contributed to the election of Democrat Jimmy Carter in 1976.
	Ronald Reagan was elected President in the 1980 election by a landslide vote, not predicted by most voter polling. Running on a "Peace Through Strength" platform to combat the communist threat and massive tax cuts to revitalize the economy, Reagan's strong persona proved too much for Carter. Reagan's election also gave Republicans control of the Senate for the first time in decades.
	Ronald Reagan produced a major realignment with his 1980 and 1984 landslides. In 1980, the Reagan coalition was possible because of Democratic losses in most social-economic groups. In 1984, Reagan won nearly 60% of the popular vote and carried every state except his Democratic opponent Walter Mondale's home state of Minnesota and the District of Columbia, creating a record 525 electoral vote total (out of 538 possible votes). Even in Minnesota, Mondale won by a mere 3,761 votes, meaning Reagan came within less than 3,800 votes of winning in all fifty states.
	Political commentators, trying to explain how Reagan had won by such a large margin, coined the term "Reagan Democrat" to describe a Democratic voter who had voted for Reagan in 1980 and 1984 (as well as for George H. W. Bush in 1988), producing their landslide victories. They were mostly white, blue-collar and were attracted to Reagan's social conservatism on issues such as abortion and to his hawkish foreign policy. Stan Greenberg, a Democratic pollster, concluded that Reagan Democrats no longer saw Democrats as champions of their middle class aspirations, but instead saw it as being a party working primarily for the benefit of others, especially African Americans and social liberals.
	Social scientists Theodore Caplow et al. argue: "The Republican party, nationally, moved from right-center toward the center in the 1940s and 1950s, then moved right again in the 1970s and 1980s".
	Reagan reoriented American politics and claimed credit in 1984 for an economic renewal—"It's morning again in America!" was the successful campaign slogan. Income taxes were slashed 25% and the upper tax rates abolished. The frustrations of stagflation were resolved under the new monetary policies of Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker, as no longer did soaring inflation and recession pull the country down. Working again in bipartisan fashion, the Social Security financial crises were resolved for the next 25 years.
	In foreign affairs, bipartisanship was not in evidence. Most Democrats doggedly opposed Reagan's efforts to support the contra guerrillas against the Sandinista government of Nicaragua and to support the dictatorial governments of Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador against communist guerrilla movements. He took a hard line against the Soviet Union, alarming Democrats who wanted a nuclear freeze, but he succeeded in increasing the military budget and launching the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)—labeled "Star Wars" by its opponents—that the Soviets could not match.
	Reagan fundamentally altered several long standing debates in Washington, namely dealing with the Soviet threat and reviving the economy. His election saw the conservative wing of the party gain control. While reviled by liberal opponents in his day, his proponents contend his programs provided unprecedented economic growth and spurred the collapse of the Soviet Union.
	Detractors of Reagan's policies note that although Reagan promised to simultaneously slash taxes, massively increase defense spending and balance the budget, by the time he left office the nation's budget deficit had tripled in his eight years in office. In 2009, Reagan's budget director noted that the "debt explosion has resulted not from big spending by the Democrats, but instead the Republican Party's embrace, about three decades ago, of the insidious doctrine that deficits don't matter if they result from tax cuts". He inspired conservatives to greater electoral victories by being reelected in a landslide against Walter Mondale in 1984, but oversaw the loss of the Senate in 1986.
	When Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in Moscow, many conservative Republicans were dubious of the growing friendship between him and Reagan. Gorbachev tried to save communism in the Soviet Union first by ending the expensive arms race with America, then in 1989 by shedding the East European empire. Communism finally collapsed in the Soviet Union in 1991.
	President George H. W. Bush, Reagan's successor, tried to temper feelings of triumphalism lest there be a backlash in the Soviet Union, but the palpable sense of victory in the Cold War was a success that Republicans felt validated the aggressive foreign policies Reagan had espoused. As Haynes Johnson, one of his harshest critics admitted, "his greatest service was in restoring the respect of Americans for themselves and their own government after the traumas of Vietnam and Watergate, the frustration of the Iran hostage crisis and a succession of seemingly failed presidencies".
	Some liberal Democratic intellectuals in the 1960s and 1970s who became disenchanted with the leftward movement of their party in domestic and foreign policy became "neoconservatives" ("neocons"). A number held major appointments during the five presidential terms under Reagan and the Bushes. They played a central role in promoting and planning the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Vice President Dick Cheney and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, while not identifying themselves as neoconservatives, listened closely to neoconservative advisers regarding foreign policy, especially the defense of Israel, the promotion of democracy in the Middle East and the buildup of American military forces to achieve these goals. Many early neoconservative thinkers were Zionists and wrote often for "Commentary", published by the American Jewish Committee. The influence of the neocons on the White House faded during the Obama years, but it remains a staple in Republican Party arsenal.
	After the election of Democratic President Bill Clinton in 1992, the Republican Party, led by House Republican Minority Whip Newt Gingrich campaigning on a "Contract with America", were elected to majorities to both Houses of Congress in the Republican Revolution of 1994. It was the first time since 1952 that the Republicans secured control of both houses of U.S. Congress, which with the exception of the Senate during 2001–2002 was retained through 2006. This capture and subsequent holding of Congress represented a major legislative turnaround, as Democrats controlled both houses of Congress for the forty years preceding 1995, with the exception of the 1981–1987 Congress in which Republicans controlled the Senate.
	In 1994, Republican Congressional candidates ran on a platform of major reforms of government with measures such as a balanced budget amendment and welfare reform. These measures and others formed the famous Contract with America, which represented the first effort to have a party platform in an off-year election. The Contract promised to bring all points up for a vote for the first time in history. The Republicans passed some of their proposals, but failed on others such as term limits.
	Democratic President Bill Clinton opposed some of the social agenda initiatives, but he co-opted the proposals for welfare reform and a balanced federal budget. The result was a major change in the welfare system, which conservatives hailed and liberals bemoaned. The Republican-controlled House of Representatives failed to muster the two-thirds majority required to pass a Constitutional amendment to impose term limits on members of Congress.
	In 1995, a budget battle with Clinton led to the brief shutdown of the federal government, an event which contributed to Clinton's victory in the 1996 election. That year, the Republicans nominated Bob Dole, who was unable to transfer his success in Senate leadership to a viable presidential campaign.
	The incoming Republican majority's promise to slow the rate of government spending conflicted with the president's agenda for Medicare, education, the environment and public health, eventually leading to a temporary shutdown of the U.S. federal government. The shutdown became the longest-ever in U.S. history, ending when Clinton agreed to submit a CBO-approved balanced budget plan. Democratic leaders vigorously attacked Gingrich for the budget standoff and his public image suffered heavily.
	During the 1998 midterm elections, Republicans lost five seats in the House of Representatives—the worst performance in 64 years for a party that did not hold the presidency. Polls showed that Gingrich's attempt to remove President Clinton from the office was widely unpopular among Americans and Gingrich suffered much of the blame for the election loss. Facing another rebellion in the Republican caucus, he announced on November 6, 1998 that he would not only stand down as Speaker, but would leave the House as well, even declining to take his seat for an 11th term after he was handily re-elected in his home district.
	George W. Bush, son of George H. W. Bush, won the 2000 Republican presidential nomination over Arizona Senator John McCain, former Senator Elizabeth Dole and others. With his highly controversial and exceedingly narrow victory in the 2000 election against the Vice President Al Gore, the Republican Party gained control of the Presidency and both houses of Congress for the first time since 1952. However, it lost control of the Senate when Vermont Senator James Jeffords left the Republican Party to become an independent in 2001 and caucused with the Democrats.
	In the wake of the September 11 attacks on the United States in 2001, Bush gained widespread political support as he pursued the War on Terrorism that included the invasion of Afghanistan and the invasion of Iraq. In March 2003, Bush ordered for an invasion of Iraq because of breakdown of United Nations sanctions and intelligence indicating programs to rebuild or develop new weapons of mass destruction. Bush had near-unanimous Republican support in Congress plus support from many Democratic leaders.
	The Republican Party fared well in the 2002 midterm elections, solidifying its hold on the House and regaining control of the Senate in the run-up to the war in Iraq. This marked the first time since 1934 that the party in control of the White House gained seats in a midterm election in both houses of Congress (previous occasions were in 1902 and following the Civil War). Bush was renominated without opposition as the Republican candidate in the 2004 election and titled his political platform "A Safer World and a More Hopeful America".
	It expressed Bush's optimism towards winning the War on Terrorism, ushering in an ownership society and building an innovative economy to compete in the world. Bush was re-elected by a larger margin than in 2000, but won the smallest share ever of the popular vote for a reelected incumbent president. However, he was the first Republican candidate since 1988 to win an outright majority. In the same election that year, the Republicans gained seats in both houses of Congress and Bush told reporters: "I earned capital in the campaign, political capital, and now I intend to spend it. It is my style".
	Bush announced his agenda in January 2005, but his popularity in the polls waned and his troubles mounted. Continuing troubles in Iraq as well as the disastrous government response to Hurricane Katrina led to declining popular support for Bush's policies. His campaign to add personal savings accounts to the Social Security system and make major revisions in the tax code were postponed. He succeeded in selecting conservatives to head four of the most important agencies, Condoleezza Rice as Secretary of State, Alberto Gonzales as Attorney General, John Roberts as Chief Justice of the United States and Ben Bernanke as Chairman of the Federal Reserve.
	Bush failed to win conservative approval for Harriet Miers to the Supreme Court, replacing her with Samuel Alito, whom the Senate confirmed in January 2006. Bush and McCain secured additional tax cuts and blocked moves to raise taxes. Through 2006, they strongly defended his policy in Iraq, saying the Coalition was winning. They secured the renewal of the USA PATRIOT Act.
	In the November 2005 off-year elections, New York City, Republican mayoral candidate Michael Bloomberg won a landslide re-election, the fourth straight Republican victory in what is otherwise a Democratic stronghold. In California, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger failed in his effort to use the ballot initiative to enact laws the Democrats blocked in the state legislature. Scandals prompted the resignations of Congressional Republicans House Majority Leader Tom DeLay, Duke Cunningham, Mark Foley and Bob Ney. In the 2006 midterm elections, the Republicans lost control of both the House of Representatives and Senate to the Democrats in what was widely interpreted as a repudiation of the administration's war policies. Exit polling suggested that corruption was a key issue for many voters. Soon after the elections, Donald Rumsfeld resigned as secretary of defense to be replaced by Bob Gates.
	In the Republican leadership elections that followed the general election, Speaker Hastert did not run and Republicans chose John Boehner of Ohio for House Minority Leader. Senators chose whip Mitch McConnell of Kentucky for Senate Minority Leader and chose their former leader Trent Lott as Senate Minority Whip by one vote over Lamar Alexander, who assumed their roles in January 2007. In the October and November gubernatorial elections of 2007, Republican Bobby Jindal won election for governor of Louisiana, Republican incumbent Governor Ernie Fletcher of Kentucky lost and Republican incumbent Governor Haley Barbour of Mississippi won re-election.
	With President Bush ineligible for a third term and Vice President Dick Cheney not pursuing the party's nomination, Arizona Senator John McCain quickly emerged as the Republican Party's presidential nominee, receiving President Bush's endorsement on March 6, six months before official ratification at the 2008 Republican National Convention. On August 29, Senator McCain announced Governor Sarah Palin of Alaska as his running-mate, making her the first woman on a Republican Presidential ticket. McCain surged ahead of Obama in the national polls following the nomination but amid a financial crisis and a serious economic downturn, McCain and Palin went on to lose the election to Democrats Barack Obama and running mate Joe Biden.
	Following the 2008 elections, the Republican Party, reeling from the loss of the presidency, Congress and key state governorships, was fractured and leaderless. Michael Steele became the first black chairman of the Republican National Committee, but was a poor fundraiser and was replaced after numerous gaffes and missteps. Republicans suffered an additional loss in the Senate in April 2009, when Arlen Specter switched to the Democratic Party, depriving the GOP of a critical 41st vote to block legislation in the Senate. The seating of Al Franken several months later effectively handed the Democrats a filibuster-proof majority, but it was short-lived as the GOP took back its 41st vote when Scott Brown won a special election in Massachusetts in early 2010.
	Republicans strongly opposed Obama's 2009 economic stimulus package and 2010 health care reform bill. The Tea Party movement, formed in early 2009, provided a groundswell of conservative grassroots activism to oppose policies of the Obama administration. With an expected economic recovery being criticized as sluggish, the GOP was expected to make big gains in the 2010 midterm elections. However, establishment Republicans began to see themselves at odds with Tea Party activists, who sought to run conservative candidates in primary elections to defeat the more moderate establishment-based candidates. Incumbent senators such as Bob Bennett in Utah and Lisa Murkowski in Alaska lost primary contests in their respective states.
	Republicans won back control of the House of Representatives in the November general election, with a net gain of 63 seats, the largest gain for either party since 1948. The GOP also picked up six seats in the Senate, falling short of retaking control in that chamber, and posted additional gains in state governor and legislative races. Boehner became Speaker of the House while McConnell remained as the Senate Minority Leader. In an interview with "National Journal" magazine about congressional Republican priorities, McConnell explained that "the single most important thing we want to achieve is for (Barack) Obama to be a one-term president".
	After 2009, the voter base of the GOP changed in directions opposite from national trends. It became older and less Hispanic or Asian than the general population. In 2013, Jackie Calmes of "The New York Times" reported a dramatic shift in the power base of the party as it moved away from the Northeast and the West Coast and toward small-town America in the South and West. During the 2016 presidential election, the Republicans also gained significant support in the Midwest.
	In a shift over a half-century, the party base has been transplanted from the industrial Northeast and urban centers to become rooted in the South and West, in towns and rural areas. In turn, Republicans are electing more populist, antitax and antigovernment conservatives who are less supportive — and even suspicious — of appeals from big business.<br><br>Big business, many Republicans believe, is often complicit with big government on taxes, spending and even regulations, to protect industry tax breaks and subsidies — "corporate welfare," in their view.
	In February 2011, several freshmen Republican governors began proposing legislation that would diminish the power of public employee labor unions by removing or negatively affecting their right to collective bargaining, claiming that these changes were needed to cut state spending and balance the states' budgets. These actions sparked public-employee protests across the country. In Wisconsin, the veritable epicenter of the controversy, Governor Scott Walker fought off a labor-fueled recall election, becoming the first state governor in U.S. history to defeat a recall against him.
	After leading a pack of minor candidates for much of 2010 and 2011, former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney, despite outmatching his opponents in both money and organization, struggled to hold on to his lead for the 2012 GOP nomination. As the presidential campaign season headed toward the voting stage in January 2012, one candidate after another surged past Romney, held the lead for a few weeks, then fell back. According to the RealClearPolitics 2012 polling index, five candidates at one time or another were the top choice of GOP voters: Texas Governor Rick Perry, motivational speaker Herman Cain, former Speaker Newt Gingrich, former Senator Rick Santorum and Romney himself.
	After losing to Santorum in Iowa and Gingrich in South Carolina, Romney racked up a number of wins in later contests, emerging as the eventual frontrunner after taking the lion's share of states and delegates in the crucial Super Tuesday contests, despite an embarrassing loss in the Colorado caucuses and near-upsets in the Michigan and Ohio primaries. Romney was nominated in August and chose Congressman Paul Ryan, a young advocate of drastic budget cuts, as his running mate. Throughout the summer polls showed a close race and Romney had a good first debate, but otherwise had trouble reaching out to ordinary voters. He lost to Obama 51% to 47% and instead of gaining in the Senate as expected, Republicans lost seats.
	The party mood was glum in 2013 and one conservative analyst concluded: It would be no exaggeration to say that the Republican Party has been in a state of panic since the defeat of Mitt Romney, not least because the election highlighted American demographic shifts and, relatedly, the party's failure to appeal to Hispanics, Asians, single women and young voters. Hence the Republican leadership's new willingness to pursue immigration reform, even if it angers the conservative base.
	In March 2013, National Committee Chairman Reince Priebus gave a stinging postmortem on the GOP's failures in 2012, calling on the party to reinvent itself and to endorse immigration reform and said: "There's no one reason we lost. Our message was weak; our ground game was insufficient; we weren't inclusive; we were behind in both data and digital; and our primary and debate process needed improvement". Priebus proposed 219 reforms, including a $10 million marketing campaign to reach women, minorities and gays; a shorter, more controlled primary season; and better data collection and research facilities.
	The party's official opposition to same-sex marriage came under attack. Meanwhile, social conservatives such as Rick Santorum and Mike Huckabee remained opposed to same-sex marriage and warned that evangelicals would desert if the GOP dropped the issue. Many leaders from different factions spoke out in 2013 on the need for a new immigration policy in the wake of election results showing a sharp move away from the GOP among Hispanics and Asians, but the Republicans in Congress could not agree on a program and nothing was done. Republicans in Congress forced a government shutdown in late 2013 after narrowly averting similar fiscal crises in 2011 and 2012.
	The Tea Party fielded a number of anti-establishment candidates in the 2014 Republican primaries, but scored very few notable wins. However, they managed to unseat House Majority Leader Eric Cantor in his Virginia primary race. GOP attacks on Obama's unpopular administration resonated with voters and the party posted major gains around the country. They regained control of the Senate and increased their majorities in the House to the highest total since 1929. They took control of governorships, state legislatures and Senate seats in nearly all Southern states, except Florida and Virginia.
	Great divisions in the House GOP conference were apparent after the 2014 midterm elections, with conservative members, many of them from the right-leaning Freedom Caucus, expressing dissatisfaction with congressional leadership. John Boehner's surprise announcement in September 2015 that he would step down as Speaker sent shockwaves through the House. After Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy bowed out of the race to replace Boehner due to a lack of support, House Ways and Means Chair Paul Ryan announced he would run, with the Freedom Caucus' support. Ryan was elected Speaker on October 29.
	Businessman Donald Trump won the 2016 Republican primaries, representing a dramatic policy shift from traditional conservatism to an aggressively populist ideology with overtones of cultural identity politics. Numerous high-profile Republicans, including past presidential nominees like Mitt Romney, announced their opposition to Trump; some even did so after he received the GOP nomination. Much of the Republican opposition to Trump stemmed from concerns that his disdain for political correctness, his support from the ethno-nationalist alt-right, his virulent criticism of the mainstream news media, and his expressions of approval for political violence would result in the GOP losing the presidential election and lead to significant GOP losses in other races. In one of the largest upsets in American political history, Trump went on to defeat Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election.
	In addition to electing Donald Trump as president, Republicans maintained a majority in the Senate, in the House, and amongst state governors in the 2016 elections. The Republican Party was slated to control 69 of 99 state legislative chambers in 2017 (the most it had held in history) and at least 33 governorships (the most it had held since 1922). The party took total control of the government (legislative chambers and governorships) in 25 states following the 2016 elections; this was the most states it had controlled since 1952.
	Sources differ over the extent Trump dominated and "remade" the Republican Party. Some have called his control "complete", noting that the few dissenting "Never Trump" Republican elected officials retired or were defeated in primaries, that conservative media strongly supported him, and that his approval rating among self-identified Republican voters was extraordinarily high. 
	According to Trump and others, his policies differed from those of his Republican predecessors (such as Reagan) in being more oriented towards the working class, more skeptical of free trade agreements, and more isolationist and confrontational with foreign allies.
	Others suggested that Trump's popularity among the Republican base did not translate into as much GOP candidate loyalty as expected. Still others opined that Republican legislation and policies during the Trump administration continued to reflect the traditional priorities of Republican donors, appointees and congressional leaders. Jeet Heer of "New Republic" suggested that Trump's ascendancy was the "natural evolutionary product of Republican platforms and strategies that stretch back to the very origins of modern conservatism"; Heer and others have connected Trump to the party's use of the Southern strategy to increase support among Southern whites by appealing to racism.
	The Republican Party had a progressive element, typified in the early 20th century by Theodore Roosevelt in the 1907–1912 period (Roosevelt was more conservative at other points), Senator Robert M. La Follette, Sr. and his sons in Wisconsin (from about 1900 to 1946) and western leaders such as Senator Hiram Johnson in California, Senator George W. Norris in Nebraska, Senator Bronson M. Cutting in New Mexico, Congresswoman Jeannette Rankin in Montana and Senator William Borah in Idaho. They were generally progressive in domestic policy, supported unions and supported much of the New Deal, but were isolationist in foreign policy. This element died out by the 1940s. Outside Congress, of the leaders who supported Theodore Roosevelt in 1912, most opposed the New Deal.
	Starting in the 1930s, a number of Northeastern Republicans took liberal positions regarding labor unions, spending and New Deal policies. They included Mayor Fiorello La Guardia in New York City, Governor Thomas E. Dewey of New York, Governor Earl Warren of California, Governor Harold Stassen of Minnesota, Senator Clifford P. Case of New Jersey, Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. of Massachusetts, Senator Prescott Bush of Connecticut (father and grandfather of the two Bush Presidents), Senator Jacob K. Javits of New York, Senator John Sherman Cooper of Kentucky, Senator George Aiken of Vermont, Governor and later Senator Mark Hatfield of Oregon, Governor William Scranton of Pennsylvania and Governor George W. Romney of Michigan. The most notable of them all was Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller of New York. They generally advocated a free-market, but with some level of regulation. Rockefeller required employable welfare recipients to take available jobs or job training.
	While the media sometimes called them "Rockefeller Republicans", the liberal Republicans never formed an organized movement or caucus and lacked a recognized leader. They promoted economic growth and high state and federal spending while accepting high taxes and much liberal legislation, with the provision they could administer it more efficiently. They opposed the Democratic big city machines while welcoming support from labor unions and big business alike. Religion was not high on their agenda, but they were strong believers in civil rights for African Americans and women's rights and most liberals were pro-choice. They were also strong environmentalists and supporters of higher education. In foreign policy they were internationalists, throwing their support to Dwight D. Eisenhower over the conservative leader Robert A. Taft in 1952. They were often called the "Eastern Establishment" by conservatives such as Barry Goldwater.
	The Goldwater conservatives fought this establishment from 1960, defeated it in 1964 and eventually retired most of its members, although some became Democrats like Senator Charles Goodell and Mayor John Lindsay in New York. President Richard Nixon adopted many of their positions, especially regarding health care, welfare spending, environmentalism and support for the arts and humanities. After Congressman John B. Anderson of Illinois bolted the party in 1980 and ran as an independent against Reagan, the liberal GOP element faded away. Their old strongholds in the Northeast are now mostly held by Democrats.
	The term "Rockefeller Republican" was used 1960–1980 to designate a faction of the party holding "moderate" views similar to those of Nelson Rockefeller, governor of New York from 1959 to 1974 and Vice President under President Gerald Ford in 1974–1977. Before Rockefeller, Thomas E. Dewey, governor of New York (1942–1954) and GOP presidential nominee in 1944 and 1948 was the leader. Dwight Eisenhower and his aide Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. reflected many of their views.
	An important moderate leader in the 1950s was Connecticut Republican Senator Prescott Bush, father and grandfather of Presidents George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush, respectively. After Rockefeller left the national stage in 1976, this faction of the party was more often called "moderate Republicans", in contrast to the conservatives who rallied to Ronald Reagan.
	Historically, Rockefeller Republicans were moderate or liberal on domestic and social policies. They favored New Deal programs, including regulation and welfare. They were supporters of civil rights. They were supported by big business on Wall Street (New York City). In fiscal policy they favored balanced budgets and relatively high tax levels to keep the budget balanced. They sought long-term economic growth through entrepreneurship, not tax cuts.
	In state politics, they were strong supporters of state colleges and universities, low tuition and large research budgets. They favored infrastructure improvements, such as highway projects. In foreign policy they were internationalists and anti-communists. They felt the best way to counter communism was sponsoring economic growth (through foreign aid), maintaining a strong military and keeping close ties to NATO. Geographically their base was the Northeast, from Maine to Pennsylvania, where they had the support of major corporations and banks and worked well with labor unions.
	The moderate Republicans were top-heavy, with a surplus of high visibility national leaders and a shortage of grass roots workers. Most of all they lacked the numbers, the enthusiasm and excitement the conservatives could mobilize—the moderates decided it must be an un-American level of fanaticism that drove their opponents. Doug Bailey, a senior Rockefeller aide recalled, "there was a mentality in [Rockefeller's] campaign staff that, 'Look, we have got all this money. We should be able to buy the people necessary to get this done. And you buy from the top down'". Bailey discovered that the Rockefeller team never understood that effective political organizations are empowered from the bottom up, not the top down.
	Barry Goldwater crusaded against the Rockefeller Republicans, beating Rockefeller narrowly in the California primary of 1964 giving the Arizona senator, all of the California delegates and a majority at the presidential nominating convention. The election was a disaster for the conservatives, but the Goldwater activists now controlled large swaths of the GOP and they had no intention of retreating. The stage was set for a conservative takeover, based in the South and West, in opposition to the Northeast. Ronald Reagan continued in the same theme. George H. W. Bush was more closely associated with the moderates, but his son George W. Bush was firmly allied with the conservatives.
	From its inception in 1854 to 1964, when Senate Republicans pushed hard for passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 against a filibuster by Senate Democrats, the GOP had a reputation for supporting blacks and minorities. In 1869, the Republican-controlled legislature in Wyoming Territory and its Republican governor John Allen Campbell made it the first jurisdiction to grant voting rights to women. In 1875, California swore in the first Hispanic governor, Republican Romualdo Pacheco. In 1916, Jeannette Rankin of Montana became the first woman in Congress—and indeed the first woman in any high level government position. In 1928, New Mexico elected the first Hispanic U.S. Senator, Republican Octaviano Larrazolo. In 1898, the first Jewish U.S. Senator elected from outside of the former Confederacy was Republican Joseph Simon of Oregon. In 1924, the first Jewish woman elected to the U.S. House of Representatives was Republican Florence Kahn of California. In 1928, the Republican U.S. Senate Majority Leader, Charles Curtis of Kansas, who grew up on the Kaw Indian reservation, became the first person of significant non-European ancestry to be elected to national office, as Vice President of the United States for Herbert Hoover.
	Blacks generally identified with the GOP until the 1930s. Every African American who served in the U.S. House of Representatives before 1935 and all of the African Americans who served in the Senate before 1979, were Republicans. Frederick Douglass after the Civil War and Booker T. Washington in the early 20th century were prominent Republican spokesmen. In 1966, Edward Brooke of Massachusetts became the first African American popularly elected to the United States Senate.
	Some critics, most notably Dan Carter, have alleged that the rapid growth in Republican strength in the South came from a secretly coded message to Wallacites and segregationists that the GOP was a racist anti-black party seeking their votes. Political scientists and historians point out that the timing does not fit the Southern strategy model. Nixon carried 49 states in 1972, so he operated a successful national rather than regional strategy, but the Republican Party remained quite weak at the local and state level across the entire South for decades. Matthew Lassiter argues that Nixon's appeal was not to the Wallacites or segregationists, but rather to the rapidly emerging suburban middle-class. Many had Northern antecedents and they wanted rapid economic growth and saw the need to put backlash politics to rest. Lassiter says the Southern strategy was a "failure" for the GOP and that the Southern base of the Republican Party "always depended more on the middle-class corporate economy and on the top-down politics of racial backlash". Furthermore, "realignment in the South quote came primarily from the suburban ethos of New South metropolises such as Atlanta and Charlotte, North Carolina, not to the exportation of the working-class racial politics of the Black Belt".
	The South's transition to a Republican stronghold took decades and happened incrementally, with national politics gradually influencing state and local politics. First the states started voting Republican in presidential elections—the Democrats countered that by nominating Southerners who could carry some states in the region, such as Jimmy Carter in 1976 and Bill Clinton in 1992 and 1996. However, the strategy narrowly failed with Al Gore in 2000. The states began electing Republican senators to fill open seats caused by retirements and finally governors and state legislatures changed sides. Georgia was the last state to shift to the GOP, with Republican Sonny Perdue taking the governorship in 2002. Republicans aided the process with redistricting that protected the African-American and Hispanic vote (as required by the Civil Rights laws), but split up the remaining white Democrats so that Republicans mostly would win.
	In addition to its white middle class base, Republicans attracted strong majorities from the evangelical Christian community and from Southern pockets of traditionalist Roman Catholics in South Louisiana. The national Democratic Party's support for liberal social stances such as abortion drove many white Southerners into a Republican Party that was embracing the conservative views on these issues. Conversely, liberal voters in the northeast began to join the Democratic Party.
	In 1969, Kevin Phillips argued in "The Emerging Republican Majority" that support from Southern whites and growth in the South, among other factors, was driving an enduring Republican electoral realignment. In the early 21st century, the South was generally solidly Republican in state elections and mostly solidly Republican in presidential contests. In 2005, political scientists Nicholas A. Valentino and David O. Sears argued that partisanship at that time was driven by disagreements on the size of government, national security and moral issues, while racial issues played a smaller role.

= = = HTC Apache = = =

	The Pocket PC Apache is a Windows Mobile 5.0 device, sold as the PPC-6700 by Sprint, and the XV6700 by Verizon Wireless and other US carriers. The device was one of the first CDMA Windows Mobile 5.0 devices on the market, and the first to be released in the United States. It has a slide out keyboard.
	The device was initially available in the U.S. as a Sprint PCS, in October 2005. It is now offered by Cellular South, Alltel, Qwest, Sprint, Embarq and Verizon Wireless. 
	In Canada, the PPC-6700 was offered by Telus in December 2005, Bell Canada in April 2006, and Sasktel in August 2006.
	The upgraded generation of the model is the HTC Mogul, also known as the HTC Titan, the PPC-6800, or the XV6800 from Verizon Wireless.
	"Reference: Section 5.4 of the Verizon XV6700 User Manual (expansion slot compatible with miniSD and MMC cards)"
	Due to the popularity of the device there are many unofficial Operating System releases found on the Internet. Most notably, Windows Mobile 6.5 Professional.
	As of July 7, 2008 UTStarcom no longer supports the HTC Apache for US customers.

= = = Aversive case = = =

	The aversive or evitative case (abbreviated ) is a grammatical case found in Australian Aboriginal languages that indicates that the marked noun is avoided or feared.
	For example, in Walmajarri:
	The suffix "-karrarla" indicates that the action (running away) was carried out in order to avoid the dust storm, "tjurtu-".
	The aversive may also be used to mark the object of verbs of fearing. For example, in Djabugay:
	The aversive may be used on a nominalized verb, to produce an equivalent of English "lest". For example, "lest they be forgotten" could be encoded as "to avoid forgetting them".
	Few languages have a distinct aversive case. Usually, a single case will be used both for the aversive and other functions.
	Languages with a distinct aversive case include:

= = = William F. Walsh Regional Transportation Center = = =

	The William F. Walsh Regional Transportation Center is the long-distance ground travel (rail and bus) terminal serving the Syracuse, New York area. It is served by Amtrak, Greyhound Lines, Megabus, and Trailways. Local and regional bus transportation is provided by the Central New York Regional Transportation Authority (CENTRO). Various taxi firms service the Center, as well. The Regional Transportation Center is located on the north side of Syracuse, adjacent to the Central New York Regional Market and near Destiny USA.
	Syracuse is served by two trains daily on the "Lake Shore Limited", four trains daily of the "Empire Service", and two trains daily on the "Maple Leaf".
	When the financially desperate New York Central Railroad sold off its elevated right-of-way through downtown Syracuse to the State of New York in 1962, all rail service was re-routed onto a former freight bypass to the north of the city center. The elevated line and train station had been in service for less than 30 years, having replaced tracks that ran at-grade through the center of Washington Street. 
	From this time until the late 1990s, bus service remained at the former train station downtown, but with the former train route converted into Interstate 690 (a downtown freeway, in vogue among mid-century urban planners), rail passengers were forced to use a "temporary" structure near the freight yards in East Syracuse, opened on August 29, 1962. Both options proved decidedly unpopular, with the train station in particular becoming synonymous with Amtrak's many woes. 
	Opened in 1998, the Regional Transportation Center replaced both venues, re-integrating bus and rail service for the first time since the early 1960s. There were provisions built for OnTrack, Syracuse's commuter train line built on the former Lackawanna right-of-way through Armory Square, to call at the station. However, a bridge that was intended to connect the two lines was never built after CSX claimed construction could destabilize its freight rail bridge, and the OnTrack program was axed due to low ridership. The station is named for William F. Walsh, a former mayor of Syracuse and representative in the U.S. Congress.
	The station is built at ground level, with bus loading/unloading areas in front of the main entrance, and stairs and an elevator leading up to the tracks, which are on an embankment. A central concourse with shops and a waiting room links the two areas. Trains call at a single high-level island platform serving one (nominally eastbound) track; provisions were made for cross-platform transfers with OnTrack on the other side, but the program was canceled before service ever reached the station.
	Fifteen CENTRO bus routes serve the Walsh Regional Transportation Center from Auburn, Fulton, Liverpool, Oswego, Phoenix, Skaneateles, Syracuse, and nearby areas.
	The most frequently serviced corridor is between the Regional Transportation Center and the Downtown Syracuse CENTRO Transit Hub (at Salina and Adams Streets), via Route Nos. 16, 46, 50, 116, 216, 316, and 550. Transfers to buses serving other routes may be made at Destiny USA or the Downtown Transit Hub. Standard local fares are $2.00 per person; with children aged 6-9, seniors 65+ and persons with disabilities at $1.00 per person. Children under 6 are free. Fares for the longer distance regional bus routes are on a zone basis, up to $4.00 each way per person for the Auburn (Aub36) line, and $5.00 for the Oswego (Osw46) line.

= = = Goodness = = =

	Goodness may refer to:

= = = Courthouses in New South Wales = = =

	Courthouses in New South Wales were designed by the Colonial Architect, later known as the Government Architect of New South Wales, Australia.
	The first New South Welsh Charter of Justice of 2 April 1787 created the power to convene a criminal court. This was the Court of Criminal Jurisdiction. The first Charter of Justice also created a Court of Civil Jurisdiction to hear and determine in a summary way all pleas relating to real and personal property, debts, contracts, grant of probates and to administer intestate estates. Magistrates appointed in the early years of the colony were unpaid honorary appointments. The first paid magistrate was D'Arcy Wentworth appointed in 1810.
	Local Courts were known as Courts of Petty Sessions. Such courts had originated in England in the fourteenth century. Although during the early years of the colony references are made to Courts of Petty Session sittings by Magistrates, it was not until 1832 that Courts of Petty Sessions were formally established in New South Wales.
	The first Courts of Petty Sessions were proclaimed in the Government Gazette of 3 October 1832. The proclamations gave notice that Courts of Petty Sessions were to be held at the following locations: Sydney (Police Office and Hyde Park Barracks), Inverary, 
	Parramatta, Bathurst, Windsor, Newcastle, Penrith, Paterson's Plains, Liverpool, Maitland, Campbelltown, Darlington, Wollongong, Invermein, Stonequarry Creek, Port Stephens, Bong Bong or Berrima, Port Macquarie, Goulburn Plains.
	More than three hundred courthouses have been built in New South Wales since settlement. The oldest existing Local Court in New South Wales is the Local Court at Windsor which was built in 1821.
	In 1985 the Local Courts Act abolished Courts of Petty Sessions by changing their name to Local Courts and appointments are now made under that Act. There are currently 160 Local Courts established throughout New South Wales and 130 Magistrates appointed.
	Local Courts in New South Wales have jurisdiction to deal with:
	Local Courts also provide the following services:
	The following courthouses are located in New South Wales, with the Colonial Architect James Barnet and his office responsible for designing and building 130 courthouses across the state. Some of the courthouses designed by Barnet replaced existing courthouses where it was deemed the building had been outgrown:

= = = Emperor Duzong = = =

	Emperor Duzong of Song (2 May 1240 – 12 August 1274), personal name Zhao Qi, was the 15th emperor of the Song dynasty in China and the sixth emperor of the Southern Song dynasty. He was a nephew of his predecessor, Emperor Lizong, and reigned from 1264 until his death in 1274. 
	His birth name was Zhao Mengqi but his name was changed to Zhao Zi in 1251 and finally to Zhao Qi in 1253 after he was designated as Emperor Lizong's heir apparent. Duzong's reign was filled with rebellions and warfare; the court was dominated by his chancellor Jia Sidao and Duzong himself gave in into drinking and women, thus abandoning his duties. He died in 1274 leaving behind three young boys, one of whom took the throne as Emperor Gong. He is the last Emperor of the Song to issue coins; subsequent Emperors were too busy fighting the Mongols to establish mints to cast any coins and did not have enough resources.
	Emperor Duzong's mother wanted to have an abortion because she thought she was of low social status so she took drugs in an futile attempt to abort Duzong. Duzong was born anyway but the drugs affected him in many ways such as that his intelligence was lower than an average person, his hand and feet were soft; using them in an awkward fashion and he couldn't even speak until he was seven years old. He was Yurui's only son. Like his uncle Zhao Yun, he lived in Shaoxing.
	Duzong was discovered by his paternal uncle Zhao Yun, better known as Emperor Lizong in 1253, who was sonless and therefore had no heirs so to compensate, adopted Duzong and designated him crown prince in 1260, an action historians still view as confusing. Emperor Lizong died in 1264 and Emperor Duzong then ascended the throne.
	Emperor Duzong's reign was plagued with rebellions, warfare and corruption in his court; many officials accused the chancellor Jia Sidao of corruption but Duzong trusted Jia Sidao who Duzong honoured by bowing down to Jia even calling him "teacher" and according to anecdotes, when Jia was considering resigning, Duzong knelt down in tears begging Jia to remain in office. 
	Emperor Duzong ignored his duties and instead delegated all state and military affairs to the hands of Jia Sidao; the emperor instead indulged in drinking, women, and lived in opulence. To make things even worse, Duzong’s intelligence was lower than a normal person and he was often depressed. At first, he told the officials to be straightforward and tell him the problems in the countries, but this was all an act. Soon, he completely neglected his duties. Furthermore, he had a very high sexual appetite. Under Song laws, any woman who had sexual relations with the emperor had to pay respects to the emperor every morning. At one point, there were as many as 30 women paying their respects to Emperor Duzong in one morning. Duzong also gave official documents to four of his most favored women.
	The Mongols had spent decades harassing the Song Empire's borders and were on the verge of conquering the whole of China. Emperor Duzong however, ignored this problem instead choosing to drink and indulging in sex because when Duzong heard that Xiangyang was being besieged by Mongol troops, Duzong asked Jia Sidao "I hear that Xiangyang had been besieged by the Yuan troops for several years. Is this true?" in which Jia said in all seriousness "Well, I haven't heard such a thing." Duzong replied with "A palace maid told me this." 
	Lu Wenhuan sent a messenger to Emperor Duzong, to request immediate reinforcements to defend Xiangyang. The messenger successfully got by the Yuan forts and reached the emperor but upon hearing the effectiveness of these new trebuchets, the emperor considered Xiangyang lost and did not send reinforcements. The decisive Battle of Xiangyang was fought in 1274 when the Mongols succeeded in capturing and destroying the last Song stronghold. The loss of Xiangyang sealed the fate of the Song dynasty and the news of its capture was deliberately hidden from Emperor Duzong by Jia Sidao.
	Emperor Duzong died shortly thereafter from overindulgence in wine but Richard Davis and other sources claim that, Duzong died suddenly from a severe negligence of a Palace Doctor. In any case, he was succeeded by his sixth son, Zhao Xian (Emperor Gong), who was then only four years old. Although Emperor Duzong was technically not the last emperor of the Song dynasty, historians see him as the last Song emperor who could have made decisions that would've significantly halted or even prevented the fall of the dynasty.
	Emperor Duzong was buried in the Yongshao Mausoleum on January 1275.

= = = Morris McHone = = =

	Morris Daniel "Mo" McHone (born June 17, 1943) is a former coach for the Sioux Falls Skyforce, a professional team in the NBA Development League. He is also a former NBA basketball coach and assistant coach.
	McHone served as an assistant coach for the San Antonio Spurs for several seasons under coach Stan Albeck, replacing him in 1983 when Albeck took a job with the New Jersey Nets. However, McHone only lasted 31 games, and was fired midway through the season after posting an 11-20 record. He was replaced by then-GM Bob Bass.
	McHone served as an assistant coach for the Cleveland Cavaliers during the season, and under head coach George Karl during the season. He also served as an assistant coach for the Detroit Pistons (1999–2001) and the Los Angeles Clippers (2001–2003).
	McHone has coached for several teams in the Continental Basketball Association and NBA D-League, and has also served as head coach of the United States Men's National Basketball Team for several stints.
	McHone is best known for his multiple stints as coach of the Sioux Falls Skyforce, both in the Continental Basketball Association (CBA) and the NBA D-League. He coached the team from 1995-1999 in the CBA, and twice (06-07 and 10-12) in the D-League, winning the CBA Championship in 1996. He has a combined 180-124 (.592) record with the Skyforce. However, in August 2012 the Skyforce appointed Joel Abelson as the 15th Head coach of the franchise.
	In between his time with the Skyforce, he was named Director of Basketball Development for the Austin Toros of the NBA Development League.

= = = Diabolique (1996 film) = = =

	Diabolique is a 1996 American psychological thriller film directed by Jeremiah Chechik, written by Henri-Georges Clouzot and Don Roos, and starring Sharon Stone, Isabelle Adjani, Chazz Palminteri, and Kathy Bates. The plot follows the wife and mistress of an abusive schoolmaster who find themselves stalked by an unknown assailant after murdering him and disposing of his body.
	The film is a remake of the French film "Les Diaboliques" (1955) directed by Clouzot, which was based on the novel "She Who Was No More" () by Pierre Boileau and Thomas Narcejac.
	Mia Baran is a devout Catholic schoolteacher at a boys' school outside Pittsburgh where her husband, Guy, is schoolmaster. Guy is abusive to the weak Mia, a former nun who suffers from cardiomyopathy; his mistress, Nicole Horner, a fellow teacher at the school, is protective of Mia. When both women grow tired of his abuses, they collaborate to murder him in an apartment owned by a family friend of Nicole's. The women lure him there, and Mia drugs him before they successfully drown him in a bathtub. They wrap his body in a shower curtain and place it in a wicker box.
	While en route to the school, Nicole crashes Guy's car in a pileup on the interstate, but the wicker box goes unnoticed by authorities. The women arrive at the school in the middle of the night, and dump Guy's corpse in the unkempt swimming pool on the property, staging his death as an accidental drowning. When his body fails to rise to the surface after several days, Nicole has the pool drained, but Guy's body is nowhere to be found. The women subsequently discover photos taken of them on the day of Guy's murder, and believe someone is blackmailing them.
	After reading about the discovery of a John Doe in a nearby river, Mia goes to view the body at the sheriff's station, but finds it is not Guy. There, she attracts the attention of Shirley Vogel, a retired police officer-turned-private investigator who offers to look into Guy's disappearance. Nicole is resistant, and Shirley quickly becomes suspicious of the women. Their fears of a blackmailer are confirmed when Mia discovers the shower curtain used to conceal Guy's body hanging in her bathroom window.
	Shirley confronts Mia with the accident report from Guy's car, and surmises that Guy was en route to see her in Pittsburgh on the day he disappeared. Mia grows increasingly paranoid, believing Guy is alive and stalking the women. This fear increases when two videographers filming an event at the school capture an image of Guy standing in one of the building's windows. Later, while investigating the school's basement, Shirley is attacked and knocked unconscious.
	That night, Mia finds Guy floating in her bathtub, and witnesses him rise from the water. Terrified, she loses consciousness and collapses, apparently suffering a heart attack. Nicole arrives, and it is revealed that she and Guy had planned the series of events to scare Mia to the point of heart failure. Nicole laments, however, and tells Guy she had wanted to call it off. While overlooking Mia's body, Nicole realizes she is in fact not dead; when Guy realizes she is alive, he attacks both women, knocking Nicole unconscious.
	Mia flees downstairs, and Guy tackles her to the ground in front of the pool and attempts to drown her. Nicole manages to stop him by driving a garden rake into his head, and he falls into the pool. As Nicole attempts to revive Mia, Guy pulls her into the pool and tries to drown her. Mia enters the pool, and together, both women successfully drown him. They exit the pool and are confronted by Shirley, who punches Mia in the face; willing to cover for the women, she explains it will help prove self-defense in Guy's murder. Mia walks away from the pool, distraught, and Shirley smokes a cigarette while watching Guy's body sink to the bottom.
	Filming took place in and around Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The St. Philomena School was used as the primarily filming location.
	The movie was compared unfavorably to the original movie, and received overall negative reviews. It currently holds a 'rotten' 18% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 28 reviews. Stone was nominated for a Razzie Award for "Worst New Star" (as the new "serious" Sharon Stone) for this film and "Last Dance", where she lost to Pamela Anderson for "Barb Wire".
	The movie was a box office bomb, grossing far below its $45 million budget.

= = = Blephariceridae = = =

	The Blephariceridae, commonly known as net-winged midges, are a nematoceran family in the order Diptera. The adults resemble crane flies except with a projecting anal angle in the wings, and different head shape, absence of the V on the mesonotum, and more laterally outstretched, forward-facing legs. They are uncommon, but dozens of genera occur worldwide, and over 200 species.
	They are found near fast-flowing streams where the larvae live. Blepharicerid larvae are filter feeders and have suckers on their abdominal sternites, used to adhere to rocks in the torrents in which they live. These suckers are sometimes called creeping welts. These are of unique evolutionary origin within the Diptera.
	One recent classification based largely on fossils treats this family as the sole member of its infraorder, but this has not gained wide acceptance.
	Loew H. 1862. Monographs of the Diptera of North America. Part 1. Smithsonian Institution, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection 6(1): 1-221, fig. 1-3+1-12, 2 pls.

= = = Victoria Beckham (album) = = =

	Victoria Beckham (stylised as VB) is the self-titled debut and, to date, only studio album by English singer-songwriter, Victoria Beckham. It was released on 1 October 2001 by Virgin Records. Beckham was the last member of the Spice Girls to release a solo album. The album's lead single, "Not Such an Innocent Girl" was released on 17 September 2001. The second single, "A Mind of Its Own" was released on 11 February 2002. A third single, "I Wish", was promoted but never materialised, following the announcement of Beckham's second pregnancy, the single was shelved. 
	The album was a success, reached number ten in the United Kingdom and number twenty on the Australian Hitseekers Albums Chart.
	Initially, the album was to be titled "Innocent Girl" and set to be released on 27 August 2001, but was released on 1 October. Beckham revealed that she felt she had "a lot to prove" with the album's release: "When I started recording this album, I had a lot to prove. I want to prove I can sing and dance and have a vision. I'm really baring my soul on this. I hope people like it. When I was with the other girls I never did a lot of the singing, so this is the first time that people are going to see me and what I am capable of". She added that she hoped the album would do well "and I can have a successful solo career".
	The album did not include the hit "Out of Your Mind", but spawned two singles, "Not Such an Innocent Girl" and "A Mind of Its Own" which managed to reach the top ten in the United Kingdom.
	"Not Such an Innocent Girl" was released on 17 September 2001 as the lead single from the album. In the United Kingdom, the single faced competition in a hugely hyped chart battle with Kylie Minogue's single "Can't Get You Out of My Head". On the chart date of 29 September 2001, "Not Such an Innocent Girl" debuted at number six on the UK Singles Chart with first week sales of 35,000 units, while "Can't Get You Out of My Head" debuted at number one with first week sales of 306,000 units. It has sold about 80,263 copies altogether becoming the 163rd best seller of 2001. It sold 36,000 copies in its first week of release in the United Kingdom, and about 80,263 copies altogether becoming the 163rd best seller of 2001.
	The music video has a futuristic theme and features two Victorias: one dressed in all-white with blonde hair ("the good girl"), and the other in all-black with jet black hair ("the bad girl"). The video culminates into a "dance-off" and motorcycle race between the two Victorias. The complex video was shot almost entirely on a green set with a great deal of post-production, making it one of the most complex solo Spice Girl videos to date.
	"A Mind of Its Own" was released on 11 February 2002 as the second single from her debut self-titled solo album (2001). It peaked and debuted at number six on the UK Singles Chart and sold 56,570 becoming the 173rd best seller of 2002. There is a French version of the song called "Mon Coeur N'en Fait Qu'a Sa Tete" (an adaptation of the title into French, or "my heart does what it wants to do").
	A third single, "I Wish", was promoted but never materialised. The single version was a remix featuring Robbie Craig, and was performed on TV on "Friday Night's All Wright". Following the announcement of Beckham's second pregnancy, the single was shelved. Beckham was reportedly dropped by Virgin Records along with fellow Spice Girls Emma Bunton and Melanie B,; but a statement from her publicist denied reports, stating: "No-one has been dropped. The Virgin deal has come to a natural end and both parties have decided not to continue."
	"Victoria Beckham" faced a chart battle during the album's release week with Kylie Minogue's "Fever". Both singers had previously faced a battle in the singles' chart, when their singles were released on the same day. However, Beckham's album debuted at number ten on the UK Albums Chart on 13 October 2001, whilst Minogue's album topped the charts. "Victoria Beckham" charted for three weeks on the chart. However, the album has only sold 50,000 copies overall in the United Kingdom, while costing £5 million to produce. After "Being Victoria Beckham", an official documentary that aired in March 2002, the album re-entered the UK Albums Chart at number sixty-seven.
	Upon its release, the album received mixed to negative reviews. The BBC Music described the album as "a mish-mash affair of gushy sentiment and wishy-washy RnB" whilst "NME" called the album "a new low in shameless pop slaggery".
	Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Victoria Beckham".

= = = Tourist Trap (film) = = =

	Tourist Trap is a 1979 American supernatural slasher film directed by David Schmoeller and starring Chuck Connors, Jocelyn Jones, Jon Van Ness, Robin Sherwood, and Tanya Roberts. The film follows a group of young people who stumble upon a roadside museum housing mannequins that wield supernatural powers. Schmoeller co-wrote the script with J. Larry Carroll who served as producer for the film alongside famous producer/director Charles Band.
	Eileen and her boyfriend Woody are driving through the desert. When their car gets a flat, Woody goes to find a gas station. Their friends Becky, Jerry, and Molly are traveling separately in a different vehicle. They reach Eileen waiting at the car and they all drive off to collect Woody.
	Woody has found a gas station but it appears deserted. He enters the back room but becomes trapped. Various mannequins appear in the room, and multiple objects fly at him until a metal pipe impales and kills him.
	The others find a tourist trap and conclude Woody is there. As they drive in, their vehicle mysteriously breaks down. Jerry tries to fix his jeep and the girls go skinny dipping in a nearby oasis. As they swim, Mr. Slausen - the owner of said tourist trap - appears holding a shotgun. Though outwardly polite he also seems embittered by the decline of his tourist trap since the highway was moved away. The nude girls feel awkward in the water as he chats and they apologize for trespassing.
	Slausen offers to help Jerry with the jeep, but insists the group go to his house with him to get his tools. There, they see the tourist trap: animated waxworks figures, including armed bandits. Eileen is curious about a nearby house, but Slausen insists that the women should stay inside the museum. Slausen takes Jerry to fix the jeep, leaving the women. Eileen leaves to find a phone in the other house. There she finds several mannequins inside the house. Someone calls her name, and a stranger wearing a grotesque mask suddenly appears behind her. Various items in the room move of their own accord and the scarf Eileen is wearing tightens and strangles her to death.
	Slausen returns to Molly and Becky saying that Jerry drove his truck into town. When told that Eileen left, he goes to the house and finds Eileen has been turned into a mannequin. He returns and tells Molly and Becky he did not find Eileen and will leave again to continue the search. The women are frustrated, and later leave the museum to search for Eileen. Becky enters the nearby house and finds a mannequin resembling Eileen. Becky is attacked by the masked killer and then by multiple mannequins. She later wakes up tied up in the basement along with Jerry. Jerry says the killer is Slausen's brother. Also held captive is Tina (Dawn Jeffory), who is strapped to a table. She is killed when the masked man covers her face with plaster, causing her to suffocate. Jerry frees himself and attacks the killer, but is soon overpowered. Jerry tries to reach for a key but the killer telekinetically moves it from his reach.
	Molly is still outside and searching for the others. She is soon pursued by the masked man. She meets Slausen who drives her to the museum and gives her a gun while he goes inside. The masked man appears and Molly shoots, but the gun is loaded with blanks. The man removes the mask, revealing himself to be Slausen. She panics and tries to elude Slausen but is soon captured and restrained to a bed.
	Becky and Jerry escape from the basement, but get separated. Slausen appears and takes Becky to the museum. There the Old West figures begin shooting at her. Becky is killed by an Indian Chief figure who throws a knife at her, stabbing her in the back of the head. Back at the house, Jerry arrives to rescue Molly, but he is revealed to have unknowingly been turned into a mannequin. Slausen dances with the figure of his wife, and Molly sees that the wife has become animated. Traumatized, she kills Slausen with an axe.
	The next morning, an insane Molly is seen driving away in the jeep with the mannequin versions of her friends.
	The screenplay for "Tourist Trap" was written by David Schmoeller and J. Larry Carroll, the latter of whom pitched the film to producer Charles Band. Initially, Schmoeller intended for John Carpenter to direct the film, but Carroll was unsatisfied with the financial arrangements, and opted instead that Schmoeller should direct. Carroll and Schmoeller had previously pitched the film to producers Samuel Z. Arkoff and Bruce Cohn Curtis, but were unable to secure a production arrangement.
	The original screenplay did not feature the telekinetic powers; according to Carroll, the idea was proposed by Band, who insisted it be implemented into the script.
	The production did not appoint a casting director for the film, instead relying on independent talent agents to help cast the roles. According to director Schmoeller, $50,000 of the film's budget was dedicated to salary for the lead actor portraying the villain Mr. Slausen. The role was offered to several older Hollywood actors, such as Jack Palance and Gig Young, but both turned the project down. Chuck Connors, who was the production crew's third choice for the role, accepted the role.
	According to Schmoeller, each of the actors in the film aside from Connors auditioned for their parts. Jocelyn Jones was cast as the female lead, Molly, after Schmoeller had seen some of her previous performances, while Tanya Roberts was given the role of Becky. Jon Van Ness and Robin Sherwood were given the roles of Jerry and Eileen, respectively.
	"Tourist Trap" was filmed in 24 days in Los Angeles County, California, with additional interiors shot at Rampart Sound Studios in Los Angeles. Principal photography began on March 27, 1978. A portion of the interior scenes were shot at an abandoned house located at 5255 Hollywood Boulevard which was scheduled for demolition. Schmoeller made arrangements with the contractor to postpone the demolition of the building for five days, during which time the crew shot footage. By using the abandoned location, the production saved an estimated $30,000 in set construction and soundstage fees. David Wyler, the son of William Wyler, served a second assistant director, while the director of photography was Nicholas von Sternberg, son of Josef von Sternberg.
	Production designer Robert A. Burns, who had worked on Tobe Hooper's "The Texas Chain Saw Massacre" (1974) and Wes Craven's "The Hills Have Eyes" (1977), handled the art direction – and the majority of the special effects – on "Tourist Trap", including the mannequins and their physical manipulations. To accomplish the poltergeist-like effects in the film's opening scene, the set was constructed at a rotated 90 degrees; this allowed items to be hurled by the crew from the cabinet—which was in fact anchored to the ceiling—to the floor, which appeared on camera as a wall. Other special effects were accomplished with the use of wires. For the death sequence of Tanya Roberts's character, for example, a block of wood was taped behind Roberts's hair; a knife attached to a wire was hurled at the back of her head, which stuck into the wooden block.
	Schmoeller recalled the filming process as being a "learning" experience as he was a first-time director; he stated in a 2014 interview that he learned a significant amount of "how to work with actors" from actress Jones.
	Italian composer Pino Donaggio was in town working on Joe Dante's "Piranha" (1978) at the time that David Schmoeller was filming "Tourist Trap". Since Donaggio spoke Spanish – as did Schmoeller – the director was able to convince the composer to score the music for "Tourist Trap". The two would have subsequent collaborations, including "Crawlspace" (1986).
	According to the American Film Institute Catalog, the film premiered in Los Angeles, California on March 14, 1979. Despite its depictions of violence and macabre images, the Motion Picture Association of America awarded the film a PG rating. Because of its rating, the film was able to receive significant broadcasting on syndicated television in the years following its theatrical release.
	From contemporary reviews, "Variety" wrote, "Although pic has some appropriately menacing music and occasionally employs some decent special effects, the plot is too loaded with cliches, from the concept to individual bits of dialog to be taken seriously and not silly enough to be regarded as delightfully bad." Charles Champlin of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote that the film "has some moments of effectiveness, but even the hard-line shiverists are likely to feel it's a long time between shrieks." Tim Pulleine of the "Monthly Film Bulletin" called the film a "wholly unimaginative exercise in low-budget horror plunders "Psycho" for its central plot gimmick in a fashion even more hamfisted than its is bare-faced." and that "Nothing much is made of the potentially sinister import of the wax dummies, by comparison with whom the human performers also fail to come off too well"
	From retrospective reviews, Author and film critic Leonard Maltin gave the film one and a half out of four stars, stating that although the film had a couple of genuine scares, it was a "mostly boring thriller".
	Author Stephen King, in his book "Danse Macabre" (1981), praised the film as an obscure classic, noting that the film "wields an eerie spooky power, as wax figures begin to move and come to life in a ruined, out-of-the-way tourist resort." 
	Jason Buchanan from AllMovie praised the film, calling it "one of the most underappreciated low-budget horror films of the 1970s". In his review on the film, Buchanan commended the film's atmosphere, score, Conners' performance, and unsettling use of sound and imagery; comparing it to Tobe Hooper's "The Texas Chain Saw Massacre". "TV Guide" awarded the film two out of four stars, calling it a "bizarre, eerie shocker."
	The film was satirized by RiffTrax on November 21, 2012.
	The film was released on DVD by Cult Video on July 20, 1998. It was re-released on DVD by Wizard Entertainment on March 19, 2013. Full Moon Features released the film for the first time on Blu-ray on May 20, 2014. The Full Moon Blu-ray release features a truncated version of the film; though the film's violent scenes remain intact, minor plot points are absent from this cut of the film.

= = = Paul Offit = = =

	Paul Allan Offit (born 27 March 1951) is an American pediatrician specializing in infectious diseases, vaccines, immunology, and virology. He is the co-inventor of a rotavirus vaccine. Offit is the Maurice R. Hilleman Professor of Vaccinology, Professor of Pediatrics at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Former Chief of the Division of Infectious Diseases (1992-2014), and the Director of the Vaccine Education Center at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. He has been a member of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Offit is a Board Member of Every Child By Two and a Founding Board Member of the Autism Science Foundation (ASF).
	Offit has published more than 130 papers in medical and scientific journals in the areas of rotavirus-specific immune responses and vaccine safety, and is the author or co-author of books on vaccines, vaccination, and antibiotics. He is one of the most public faces of the scientific consensus that vaccines have no association with autism. As a result, he has attracted controversy, and both a substantial volume of hate mail and occasional death threats, as well as support for his position.
	Offit grew up in Baltimore, the son of a shirtmaker. He went to his father's sales meetings and reacted negatively to the tall tales told by salespeople, instead preferring the clean and straightforward practice of science. When he was five years old, he was sent to a polio ward to recover from clubfoot surgery; this experience caused him to see children as vulnerable and helpless, and motivated him through the 25 years of the development of the rotavirus vaccine.
	Offit decided to become a doctor, the first in his family. Offit earned his bachelor's degree from Tufts University and his M.D. from the University of Maryland, Baltimore. One of his mentors at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia was Maurice Hilleman, who developed several of the major vaccines in use today.
	By 2008 Offit had become a leading advocate of childhood immunizations. He was opposed by vaccine critics, many of whom believe vaccines cause autism, a belief that has been rejected by major medical journals and professional societies. He received a death threat and received protection by an armed guard during meetings at the CDC. His 2008 book "Autism's False Prophets" catalyzed a backlash against the antivaccine movement in the U.S. He donated the royalties from the book to the Center for Autism Research at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Offit serves on the board of the American Council on Science and Health. In 2015, Dr. Offit appeared in a vaccine awareness video created by Robert Till in which he advocated for teenage vaccinations.
	Offit worked for 25 years on the development of a safe and effective vaccine against rotavirus, which is a cause of diarrhea, and which kills almost 600,000 children a year worldwide, about half as many as malaria kills; most deaths are outside the West. His interest in the disease stemmed from the death of a 9-month-old infant from rotavirus-caused dehydration while under his care as a pediatric resident in 1979.
	Along with his colleagues Fred Clark and Stanley Plotkin, Offit invented RotaTeq, a pentavalent rotavirus vaccine manufactured by Merck & Co. Since 2006, RotaTeq has been one of two vaccines currently used against rotavirus.
	In February 2006, RotaTeq was approved for inclusion in the recommended U.S. vaccination schedule, following its approval by the Food and Drug Administration. Premarketing studies found that RotaTeq was effective and safe, with an incidence of adverse events comparable to placebo. RotaTeq has been credited (by Peter Hotez) with saving hundreds of lives a day. Offit received an unspecified sum of money for his interest in RotaTeq. Offit was elected a fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, in 2015.
	In 2002, during a period of fears about bioterrorism, Offit was the only member of the CDC's advisory panel to vote against a program to give smallpox vaccine to tens of thousands of Americans. He later argued on "60 Minutes II" and "The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer" that the risk of harm for people getting the vaccine outweighed the risk of getting smallpox in the U.S. at the time.
	In December 2013, Sarah Erush and Offit declared the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia has a moratorium on the use of dietary supplements without certain manufacturers' guarantee for quality.
	Offit defines alternative medicine as quackery when it involves unappreciated harm and replacement of conventional therapies that work, with alternative therapies that don't. His books and articles warn against expense and risk to health for recipients of alternative therapies. In 2013 Offit wrote the book "Do you believe in Magic? – The Sense and Nonsense of Alternative Medicine." Offit states that the purpose of the book "is to take a critical look at the field of Alternative Medicine – to separate fact from myth." and that "There's only medicine that works and medicine that doesn't."(p. 6) One of Offit's concerns is the scare tactics he says proponents of Alternative Medicine will often use, in a 2010 podcast with the "Point of Inquiry" Offit stated "it is very difficult to unscare people when you scare them."
	Offit has said that the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 should be overturned to provide proper oversight and action against supplement providers.
	Offit has blamed Rachel Carson for millions of deaths from malaria because of her campaign against DDT.
	Offit is a recipient of numerous awards, including the J. Edmund Bradley Prize for Excellence in Pediatrics from the University of Maryland Medical School, the Young Investigator Award in Vaccine Development from the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the 2013 Maxwell Finland Award for Scientific Achievement and a Research Career Development Award from the National Institutes of Health. In 2018, Offit was awarded the Albert B. Sabin Gold Medal from the Sabin Vaccine Institute in Washington, DC for his work on the oral rotavirus vaccine and his leadership in promoting immunization.
	In 2011 Offit was honored by the Biotechnology Industry Organization with the 2011 Biotech Humanitarian Award. Offit donated the award’s $10,000 prize to the Vaccine Education Center at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. Also in 2011, Offit was elected to the Institute of Medicine at the group's annual meeting. In 2013 Offit was presented with the Robert B. Balles Prize in Critical Thinking by the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) for "Do You Believe in Magic? The Sense and Nonsense of Alternative Medicine". "Offit is a literal lifesaver... educates the public about the dangers of alternative medicine, may save many, many more."
	Michael Specter wrote that Offit "has become a figure of hatred to the many vaccine denialists and conspiracy theorists." Specter reported that Offit had often been threatened with violence by anti-vaccine advocates, necessitating precautions such as screening Offit's packages for mail bombs and providing guards when Offit attends federal health advisory committee meetings. At a 2008 vaccine activism rally in Washington, D.C., environmental lawyer Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. criticized Offit's ties to drug companies, calling him a "poster child for the term 'biostitute'."
	Also in 2008, Sharyl Attkisson published an article for CBS News questioning Offit's independence, citing his financial ties to vaccine manufacturers. Offit said he is upfront about the money and that it doesn't affect his decisions. Curt Linderman Sr., the editor of the Autism File blog, wrote online that it would "be nice" if Offit "was dead".
	Such criticism has provoked statements in Offit's defense. Peter Hotez, a professor and vaccine researcher at George Washington University, has been quoted in a "Newsweek" article:
	Offit has written or co-written several books on vaccines, vaccination and the public, and antibiotics, as well as dozens of scholarly articles on the topic. Isabelle Rapin, a neurology professor at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, wrote in "Neurology Today" about "Autism's False Prophets":
	In "The Cutter Incident" ("see" Cutter Laboratories incident), Offit describes fallout relating to an early poliovirus vaccine tragedy that had the effect of deterring production of already licensed vaccines and discouraging the development of new ones. Offit advocates for the repeal of religious exemptions to vaccine requirements, saying that such exemptions amount to medical neglect.

= = = Randall v. Orange County Council = = =

	Randall v. Orange County Council, 17 Cal.4th 736, 952 P.2d 261, 72 Cal.Rptr.2d 453 (1998), was a case before the Supreme Court of California that established that groups such as the Boy Scouts of America are not considered "business establishments" as used in the state's Unruh Civil Rights Act and could not be subject to its provisions. Its companion case was "Curran v. Mount Diablo Council of the Boy Scouts of America", 17 Cal.4th 670, 952 P.2d 218, 72 Cal.Rptr.2d 410 (1998).
	Twin brothers Michael and William Randall were Cub Scouts, a membership division of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA), in Anaheim Hills with Den 4, Pack 519 of the Orange County Council. They were on their way to earning the Bear Badge which included, in one of its four advancement areas, a religious component that asserted the existence of God and required the practice of one's faith as "taught in your home, church, synagogue, mosque, or religious fellowship," as well as a pledge asserting their duty to God which was included in the opinion of the court:
	We are lucky the people who wrote and signed our constitution were very wise. They understood the need of Americans to worship God as they choose. A member of your family will be able to talk with you about your duty to God. Remember, this achievement is part of your Cub Scout promise. "I, ____, promise to do my best to do my duty to God and my country."
	The Randalls stated at their local Cub Scout den meeting that they had a conflict with the religious requirement. The den leader asserted to the children's mother that the requirement was necessary to proceed through the ranks. The Orange County Council agreed with this position. While initially the Orange County Council allowed the Randalls to continue to participate in Scouting activities, it refused to allow them to advance in the ranks until they asserted their duty to God.
	The mother, as guardian ad litem, filed suit against the Orange County Council, alleging that the Council reversed its initial decision and expelled the Randalls from the Boy Scouts.
	The Superior Court for the County of Orange ruled at the initial trial that the BSA was considered a "business establishment" under the terms of California's Unruh Civil Rights Act because of the preponderance of the defendants evidence that illustrated the BSA's extensive real estate holdings, revenue-generating interests, and commercial enterprises. The court ordered statutory damages of $250 awarded to the plaintiffs and a "permanent injunction against [the BSA], preventing it from excluding [the Randalls] from membership or advancement in the organization or in a den, pack, troop, or post based upon [the BSA's] religious beliefs or lack thereof, their refusal to swear an oath or a duty to God, or to use the word "God" in any pledge, oath, or promise or vow, or their failure to participate in any religious activities."
	The BSA appealed the decision to the California Court of Appeal which upheld the core of the decision (that the BSA was subject to the Unruh Civil Rights Act) based on the court's earlier decision in "Curran", 147 Cal.App.3d 712 (1986), but reversed the injunction. The Supreme Court of California granted review.
	In a 7-0 ruling, the Supreme Court overturned the rulings of the lower court based on their decision in "Curran", 17 Cal. 4th 670, that the BSA did not qualify under the Unruh Civil Rights Act as the court found it to be a "charitable organization" with interests unrelated to the economic benefit of its members, and that it did not have a commercial interest in the activities provided to its members.
	As a sidebar, the Randalls reached the rank of Eagle Scout before being expelled from the BSA as a result of court prohibiting further actions by the BSA regarding their expulsion until the case was resolved.

= = = Liu Xiaoguang = = =

	Liu Xiaoguang (born 20 March 1960) is a professional Go player.
	He started playing Go at the age of 13 and became a 6 dan professional in 1982. He has a son called Lu Xiao Jun and Liu Kwun Him. In 1988, he was awarded 9 dan by the Zhongguo Qiyuan. Liu defeated four Japanese professionals in the 3rd China-Japan Supermatches.
	Ranks #8 in total number of titles in China.

= = = Archanes = = =

	Archanes (, Godart & Olivier abbreviation: ARKH) is a former municipality in the Heraklion regional unit, Crete, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Archanes-Asterousia, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of . Population 5,042 (2011). It is also the archaeological site of an ancient Minoan settlement in central Crete. The discovery of ancient roads leading from Archanes to Juktas, Anemospilia, Xeri Kara and Vathypetro indicate that Archanes was an important hub in the region during Minoan times. Archaeological evidence indicates that ancient Archanes spread out over the same area as the modern town of Archanes.
	In 1912, Xanthoudides noted the importance of Archanes, but Sir Arthur Evans was the first to characterize the site as palatial, declaring that Archanes was likely a Summer Palace for the Knossos kings. Spyridon Marinatos and N. Platon excavated minor areas in the region, but nothing supported Evans' theory. In 1964, Yannis Sakellarakis dug trial trenches at the Tourkoyeitonia site and uncovered the first evidence of a palace site. Since 1966, Archanes has been excavated by the Greek Archaeological Society under the supervision of John Sakellarakis and Efi Sapouna-Sakellarakis.
	In the Minoan era, aqueducts delivered water to Kephala Hill from spring water sources at Archanes, which are also the source of the Kairatos River.
	Troullos is the easternmost site of the Archanes settlement. Tourkoyeitonia, in central Archanes, is the site of its palace, likely built in the Middle Minoan period. Excavations began here in 1964 by J. Sakellarakis. It contains features such as ashlar blocks, poros-stone plaques and blocks, plaster, wood, stucco floor tiles, gypsum, kouskoura slabs, mud bricks, ironstone blocks, schist plaques, blue marble flooring, incurved concave altars, wooden columns and pillars, frescoes and Polytheron doorways. A variety of Porphyrite stone lamps, vases, amphorae, cooking pots, cups, lamps, tools and every-day domestic items such as tweezers have been unearthed at the site. Southwest of Tourkoyeitonia, more of the palace is found. While little remains of the architecture, the walls that are preserved are Middle Minoan III–Late Minoan IA. Linear A tablets and the model of a house were excavated at The Archive along with MMIII-LMIA pottery and several unworked pieces of rock crystal, obsidian and steatite.
	The man-made enclosure of a spring, partially excavated in 1921 by Sir Arthur Evans, was completed by J. Sakellarakis in 1964. The floor is laid with pebbles, and the walls are poros-stone. Evidence indicates that it was built between Middle Minoan IB and Middle Minoan IIIA, destroyed during Late Minoan IA, and then restored and in various use afterward. The reservoir is within the palace grounds.
	A large paved area, dissected by walkways that form a triangle, is found in Theatre Area" or "Aghios Nikolaos" (Saint Nicholas). Two stepped altars are found here, one on a walkway and one on the pavement. There is a painting of a reconstruction of this area in Sakellarakis' "Crete Archanes" guidebook on page 49, which does this area more justice than a written description.
	The economy revolves around grape and olive processing and marketing. Both products account for some 96% of its total agricultural products. The Agricultural Cooperative of Archanes, set up in 1931, is one of the oldest in Greece, and consists of 1119 members. A quarter of the wine production is exported to Germany, France and the Netherlands, and the rest of the production is largely marketed domestically. Since the late 1990s, attempts have been made to convert part of wine making step by step to organic and integrated farming, beginning with the cultivation of table grapes.

= = = Stan Albeck = = =

	Charles Stanley Albeck (born May 17, 1931) is a former professional basketball coach. Albeck has coached for several teams in the American Basketball Association (ABA) and National Basketball Association (NBA), including the Denver Rockets, the San Diego Conquistadors, (often subbing for an absent Wilt Chamberlain), the Cleveland Cavaliers, the San Antonio Spurs, the New Jersey Nets, and the Chicago Bulls.
	Albeck graduated from Chenoa High School in Chenoa, Illinois and received his bachelor's degree at Bradley University in 1955 and his masters at Michigan State University in 1957. He married Phyllis L. Mann in 1952 and they have five children.
	He began his coaching at Adrian College in Adrian, Michigan.
	Albeck's next head coaching job was at Northern Michigan University.
	Albeck was head coach at the University of Denver from 1968 to 1970.
	He was the head coach of the Denver Rockets during most of the 1970–1971 season. The Rockets had begun the season under head coach Joe Belmont, but Belmont was fired after the team lost 10 of its first 13 games. Albeck replaced Belmont as the Rockets' head coach. The Rockets went 27–44 under Albeck to finish the season with a record of 30 wins and 54 losses. They tied the Texas Chaparrals for fourth place in the Western Division (28 games behind the Indiana Pacers) and on April 1, 1971 lost a one-game playoff to the Chaparrals, 115–109, to determine who would advance into the ABA Western Division semifinals. During the season Denver's average home attendance dropped to 4,139 fans per game from 6,281 the year before. One week after the playoff loss, on April 8, 1971, Albeck was replaced by Alex Hannum as Denver's head coach. Hannum resigned as coach of the San Diego Rockets to become the Rockets' head coach, general manager and president. Albeck then became player personnel director for the Rockets.
	During the 1972–1973 season Albeck was an assistant coach for the San Diego Conquistadors under head coach K.C. Jones. Albeck also served as director of player personnel for the Conquistadors. During most of the 1973–74 he served under 'Ques' head coach Wilt Chamberlain. Chamberlain missed a few games, during which Albeck filled in as the Conquistadors' head coach, winning all of them.
	Albeck was an assistant coach for the Kentucky Colonels during the 1974–1975 season in which the team won the 1975 ABA Championship. Albeck returned as an assistant coach with the Colonels during their final season in 1975–1976.
	He was assistant coach of the Los Angeles Lakers, 1976–1979.
	Albeck was head coach of the Cleveland Cavaliers, 1979–1980.
	He was the San Antonio Spurs' head coach for three seasons, from 1980 to 1983.
	After the Spurs job, Albeck was the head coach of the New Jersey Nets from 1983 to 1985.
	Next, Albeck was head coach of the Chicago Bulls, 1985–1986. His exit from Chicago raised eyebrows around the NBA as his replacement, Doug Collins, had been hired by General Manager Jerry Krause just 2 months beforehand as a scout. The hire of Collins was kept a secret from Albeck.
	From 1986 through 1991 Albeck was head coach for Bradley University, his alma mater. He is a member of the Sigma Chi Fraternity, as well as a Significant Sig and a member of their Significant Sig Hall of Fame.
	His all time coaching percentages is .535 for his 7 years as a head coach in the NBA.
	After serving as an assistant coach for the Atlanta Hawks, Albeck was as an assistant coach for the Toronto Raptors in 2001 when he suffered a debilitating stroke, which left him partially paralyzed. He has been in rehabilitation since then.

= = = Slice knot = = =

	A slice knot is a type of mathematical knot.
	In knot theory, a "knot" means an embedded circle in the 3-sphere
	and that the 3-sphere can be thought of as the boundary of the four-dimensional ball
	A knot formula_3 is slice if it bounds a nicely embedded 2-dimensional disk "D" in the 4-ball.
	What is meant by "nicely embedded" depends on the context, and there are different terms for different kinds of slice knots. If "D" is smoothly embedded in "B", then "K" is said to be smoothly slice. If "D" is only locally flat (which is weaker), then "K" is said to be topologically slice.
	The following is a list of all slice knots with 10 or fewer crossings; it was compiled using the Knot Atlas:
	6, formula_4, formula_5, formula_6, formula_7, formula_8, formula_9, formula_10, formula_11, formula_12, formula_13, formula_14, formula_15, formula_16, formula_17, formula_18, formula_19, formula_20, formula_21, formula_22 and formula_23.
	Every ribbon knot is smoothly slice.
	An old question of Fox asks whether every slice knot is actually a ribbon knot.
	The signature of a slice knot is zero.
	The Alexander polynomial of a slice knot factors as a product formula_24 where formula_25 is some integral Laurent polynomial. This is known as the Fox–Milnor condition.

= = = Broadcast to the World = = =

	Broadcast to the World is the sixth studio album released by American punk rock band Zebrahead. The album was influenced by Lit's "A Place in the Sun" (1999). It is their first album with new co-vocalist/rhythm guitarist Matty Lewis, who replaced former member Justin Mauriello after he left the group in late 2004.
	Shawn Harris of The Matches created the artwork for the album, and for the band's follow-up album, "Phoenix".
	On October 17, 2006, "Broadcast to the World" was made available for streaming via "Alternative Press". It was released in the U.S. on October 24 through Icon.
	Allmusic reviewer Rick Anderson called them a heavy rock band that are "...owing far more to the old school than the new, but that adds the welcome element of solid melodic hooks to the mix." He said that the music had elements of The Clash and Rancid. He also praised its range of songs to enable the band's audience to either sing/rap along, mosh along to or yell along to.
	Band
	Backing staff

= = = Kong Jie = = =

	Kong Jie (; born 25 November 1982) is a Chinese professional Go player.
	Kong Jie turned professional in 1994 at the age of 12. He was promoted to 7-dan after eight years in 2001. In 2004 he was sent into the Teda Cup as China's representative against Lee Chang-ho and Yoda Norimoto. Kong Jie is China's 29th professional 9-dan, doing so by being runner-up in the 13th Samsung Cup, and entering the finals of the Asian TV Cup for the first time. In 2009, Kong Jie achieved a major international breakthrough by winning the Asian TV Cup—defeating Korea's top three players of Lee Sedol, Lee Chang-ho and Kang Dongyun respectively. His win marked the end of several years of poor personal international results. Later in the year, Kong Jie followed up by reaching the semi-finals of the 14th Samsung Cup and won the title by defeating his two compatriots Gu Li and Qiu Jun.
	In 2010, Kong Jie passed the preliminary rounds of the 14th LG Cup to face former champion Lee Chang-ho in the finals. Kong won the match 2–0 and also the tournament. Later in the year, Kong Jie successfully defended his Asian TV Cup, defeating Korea's Lee Chang-ho and Japan's Yuki Satoshi. He followed that with another big win over a red hot Lee Sedol, to win the 23rd Fujitsu Cup. He arguably cemented his status as the 2010 world's strongest Go player. In 2011, Kong overcame compatriot Meng Tailing to again reach the LG Cup Final, but was unable to defend his title against another compatriot, Piao Wenyao, thus allowing the latter to win his first world title and be promoted to 9-dan professional on the merit of winning a world championship.
	This was the last international final Kong played in. Within the next few years, with the rise of new 1990s generation professionals and the increased competition at the international level, only Gu Li and Lee Sedol would continue to have high tournament placings in big international tournaments. During the 15th Samsung Cup, Kong defeated a soon to be wedded Lee Chang-Ho before succumbing to Kim Ji-Seok in the quarterfinals. The match, with Kong playing Black, turned out to be a crucial "fight to the death" of both sides' dragons, but Kong miscalculated a combination by Kim on move 150, and on move 202, resigned, thus failing to defend his crown.
	Kong Jie is considered to be an expert at life and death problems. In China he is known as the King of Tsumego (King Kong).
	Ranks #7 in total number of titles in China and tied for #6 in total international titles.

= = = Stephen Bardo = = =

	Stephen Dean "Steve" Bardo (born April 5, 1968) is a retired American professional basketball player who had a brief career in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He is currently a college basketball analyst.
	During his standout career at the University of Illinois, 6'5" Bardo scored 909 points and compiled 495 assists. He was part of the Flyin' Illini team that qualified for the 1989 NCAA men's basketball tournament Final Four. That Fighting Illini team gained the moniker ""Flyin' Illini"" by Dick Vitale while broadcasting a game during the 1988–89 season. Bardo was named Big Ten defensive player of the year in 1989. Along with Bardo, the other starting members of that team included Nick Anderson, Kendall Gill, Lowell Hamilton, Kenny Battle, and key reserve Marcus Liberty.
	Bardo was selected in the 1990 NBA Draft by the Atlanta Hawks, but never played for the team, playing one game (one minute) with the San Antonio Spurs during the 1991–92 NBA season. He also appeared for the Dallas Mavericks and Detroit Pistons, amassing 32 more regular season games, and leaving the National Basketball Association with per-game averages of 2 points, 2 rebounds and one assist.
	Bardo also played in France, Italy, Japan, Spain, Venezuela overseas as well as the CBA (Quad City, Wichita Falls, Chicago). He enjoyed a 10-year professional playing career.
	Since retiring in 2000, Bardo has worked in broadcasting. He has served as a color analyst for the Illini Sports Network, a sports reporter for WBBM-TV in Chicago, an analyst and reporter for CBS Sports, and a color analyst for college basketball on ESPN and Big Ten Network. He has also participated on "ESPN First Take". Additionally, he works as a motivational speaker, and authored the book "How To Make The League Without Picking Up The Rock".
	In May 2015, Bardo, who is African American, publicly criticized the University of Illinois's athletic department over the lack of diversity among prominent head coaches at the university.

= = = Raging Bull Nation = = =

	RagingBullNation, formerly known as MetroNation, is a supporters group for the New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer. It is a New Jersey non-profit corporation. MetroNation was founded on February 21, 2005 in Wayne, New Jersey by Marc "Chief Metro" Bernarducci as a way of fostering support for the predecessor to the Red Bulls, the MetroStars.
	The MetroStars were purchased by the Austrian beverage company Red Bull on March 9, 2006 and were rebranded as the New York Red Bulls. The club continues to exist under its new RagingBullNation name.
	RagingBullNation encourages its members to become the "12th man" for the Red Bulls by leading creative chants and encouraging players on the field. RagingBullNation's section at Giants Stadium on gameday was 115 in the lower bowl. This section is referred to as "Citizens Corner" or "The Corral" as it is positioned in the corner by one goal. Raging Bull Nation was not granted a sideline supporters section when the team moved to Red Bull Arena in 2010 and disbanded. Many of Raging Bull Nation's members united with numerous ex-Empire Supporters Club members to form a new group known as the Viking Army Supporters Club.
	In its first year of existence, MetroNation raised $1015 in donations for the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society. MetroNation also raised funds for victims of Hurricane Katrina. When evacuees from New Orleans resettled temporarily in the New York City area, MetroNation hosted them at a MetroStars match on September 17, 2005 – a wild 5–4 MetroStars victory over New England Revolution.
	RagingBullNation is known for their "RoadSide Roundup" (formerly "MetroGate") game day tailgate parties, located in parking lot 15 outside the South Tower entrance of Giants Stadium. On the occasion of USA international matches being scheduled on the same day as Red Bulls matches, Raging Bull Nation has organized watch parties in the parking lot using portable satellite equipment.
	Raging Bull Nation organizes its away game road trips to D.C. United and New England Revolution in coordination with other Red Bulls supporters clubs, such as Empire Supporters Club and First Row Idiots.
	Raging Bull Nation has an official theme song written by Mike Apple.
	On Red Bulls home opening day 2006, Raging Bull Nation unveiled its tribute entitled “From the Stars and Stripes to the Red and Black.” It will be a tribute to the MetroStars who played in the 1994 FIFA World Cup and it will be kept at the Pride and Passion Pub at Giants Stadium until its move to the new stadium pub at Red Bull Arena. The players honored include Hall of Famer Tab Ramos and future Hall of Famers Tony Meola and Alexi Lalas.
	MSG Network color commentator Shep Messing has taken to referring to all Red Bulls supporters as "The MetroNation" after noticing MetroNation scarves held aloft at games. However the largest and most influential Red Bulls supporters club is the Empire Supporters Club.
	MetroNation member John "Johnny Metro" Russo was named 2004 MetroStars Fan of the Year. It has become tradition for all newly signed MetroStars players to sign Johnny Metro's shaved head.

= = = Devicescape = = =

	Devicescape develops client/server software services for wireless networking connectivity, analytics, and context-awareness. Founded in 2001 as Instant802 Networks, the company was renamed to Devicescape in January 2005. Devicescape is a venture backed private company.
	Instant802 Networks was founded in 2001 by Eduardo de-Castro and Roy Petruschka in San-Francisco, and Simon Barber had joined as a third founder a few months after company incorporation. In 2004 the company began development of packaged software products, including security for emerging devices and complete access point packages. The software was used in devices ranging from LCD projectors, televisions and digital video recorders to PDAs and SOHO access points. The company also provided software for the Wi-Fi Alliance test bed.
	Dave Fraser joined as CEO in 2004, and in 2005 the company was renamed Devicescape Software. The company continued to develop additional client security products. In 2006, Devicescape exited the access point business by licensing its "Wireless Infrastructure Platform" technology to LVL7, which was subsequently sold to Broadcom.
	In 2007, Devicescape introduced Connect, a client-server system which allowed embedded devices to automatically authenticate against a large number of public Wi-Fi networks. The company released a variety of consumer applications for PCs and smartphones under the Devicescape Easy Wi-Fi brand. In 2009, Devicescape launched the Easy WiFi Network.
	In 2010, Devicescape applied server-based analysis to curate Wi-Fi networks discovered by client applications, so that Wi-Fi networks could be assessed for quality, location, sharing status and other factors. The company referred to this as a "Curated Virtual Network" (CVN) and became a mechanism for offloading traffic from cellular networks. Late in 2010, MetroPCS (now T-Mobile) became the first major publicly-announced customer to use the Devicescape CVN.
	From 2011 through 2014, Devicescape announced several additional US mobile operator customers, including US Cellular and Cricket Wireless, as well as some Wi-Fi centric operators such as Republic Wireless. In 2012, Devicescape expanded the CVN into Europe and subsequently announced an agreement with Virgin Media (UK) in 2014.
	In March 2016, Devicescape announced Liberty Global as their first major customer in Europe.
	In 2017, Devicescape launched Engage, a proximity-based marketing service, with Universal Pictures as one of their customers.
	In 2018, Devicescape launched Presence, a service for client applications to determine venue awareness - leveraging Devicescape's worldwide database of access point metadata.
	Devicescape licenses software and operates its services for service providers, device makers, and application makers. Devicescape provides the following:

= = = South Gippsland railway line = = =

	The South Gippsland railway line is a partially closed railway line in Victoria, Australia. It was first opened in 1892, branching from the Orbost line at Dandenong, and extending to Port Albert. Much of it (the section up to Leongatha) remained in use until July 1993. Today, only the section between Dandenong and Cranbourne remains open for use. The section of the line from Nyora to Leongatha was used by the South Gippsland Tourist Railway until it ceased operations in 2016. The section from Leongatha to Toora, and a portion of the former line at Koo Wee Rup, have been converted into the Great Southern Rail Trail.
	The Melbourne and Suburban Railway Company opened a line from Princes Bridge railway station to Punt Road (Richmond) and South Yarra in 1859 and extended to Dandenong in 1879. The South Gippsland railway line was opened from Dandenong to Cranbourne in 1888 and extended to Koo Wee Rup, Nyora and Loch in 1890, Korumburra and Leongatha in 1891 and Welshpool, Alberton and Port Albert in 1892. The section from Alberton to Port Albert was closed in the 1940s. A branch line was built from Alberton to Yarram and Woodside in 1921.
	The line was well known for its sharp curves and spectacular scenery and was also one of the last lines to offer a 'Mixed Passenger and Goods' service in Victoria. The section from Yarram to Woodside was closed on 26 May 1953, with the section from Welshpool to Yarram closed on 26 October 1987 when the superphosphate freight services ceased. From this point until 30 June 1992, the track beyond Agnes, referred to as Barry Beach Junction received minimal usage, although a short branch leading from Agnes to Barry Beach was used extensively for goods traffic to serve the oil platforms in Bass Strait. After the withdrawal of this freight service the railway line beyond Leongatha was booked out of use for all rail traffic. This section of track was then dismantled in 1994, in which required the strengthening of the line's derelict trestle bridges in order to allow the track removal machine to dismantle the tracks.
	On 24 July 1993, the last regular V/Line passenger train operated to Leongatha with P Class diesel locomotive number 18 hauling the return passenger train with a set of 4 H-Set carriages. Following the withdrawal of all rail service beyond Koala Siding, the section of track from Nyora to Leongatha was transferred to the South Gippsland Railway in 1994, The South Gippsland Railway was founded in 1990 as the "Great Southern Railway Society", based at Nyora, with the intention of preserving the line in case of closure. On 15 January 1998, all regular V/Line services ceased on the line after the withdrawal of the Australian Glass Manufacturing sand train, that operated between the sand mine at Koala Siding, situated between Lang Lang and Nyora railway stations, and the AGM siding at Spotswood. Since April 1998, no trains have operated beyond Cranbourne.
	A 5 km-long narrow-gauge horse-drawn tramway was opened from Welshpool to Welshpool Jetty in 1905. It was closed in 1941.
	The mountainous Strzelecki branch line, which opened in 1922, was built from Koo Wee Rup to Strzelecki. The line was closed in stages throughout the 1930s, '40s and '50s.
	The Wonthaggi branch line was built from Nyora to Wonthaggi, opening in 1910, to serve the State Coal Mine, a small extension to the line was opened in 1917. The Wonthaggi line was closed in 1978.
	The Outtrim branch line was built from Korumburra to the coal mine at Outtrim in two stages: the initial stage to Jumbunna was opened in 1894, with the final section to Outtrim opening in 1896. The line was closed in two stages: the first from Jumbunna to Outtrim on 4 September 1951 and then from Jumbunna to Korumburra on 1 October 1953.
	Passenger services operated on the line from its opening. Services from Melbourne to Leongatha and Yarram were withdrawn on 6 June 1981, with replacement buses starting three days later. The Yarram train was a loco hauled train, while the Leongatha train was a DRC railcar hauling MTH carriages. To fill the gaps between those services, local trains were introduced on a three-month trial from Dandenong to Lang Lang, but were withdrawn on 3 October 1981, due to insufficient patronage. Services to Leongatha were restored on 9 December 1984, and free train shuttles to Korumburra were provided to mark the occasion. The 1984 timetable included two round trips per day from Monday to Saturday, and one round trip on Sundays. However, the services were again withdrawn on 24 July 1993. With the withdrawal of freight services from Koala siding in January 1998, the line became unused beyond Cranbourne. The exception was a tourist operation, which commenced operation between Nyora and Leongatha. It later became known as South Gippsland Railway. In 1995 the section between Dandenong and Cranbourne was electrified and a station added at Merinda Park, as part of a $27 million Federal Government-funded project.
	The Barry Beach freight service ceased in 1992. The line beyond Leongatha was booked out of service on 30 June 1992, effectively ending all traffic on the line beyond Leongatha. V/Line passenger services ceased to Leongatha on 24 July 1993, after last train to Melbourne. By the mid-1990s only T, Y and P class diesel locomotives were used on the line, due to their low axle loads, with a 15 km/h speed limit applying to parts of the track. This continued until 15 January 1998, when the Koala Siding (near Nyora) to Spotswood sand train ceased operation. On average, it took a passenger train 2 hours and 15 minutes to travel from Spencer Street station to Leongatha during the final 10 years of service, with the replacement bus service completing the journey in an average time of 2 hours and 30 minutes.
	A number of special railway enthusiast services were operated along the line during the 1980s and 1990s, given that the line was near closure. Notable special journeys included K.153 hauling the last steam special to Yarram on 24 October 1987, as well as an earlier Vintage Train journey to Foster and return on 6 September 1987. The last steam hauled train to run beyond Leongatha was on 13 November 1988, when steam locomotives D3.639 and K.153 travelled to Foster. That was the last time the locomotive turntable at Foster would be available for usage prior to its relocation to Korumburra railway station for the South Gippsland Tourist Railway in 1994. Local Melbourne community groups continued to organise chartered special diesel and railcar-hauled trains beyond Leongatha until 1991. A steam and diesel special to Barry Beach and Welshpool on 11 November 1989, which was organised to celebrate the 100th anniversary since the Dandenong to Nyora section of the Great Southern Railway Line opened. Heritage steam locomotive J515 hauled the special to Leongatha and return later one in the day while then V/Line diesel locomotive T368 took over for the section of track beyond Leongatha due to the turntable at Foster not being available for operation. D.E.R.M. 58 ran the last advertised special train available to the public beyond Leongatha to Welshpool and Barry Beach on May the 12th 1990.
	During the 1990s, steam tours only operated as far as Leongatha, with the first being run on 9 September 1990, again hauled by steam locomotive K.153, which coincided with the steam locomotive's 50th anniversary since being introduced into service. In 1993 there were two notable steam -hauled trips to Leongatha. Both specials were operated by Steamrail Victoria, and hauled 11-car consists of Victorian Railways E-Type and W-Type wooden carriages, which ran numerous shuttles between Korumburra and Leongatha stations. The first one was on 2 May, which was supposed to be a triple header of K Class steam locomotives. However, one of the scheduled locomotives, K190, suffered a defective main internal steampipe failure at Caulfield, leaving locomotives K153 and K183 to double-head the train. On 25 July 1993, the apparent "Last Lament to Leongatha" was run, operated by K190 and K183.
	After the withdrawal of passenger services to Leongatha, a few more steam-hauled trips were organised before the line was booked out of regular use between Cranbourne and Nyora. On 17 April 1994, K190 and K183 again travelled to Leongatha with the "South Gippsland Rambler", with a consist of seven wooden carriages. Steam locomotive J515 journeyed to Leongatha on 14 October 1995, for the first time since November 1989, organised by the Seymour Railway Heritage Centre and the ARHS. During the tour, J515 derailed due to a missing guide rail on the locomotive turntable at Korumburra that had been recently relocated from Foster.
	The last locomotive to traverse the South Gippsland main line before its closure was steam locomotive K190 operated by Steamrail Victoria. It returned to Steamrail Victoria's base at Newport on 29 April 1998, after it was leased to the South Gippsland Tourist Railway (SGTR) in December 1996. The South Gippsland Tourist Railway had first loaned the locomotive during the summer of 1995-1996. The locomotive again returned for the summer of 1996-1997. K190 was leased to the South Gippsland Tourist Railway on 7 December 1996, when Steamrail Victoria operated another steam special to Leongatha. Diesel loco T345 was also loaned to the tourist railway at the time, and was part of the train from Newport workshops. K183 double-headed with K190 to Nyora, with T345 attached to the special. K190 and T345 were detached at Nyora station. Shortly afterwards K183 journeyed solo to Leongatha. K190 followed to Leongatha with a consist of the tourist railway's carriages. T342, T345 and the DERM RM55 combined for a Saturday tourist railway service. Later, K183 returned to Newport Workshops with the Steamrail Victoria train. However, steam locomotives D3639 and K183 combined for the last steam excursion to traverse the South Gippsland rail line on 25 September 1997. During this time D3.639, along with K190, were both on loan to the South Gippsland Tourist Railway.
	The track beyond Leongatha, to Yarram and the Barry Beach branch line, was dismantled in 1994, but removal of other infrastructure, such as level crossing signals, took place around mid to late 1992, soon after the last train ran to Barry Beach. The section between Leongatha and Foster was turned into the Great Southern Rail Trail in 1998. In 2011, the Tarra Rail Trail from Alberton to Yarram was completed. , the section between Foster and Toora had been complete, leaving the final section from there to Alberton being converted into the Great Southern Rail Trail.
	The section from Dandenong to Cranbourne was electrified in 1995 and, as the Cranbourne Line, is now part of the Melbourne suburban rail network. The first level crossing on the closed section of the line, the South Gippsland Highway crossing in Cranbourne has since been paved over. The Victorian Transport Plan of 2009 stated that the Cranbourne line would be extended two kilometres to a new station at Cranbourne East by 2015. The new Cranbourne East station would be built near Renyard Street and the Casey Fields complex. The line from Nyora to Leongatha was used by the South Gippsland Tourist Railway until 2016. The branch line from Nyora to Wonthaggi was closed in 1978 and dismantled by 1990. It is now the Bass Coast Rail Trail. Since its closure, a significant section of the former Wonthaggi Line has been leased or sold to farmers, while other sections have been cut away to widen highways and main roads in the coastal South Gippsland region. The former branch lines to both Outtrim and Strezlecki have become a distant memory.
	The remaining section of track from Cranbourne to Nyora is disused but mostly still intact. A length of track was pulled up at Koo Wee Rup in 2009 to allow the construction of toilets for the bus and coach stop. Construction of the pipeline for Wonthaggi Desalination Plant made it necessary to remove three sections of the line. The first is about 100 metres on the down side of Monomeith Road, where about 50 metres of track were removed. The second is on the up side of Caldermeade Road, where about thirty metres of track were removed, and the third is about halfway between Caldermeade and Lang Lang stations.
	Much of the operational and safeworking infrastructure remains in place in this section, including signalling equipment, level crossings, and easements. Station platforms are also in place, but mostly without station buildings, for example at Lang Lang, Koo-Wee-Rup, and Tooradin. Parts of the track have warped due to erosion, ground movement or the displacement of sleepers. This is especially evident near Lang Lang, Tooradin, and north of Koo-Wee-Rup. There are also questions about the integrity of some bridges and culverts along the route.
	Prior to the 1999 Victorian election, the state Labor Party promised to return passenger services to Leongatha. In 2008, a report commissioned by the Victorian Department of Transport found the cost of returning passenger services to Leongatha to be unjustifiably high, estimating the cost at $72 million. The report stated that only 20 per cent of respondents surveyed about their transport needs considered restoring train services to be the main priority. Instead $14.7 million was allocated to road coach service upgrades. The then Minister for Public Transport Lynne Kosky said that the State Government had provided funding for development of a rail trail between Cranbourne East and Nyora to support tourism in South Gippsland in May 2008.
	On February 24, 2016 South Gippsland Shire Council unanimously carried motions to support the return of rail services to Leongatha on the back of a petition initiated by the South & West Gippsland Transport Group, which attracted 2,420 supporters. The successful motion means that the data gathered from the petition and documents prepared by South Gippsland Shire Council investigating the returning rail to South Gippsland have now been passed onto Public Transport Victoria with a call to provide for South Gippsland rail services in the forthcoming Regional Network Development Plan. After the disbandment of the South Gippsland Tourist Railway on January 16, 2016 it had also been announced that VicTrack will continue to leave the disused rail line between Cranbourne and Leongatha intact and available for future use by freight and passenger trains.
	Reopening the South Gippsland railway line as far as Leongatha continues to be a prominent issue in the region. A South Gippsland Shire Council Priority Projects document, released in June 2013, acknowledged that the return of a rail service was a major community priority, with funding and support sought from all levels of government. In early 2014, a report into possible extensions of the Melbourne metropolitan rail system identified the population growth corridor from Cranbourne to Koo-Wee-Rup, along the disused Leongatha line, as a key planning priority. The South and West Gippsland Transport Group, a public transport and rail lobby group, established in April 2011, which is closely associated with the South Gippsland Shire Council and other local government bodies, has campaigned for an integrated transport plan in the region, which includes rail at the forefront of the proposal. The group had been known as the South Gippsland Transport Users Group and had amalgamated with numerous rail lobby groups in 1994 shortly after the rail passenger service to Leongatha was withdrawn in July 1993. One notable milestone for the group was running a successful campaign that saw passenger rail services reinstated to Leongatha on December 9, 1984. Despite the promise to revive the railway line for freight and passenger services by the Bracks Labor government in 1999 being abandoned by his successor John Brumby in 2008, a community campaign involving the South and West Gippsland Transport Group continued to lobby, in collaboration with key stakeholders and governments, to achieve the reinstatement of rail services, and the improvement of transport accessibility in the region.

= = = Round-tripping (finance) = = =

	Round-tripping, also known as round-trip transactions or "Lazy Susans", is defined by "The Wall Street Journal" as a form of barter that involves a company selling "an unused asset to another company, while at the same time agreeing to buy back the same or similar assets at about the same price." Swapping assets on a round-trip produces no net economic substance, but may be fraudulently reported as a series of productive sales and beneficial purchases on the books of the companies involved, violating the substance over form accounting principle. The companies appear to be growing and very "busy", but the round-tripping "business" does not generate profits. Growth is an attractive factor to speculative investors, even if profits are lacking; such investment benefits companies and motivates them to undertake the illusory growth of round-tripping.
	Round trips are characteristic of the New Economy companies. They played a crucial part in temporarily inflating the market capitalization of energy traders such as Enron, CMS Energy, Reliant Energy, and Dynegy. 
	In international scenarios, round tripping is used for tax evasion and money laundering.
	Other companies making unconventional round-tripping deals include AOL with Sun Microsystems and Global Crossing with Qwest Communications. It is alleged that when some telecommunications companies swapped capacity, they booked the value of the incoming capacity as revenue and the value of the outgoing capacity as an investment. These transactions had the effect of inflating profits. The SEC ruled that booking revenues from swaps in telecommunications capacity was improper.
	Many such companies have used round-tripping to distort the market by establishing false revenue benchmarks, aiming to meet or beat the numbers put out by Wall Street stock analysts. As a result of abusive round trips, barter between publicly held companies has become discredited among professional investors.

= = = Militia (United States) = = =

	The militia of the United States, (Not be confused with Militia of one of the several states) as defined by the U.S. Congress, has changed over time.
	During colonial America, all able-bodied men of certain ages were members of the militia, depending on the respective states rule. Individual towns formed local independent militias for their own defense. The year before the US Constitution was ratified, "The Federalist Papers" detailed the founders' paramount vision of the militia in 1787. The new Constitution empowered Congress to "organize, arm, and discipline" this national military force, leaving significant control in the hands of each state government.
	Today, as defined by the Militia Act of 1903, the term "militia" is used to describe two classes within the United States:
	A third militia is a state defense force. It is authorized by state and federal laws.
	Congress has organized the National Guard under its power to "raise and support armies" and not its power to "Provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the Militia". This Congress chose to do in the interests of organizing reserve military units which were not limited in deployment by the strictures of our power over the constitutional militia, which can be called forth only "to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions." The modern National Guard was specifically intended to avoid status as the constitutional militia, a distinction recognized by 10 U.S.C. Sec 311(a).
	The term "militia" derives from Old English "milite" meaning soldiers (plural), "militisc" meaning military and also classical Latin "milit-, miles" meaning soldier.
	The Modern English term "militia" dates to the year 1590, with the original meaning now obsolete: "the body of soldiers in the service of a sovereign or a state". Subsequently, since approximately 1665, "militia" has taken the meaning "a military force raised from the civilian population of a country or region, especially to supplement a regular army in an emergency, frequently as distinguished from mercenaries or professional soldiers". The U.S. Supreme Court adopted the following definition for "active militia" from an Illinois Supreme Court case of 1879: " 'a body of citizens trained to military duty, who may be called out in certain cases, but may not be kept on service like standing armies, in times of peace'. . . when not engaged at stated periods . . . they return to their usual avocations . . . and are subject to call when public exigencies demand it."
	The spelling of "millitia" is often observed in written and printed materials from the 17th century through the 19th century.
	"See article: Colonial American military history"
	The early colonists of America considered the militia an important social institution, necessary to provide defense and public safety.
	"See article: Provincial troops in the French and Indian Wars"
	During the French and Indian Wars, town militia formed a recruiting pool for the Provincial Forces. The legislature of the colony would authorize a certain force level for the season's campaign and set recruitment quotas for each local militia. In theory, militia members could be drafted by lot if there were inadequate forces for the Provincial Regulars; however, the draft was rarely resorted to because provincial regulars were highly paid (more highly paid than their regular British Army counterparts) and rarely engaged in combat.
	In September 1755, George Washington, then adjutant-general of the Virginia militia, upon a frustrating and futile attempt to call up the militia to respond to a frontier Indian attack:
	See New Hampshire Provincial Regiment for a history of a Provincial unit during the French and Indian War.
	Just prior to the American Revolutionary War, on October 26, 1774, the Massachusetts Provincial Congress, observing the British military buildup, deemed their militia resources to be insufficient: the troop strength, "including the sick and absent, amounted to about seventeen thousand men ... this was far short of the number wanted, that the council recommended an immediate application to the New England governments to make up the deficiency":
	"See article: List of United States militia units in the American Revolutionary War"
	The American Revolutionary War began near Boston, Massachusetts with the Battles of Lexington and Concord, in which a group of local militias constituted the American side (the "Patriots"). On April 19, 1775, a British force 800 strong marched out of Boston to Concord intending to destroy patriot arms and ammunition. At 5:00 in the morning at Lexington, they met about 70 armed militiamen whom they ordered to disperse, but the militiamen refused. Firing ensued; it is not clear which side opened fire. This became known as "the shot heard round the world". Eight militiamen were killed and ten wounded, whereupon the remainder took flight. The British continued on to Concord and were unable to find most of the arms and ammunition of the patriots. As the British marched back toward Boston, patriot militiamen assembled along the route, taking cover behind stone walls, and sniped at the British. At Meriam's Corner in Concord, the British columns had to close in to cross a narrow bridge, exposing themselves to concentrated, deadly fire. The British retreat became a rout. It was only with the help of an additional detachment of 900 troops that the British force managed to return to Boston. This marked the beginning of the war. It was "three days after the affair of Lexington and Concord that any movement was made towards embodying a regular army".
	In 1777, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation, which contained a provision for raising a confederal militia that consent would be required from nine of the 13 States. Article VI of the Articles of Confederation states,
	Some militia units appeared without adequate arms, as evidenced in this letter from John Adams to his wife, dated August 26, 1777:
	The militia are turning out with great alacrity both in Maryland and Pennsylvania. They are distressed for want of arms. Many have none, we shall rake and scrape enough to do Howe's business, by favor of the Heaven.
	The initial enthusiasm of Patriot militiamen in the beginning days of the war soon waned. The historian Garry Wills explains,
	The fervor of the early days in the reorganized militias wore off in the long grind of an eight-year war. Now the right to elect their own officers was used to demand that the men not serve away from their state. Men evaded service, bought substitutes to go for them as in the old days, and had to be bribed with higher and higher bounties to join the effort – which is why Jefferson and Samuel Adams called them so expensive. As wartime inflation devalued the currency, other pledges had to be offered, including land grants and the promise of "a healthy slave" at the end of the war. Some men would take a bounty and not show up. Or they would show up for a while, desert, and then, when they felt the need for another bounty, sign up again in a different place. ... This practice was common enough to have its own technical term – "bounty jumping".
	The burden of waging war passed to a large extent to the standing army, the Continental Army. The stay-at-home militia tended then to perform the important role of the internal police to keep order. British forces sought to disrupt American communities by instigating slave rebellions and Indian raids. The militia fended off these threats. Militias also spied on Loyalists in the American communities. In Albany County, New York, the militia established a Committee for Detecting and Defeating Conspiracies to look out for and investigate people with suspicious allegiances.
	Politically, the militia was highly popular during the postwar period, though to some extent, based more on pride of victory in the recent war than on the realities. This skepticism of the actual value of relying upon the militia for national defense, versus a trained regular army was expressed by Gouverneur Morris:
	An overweening vanity leads the fond many, each man against the conviction of his own heart, to believe or affect to believe, that militia can beat veteran troops in the open field and even play of battle. This idle notion, fed by vaunting demagogues, alarmed us for our country, when in the course of that time and chance, which happen to all, she should be at war with a great power.
	Robert Spitzer, citing Daniel Boorstin, describes this political dichotomy of the public popularity of the militia versus the military value:
	While the reliance upon militias was politically satisfying, it proved to be an administrative and military nightmare. State detachments could not be easily combined into larger fighting units; soldiers could not be relied on to serve for extended periods, and desertions were common; officers were elected, based on popularity rather than experience or training; discipline and uniformity were almost nonexistent.
	General George Washington defended the militia in public, but in correspondence with Congress expressed his opinion of the militia quite to the contrary:
	To place any dependence on the Militia, is, assuredly, resting upon a broken staff. Men just dragged from the tender Scenes of domestic life; unaccustomed to the din of Arms; totally unacquainted with every kind of military skill, which being followed by a want of confidence in themselves, when opposed to Troops regularly trained, disciplined, and appointed, superior in knowledge and superior in Arms, makes them timid, and ready to fly from their own shadows ... if I was called upon to declare upon Oath, whether the Militia have been most serviceable or hurtful upon the whole, I should subscribe to the latter.
	In Shays' Rebellion, a Massachusetts militia that had been raised as a private army defeated the main Shays site force on February 3, 1787. There was a lack of an institutional response to the uprising, which energized calls to reevaluate the Articles of Confederation and gave strong impetus to the Constitutional Convention which began in May 1787.
	At the end of the Revolutionary War, a political atmosphere developed at the local level where the militia was seen with fondness, despite their spotty record on the battlefield. Typically, when the militia did act well was when the battle came into the locale of the militia, and local inhabitants tended to exaggerate the performance of the local militia versus the performance of the Continental Army. The Continental Army was seen as the protector of the States, though it also was viewed as a dominating force over the local communities. Joseph Reed, president of Pennsylvania viewed this jealousy between the militia forces and the standing army as similar to the prior frictions between the militia and the British Regular Army a generation before during the French and Indian War. Tensions came to a head at the end of the war when the Continental Army officers demanded pensions and set up the Society of the Cincinnati to honor their own wartime deeds. The local communities did not want to pay national taxes to cover the Army pensions, when the local militiamen received none.
	The delegates of the Constitutional Convention (the founding fathers/framers of the United States Constitution) under Article 1; section 8, clauses 15 and 16 of the federal constitution, granted Congress the power to "provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the Militia", as well as, and in distinction to, the power to raise an army and a navy. The US Congress is granted the power to use the militia of the United States for three specific missions, as described in Article 1, section 8, clause 15: "To provide for the calling of the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions." The Militia Act of 1792 clarified whom the militia consists of:
	At the time of the drafting of the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights, a political sentiment existed in the newly formed United States involving suspicion of peacetime armies not under civilian control. This political belief has been identified as stemming from the memory of the abuses of the standing army of Oliver Cromwell and King James II, in Great Britain in the prior century, which led to the Glorious Revolution and resulted in placing the standing army under the control of Parliament.
	During the Congressional debates, James Madison discussed how a militia could help defend liberty against tyranny and oppression. (Source I Annals of Congress 434, June 8, 1789) Though during his presidency, after enduring the failures of the militia in the War of 1812, Madison came to favor the maintenance of a strong standing army.
	A major concern of the various delegates during the constitutional debates over the Constitution and the Second Amendment to the Constitution revolved around the issue of transferring militia power held by the States (under the existing Articles of Confederation) to Federal control.
	Records of the constitutional debate over the early drafts of the language of the Second Amendment included significant discussion of whether service in the militia should be compulsory for all able bodied men, or should there be an exemption for the "religiously scrupulous" conscientious objector.
	The concern about risks of a "religiously scrupulous" exemption clause within the second amendment to the Federal Constitution was expressed by Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts (from 1 Annals of Congress at 750, 17 August 1789):
	The "religiously scrupulous" clause was ultimately stricken from the final draft of second amendment to the Federal Constitution though the militia clause was retained. The Supreme Court of the United States has upheld a right to conscientious objection to military service.
	William S. Fields & David T. Hardy write:
	While in The Federalist No. 46, Madison argued that a standing army of 25,000 to 30,000 men would be offset by "a militia amounting to near a half million of citizens with arms in their hands, officered by men chosen from among themselves ..." [119] The Antifederalists were not persuaded by these arguments, in part because of the degree of control over the militia given to the national government by the proposed constitution. The fears of the more conservative opponents centered upon the possible phasing out of the general militia in favor of a smaller, more readily corrupted, select militia. Proposals for such a select militia already had been advanced by individuals such as Baron Von Steuben, Washington's Inspector General, who proposed supplementing the general militia with a force of 21,000 men given government- issued arms and special training. [120] An article in the Connecticut Journal expressed the fear that the proposed constitution might allow Congress to create such select militias: "[T]his looks too much like Baron Steuben's militia, by which a standing army was meant and intended." [121] In Pennsylvania, John Smiley told the ratifying convention that "Congress may give us a select militia which will in fact be a standing army", and worried that, [p.34] with this force in hand, "the people in general may be disarmed". [122] Similar concerns were raised by Richard Henry Lee in Virginia. In his widely-read pamphlet, Letters from the Federal Farmer to the Republican, Lee warned that liberties might be undermined by the creation of a select militia that "[would] answer to all the purposes of an army", and concluded that "the Constitution ought to secure a genuine and guard against a select militia by providing that the militia shall always be kept well organized, armed, and disciplined, and include, according to the past and general usage of the states, all men capable of bearing arms.
	Note: In Federalist Paper 29 Hamilton argued the inability to train the whole Militia made select corps inevitable and, like Madison, paid it no concern.
	In 1794, a militia numbering approximately 13,000 was raised and personally led by President George Washington to quell the Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania. From this experience, a major weakness of a States-based citizen militia system was found to be the lack of systematic army organization, and a lack of training for engineers and officers. George Washington repeatedly warned of these shortcomings up until his death in 1799. Two days before his death, in a letter to General Alexander Hamilton, George Washington wrote: "The establishment of a Military Academy upon a respectable and extensive basis has ever been considered by me as an object of primary importance to this country; and while I was in the chair of government, I omitted no proper opportunity of recommending it in my public speeches, and otherwise to the attention of the legislature."
	In 1802, the federal military academy at West Point was established, in part to rectify the failings of irregular training inherent in a States-based militia system.
	In the War of 1812, the United States militia, because of a lack of discipline and poor training, were often routed in battle on open ground by British regulars. They fared better and proved more reliable when protected behind defensive entrenchments and fixed fortifications, as was effectively shown at Plattsburgh, Baltimore, and New Orleans. Because of their overall ineffectiveness and failure during the war, militias were not adequate for the national defense. Military budgets were greatly increased at this time and a smaller, standing federal army, rather than States' militias, was deemed better for the national defense.
	By the 1830s the American frontier expanded Westwards with Indian wars in the Eastern United States ending. Many states let their unorganised militia lapse in favour of volunteer militia units such as city guards who carried on in functions such as assisting local law enforcement, providing troops for ceremonies and parades or as a social club. The groups of company size were usually uniformed and armed through their own contributions. Volunteer units of sufficient size could elect their own officers and apply for a state charter under names that they themselves chose.
	The states' militia continued service, notably, in the slave-holding states, to maintain public order by performing slave patrols to round up fugitive slaves.
	Responding to criticisms of failures of the militia, Adjutant General William Sumner wrote an analysis and rebuttal in a letter to John Adams, May 3, 1823:
	The disasters of the militia may be ascribed chiefly, to two causes, of which the failure to train the men is a principle one; but, the omission to train the officers is as so much greater, that I think the history of its conduct, where it has been unfortunate, will prove that its defects are attributable, more to their want of knowledge or the best mode of applying the force under their authority to their attainment of their object than to all others. It may almost be stated, as an axiom, that the larger the body of undisciplined men is, the less is its chance of success; ...
	During this inter-war period of the nineteenth century, the states' militia tended towards being disorderly and unprepared.
	The demoralizing influences even of our own militia drills has long been notorious to a proverb. It has been a source of general corruptions to the community, and formed habits of idleness, dissipation and profligacy ... musterfields have generally been scenes or occasions of gambling, licentiousness, and almost every vice. ... An eye-witness of a New England training, so late as 1845, says, "beastly drunkenness, and other immoralities, were enough to make good men shudder at the very name of a muster".
	Joseph Story laments in 1842 how the militia has fallen into serious decline:
	And yet, though this truth would seem so clear, and the importance of a well regulated militia would seem so undeniable, it cannot be disguised, that among the American people there is a growing indifference to any system of militia discipline, and a strong disposition, from a sense of its burdens, to be rid of all regulations. How it is practicable to keep the people duly armed without some organization, it is difficult to see. There is certainly no small danger, that indifference may lead to disgust, and disgust to contempt; and thus gradually undermine all the protection intended by this clause of our National Bill of Rights.
	Due to rising tensions between Latter-day Saints and their Missourian neighbors, in 1838, General David R. Atchison, the commander of the state militia of Northwestern Missouri, ordered Samuel Bogart to "prevent, if possible, any invasion of Ray County by persons in arms whatever". Bogart, who had participated in former anti-Mormon vigilante groups, proceeded to disarm resident Latter-day Saints and forced them to leave the county. In response David W. Patten led the Caldwell County militia to rescue Latter-day Saint residents from what they believed was a "mob". The confrontation between these two county militias (Ray and Caldwell) became known as the Battle of Crooked River and is a primary cause for Governor Lilburn Boggs issuing Missouri Executive Order 44. This order, often called the "Extermination Order", told the commander of the Missouri State Militia, General John B. Clark, that, "The Mormons must be treated as enemies, and must be exterminated or driven from the state if necessary for the public pease—their outrages are beyond description." In the following days Missouri militia killed 17 Latter-day Saints at Haun's Mill, laid siege to Far West, Missouri and jailed Latter-day Saint church leaders, including Joseph Smith.
	The Mormon militia, in 1857 and 1858, fought against US federal troops in the Utah War over control of government territory.
	During the violent political confrontations in the Kansas Territory involving anti-slavery Free-Staters and pro-slavery "Border Ruffians" elements, the militia was called out to enforce order on several occasions, notably during the incidents referred to as the Wakarusa War.
	During John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, local militia companies from villages within a 30-mile radius of Harpers Ferry cut off Brown's escape routes and trapped Brown's men in the armory.
	At the beginning of the American Civil War, neither the North or the South was nearly well enough prepared for war, and few people imagined the demands and hardships the war would bring. Just prior to the war the total peacetime army consisted of a paltry 16,000 men. Both sides issued an immediate call to forces from the militia, followed by the immediate awareness of an acute shortage of weapons, uniforms, and trained officers. State militia regiments were of uneven quality, and none had anything resembling combat training. The typical militia drilling at the time amounted to, at best, parade-ground marching. The militia units, from local communities, had never drilled together as a larger regiment, and thus lacked the extremely important skill, critically necessary for the war style of the time, of maneuvering from a marching line into a fighting line. Yet both sides were equally unready, and rushed to prepare.
	The most important:
	Following the Confederate taking of Fort Sumter, which marked the beginning of the Civil War, President Lincoln called up 75,000 States' militiamen to retake the seized Federal property and found that the militia "strength was far short of what the Congressional statute provided and required".
	In the summer of 1861, military camps circled around Washington, D.C. composed of new three-year army volunteers and 90-day militia units. The generals in charge of this gathering had never handled large bodies of men before, and the men were simply inexperienced civilians with arms having little discipline and less understanding of the importance of discipline.
	In the West, Union state and territorial militias existed as active forces in defense of settlers there. California especially had many active militia companies at the beginning of the war that rose in number until the end of the war. It would also provide the most Volunteers from west of the Rocky Mountains: eight regiments and two battalions of infantry, two regiments and a battalion of cavalry. It also provided most of the men for the infantry regiment from Washington Territory. Oregon raised an infantry and a cavalry regiment. Colorado Territory militias were organized both to resist the Confederacy and any civil disorder caused by secessionists, Copperheads, Mormons, or most particularly the Native tribes. The Colorado Volunteers participated in the Battle of Glorieta Pass turning back a Confederate invasion of New Mexico Territory. Later they initiated the Colorado War with the Plains Indians and committed the Sand Creek massacre. The California Volunteers of the California Column were sent east across the southern deserts to drive the Confederates out of southern Arizona, New Mexico and west Texas around El Paso, then fought the Navajo and Apache until 1866. They also were sent to guard the Overland Trail, keep the Mormons under observation by the establishment of Fort Douglas in Salt Lake City, and fought a campaign against the Shoshone culminating in the Battle of Bear River. In Nevada, Oregon and Idaho Territory, California, Oregon and Washington Territorial Volunteers tried to protect the settlers and pacified tribes from each other and they fought the Goshute, Paiute, Ute and hostile Snake Indians in the Snake War from 1864 until 1866. In California, volunteer forces fought the Bald Hills War in the northwestern forests until 1864 and also the Owens Valley Indian War in 1862–1863.
	With passage of federal reconstruction laws between 1866 and 1870 the U.S. Army took control of the former rebel states and ordered elections to be held. These elections were the first in which African Americans could vote. Each state (except Virginia) elected Republican governments, which organized militia units. The majority of militiamen were black. Racial tension and conflict, sometimes intense, existed between the Negro freedmen and the ex-Confederate whites.
	In parts of the South, white paramilitary groups and rifle clubs formed to counter this black militia, despite the laws prohibiting drilling, organizing, or parading except for duly authorized militia. These groups engaged in a prolonged series of retaliatory, vengeful, and hostile acts against this black militia.
	The activity of the official black militia, and the unofficial illegal white rifle clubs, typically peaked in the autumn surrounding elections. This was the case in the race riot of Clinton, Mississippi in September 1875, and the following month in Jackson, Mississippi. An eyewitness account:
	I found the town in great excitement; un-uniformed militia were parading the streets, both white and colored. I found that the white people—democrats—were very much excited in consequence of the governor organizing the militia force of the state. ... I found that these people were determined to resist his marching the militia (to Clinton) with arms, and they threatened to kill his militiamen.
	Outright war between the state militia and the white rifle clubs was avoided only by the complete surrender of one of the belligerents, though tensions escalated in the following months leading to a December riot in Vicksburg, Mississippi resulting in the deaths of two whites and thirty-five black people. Reaction to this riot was mixed, with the local Democrats upset at the influx of federal troops that followed, and the Northern press expressing outrage: "Once more, as always, it is the Negroes that are slaughtered while the whites escape."
	Enacted in the wake of the Civil War, the Federal Congress passed the Posse Comitatus Act intended to prohibit federal troops and militia from supervising elections. This act substantially limits the powers of the Federal government to use the military serving on active duty under Title 10 for law enforcement, but does not preclude governors from using the National Guard in a law enforcement role as long as the guardsmen are serving under Title 32 or on state active duty.
	Despite a lack of initial readiness, training, and supplies, the Militas of the United States fought and achieved victory in the Spanish–American War.
	In 1914, in Ludlow, Colorado, the militia was called out to calm the situation during a coal mine strike, but the sympathies of the militia leaders allied with company management and resulted in the deaths of roughly 19 to 25 people.
	The state National Guard was originally called out, but the company was allowed to organize an additional private militia consisting of Colorado Fuel & Iron Company (CF&I) guards in National Guard uniforms augmented by non-uniformed mine guards.
	The Ludlow massacre was an attack by the Colorado National Guard and Colorado Fuel & Iron Company camp guards on a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners and their families at Ludlow, Colorado on April 20, 1914.
	In retaliation for Ludlow, the miners armed themselves and attacked dozens of mines over the next ten days, destroying property and engaging in several skirmishes with the Colorado National Guard along a 40-mile front from Trinidad to Walsenburg. The entire strike would cost between 69 and 199 lives. Thomas Franklin Andrews described it as the "deadliest strike in the history of the United States".
	American organized and unorganized militias fought in the Mexican Revolution. Some campaigned in Mexico as insurgent forces and others fought in battles such as Ambos Nogales and Columbus in defense of the interests of United States.
	The Plattsburg Movement. The Hays Law.
	Each state has two mandatory forces, namely the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard. Many states also have state defense forces and a naval militia, which assist, support and augment National Guard forces.
	The National Guard (or National Guard of a State) differs from the National Guard of the United States; however, the two do go hand-in-hand.
	The National Guard is a militia force organized by each of the states and territories of the United States. Established under Title 10 and Title 32 of the U.S. Code, the state National Guard serves as part of the first-line defense for the United States. The state National Guard is divided up into units stationed in each of the 50 states and the U.S. territories and operates under their respective state governor or territorial government. The National Guard may be called up for active duty by the state governors or territorial commanding generals to help respond to domestic emergencies and disasters, such as those caused by hurricanes, floods, and earthquakes.
	The National Guard of the United States is a military reserve force composed of state National Guard members or units under federally recognized active or inactive armed force service for the United States. Created by the 1933 amendments to the National Defense Act of 1916, the National Guard of the United States is a joint reserve component of the United States Army and the United States Air Force. The National Guard of the United States maintains two subcomponents: the Army National Guard of the United States for the Army and the Air Force's Air National Guard of the United States.
	The current United States Code, Title 10 (Armed forces), section 246 (Militia: Composition and Classes), paragraph (a) states: "The militia of the United States consists of all able-bodied males at least 17 years of age and, except as provided in section 313 of title 32, under 45 years of age who are, or who have made a declaration of intention to become, citizens of the United States and of female citizens of the United States who are members of the National Guard." Section 313 of Title 32 refers to persons with prior military experience. ("Sec. 313. Appointments and enlistments: age limitation
	These persons remain members of the militia until age 64. Paragraph (b) further states, "The classes of the militia are: (1) the organized militia, which consists of the National Guard and the Naval Militia; and (2) the unorganized militia, which consists of the members of the militia who are not members of the National Guard or the Naval Militia."
	The National Guard of the United States is the largest of the organized federal reserve military forces in the United States. The National Guard of the United States is classified (under title 10, United States Code (see above)) as the organized federal reserve military force. Under federal control, the National Guard of the United States can be called up for active duty by the President of the United States. Since the 2003 invasion of Iraq, many National Guard units have served overseas – under the Total Force Policy of 1973 which effectively combined the National Guard with the armed forces, making them regular troops. This can lead to problems for states that also face internal emergencies while the Guard is deployed overseas. To address such issues, many of the states, such as New York and Maryland also have organized state "militia" forces or state guards which are under the control of the governor of a state; however, many of these "militia" also act as a reserve for the National Guard and are thus a part of it (this varies from state to state depending on individual state statutory laws). New York and Ohio also have active naval militias, and a few other states have on-call or proposed ones. In 1990, the United States Supreme Court ruled in the case of "Perpich v. Department of Defense" that the federal government has plenary power over the National Guard, greatly reducing (to the point of nonexistence) the state government's ability to withhold consent to federal deployments and training missions of the National Guard.
	Since the Militia Act of 1903, many states have created and maintained a reserve military force known as state defense forces (Some states refer to them as state military reserve, state guard, or foot guard). They were created to assist, support and augment National Guard forces during peacetime conditions. Also during the call up of National Guard forces for wartime deployments, state defense forces can be used to assume the full military responsibilities of the state. Their mission includes the defense of the state and the enforcement of military orders when ordered by their Governor.
	Throughout the 20th century, state defense forces were used in every major war. New York Guard Soldiers patrolled and secured the water aqueduct of New York, mass transit areas, and were even deployed to France to assist in logistical operations in World War I. The Texas State Guard's soldiers suppressed a riot and maintained peace and order in Texas throughout World War II.
	Today state defense forces continue to assist, support and augment the National Guard of the state. They provide logistical, administration, medical, transportation, security, and ceremonial assistance. Some states have provided additional support such as the New York State Defense Force (New York Guard) providing its Soldiers to help support and augment the National Guard CERFP Team. The California State Military Reserve provides the National Guard with Soldiers to assist with military police training and the Alaska State Defense Force constantly provides armed military police troops to assist with the security of Alaska. One of the major roles of the Mississippi State Guard is providing operational support during natural disasters such as hurricanes relief operations.
	One militia in the United States has modeled themselves after the state defense forces on a national level. They are known as the United States National Defense Corps.
	All able bodied men, 17 to 45 of age, are ultimately eligible to be called up into military service and belong to the class known as the reserve militia, also known as the unorganized militia (10 USC). Able bodied men who are not eligible for inclusion in the reserve militia pool are those aliens not having declared their intent to become citizens of the United States (10 USC 246) and former regular component veterans of the armed forces who have reached the age of 64 (32 USC 313). All female citizens who are members of National Guard units are also included in the reserve militia pool ().
	Other persons who are exempt from call to duty () and are not therefore in the reserve militia pool include:
	Many individual states have additional statutes describing their residents as part of the state militia; for example Washington law specifies all able-bodied citizens or intended citizens over the age of eighteen as members of the state militia, as explicitly distinct from the National Guard and Washington State Guard.
	Within the United States, since approximately 1992, there have been a number of private organizations that call themselves militia or unorganized militia.
	In states such as Texas, the state constitution classifies male citizens between the ages of 17 and 45 to belong to the "Unorganized Reserve Militia". The Texas constitution also grants the county sheriff and the governor of the state the authority to call upon the unorganized reserve militia to uphold the peace, repel invasion, and suppress rebellion, similar to the early "Texas Rangers".

= = = Meropeidae = = =

	Meropeidae is a family of tiny scorpionflies within the order Mecoptera with only three living species, commonly referred to as "earwigflies" (or sometimes "forcepflies"). These include the North American "Merope tuber", the Western Australian "Austromerope poultoni", and the newly discovered South American "A. brasiliensis". The biology of these species is essentially unknown, and their larvae have never been seen. The disjunct distribution suggests a common origin before the breakup of the ancient supercontinent of Pangaea. There are two undisputed extinct genera, "Boreomerope antiqua" known from an isolated wing found in the Middle Jurassic Itat Formation of Siberia and "Burmomerope" with two species from the Cenomanian aged Burmese amber. As such, the extant members of this family can be considered living fossils. These insects are also of interest due to their presumed basal position in the order Mecoptera. "Thaumatomerope" with four described species all from the Madygen Formation in Kyrgyzstan has historically sometimes been included within the family, "Thaumatomerope" is sometimes excluded from Meropeidae, and instead, is placed within Eomeropidae, or its own monotypic family, "Thaumatomeropidae."* 
	The family name was spelt "Meropidae" in old literature but this clashes with the homonymous family name in birds for bee-eaters. The spelling of Meropeidae was adopted for the insect family by the ICZN in Opinion 140 of 1943.

= = = Clastic rock = = =

	Clastic rocks are composed of fragments, or clasts, of pre-existing minerals and rock. A clast is a fragment of geological detritus, chunks and smaller grains of rock broken off other rocks by physical weathering. Geologists use the term clastic with reference to sedimentary rocks as well as to particles in sediment transport whether in suspension or as bed load, and in sediment deposits.
	Clastic sedimentary rocks are rocks composed predominantly of broken pieces or "clasts" of older weathered and eroded rocks. Clastic sediments or sedimentary rocks are classified based on grain size, clast and cementing material (matrix) composition, and texture. The classification factors are often useful in determining a sample's environment of deposition. An example of clastic environment would be a river system in which the full range of grains being transported by the moving water consist of pieces eroded from solid rock upstream.
	Grain size varies from clay in shales and claystones; through silt in siltstones; sand in sandstones; and gravel, cobble, to boulder sized fragments in conglomerates and breccias. The Krumbein phi (φ) scale numerically orders these terms in a logarithmic size scale.
	"Siliciclastic" rocks are clastic noncarbonate rocks that are composed almost exclusively of silicon, either as forms of quartz or as silicates.
	The composition of siliciclastic sedimentary rocks includes the chemical and mineralogical components of the framework as well as the cementing material that make up these rocks. Boggs divides them into four categories; major minerals, accessory minerals, rock fragments, and chemical sediments.
	Major minerals can be categorized into subdivisions based on their resistance to chemical decomposition. Those that possess a great resistance to decomposition are categorized as stable, while those that do not are considered less stable. The most common stable mineral in siliciclastic sedimentary rocks is quartz (SiO). Quartz makes up approximately 65 percent of framework grains present in sandstones and about 30 percent of minerals in the average shale. Less stable minerals present in this type of rocks are feldspars, including both potassium and plagioclase feldspars. Feldspars comprise a considerably lesser portion of framework grains and minerals. They only make up about 15 percent of framework grains in sandstones and 5% of minerals in shales. Clay mineral groups are mostly present in mudrocks (comprising more than 60% of the minerals) but can be found in other siliciclastic sedimentary rocks at considerably lower levels.
	Accessory minerals are associated with those whose presence in the rock are not directly important to the classification of the specimen. These generally occur in smaller amounts in comparison to the quartz, and feldspars. Furthermore, those that do occur are generally heavy minerals or coarse grained micas (both Muscovite and Biotite).
	Rock fragments also occur in the composition of siliciclastic sedimentary rocks and are responsible for about 10–15 percent of the composition of sandstone. They generally make up most of the gravel size particles in conglomerates but contribute only a very small amount to the composition of mudrocks. Though they sometimes are, rock fragments are not always sedimentary in origin. They can also be metamorphic or igneous.
	Chemical cements vary in abundance but are predominantly found in sandstones. The two major types are silicate based and carbonate based. The majority of silica cements are composed of quartz, but can include chert, opal, feldspars and zeolites.
	Composition includes the chemical and mineralogic make-up of the single or varied fragments and the cementing material (matrix) holding the clasts together as a rock. These differences are most commonly used in the framework grains of sandstones. Sandstones rich in quartz are called quartz arenites, those rich in feldspar are called arkoses, and those rich in lithics are called lithic sandstones.
	Siliciclastic sedimentary rocks are composed of mainly silicate particles derived from the weathering of older rocks and pyroclastic volcanism. While grain size, clast and cementing material (matrix) composition, and texture are important factors when regarding composition, siliciclastic sedimentary rocks are classified according to grain size into three major categories: conglomerates, sandstones, and mudrocks. The term "clay" is used to classify particles smaller than .0039 millimeters. However, the term can also be used to refer to a family of sheet silicate minerals. "Silt" refers to particles that have a diameter between .062 and .0039 millimeters. The term "mud" is used when clay and silt particles are mixed in the sediment; "mudrock" is the name of the rock created with these sediments. Furthermore, particles that reach diameters between .062 and 2 millimeters fall into the category of sand. When sand is cemented together and lithified it becomes known as sandstone. Any particle that is larger than two millimeters is considered gravel. This category includes pebbles, cobbles and boulders. Like sandstone, when gravels are lithified they are considered conglomerates.
	Conglomerates are coarse grained rocks dominantly composed of gravel sized particles that are typically held together by a finer grained matrix. These rocks are often subdivided into conglomerates and breccias. The major characteristic that divides these two categories is the amount of rounding. The gravel sized particles that make up conglomerates are well rounded while in breccias they are angular. Conglomerates are common in stratigraphic successions of most, if not all, ages but only make up one percent or less, by weight, of the total sedimentary rock mass. In terms of origin and depositional mechanisms they are very similar to sandstones. As a result, the two categories often contain the same sedimentary structures.
	Sandstones are medium-grained rocks composed of rounded or angular fragments of sand size, that often but not always have a cement uniting them together. These sand-size particles are often quartz but there are a few common categories and a wide variety of classification schemes that classify sandstones based on composition. Classification schemes vary widely, but most geologists have adopted the Dott scheme, which uses the relative abundance of quartz, feldspar, and lithic framework grains and the abundance of muddy matrix between these larger grains.
	Rocks that are classified as mudrocks are very fine grained. Silt and clay represent at least 50% of the material that mudrocks are composed of. Classification schemes for mudrocks tend to vary, but most are based on the grain size of the major constituents. In mudrocks, these are generally silt, and clay.
	According to Blatt, Middleton and Murray mudrocks that are composed mainly of silt particles are classified as siltstones. In turn, rocks that possess clay as the majority particle are called claystones. In geology, a mixture of both silt and clay is called mud. Rocks that possess large amounts of both clay and silt are called mudstones. In some cases the term shale is also used to refer to mudrocks and is still widely accepted by most. However, others have used the term shale to further divide mudrocks based on the percentage of clay constituents. The plate-like shape of clay allows its particles to stack up one on top of another, creating laminae or beds. The more clay present in a given specimen, the more laminated a rock is. Shale, in this case, is reserved for mudrocks that are laminated, while mudstone refers those that are not.
	Siliciclastic rocks initially form as loosely packed sediment deposits including gravels, sands, and muds. The process of turning loose sediment into hard sedimentary rocks is called lithification. During the process of lithification, sediments undergo physical, chemical and mineralogical changes before becoming rock. The primary physical process in lithification is compaction. As sediment transport and deposition continues, new sediments are deposited atop previously deposited beds, burying them. Burial continues and the weight of overlying sediments causes an increase in temperature and pressure. This increase in temperature and pressure causes loose grained sediments become tightly packed, reducing porosity, essentially squeezing water out of the sediment. Porosity is further reduced by the precipitation of minerals into the remaining pore spaces. The final stage in the process is diagenesis and will be discussed in detail below.
	Cementation is the diagenetic process by which coarse clastic sediments become lithified or consolidated into hard, compact rocks, usually through the deposition or precipitation of minerals in the spaces between the individual grains of sediment. Cementation can occur simultaneously with deposition or at another time. Furthermore, once a sediment is deposited, it becomes subject to cementation through the various stages of diagenesis discussed below.
	Eogenesis refers to the early stages of diagenesis. This can take place at very shallow depths, ranging from a few meters to tens of meters below the surface. The changes that occur during this diagenetic phase mainly relate to the reworking of the sediments. Compaction and grain repacking, bioturbation, as well as mineralogical changes all occur at varying degrees. Due to the shallow depths, sediments undergo only minor compaction and grain rearrangement during this stage. Organisms rework sediment near the depositional interface by burrowing, crawling, and in some cases sediment ingestion. This process can destroy sedimentary structures that were present upon deposition of the sediment. Structures such as lamination will give way to new structures associated with the activity of organisms. Despite being close to the surface, eogenesis does provide conditions for important mineralogical changes to occur. This mainly involves the precipitation of new minerals.
	Mineralogical changes that occur during eogenesis are dependent on the environment in which that sediment has been deposited. For example, the formation of pyrite is characteristic of reducing conditions in marine environments. Pyrite can form as cement, or replace organic materials, such as wood fragments. Other important reactions include the formation of chlorite, glauconite, illite and iron oxide (if oxygenated pore water is present). The precipitation of potassium feldspar, quartz overgrowths, and carbonate cements also occurs under marine conditions. In non marine environments oxidizing conditions are almost always prevalent, meaning iron oxides are commonly produced along with kaolin group clay minerals. The precipitation of quartz and calcite cements may also occur in non marine conditions.
	As sediments are buried deeper, load pressures become greater resulting in tight grain packing and bed thinning. This causes increased pressure between grains thus increasing the solubility of grains. As a result, the partial dissolution of silicate grains occurs. This is called pressure solutions. Chemically speaking, increases in temperature can also cause chemical reaction rates to increase. This increases the solubility of most common minerals (aside from evaporites). Furthermore, beds thin and porosity decreases allowing cementation to occur by the precipitation of silica or carbonate cements into remaining pore space.
	In this process minerals crystallize from watery solutions that percolate through the pores between grain of sediment. The cement that is produced may or may not have the same chemical composition as the sediment. In sandstones, framework grains are often cemented by silica or carbonate. The extent of cementation is dependent on the composition of the sediment. For example, in lithic sandstones, cementation is less extensive because pore space between framework grains is filled with a muddy matrix that leaves little space for precipitation to occur. This is often the case for mudrocks as well. As a result of compaction, the clayey sediments comprising mudrocks are relatively impermeable.
	Dissolution of framework silicate grains and previously formed carbonate cement may occur during deep burial. Conditions that encourage this are essentially opposite of those required for cementation. Rock fragments and silicate minerals of low stability, such as plagioclase feldspar, pyroxenes, and amphiboles, may dissolve as a result of increasing burial temperatures and the presence of organic acids in pore waters. The dissolution of frame work grains and cements increases porosity particularly in sandstones.
	This refers to the process whereby one mineral is dissolved and a new mineral fills the space via precipitation. Replacement can be partial or complete. Complete replacement destroys the identity of the original minerals or rock fragments giving a biased view of the original mineralogy of the rock/ Porosity can also be affected by this process. For example, clay minerals tend to fill up pore space and thereby reducing porosity.
	In the process of burial, it is possible that siliciclastic deposits may subsequently be uplifted as a result of a mountain building event or erosion. When uplift occurs, it exposes buried deposits to a radically new environment. Because the process brings material to or closer to the surface, sediments that undergo uplift are subjected to lower temperatures and pressures as well as slightly acidic rain water. Under these conditions, framework grains and cement are again subjected to dissolution and in turn increasing porosity. On the other hand, telogenesis can also change framework grains to clays, thus reducing porosity. These changes are dependent on the specific conditions that the rock is exposed as well as the composition of the rock and pore waters. Specific pore waters, can cause the further precipitation of carbonate or silica cements. This process can also encourage the process of oxidation on a variety of iron bearing minerals.
	Sedimentary breccias are a type of clastic sedimentary rock which are composed of angular to subangular, randomly oriented clasts of other sedimentary rocks. They may form either
	In the field, it may at times be difficult to distinguish between a debris flow sedimentary breccia and a colluvial breccia, especially if one is working entirely from drilling information. Sedimentary breccias are an integral host rock for many sedimentary exhalative deposits.
	Clastic igneous rocks include pyroclastic volcanic rocks such as tuff, agglomerate and intrusive breccias, as well as some marginal eutaxitic and taxitic intrusive morphologies. Igneous clastic rocks are broken by flow, injection or explosive disruption of solid or semi-solid igneous rocks or lavas.
	Igneous clastic rocks can be divided into two classes:
	Clastic metamorphic rocks include breccias formed in faults, as well as some protomylonite and pseudotachylite. Occasionally, metamorphic rocks can be brecciated via hydrothermal fluids, forming a hydrofracture breccia.
	Hydrothermal clastic rocks are generally restricted to those formed by hydrofracture, the process by which hydrothermal circulation cracks and brecciates the wall rocks and fills it in with veins. This is particularly prominent in epithermal ore deposits and is associated with alteration zones around many intrusive rocks, especially granites. Many skarn and greisen deposits are associated with hydrothermal breccias.
	A fairly rare form of clastic rock may form during meteorite impact. This is composed primarily of ejecta; clasts of country rock, melted rock fragments, tektites (glass ejected from the impact crater) and exotic fragments, including fragments derived from the impactor itself.
	Identifying a clastic rock as an impact breccia requires recognising shatter cones, tektites, spherulites, and the morphology of an impact crater, as well as potentially recognizing particular chemical and trace element signatures, especially osmiridium.

= = = Asabiyyah = = =

ʿAsabiyya or asabiyyah (Arabic: عصبيّة) is a concept of social solidarity with an emphasis on unity, group consciousness and sense of shared purpose, and social cohesion, originally in a context of "tribalism" and "clanism". It was familiar in the pre-Islamic era, but became popularized in Ibn Khaldun's "Muqaddimah" where it is described as the fundamental bond of human society and the basic motive force of history, pure only in its nomadic form. ʿAsabiyya is neither necessarily nomadic nor based on blood relations; rather, it resembles philosophy of classical republicanism. In the modern period, it is generally analogous to solidarity. However, it is often negatively associated because it can sometimes suggest loyalty to one's group regardless of circumstances, or partisanship. Ibn Khaldun also argued that ʿasabiyya is cyclical and directly related to the rise and fall of civilizations: it is most strong at the start of a civilization, declines as the civilization advances, and then another more compelling ʿasabiyyah eventually takes its place to help establish a different civilization.
	Ibn Khaldun describes "Asabiyyah" as the bond of cohesion among humans in a group forming community. The bond, Asabiyyah, exists at any level of civilization, from nomadic society to states and empires. Asabiyyah is most strong in the nomadic phase, and decreases as civilization advances. As this Asabiyyah declines, another more compelling Asabiyyah may take its place; thus, civilizations rise and fall, and history describes these cycles of Asabiyyah as they play out.
	Ibn Khaldun argues that each dynasty (or civilization) has within itself the seeds of its own downfall. He explains that ruling houses tend to emerge on the peripheries of great empires and use the much stronger ʿasabiyya present in those areas to their advantage, in order to bring about a change in leadership. This implies that the new rulers are at first considered "barbarians" by comparison to the old ones. As they establish themselves at the center of their empire, they become increasingly lax, less coordinated, disciplined and watchful, and more concerned with maintaining their new power and lifestyle. The ʿasabiyya, dissolves into factionalism and individualism, diminishing their capacity as a political unit. Thus, conditions are created wherein a new dynasty can emerge at the periphery of their control, grow strong, and effect a change in leadership, beginning the cycle anew. Ibn Khaldun also further states in the "Muqaddimah" that "dynasties have a natural life span like individuals", and that no dynasty generally lasts beyond three generations of about 40 years each. 

= = = Eleanor of Castile, Queen of Navarre = = =

	Eleanor of Castile (after 1363 – 27 February 1416) was an infanta of Castile and the Queen consort of Navarre.
	She was the daughter of King Henry II of Castile and his wife, Juana Manuel of Castile, from a cadet branch of the Castilian royal house. Eleanor was a member of the House of Trastámara.
	Eleanor was subject to marriage plans with Ferdinand I of Portugal in 1371 however, the King refused the match as he had secretly married noblewoman Leonor Telles de Menezes.
	A betrothal took place in 1373 in Burgos with Prince Charles, heir to his father Charles II of Navarre. The couple were married at Soria in May 1375. A testament dated at Burgos on 29 May 1374, shows that King Henry II bequeathed property to his daughter Eleanor as a part of her dowry.
	However, the newly married royal couple went through certain marital disputes. In 1388, Eleanor asked at a meeting between her husband and her brother John I of Castile, for permission to retire for some time to her homeland of Castile, in order to recover from an illness in the local climate, which she had believed to be best for her health. She took her young daughters, whom she bore her husband during the first thirteen years of their marriage. Eleanor and her children resided in Valladolid and by 1390 she bore two more daughters to Charles. Two years later, she was demanded by her husband to return because they needed to be crowned King and Queen of Navarre as her father-in-law King Charles had died. Eleanor's brother King John supported the request of Charles III. Eleanor did not contend, claiming she was ill-treated in Navarre and believed members of the Navarrese nobility wished to poison her. As a result, Eleanor remained in Castile whilst her husband was crowned in February 1390 in Pamplona. By the end of the 1390s, Eleanor had given her husband six daughters, all surviving infancy but no sons and so for this reason, Eleanor handed her oldest daughter Joanna over to Charles III as she was heiress to the Kingdom.
	0n 9 October 1390, Eleanor's brother John died and was succeeded by his minor son Henry. Charles then again requested Eleanor's return to Navarre however, she refused. Eleanor opposed her nephew's accession and she formed the League of Lillo along with her illegitimate half-brother Fadrique and her cousin Pedro. King Henry opposed the League, he besieged Eleanor in her castle at Roa around mid-1394 and obliged her to return to her husband in February 1395.
	Eleanor then returned to Charles and was very involved in the political life of Navarre. Her relationship with her husband improved and she bore him the long-awaited sons Charles and Louis however, they died young. On 3 June 1403 her coronation as Queen of Navarre took place in Pamplona. Upon several occasions when Charles stayed in France, Eleanor took to the role of regent. She also helped to maintain good relations between Navarre and Castile. As a result of the good relations, members of the Castillian nobility including the Duke of Benavente and members of the powerful families of Dávalos, Mendoza and Zuñiga settled in Navarre.
	Upon the couple's absences, their daughter Joanna acted as regent as she was heiress. Joanna died in 1413 without issue and in the lifetime of both her parents therefore the succession turned to their second daughter Blanche who would eventually succeed as Queen of Navarre upon Charles' death.
	There is confusion surrounding Eleanor's death. She is believed to have died at Olite on 27 February 1415 or at Pamplona 5 March 1416. Her husband died in 1425 and they were buried together at Pamplona in the Cathedral of Santa María la Real.
	Eleanor and Charles had eight children, five of their daughters lived to adulthood:

= = = Shao Weigang = = =

	Shao Weigang (, born February 21, 1973) is a Chinese professional Go player.
	Shao started to learn Go at the age of 8. By 1986, when he was 13, Shao turned professional. Over 12 years, he was promoted to 9 dan. He currently resides in China.

= = = Happy (Ashanti song) = = =

	"Happy" is a song by American singer Ashanti, recorded for her self-titled debut album (2002). The song was released as the album's second single on May 21, 2002. It was written by Ashanti, Chink Santana, and Irv Gotti, with production overseen by Santana and Gotti. The song contains a sample of Gap Band's "Outstanding" (1982) as written by Raymond Calhoun. It reached number eight on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and number six on the "Billboard" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Elsewhere, the single entered the top 10 in the Netherlands, while reaching the top 20 in Ireland, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.
	The remix was produced by Chink Santana and features rapper Charli Baltimore and further integrates a sample of "Outstanding". It was later included on the Murder Inc. remix-compilation "Irv Gotti Presents: The Remixes".
	Australian CD single (September 30, 2002)
	Dutch maxi single (September 2, 2002)
	UK maxi single (November 11, 2002)

= = = KZOO = = =

	KZOO or Kay-Zoo (1210 AM) is a radio station catering to the Japanese community of Honolulu, Hawaii. The station plays news, talk shows, and J-Pop. It is owned by Polynesian Broadcasting, Inc. KZOO also retransmits on Oceanic Time Warner Cable digital channel 888 for the entire state of Hawaii.
	KZOO has been broadcasting continuously in Japanese since the station signed on October 18, 1963. It was not the first Japanese-language station in Honolulu (competitor KOHO/1170 signed on in 1959), but it is the only one still on the air today.
	The station has been owned by Polynesian Broadcasting since 1967, when businessman Noboru Furuya took over KZOO's operations. Furuya's son David and his wife Robyn took over management of the station in the mid-1990s when Furuya's health began to decline. Noboru Furuya died in 2002 at the age of 82; David and Robyn Furuya (now the president and vice-president, respectively, of Polynesian Broadcasting) continue to run KZOO today.
	Though most of their programs are broadcast from their offices at the Japanese Cultural Center of Hawaii, in 2011 KZOO began broadcasting special interviews from a studio in the Shirokiya in Ala Moana Shopping Center.
	KZOO's programs include news, talk shows, and Japanese music. Most of it is original programming, but some of the talk shows are from Japan.
	Many of KZOO's current on-air staff have been with the station for decades, including Keiko Ura, host of an Okinawan language show on Sundays, who joined the station in early 1964; Maki Norris, one of the hosts of a popular daily talk show called "Moshi-Moshi Time," who has worked at KZOO since 1976; and Harumi "Danny" Oshita.
	KZOO has a history of sponsoring Japanese speech ("Nihongo Hanashikata Taikai", started by announcer Keiko Ura in 1965) and nodojiman and karaoke song contests in Honolulu, with winners going on to represent Hawaii at contests in Japan. The station's broadcast day also includes simulcasts of programs from Japan as well as local talk and advice shows on a variety of topics, from health to the law.
	When KZOO was knocked off the air by the 2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake, the station's assistant general manager, Kaoru Ekimoto, contacted English-language adult contemporary music station KSSK, who put her on the air with disaster relief information in Japanese; the station also set up a hotline to answer listener questions. The station later added a backup generator for its transmitter.
= = = Angletarn Pikes = = =

	Angletarn Pikes is a fell in the English Lake District near the village of Patterdale. Its most notable feature is the summit tarn from which it derives its name.
	Angletarn Pikes stands on the western arm of the long horseshoe ridge which surrounds the Martindale catchment, a system of valleys draining north into Ullswater. The adjacent fells on this ridge are Place Fell to the north and Brock Crags to the south. Beda Fell, a subsidiary ridge, also juts out into Martindale from Angletarn Pikes. This separates the heads of Boredale and Bannerdale.
	The western side above Goldrill Beck is steep and includes the faces of Dubhow and Fall Crags. The long eastern flank above Bannerdale is also pock-marked with crags, Heck Crag being the principal feature. The narrow north eastern slopes above Boredale, although steep, are less rocky and are cut by the upper ravine of Freeze Beck.
	North from the summit a long ridge drops over Stony Rigg (1,640 ft) to the walkers’ crossroads of Boredale Hause. From here paths run down to Hartsop, Patterdale and Boredale, while a further bridleway cuts across Beda Fell to Bannerdale. Boredale Hause carries the tiny ruin of a building named ‘Chapel in the Hause’ on OS maps. A mountain pass at 1,300 ft seems a curious place to construct a church. From the Hause a good path carries on northwards up Steel Edge to Place Fell.
	The north-east ridge to Beda Fell is also well defined, a fair path traversing a series of rocky knolls before the final rise to the summit, named Beda Head.
	Southward from Angletarn Pikes is Angle Tarn itself. This indented waterbody is about a quarter of a mile long with an island in the middle and forms a picturesque foreground for views of the Pikes. The tarn sits in a hollow on the centre of the ridge, issuing westwards through a break in the parapet via the ravine of Angletarn Beck. The ridge proper runs to the east of the tarn above the Bannerdale face, rising again to the unnamed 1,870 ft top above Satura Crag. This overtops the summit of Brock Crags, but was made subservient to it by Wainwright in his "Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells".
	Angletarn Pikes takes its plural from the two rocky towers at the summit, separated by perhaps 200 yards of peaty bog. The northern top is the true summit, the other being some six feet lower. The southern top is compensated by a clear view of Angle Tarn, described by Wainwright as "among the best of Lakeland tarns". The wider view stretches from the Helvellyn range to the spine of the Far Eastern Fells across Martindale.
	The fell can be climbed via Boredale Hause, making Patterdale, Bridgend, Hartsop and Boredale Head all possible starting points. An alternative is to climb from Martindale Old Church, ascending via the Beda Fell ridge or Angle Tarn. The route from Patterdale is often undertaken as the first section of the ascent of High Street.

= = = Olinda, Hawaii = = =

	Olinda is an agricultural and residential community on the island of Maui in the U.S. state of Hawaii, located approximately 2 miles Southeast of Makawao.
	Mark Twain once lived on Olinda Road.
	The Rainbow Bridge concert by Jimi Hendrix was held in a cowfield just off Olinda Road.

= = = Yelena Romanova = = =

	Yelena Nikolaevna Romanova (; 20 March 1963 – 28 January 2007) was a Russian middle distance runner. She won an Olympic gold medal in 1992.
	She was found dead of unknown causes at age 43 in her flat in Volgograd. At the time of her death she was employed as athletics coach at a local sports school and also worked with members of the Russian athletic team.
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= = = Ileocecal valve = = =

	The ileocecal valve (ileal papilla, ileocaecal valve, Tulp's valve, Tulpius valve, Bauhin's valve, ileocecal eminence, valve of Varolius or colic valve) is a sphincter muscle valve that separates the small intestine and the large intestine. Its critical function is to limit the reflux of colonic contents into the ileum. Approximately two liters of fluid enters the colon daily through the ileocecal valve.
	The ileocecal valve is distinctive because it is the only site in the gastrointestinal tract that is used for vitamin B12 and bile acid absorption.
	The histology of the ileocecal valve shows an abrupt change from a villous mucosa pattern of the ileum to a more colonic mucosa. A thickening of the muscularis mucosa, which is the smooth muscle tissue found beneath the mucosal layer of the digestive tract. A thickening of the muscularis externa is also noted.
	There is also a variable amount of lymphatic tissue found at the valve.
	The ileocecal valve has a papillose structure.
	During colonoscopy, the ileocecal valve is used, along with the appendiceal orifice, in the identification of the cecum. This is important as it indicates that a complete colonoscopy has been performed. The ileocecal valve is typically located on the last fold before entry into the cecum, and can be located from the direction of curvature of the appendiceal orifice, in what is known as the bow and arrow sign.
	Intubation of the ileocecal valve is typically performed in colonoscopy to evaluate the distal, or lowest part of the ileum. Small bowel endoscopy can also be performed by double-balloon enteroscopy through intubation of the ileocecal valve.
	Tumors of the ileocecal valve are rare, but have been reported in the literature.
	It was described by the Dutch physician Nicolaes Tulp (1593–1674), and thus it is sometimes known as Tulp's valve.
	The valve was also described in 1588 by Gaspard Bauhin—hence the name Bauhin's Valve or Valve of Bauhin—in the preface of his first writing, "De corporis humani partibus externis tractatus, hactenus non editus."

= = = Dino Alfieri = = =

	Edoardo Alfieri (first name usually shortened to Dino; 8 December 1886 – 12 December 1966) was an Italian fascist politician and diplomat.
	Alfieri was born in Bologna. In 1911 he finished law studies and soon after joined the nationalist group formed by Enrico Corradini. A volunteer in World War I, he was critical of the merger between Corradini's group and Benito Mussolini's Partito Nazionale Fascista (PNF). Nonetheless, he was elected to the Italian Chamber of Deputies on the PNF list in 1924.
	Under Mussolini's government, Alfieri was assigned several tasks: between 1929 and 1934, he was co-director of the Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution, deputy secretary of the "Corporazioni", and deputy secretary for Press and Propaganda from 1935, assuming the duties of Minister Galeazzo Ciano during the latter's mission in the Second Italo-Abyssinian War. When Ciano moved on to become Minister of Foreign Affairs, Dino Alfieri found himself appointed Minister of People's Culture in 1937, and declared himself to the Antisemitical racial segregation laws passed in 1938.
	He was Italy's envoy to the Holy See starting 7 November 1939, and five months later to Nazi Germany (where he often met Adolf Hitler). While there, he was constantly helping out Italian workers and consulate staff. As the war progressed and Italy needed help, he attempted to solicit material aid from Germany but despite assurances little came of it. When the war began to deteriorate for the Axis, he wrote communiques and expressed verbally to Mussolini that the Germans simply saw Italy as a buffer state from the encroaching allies and urged the Duce to seek peace with the allies while simultaneously assuring the Germans that Italy was not betraying them. He was urgently called to Rome in 1943 by members of the Grand Council in order to participate in a meeting. It is unclear as to whether he truly realized what was being proposed at the meeting. A member of the Grand Council of Fascism, he supposedly supported Dino Grandi's coup d'état in July 1943, that led to the fall from power of the Italian Fascist government after 21 years and the arrest of Mussolini. When the Wehrmacht occupied Italy (see Operation Achse), Alfieri fled to Switzerland to save his life.
	In January 1944, he was sentenced to death "in absentia" by a kangaroo court during the Verona trial. The Swiss government did not give him political asylum, but tolerated his attendance in Switzerland.
	On 12 November 1946, an Italian court stated his innocence; on 6 February 1947, an inquiry of the Italian Foreign Ministry ended. Then, he was officially pensioned off.
	In 1947, he returned to Italy and a year later published his memoirs as "Due dittatori di fronte" ("[Two] Dictators Face to Face" – i.e.: Mussolini and Hitler). Much details about the hierarchy and events of the war, not well known, are in the book.

= = = Golden Mile (Belfast) = = =

	The Golden Mileis the name given to the stretch of Dublin Road, Great Victoria Street, Bradbury Place and University Road between the City Hall and the university area in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Both the Crown Liquor Saloon and the Grand Opera House are on this stretch of road, as are a large number of pubs, bars and restaurants.
	The area is flanked on either side by working class areas. Donegall Road and Sandy Row lie to the west and Donegall Pass to the east. The area contains around 80% of the city centre's bars, clubs, restaurants cinemas and theatres with the Cathedral Quarter and Laganside also popular.

= = = Gaustatoppen = = =

	Gaustatoppen is the highest mountain in the county Telemark in Norway which lies in the municipality Tinn and Hjartdal. The view from the summit is impressive, as one can see an area of approximately 60,000 km², one sixth of Norway's mainland. The mountain is popular for downhill skiing in winter, and competitions have been held on its slopes. These competitions include the "Norseman triathlon", billed as "the world's most brutal iron-distance triathlon". It starts in Eidfjord and finishes at the top of Gaustatoppen. The summit is accessible on foot in the summer, on a rocky pathway of medium difficulty, although the southern side of the mountain is very dangerous and inaccessible. The wreckage of an airplane crash lies there, as it is too difficult to remove it.
	The first element is "Gausta", the name of the whole mountain, the last element is the finite form of "topp" m 'top, summit'. The name "Gausta" is probably a shortened form for "*Gaustafjell" (Gausta mountain), because Gausta originally was the name of a farm beneath the mountain. (For the same development see Dovre.) The Old Norse form of the name was maybe "*Gautstǫð", the name is then a compound of "gaut" f 'flooded place', and "stǫð" f 'stead, landing place for boat'. (The farm lies at Rjukan river.)
	There is a funicular railway inside the mountain, built for military purposes. This ascends from the base of the mountain almost to the summit. A short railway takes the passengers from the mountain base horizontally to the lower station deep inside the mountain. It was built to access the military radio relay station built at and inside the mountain top. The installation is now a tourist attraction. It was financed mainly by American military grants, and cost one million US dollars to build from 1954 to 1959. 
	Gausta skicenter is a merge of two small alpine ski areas (Gaustatoppen Skisenter and Gaustablikk Skisenter) with furter expansion of slopes. As of 2019 it has 45 km of slopes and 550 metres height difference. Located 180 by road from Oslo, it aims to be one of the major ski areas of Norway.

= = = Portloe = = =

	Portloe is a small village in Cornwall, England, UK, situated on the Roseland Peninsula, within the civil parish of Veryan, east of the village of the same name. Portloe harbours two full-time working fishing vessels, the "Jasmine" and "Katy Lil", which fish for crab and lobster in Veryan and Gerrans Bay, and a fleet of smaller leisure boats in summer. The harbour is run by a committee, the chair of which is Charles Williams. Visitors are attracted to Portloe by its fishing, scenery, and walks.
	Portloe lies within the Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). Almost a third of Cornwall has AONB designation, with the same status and protection as a National Park. The South West Coast Path passes through the village.
	The Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) stationed a lifeboat at Portloe in 1870 but it was withdrawn in 1887 without ever having performed a rescue. It was kept at first in a boat house built at the end of the road above the beach. It proved difficult to move the boat across the beach so a new house was built in 1877 nearer the water. The first house was converted into a church; the second was a school for a while but has since become a private dwelling house.
	Used as a location for the 1964 film "Crooks in Cloisters", The Lugger Hotel can clearly be seen at the film's end.
	It was also the location for the BBC comedy series "Wild West", which starred Dawn French and Catherine Tate and the location where "Irish Jam" was filmed, starring Eddie Griffin.
	Just to the south of the village is "Broom Parc", a cliff-top villa overlooking the sea which was the main location for Channel 4's 1992 serialisation of Mary Wesley's "The Camomile Lawn". It is owned by the National Trust. In 2012, "About Time", the latest Richard Curtis production, was partly filmed there.

= = = String diagram = = =

	In category theory, string diagrams are a way of representing morphisms in monoidal categories, or more generally 2-cells in 2-categories.
	The idea is to represent structures of dimension "d" by structures of dimension "2-d", using Poincaré duality. Thus,
	The parallel composition of 2-cells corresponds to the horizontal juxtaposition of diagrams and the sequential composition to the vertical juxtaposition of diagrams.
	Consider an adjunction formula_3 between two categories formula_4 and formula_5 where formula_6 is left adjoint of formula_7 and the natural transformations formula_8 and formula_9 are respectively the unit and the counit. The string diagrams corresponding to these natural transformations are:
	The string corresponding to the identity functor is drawn as a dotted line and can be omitted.
	The definition of an adjunction requires the following equalities:
	The first one is depicted as
	Morphisms in monoidal categories can also be drawn as string diagrams since a strict monoidal category can be seen as a 2-category with only one object (there will therefore be only one type of planar region) and Mac Lane's strictification theorem states that any monoidal category is monoidally equivalent to a strict one. The graphical language of string diagrams for monoidal categories may be extended to represent expressions in categories with other structure, such as braided monoidal categories, dagger categories, etc. and is related to geometric presentations for braided monoidal categories and ribbon categories. In quantum computing, there are several diagrammatic languages based on string diagrams for reasoning about linear maps between qubits, the most well-known of which is the ZX-calculus.

= = = Laimutė Baikauskaitė = = =

	Laimutė Baikauskaitė (born June 10, 1956 in Gaideliai, Klaipėda County) is a retired female middle distance runner, who represented the USSR and later Lithuania. She competed mainly in the 1500 metres, and won an Olympic silver medal in 1988.

= = = Lewis Archer Boswell = = =

	Lewis Archer Boswell (May 9, 1834 – November 26, 1909) was an early aviation pioneer who some believe made the first powered heavier-than-air flight, before the Wright Brothers.
	Born May 9, 1834 in Lunenburg County, Virginia, Boswell went to study at Thomas Jefferson University and later Johns Hopkins University, earning his medical degree. During the Civil War, he worked as a Confederate surgeon in Richmond, Virginia.
	In 1868 Boswell began experimenting in aeronautics, but supposedly threw his small model into the Yazoo River that same year. It is unknown why he did this, although speculation points to the purpose of hiding his plans or ending local ridicule. He moved to Eastaboga, Alabama in 1869 with his new wife, where he was granted a patent for an in 1874.
	While he continued his study until his death on November 26, 1909, it is unknown if he ever built a full-scale model and attempted flight. In 1900, he wrote a letter to the Secretary of War, asking for funding and promising results, but it was rejected. Locals in his area have made claims that he actually did fly in November 1902, beating the Wright Brothers by a year. In fact, at the time of his death, Boswell was pursuing lawsuit against them, but this action was never carried through by his estate. Other stories tell that he made a short flight after being rolled off a barn roof back in the mid-1890s. However, no conclusive proof has surfaced to support these claims.
	In 2002, the local airport in Talladega, Alabama was renamed Boswell Field in honor of the local aviator, and according to the Airport Board Chairman, if Boswell made the first heavier than air flight, that would make Boswell Field the first airport.

= = = Hertog = = =

	Hertog is a Dutch ice cream brand, owned by the Anglo-Dutch Unilever conglomerate. It was first introduced by Willem den Hertog in the summer of 1976 in the Netherlands. In 1996, Unilever bought the brand, and continued selling it.
	Hertog sells three kind of products in various flavors:
	In the past, other varieties were sold.

= = = Garden State (soundtrack) = = =

	Garden State is the soundtrack album to the film "Garden State". Compilation producer Zach Braff was awarded a Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for Motion Pictures, Television or Other Visual Media for his work on the album.
	The music that accompanied the film was hand-picked by Zach Braff. Commenting on the selections, Braff said that 
	The music in the film features a number of indie-rock artists, notably the Shins. In an early scene, Sam passes Andrew a headset which is playing the song "New Slang" by the Shins as she says "You gotta hear this one song — it’ll change your life; I swear." A second Shins song, "Caring Is Creepy", is also featured on the soundtrack. The presence of Simon & Garfunkel's "The Only Living Boy in New York" on the soundtrack has been cited by some as evidence of a connection to "The Graduate".
	The song "Orange Sky" by Alexi Murdoch was also featured in the movie, but did not appear on the soundtrack, as the rights to the song were owned by Fox's "The O.C." It was played between "New Slang" and "I Just Don't Think I'll Ever Get Over You" in the film. Additionally, "Love Will Come Through" by Travis was used in the film’s trailer, but never made it into the film or onto its soundtrack. The trailer also featured "Such Great Heights" in the original version by the Postal Service rather than the Iron & Wine cover used in the film. The song "Chocolate" by Snow Patrol appeared in the commercials but didn't appear on the soundtrack. The song "Adelita" by Francisco Tárrega was played on guitar by Peter Sarsgaard when he was talking to Zach Braff in his room, and played on the video of Sam ice skating in the alligator costume. Also, "Three Times A Lady" by Lionel Richie is sung during the funeral scene. Neither song appears on the soundtrack. Additional instrumental composition by Chad Fischer "Motorcycle Ride with Sam" was featured in the DVD menu.
	Zach Braff received a Grammy Award in 2005 for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media. The Broadcast Film Critics Association nominated it for Best Soundtrack.
	Commenting on the soundtrack’s importance to the film, Sponic Zine wrote 
	The album has sold over 1.3 million copies and has been certified as platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.
	In an episode of "Saturday Night Live" hosted by Braff, Braff plays a high school student in a skit where various high school interest groups are attempting to select a theme for the upcoming senior prom. Braff’s character suggests a "Garden State" theme because the soundtrack "changed [his] life", but the prom committee describes it as a "Pitchfork mix CD". Braff's character replies that he happens to know "...those songs were very carefully "chosen""'; nevertheless, the idea is quickly dismissed. He then puts on headphones with the sound of "New Slang" by the Shins playing in the background.

= = = Drucker = = =

	Drucker (; ) may refer to:

= = = Tolleck Winner = = =

	Tolleck Winner is a UK-based sculptor. Born 30 July 1959 in the former Soviet Union, he has lived and worked in the United Kingdom since 1980.
	He works in a variety of media and is an Associate member of the Royal British Society of Sculptors.
	On 14 November 2008, he was a contestant on the UK TV gameshow "Deal or No Deal" where he made history by becoming the contestant who sold the £250,000 box for £9,000, the lowest amount for which the £250,000 had been sold at the time. It has now been sold for £8,000.

= = = Nijolė Sabaitė = = =

	Nijolė Sabaitė (born August 12, 1950 in Raseiniai, Lithuanian SSR) is a retired Lithuanian middle distance runner who represented internationally the USSR. She trained at VSS Nemunas in Vilnius.
	Sabaitė began athletics in 1967 and was a member of the USSR National Team since 1970. She competed mainly in the 800 metres, and won an Olympic silver medal in 1972, between Germans Hildegard Falck (gold) and Gunhild Hoffmeister (bronze). She also won 800m silver at the 1973 Summer Universiade behind Lilyana Tomova from Bulgaria, studying in Vilnius Pedagogical Institute. In 1972 she was awarded the Order of the Badge of Honor.

= = = Golden Mile (Blackpool) = = =

	The Golden Mile is the name given to the stretch of Promenade between the North and South piers in Blackpool, England. It emerged in the late 19th century, when small-time amusement ride operators, fortune-tellers, phrenologists and oyster bars set up in the front gardens of boarding houses, to take advantage of passing trade near the now-demolished Blackpool Central railway station.
	It received its nickname later, partly due to the very high concentration of slot machines which would dominate the area. The promenade is actually in length. Today, it is home to the Coral Island and Funland amusement arcades, and, until November 2009, hosted the official Doctor Who exhibition.

= = = Miles &amp; More = = =

	Miles & More is the largest traveller loyalty programme in Europe with 25 million members as of March 2014. It offers rewards to passengers of the Star Alliance travelling on certain types of tickets. The programme was launched by Lufthansa (LH) in 1993 and has about 40 airline partners, including the 28 airlines of the Star Alliance. The programme enables its members to earn and redeem frequent flyer miles on all of the fully integrated airlines, all Star Alliance members as well as several other partner airlines. Furthermore, there are more than 270 non-aviation companies affiliated with the programme. These include partners from the hotel, car rental & cruise industries, subscriptions & books, banks & insurance, telecommunications & electronics industries as well as shopping & lifestyle. Customers are able to build status, which gives them access to certain privileges. Miles & More is free of charge.
	The following airlines are partners of the Miles & More program:
	There are two types of miles within the programme.
	These are miles that can be collected in the account of a member and be used to buy flights, upgrades, merchandise from the Lufthansa WorldShop and other Miles & More partners. For standard Miles & More members they retain validity for 36 months, after which they expire. (Miles are not extended by having any activity on the account as with most other airlines). For Frequent Travellers, Senators and HON Circle Card holders, the miles have no expiration date. However, as soon as a customer does not hold any of these cards any more, the expiration date of all miles is set to 36 months counting from loss of frequent flyer status. For Miles & More Credit Card (Visa or MasterCard) holders issued in several countries, miles have no expiration date as long as the card is held and/or used. If the credit card contract is ended, the original expiry date of the miles is reinstated; although the earliest miles can expire is at the end of the quarter after the credit card contract is ended.
	Status miles can only be earned when flying on the fully integrated partner airlines or on Star Alliance members. There is no other way to earn these miles. In addition, status miles expire at the end of each calendar year. They are used to identify the frequent flyers and members that are able to qualify for a higher status on the basis of the status miles that they have collected in one year.
	Select benefits are advantages that can be earned in addition to the status benefits, as part of the programme called Miles & More Selections while the status is still valid. Once the member has reached specified mileage levels by flying, additional advantages can be selected. With every mileage level reached the range of select benefits increases. The selection of the select benefits varies from the status the member has. The select benefits for Frequent Travellers e.g. include business lounge vouchers, e-vouchers or mile exchange, the ones for Senators a Hilton Gold Membership, in addition. For HON circle members additional benefits such as coupons up to a value of 100 Euro as well as additional Senator partner cards are available.
	HON Circle miles can only be earned when flying in business or first class on the fully integrated partner airlines and Air-Rail trains in Germany (up to a total of 600,000 miles within two consecutive calendar years). They are necessary to attain the top-tier status on Miles & More – HON Circle. Until April 1, 2006 it was possible to also collect this type of mile on United Airlines. This option no longer exists. HON-miles have to be accumulated within two calendar years. Only Senators with an account balance of more than 300,000 status miles over two years, and existing HON Circle members, can see these miles on their account statement. HON Circle qualifying miles balance is also visible to Frequent Traveller and Senator members when logged in their Lufthansa iPad or Android app.
	The miles that a member receives after having completed a flight depend on the Airline issuing ticket, mileage flown, the class of service and the booking class.
	Tables show the number of miles earned with Austrian Airlines, Brussels Airlines, Lufthansa and SWISS. The number of miles earned with other airlines can be calculated using the Mileage Calculator available at the Miles & More website. 
	These mileages apply for flights operated by Austrian Airlines, Brussels Airlines, Lufthansa and SWISS. There is the possibility to earn 10,000 miles on all flights operated by the Lufthansa Private Jet.
	Lufthansa always has a number of promotions, most lasting for 1–2 months only. They include double mileage on new routes, extra miles for using electronic check-in and alike. Some of the promotions are restricted to residents of certain countries and others are restricted to certain customers.
	There are other ways to collect award miles when not travelling. The Lufthansa Miles & More Credit Card can be subscribed to (which may be issued as a VISA, MasterCard or American Express card, depending on the country in which it is issued) and at least one award mile for every two Euro spent. A one-time sign-up bonus is given and sometimes introductory promotions may apply, such as double or triple award miles for an introductory period.
	Award miles can be earned on certain Deutsche Bahn trains, when staying in certain hotels, shopping in certain shops (such as the LH Worldshop), renting cars, investing in certain funds, opening an account with certain banks, picking up a catalogue in a Bang & Olufsen store, and others.
	For all offers see Miles & More website as offers vary between countries. However, all these offers do not earn any status miles.
	Once a member has collected the necessary number of miles, they can be used to buy flights, upgrades and products from the Lufthansa Worldshop (offer restricted to residents of some countries only).
	Miles in a member's account can be exchanged for award flights on all the fully integrated airline partners and all of the Star Alliance carriers. The number of miles that is deducted from the account depends on the origin and destination of that flight. The number of miles that is required can be checked in this file. Additional fees and taxes will still apply for award flights (but can be paid by additional miles). Since the beginning of 2017, with “Cash & Miles” members have been able to use miles flexibly for their flights, and thus, to reduce the amount of money to be paid.
	Lufthansa does add fuel surcharges hidden as fees on award tickets. This is prohibited for US based carriers. A transatlantic award flight (regardless which airline is actually flown) with Miles and More can cost up to 500 EUR in additional taxes and fees whereas the same itinerary booked with the US based Star Alliance partner (United) and their miles would cost less than 100 EUR in fees and taxes (even if the itinerary involves Lufthansa aircraft). So Miles and More may have a much lower value than US based Miles.
	In September 2016, Miles & More adjusted the flight award table, thereby reducing the international / national surcharge per flight distance for domestic European premium flights. Miles & More thereby takes over a part of the regular surcharge. Participants now pay €5 instead of €35 in economy classes and €20 instead of €43 in business class with Lufthansa, Austrian Airlines, SWISS and brussels airlines. The number of miles required for a flight award inside Europe was adjusted slightly, increasing by 5,000 award miles for return flights.
	Miles can be redeemed for upgrades on all fully integrated carriers of Miles & More and on the following Star-Alliance partners: All Nippon Airways (ANA), Asiana Airlines, Condor Airlines, Singapore Airlines, TAP Portugal, Thai Airways International, United Airlines. Again the number of miles required depends on the destination of the flight. The exact number is found on . Passengers are only allowed to upgrade one class of service. Only certain booking classes qualify for upgrades.
	Miles can be redeemed for rental car, hotel, shopping, banks & insurance, telecommunications & electronics industries etc. Moreover, the Miles & More GmbH also continues to expand its offers in relation to travel. The hotel booking portal Miles & More Hotels already makes it easier for users to book the accommodation they need quickly, giving members the opportunity to earn at least 1,000 miles per night or to redeem their miles. In addition to this, the Miles & More rental car service allows members to redeem miles to book rental cars. Avis car rental in US costs 47,000 miles at the minimum, finding a Hilton hotel and shorting the list based on miles is impossible, selection of hotels in Best Western is very limited (The hotels are available in Best Western but most of the hotels in the list in US are NOT available for miles).
	Members of the programme also earn award miles when paying their purchases with their Miles & More credit card. Holders of the Miles & More Credit Card Gold benefit furthermore from unlimited mileage validity. Programme members use more than 1.4 million Miles & More Credit Cards in Germany and 22 additional countries, primarily in Europe, America and Asia. 
	On Miles & More all customers can build status through collecting status miles. The status miles from 1 year only count towards status. Status is important as there are many privileges and advantages that status holders receive (such as priority check-in).
	There are four status levels on Miles & More:
	This is the normal status that everybody gets after they join the program. This status does not receive any officially documented privileges. A Miles & More member starts with a temporary paper-card, which is usually cut out from one of the Lufthansa magazines or printed from the internet; a plastic card is sent once the member has credited at least one award mile to their Miles & More account.
	The frequent traveller card is given to all Miles & More customers that received a total of over 35,000 status miles or had 30 flights. This status remains valid for two years and a member can requalify in any one of those two years. All status cards expire in February of the third year, i.e. if status is earned in November 2009, the status will be valid until February 2012.
	As a frequent traveller a passenger receives a number of privileges:
	Having collected 100,000 Status Miles within one calendar year, Miles & More members will receive "Senator" Status with a validity of at least two years.
	The main benefits of Senator status are:
	Having collected 600,000 HON Circle Miles within two calendar years, Miles & More members receive HON Circle Status with validity of two years.
	The main perks of having HON status are:

= = = Kenneth McLaren = = =

	Kenneth McLaren DSO (sometimes known as Kenneth MacLaren), (1860–1924) was a Major in the 13th Hussars regiment of the British Army. After his military service he assisted with the growth of the Scouting movement founded by his friend Robert Baden-Powell.
	In 1898 McLaren married Leila Evelyn Landon, who died in 1904. He married Ethyl Mary Wilson in 1910 despite the advice of Baden-Powell, who considered her below his station.
	McLaren had schooled at Harrow and studied at Sandhurst before joining his regiment, the 13th Hussars in 1880. He was posted to India, where he served as regimental adjutant and later aide de camp to General Baker Russell. In South Africa he was gravely wounded at the Siege of Mafeking in March 1900, and taken prisoner by the Boers. He was created a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) in November 1900.
	McLaren played polo throughout his military service, and was umpire of one of the two matches in the 1908 London Olympics.
	McLaren first met Baden-Powell (also a 13th Hussars officer) in 1881. Although McLaren was 20 at the time, Baden-Powell nicknamed him "the Boy", on account of his appearance. The two became fast friends, their relationship being one of the most important friendships in Baden-Powell's life.
	McLaren was recalled to military service in World War I, but retired again in 1915 due to ill-health.
	McLaren was one of the staff at Baden-Powell's Brownsea Island Scout camp in 1907. Baden-Powell convinced McLaren to be his first manager at the C. Arthur Pearson Limited office of "The Scout" magazine but McLaren resigned that position in March 1908.

= = = Kwai Chung Hospital = = =

	Kwai Chung Hospital () is a psychiatric hospital in Kwai Chung, Hong Kong, located near Princess Margaret Hospital. Officially opened on 15 October 1981, the hospital currently provides 920 psychiatric beds, serving the population of Kwai Chung, Tsing Yi, Tsuen Wan, Tung Chung, North Lantau and part of Kowloon.
	Apart from in-patient psychiatric services for adult psychiatric patients, it also develops psychiatric specialty services which include Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Services, Psychogeriatric Services, Community Psychiatry, Consultation Liaison Services, Substance Abuse Assessment Unit and Psychiatric Unit for Learning Disabilities.
	The hospital also provides out-patient department and day hospital services for psychiatric patients at West Kowloon Psychiatric Centre and East Kowloon Psychiatric Centre.
	The hospital is reachable by Lai King Hill Road.
	Kwai Chung Hospital began its operations in November 1980 and was officially opened on 15 October 1981 by the Hong Kong Governor, Murray MacLehose.

= = = Jōkō Ninomiya = = =

	Joko Ninomiya was born on January 27, 1954, in Yawatahama, Shikoku, Japan. Ninomiya was the youngest of 10 brothers and sisters. His family owned and tended to several fruit orchards. To augment the family's income, his father also worked as a carpenter.
	In seventh grade, at age 12, Ninomiya began training in a Judo class taught by a teacher at his junior high school. He earned his first degree black belt by the end of eighth grade. After turning 14, Ninomiya did extra Judo training at the local police station gym on weekends and holidays. It was there that he met the man who would become his teacher and mentor in karate- Hideyuki Ashihara. One year later, in 1969, Ninomiya began training in Ashihara's Kyokushin dojo.
	Hideyuki Ashihara began training in Kyokushin karate at the honbu dojo in 1971 when he was 16 years old. Kyokushin(kai) is a full contact, knockdown style of karate founded by Mas Oyama. Ashihara attained first degree black belt in Kyokushin in 1974. Two years after that he became an instructor, and two years after that he was allowed to open his own dojo in Ninomiya's home town of Yawatahama.
	During this time, Ashihara was developing his own approach to the Kyokushin curriculum he was teaching his students as well as adding additional movements and techniques that he had devised. His techniques involved using circular patterns to move outside of an opponent's attack and then to counterattack from a position of advantage. These techniques also involved parries and sweeps intended to use the opponent's momentum against him. He always stressed getting the maximum impact from a minimum amount of force. Ashihara called these techniques, "Sabaki." Although many of these techniques were prohibited in Kyokushin Knockdown karate tournament rules, he taught them to his students, including Ninomiya, so that they would be more effective, all-around karate fighters. Many renowned karate students came to train at Ashihara's dojo because of his reputation as an extremely effective instructor.
	When Ninomiya was 17, he received his brown belt in Kyokushin from Ashihara and was chosen to compete in the All-Japan Tournament as the youngest competitor. He lost in the second round to eventual tournament champion Katsuaki Satō.
	Ninomiya trained hard for the next year's tournament, including spending three weeks living and training alone at a beach some distance from his home town. At his second All-Japan tournament in 1972 he lost in the third round to eventual tournament champion Miyuki Miura.
	During this time, Ninomiya had continued to train and compete in judo, as well as in karate. However, with graduation from high school, he stopped training in judo and trained full-time in karate, when not working in various jobs, including as a nightclub security guard. Ninomiya was now a 1st degree black belt in Kyokushin. At the 1973 All-Japan tournament, he lost again in the third round, this time to eventual tournament champion Hatsuo Royama.
	One month after the 1973 tournament, Ninomiya was chosen, along with five others, to go to live and train at the three Kyokushin dojo in New York City. Two of the American fighters that trained with them there were William Oliver and Willie Williams. The other five members of the group returned to Japan after two months, but Ninomiya stayed in New York to teach and train. Because of visa problems, he was unable to compete in the 1974 All-Japan tournament.
	In October, 1975, 21-year-old Joko Ninomiya returned to Japan to compete in the first All-World Tournament. In the semi-finals, he once again faced Katsuaki Satō. After a three-overtime match, Satō won the match by judge's decision. Satō then won the subsequent title match against Hatsuo Royama. Ninomiya finished in third place. The tournament was filmed for a documentary, called "Fighting Black Kings" that also profiled several of the competitors, including William Oliver and Willie Williams.
	Ninomiya returned to New York and prepared for the next year's All-Japan tournament. At the tournament, his quarter-final match went to three overtimes before he was awarded the decision. His semi-final match went two overtimes before he was again awarded the decision. Extremely fatigued, Ninomiya had only 10-minutes to rest and prepare for the final match against Toshikazu Satō which Satō won. Ninomiya returned to New York to resume teaching and training.
	Ninomiya was unable to compete in the 1977 All-Japan due to a training accident involving a sword that almost severed his left thumb. Instead, he decided to move to Denver to open his own Kyokushin dojo. His first classes were held in a neighborhood health club. However, he was subsequently able to rent a vacant store to use as a training dojo. He soon had a dedicated core of students.
	The next year, Ninomiya returned to Japan briefly for his father's funeral. Seven months later, he returned again for the 1978 All-Japan Tournament. In the final match, Ninomiya defeated Keiji Sanpei to win the All-Japan championship. He then retired from tournament competition to concentrate full-time on teaching karate.
	In 1980 Hideyuki Ashihara left the Kyokushin organization and started his own style- Ashihara Karate. Ninomiya directed the US region of Ashihara Karate from Denver. Over the next eight years, Ashihara Karate slowly increased in size in the US and around the world.
	During this time, Ninomiya states that he had developed strategies and ideas of his own that he was eager to implement in his training curriculum. He also wanted to develop his own tournament format that would provide what he felt to be a "true" test of karate skills. Therefore, in May, 1988, Ninomiya decided to leave Ashihara Karate and start his own style. Most of the instructors and students of Ashihara in the US decided to follow Ninomiya into his new organization Enshin kaikan, providing a strong base for the new style- Enshin Karate.
	Since 1988, Enshin Karate has continued to be headquartered at Ninomiya's honbu in Denver. The organization has grown and now includes schools in Asia, South America, Europe, Africa, Australia, and the Middle East, as well as in the US. Ninomiya's idea for an open, knockdown-rules tournament that promotes the Sabaki method became the Sabaki Challenge which has been held annually in Denver since 1989.
	Ninomiya travels extensively in his position as director of the Enshin organization. He attends the openings of new dojo, presides over Enshin sabaki tournaments, and conducts seminars on the sabaki method. When not traveling he trains and instructs at the honbu in Denver.

= = = Maqsood Ahmed = = =

	Maqsood Ahmed (26 March 1925 – 4 January 1999) was a Pakistani cricketer who played in 16 Test matches from 1952 to 1955. He was educated at Islamia College, Lahore.
	Maqsood Ahmed was a useful all rounder in the first ever cricket team of Pakistan. Before the creation of Pakistan, he played for Southern Punjab in India, scoring 144 in his very first match. An aggressive hitter of the ball, Maqsood played a vital role in the recognition of Pakistan as test playing nation when he made 137 against the visiting MCC in 1951–52.
	A right-handed middle-order batsman, Maqsood was a hard hitter of the ball and is one of the Test cricketers whose highest score was 99, which he made in the Third Test against India in 1954–55. Though a brilliant batsman, his performance in Test matches was rather irregular because of his carefree attitude. In England in 1952 he became the first Pakistani to play as a professional cricketer. The English press dubbed him "Merry Max".
	He played 16 Test matches, scoring a total of 507 runs. He was also a right-arm medium fast bowler with three wickets in test matches to his credit. His first-class record is better, with 3815 runs in 85 matches between 1945 and 1964, including six centuries. He also took 124 wickets, with 7 for 39 and 6 for 44 against Sargodha in 1962–63 his best bowling figures. He was the leading bowler in the Quaid-i-Azam Trophy in 1962–63 with 34 wickets at an average of 9.29. He captained Karachi Blues and Rawalpindi in the Quaid-i-Azam Trophy.
	After retiring from cricket, Maqsood Ahmed worked as a commentator and sports journalist for PTV, BBC and Radio Pakistan. He also served as the Chief National Cricket Coach and coached many Test stars including Intikhab Alam, Asif Iqbal, Mushtaq Mohammad, Sadiq Mohammad and Majid Khan. He was the Chairman of the National Selection Committee of the Pakistan Cricket Board which selected the World Cup winning team in 1991–92.
	From independence to the time of his death he was associated with cricket in Pakistan and dedicated all his life and abilities for the promotion of Pakistan cricket. In recognition of his service one of the gates of the Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium carries his name, "Maqsood Ahmed Enclosure" and so does one of the benches at the Bagh-e-Jinnah Cricket Ground located inside the historic Lahore Gymkhana.
	Maqsood Ahmed died on 4 January 1999 in Rawalpindi.

= = = Nazar Mohammad = = =

	Nazar Mohammad (Urdu: نذر محمد) (born 5 March 1921, Lahore, Punjab – died 12 July 1996, Lahore) was a Pakistani cricketer who played in five Tests in 1952. He was educated at Islamia College, Lahore.
	In October 1952, in Pakistan's second Test match and first Test victory, he became the first player to score a Test century for Pakistan, and the first player to remain on the ground for an entire Test match. An opening batsman, he carried his bat for his score of '124 not out' in Pakistan's total of 331 in an innings victory over India, batting for 8 hours 35 minutes.
	Shortly after the series, he injured his arm, ending his career. According to Omar Noman, "as the famous story goes," Nazar sustained the injury jumping out from the house window of the film actress Noor Jehan when her film producer husband Shaukat Hussain Rizvi returned home unexpectedly and surprised them. There were persistent rumors in the local newspapers, at the time, of a romantic affair going on between Noor Jehan and Nazar Mohammad.
	His son Mudassar Nazar also represented Pakistan in cricket for many years in the 1970s and 1980s.

= = = An Englishman, an Irishman and a Scotsman = = =

	"An Englishman, an Irishman and a Scotsman" is the opening line of a category of joke popular in Ireland and the United Kingdom. The nationalities involved may vary, though they are usually restricted to those within Ireland and the UK, and the number of people involved is usually three or sometimes four. In Ireland, the characters are sometimes called "Paddy Irishman, Paddy Englishman, and Paddy Scotsman". Depending on who is telling the joke, one nationality fares well and the other nationalities fare poorly according to national stereotypes. For example, in England the punchline is usually based around the Irishman being stupid, the Scotsman being mean or miserly, and the Englishman being posh (or a snob but ultimately not the butt of the joke), whereas in Scotland and Ireland, the Englishman will typically be the butt of the joke. Sometimes, when the joke requires four people, a Welshman is brought in.
	The joke typically starts with the home or favoured nationality and ends with the nationality and associated stereotype against which the joke is made. For example, in England, the joke begins "An Englishman, an Irishman and a Scotsman..." whereas in Ireland it begins "Paddy Irishman, Paddy Englishman, and Paddy Scotsman".
	The joke typically places the three characters in a scenario. How each person in the joke reacts to the scenario is then explained in order by person, the final reaction being the punch line, playing up to the stereotype of that nationality. The joke uses the rule of three, the first two characters being used to set up an expectation which is then subverted in some way by the third.
	The "three nationalities" joke format is also very common in other countries. In these cases, the two foreigners are almost always portrayed as cocky, stupid, or naïve, while the home national is smart, practical, or in any case ultimately victorious.
	The joke need not necessarily involve nationalities. Jokes about the hard sciences may begin "A mathematician, a physicist and an engineer..."

= = = Waqar Hasan = = =

	Waqar Hasan (; born 12 September 1932) is a former Pakistani cricketer who played in 21 Test matches from 1952 to 1959.
	Waqar Hasan attended Government College, Lahore, where he played for the cricket team. He toured England with the Pakistan Eaglets team of young cricketers in 1951.
	An "attractive stroke-making right-handed batsman, who was ideal in a crisis", he played in Pakistan's first 18 Tests, including its first five victories. In Pakistan's first Test series, against India in 1952–53, he was the highest scorer on either side, with 357 runs at an average of 44.62, playing several defiant innings when Pakistan were in trouble. He was less successful on the 1954 tour of England, with 103 runs at 14.71, but impressed with his fielding in the covers.
	He scored his only Test century against New Zealand in 1955–56 at Lahore, when he made 189 in 430 minutes, adding 309 for the seventh wicket with Imtiaz Ahmed after the score had been 111 for 6. His 189 set a new record for Pakistan's highest Test score which lasted only until Ahmed (who made 209) overtook it the next day. Hasan played five more Tests without reaching 50.
	He played first-class cricket in Pakistan from 1949 to 1966, with a highest score of 201 not out for L. W. Cannon's XI against Hasan Mahmood's XI in 1953–54. He captained Karachi Blues to victory in the final of the 1963–64 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy and in his last first-class match he captained them to victory in the 1964–65 competition.
	He served as a national selector several times from the 1960s to the 1980s. He was the chief selector when Pakistan beat India 3–0 at home in 1982-83. 
	He married Jamila Razaaq, the daughter of actress Sultana Razaaq, one of the earliest film actresses from India. Jamila is also the granddaughter of India’s first female film director, Fatima Begum, and the niece of Zubeida (the leading actress of India's first talkie film, "Alam Ara"), who was the younger sister of her mother Sultana. 
	In 1954 Waqar moved from Lahore to work for the Pakistan Public Works Department in Karachi as a cinema inspector. In the early 1960s he went into business. He became Corporate Director of National Foods Limited, one of Pakistan's largest food companies. In 2002, with the assistance of the cricket journalist Qamar Ahmed, he wrote "For Cricket and Country: An Autobiography".

= = = Mahmood Hussain (cricketer) = = =

	Mahmood Hussain (2 April 1932 – 25 December 1991) was a Pakistani cricketer who played in 27 Test matches from 1952 to 1962. He was a fast medium bowler who partnered with Fazal Mahmood after Khan Mohammad retired from Test cricket. He made an unforgettable 35 at the Ferozshah Kotla, New Delhi in 1961, which saved Pakistan from certain defeat.

= = = Qishn = = =

	Qishn () is a coastal town in Al Mahrah Governorate, seat of Qishn District in southern Yemen. It is located at around . It has a landing strip, which is currently not in use.
	Historically, Qishn was a port from which incense was exported. The traveller and explorer Freya Stark notes that, "...from Qishn, 200 to 250 tons (of incense, annually). The best of it comes from Saudah, Hadhbarm and Mirbãt, and the worst from Qishn."

= = = Zulfiqar Ahmed (cricketer) = = =

	Zulfiqar Ahmed (born 22 November 1926 – 3 October 2008) was a former Pakistani cricketer who played in 9 Tests from 1952 to 1956. He was educated at Islamia College, Lahore.
	He was primarily an off-spin bowler, but was also a very useful late-order batsman. His finest hour was when he took 11 for 79 in the match in a Test against New Zealand in Karachi in 1955.

= = = Reflective subcategory = = =

	In mathematics, a full subcategory "A" of a category "B" is said to be reflective in "B" when the inclusion functor from "A" to "B" has a left adjoint. This adjoint is sometimes called a "reflector", or "localization". Dually, "A" is said to be coreflective in "B" when the inclusion functor has a right adjoint.
	Informally, a reflector acts as a kind of completion operation. It adds in any "missing" pieces of the structure in such a way that reflecting it again has no further effect.
	A full subcategory A of a category B is said to be reflective in B if for each B-object "B" there exists an A-object formula_1 and a B-morphism formula_2 such that for each B-morphism formula_3 to an A-object formula_4 there exists a unique A-morphism formula_5 with formula_6.
	The pair formula_7 is called the A-reflection of "B". The morphism formula_8 is called the A-reflection arrow. (Although often, for the sake of brevity, we speak about formula_1 only as being the A-reflection of "B").
	This is equivalent to saying that the embedding functor formula_10 is a right adjoint. The left adjoint functor formula_11 is called the reflector. The map formula_8 is the unit of this adjunction.
	The reflector assigns to formula_13 the A-object formula_1 and formula_15 for a B-morphism formula_16 is determined by
	the commuting diagram
	If all A-reflection arrows are (extremal) epimorphisms, then the subcategory A is said to be (extremal) epireflective. Similarly, it is bireflective if all reflection arrows are bimorphisms.
	All these notions are special case of the common generalization—formula_17-reflective subcategory, where formula_17 is a class of morphisms.
	The formula_17-reflective hull of a class A of objects is defined as the smallest formula_17-reflective subcategory containing A. Thus we can speak about reflective hull, epireflective hull, extremal epireflective hull, etc.
	An anti-reflective subcategory is a full subcategory A such that the only objects of B that have an A-reflection arrow are those that are already in A.
	Dual notions to the above-mentioned notions are coreflection, coreflection arrow, (mono)coreflective subcategory, coreflective hull, anti-coreflective subcategory.

= = = Cosmos atrosanguineus = = =

	Cosmos atrosanguineus, the chocolate cosmos, is a species of "Cosmos", native to Mexico. It has often been claimed that it is extinct in the wild; however it is "quite abundant" in Mexico. The species was introduced into cultivation in 1885, when the British seed company Thompson & Morgan first listed it in their seed catalogue. Its dark red to brownish red flowers have a scent resembling chocolate, which is one reason for its popularity as a cultivated plant.
	"Cosmos atrosanguineus" is a herbaceous perennial plant growing to 40–60 cm tall, with a fleshy tuberous root. The leaves are 7–15 cm long, pinnate, with leaflets 2–5 cm long. The flowers are produced in a capitulum 3-4.5 cm diameter, dark red to maroon-dark brown, with a ring of six to ten (usually eight) broad ray florets and a center of disc florets; they have a light vanillin fragrance (like many chocolates), which becomes more noticeable towards the end of the day.
	The species was first described in 1861 by William Hooker, as "Cosmos diversifolia" var. "atrosanguineus". Eduard Ortgies later elevated it to a full species, placing it in the genus "Bidens". Andreas Voss transferred it back to "Cosmos", retaining its status as an independent species. It is one of eight species of "Cosmos" placed in section "Discopoda". "Cosmos" belongs to subtribe Coreopsidinae.
	In 2008, Oku, T.; Takahashi, H.; Yagi, F.; et al. analyzed the Chocolate Cosmos flower using PSID (plastid subtype identity) sequences in order to clarify the phylogenetic relationships of this plant. They determined that this species did indeed have closer relations to "Cosmos" than to the genus of "Bidens" or "Dahlia."
	Although it had been reported that "Cosmos atrosanguineus" was extinct in the wild, a research project on the genus "Cosmos" begun in 2007 by Mexican botanist Aarón Rodríguez found modern records starting from 1986. Field work showed that it grew in the states of Guanajuato, Querétaro and San Luis Potosí. It is found in mixed pine and oak forest, at elevations of around .
	Both seed-raised and vegetatively propagated cultivars are available, varying in the size, colour and shape of the petals. An article in 2017 listed 17 cultivars and seed-raised strains. , "C." "atrosanguineus" 'Hamcoec' (trade description ) has the largest flower heads, up to 5 cm in diameter. The variation in flower color from red to black of "Cosmos atrosanguineus" and its cultivars results from variation in the amounts of anthocyanins and chalcone present. Hybrids with other "Cosmos" species are also known in cultivation. As with "Cosmos" 'Thomocha' (), hybrids may be less scented than the species.
	It requires partial sun or full sun, and flowers from mid to late summer. It is frost-sensitive (Zones 6–11); in temperate zones, the tuber has to be dug up and stored in a frost-free store over the winter.
	7. Oku, T. ; Takahashi, H. ; Yagi, F.; Nakamura, I. ; Mii, M. (2008). "Hybridisation between chocolate cosmos and yellow cosmos confirmed by phylogenetic analysis using plastid subtype identity (PSID) sequences" "JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE & BIOTECHNOLOGY, 83 (3), 323-327"

= = = Nakata = = =

	Nakata (written: 中田, literally "central field") is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

= = = Wazir Mohammad = = =

	Wazir Mohammad (born 22 December 1929) is a former Pakistani banker and cricketer who played in 20 Test matches from 1952 to 1959. 
	Wazir was a determined middle-order batsman with a strong defence. His highest Test score was 189, in the Fifth Test against West Indies at Port of Spain in 1957-58, when he batted for six and three-quarter hours and laid the foundation for Pakistan's innings victory. He was Pakistan's top-scorer with 42 not out when they won by 24 runs against England at The Oval in 1954. His first-class career extended from 1950 to 1964, when he captained Karachi Whites to a narrow defeat in the final of the 1963-64 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy. He was appointed to captain the Pakistan Eaglets team of young players on their tour of England in 1963; 14 of the 18 players on the tour became Test cricketers, and four became Test captains.
	Wazir worked as a banker, mostly with the National Bank of Pakistan. His younger brothers Hanif, Mushtaq and Sadiq also played Test cricket for Pakistan. With the death of Israr Ali on 1 February 2016, Wazir became Pakistan's oldest living Test cricketer.

= = = Robert Stephenson and Company = = =

	Robert Stephenson and Company was a locomotive manufacturing company founded in 1823. It was the first company set up specifically to build railway engines.
	The company was set up in 1823 in Forth Street, Newcastle-upon-Tyne in England by George Stephenson, his son Robert, with Edward Pease and Thomas Richardson. The manager of the works between 1824 and 1825 was James Kennedy.
	The company's first engine was "Locomotion No 1", which opened the Stockton and Darlington, followed by three more: "Hope", "Black Diamond", and "Diligence". Their vertical cylinders meant these locomotives rocked excessively and at the Hetton colliery railway Stephenson had introduced "steam springs" which had proved unsatisfactory. In 1828 he introduced the "Experiment" with inclined cylinders, which improved stability, and meant that it could be mounted on springs. Originally four wheeled, it was modified for six and another example, "Victory", was built. Around this time, two locomotives were built for America. The first, a four coupled loco named "America", was ordered by the Delaware and Hudson Railroad. The second, six-coupled and named "Whistler", was built for the Boston and Providence Rail Road in 1833.
	In 1829, the company built a new, experimental locomotive to enter in the Rainhill Trials. Rocket had two notable improvements — a multi-tube boiler and a separate firebox. Rocket won the trials and convinced the directors of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway to use steam locomotives on their railway, and to order these locomotives from Robert Stephenson & Co. Rocket's cylinder were originally angled at an angle of 45 degrees, but were later moved to be horizontal.
	The "Invicta" was the twentieth Robert Stephenson & Co. locomotive, and was built for the Canterbury and Whitstable Railway. Its cylinders were inclined, but moved to the front end. In 1830 came the "Planet" class with the cylinders inside the frames, followed by the "Patentee", which added a pair of trailing wheels for greater stability with a larger boiler. This 2-2-2 design became the pattern for most locomotives, by a variety of manufacturers, for many years.
	The locomotive "John Bull", built in 1831, was originally of the "Planet" type, but was later modified. It survives and is now in the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C., and is claimed to be the oldest still functional self-propelled vehicle.
	The increased distance travelled by many trains highlighted problems with the fireboxes and chimneys. With the co-operation of the North Midland Railway at their Derby works, he measured the temperature of the exhaust gases, and decided to lengthen the boilers on future engines. Initially these "long-boiler" engines were 2-2-2 designs, but in 1844, Stephenson moved the trailing wheel to the front in 4-2-0 formation, so that the cylinders could be mounted between the supporting wheels. It was one of these, the "Great A" along with another from the North Midland Railway, which was compared with Brunel's "Ixion" in the gauge trials in 1846. In 1846 he added a pair of trailing wheels - the first with eight wheels. Another important innovation in 1842 was the Stephenson link motion.
	Robert Stephenson and Company built a number of Crampton type locomotives for the South Eastern Railway and the London, Chatham and Dover Railway. These were all of 4-2-0 wheel arrangement with inside cylinders and indirect drive. The inside cylinders drove a crankshaft located in front of the firebox and the crankshaft was coupled to the driving wheels by outside rods. They were unsuccessful on the LCDR, and the five "Echo" class locomotives were rebuilt as conventional 4-4-0 locomotives after only four years of service.
	The first railway proposal in Egypt came about when Pasha Muhammad Ali asked the British engineer T.H. Galloway to design a railway in 1834. Instructions to make it followed in 1836. Materials were delivered but little real construction followed. No Ottoman "firwan" (permission) was issued and the French objected. Progress was really made when in 1849 Muhammad Ali died, and in 1851 his grandson Abbas I of Egypt contracted Robert Stephenson to build Egypt's first standard gauge railway. The first section, between Alexandria on the Mediterranean coast and Kafr el-Zayyat on the Rosetta branch of the Nile was opened in 1854. This was the first railway in the Ottoman Empire as well as Africa and the Middle East. In the same year Abbas died and was succeeded by Sa'id Pasha, in whose reign the section between Kafr el-Zayyat and Cairo was completed in 1856 followed by an extension from Cairo to Suez in 1858. This completed the first modern transport link between the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean, as Ferdinand de Lesseps did not complete the Suez Canal until 1869.
	At Kafr el-Zayyat the line between Cairo and Alexandria originally crossed the Nile with an 80 feet (24 m) car float. This was the single largest project of the South Street Works. However, on 15 May 1858 a special train conveying Sa'id's heir presumptive Ahmad Rifaat Pasha fell off the float into the river and the prince was drowned. Stephenson therefore replaced the car float with a swing bridge nearly long.
	The Egyptian connections to Robert Stephenson were very considerable and a wealth of consequential artefacts are in Cairo Railway Museum. This includes what could well be the single most extravagant piece built by the Robert Stephenson Works. This is works number 1295 of 1862 whose artistic design was by Matthew Digby Wyatt. This 2-2-4T for the Egyptian Railways survives with all its fantastical marquetry in the Egyptian Railway Museum at Cairo. It is called the Khedive's Train.
	Over the remainder of the century, the company prospered in the face of increasing competition, supplying railways at home and abroad. By 1899 around 3000 locomotives had been built and a new limited liability company was formed, Robert Stephenson and Company Limited and the works was moved to Darlington, the first locomotive leaving the shop in 1902.
	Most railways in Britain were building their own rolling stock, so most of the output was for export, from 4-4-0's for the Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway to GS (4-6-0) and HS (2-8-0) classes for the Bengal Nagpur Railway. These preceded the slightly larger BESA standard designs for the Indian railways. The works built the first British 2-10-0 for the Argentine Great Western Railway in 1905.
	During World War I, the company devoted itself to munitions work. However, between 1917 and 1920, a large batch of ROD 2-8-0 and SNCV type 18 0-6-0 tram locomotives were ordered by the War Office for use on the continent. From then on, business was slack, for various reasons. Notable were thirty 2-6-0 mixed traffic locomotives for the GWR in 1921, a batch of thirty 0-6-0 tank engines for the LNER and five 7F 2-8-0s for the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway. In 1936 and 1937, only forty six were built, including eleven B17 class ("Sandringham") 4-6-0s for the LNER, and seven 2-6-4 passenger tank locomotives for the South Indian Railway Company.
	In 1937, the company merged with the locomotive interests of Hawthorn Leslie and Company to form Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns Limited. The company's shipbuilding activities continuing separately. Main line locomotives continued to be built at Darlington, while industrial engines were built at Hawthorne Leslie's works at Forth Bank, Newcastle. in 1938 the goodwill of the Kitson and Manning Wardle companies was bought.
	During World War II, the plant was fully occupied building 0-4-0 and 0-6-0 saddle tanks for industrial use, although they did manufacture four PC class 4-6-2s for the Iraqi State Railways in 1940 (one of which was lost at sea "en route"). In 1943, ninety Austerity 0-6-0ST locomotives were built for the War Department.
	In 1944, the Vulcan Foundry, which had been formed by Robert Stephenson and Charles Tayleur in 1830, acquired a substantial stock holding, and they became part of the English Electric Company. The bulk of the output was for export or industrial use, including fifty South African Class 19D 4-8-2s, Indian YB, YL and WM classes, and ten M class 4-6-2s for the Tasmanian Government Railways. Domestic mainline locomotives included thirty five Class L1 2-6-4T for the Eastern Region of British Railways and 100 9400 class 0-6-0 pannier tanks for the Western Region.
	The last steam locomotives to be built were a conventional 0-6-0T in 1958 and a six-coupled fireless locomotive in 1959. The Forth Street works were closed in 1960 and the Darlington Works, continuing with diesel and electric locomotives became "English Electric Company Darlington Works" in 1962.
	The office block and one workshop of Stephenson's Forth Street Works in South St Newcastle upon Tyne have been restored by The Robert Stephenson Trust. The Trust lost its lease to these buildings in February 2009 following purchase of the whole Robert Stephenson & Co and Hawthorn Leslie locomotive works sites for redevelopment as the "Stephenson Quarter". The restored block and several other buildings are protected by Listed Building status but future public access is uncertain.
	Commencing in 2013 the site of both the Robert Stephenson and the Hawthorn works started to be redeveloped as the Stephenson Quarter. The landlord fronting this operation was initially Silverlink Developers. As part of their commitment to the area's heritage they have been hosting a once monthly opening of the South Street buildings housing a music, food and drink festival branded as the Boiler Shop Steamer.
	Councillor Nick Forbes, leader of Newcastle City Council, visited the development on 8 April 2014 to give the city's seal of approval to the project. In the same month the developers Silverlink morphed into the Clouston Group.

= = = Alimuddin (cricketer) = = =

	Alim-ud-Din (Urdu: علیم الدین‎; 15 December 1930 – 12 July 2012) was a Pakistani cricketer who played 25 Tests for Pakistan between 1954 and 1962. His name is sometimes rendered Alimuddin. A fast-scoring, right-handed opening batsman and occasional right-arm leg break bowler, he was the youngest player ever to appear in first-class cricket, aged 12 years and 73 days. In international cricket, he scored 1,091 runs at the average of 25.37, including two centuries and seven fifties. In 1954, he was a member of the Pakistani squad which toured England and recorded Pakistan's first Test match win. Former Pakistani captain Mushtaq Mohammad said about him that he was "a thorough gentleman as well as a great cricketer for Pakistan".
	During his career Alim-ud-Din played 140 first-class matches and scored 7,275 runs, with the average of 32.77, including 14 centuries and 38 fifties; he also took 40 wickets. Critics considered him to be an excellent fielder. He made his debut for Rajasthan aged only 12 years 73 days, becoming the youngest player to have played first-class cricket. In 1942–43, he played his maiden match in the Ranji Trophy, scoring 13 and 27 runs in his two innings. His highest score in first-class cricket was 142, against Worcestershire in 1954. Domestically, Alim-ud-Din represented Sindh, Rajasthan, Karachi, Bahawalpur and Gujarat, and became the first Pakistani batsman to face a ball bowled by an international bowler on Pakistani soil, in a match between the Sindh and West Indians in 1948. During Pakistan's 1954 tour of England, Alim-ud-Din scored more than 700 runs, including two centuries in the first two matches. He was most successful during 1961–62, scoring 1,020 runs in 12 matches at an average of 51.00. In the same season he captained Karachi, leading the team to victories in the Quaid-e-Azam Trophy and Ayub Zonal Trophy. His final season in first-class cricket was 1967–68.
	Alim-ud-Din played 25 Test matches for Pakistan during his career and scored 1,091 runs in international cricket at the average of 25.37. He made two centuries and seven fifties. Cricket critics believed that he possessed a sound technique. In Test matches, Alim-ud-Din established an effective opening partnership with Hanif Mohammad.
	Alim-ud-Din started his international career against England in June 1954, at the Lord's Cricket Ground, in a match in which he scored 19 runs. In the fourth Test of the same series Pakistan beat England by 24 runs, recording their first Test win over them to become the first team to defeat England during their maiden tour. Alim-ud-Din managed to score 10 runs in the match. In 1954–55, he played, against India, in Pakistan's first home Tests, finishing the series as the leading run scorer with 332; he made three fifties and in the fifth match scored 103 not out at the National Stadium, Karachi, his first international century. He was the first batsman ever to make an international century on the Ground.
	Alim-ud-Din also toured West Indies as a part of Pakistan cricket team in 1957–58. He was not successful in the series and his highest score remained 41 runs which he made in the fourth Test at the Bourda, Georgetown, Guyana. In 1962, under the captaincy of Javed Burki, Pakistan visited England where they played a five Test match series. In the fifth Test at Headingley, a low scoring match for Pakistan, Alim-ud-Din's scores of 50 and 60 made him the team's highest scorer of the match. In the fifth Test of the home series against England in 1962, he scored his career best 109 runs at the National Stadium. He played his last match against England in Trent Bridge, Nottingham in 1962.
	Former West Indian all-rounder Collie Smith was his only wicket in international cricket.
	He is variously known as "Alim-ud-Din" and "Alimuddin", with "Wisden" using the former in earlier editions and the latter in his obituary.
	Alim-ud-Din was born in Ajmer, a city in British India, on 15 December 1930. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, he moved to Karachi along with his family. He lived in London and never married, instead providing for his family. Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) had given him an opportunity to work at London Heathrow Airport. Two of his brothers, Salimuddin and Azimuddin, both also played first-class cricket. His nephew, James Uddin, the son of Salimuddin, is also a cricketer and currently plays semi-professional cricket in England.
	In later life, his pension was suspended after doubts over his actual birth date. The pension was restored after intervention from the Pakistani President.
	On 12 July 2012, Alim-ud-Din died in Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow, London. He suffered from heart and lung diseases. He also had kidney failure and was on dialysis. The Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB) released a press statement expressing sorrow and conveying condolences to Alim-ud-Din's family.

= = = Fabric 26 = = =

	Fabric 26 is a DJ mix compilation album by Global Communication, as part of the Fabric Mix Series.

= = = Sulm = = =

	Sulm or Sülm may refer to:

= = = Shujauddin Butt = = =

	Shujauddin Butt (10 April 1930 – 7 February 2006) was a Pakistani army officer and cricketer who played in 19 Tests from 1954 to 1962.
	He served in the Pakistan Army for 26 years, retiring as a lieutenant colonel in 1978. In 1955 he toured India with the Pakistan national team.
	He was educated at Islamia College, Lahore.
	He managed Pakistan's tours to Australia and the West Indies in 1976–77. He wrote two books of Pakistan cricket history, "From Babes of Cricket to World Champions" (1996) and "The Chequered History of Pakistan Cricket" (2003), with Mohammed Salim Parvez.
	Butt died in London on 7 February 2006.

= = = Khalid Wazir = = =

	Syed Khalid Wazir (born 27 April 1936 in Jalandhar, Punjab, India) is a former Pakistani cricketer who played in 2 Tests in 1954.
	He was selected for the 1954 tour of England after just two first-class matches in which he had made 18 runs and taken 5 wickets. In 16 first-class matches on the tour he made 253 runs at 16.86 as a middle-order batsman and took 9 wickets at 54.90. He played in the First and Third Tests, batting in the lower order and not bowling. He played no more first-class cricket after the tour, and is thus the only Test cricketer whose first-class career ended before he turned 19.
	He played one match as a professional for East Lancashire in the Lancashire League in 1957, taking 5 for 57.
	His father Wazir Ali played Test cricket for India in the 1930s.
	He was educated at the St. Patrick's High School, Karachi.

= = = Tom Arden = = =

	David Rain (2 May 1961 – 15 December 2015), known by his pen name Tom Arden, was a British science fiction and fantasy writer. He was born in Australia. His main work is the five volume "Orokon" saga, as well as the novels "Shadow Black", "The Translation of Bastian Test" and the Doctor Who novella "Nightdreamers".
	Arden was born in 1961 and grew up in Mount Gambier, South Australia. He wrote his first unpublished novel, "Moon Escape" at the age of seven and later studied English at the University of Adelaide, graduating with First Class Honours. Arden completed his Ph.D. thesis on "Clarissa", the epic tale by 18th-century novelist Samuel Richardson.
	In 1990, he moved to the United Kingdom, living in Northern Ireland and England. He lectured in English at Queen's University of Belfast for seven years. Since 2003, he lectured creative writing at Middlesex University, London. 
	Arden died of cancer on 15 December 2015.

= = = Hadibu = = =

	Hadibu ( '), formerly known as Tamrida"' (), is a coastal town in northern Socotra, Yemen. It is not far from the mount "Jabal al-Jahir". It is the largest town of the small archipelago, with a population of 8,545 at the 2004 census. Hadibu is also the capital of the larger eastern district of Socotra's two administrative districts, Hidaybū. For the inhabitants of the town, animal husbandry is the main source of income.
	Socotra Airport is located about west of Hadibu, and close to the third largest town in the archipelago, Qād̨ub. Diesel generators make electricity widely available in Socotra. A paved road runs along the north shore from Qulansiyah to Hadibu and then to the DiHamri area; and another paved road, from the northern coast to the southern through the Dixsam Plateau.
	The former capital is located to the east of Hadibu. A small Yemeni Army barracks lies at the western end of Hadibu, and the former President of Yemen, Ali Abdullah Saleh, had a residence there.

= = = Koyilandy = = =

	Koyilandy (formerly Quilandy) is a municipality in the taluk of the same name in Kozhikode district, Kerala on the Malabar Coast. The town is located between Kozhikode (Calicut) and Vadakara (Badagara) on National Highway 66..
	Koyilandy is sometimes identified with Tyndis in "Periplus of the Erythraean Sea". 
	The freedom fighter K. Kelappan was born in a nearby village, Muchukunnu.
	Koyilandy is located at at an average elevation of . As of 2011 India census, Koyilandy had a population of 71,873. Males constitute 46.78% of the population and females 53.22%. Literacy rate of Koyilandy is 95.11% (higher than Kerala average of 94.00%). Male literacy is around 97.38 % while female literacy rate is 93.15%. In Koyilandy, around 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.
	Economy of Koyilandy revolves around fishing, local businesses and remittance from the Persian Gulf.
	Around 70% of population follows Hinduism, and around 30% follows Islam in Koyilandy.
	Koyilandy is the taluk headquarters of 34 villages. They are: Arikkulam, Atholy, Avitanallur, Balussery, Chakkittapara, Changaroth, Chemancheri, Chempanode, Chengottukavu, Cheruvannur, Eravattur, Iringal, Kayanna, Keezhariyur, Koorachundu, Koothali, Kottur, Kozhukkallur, Menhaniam, Meppayur, Moodadi, Naduvannur, Nochad, Palery, Panangad, Panthalayani, Payyoli, Perambra, Sivapuram, Thikkodi, Thurayur, Ulliyeri, Unnikulam, Uralloor, Viyyur and Muchukunnu.

= = = Justin King = = =

	Justin King may refer to:

= = = Georgijs Pujacs = = =

	Georgijs Pujacs (born June 11, 1981 in Riga, Soviet Union) is a Latvian ice hockey defenceman who currently plays for Dresdner Eislöwen of the DEL2.
	Pujacs was drafted by Boston Bruins as the 264th pick in the 1999 NHL Entry Draft, after a strong performance in 1999 Division 1 European Junior Championships. After being drafted, he played minor league ice hockey in North America for a year but did not reach the NHL. He then returned to Latvia and has mostly played for Latvian teams in the Latvian League and Eastern European Hockey League. In July 2006, Pujacs signed a two-year contract with Khimik Moscow Oblast of Russian Elite League, then joined HC Lada Togliatti on 6 November 2007. On 14 January 2009, Pujacs returned to Latvia and signed with Dinamo Riga of the KHL and left on 13 July 2009 to sign with Dinamo Riga's rival HC Sibir Novosibirsk.
	Club statistics

= = = MELAB = = =

	The Michigan English Language Assessment Battery (or MELAB) was a standardized test, created by CaMLA, which evaluated proficiency in understanding, writing and speaking the English language. It was designed for adults whose first language is not English, and was often used as a university admission criterion to judge whether applicants are sufficiently fluent to follow an English-language study program at a university level.
	The test included three mandatory parts and one optional:
	The MELAB was discontinued in June, 2018.

= = = Fils = = =

	Fils or FILS may refer to:

= = = Mohammed Ghazali = = =

	Mohammad Ibrahim Zainuddin 'Ebbu' Ghazali (born June 15, 1924, Mumbai, India, died April 26, 2003, Karachi, Pakistan) was a Pakistani cricketer who played in 2 Tests in 1954. 
	In his second Test, at Old Trafford he was dismissed for a pair within two hours, the fastest in Test history.
	After his playing career he became an administrator. He served in the Pakistan Air Force, reaching the rank of wing commander. 

= = = Khalid Hasan (cricketer) = = =

	Khalid Hasan (14 July 1937 – 3 December 2013) was a Pakistani cricketer who represented the national side in a single Test match in 1954. Only 16 years and 352 days old on debut, he was the youngest Test player at the time, and remains the youngest player to play only a single Test match. Khalid, a right-arm leg spinner, played 17 first-class matches in total, 14 of which came on Pakistan's 1954 tour of the British Isles.

= = = H. B. Halicki = = =

	Henry Blight Halicki (October 18, 1940 – August 20, 1989), most commonly known as H. B. "Toby" Halicki, was an American director, writer, stunt driver, actor, and filmmaker. Halicki directed the 1974 film "Gone in 60 Seconds" as well as producing and starring in several other action films. He was killed in an accident while filming "Gone in 60 Seconds 2" in 1989. Wishing to preserve his legacy, his widow, Denice Shakarian Halicki, produced a remake in 2000 along with Jerry Bruckheimer.
	Halicki was born in a Polish-American family in Dunkirk, New York in 1940 and was one of thirteen children. All thirteen children were given nicknames; his was "Toby". Toby started to develop his fascination with cars while working in the family towing business, which was established back in 1919. His father was also a second-hand car dealer. Halicki started driving at a young age and developed a wide knowledge of automobiles by the age of ten. When he was a teenager, after the loss of two of his brothers, Halicki decided to move to California and live with one of his uncles.
	Halicki moved from New York to California and worked on vehicles, eventually owning his own impound and towing business. H.B. Halicki Mercantile Co. & Junk Yard was known for its extensive antique automobile and toy collections.
	Halicki wrote, directed, produced, and starred in the film "Gone in 60 Seconds" in 1974. 
	There was no official script for the movie, apart from several pages outlining main dialog sequences. Halicki supplied most of the cars and used repeated footage of the same vehicles and shots of public incidents to increase the footage. The scene in which a train derailment is observed was not part of the original shooting script; it is in fact a real train that derailed. When the director heard about the wreck, he wanted to incorporate it into the film.
	Halicki compacted 10 vertebrae performing the film's jump finale and walked with a limp afterwards.
	Halicki married Denice Shakarian in 1989, shortly before he began filming his 1989 sequel, "Gone in 60 Seconds 2", in which both of them would star. Halicki bought over 400 automobiles to destroy in the film, which was to feature improved car chases and storyline.
	On August 20, 1989, while filming in Dunkirk and Buffalo, New York, Toby was preparing for the most dramatic stunt sequence in the film, during which a water tower was supposed to topple to the ground. When a cable attached to the tower snapped unexpectedly, it sheared off a telephone pole, which fell on Halicki, killing him instantly. The accident occurred in an area behind the former J.H. Williams Tool factory at 400 Vulcan Street in Buffalo.
	In 1995, Denice Shakarian Halicki began work with Jerry Bruckheimer and Touchstone Pictures to produce a 2000 remake of the original 1974 film. The remake included the Fastback Mustang "Eleanor".
	In its opening weekend, the remake grossed $25,336,048 from 3,006 US theaters, leading all films that weekend. By the end of the film's theatrical run, it had grossed $101,648,571 domestically and $135,553,728 internationally, comprising a total gross revenue for the film of $237,202,299 worldwide. The popularity of the 2000 remake resulted in illegal copies of the custom "Eleanor" car being produced. Denice Halicki successfully sued to stop trademark and copyright infringement.

= = = Nico Stehr = = =

	Nico Stehr (born 19 March 1942) was "Karl Mannheim Professor for Cultural Studies" at the Zeppelin University in Friedrichshafen / Germany and Founding Director of the European Center for Sustainability Research.
	Stehr received a PhD in sociology from the University of Oregon in 1970. Between 1967 and 2000, he taught at American and Canadian universities. His last appointment in Canada was that of fellow in Peter Wall Institute for Advanced Study der University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada. During the academic year 2002-2003 he was Paul-Lazarsfeld-Professor (a visiting appointment) at the University of Vienna. He is Senior Research Fellow of the Sustainable Development Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, a fellow of the Fellow the Center for Advanved Study of the Humanities, Essen, Germany, editor of the Canadian Journal of Sociology (until 2006), a Fellow of the Royal Society (Canada) and the European Academy of the Sciences and the Arts.
	In 2011, Stehr created the European Center for Sustainability Research (ECS) at Zeppelin University.
	His research interests center on the transformation of modern societies into knowledge societies and associated developments in different social institutions of modern society (e.g. science, politics, and the economy) and is focused on these field of attention:
	Knowledge: Knowledge is not merely a model of reality but a model for reality. Knowledge represents a capacity to act.
	Knowledge and information: The substance of information primarily concerns the properties of products or outcomes while the stuff of knowledge refers to the qualities of process or inputs.
	Post-industrial society: Innovation are increasingly derivative from research and development; there is a new relation between science and technology because of the centrality of theoretical knowledge, and the weight of the society—measured by a larger proportion of Gross National Product and a larger share of employment—is increasingly shifting toward the knowledge field.
	Knowledge society: The foundation for the transformation of modern societies into knowledge societies is based on changes in the structure of the economies of advanced societies. The source of economic growth and value-adding activities—increasingly relies on knowledge. The significance of knowledge grows in all spheres of life and in all social institutions of modern society.
	Common sense and scientific knowledge: The growing significance of science and its manifold social utility has led to its having a virtual monopoly on the production of new socially, economically and politically relevant knowledge in modern societies; knowledge that rarely can be contested by religion, nor by politics, and in particular not by daily experience. But this does not mean that ordinary citizens are now the slaves of scientific experts.
	Stehr is one of the authors of the Hartwell Paper: A new direction for climate policy after the crash of 2009. The Hartwell Paper arises from a meeting convened by Professor Gwyn Prins of the LSE in February 2010 to consider the implications of developments in climate policy in late 2009.
	Climate policy, as it has been understood and practised by many governments of the world under the Kyoto Protocol approach, has failed to produce any discernible real world reductions in emissions of greenhouse gases in fifteen years. The underlying reason for this is that the UNFCCC/Kyoto model was structurally flawed and doomed to fail because it systematically misunderstood the nature of climate change as a policy issue between 1985 and 2009. However, the currently dominant approach has acquired
	immense political momentum because of the quantities of political capital sunk into it. But in any case the UNFCCC/Kyoto model of climate policy cannot continue because it crashed in late 2009. The Hartwell Paper sets and reviews this context; but doing so is
	not its sole or primary purpose.
	The Paper proposes that the organising principle of our effort should be the raising up of human dignity via three overarching objectives: ensuring energy access for all; ensuring that we develop in a manner that does not undermine the essential
	functioning of the Earth system; ensuring that our societies are adequately equipped to withstand the risks and dangers that come from all the vagaries of climate, whatever their cause may be. It explains radical and practical ways to reduce non-CO2 human forcing of climate. It argues that improved climate risk management is a valid policy goal, and is not simply congruent with carbon policy. It explains the political prerequisite of energy efficiency strategies as a first step and documents how this can achieve real emissions reductions. But, above all, it emphasises the primacy of accelerating decarbonisation of energysupply. This calls for very substantially increased investment in innovation in noncarbon energy sources in order to diversify energy supply technologies. The ultimate goal of doing this is to develop non-carbon energy supplies at unsubsidised costs less
	than those using fossil fuels. The Hartwell Paper advocates funding this work by low hypothecated (dedicated) carbon taxes. It opens discussion on how to channel such money productively.

= = = Miran Bakhsh = = =

	Malik Miran Bakhsh (April 20, 1907, Rawalpindi – February 8, 1991, Rawalpindi) was a Pakistani cricketer who played in two Tests in 1955. Known throughout his playing career as Miran Bux, he was aged 47 years, 284 days when he played his first Test (against India at Lahore), making him the second oldest Test debutant, behind James Southerton. Unusually, this was only his second first-class match (having failed to capture a wicket on debut almost five years previously).
	A tall off-spinner, he had taken five wickets in a two-day match against the touring West Indians in 1948-49, and 10 in another two-day match against the Commonwealth XI in 1949-50. After his brief Test career ended, he continued playing first-class cricket in Pakistan until 1958-59, when at the age of 51, he took four wickets in his last match, playing for Rawalpindi against Peshawar. His best bowling figures came in a match for Combined Services at Dacca in 1956-57, when he took 6 for 15 to dismiss East Pakistan Whites for 33.

= = = Leo J. Enright = = =

	Leo J. Enright (born 18 March 1955) is an Irish radio broadcaster and news reporter. He is a member of the Board of Governors of the School of Cosmic Physics at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
	Leo Enright was born in London, but considers Dublin his home town. He was educated at St. Fintan's High School, Sutton and University College Dublin. As a Fellow of the World Press Institute, he studied American history, economics and culture at Macalester College, in St. Paul, Minnesota.
	In 1978, Enright won a Jacob's Award for his report on Dublin delinquents, broadcast on RTÉ Radio's "This Week" programme.
	In 2000, with support from NASA's Astrobiology Institute, he completed the Workshop on Molecular Evolution at the Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution.
	In 2008 he shared in a Thea Award for his work as science advisor on "Cosmos at the Castle", an interactive exhibition at Blackrock Castle Observatory exploring extreme life on earth and in space. The award was presented by the Themed Entertainment Association, a worldwide association of designers and producers of themed experiences such as museums, zoos and theme parks.

= = = Murr (river) = = =

	The is a river in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, right tributary of the Neckar. The river gave its name to a small town on its banks, Murr, and to the Rems-Murr-Kreis district, which was also named after the river Rems, which runs roughly parallel to the south of the Murr.
	Its source is approx. 4 km south of Murrhardt. It flows northeast before turning west to cross Murrhardt. After a further 7 km, Sulzbach an der Murr is reached. Here, at its northernmost point, the Lauter joins from the north, coming from Spiegelberg. The Murr continues southwest, passing Oppenweiler to reach Backnang, where its narrow valley widens. Further towns on its way are Burgstall an der Murr, Kirchberg an der Murr, Steinheim an der Murr, and the community of Murr itself, which is located in the district of Ludwigsburg.
	North of Marbach am Neckar, the Murr joins the Neckar after having travelled about 50 km in total.
	The Murr runs south of the Löwenstein Hills. A large part of the river is situated in the Swabian-Franconian Forest, after which the eponymous nature park was named.

= = = Laurelvale = = =

	Laurelvale is a village in County Armagh, Northern Ireland. It is beside the smaller village of Mullavilly and the two are sometimes referred to as Laurelvale-Mullavilly or Mullavilly-Laurelvale. The village is three miles south of Portadown and 1.5 miles northwest of Tandragee. It had a population of 1,284 people in the 2011 Census.
	Laurelvale is within the townland of Tamnaghvelton (formerly Tawnavaltiny, ). Laurelvale was taken from the name of a mansion that was built in the 19th Century. Mullavilly was named after the townland in which it lies. The name comes .
	Laurelvale was founded in the 1850s by Thomas Sinton JP (1826–1887) to house the workers in his linen mill of "Thomas Sinton & Co. Ltd", which was in the village. At its height, Sintons' Mill had over 1000 workers. The mill has since been demolished. The company remained in family ownership until 1945 when it was taken over by the Ministry of Defence and operated by "Hoffmans" (who made ball bearings for gun turrets). The Sinton family also ran mills and bleach-works in Tandragee, Killyleagh, Tullylish and at Ravarnet outside Hillsborough, County Down.
	Thomas Sinton also built a large house in the village, "Laurelvale House", which, following the Second World War, was the home of Michael Torrens-Spence, Lord Lieutenant of County Armagh. "Laurelvale House" has since been demolished to make way for housing development.
	Laurelvale F.C. has a ground in the Laurel Park area of the village. The football club currently play in the Mid-Ulster Football League Intermediate B Division. Current Manager is Mark Robinson.
	Laurelvale Cricket Club has a clubhouse on Mullavilly Road and are currently competing in the NCU League Section 2, having just missed out on promotion in the 2015 season by way of Net Run Rate. Lee Edgar had a club record breaking season with 63 wickets winning the club's and league's Player of the Year. Current Captain is David Sinton with Vice Captain Michael Burns.
	In the 2011 Census Laurelvale-Mulavilly had a population of 1,284 people (476 households).
	Mullavilly-Laurelvale is classified as a village by the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) (i.e. with population between 1,000 and 2,250 people). On Census day (29 April 2001) there were 1,258 people living in Mullavilly-Laurelvale. Of these:
	For more details see: NI Neighbourhood Information Service

= = = Bravo TV (TV series) = = =

	BRAVO TV is a German television program which aired from January 1985 till December 1986 on Sat.1 and from May 1993 till December 2002 on RTL II. In February 2003 the ZDF took over the show, but it was cancelled due to bad ratings in November 2004. The show later had a short-lived revival on ProSieben and was aired again for the first time on November 5, 2005. In May 2007 it was cancelled for good.
	The television show covered similar topics as the "BRAVO" print magazine. It usually included detailed music charts, more-or-less prominent guests, sexual education topics and a music video selected by the viewers at the end of the show.
	BRAVO TV was hosted by the following presenters:

= = = HK Ozolnieki/Monarhs = = =

	HK Ozolnieki/Monarch (also HK Ozolnieki/Monarhs) was a Latvian ice hockey club from Ozolnieki, founded in 2008. Formally the club was established as HK Vilki in 2000, but the roots of the team date back to a team called "AK-2", founded in Riga in 1987. The owner of the club during its stay in Ozolnieki was 7-time NHL All-star defenseman Sandis Ozoliņš.
	The team folded before the start of the 2014–15 Latvian Hockey League season.
	"As of February 5, 2006"
	Goaltenders:
	Defensemen:
	Forwards:

= = = Don Peden = = =

	Don C. Peden (December 30, 1898 – February 23, 1970) was an American football and baseball player and coach. He served as the head football coach at Ohio University from 1924 to 1946, compiling a record of 121–46–11. Peden's winning percentage of .711 is the highest of any coach in the history of the Ohio Bobcats football program. His teams won six Buckeye Athletic Association championships, in 1929, 1930, 1931, 1935, 1936, and 1938.
	Peden was also the head baseball coach at Ohio from 1924 to 1948, tallying a mark of 250–134 and served as the University's Athletic Director from 1938–1949.
	The Bobcats' football stadium was renamed in his honor as Peden Stadium following his retirement. Peden died at the age of 71 on February 23, 1970 in San Diego, California.

= = = Vladimir Golenishchev = = =

	Vladimir Semyonovich Golenishchev (; 29 January 1856 – 5 August 1947), formerly also known as Wladimir or Woldemar Golenischeff, was one of the first and most accomplished Russian Egyptologists. 
	Golenishchev, the son of a well-to-do merchant, was educated at the Saint Petersburg University. In 1884–85 he organized and financed excavations in Wadi Hammamat, followed by the research at Tell el-Maskhuta in 1888–89. In the course of the following two decades he travelled to Egypt more than sixty times and brought back an enormous collection of more than 6,000 ancient Egyptian antiquities, including such priceless relics as the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus, the Story of Wenamun, the Alexandrian World Chronicle, and various Fayum portraits. He also published the so-called Hermitage papyri, including the Prophecy of Neferti, now stored in the Hermitage Museum. 
	Having sold his collection to the Moscow Museum of Fine Arts in 1909, Golenishchev settled in Egypt. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, he never returned to Russia, residing in Nice and Cairo. In Egypt, he established and held the chair in Egyptology at the University of Cairo from 1924 to 1929. He was also employed by the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, where he catalogued hieratic papyri. Golenishchev died in Nice aged 90. 
	A memorial to famous egyptologists by the Egyptian Museum since 2006 features a bust of Vladimir Golenishchev. His papers are held at the Pushkin Museum, at the Centre Wladimir Golenischeff in Paris, France, and also in the Griffith Institute in Oxford, England.

= = = Aslam Khokhar = = =

	Mohammad Aslam Khokhar (5 January 1920 – 22 January 2011) was a Pakistani cricketer who played in one Test in 1954. In the Second Test in England he batted at number nine, scoring 16 and 18.
	He played in 45 first-class matches between 1938–39 and 1963–64, and scored the first ever century in first-class cricket in Pakistan when, batting for Punjab against Sind in December 1947, he made 117. He also umpired 3 Tests in the 1970s.
	He was born in Lahore, Punjab and died in a Lahore hospital after a prolonged illness, on 22 January 2011. Before his death, he was Pakistan's oldest surviving Test cricketer.

= = = Colby Buzzell = = =

	Colby Buzzell (born July 17, 1976 in California) is an American author, blogger and former United States Army soldier.
	Buzzell grew up in San Ramon, California and enlisted in the United States Army at the age of 26. Prior to joining the U.S. Army he described his life as engaging in a lot of drinking, drug use, dead-end jobs and a minor criminal record. He was very optimistic about his Army service and was determined to follow the Army recruiting slogan of "Be All That You Can Be". He joined the service as an infantryman and spent 2003 - 2004 in Iraq, assigned to a Stryker Brigade Combat Team. In his book he expresses a great deal of enthusiasm about the benefits of wheels over traditional treaded armor in urban settings.
	It was in Iraq that Buzzell began publishing a blog under the title "CBFTW", "Colby Buzzel Fuck The War", as a replacement for his habitual journaling back in the States. The blog gained popularity quickly, because as an anonymous blogger, Buzzell was able to share more lucid experiences than an embedded journalist, and he was also able to share a bit more of the truth than the Army was able to.
	Buzzell's blog gained recognition for its realistic portrayal of gripping first hand accounts of the war in Iraq. This 'milblog' won praise as “an unfiltered, often ferocious expression of his boots-on-the-ground view of the Iraq war" 
	Colby published a book on his experiences entitled, "" combining narrative, blog entries, and emails that evolved from his blog over time. The book received good reviews and has been recommended for public libraries.
	In 2004, Buzzell was profiled in "Esquire"'s "Best and Brightest" issue and has since contributed regularly. In 2007, Buzzell received the 2007 Lulu Blooker Prize for "".
	In 2008, Buzzell was re-called for active duty. After he arrived at his post, he was examined by the medical staff at Fort Benning, and marked "not deployable" due to post-traumatic stress disorder.
	In 2011, Buzzell published the book "", under "HarperCollins" about coping with his post traumatic stress disorder by taking a road trip to no where, all the while thinking about his newborn son, wife, and recently deceased mother.

= = = Agha Saadat Ali = = =

	Agha Saadat Ali (, 21 June 1929 in Lahore, Punjab – 25 October 1995 in Lahore) was a Pakistani cricketer who played in one Test in 1955. He also stood as an umpire in one ODI game in 1978.
	Agha Saadat Ali appeared in non-first-class matches against the touring West Indians in 1948 and a Commonwealth team in 1949. Between 1949-50, when he made his first-class debut for Pakistan Universities against Ceylon, and 1961-62 when he captained Lahore B, he played 17 first-class matches altogether. He had limited success as a batsman, but was regarded as one of the best fielders in Pakistan.
	After retirement he became a coach at the national level, and served as assistant secretary of the BCCP. He was also as president of the Billiard and Snooker
	Association of Lahore. 
	Both of his sons played first-class cricket. He died from carcinomatosis aged 66.

= = = 1998 Tasmanian state election = = =

	The Tasmanian state election, 1998 was held on Saturday, 29 August 1998 in the Australian state of Tasmania to elect 25 members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly. The number of members was reduced from 35 to 25. The election used the Hare-Clark proportional representation system—five members were elected from each of five electorates. The quota required for election increased from 12.5% to 16.7%.
	This election saw the end of two years of a Liberal minority government headed by Premier Tony Rundle, supported by the Tasmanian Greens. The Labor Party won government in its own right for the first time since 1979, with Jim Bacon as premier.
	Labor retained all their seats despite the reduction in numbers. The Liberals lost six seats. The Greens' representation was reduced from four members to one—Peg Putt in Denison.

= = = Wallis Mathias = = =

	Wallis Mathias (4 February 1935 – 1 September 1994) was a Pakistani cricketer who played in 21 Tests from 1955 to 1962. A Catholic, he was the first non-Muslim cricketer to play for Pakistan.
	The son of a porter at the Karachi Gymkhana Club, Mathias was a stylish right-handed middle-order batsman. He made three half centuries in his Test career, all of them against West Indies. In the Second Test against West Indies in Dacca in 1958-59, he top-scored in each innings with 64 and 45, as Pakistan won a low-scoring match by 41 runs.
	He was also a gifted slip fielder with exceptional reflexes, whose "great skill was to make hard chances look simple". According to Imtiaz Ahmed, the Test wicket-keeper at the time, he was Pakistan's first good slip fielder, who "changed the atmosphere in the slip cordon", which previously had been the domain of players "who did not want to run".
	He was a prolific run scorer in Pakistani domestic cricket. After he returned from the tour of England in 1962, in the next four years he made 1357 runs in 13 matches at an average of 113.08, including his career-best score of 278 not out for Karachi Blues against Railways Greens in 1965-66. Four years later he joined the newly formed National Bank cricket team and became their first ever captain, playing for them until 1976-77 and later coaching the side. In 146 first-class matches he made 7,520 runs, average 44.49, including 16 centuries. He held 130 catches, 22 in Tests. He was a popular captain and a much respected man.
	Mathias died of a brain haemorrhage in 1994, aged 59.
	He was educated at the St. Patrick's High School, Karachi.

= = = Sadisticon = = =

	Sadisticon (n.sad-is-ti-con) can refer to:

= = = Bill Hess = = =

	William R. Hess (February 5, 1923 – June 10, 1978) was an American football coach. He served as the head football coach at Ohio University from 1958 to 1977. In his tenure as head coach for the Ohio Bobcats football team, Hess compiled a 108–91–4 record, ranking him second only to coach Don Peden on Ohio's all-time victories list. Hess's teams won four Mid-American Conference (MAC) championships (1960, 1963, 1967, and 1968) and won a National Small College Championship in 1960 after having an undefeated season. Hess also led the Bobcats to two bowl games, losing 15–14 to West Texas State in the 1962 Sun Bowl and losing 49–42 to Richmond in the 1968 Tangerine Bowl. His 1968 team is the only team in school history to finish ranked in the major polls. Hess was a native of Columbus, Ohio. He coached high school football in Portsmouth and Grandview Heights, Ohio before joining Woody Hayes's staff at Ohio State University in 1951.

= = = Leonīds Beresņevs = = =

	Leonīds Beresņevs (, "Leonid Arkadyevich Beresnev"; born 6 July 1958) is a Latvian/Soviet former ice hockey player and coach.
	Born in Kirov Oblast he is a coach of the Latvian U-20 junior team.
	His first term of coaching the Latvian national team was from 1996 till 1999. In the 1996 world championships, when Latvia was playing in division B, they won and for the first time were promoted to division A where they finished at 7th place in 1997. From that time they have remained in division A.
	Beresņevs' second term started in 2004 and ended in 2006. In 2005 Latvia qualified for Torino Olympics where they took the last place.
	Beresņevs has been a coach for almost all the best Latvian ice hockey clubs since 1995. In 1996/1997 his coached Juniors Riga took gold at EEHL. In 2003/2004 Beresņevs was head coach in Russian Hockey Super League team Amur Khabarovsk. In 2007-08 he trained Estonian ice hockey club Tartu Big Diamonds and in 2008-09 he became the coach of Latvian club ASK/Ogre.

= = = Haseeb Ahsan = = =

	Haseeb Ahsan (; 15 July 1939 – 8 March 2013) was a Pakistani cricketer who played 12 Tests for Pakistan between 1958 and 1962. He was born in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. A right-arm off spinner, he took 27 wickets in Test cricket at an average of 49.25, including two five-wicket hauls. During his first-class career, he played 49 matches and took 142 wickets at an average of 27.71. Former Pakistan cricketer Waqar Hasan said about him that he "was a fighter to the core and served Pakistan cricket with honour and dignity."
	Ahsan had conflicts with former Pakistan captain Javed Burki. A controversy regarding his bowling action resulted in the premature end of his international career when he was only 23. He worked as chief selector, team manager of Pakistan, and member of the 1987 Cricket World Cup organising committee. He died in Karachi on 8 March 2013, aged 73.
	Ahsan played 49 first-class matches for Pakistan, Karachi, Pakistan International Airlines (PIA), Rawalpindi Peshawar and other teams between 1955 and 1963. During his first-class career, he achieved five or more wickets in an innings on thirteen occasions, and ten or more wickets in a match two times.
	Ahsan made his first-class debut for North West Frontier Province and Bahawalpur, playing his only match of the season against the Marylebone Cricket Club in 1955–56. He played three matches for Peshawar during 1956–57 with his best bowling figures came against Punjab B, taking eight for 76. In the next season, he was more effective with the ball, taking 43 wickets in nine matches. In the same season, he achieved his best bowling figures in first-class cricket, taking eight for 23 against Punjab B. During the season, Ahsan made his Test debut against the West Indies at the Kensington Oval, in the same match in which Hanif Mohammad scored 337 runs; during the first match of the 1958 series between the teams, Ahsan conceded 84 runs in 21 overs without taking a wicket. He played three matches of the series and took five wickets.
	Ahsan took only 14 wickets in the next two first-class seasons; his best bowling figures were five for 51. He was a part of the Pakistan cricket team that toured India in 1960–61, where he played nine matches, including five Tests, and took 24 wickets at an average of 28.75. During the 1960–61 season, Ahsan took 26 wickets, including six for 80 against the West Zone. In Test cricket, he was most successful against India, taking fifteen wickets at an average of 32.66. His best bowling figures were six wickets for 202, against the same team at the Nehru Stadium. During the 1961–62 and 1962 seasons, Ahsan took 28 wickets in ten matches, including a five-wicket haul against Worcestershire. In the next two domestic seasons, he played eight matches and took 12 wickets, including five for 43 runs, against Sargodha cricket team while playing for PIA during the Ayub Trophy. He played his last Test at the National Stadium, Karachi, where he took two wickets conceding 64 runs.
	By the end of his career, Ahsan had taken 27 wickets in 12 Test matches at an average of nearly 50, including two five-wicket hauls. He made 61 runs, his highest score was 14.
	During the 1980s, Ahsan was the chief selector and manager of the Pakistan cricket team. It was he who first selected Wasim Akram for the series against New Zealand in 1984–85. Akram described him as "a powerful selector, [who] spotted young talent and threw them into the bigger battles". He was Technical Committee's chairman for the 1987 Cricket World Cup and one of the members of the tournament organising committee. During the same tournament, he served as a team manager for Pakistan. In 2003, former Pakistan Cricket Board's (PCB) Tuqir Zia appointed him as President of the Sindh Cricket Association. He was also the Ireland's honorary Counsel General and director of the Karachi's American Express. PCB chairman Zaka Ashraf said of Ahsan that he was "not only a superb Test cricketer but also was a good administrator who intimately knew the game". He was the member of the panel that heard the appeals opposed to doping bans that were imposed on Shoaib Akhtar and Mohammad Asif. His colleagues described him that he was a "perfect administrator".
	Ahsan was born in Peshawar, North-West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) on 15 July 1939, and was an Urdu-speaker. He was educated at Islamia College, Peshawar. Ahsan was never married. Former Pakistan cricketer, Aftab Baloch, said about Ahsan that he was a "fine gentleman". He had conflicts with former Pakistan captain Javed Burki. A controversy regarding his bowling action arose during a Test match against India. This was sixth match in which he was "called for throwing." He continued his bowling until the issue reappeared during Pakistan's tour to England in 1962; the controversy ended his international career at the age of 23.
	Ahsan suffered from renal failure for two years. He was on dialysis and was admitted at the Aga Khan Hospital, Karachi. President of Karachi City Cricket Association (KCCA) Sirajul Islam Bukhari stated about him that he "fought illness with courage." He died in Karachi on 8 March 2013 at the age of 73. Ahsan was buried at the PECHS graveyard. PCB chairman, chief operating officer Subhan Ahmad and Director General Javed Miandad condoled his death. Chief Minister of the Punjab Shahbaz Sharif "expressed deep sense of grief and sorrow" on his death.

= = = Assyrians in Iran = = =

	Assyrians in Iran, Iranian Assyrians or Persian Assyrians (), (), are an ethnic and linguistic minority in present-day Iran. The Assyrians of Iran speak Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, a neo-Aramaic language descended from Classical Syriac and elements of Akkadian, and are Eastern Rite Christians belonging mostly to the Assyrian Church of the East and also to the Ancient Church of the East, Assyrian Pentecostal Church, Chaldean Catholic Church and Assyrian Evangelical Church.
	They share a common history and ethnic identity, rooted in shared linguistic, cultural and religious traditions, with Assyrians in Iraq, Assyrians in Turkey and Assyrians in Syria, as well as with the Assyrian diaspora.
	The Assyrian community in Iran numbered approximately 200,000 prior to the Islamic Revolution of 1979. However, after the revolution many Assyrians left the country, primarily for the United States; the 1996 Iranian census counted only 32,000 Assyrians. Current estimates of the Assyrian population in Iran range from 32,000 () to 50,000 ().
	The Iranian capital, Tehran, is home to the majority of Iranian Assyrians; however, approximately 15,000 Assyrians reside in northern Iran, in Urmia and various Assyrian villages in the surrounding area. 
	The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, ratified in 1979, recognizes Assyrians as a religious minority and ethnic minority and reserves for them one seat in the Islamic Consultative Assembly, the Iranian parliament. , the seat was occupied by Yonathan Betkolia, who was elected in 2000 and reelected in the 2004 legislative election.
	Today, scholars estimate that there are only around 5,000 Assyrians left in the historical center of the city of Urmia.
	The Assyrian presence in Iran goes back 4,000 years to ancient times, and Assyria was involved in the history of Ancient Iran even before the arrival of the modern Iranian peoples to the region circa 1000 BC. During the Old Assyrian Empire (c.2025-1750 BC) and Middle Assyrian Empire (1365-1020 BC) the Assyrians ruled over parts of "Pre-Iranic" northern and western Iran. The Neo-Assyrian Empire (911-605 BC) saw Assyria conquer the Iranic Persians, Medes and Parthians into their empire, together with the ancient "pre-Iranic" Elamites, Kassites, Manneans and Gutians, and also the Iranic Cimmerians of Asia Minor and Scythians of the Caucasus. The home of the Assyrians in Iran has traditionally been along the western shore of Lake Urmia from the Salmas area to the Urmia plain.
	After the fall of Assyria between 612 and 599 BC, after decades of civil war, followed by an attack by an alliance of former subject peoples; the Medes, Persians, Babylonians, Chaldeans, Scythians and Cimmerians, its people became an integral part of the Achaemenid Empire (as did Assyria itself), holding important military, civic and economic positions, and the Achaemenid Persians, having spent centuries under Assyrian domination, were greatly influenced by Assyrian Art and Architecture, modelled their empire upon Assyrian lines, and saw themselves as the successors of the great Assyrian kings. Assyrians are still attested as being extant in the north west of the region during the Parthian Empire (160 BC-223 AD) and Sassanid Empire (224-650 AD), and throughout the Middle Ages, where the Bukhtishu family of physicians were held in great regard by the Persian kings.
	There were about 200,000 Assyrians in Iran at the time of the 1976 census. Many emigrated after the revolution in 1979, but at least 50,000 were estimated to be still in Iran in 1987.
	In 1900, Assyrians numbered over 76,000 in northwestern Iran, constituting over a quarter of the Azerbaijan province's population and were the largest non-Muslim majority in Urmia. Of the 300 villages around Urmia, 60 were exclusively Assyrians and 60 were mixed villages with Assyrian, Armenian, and Azeri communities. Nevertheless, there were over 115 documented Assyrian villages to the west of Lake Urmia prior to 1918.
	During the Assyrian Genocide, which took place in World War I, the Ottoman Army together with allied Kurdish, Azeri and Arab militias along the Iranian-Turkish and Iranian-Iraqi border carried out religiously and ethnically motivated massacres and deportations on unarmed Assyrian civilians (and Armenians) both in the mountains and on the rich plains, resulting in the death of at least 300,000 Assyrians. In 1914 alone, they attacked dozens of villages and drove off all the inhabitants of the district of Gawar. The Assyrians defended themselves and for a time successfully repelled further attacks under the leadership of Agha Petros, seizing control of much of the Urmia region and defeating Ottoman forces and their Kurdish, Arab and Azeri allies in the process. However lack of ammunition and supplies, due mainly to the withdrawal of Russia from the war, and the collapse of allied Armenian forces led to their downfall. Massively outnumbered, surrounded, undersupplied and cut off, the Assyrians suffered terrible massacres.
	By the summer of 1918 almost all surviving Assyrians had fled to Tehran or to existing Assyrian communities or refugee camps in Iraq such as Baqubah. Local Kurds, Arabs and Azeris took the opportunity of the last phases of World War I to rob Assyrian homes, murder civilians and leave those remaining destitute. The critical murder that sowed panic in the Assyrian community came when Kurdish militias, under Agha Ismail Simko, assassinated the Patriarch, Mar Benyamin Shimon XIX, on March 3, 1918, under the pretext of inviting him to negotiations, although the Assyrian leader Malik Khoshaba exacted revenge upon Simko by attacking and sacking his citadel, forcing the Kurdish leader to flee for his life.
	Most Assyrians in Iran are followers of the Assyrian Church of the East, with a minority of 3,900 following the Chaldean Catholic Church. Some also follow Protestant denominations such as the Assyrian Evangelical Church, Assyrian Pentecostal Church and possibly Russian Orthodoxy due to a Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Urmia during the 1900s.

= = = Huser = = =

	Huser (ヒューザー, "Human User Company") was a Japanese real estate agency (a developer) based in Ōta, Tokyo which developed and sold condominiums. Its founder and chairman was Susumu Ojima. Its capital was two hundred eight million yen (2005) and its sales were twelve billion four hundred million yen as of March 2004.

= = = Doctor of Professional Studies = = =

	The Doctor of Professional Studies (or sometimes awarded as Doctorate in Professional Practice) (most commonly DProf, but also available as ProfD and DPS) is a doctoral degree for experienced professionals who wish to undertake a programme that is applied in nature and of practical value to their career. The DProf is based on applied research of real world problems. The DProf has been available to graduate students in the United Kingdom since the 1980s. The first Doctor of Professional Studies program was started in 1972 at Pace University. Although some consider the Doctor of Professional Studies to have similar academic standards and regulations as the PhD, it has a more practical focus.
	The first professional doctoral program was established in 1972 by Pace University in the State of New York in the United States. Other universities (see #List of Schools Offering Doctor of Professional Studies Degrees) around the world now offer the professional doctoral degree. Doctoral studies researchers, Gill and Hoppe, have reported rapid growth in professional doctoral degree programs outside of the United States.
	In the United Kingdom, professional doctoral degrees became established in the 1980s, when it was recognized that high-level programs were needed that were designed for experienced professional practitioners rather than for academic researchers. Many professional doctoral degrees in the United Kingdom are profession-specific and contain a mix of taught modules, research and a dissertation. Several universities that offer professional doctoral degree programs in the United Kingdom allow students to study part-time. In 2005, Powell and Long found that most professional doctoral degrees awarded in the UK were in the fields of engineering, educational and clinical psychology. They found that professional doctoral degrees in business and nursing were also emerging at that time. In 2010, Brown and Cooke reported an "explosion" of professional doctorate programs in fields such as the arts, architecture and computer science. In 2016, the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) released a comprehensive study of professional doctorates which found substantial growth in these programs. Since 2012, the UK Council for Graduate Education (UKCGE) has sponsored a bi-annual conference devoted to the study of professional doctoral education and related programs.
	In the United States, the DPS was once considered by the United States Department of Education and the National Science Foundation (NSF) to be a research doctorate equivalent to the Ph.D. Along with the Doctor of Education, the Doctor of Social Science, the Doctor of Applied Science, and the Doctor of Library Science, the NSF no longer includes the DPS in its periodic Survey of Earned Doctorates (SEP) report, a statistical report on the number and range of research doctorates awarded in the United States. [See: https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/srvydoctorates/ and https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/sed/2012/start.cfm, Appendix Table a1]. The DPS was dropped from the report in 2005. In New York State, the Doctor of Professional Studies is an official degree title applicable to doctoral programs with a professional focus in a variety of disciplines.
	In a 2002 report, the Australian Department of Education, Science and Training (DEST), states "Doctoral education in Australia is currently under pressure to become more industry focused." Citing this report, Fink suggests "professional doctorates may be able to fulfill [the need to make doctoral education more industry focused] by developing and sustaining close collaboration between universities and industry. The Professional Doctorate (ProfDoc) can be seen as an alternative to the PhD because it can provide an opportunity for the business professional to gain a doctoral qualification, albeit in a different mode."
	In some respects the DProf is closer to the PhD than the longer-established modular doctorates, although it has important differences. While PhD theses typically make an original contribution to knowledge, the DProf is more concerned with making a significant contribution to practice: it requires high-level practical action, resulting for instance in significant change or development in an organization or community of practice. At some institutions, the DProf project is not a purely academic study and may not have to be a research project in the conventional sense. But, the dissertation must make a substantial contribution to the field and be reflective of advanced thinking. In this regard, the effort require to complete a Doctor of Professional Studies degree is at least equivalent to that required for a PhD.
	Specific degree characteristics vary by country and institution. In 2011, the UK's Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education published an overview of degree characteristics for all doctoral level degrees.

= = = Broye = = =

	The Broye () is a 68 km long river, in the cantons of Fribourg and Vaud, in Switzerland. It has a watershed area of 850 km².
	Its source is located in Semsales, in the Frigourgois/Vaudois Prealps, south-west of Bulle. It flows first south-west along the Frigourgois/Vaudois Prealps and turns north after 10 km. The direction of the river changes again near Moudon to the north-east. From Payerne, the Broye is running in a large and agricultural valley. The river flows into Lake Morat first, and then into Lake Neuchâtel through the "Broye canal" (French: "Canal de la Broye")

= = = The Guns of Brixton = = =

	"The Guns of Brixton" is a song by the English punk rock band The Clash. It was written and sung by bassist Paul Simonon, who grew up in Brixton, South London. The song has a strong reggae influence, reflecting the culture of the area and the reggae gangster film "The Harder They Come".
	"The Guns of Brixton" was the Clash's first song to be composed and sung by Paul Simonon. By the time of "London Calling", Simonon had learned to play guitar and started contributing more to the songwriting.
	The band, separated from manager Bernard Rhodes, had to leave their rehearsal studio in Camden Town and find another location. They began work on "London Calling" during the summer of 1979 at the Vanilla Studios in Pimlico. The band quickly wrote and recorded demos, and in August 1979 entered Wessex Studios to begin recording the album. Produced by Guy Stevens, who at the time had alcohol and drug problems and whose production methods were unconventional, it was recorded within a matter of weeks, with many songs, including "The Guns of Brixton", recorded in one or two takes. It was also revealed that while recording the lead vocals for the song, Simonon sang while staring directly at a CBS executive who had visited the studio during the sessions, giving Simonon the desired amount of emotion in his voice.
	A section of the song is sung by a very young Maria Gallagher, accompanied by her father Mick Gallagher on the keyboard, as a reprise at the end of the song "Broadway" on the 1980 Clash album "Sandinista!" 
	"The Guns of Brixton" predates the riots that took place in the 1980s in Brixton, but the lyrics depict the feelings of discontent in the area because of the heavy-handedness of the police, the recession and other problems at the time. The lyrics refer to a Brixton-born son of Jamaican immigrants who "feel[s] like Ivan...at the end of "The Harder they Come"", referring to Ivanhoe Martin's death in the 1972 film "The Harder They Come". Simonon was originally doubtful about the song's lyrics, which discuss an individual's paranoid outlook on life, but was encouraged to continue working on it by Joe Strummer.
	"The Guns of Brixton" was not initially released as a single, but a version of the song, taken from the remastered version of "London Calling" and remixed by Jeremy Healy, was released by CBS as a CD single, 7-inch vinyl and 12-inch vinyl entitled "Return to Brixton" in July 1990 (catalog number 656072-2). It reached #57 on the UK Singles Chart.
	"The Guns of Brixton" was a mainstay in the Clash's live set. When performing the song live, Simonon would switch instruments with Strummer because he was unable to play the bass line whilst singing lead vocals at the same time.
	A somewhat heavier, faster version than the one found on "London Calling" appeared on the 1999 live compilation "".
	Norman Cook (also known as Fatboy Slim) sampled the bass line for Beats International's 1990 song "Dub Be Good to Me", which became a #1 hit in the UK. Simonon, interviewed by Scott Rowley in October 1999 for "Bassist Magazine", said that he "was surprised that it became number one that was quite shocking. And the fact that it was my performance that they had lifted. The smart thing would've been to copy it and change it slightly, but they just lifted it straight off. So, really, I have done "Top of the Pops", but I met up with Norman [Cook] and we came to an arrangement which was much needed at the time. But I thought it was a really good idea and it was quite reassuring for that to happen to my first song."
	Cypress Hill sampled the baseline on "What's Your Number?" from the 2004 album "Till Death Do Us Part." The song also features Tim Armstrong on guitar.
	Jimmy Cliff covered the song on his 2011 "Sacred Fire EP", and 2012 album "Rebirth", produced by Armstrong. Will Hermes has called the cover "the sound of history circling in wondrous ways" because the song references Cliff's character Ivan from "The Harder They Come".
	Reverend and the Makers frontman Jon McClure stated that his band's song "Nostalgia" from the album "ThirtyTwo" was "my attempt at a modern 'Guns of Brixton'".
	Brix Smith Start (born Laura Salenger), a former member of the Fall and the ex-wife of Mark E. Smith, derived her name from the title of the song.

= = = Saeed Ahmed (cricketer) = = =

	Saeed Ahmed (), (born 1 October 1937) is a Pakistani preacher and former cricketer who is the member of Tablighi Jamaat. He played in 41 Test matches between 1958 and 1972. He was born in 1937 at Jalandhar in what was then British Punjab, part of British India and educated at Islamia College in Lahore. He played as a right-handed middle order batsman with a powerful drive and bowled off-breaks. He is the brother of Younis Ahmed.
	Saeed made his Test début on 17 January 1958 against the West Indies at Bridgetown. He made 65 in the second innings, at one stage partnering Hanif Mohammad who went on to make 337. Saeed finished the series with 508 runs. He went on to captain his side in three drawn Tests in 1968–69 but his career ended in controversial circumstances when he declared himself unfit for the third Test against Australia due to what he claimed was a back injury. In the previous Test he had been involved in a heated altercation with Dennis Lillee and the Pakistan management was sceptical about his injury. As a result Said was sent home for "indiscipline". He finished his career with five Test hundreds, making over 150 runs in three of them.

= = = Metroplaza = = =

	Metroplaza () is a shopping centre and office building officially opened in 1993. It is located in Kwai Fong, Hong Kong and is opposite to Kwai Fong Station of MTR. The mall is a shopping hub of adjacent areas of Kwai Fong, Lai King, Tsing Yi and Kwai Chung. While Metroplaza provides spacious shopping environment, another shopping centre Kwai Chung Plaza adjoining offers varieties of small shops. The mall is undergoing a major renovation as of January 2015.
	The mall is adjacent to Kwai Tsing Theatre.
	The two office towers, the Metroplaza Towers, are the tallest in the area of Kwai Fong and are therefore the landmarks of the area.

= = = Lawrencetown, County Down = = =

	Lawrencetown or Laurencetown is a small village in County Down, Northern Ireland. It sits on the River Bann, along the main road between the towns of Banbridge and Portadown. It is within the parish of Tullylish and covers the townlands of Knocknagore and Drumnascamph. In the 2001 Census it had a population of 629 people. In Irish, it is known as "Baile Labhráis".
	Lawrencetown House, close to the village, was built before 1834 and features a walled garden and extensive lawns stretching to the River Bann.
	Lawrencetown is classified as a small village or hamlet by the NI Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) (i.e. with population between 500 and 1,000 people). On Census day (29 April 2001) there were 629 people living in Lawrencetown. Of these:
	For more details see: NI Neighbourhood Information Service

= = = Giuseppe Pinot-Gallizio = = =

	Giuseppe Pinot-Gallizio (1902–1964) was an Italian painter, the formulator of industrial painting, and a founding member of the Situationist International. He was also a scholar of popular culture, archaeology, nomadism, and botany.
	Pinot-Gallizio was born in Alba, Piedmont, where he became an independent Left councilman and a chemist. In 1955, he met Asger Jorn, with whom he co-founded the Experimental Laboratory of the Imaginist Bauhaus in Alba, which was part of the International Movement for an Imaginist Bauhaus, in opposition to the return to productivism by others in the Bauhaus school, in particular Max Bill. It was held in Pinot-Gallizio's studio, a monastery from the seventeenth century, and was attended by such artists as Enrico Baj who experimented with nuclear painting techniques, Walter Olmo, who experimented with musical interventions, Ettore Sottsass, Elena Verrone, and Piero Simondo.
	Pinot-Gallizio drew from his background as a chemist in developing new painting techniques. In 1956 he, along with Jorn, organized the First World Congress of Free Artists, at which a representative from the Lettrist International spoke, foreshadowing the foundation of the Situationist International in 1957 by members of both groups, including Pinot-Gallizio. At this conference the Italian artists withdrew from the Laboratory, and after the formation of the SI only Pinot-Gallizio and his son, Giors Melanotte, remained. He helped to make the SI known in the art world with an exhibition in Paris in 1959.
	He left the SI in 1960 as it became focused on political, rather than artistic, action. He died in Alba in 1964, and the laboratory continued its work until his death.
	Many of Pinot-Gallizio's works were industrial paintings. Rather than a small image to be interpreted, these huge canvases were intended to cover a large area. The first of these was the cavern of anti-matter, prepared in 1957 after the formation of the SI. It was composed of 145 meter canvases which were painted by hand or with the aid of spray guns and machines using resins invented by Pinot-Gallizio himself. It was displayed at the Galerie René Drouin in 1959, draped around the gallery and sold by the meter.

= = = David P. DeVenney = = =

	Dr. David P. DeVenney is professor of music and director of choral activities at the West Chester University School of Music. DeVenney holds a B.M. from Iowa State University, an M.M. from the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and a D.M.A. from the University of Cincinnati – College-Conservatory of Music in conducting. At West Chester, he conducts the Women's Chorus, Men's Chorus and the Concert Choir, in addition to teaching conducting and guiding the graduate choral conducting program.
	DeVenney has published numerous books and articles on music and serves as General Editor of the "Research Memorandum Series" published by Chorus America. The "Choral Journal" has called Dr. DeVenney "one of the most industrious scholars on the current scene," while MLA Notes has labeled his contributions to the study of American choral music "a significant achievement." He was given the Dean's award for artistic excellence in 2003 and in 2006 was named Distinguished Music Alumnus at Iowa State University; he has several times been named Outstanding Teacher by the WCU Honors College.

= = = Jim Snyder (coach) = = =

	James E. Snyder (June 29, 1919 – April 27, 1994) was head coach of the Ohio Bobcats men's basketball team for 26 years (1949–1974). He amassed 20 winning seasons and led his teams to 7 NCAA Tournament appearances (1960, 1961, 1964, 1965, 1970, 1972, and 1974) and one National Invitation Tournament appearance (1969). Snyder's teams compiled a 355-255 record, good for a .581 winning percentage. He was also an Ohio graduate (Class of 1941), and was a football and basketball star as an undergraduate in the late 1930s and early 1940s. One of his most memorable wins came against the University of Kentucky in the 1964 NCAA tournament, advancing the Ohio Bobcats to the Elite 8. One interesting aspect of this game was that Ohio had an integrated team while Kentucky had one of its last all white teams. Snyder was widely admired throughout the college basketball coaching fraternity as being a coach with great integrity and an engaging personality; he was often referred to as "Gentleman Jim."

= = = Hop-tu-Naa = = =

	Hop-tu-Naa is a Celtic festival celebrated in the Isle of Man on 31 October. It is the celebration of the traditional Celtic festival of Samhain, the start of winter (). (The lenited form of the genitive singular of "Samhain" is "Shamhna".) It is thought to be the oldest unbroken tradition in the Isle of Man.
	Hop-tu-Naa is a continuation of the Manx "Oie Houiney", which is exactly the same as the Irish "Oíche Shamhna" and which was pronounced the same (though not in revived Manx). The exact status of Oíche Shamhna and its role in the Celtic calendar has been a matter of debate. Oíche Shamhna eventually mutated into Halloween in northern England and in Ireland, it was carried to America by Irish immigrants and developed into the modern Halloween. 
	The term "Hop-tu-naa" comes from a Manx Gaelic song traditionally sung during the festival which included the nonsense Hop-tu-naa as a refrain; such nonsense rhymes are common theme in Irish and Scottish Gaelic music.
	On the Isle of Man today, many groups of people continue the tradition of singing Hop-tu-Naa songs "around the houses" (which traditionally referred to waits going around visiting houses, especially those of the wealthy, and soliciting gifts; beggars going "around the houses" are featured in The Deemster) with turnip lanterns. In addition to this, many public Hop-tu-Naa events take place across the Isle of Man each year, most of which today include competitions for artistically carving turnips and the singing of traditional songs. As well as the many events run within local communities, the National Folk Museum at Cregneash hosts an event to teach the traditional Hop-tu-Naa song and to help people to carve turnips.
	At the modern Hop-tu-Naa, children dress up and go from house to house hoping to be given sweets or money, as elsewhere. The children carry carved "turnip" lanterns (which are known as "moots" by the Manx) and sing Hop-tu-Naa songs. There are regional varieties of how turnips should be carved for Hop-tu-Naa, with variations focusing on which way up the turnip is and the nature of the decorations. It is believed that turnip-lanterns do not date earlier than the start of the 19th century, as the vegetable had only been introduced at the end of the previous century. In the past children would bring the stumps of turnips with them and batter the doors of those who refused to give them any money, in an ancient form of trick or treat. This practice appears to have died out.
	A hop-tu-naa dance was collected by both Mona Douglas and Leighton Stowell. It was believed to have been danced through the streets on Hop-tu-Naa night by couples carrying their turnip-lanterns. It is a simple procession dance for pairs of dancers which involves the Manx reel step and a combination of arches only. This dance is taught in many schools on the Isle of Man during October each year, and it is danced at many of the Hop-tu-Naa events across the island.
	Some of the older customs are similar to those now attached to the January New Year. It was a time for prophesying, weather prediction and fortune-telling. Last thing at night, the ashes of a fire were smoothed out on the hearth to receive the imprint of a foot. If, next morning, the track pointed towards the door, someone in the house would die, but if the footprint pointed inward, it indicated a birth.
	A cake was made which was called Soddag Valloo or Dumb Cake, because it was made and eaten in silence. Young women and girls all had a hand in baking it on the red embers of the hearth, first helping to mix the ingredients (flour, eggs, eggshells, soot and salt) and kneading the dough. The cake was divided up and eaten in silence and, still without speaking, all who had eaten it went to bed, walking backwards, expecting and hoping to see their future husband in a dream or vision. The future husband was expected to appear in the dream and offer a drink of water.
	Other means of divination was to steal a salt herring from a neighbour, roast it over the fire, eat it in silence and retire to bed; or to hold a mouthful of water in your mouth and a pinch of salt in each hand as you listen to a neighbour's conversation, whereupon the first name mentioned would be that of your future spouse.
	Traditional food for Hop-tu-Naa includes "mrastyr": potatoes, parsnips and fish mashed up with butter. Any leftovers from this evening meal would be left out with crocks of fresh water for the fairies. Toffee would also be made, with just sugar and water, as a communal activity on the evening of Hop-tu-Naa.
	Different versions of Hop-tu-naa songs were sung in different areas of the island.
	"Jinnie the Witch" is a modern Manx English song, which was sung around the Douglas area.
	According to Hampton Creer, Jinny's real name was Joney Lowney. She lived in Braddan and was tried at Bishop's Court for witchcraft in 1715 and 1716. Her greatest "crime" was stopping the Ballaughton Corn Mill. She was sentenced to 14 days' imprisonment, fined £3 and made to stand at the four market crosses dressed in sackcloth.
	The modern song goes as follows :
	In the west of the island a longer version was sung, which is more closely related to the Manx version.
	The following version dates from the 1930s – a similar version is recorded in "A Vocabulary of the Anglo-Manx Dialect" by A. W. Moore, Sophia Morrison and Edmund Goodwin (1924):
	The 1970s southern version from Castletown includes the mention of the Witches Mill, the Smelt Monument and the Old House of Keys:
	When lights were turned out and no sweets were given, there was a further chorus:
	New songs for Hop-tu-Naa continue to be created, the most notable of which was written by Scaanjoon in 2015, having been commissioned by Culture Vannin. This has been taken up by the Manx traditional music youth group, Bree, as a part of their repertoire.

= = = Ballad of the Broken Seas = = =

	Ballad of the Broken Seas is an album released by Isobel Campbell and the first collaboration between her and Mark Lanegan. It made the shortlist for the 2006 Mercury Music Prize and was one of NME's top one hundred albums of the decade. 
	The Mercury nomination provoked some criticism, as collaborator Mark Lanegan is American and the award is for British and Irish artists only. However Campbell wrote most of the tracks and self-produced the album. Campbell had written the music and some of the lyrics, before sending it to Lanegan.
	All songs written by Isobel Campbell except where stated

= = = Coleophoridae = = =

	The Coleophoridae are a family of small moths, belonging to the huge superfamily Gelechioidea. Collectively known as case-bearers, casebearing moths or case moths, this family is represented on all continents, but the majority are found in temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere. They are most common in the Palearctic, and rare in sub-Saharan Africa, South America, and Australia; consequently, they probably originated (like most or all other Gelechioidea families) in northern Eurasia. They are relatively common in houses, they seek out moist areas to rest and procreate.
	These "micromoths" are generally of slender build, and like in many of their relatives, the margins of their wings usually consist of a "fringe" of hairs. The tiny caterpillar larvae initially feed internally on the leaves, flowers, or seeds of their host plants. When they emerge to feed externally, they usually construct a protective silken case, discarded and built anew as they grow and molt. The common names of the Coleophoridae refer to this habit.
	The bagworm moths (Psychidae), which also belong to the primitive Ditrysia (although to superfamily Tineoidea, not Gelechioidea), build similar cases as larvae. As opposed to these, though, the case-bearer females leave their cases to pupate and have normally developed wings as adults, instead of being neotenous as female bagworms usually are.
	About 95% of the over 1,000 described species have been placed in the "wastebin genus" "Coleophora". Many proposals have been made to split smaller genera from "Coleophora", but few have been accepted, due to the uncertainties about which species are closest to the type species of "Coleophora" – "C. anatipennella" – and thus would remain in the genus.
	Regarding the family's circumscription versus other Gelechioidea, it is by now far less disputed than usual for this superfamily. The Blastobasidae, Momphidae (mompha moths), Pterolonchidae, and Symmocidae have formerly been included in the Coleophoridae as subfamilies, but are more often considered separate families today. With the internal relationships of Coleophoridae genera (as far as they are widely accepted) and species essentially unresolved due to the classification problems mentioned above, no subfamilies or tribes are accepted in the family for the time being.
	Genera of case-bearers at least provisionally accepted by recent authors include:
	See also for comparison of some approaches to gelechioid systematics and taxonomy.

= = = Danny Nee = = =

	Daniel Hugh Nee (born June 18, 1945) is an American basketball coach. He served as the head men's basketball coach at Ohio University from 1980 to 1986, the University of Nebraska–Lincoln from 1986 to 2000, Robert Morris University in 2000–01, Duquesne University from 2001 to 2006, and the United States Merchant Marine Academy from 2010 to 2014, compiling a career college basketball coaching record of 461–433.
	Born Daniel Hugh Nee, Danny Nee grew up in his native Brooklyn, New York. His father Patrick immigrated to the U.S. from Ireland. "Rough is what I grew up knowing, and it's what I still know," said Nee in an interview with "Sports Illustrated" in 1991.
	Nee played high school basketball at Power Memorial Academy alongside future NBA Hall of Famer Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. After his junior year in 1963, Nee was expelled from Power Memorial for participating in a gang fight.
	For his senior year, Nee transferred to Fort Hamilton High School and was recruited to Marquette University by Al McGuire. Nee was captain of the freshman team but dropped out of Marquette after one year. In 1967, Nee enlisted in the United States Marine Corps. With the Marines, Nee served in the Vietnam War and was honorably discharged in 1968.
	Resuming his college education in the U.S., Nee earned a bachelor's degree in English and physical education from St. Mary of the Plains College in 1971 and an M.S. in physical education from Kansas State University in 1972, his master's thesis being titled "Intramural programs in the Big Eight universities".
	After earning his degrees, Nee coached high school basketball in New Jersey, first at Red Bank Regional High School from 1972 to 1973 and Brick Township High School from 1973 to 1976 before being recruited as an assistant at Notre Dame by Digger Phelps, where he would coach until hired by Ohio to his first collegiate head coaching appointment.
	Nee served as head coach of the Ohio Bobcats men's basketball team for seven years (1980–1986), where he helped rebuild the program which had suffered through several losing seasons, and led the team to two MAC Tournament titles (1983 and 1985), two NCAA Tournament appearances (1983 and 1985), and one National Invitation Tournament appearance (1986). Ohio University Hall of Fame.
	Following Nee's tenure at Ohio, he became the coach of the Nebraska Cornhuskers from 1986 to 2000. Nee took a historically lackluster Husker program to the next level, leading Nebraska to five NCAA Tournament appearances from 1991–1994 and in 1998. They won the Big Eight Tournament Championship in 1994. His 1996 squad won the NIT Championship.
	On March 13, 2000, athletic director Bill Byrne fired Nee with three years left on Nee's contract. Nee has since been inducted into the Hall of Fame at the University of Nebraska and still holds the record for most wins in school history.
	After Nebraska, Nee went to Robert Morris University for the 2000-2001 season. In the spring of 2001, he was named head coach of Duquesne University's Duquesne Dukes. Nee officially resigned as head coach after the season's final game on March 4, 2006.
	Nee spent the next two years as a scout for the NBA's Utah Jazz. In September 2008, Nee joined Fred Hill's staff at Rutgers University as Director of Player Development.
	In July 2009, Towson University hired Nee as an assistant coach on Pat Kennedy's staff.
	On October 4, 2010, the United States Merchant Marine Academy named Nee its head men's basketball coach. The Mariners compiled a 52–51 overall record, 28-28 in the Landmark Conference, in Nee's four seasons at the Academy.
	In 2015, Nee joined the staff at Gateway High School in Monroeville, Pennsylvania as an assistant coach. The same year, he also became head coach of the Basketball Stars of America AAU club.
	Nebraska was awarded a forfeit victory over Texas Tech during the 1996–97 season. Nebraska originally lost that game, 87–74. This game is not reflected in the totals below. Duquesne was awarded a forfeit victory over St. Bonaventure during the 2002–03 season. Duquesne originally lost that game, 86–78. This game is not reflected in the totals below.

= = = Benson &amp; Hedges Challenge = = =

	The Benson and Hedges Challenge (also known as "The Perth Challenge" or simply "Perth Challenge" by non-commercial broadcasters such as ABC Local Radio) was a one-off one-day international cricket tournament played at the WACA Ground in Perth, Western Australia from 30 December 1986 to 7 January 1987 as part of the 1987 America's Cup Festival of Sport.
	The tournament was won by England who defeated Pakistan by 5 wickets in the final. The West Indies and host nation Australia also took part.
	This tournament saw the first matches played under floodlights at the WACA Ground with four of the seven matches being day/night games. In addition, the pitch square had been relaid prior to the 1985-86 season and had a full year to settle. The seating areas had been redeveloped with concourse seating installed and a new two-tier grandstand was under construction at the Swan River end of the ground. 
	The team uniforms for the tournament were based on the official shirts for the 1986-87 America's Cup being held concurrently in Fremantle. Each team's main colour made up the bottom half of the shirt, their secondary colour made up the top half and a white stripe surrounded the shirt over the chest. The official logo of the tournament was based on a 12-metre class yacht with a white cricket ball half doubling as the spinnaker.
	Prize money for the tournament was $3,000 for winning and $1,500 for losing in the group stage, $10,000 for finishing runners-up and $20,000 for winning the tournament, making a total of $61,000.
	Television coverage was provided by the Nine Network, while commercial free radio broadcasts were provided by ABC Local Radio.
	Allan Border (captain), Glenn Bishop, David Boon, Simon Davis, Dean Jones, Craig McDermott, Ken MacLeay, Geoff Marsh, Greg Matthews, Simon O'Donnell, Bruce Reid, Steve Waugh, Mike Whitney, Tim Zoehrer
	Mike Gatting (captain), Bill Athey, Ian Botham, Chris Broad, Phillip DeFreitas, Graham Dilley, Phil Edmonds, John Emburey, Neil Foster, David Gower, Allan Lamb, Jack Richards, Gladstone Small
	Imran Khan (captain), Asif Mujtaba, Ijaz Ahmed, Javed Miandad, Manzoor Elahi, Mudassar Nazar, Qasim Omar, Rameez Raja, Saleem Jaffar, Saleem Yousuf, Shoaib Mohammad, Wasim Akram
	Viv Richards (captain), Winston Benjamin, Jeff Dujon, Joel Garner, Larry Gomes, Tony Gray, Gordon Greenidge, Roger Harper, Desmond Haynes, Michael Holding, Gus Logie, Malcolm Marshall, Richie Richardson, Courtney Walsh
	All matches played at WACA Ground, Perth. For full scorecards, follow this link 
	Javed Miandad was named by Rod Marsh as the Benson and Hedges Challenge Champion (the name given to the Player of the Match in the Final) and was awarded an 18ct gold Longines Conquest watch, then valued at $15 000.
	The Challenge was England's second tournament victory of the 1986-87 Australian summer. They had retained The Ashes at the Melbourne Cricket Ground on 28 December 1986 and would go on to win the Benson and Hedges World Series Cup against Australia and the West Indies.

= = = List of sports team names and mascots derived from indigenous peoples = = =

	While the history of colonization and marginalization is not unique to the Americas, the practice of deriving sports team names, imagery, and mascots from indigenous peoples of North America is a significant phenomenon in the United States and Canada. The popularity of the American Indian in global culture has led to a number of teams in Europe also adopting team names derived from Native Americans. In Asia, Africa, Australia and South America, the adoption of indigenous names generally indicates that the team members are themselves indigenous. While there are team names in North America derived from other ethnic groups, such as the Boston Celtics, the New York Yankees, the Notre Dame Fighting Irish and the Minnesota Vikings, these are names selected by immigrant/settler groups to represent themselves. 
	The rise of indigenous rights movements has led to controversy regarding the continuation of practices rooted in colonialism. Such practices maintain the power relationship between the dominant culture and the indigenous culture, and can be seen as a form of cultural imperialism. Such practices are seen as particularly harmful in schools and universities, which have the a stated purpose of promoting ethnic diversity and inclusion. In recognition of the responsibility of higher education to eliminate behaviors that creates a hostile environment for education, in 2005 the NCAA initiated a policy against "hostile and abusive" names and mascots that led to the change of many derived from Native American culture, with the exception of those that established an agreement with particular tribes for the use of their specific names. Other schools retain their names because they were founded for the education of Native Americans, and continue to have a significant number of indigenous students. 
	The trend towards the elimination of indigenous names and mascots in local schools has been steady, with two thirds having been eliminated over the past 50 years according to the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI). In a few states with significant Native American populations, change has been mandated by law, such in Wisconsin, Oregon, and Washington.
	Little League International has updated its 2019 rulebook to include a statement prohibiting "the use of team names, mascots, nicknames or logos that are racially insensitive, derogatory or discriminatory in nature." This decision has been applauded by the National Congress of American Indians.
	Belgium
	Brazil
	Chile
	Mexico
	Paraguay
	South Africa
	All of these teams are composed of Indigenous Australians
	A Minor league team in Innisfail, Alberta, the "Indians", has made a decision to become the "Trappers".
	Affiliates of the Atlanta Braves:
	Affiliate of the Pittsburgh Pirates:
	Affiliate of the Texas Rangers:
	All three existing National Basketball Association teams that previously used indigenous imagery have stopped doing so. (See Prior usage list below).
	Many professional teams changed because they moved to another city, or went out of business ("Defunct" in table below).

= = = WrestleMania (disambiguation) = = =

	WrestleMania is the annual flagship professional wrestling pay-per-view event of the World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE).
	WrestleMania may also refer to:
	In video games:
	In albums:
	In television:

= = = List of Brazilian actors = = =

	This is a list of Brazilian actors.

= = = Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography = = =

	This Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography consolidates numerous references to Charles Sanders Peirce's writings, including letters, manuscripts, publications, and . For an extensive chronological list of Peirce's works (titled in English), see the (Chronological Overview) on the (Writings) page for Charles Sanders Peirce.
	Click on abbreviation in order to jump down this page to the relevant edition information. Click on the abbreviation appearing with that edition information in order to return here.
	Main editions (posthumous)
	Other
	Other bibliographies of primary literature
	Collected Papers (CP)
	The Writings or the Chronological Edition (W)
	Contributions to "The Nation" (CN or N)
	New Elements of Mathematics (NEM or NE)
	Some online sources incorrectly list the ISBNs of these volumes, for example, sometimes interchanging those of volumes II and III(1/2).
	Review PDF by Arthur W. Burks in the "Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society", vol. 84, no. 5, Sept. 1978.
	Historical Perspectives on Peirce's Logic of Science (HP)
	Semiotic and Significs (SS or PW)
	Essential Peirce (EP)
	Philosophy of Mathematics (PMSW)
	On British Logicians (the 1869–1870 Harvard lectures)
	Reasoning and the Logic of Things (RLT) (The 1898 Lectures in Cambridge, MA)
	Lectures on Pragmatism (LOP) and Pragmatism as a Principle and Method of Right Thinking (PPM) (the 1903 Harvard lectures)
	Topics of Logic (the 1903 Lowell lectures and syllabus)
	Chance, Love, and Logic: Philosophical Essays (CLL)
	Philosophical Writings of Peirce (PWP)
	Charles S. Peirce's letters to Lady Welby 
	Essays in the Philosophy of Science 
	Selected Writings (SW)
	Charles S. Peirce: The Essential Writings 
	Peirce on Signs: Writings on Semiotic (PSWS)
	The Logic of Interdisciplinarity: The Monist-series (LI)
	Peirce, C. S. (2009), "Charles S. Peirce. The Logic of Interdisciplinarity: The Monist-series", Elize Bisanz, editor. Berlin: Akademie Verlag (now de Gruyter), 2009, 455 pp. Print (). Electronic (). In some places the title is ordered differently, the phrase "The Logic of Interdisciplinarity" coming first. German publication of Peirce's works in English. Bisanz's introduction may be in German. Includes "a short biography" by Kenneth Laine Ketner of Peirce actually entitled "Charles Sanders Peirce: Interdisciplinary Scientist" which includes the entire text of Peirce's 1904 manuscript of his intellectual autobiography. Publisher's catalog page (in German). Announcement of the book with table of contents, Google-translated into English, and in the original German (T.O.C. still in English].
	This list includes mainly published philosophical and logical works of some note. Papers by Peirce in many fields were published and he wrote over 300 reviews for "The Nation". Sometimes an article below is shown after a special series, but was published during the series. Also note a complicating fact of Peirce scholarship, that Peirce sometimes made significant later corrections, modifications, and comments, for which one needs to consult such works as CP, W, EP, and the (online) " Dictionary of Peirce's Terms".
	NB: Links in this section embedded in page numbers and edition numbers are through "Google Book Search". Users outside the US may not yet be able to gain full access to those linked editions. The other links such as to PEP and "Arisbe" do not go to "Google Book Search". "Internet Archive" links generally go to book's relevant page; once there, click on book's title at pane's top for other formats (pdf, plaintext, and so forth; unfortunately, "Internet Archive" fails to inform reader about that).
	Publishers of journals with multiple articles by Peirce (when not too varied in name or fact):
	Articles
	The "Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society", quarterly since spring 1965, contains many Peirce-related articles, most of them "not" listed anywhere below, and their Website has a grand table of contents for all issues (T.O.C.).
	"Classics in the History of Psychology" (Christopher D. Green) has A-O viewable in HTML format (Eprint), with indexes of words linked to their definitions. Listed and linked below are Peirce's entries in A-O. Entries shown here without attribution are Peirce's. Mixed attributions are shown here. Boldfaces and parentheses in definition titles are as in the original. Present article's annotations in brackets. Each link is to the relevant page in Christopher D. Green's online HTML version. Peirce also wrote definitions in P-Z, for instance much of the definition of "", much of that of "Predication", the whole "Matter and Form" (over 4,060 words), and the long main entry on "Uniformity".

= = = Larry Hunter = = =

	Larry Hunter (August 8, 1949 – May 4, 2018) was an American former college basketball coach. He served as the head basketball coach at Wittenberg University from 1976 to 1989, Ohio University from 1989 to 2001, and Western Carolina University from 2005 to 2018, compiling a career college basketball coaching record of 702–453. As head coach of the Ohio Bobcats men's basketball team from 1989 to 2001, he had a record of 204–148. His Bobcats teams made one NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament appearance in 1994, an NIT appearance in 1995, and won the Preseason NIT in 1994. Despite his winning record and being second on Ohios' all-time wins list with only two losing seasons, he was fired in 2001. Hunter also played at Ohio University from 1970 to 1971.
	Ohio hired its alumnus away from Wittenberg University in Springfield, Ohio. Hunter was the head coach at Wittenberg for 13 seasons, leading the Tigers to the program's second NCAA Division III Men's Basketball Tournament championship, in 1977, and garnered NABC Division III National Coach of the Year the same year. He was the first coach in NCAA history to win a national championship in his first season at a school. In total, Hunter won six regular season Ohio Athletic Conference championships and six Ohio Athletic Conference Tournament championships during his tenure at Wittenberg. Before moving to Western Carolina University, he was an assistant coach and an associate head coach under Herb Sendek at North Carolina State University. On March 4, 2018, Hunter announced that he was stepping down as coach of Western Carolina.
	Less than two months after he stepped down at Western Carolina, he suffered a stroke and was sent to a hospital in Cary, North Carolina, where he died less than a week later.

= = = Progress (Rx Bandits album) = = =

	Progress is an album released by Rx Bandits on July 17, 2001 through Drive-Thru Records.
	The LP was originally titled "Artificial Intelligence and the Fall of Technology".
	The album was recorded during a tumultuous time in the band's lineup. Several members had left the band after the recording of "Halfway between Here and There", though former saxophonist Noah Gaffney contributed on the song "Anyone But You." Gaffney's position was eventually filled by saxophonist Steve Borth, formerly of East Bay ska-punk band Link 80.
	After the departure of James Salamone on bass, the band had many temporary replacements, including Johnny Tsagakis, drummer Chris Tsagakis' younger brother. Joe Troy, a longtime friend of Embree who helped write the song "What If?", eventually joined the band as a permanent bass player.
	Steve Choi, formerly of The Chinkees, also became a full member playing guitar and keyboards. Choi had also played keyboards on the demos that the band made for "Progress", but when it came time to record, they decided to have Rich Zahniser of The Hippos play on the album, because at the time he was touring with the band. Former Jeffries Fan Club trombonist Chris Colonnier also played with the band at times in the same role as Zahniser. Progress was ranked #207 on the greatest albums in 2001.
	Shortly after the release of "Progress", Chris Sheets joined as a second trombone player. Not long after that, Rich Balling quit the band.
	The album spawned the band's first music video for the song "Analog Boy." The band wouldn't make a second music video for another 5 years, until the title track of 2006's "...And the Battle Begun".
	All songs written by Matt Embree, except where noted.

= = = Three Rivers Academy Sixth Form College = = =

	Three Rivers Academy Sixth Form College is a Sixth Form College located in Walton-on-Thames, in the Elmbridge district of Surrey. Three Rivers Academy Sixth Form college is part of Three Rivers Academy.
	Three Rivers Academy Sixth Form College's annual Rag Week is a highlight of the school calendar.
	In mid-2010, the College spent £100,000 to renovate the upstairs of the Sixth Form Block.

= = = Act on Temporary Measures concerning University Management = = =

	The Law for Temporary Measures concerning University Management (大学の運営に関する臨時措置法, "Daigaku no Un'ei ni Kansuru Rinjisochihō") of Japan was passed as Law No. 70 on August 7, 1969. It specified urgent measures to normalize management of universities disrupted by student activism. The law was repealed in 2001.

= = = Lettershandoney = = =

	Lettershandoney or Lettershendony ( or "Leitir Seandomhnaigh" meaning "hillside of the old church") is a small village and townland in County Londonderry, Northern Ireland, six miles to the southeast of Derry and three miles east of Drumahoe. In the 2001 census it had a population of 506 people. It is situated within Derry and Strabane district.
	Lettershandoney has ten recorded spellings of its name, dating back to 1613.
	In 2009 Lettershandoney and District Development Group carried out a community audit, highlighting the problems of the Lettershandoney Estate, the main housing area of the village, in terms of high unemployment, poverty and ill health, vandalism and alcohol and drug abuse, as well as lack of community facilities. In August 2011, a Lettershandoney Strategic Vision and Action Plan was produced by consultants on behalf of ARC (Assisting Rural Communities) north west. The resulting village plan aims to enhance community facilities and services, as well as environmental quality and transport, while protecting the character of the village. The village has some 150 houses and a primary school.
	Lettershandoney is classified as a small village or hamlet by the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) (i.e. with population between 500 and 1,000 people). On census day (29 April 2011) there were 506 people living in Lettershandoney. Of these:

= = = Mengler Hill = = =

	Mengler Hill (formerly Mengler's Hill) is a hill and popular lookout in the Barossa Range, South Australia. The hill was named after an early wine grower in the area. The Barossa Sculpture Park is sited at the base of the lookout area. The road route from Tanunda to Angaston crosses Mengler Hill.

= = = Nasim-ul-Ghani = = =

	Nasim-ul-Ghani (born 14 May 1941) is a former Pakistani cricketer who played in 29 Test matches and one One Day International between 1958 and 1973. At the time of his debut, aged 16 years, he was the world's youngest Test player.
	He became the first nightwatchman to score a century when he hit 101 against England at Lord's in 1962. This was his only century in Test cricket, and it was also the first century by a Pakistani in England.
	A slow left-arm bowler, Nasim-ul-Ghani is the youngest person to take five wickets in a Test innings. He was aged 16 years 303 days when he took 5 for 116 against West Indies in 1958.
	Nasim later played Minor County cricket for Staffordshire from 1969 to 1978.
	He has served as national selector and as an ICC Match Referee in two Test Matches and 9 ODIs.

= = = Tim O'Shea = = =

	Tim O'Shea (born January 13, 1962) is an American college basketball coach, most recently the head coach of the men's basketball team at Bryant University. He was previously the head coach at Ohio University.
	Born in Woodbury, New Jersey, O'Shea earned All-America accolades while playing at Wayland High School in Wayland, Massachusetts. He played college basketball at Boston College from 1980-84 under Gary Williams. During his time at BC, O'Shea and the Eagles won two Big East regular-season titles. O'Shea also earned four postseason tournament berths during his career, with BC advancing twice to the NCAA Tournament Sweet Sixteen and once to the Elite Eight.
	O'Shea earned a bachelor's degree in communications with a minor in English from Boston College in 1984, then added a master's degree in counseling/psychology from BC two years later.
	Upon graduation from Boston College, O'Shea became a graduate assistant at Rhode Island for the 1984-85 season before returning to The Heights as a grad assistant at BC from 1985-86. After a two-year stint as an assistant at Yale, O'Shea returned to URI, joining Al Skinner's staff, where he stayed for nine seasons. While on the Rams staff, O'Shea was a part of two NCAA Tournament bids along with two NIT bids. He is credited with recruiting Cuttino Mobley among others to URI. O'Shea followed Skinner and returned to his alma mater once again after Skinner accepted the Boston College job in 1997. He remained on the staff until 2001, when he landed his first head coaching gig at Ohio, just a year after the Eagles won both the Big East regular season and tournament titles, finishing with a 27–5 record and earning three-seed in the NCAA Tournament.
	In his first season in charge of the Bobcats, O'Shea guided the team to a 17–11 record, including wins overDePaul and North Carolina. A year later, O'Shea and Ohio posted a 14–16 record, with the season highlighted by a victory over Virginia.
	Following the 2002–03 season, forward Brandon Hunter became the first Bobcat selected in the NBA Draft since 1995 when the Boston Celtics selected him in the second round. A year later, after losing Hunter, sixth-man Sonny Johnson and three-point shooter Steve Esterkamp, the 2003–04 Bobcats slipped to a 10–20 record, but bounced back in 2004–05, posting a 21–11 record en route to the NCAA Tournament.
	The 2004–05 Bobcats captured significant non-conference victories against San Francisco, Butler and Detroit, then won 11 of their last 15 contests down the stretch. O'Shea won the MAC Tournament but their run ended in the first round of the NCAA Tournament against Florida, falling 67–62, overcoming a 20-point second-half deficit, but coming up just short.
	With expectations high in 2005–06, O'Shea and Ohio compiled 19 victories before falling to eventual league champion Kent State in the MAC Tournament semifinals. The Bobcats registered victories at Marist, Rhode Island and Toledo, against Akron and Samford at home, and took 18th-ranked Kentucky to the wire in Cincinnati, Ohio.
	From 2003 until O'Shea's departure in 2008, Ohio would have five-straight winning seasons with at least 19 wins each season. O'Shea was 120–95 in eight seasons in charge.
	O'Shea returned to his New England roots when he signed an eight-year contract to take over the head coaching duties at Bryant as the school transitioned to a full Division I member of the Northeast Conference. The Bulldogs broke through in the Bulldogs' first season of full Division I eligibility in 2012-13, winning 19 games and hosting a game in the College Basketball Invitational. 
	Bryant went 16-15 the following season with an NEC semifinal appearance, but the Bulldogs failed to make the NEC Tournament in two of O'Shea's final three seasons at the helm, including an injury-plagued 2017-18 campaign in which Bryant's four leading scorers made a total of four starts together, all in the month of November.
	On February 12, 2018, O'Shea announced his retirement from Bryant, effectively at the end of the 2017–18 season.

= = = Yeshivah Centre, Sydney = = =

	The Yeshiva College, also known as the Harry O. Triguboff Centre, is a Hasidic Jewish synagogue, learning centre, and library of the Chabad-Lubavitch nusach, located at 36 Flood Street, in the Sydney suburb of Bondi, New South Wales, Australia. The Centre runs various adult and child-based educational programs.
	The centre was established in 1956 by Abraham Rabinovitch and others. The leaders from 1956 to 1968 were Rabbi G. Hertz and Rabbi C. E. Barzel. In 1968 the Yeshiva's board of trustees appointed Rabbi Pinchus Feldman to lead its synagogue and to assist with expanding its small ultra-orthodox Jewish day school.
	Our Big Kitchen, a charity established by Yeshiva Sydney in 2005, operates from the Yeshiva.
	In February 2015 the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse heard Rabbi Yossi Feldman testify, where he stated that he "was not aware it was illegal to touch a child's genitals". Feldman told the Commission that he did not find it necessary for victims to report sexual abuse to the police if offences took place decades prior. He proposed that the law be lenient on sexual predators who had not committed any sexual abuse for two decades if they had repented. His comments outraged the Australian Jewish community, and victims of sexual harassment called for him to stand down. Rabbi Yossi Feldman stood down from his administrative positions at the Yeshiva Centre.
	Due to their negligent handling of sex abuse in the Centre, survivor advocate, Manny Waks, placed the centre on his wall of shame.
	The Royal Commission issued a case study on Yeshiva educational facilities in Sydney and Melbourne. The Commission reported that:
	The Yeshiva Gedolah Rabbinical College, like other Chabad Yeshivot Gedolot, provides education and training to young men seeking ordination as rabbis. Established in 1986 by the Yeshiva Centre, it forms part of the Tomchei Temimim Yeshiva network. Rabbi Boruch Lesches served as its Rosh Yeshiva and Mashpia for almost twenty years. He has since left Sydney, and is currently serving as the rabbi of the Chabad-Lubavitch shul in Monsey, New York, which also contains a Yeshiva that is part of the Tomchei Temimim network.
	The Yeshiva Gedolah was administered by Rabbi Yossi Feldman, a son of the Chabad Emissary for New South Wales, Head Rabbi and spiritual leader for Chabad-Lubavitch, New South Wales, Pinchus Feldman, until February 2015 when, following Rabbi Yossi Feldman's evidence to the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse, the NSW Jewish Board of Deputies labelled his views repugnant and declared him to be "unfit to hold any position of authority or leadership in the Jewish community".
	Yeshiva College was a Jewish day school, established by the Yeshiva Centre in 1956. From 1968 to 2003 it was headed by Rabbi Pinchus Feldman. After financial difficulty, in late 2003 the Feldman family ceded control over the school to philanthropist Meir Moss for 1. The school later rebranded as Kesser Torah. In 2007 the Yeshiva opened a new school called Cheder Chabad Lubavitch, later renamed Yeshiva College Bondi Ltd.

= = = Ayds = = =

	Ayds (pronounced as "aids") Reducing Plan Candy was an appetite-suppressant candy that enjoyed strong sales in the 1970s and early 1980s and was originally manufactured by The Campana Company. It was available in chocolate, chocolate mint, butterscotch, and caramel flavors, and later a peanut butter flavor was introduced. The original packaging used the phrase "Ayds Reducing Plan vitamin and mineral Candy"; a later version used the phrase "appetite suppressant candy". The active ingredient was originally benzocaine, presumably to reduce the sense of taste to reduce eating, later changed in the candy (as reported by "The New York Times") to phenylpropanolamine. 
	By the mid-1980s, public awareness of the disease AIDS caused problems for the brand due to the phonetic similarity of names and the fact that the disease caused immense weight loss in patients. While initially sales were not affected, by 1988 the chair of Dep Corporation announced that the company was seeking a new name because sales had dropped as much as 50% due to publicity about the disease. While the product's name was changed to Diet Ayds (Aydslim in Britain), it was eventually withdrawn from the market.
	The product was introduced by the Carlay Company of Chicago. A U.S. trademark was registered in 1946 claiming first use in commerce was in 1937.
	In 1944, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission objected to the claim that the product could cause the user to "lose up to 10 pounds in 5 days, without dieting or exercising".
	The Carlay Company later became a division of Campana Corporation of Batavia, Illinois. Then Campana bought Allied Laboratories of Kansas City in 1956. Thereafter, Campana was bought by Dow Chemical and its president, Irving Willard Crull, was president of Dow for less than six months, during which time he engineered the sale of Campana to Purex in the 1960s. He again become president of Campana while serving as a vice president of Purex, which allowed Campana to function as a separate division. Crull also relied on socialite and Hollywood friends like Bob Hope and his wife Dolores Hope, Tyrone Power and his wife Linda Christian, and others to promote the Ayds Reducing Plan Candy line. A "Cosmopolitan" magazine article in November 1956 reported that Crull had already recruited a number of his friends amongst socialite and Hollywood celebrities to promote the Ayds Reducing Plan weight-loss regimen.
	In 1981, Purex sold the rights to the Ayds name to Jeffrey Martin Inc. In 1987, Jeffrey Martin, Inc. and its product line (including Ayds Appetite Suppressant and Compoz Sleep Aid) were acquired by the Dep Corporation (sometimes written DEP).

= = = Justin King (guitarist) = = =

	Justin King (born June 13, 1979) is an American musician and artist from Eugene, Oregon, recognized as a pioneering guitarist for his percussive "tapping" playing style which consists of a variety of influences ranging from Flamenco to Celtic music. Currently, King is running a recording studio in Brooklyn, New York called Vinegar Hill Sound as well as doing part-time war photojournalism in places like Iraq and Afghanistan.
	King comes from a family well known in the wine business under the King Estate name. King attended O'Hara Catholic School from the first grade through the eighth grade. He later attended Marist High School before attending South Eugene High School. He dropped out of high school as a sophomore and entered the San Francisco Art Institute to study painting. He began playing drums and guitar around age 14 and wrote and performed songs with his current bassist, Drew Dresman. King began to focus on acoustic guitar at age 19, and in 1999 he released his self-titled album, followed by "Opening" in 2000. In 2001, after traveling through Europe, Ireland and Great Britain, King recorded "Le Bleu"—an instrumental acoustic guitar record which featured long-time friends and James West on percussion, Troy Sicotte on bass and Linh Renken on violins. Le Bleu was recorded at Peter Gabriel's "Real World Studios" just outside Bath, England.
	Inspired by Real World Studios, King returned to the US and began construction on his own studio "Blackberry Hill". The studio took about two years to complete during which time King toured the country as a solo guitarist opening for James Taylor, BB King, Diana Krall, North Mississippi All-Stars, Al Green and others. Just after building Blackberry Hill King recorded another instrumental record, "I-XII", with James West, renowned bassist Michael Manring and European guitarist Carlos Vamos. Shortly after that King started a band with James West (later replaced by Nadir Jeevanjee), Troy Sicotte (later replaced by Drew Dresman), and Ehren Ebbage (later replaced by Chris Plank). The band toured the country for about one year before being signed to a major label record deal with Epic Records in 2006.
	The band recorded the self-titled "Justin King and the Apologies" record at King's Blackberry Hill studio as well as studios in Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco. The recording process took more than a year during which time the band continued to tour extensively throughout the nation as well as some international performances. After a large shakeup at Epic Records in which the president and the band's A&R representative left the company the band stayed on in limbo with Epic for about one more year before requesting to be let go from the label. Epic gave the master recording rights to the band and the album was released independently by the band shortly thereafter. After touring tirelessly throughout the year the band broke up around the end of 2007.
	Since the disbanding of The Apologies, King has pursued an interest in photojournalism, having spent August 2008 in Iraq embedded with the Oregon National Guard at Balad Air Base. He accompanied the US military on patrols and raids as well as medevac missions and convoys. His photos appeared on the BBC's website and his stories were featured in Oregon's mainstream news publications.
	In 2001, King released "Le Bleu", which was a mostly instrumental album featuring only one track with vocals ("Ashes"). It dramatically showcased his skills on acoustic instruments, and although the album was independently released, it would receive critical acclaim. However, the biggest boom to his music career was the release of live videos on the Internet. The first, and most famous, was a clip of the credits from a documentary on Jean Larrivée guitars. In it, King plays an energetic, fast-paced version of "Phunkdified," which served to introduce younger, web-savvy players to King's unique playing style. His live performance of "Knock on Wood" at the Hult Center for the Performing Arts in Eugene introduced the Doolin double-neck acoustic guitar.
	Following the release of "Le Bleu", King began several new projects including an electronic remix of "Le Bleu" by the Raging Family, and another instrumental project with Carlos Vamos and Michael Manring. His primary focus, however, was a songwriting-based album. He assembled a new band with longtime friends Ehren Ebbage (lead guitar) and Drew Desman (bass). In 2005, drummer James West and was replaced by Nadir Jeevanjee. King's endeavor in rock music also features a return to playing piano on several songs. King's latest music maintains his complex musical style despite acquiring a more mainstream sound.
	On March 20, 2007, King and his band, after a long struggle, ended their contract with Sony BMG/Epic Records. The band felt that the label took away a considerable amount of freedom in deciding how the music should sound, as well as showing little interest in King's musical ambitions. The band released a five-song EP, "Fall/Rise", in spring 2007 before resuming touring, which included several performances in South Korea. The band's debut album, "Justin King and The Apologies", was released on September 28, 2007.
	King's latest record is another solo effort, released independently, and features King on a broad range of instruments, including cello, drums, keyboard, bass, and guitar. In addition to playing all the instruments, King engineered and produced the record. His Myspace page announced the title of the new album as "Humilitas Occidit Superbiam", and it was subsequently released digitally in November 2009.
	Justin has admitted to have spent "more than his means" on his gear. The following list includes some of his acoustic guitars, as well as the electric guitars he has owned and performed with.
	Justin first approached Mike Doolin, an innovative luthier with an excellent reputation, to build a double-neck steel-string guitar. Justin wanted a guitar with two identical DADGAD-tuned necks to expand on his unique two-handed tapping style. The challenge was to design an instrument that could handle 340 pounds of string tension and yet still be acoustically responsive. The instrument features many of Doolin's innovations, including a pinless bridge, and adjustable neck angles. Doolin and King chose an instrument with a modified jumbo-style body, cocobolo (rosewood) back and sides, and a redwood top. The redwood is incredibly strong and stable, while at the same time being dynamic and possessing a rich acoustic tone. They also decided on using B-Band acoustic pickups, which are known for their excellent fidelity. The result is an unprecedented instrument, completely unique, with a wonderful tone. This can be seen on the song "Knock on Wood" and "Crown" (unofficial title).

= = = European Studbook Foundation = = =

	The European Studbook Foundation is an initiative for promoting and maintaining studbooks of reptiles and amphibians in captivity. 
	Founded as O.O.S in 1997 in the Netherlands, changed to ESF in 2003.

= = = Lee Stempniak = = =

	Lee Edward Stempniak (born February 4, 1983) is an American former professional ice hockey forward who played the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the St. Louis Blues, Toronto Maple Leafs, Phoenix Coyotes, Calgary Flames, Pittsburgh Penguins, New York Rangers, Winnipeg Jets, New Jersey Devils, Boston Bruins and Carolina Hurricanes.
	Stempniak graduated from St. Francis High School in Athol Springs, New York, in 2001, and played his college hockey at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. A well-traveled and versatile forward, Stempniak has played for ten different teams in his NHL career, which is tied for the second-most in NHL history. On October 1, 2019 after 14 seasons in the NHL he announced his retirement.
	Stempniak lived near an ice hockey rink where he knew the owner would let him practice whenever he could. After high school, he wanted to continue to play hockey, but his parents wanted him to go to college. Stempniak went to the only college that showed interest in him, Dartmouth. At Dartmouth, he majored in economics. He became a top player for the Big Green ice hockey team and was named a two-time All American, as well as his team's captain.
	Stempniak was drafted by the St. Louis Blues in the fifth round, 148th overall, at the 2003 NHL Entry Draft. He led the team in goals in his first full season (2006–07), with 27, despite being just 23 years of age. He and David Backes joined Jay McClement to form one of the NHL's youngest lines.
	On November 24, 2008, Stempniak was traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs in exchange for Alexander Steen and Carlo Colaiacovo. Stempniak wore number 12 in Toronto.
	On March 3, 2010, Stempniak was traded to the Phoenix Coyotes for Matt Jones and a fourth- and seventh-round draft pick 2010. Twelve days later, Stempniak was named the NHL’s Second Star of the Week, scoring five goals in three games, all in victories for the Coyotes. On April 1, 2010, Stempniak earned the NHL's Player of the Month honor for March after scoring 13 goals since the trade to Phoenix.
	On August 30, 2010, Stempniak signed a two-year contract extension with the Coyotes. 
	On August 29, 2011, the Coyotes traded Stempniak to the Calgary Flames for Daymond Langkow. He went on to record 14 goals with 14 assists during 61 games in 2011–12. On June 29, 2012, Stempniak re-signed with the Flames on a two-year, $5 million deal.
	During the 2013–14 season, on March 5, 2014, Stempniak was dealt at the NHL trade deadline to the Pittsburgh Penguins for a third-round draft pick. In 21 games with the club, Stempniak recorded 11 points in 21 games. He also had 3 points in 13 playoff games.
	On July 19, 2014, Stempniak agreed to join his sixth NHL team, signing a one-year contract as a free agent with the New York Rangers. In the 2014–15 season, Stempniak was primarily used by the Rangers in a bottom six role, compiling nine goals and 18 points in 53 games.
	On March 1, 2015, Stempniak was traded to the Winnipeg Jets in exchange for Carl Klingberg.
	Stempniak scored the first playoff goal in Winnipeg since 1996 when he beat Anaheim's Frederik Andersen in the first period of Game 3 of the Western Conference Quarter Finals for a 1-0 Jets lead.
	On September 16, 2015, Stempniak agreed to join the New Jersey Devils on a professional tryout. He was signed by the Devils to a one-year contract worth $850,000 on October 3, 2015. In the 2015–16 season, Stempniak made a seamless transition to provide instant value to the Devils. In a scoring role, Stempniak was leading the Devils with 41 points in 63 games, having his best offensive season since 2010.
	Stempniak was traded for a third consecutive season at the trade deadline to the Boston Bruins in exchange for a second-round and fourth-round pick on February 29, 2016. Stempniak finished out the season scoring 10 points in 19 games.
	Unable to help the Bruins into the post-season, Stempniak familiarly approached the off-season as a free agent. Following a successful individual year, on July 1, 2016, Stempniak was promptly signed to a two-year contract to join his tenth NHL club, the Carolina Hurricanes.
	Stempniak joined the Boston Bruins during the start of training camp, signing a Professional Tryout (PTO) contract on September 10, 2018. Stempniak began the 2018–19 without a contract, however continued to train with the Bruins at times throughout the first months of the season. While continuing informally with the team, Stempniak belatedly signed a professional try-out contract in the AHL to join affiliate, the Providence Bruins, on February 15, 2019. After 4 games with Providence, and ahead of the NHL trade deadline, Stempniak signed a one-year, one-way contract with Boston on February 24, 2019.

= = = Gerald de Gaury = = =

	Gerald Simpson Hillairet Rutland Vere de Gaury MC (1 April 1897 – 12 January 1984) was a British military officer, Arabist, explorer, historian and diplomat.
	He served in the Hampshire Regiment in the First World War, where he fought at the Somme, and was wounded on several occasions, including in the Gallipoli Campaign. He was awarded the Military Cross in 1917:
	De Gaury served as the British political agent in Kuwait in the 1930s, and organized and took part in the official visit of Sir Andrew Ryan to Riyadh in November 1935, to present Ibn Sa'ud with the Order of the Bath. The previous year, while visiting Ibn Sa'ud in Riyadh, he had become one of the first half dozen Britons to enter that city.
	He was a fluent speaker of Arabic and spent much time hunting with Ibn Sa'ud during his wartime assignment to the Nejd and Asir. During that time, he became a foremost authority on the region and wrote a number of books on the subject in later life.
	An enthusiastic and skilled photographer, de Gaury is responsible for a large proportion of the photographs of the Arabian Peninsula from this period. He was also an accomplished watercolorist and sketch artist, frequently drawing or painting scenes from memory only hours after they had occurred.
	He was a close friend of Freya Stark and Lesley Blanch, who said of him:
	For the last twenty years of his life he lived in Sussex Square, Brighton, where he died on 12 January 1984.

= = = Antao D'Souza = = =

	Antao D'Souza (born 17 January 1939) is a Pakistani Canadian former cricketer who played in six Tests for the Pakistan cricket team, from 1959 to 1962. He was the second Christian from four Christians to play Test cricket for Pakistan. He was a medium pace bowler and obdurate tail-end batsman.
	Born and raised in Nagoa, Salcete, Goa (at the time part of Portuguese India), D'Souza's father emigrated to Karachi, Pakistan, at the time of independence in 1947, where D'Souza attended St Patrick's High School. His brothers, Vincent D'Souza and Joseph D'Souza, also played first-class cricket.
	D'Souza toured England in 1962, heading the batting averages (53) as he remained not out in five of his six innings. His bowling was as ineffective as everyone else on that tour, which Pakistan lost 0–4. Domestically, D'Souza played for Pakistan International Airlines, Karachi Blues, Karachi, and Peshawar.
	Given a minimum of ten innings, D'Souza is one of only two Test cricketers whose batting averages exceeded their highest score. The other was the Indian cricketer Sadashiv Shinde.
	In 1999, D'Souza emigrated with his wife and four children to Ontario, Canada.

= = = Fabio Ongaro = = =

	Fabio Ongaro (born 23 September 1977 in Venice) is an Italian rugby union footballer. Although he now plays as a hooker, he played in the Italian youth teams as a flanker.
	Ongaro first played for Rugby Casale (1994/95-1997/98), spending the most prolific time of his career at Benetton Treviso (1998/99-2005/06), where he won 5 Italian Championships (1998/99, 2000/01, 2002/03, 2003/04 and 2005/06), a Cup of Italy (2004/05) and a Supercup (2006). He moved to Saracens, in England, where he played from 2006/07 to 2009/10. He has played for Aironi since 2010/11.
	Ongaro won his first cap in 2000 when the Azzurri played against Canada in Rovigo, in a 17–22 loss. Ongaro played every match for Italy in the 2003 World Cup. He scored the crucial try that helped beat Scotland 20–14 in Rome in the 2004 Six Nations Championship. His rise to the top peaked in November 2004 when he was named as Italy captain in place of the injured Marco Bortolami. He played 2 matches at the 2007 Rugby World Cup. He has been a regular player at the Six Nations since 2003.
	He played his last international match for Italy against Scotland on 17 March 2012.
	In 2003 Ongaro, alongside fellow international Gianluca Faliva, had been accused of having made use of Epoetin beta (NeoRecormon) for doping purposes. In 2009 the trial was concluded with a sentence of absolution for Faliva and Ongaro, as no proof of either of them using or detaining the doping substance could be presented.

= = = Maryland and Delaware Railroad = = =

	The Maryland and Delaware Railroad Company is a Class III short-line railroad, formed in 1977 to operate several branch lines of the former Penn Central Railroad in both Maryland and Delaware, United States. These branches were omitted from the system plan for Conrail in 1976 and would have been discontinued without state subsidies. As an alternative to the higher cost of subsidizing Conrail as operator of the branch lines, the Maryland and Delaware governments selected the Maryland and Delaware Railroad Company (MDDE) to serve as the designated operator.
	The railroad did not own any of the track it uses until 2000 when it acquired a line between Frankford, Delaware and Snow Hill, Maryland, from the Snow Hill Shippers Association. Today, the railroad operates on 120 miles of track and runs out of a restored station in Federalsburg, Maryland. The new engine house in Massey, MD, was opened in the fall of 2019.
	MDDE incorporated in the State of Maryland on June 20, 1977 as a closely held, small railroad company. At that time, the states of Maryland and Delaware were paying subsidies to Conrail for branch lines, still owned by Penn Central, serving rural communities.
	The Maryland Department of Transportation selected MDDE to operate three of the rural branch lines in August 1977. These included the current Northern and Seaford Lines, and the discontinued branch between Clayton, Delaware and Easton, Maryland. Maryland purchased the two branches served by the MDDE Northern and Seaford Lines.
	Snow Hill Shippers Association purchased the branch currently known as the Snow Hill Line in 1982 and hired MDDE to serve as operator. MDDE became owner of the branch in 2000.
	MDDE was awarded a five-year contract by Delaware in 1994 to operate a branch between Ellendale, Delaware and Milton, Delaware, and another branch between Georgetown, Delaware and Lewes, Delaware. These branches were part of the former Queen Anne's Railroad, which began providing rail service between Queenstown, Maryland and Lewes, Delaware in 1894, and extended its track to Love Point, Maryland in 1902. MDDE did not seek renewal of the Delaware contract and operation of the two lines was returned to the previous contractor, Delaware Coast Line Railroad, in 1999.
	The 5-year operating contract with the Maryland Department of Transportation for the North Line and Seaford Line became effective in 2008. Two 5-year renewal options allow the contract to be extended until 2023.
	After years of using part of the Snow Hill branch for tank car storage, active rail service was restored in June 2019 to the Tysons Foods facility.
	The Maryland and Delaware Railroad operates on three segments of track throughout the Delmarva Peninsula. Each segment intersects the Delmarva Central Railroad, which interchanges with the Norfolk Southern Railway in Clayton, Delaware. 
	MDDE provides an engine for the "Hurlock Express" at the annual Hurlock Fall Festival. Train rides during the one-day event, held on the first Saturday of October, run from the town of Hurlock's historic train station (built in 1867) to Federalsburg, along the MDDE's Seaford Line. The town of Hurlock owns the train station and two passenger cars.
	In 1892 Hurlock became the intersection of the "Delaware Railroad" and the "Baltimore, Chesapeake and Atlantic Railway", which are no longer operating. The MDDE's Seaford Line is the only rail line now serving the town. Except for the Hurlock Fall Festival, MDDE does not provide passenger service.
	Note: No. 2630 was wrecked when the crew ran through a switch, breaking it, then came back over the switch. The front set of trucks followed one track and the rear set followed the other, resulting in the locomotive rolling over. It was scrapped in June 2018. No. 2632, which sat for years out of service a short distance south of the enginehouse in Selbyville, was scrapped in the fall of 2019. The remaining CF7, No. 2628, is kept inside the Selbyville enginehouse when not in use.

= = = Olga (name) = = =

	Name days (St. Olga of Kiev): Bulgaria, Poland, Czech Republic, Greece and France – July 11, Slovakia – July 23, Ukraine, Russia – July 24, Hungary – July 27.
	The male equivalent is Oleg ("Олeг").

= = = Priory Meadow Shopping Centre = = =

	Priory Meadow Shopping Centre is a shopping centre in Hastings, East Sussex, England. The centre was opened in 1997 by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. The local radio station Arrow FM, which was founded in 1998, broadcasts from the centre.
	The building was built on the site of the Central Recreation Ground, which had originally opened in 1864 and had since remained the main cricket venue in the town. This history is reflected by the statue in Queens Square of a batsman holding a pose having played a shot ("The Spirit of Cricket" by Allan Sly). The observant shopper will be able to spot the ball that this batsman has hit (it can be seen in the wall above F. Hinds jewellers).
	The land on which the shopping centre now stands had been underwater before the 13th century, and was the original harbour for Hastings. A series of severe storms, silting and sea erosion forced the town to move to where the current old town is. The Priory Valley eventually silted up completely and the area became known as Priory Meadow and turned into farmland in 1536.
	In 1864 the Priory Marshes were levelled and drained and opened as a Cricket Ground, by 1932 one corner of the ground was leased by the Maidstone and District bus company to use as a coach station, then in 1958 a row of shops was built on one side of the ground with seating above.
	In 1982 Hastings Council voted for a shopping centre to be built on the cricket ground and to move cricket to Summerfields, now Horntye Park. In 1987, planning permission for 420,000sq.ft of space for shops was granted. Due to the onset of recession, developer Speyhawk pulled out. By May 1993, a new developer, Boots had been found and developed the existing shopping centre which was then sold to a private Irish investor and is managed by BTWShiells. A scheme of approx. 264,000sq ft now exists. In 1989 the ground hosted its last Sussex county game, when they beat Kent in front of a crowd of 1000 people.

= = = Grahame Park = = =

	Grahame Park, located on the site of the old Hendon Aerodrome in North West London, is a north London housing estate in the London Borough of Barnet, including 1,777 council homes built in the 1970s.
	The estate is named in honour of Claude Grahame-White, the pioneer of aviation who established the original aerodrome and aviation school on the site.
	The building of the estate was a joint project between the Greater London Council and Barnet Council. The plan was approved by the Ministry of Housing and Local Government in 1964, and the first family moved in on 23 October 1971. Sir Roger Walters was the Chief Architect and Gordon Wigglesworth was the Housing Architect.
	A typical characteristic of the estate was the plain, square, brick terraced houses and long winding low-rise flats, with flat roofs, also known as "Brick Brutalist" style. Most building names, walkways and roads on the estate have names linked to the aviation history of the site.
	Not all of the old aerodrome was sold off for development; the Royal Air Force Museum is situated immediately to the south-east of the estate (with free entrance).
	A secondary road called Grahame Park Way, a typical 1970s-style collector road, runs along the eastern margin of the estate, parallelling the Midland Main Line (Thameslink) railway, and beyond that, the M1 Motorway.
	The estate became the sole site of St. James Catholic High School in 1996.
	London Underground Colindale station, on the Northern line Edgware branch, is within comfortable walking distance of at least the south-east corner of the estate. The next tube station north, Burnt Oak is also accessible. Mill Hill Broadway Thameslink station lies to the north, a bus ride away. Several bus routes run into or near the estate.
	In the late 1980s, the estate went through its first regeneration process, which split the blocks of flats into smaller blocks, by removing connecting walkways, and added pitched roofs to many of the buildings.
	In 2003, residents voted in favour of a full regeneration of the estate. The Housing Corporation earmarked £15 million for the redevelopment.
	The redevelopment is managed by Choices For Grahame Park, a subsidiary of Genesis Housing Association, with new houses being built by Countryside Properties.
	In 2007 a web-site was launched by Countryside Properties, renaming part of the redevelopment as "New Hendon Village".
	Colindale, including Grahame Park, has been designated by the Mayor of London in his London Plan as a 'proposed area of intensification'. As a result, Barnet Council designated a 'Colindale Area Action Plan' (AAP) and carried out public consultation events. The Council has finalised its preferred plan in mid-2009, and it will be examined at a public hearing by the Planning Inspectorate, for anticipated approval by the Council in 2010.
	In early 2008, the London Group of the Campaign for Better Transport published a plan for an (unfunded) orbital light-rail service, the North and West London Light railway, through or near to Grahame Park.

= = = Pavane (Fauré) = = =

	The Pavane in F-sharp minor, Op. 50, is a pavane by the French composer Gabriel Fauré written in 1887. It was originally a piano piece, but is better known in Fauré's version for orchestra and optional chorus. Obtaining its rhythm from the slow processional Spanish court dance of the same name, the Pavane ebbs and flows from a series of harmonic and melodic climaxes, conjuring a haunting Belle Époque elegance. The piece is scored for only modest orchestral forces consisting of string instruments and one pair each of flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, and horns. A typical performance lasts about six minutes.
	The original version of the "Pavane" was written for piano and chorus in the late 1880s. The composer described it as "elegant, but not otherwise important." Fauré intended it to be played more briskly than it has generally come to be performed in its more familiar orchestral guise. The conductor Sir Adrian Boult heard Fauré play the piano version several times and noted that he took it at a tempo no slower than 100 quarter notes per minute. Boult commented that the composer's sprightly tempo emphasised that the "Pavane" was not a piece of German romanticism, and that the text later added was "clearly a piece of light-hearted chaffing between the dancers".
	Fauré composed the orchestral version at Le Vésinet in the summer of 1887. He envisaged a purely orchestral composition, using modest forces, to be played at a series of light summer concerts conducted by Jules Danbé. After Fauré opted to dedicate the work to his patron, Elisabeth, comtesse Greffulhe, he felt compelled to stage a grander affair and at her recommendation he added an invisible chorus to accompany the orchestra (with additional allowance for dancers). The choral lyrics were based on some inconsequential verses, "à la" Verlaine, on the romantic helplessness of man, which had been contributed by the Countess's cousin, Robert de Montesquiou.
	The orchestral version was first performed at a Concert Lamoureux under the baton of Charles Lamoureux on November 25, 1888. Three days later, the choral version was premiered at a concert of the Société Nationale de Musique. In 1891, the Countess finally helped Fauré produce the version with both dancers and chorus, in a "choreographic spectacle" designed to grace one of her garden parties in the Bois de Boulogne.
	From the outset, the Pavane has enjoyed immense popularity, whether with or without chorus. With choreography by Léonide Massine a ballet version entered the repertoire of Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes in 1917, where it was alternatively billed as "Las Mininas" or "Les Jardins d'Aranjuez". For Massine, the music had "haunting echoes of Spain's Golden Age" parallelling the formality and underlying sadness he found in the paintings of Velázquez. Some critics found the ballet pallid, but Diaghilev retained a fondness for the piece, and kept it in the company's repertoire until the end of his life.
	Fauré's example was imitated by his juniors, who went on to write pavanes of their own: Debussy's Passepied in his "Suite bergamasque" and Ravel's "Pavane pour une infante défunte", and "Pavane de la belle au bois dormant" in "Ma mère l'oye".
	The lyrics, which are optional in the orchestral version, were written by the French Robert de Montesquiou.
	C'est Lindor, c'est Tircis et c'est tous nos vainqueurs!
	C'est Myrtille, c'est Lydé! Les reines de nos coeurs!
	Comme ils sont provocants! Comme ils sont fiers toujours!
	Comme on ose régner sur nos sorts et nos jours!
	Faites attention! Observez la mesure!
Ô la mortelle injure! La cadence est moins lente!
	Et la chute plus sûre! Nous rabattrons bien leur caquets!
	Nous serons bientôt leurs laquais!
	Qu'ils sont laids! Chers minois!
	Qu'ils sont fols! (Airs coquets!)
	Et c'est toujours de même, et c'est ainsi toujours!
	On s'adore! On se hait! On maudit ses amours!
	Adieu Myrtille, Eglé, Chloé, démons moqueurs!
	Adieu donc et bons jours aux tyrans de nos coeurs!
	Et bons jours!
	It is Lindor, it is Tircis, and it is all our victors!
	It is Myrtille, it is Lyde! The queens of our hearts.
	As they are defying! As they are always proud!
	As we dare rule our fates and our days!
	Pay attention! Observe the measure!
	Oh mortal insult! The cadence is less slow!
	And the fall more certain! We'll make them sing a different tune!
	We will soon be their running dogs!
	They are ugly! Dear little face! 
	They are madmen! (Quaint airs and tunes!)
	And it is always the same, and so forever!
	We love! We hate ! We curse our loves!
	Farewell Myrtille, Egle, Chloe, mocking demons!
	Farewell and good day to the tyrants of our hearts!
	And a good day!
	The BBC used the "Pavane" for their coverage of the 1998 FIFA World Cup. Norma Ray sampled "Pavane" for use in her 1999 song "Tous Les Maux D'Amour." In turn, the S Club 7 song "Natural," an English-language cover version, released in 2000, also sampled "Pavane".

= = = Lisbellaw = = =

	Lisbellaw () is a village in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, about east of Enniskillen. In 2008 it had an estimated population of 1,277 people.
	The village is built around the Church of Ireland parish church, which was built in the 18th century. The steep main street houses two grocery shop, a hairdressing salon, two pubs, a post office, a dentist's surgery, a beauty salon, a butcher, two mechanics, a pharmacy, a health store distributor, a chip shop, and a hardware store, as well as the Church of Ireland parish centre, the Methodist and Presbyterian churches. The Roman Catholic church building and a Plymouth Brethren gospel hall lie just off the main street. Just outside the village is Carrybridge, a marina on Upper Lough Erne.
	Lisbellaw railway station opened on August 16, 1858 and shut down on 1 October 1957.
	Lisbellaw is classified as a village by the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. A census performed on April 29, 2001 revealed a population of 1,046 people living in Lisbellaw. Of these:
	On Census Day (27 March 2011) the usually resident population of Lisbellaw Settlement was 1,106 accounting for 0.06% of the NI total.

= = = Sellasia = = =

	Sellasia (, before 1929: Βρουλιά - "Vroulia") is a village in Laconia, Greece. It was the seat of the former municipality Oinountas. Since 2011, it is part of the municipality of Sparta. Sellasia is situated on the edge of the Eurotas valley, 10 km north of Sparta. The Greek National Road 39 (Sparta - Tripoli) passes east of the village. Sellasia is known for the cultivation of olives.
	Sellasia was named after the ancient town "Vroulia", which controlled the entrance to Sparta from the north. It was the site of the 222 BC Battle of Sellasia between the Spartans under Cleomenes III and the Macedonian/Achaean coalition under Antigonus III Doson. Afterwards, Sellasia was destroyed and the population was sold as slaves.
	Sellasia is the birthplace of Pavlos and Thanasis Giannakopoulos, owners of pharmaceutical company Vianex and former owners of Panathinaikos A.O. sports club. It is the place of origin of the tennis player Pete Sampras.

= = = Ijaz Butt = = =

	Mohammed Ijaz Butt (born 10 March 1938, Sialkot, Punjab, British India) is a former Pakistani cricketer who played in eight Tests from 1959 to 1962. A wicket keeper and right-handed opening batsman, he scored 279 runs from his brief Test career at a modest batting average of 19.92, however he was a capable wicket keeper with a first-class cricket career for Lahore, Multan, Punjab and Rawalpindi where he scored 3,842 runs at 34.30 with a best of 161. For the next few decades, he worked as the director new projects at Service Industries Pakistan, expanding it to one of the largest manufacturer of footwear and motor cycle / cycle tyres and tubes. It is listed on the stock exchanges of Pakistan and has annual sales of Rs. 6 billion. he is a director on the board of Servis Tyres.
	On 6 October 2008 President of Pakistan Asif Ali Zardari, patron of the Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB) appointed Butt as chairman of the PCB. He has been involved in several controversies during his career, presiding over Pakistan during a time when security concerns—including a shooting incident involving the Sri Lankan tour bus—stripped the country of several international fixtures. He has made several attacks on current and former PCB officials and the Senate of Pakistan.
	Butt was born in Sialkot, Punjab in 1938. He began his first-class career against a touring Marylebone Cricket Club squad on 16 January 1956 while playing for Pakistan Universities. Batting at number three, he scored 35 and 97, falling three short of a debut century thanks to the bowling of Billy Sutcliffe and the catching hands of Ken Barrington. The match ended in a draw. A month later he faced the MCC once more, this time for Punjab: he scored 43 and 18 as the MCC triumphed by an innings and 29 runs. Butt went on to make several successful appearances in the Quaid-e-Azam Trophy over the winter of 1956/57, scoring 225 runs at 56.25 including a maiden century of 147 runs. He promptly toured the West Indies but only featured in one first-class match before returning to the 1958/59 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy where he had a less successful second season: 73 runs from three matches at 24.33, failing to pass 50. He nevertheless went straight into the Test team for the home series against the West Indies.
	Butt played Test cricket between 1959 and 1962. He made his Test debut at Karachi on 20 February 1959. The tourists, bowled out cheaply for 146 in the first innings, conceded a 10-wicket defeat with Butt scoring 14 and 41 not out as a specialist opener. He scored two, 21, 47* and two in the rest of the series. Between 26 March and 4 December he played two more Tests against Australia, scoring a career-best 58 in the second Test. He was then left out of the team until 1962, where he toured England for three Test matches. He struggled, scoring 10, 33, one, six, 10 and six before being dropped.
	Following the end of his international career, despite scoring over 1,000 first-class runs in the England tour including two centuries, he made only sporadic appearances in Pakistani domestic cricket. He appeared in only three Quaid-e-Azam Trophy matches between 1963 and 1965; an invitational XI match for the Punjab Governor against Pakistan Universities in 1966; Pakistan versus The Rest in 1967; and lastly one appearance in the Ayub Trophy on 15 January 1968 where he scored 40 and 15 for the Lahore Reds.
	In 1982 Butt was appointed manager for the Pakistani winter tour of Australia, and in 1984 the secretary of the then Board of Control for Cricket in Pakistan, a position he held until 1988 along with the presidency of the Lahore City Cricket Association. In October 2008 he was named chairman of the Pakistan Cricket Board. His initial actions were to suggest the possibility of neutral venues to preserve international cricket during a time of tenuous security conditions within Pakistan: "The holding of the Champions Trophy in Pakistan depends on the security condition of the country and if the current indefinite situation prevails further we may consider the option to play on alternate venues." He expressed relief when the 2009 Champions Trophy appeared to be going ahead in Pakistan despite security risks, and "made a series of startling revelations" about discussions with the International Cricket Council about merging with the Indian Premier League.
	Pakistan, however, received little support as potential hosts of the Champions Trophy, a fact on which Butt expressed surprise. He warned that a divide would occur in the world of cricket should sub-continent cricket tours be marginalised. India later cancelled their tour to Pakistan, though Butt was hoping to host Australia after the latter team expressed an interest. In October 2008 he also asked questions of the financial security of the previous PCB officials, and speculated on the removal of Geoff Lawson, then Pakistani coach, from his position. Two days later, however, he reversed his position by stating he was "duty-bound to fully back Lawson and to take care of all his liabilities." Shafqat Naghmi, PCB Chief Operating Officer, also threatened to sue Butt over allegations that the former was stealing official documents.
	Security concerns did not lessen, however, and Javed Miandad's resignation as director-general of the PCB resulted in traded accusations between himself and Butt at a Senate of Pakistan meeting. Butt refused to step down, and attacked the senate as a body with little actual legal power over the PCB. The senate nevertheless moved a resolution for a change in the PCB management. However, Butt remained in his position. Following an attack on a touring Sri Lanka cricket team in early 2009, Butt admitted in a public statement the difficulty international teams had in coming to the country, but accused ICC referee Chris Broad of exaggerating the problems. ICC President David Morgan, however, agreed with Broad's assessment. the 2011 Cricket World Cup was duly moved out of Pakistan.
	Butt continued to meet with the PCB board to regain the World Cup, to no avail, despite a legal battle which lasted until August. Eventually an out of court settlement of 18 million US dollars was agreed upon; Butt calling it "the best possible solution." Concurrently, the PCB under Butt dissolved the national selection panel and removed Saleem Altaf from his position as chief operating officer. The summer tour of Sri Lanka was also marred by match-fixing allegations over which the PCB sought legal advice. The ICC's Anti-Corruption and Security Unit eventually cleared the Pakistan players of having had any contact with bookmakers.
	Towards the winter of 2009, Butt also came up against Younis Khan in a dispute over the captaincy, with Khan taking time out of the game. By January 2010, however, Butt ruled that a new captain would be chosen following the tour of Australia, with Khan quitting the captaincy. Further match fixing claims arose in February, and Butt promised action against the players involved following the report of an inquiry committee which investigated Pakistan's whitewash defeat during the tour of Australia. Further match fixing and financial corruption accusations followed for both Butt and the PCB in 2010. Nevertheless, the ICC announced on 11 February the awarding of a medal for Butt for services to cricket.
	Though Butt had deflected accusations of match fixing earlier in February 2010 during Pakistan's tour of Australia, the 2010 tour of England was publicly marred by controversial match fixing allegations involving a number of Pakistan players and their actions during the One Day Internationals against England and the Test series against the host nation and against Australia. Scotland Yard confirmed on 17 September that it had questioned Pakistan players Salman Butt, Mohammad Asif, Mohammad Amir and Wahab Riaz over allegations of accepting bribes, and that the police had passed evidence to the Crown Prosecution Service. Several Pakistani players were suspended. Initially, Ijaz Butt had supported the prosecution of Amir, stating that "his board will not make any appeals for leniency", however on 19 September he attacked the England cricket team during a press conference, accusing them of a conspiracy to "defraud Pakistan cricket" by accepting their own bribes. He stated that:
	"This is not a conspiracy to defraud bookies but a conspiracy to defraud Pakistan and Pakistan cricket... We have taken it in hand to start our own investigations. We will shortly reveal the names of the people, the parties and the bodies involved in this sinister conspiracy and we also reserve the right to sue them for damages... There is loud and clear talk in bookie circles that some English players have taken enormous amounts of money to lose the match [the third ODI]. No wonder there was such a collapse."
	The remarks provoked a backlash from the England and Wales Cricket Board as well as England coach Andy Flower and captain Andrew Strauss. The ECB announced that it would be taking legal action against Butt for his allegations, though the tour would continue despite several England players' reluctance to participate. There were several calls for Butt to resign, however he refused. Wajid Shamsul Hasan, the Pakistan's high commissioner, defended Butt, calling the disagreement "a very innocent argument" and denying relationships with the United Kingdom were adversely affected. The England team later made official their demand for an apology in a letter sent to Butt, promising legal action without further warning if their request went unfulfilled. Butt arrived in London in late September vowing not to retract his comments in the run up to a meeting with the lawyers of three suspended Pakistan players; however, he later reversed course and retracted his statement. He was nevertheless recalled by the PCB for an explanation, amid speculation that his future as chairman remained tenuous. The ICC board of directors discussed sacking him in a meeting in Dubai should he not accept new anti-corruption measures.

= = = Franciscus Illenfeld = = =

	Franciscus Illenfeld (Slovak: "František Illenfeld", Hungarian: "Illenfeld Ferenc") of Olomouc was a famous Moravian founder of bells. He had worked in Košice and his workshop was one of the best foundries in the Kingdom of Hungary.
	Franciscus Illenfeld is the author of the St. Urban Bell (cast it in 1557) which was installed in the St. Urban Tower in Košice, today Slovakia. Its weight was 7 tones. In 1966 the St. Urban Bell was destroyed by fire. It was renovated and located in the front of the tower. In 1996 a copy of the St. Urban Bell was cast in a mould and installed in the tower.
	He is also the author of the St. John Bell that is exhibited at Zvonárska Street in Košice. The bell was founded in 1558.

= = = Chocolate City speech = = =

	The Chocolate City speech is the nickname that some people have given to the Martin Luther King, Jr. Day speech by Ray Nagin, Mayor of New Orleans, Louisiana, on January 16, 2006. The speech concerned race politics in New Orleans several months after Hurricane Katrina destroyed much of the city. The reference is to the occurrence of the phrase "chocolate city" in Nagin's speech, which was one of several points in the speech that occasioned significant controversy and raised accusations of racism against Mr. Nagin.
	In African American culture, the term "chocolate city" refers to a city with a predominantly African American population and/or African American political leadership. The concept originated with radio DJs in Washington D.C. in the early 1970s and was popularized by the band Parliament, who released the album "Chocolate City" in 1975. The term has been used by scholar Cornel West in his 1993 book "Race Matters" and by comedian Chris Rock.
	In an interview with Public Radio International's Tavis Smiley (originally broadcast on January 13, 2006) Nagin used the phrase "chocolate city" in reference to New Orleans' future demographics, a term that would become troublesome for him just a few days later.
	At the end of August, 2005, New Orleans had been hit by Hurricane Katrina, and catastrophic failures of the city's Federal levees flooded the majority of the city. Only a small portion of the city's evacuated population had returned by January. Some commentators were suggesting that the city's demographics would change from majority African American to majority Caucasian.
	This speech put the post-Hurricane Katrina recovery process of New Orleans in the context of the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Nagin's speech reflected on the problems of violence and crime in pre- and post-Katrina New Orleans. He also referred to the humanitarian plight of the largely African-American hurricane victims in the Louisiana Superdome and Morial Convention Center.
	At a Martin Luther King Day celebration at City Hall New Orleans on January 16, 2006, the mayor gave a speech.
	Nagin began the speech invoking spirits of Peace, Love, and Unity. He then described a talk he had with Martin Luther King, Jr. earlier that morning (as King was long dead, this was presumably a metaphor or rhetorical device). Nagin then described some of the problems and suffering New Orleans had been experiencing since the hurricane, with the repeated refrain that Dr. King says "I wouldn't like that".
	Shortly after, Nagin continued, "We as black people, it's time, it's time for us to come together. It's time for us to rebuild a New Orleans, the one that should be a chocolate New Orleans. And I don't care what people are saying Uptown or wherever they are. This city will be chocolate at the end of the day."
	Nagin also stated that New Orleans "will be a majority African-American city. It's the way God wants it to be." As most New Orleanians knew the city had been majority African American for decades before Katrina, Ned Sublette of The Nation found the implication of Nagin claiming to know God's will more troubling than the suggested return of pre-Katrina demographics.
	In the same speech, Nagin further stirred controversy by claiming that "God is mad at America. He sent us hurricane after hurricane after hurricane, and it's destroyed and put stress on this country...Surely he doesn't approve of us being in Iraq under false pretenses. But surely he is upset at black America also. We're not taking care of ourselves." Nagin then went on to relate an imagined conversation with the deceased Rev. Martin Luther King regarding both the response to Katrina and the modern problems of black America which he believes offended God.
	The speech generated an intense reaction, much of it negative. The "Chocolate City" metaphor was seized on and parodied by commentators, and cartoons depicting Nagin as Willy Wonka appeared in print and on the internet. A "Times-Picayune" commentator suggested that Nagin had just ruined his own chances at re-election.
	Political commentators point out that while this may just have been another example of Nagin speaking off the cuff, it will likely hurt his standing among white voters.
	Many people believed the word "uptown" to be a coded reference to wealthy whites, such as those who live in the old mansions on St. Charles Avenue or around Audubon Park. However, Uptown New Orleans actually is one of the most ethnically and economically diverse sections of the Metro area. Many of Nagin's original supporters live Uptown. As Uptown contains the largest section of unflooded high ground in the city's East Bank, at the time of the speech Uptown had the city's largest concentration of locals back in their homes, businesses back open, and displaced New Orleanians from other more severely damaged parts of town living there. Locals protested the Mayor's comment which some felt suggested he did not care about an important section of his city.
	Nagin later attempted to explain away his remarks by offering a more racially inclusive metaphor, saying "How do you make chocolate? You take dark chocolate, you mix it with white milk and it becomes a delicious drink. That's the chocolate I'm talking about."
	Nagin said that his remarks were meant to be a call for African Americans to once again return to New Orleans despite the supposed belief that many of the people Uptown did not want them back.
	The Mayor apologized for the suggestion that people Uptown (a mixed neighborhood) were racist, noting the importance of that section of town in the city's recovery. He particularly stated regret for the statements about God. "I don't know what happened there," he said. "I don't know how that got jumbled up. That whole God thing, I don't know how that got mixed up in there." Nagin concluded "I need to be more aware and sensitive of what I'm saying... Anyone I've offended, I hope you forgive me."
	In his speech at the 2006 White House Correspondents' Association Dinner, comedian Stephen Colbert mocked Nagin by calling Washington D.C. the "chocolate city with a marshmallow center and a Graham cracker crust of corruption."

= = = August Thyssen = = =

	August Thyssen (; Eschweiler, 17 May 1842 – Landsberg Castle, Ratingen, near Kettwig, 4 April 1926) was a German industrialist.
	After he had completed his studies at the Politechnische Schule Karlsruhe and a commercial school at Antwerpen he like his brother Joseph Thyssen joined the bank of his father Friedrich Thyssen.
	In 1867 Thyssen and several members of his family founded the iron works "Thyssen-Foussol & Co" in Duisburg. When this company was dissolved in 1870, he used the new capital to establish with his father the "Walzwerk Thyssen & Co" that would become the base of an industrial empire in the industrialized Mülheim an der Ruhr, where the high of iron and steel prizes contributed to the making of his fortune. Initially he managed different companies separately in a decentralized fashion, but eventually he united them through a holding company. The largest company of his was the coal mining company "Gewerkschaft Deutscher Kaiser" in Hamborn (now part of Duisburg) that he had acquired in 1891.
	He built the first 500-ton blast furnace in Germany, the first 100-ton Martin furnace, and the first large tube (iron pipe size) works. Together with Hugo Stinnes Thyssen was a cofounder of RWE.
	On 3 December 1872 in Mülheim an der Ruhr he married Hedwig Pelzer (1854–1940), daughter of Johann-Heinrich Pelzer and wife Hedwig Troost. They divorced in 1885. The four children during the marriage were Fritz, August, Heinrich and Hedwig. To avoid the possibility that his divorce would lead to a partitioning of his industrial empire, Thyssen transferred the property to his children, but retained the management rights for himself during his lifetime.
	The Thyssen conglomerate became the nucleus of Vereinigte Stahlwerke AG, the biggest mining and steel cartel in the world, prior to World War II. Thyssen was refounded in 1953 and joined with KruppHoesch to become ThyssenKrupp AG in 1997.
	Thyssen purchased most of Beeckerwerth, including Haus Knipp, in the early 20th century.
	He was the first in his family to start acquiring a collection of works of art, including six pieces by his friend sculptor Auguste Rodin.
	Thyssen's firm was a vertically integrated company, controlling all aspects of the steelmaking process. He owned his own fleet of ships, a network of docks and a railroad. Although he was one of the richest men in Germany, to the day he died his ethos was "If I rest, I rust." He lived a simple life; he ran his empire from a dingy office in Mülheim, drove an old car, wore off-the-peg suits, and was known to drink and eat with his workers. He was also an ardent republican.
	Thyssen died in 1926 of pneumonia following complications from eye surgery.
	His children were: 

= = = Swaledale sheep = = =

	Swaledale is a breed of domestic sheep named after the Yorkshire valley of Swaledale in England. They are found throughout the more mountainous areas of Great Britain, but particularly in the Yorkshire Dales, County Durham, and around the pennine fells of Cumbria.
	Swaledales are noted for their off-white wool, curled horns and white around their nose and eyes. They are used for the production of lamb/mutton, the North of England Mule sheep, and as Pedigree breeding stock. Together with the Rough Fell, Herdwick, and Dalesbred sheep, they are one of the four variations associated with the English Lake District.
	Well suited to the exposed regions in which they predominantly live, the Swaledales are very hardy, thick coated, able bodied, and bold. The ewes make excellent mothers and are known for being able to rear lambs well, even in adverse conditions. They are of a medium build, with black faces marked with bright white around the nose and eyes, and both males and females grow curled horns, however the males horns are much larger. Their coats are thick and very coarse, and are considered a uniform white or off-white colour. The wool they produce, although durable, resilient and usable for a number of applications, is worth very little, with the British Wool Marketing Board paying approximately 40 pence per kilo of wool. The marketed fleece and fibre may contain kemp that is not white, so some yarns and prepared fibres from the Swaledale are grey. The sheep are also known for their tender and good-flavoured lamb and mutton.
	The Swaledales as a breed are related to Scottish Blackface and Rough Fell sheep, both of which are also predominant in upland locations in the United Kingdom and noted for their ability to thrive in exposed locations. Although the specific origins of the breed are unknown, a non-indigenous and exotic ancestor for the Swaledale was considered by two noted names of the eighteenth century, John Naismyth and Charles Findlater. Published in 1796, Naismyth's opinion in "Young's Annals of Agriculture" was that the origin of the black-faced highland breeds was "impossible to trace". Robert Trow-Smith in his book "A History of British Livestock Husbandry, 1700–1900" wrote: "... it has already been suggested that this family stood outside the main stream of ancient British sheep..." and that the root of the Swaledale and Scottish Blackface breeds could be the Argali. This tenuous link between domestic sheep and the wild Argali has since been proved to be insupportable due to a significant difference in genetic make-up and number of chromosomes.
	Before the Swaledale, Scottish Blackface, and Rough Fell emerged as distinct breeds, their 17th-century forerunner was the Linton. It was named after the West Linton market in Peeblesshire, which specialised in selling the hardy Lintons for Scottish Highland and other upland farming. At the beginning of the 18th century, the market is recorded as having sold upwards of 9,000 sheep in a single day, numbers which surely helped establish the breed firmly in upland areas.
	The Swaledale Sheep Breeders Association was founded in 1919 and originally consisted of farmers living within a seven-mile radius of the Tan Hill Inn, on the North Yorkshire moors. The association is an active organisation point for Swaledale sales, shows, breeding, and products.
	There are approximately 1,200 flocks of pedigree Swaledale sheep in the United Kingdom. Fine pedigree tups (rams) sell for approximately £2,000 to £5,000 on average, though the highest price paid at auction for a prized ram was £101,000. Being a hardy breed, farmers are able to rear their Swaledale flocks in remote and exposed locations, generally without needing to provide indoor accommodation.
	The sheep produce commercially viable mutton and wool. Swaledale mutton has good flavour and tenderness. Wool colour and coarseness prevents Swaledale wool from fetching high prices, but its strong and durable properties make it suitable for carpets, rugs, and insulation. However, the wool is also used for spinning and knitting of clothing, though on a lesser scale to its other uses.
	The Swaledale sheep is an official symbol of the Yorkshire Dales. In 2003, plans were submitted to build a Swaledale sheep visitor centre in Kirkby Stephen, Cumbria, declaring Kirkby Stephen as the "spiritual home of the Swaledale sheep". These plans drew strong opposition from the town of Hawes, in Yorkshire, a strong competitor in terms of Swaledale sales, and which had its own plans for a visitor centre.
	A control flock of Swaledales has been used to study and develop scrapie-resistant sheep. An infectious, persistent, and spontaneous disease, animals infected with scrapie must be quarantined and destroyed. The experimental breeding involved selecting a group of Swaledale sheep with low suspectability to the disease, injecting them with the agents of the disease, and breeding from the survivors. The research has concluded that the offspring of the infected sheep are more able to survive scrapie.
	A commercially successful breed, the North of England Mule, has been produced from the Swaledale ewes, by mating with Bluefaced Leicesters. The offspring of this cross are now one of the most prolific lowland sheep.
	Swaledale cheese is an award-winning cheese that is manufactured in the Swaledale area, though not exclusively from sheep of this breed.

= = = Operation Christmas Drop = = =

	Operation Christmas Drop is a tradition that started in 1952 that serves as a training mission for the U.S. Air Force. It has since become the longest-running U.S. Department of Defense mission in full operation, and the longest-running humanitarian airlift in the world. Supported by the local communities of Guam, it is primarily conducted from Andersen Air Force Base and Yokota Air Base, and targets Micronesia.
	The operation was first conducted in 1951. Then, the aircrew of a WB-29 aircraft assigned to the 54th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, formerly assigned to Andersen Air Force Base in Guam, was flying a mission to the south of Guam over the Micronesian atoll of Kapingamarangi. When they saw the islanders waving to them, the crew quickly gathered some items they had on the plane, placed them in a container with a parachute attached and dropped the cargo as they circled again. 
	A witness to the first drop on the island of Agrigan said "We saw these things come out of the back of the airplane and I was yelling: 'There are toys coming down'". At the time the island had no electricity or running water, and the islands were periodically hit by typhoons. Some of the first containers failed to arrive where intended, and islanders swam out to retrieve some, while others were discovered months later some miles away.
	Today this unique Christmas tradition is continued with the donations from the residents and businesses of Guam. Each box dropped from a C-130 aircraft weighs nearly and contains items such as fishing nets, construction materials, powdered milk, canned goods, rice, coolers, clothing, shoes, toys and school supplies. 
	It is the oldest ongoing Department of Defense mission which remains in full operation, and the longest running humanitarian airlift in the world. By 2006, more than of supplies were delivered. The operation gives troops the chance to practice humanitarian aid drops, as the troops will later be expected to conduct drops over Iraq or Afghanistan after deployment.
	Volunteers from Andersen Air Force Base, including 734th Air Mobility Squadron, and both crew and aircraft from the 36th Airlift Squadron at Yokota Air Base, Japan, participate in the operation. Members of the Guam community also help the operation. Money is raised for the operation by sponsored activities such as golf tournaments and sponsored runs, as well as local businesses sponsoring individual boxes.
	The 2006 operation saw 140 boxes dropped to 59 islands. The 2011 operation included dropping twenty five boxes of IV fluids to Fais Island in order to combat a local outbreak of dengue fever. The containers are dropped in water just off the beaches in order to avoid them hitting any of the locals.
	In 2014, The Pacific Air Forces delivered 50,000 pounds of supplies to 56 Micronesian Islands.
	In 2015, the Japan Air Self-Defense Force and the Royal Australian Air Force participated in the operation along with the United States Air Force. Japan and Australia each provided one C-130 Hercules to join the three C-130's provided by the United States. The JASDF and RAAF also participated in the 2016 and 2017 operations.
	December of 2017 marked the inaugural training event for the new C-130J from Yokota AB as well as the first quad-lateral event with the JASDF, RAAF and Philippine Air Force.

= = = John McCabe (composer) = = =

	John McCabe, (21 April 1939 – 13 February 2015) was a British composer and pianist. He created works in many different forms, including symphonies, ballets, and solo works for the piano. He served as principal of the London College of Music from 1983 to 1990. Guy Rickards described him as "one of Britain's finest composers in the past half-century" and "a pianist of formidable gifts and wide-ranging sympathies" .
	McCabe was born in Huyton, Liverpool on 21 April 1939 (; ; ; ; ). His father was a physicist . McCabe was badly burned in an accident when he was a child and was home schooled for eight years . During this time, McCabe said that there was "a lot of music in the house", which inspired his future career . He explained "My mother was a very good amateur violinist and there were records and printed music everywhere. I thought that if all these guys – Beethoven, Brahms, Schubert – can do it, then so can I!" . By the age of 11 McCabe had composed 13 symphonies, but he later suppressed them, believing they were not good enough (; ). He subsequently attended Liverpool Institute .
	After studies at the Royal Manchester College of Music (now the Royal Northern) and in Munich, with composers Humphrey Proctor-Gregg, Thomas Pitfield, Harald Genzmer and others (; ; ), he embarked upon a career as both a composer and a virtuoso pianist (; ). Guy Rickards considers McCabe's early works to have been overlooked because he was perceived as a pianist rather than a composer . One of his early successes was the orchestral song cycle "Notturni ed Alba" (1970), based on a set of poems in medieval Latin about the theme of night (; ), which was described in "Gramophone" as "an intoxicating creation, full of tingling atmosphere and slumbering passion" (quoted in }}). His Concerto for Orchestra (1982) brought him international recognition , but it was not until the 1990s that he came to be viewed primarily as a composer, with the successes of the piano work "Tenebrae" (1992–93), which marked the deaths in 1992 of musicians Sir Charles Groves, William Mathias and Stephen Oliver, and was written for Barry Douglas; his Fourth Symphony, "Of Time and the River" (1993–94); and his third ballet "Edward II" (1995) , which won the 1998 Barclays Theatre Award .
	He worked in almost every genre, though large-scale forms lie at the heart of his catalogue with seven symphonies, two dozen concertante works and eight ballet scores to his name . His numerous concerti include four for his own instrument, the piano (1966–76), three for one or two violins (1959, 1980, 2003) as well as for viola (1962), harpsichord (1968), oboe d'amore (1972), clarinet (1977), orchestra (1982), trumpet (1987) and flute (1990), and double concertos for viola and cello (1965) and clarinet and oboe (1988). His chamber works include seven string quartets, the third of which (1979) was inspired by the landscape of the Lake District . His solo instrumental music was mainly written for the piano; he composed 13 studies for the instrument, including "Gaudí" (1970), inspired by the architect; "Mosaic" (1980), inspired by Islamic art; and a series of seven (2000–9) each explicitly drawing inspiration from a different composer (; }. Other significant piano works include the "Haydn Variations" (1983), written to commemorate the 250th anniversary of Haydn's birth (; ; ).
	McCabe's style evolved gradually from an initial lyrical constructivism through a serialist phase, with a fascination with repetitive patterns leading to a more complex combination of processes to achieve more subtle forms of continuity . Rickards states that his influences included Vaughan Williams, Britten, Tippett and Karl Amadeus Hartmann , and he was also influenced by non-classical music including rock and jazz .
	He had a long-lasting association with the Presteigne Festival .
	McCabe first became known as a pianist. His repertoire was wide, from pre-classical to modern composers . He specialised in twentieth-century music, particularly by English composers. He gave the UK premiere of John Corigliano's Piano Concerto . Another specialism was the music of Haydn; McCabe's "definitive" mid-1970s recording of Haydn's complete piano sonatas was described in "Gramophone" as "one of the great recorded monuments of the keyboard repertoire" (quoted in ). He recorded several CDs with the cellist Julian Lloyd Webber .
	From 1965 to 1968 McCabe was pianist‐in‐residence at University College, Cardiff . He served as principal of the London College of Music from 1983 to 1990, where his efforts to enhance the college's profile resulted in its merging with Thames Valley University (; . He also held visiting professorships at the universities of Melbourne, Australia and Cincinnati, USA during the 1990s . Among his notable pupils is Canadian composer Gary Kulesha .
	McCabe wrote guides to the music of Haydn, Bartók and Rachmaninoff, and a book on contemporary English composer Alan Rawsthorne .
	McCabe was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1985 for his services to music (; ; ) He was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Liverpool .
	In 2014, McCabe won the Classical Music Award at the 59th Ivor Novello Awards .
	He married Monica Smith, a former head of the Sittingbourne Music Society, in 1974 (; ). In December 2012 McCabe was diagnosed with a brain tumour. He continued to compose music during his treatment (; ).
	John McCabe died after a long illness on 13 February 2015 .

= = = Fazal-ur-Rehman (cricketer) = = =

	Sheikh Fazal-ur-Rehman (; born 11 June 1935, Amritsar, India) is a former Pakistani cricketer who played in one Test in 1958.
	He was educated at Islamia College, Lahore. After he retired from cricket, he completed a Master's degree in Islamic Studies and became a devout Muslim, giving weekly sermons.

= = = John McCabe = = =

	John McCabe may refer to:

= = = Second-order election = = =

	Second-order election is a term that appeared for the first time in Karlheinz Reif and Hermann Schmitt's "Nine second-order national elections – A conceptual framework for the analysis of European election results" article for the [European Journal of Political Research, in 1980]. It was used to analyze the first European Parliament elections, held in 1979 in the, then, nine member states of the European Economic Community. According to the "second-order elections" approach, European Parliament elections were "second-order" in that they were viewed as less important by voters, parties and the media than first-order elections. 
	First-order elections are those that determine the government and/or executive power in a political system, i.e., national elections. They are first-order in that they are seen as more important by parties, voters and the media. Local and regional elections are also considered second-order elections. 
	Second-order elections present the following characteristics: turnout is expected to be lower than in national elections, voters are more prone to vote for protest parties, or parties in the periphery of the political system, rather than the usual mainstream parties they would vote for in a national election. As a result, second-order elections are often used by voters to punish or reward the current governing parties. 
	Regarding EP elections, empirical evidence has shown that all six EP elections (1979, 1985, 1989, 1994, 1999, 2004) have been second-order elections. However, the second-order elections approach has not been confirmed for the twelve new member states of the European Union (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Cyprus, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia).

= = = Octoraro Railway = = =

	The Octoraro Railway was a shortline railroad that operated in Pennsylvania from 1977 to 1994.
	The company was formed in 1976. It obtained a lease from SEPTA to operate freight trains on the Octoraro Branch, a former Pennsylvania Railroad branch line, between Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania and the state line near Sylmar, Maryland. It also leased the Wilmington and Northern Railroad, a former Reading Company branch, from Elsmere Jct. (Wilmington, Delaware) to South Modena (Modena, Pennsylvania). The company then created a connection between the two lines at Chadds Ford. 
	The Octoraro Railway ceased operations on June 30, 1994. The Delaware Valley Railway acquired the company on July 1, 1994.
	Delaware Valley, a subsidiary of RailAmerica, operated the line until 1999, followed by the Brandywine Valley Railroad (BVRY). The Morristown and Erie Railway provided freight service from July 1, 2003, to November 18, 2004, but operated under the trade name of Octoraro Railroad. East Penn Railway took over operation in 2004 and purchased the right of way from SEPTA. In 2007 the company merged to become East Penn Railroad and operates the Octoraro line.

= = = Joel Oppenheimer = = =

	Joel Lester Oppenheimer (Jacob Hammer) (February 18, 1930 – October 11, 1988) was an American poet associated with both the Black Mountain poets and the New York School. He was the first director of the St. Marks Poetry Project (1966–68). Though a poet, Oppenheimer was perhaps better known for his columns in the "Village Voice" from 1969 to 1984.
	Oppenheimer was born in Yonkers, New York, attended Cornell University for one year in 1948, spent less than one semester at the University of Chicago, and in 1950 enrolled at Black Mountain College in North Carolina. At Black Mountain, he studied with Paul Goodman and poet Charles Olson, became friends with Fielding Dawson and Ed Dorn, and worked in the school's print shop.
	In his earliest poetry, Oppenheimer shows clearly the influence of William Carlos Williams, but he soon developed his own style. While at Black Mountain, Oppenheimer met and married his first wife, Rena Furlong. He left the school in January 1953 without taking a degree, eventually settling in New York and working in a print shop while continuing to write poetry.
	His first publications were "The Dancer" (1951), as "Jargon", no. 2, 1951, by The Sad Devil Press/Black Mountain College; "The Dutiful Son" (1956) by Jonathan Williams's Jargon Society, reprinted by LeRoi Jones's Totem Press in 1961, "The Love Bit and Other Poems" (1962), again with Totem. His satiric Western drama "The Great American Desert" was the first play produced by Robert Nichols, directed by Lawrence Kornfeld, who had been with the Living Theatre, at the Judson Poets' Theatre. It opened on November 18, 1961.
	Oppenheimer's poetry has been collected in two volumes: Robert J. Bertholf (editor, introduction), "Collected Later Poems of Joel Oppenheimer," with eleven drawings by John Dobbs, The Poetry Collection, 1997 and "Names & Local Habitations (Selected Earlier Poems 1951-1972)," editor Jonathan Williams, The Jargon Society, 1988.
	He also published two nonfiction works, "The Wrong Season," Bobbs-Merrill 1973, about the New York Mets, and "Marilyn Lives," Delilah, 1984, on Marilyn Monroe. "Drawing from Life", posthumously published in 1997, gathered 92 columns written for the "Village Voice". Library Journal wrote that "Drawing from Life" "emphasizes several favorite themes: baseball, politics, and the role of the changing seasons in our lives".
	Oppenheimer died at 58 of lung cancer in Henniker, New Hampshire on October 11, 1988.
	"Don’t Touch the Poet: The Life and Times of Joel Oppenheimer," by Lyman Gilmore, was published by Talisman Press in 1998.

= = = Songs from Pete Kelly's Blues = = =

	Songs from Pete Kelly's Blues is an album by jazz singer Peggy Lee that contains songs from the film "Pete Kelly's Blues" (1955). Lee starred in the film and re-recorded some of the songs for this album. This album should not be confused with the soundtrack. Lee was nominated for Best Supporting Actress at the Academy Awards for her portrayal of a troubled singer. Given that the film occurs in the 1920s, the album is a combination of Dixieland and 1950s swing with help from jazz singer Ella Fitzgerald. 

= = = N-2 = = =

	The N-2 is an Armenian multiple rocket launcher designed and produced by the Garni-ler company starting no later than 2011. Armenia has not released much information regarding the rocket system, however it is apparent that the N-2 is being mass-produced, and is in active use by the Armenian Armed Forces, and likely the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army. The system was developed onto the GAZ-3308, a Russian military truck. The launcher is mainly used with Armenian TB-1 thermobaric missiles and RPG-7 grenades, but is designed to be compatible with a wide variety of ammunition from many different countries. The launcher, holding up to 12 rockets, is fired using a remote electrical panel, and can be fired in single shots or in a salvo for up to 10 seconds.

= = = Michigan Island = = =

	Michigan Island is one of the Apostle Islands located in western Lake Superior, off the Bayfield Peninsula, in northern Wisconsin. This island has no human inhabitants, and is managed by the National Park Service as part of the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore. It is centered at approximately 46.87° N 90.49° W and has a maximum elevation of 758' above sea level. Along its shores, it rises about 48 feet above Lake Superior's official elevation of 602'. The Michigan Island Light, which has two towers, is located on the island.

= = = Sur, Oman = = =

	Sur () is the capital city of Ash Sharqiyah South Governorate, and the former capital of Ash Sharqiyah Region in northeastern Oman, on the coast of the Gulf of Oman. It is located about southeast of the Omani capital Muscat. Historically, the city is known for being an important destination point for sailors. Today, the sea still plays an important part of life in Sur.
	Nearby villages include Dughmur and Qalhat.
	By the 6th century, Sur was an established centre for trade with East Africa.
	Ibn Battuta commented on his visit to this "roadstead of a large village on the seashore." In the 16th century, it was under Portuguese rule but was liberated by the Omani Imam Nasir ibn Murshid and underwent an economic revival, as a trade centre with India and East Africa. This continued until the mid-19th century, when the British outlawed the slave trade. The city was further ruined by the opening of the Suez Canal, which saw it lose trade with India.
	The main college in Sur is the Sur College of Applied Sciences. The college has over 4000 students and offers degrees in Business, Communication, Information Technology and Design and Applied Biotechnology. It is considered one of the better institutions of higher learning in Oman. The second college is Sur University College. There is an Indian school, Indian School Sur which offers classes up to Grade 12.
	It is one of the famous cities in the Gulf region in building wooden ships. Its historical location gives it the hand to monitor the Gulf of Oman and the Indian Ocean. Many ships have been built in this city, like the sambuk and ghanjah. They formerly went as far as China, India, Zanzibar, Iraq and many other countries. These vessels were also used in pearl fishing.
	Sur experiences a hot desert climate with very little rainfall and high temperatures. Because of its coastal location, Sur's night-time temperatures are never very low. There is no distinct wetter season, but March tends to be the wettest month, and September the driest.
	Occasionally, Sur gets battered by cyclones. In 2007, Cyclone Gonu battered the city, and in 2010, Sur was hit by Cyclone Phet.

= = = Asian Network of Major Cities 21 = = =

	Asian Network of Major Cities 21 was a body representing the interests of several of Asia's largest capital cities around common themes of importance, including urban planning, sustainability and crisis management. The organization was advocated by then Tokyo Governor Shintaro Ishihara (1999-2012) and formed by common declaration of those attending a meeting held in Kuala Lumpur in August 2000. Following a review by member cities in 2014, the network was suspended and projects continued under new regional initiatives by Tokyo.
	Beijing withdrew its membership in August 2005 in protest at the decision of the group to hold its fifth plenary in Taipei in April 2006.

= = = List of Saint Seiya films = = =

	Due to the series' high popularity in Japan and the rest of the world, four films based on "Saint Seiya" were released in theatres between 1987 and 1989, while the original TV series was still airing. The plots of these films do not comply with the chronology of the manga or anime storylines and therefore it is unknown at what point the events of the films take place. A fifth film named "Heaven Chapter: Overture" was released in 2004, originally intended to initiate a continuation of the manga. A sixth film, "", was premiered in 2014.
	The first two movies received a theatrical release in France under "Les Chevaliers du Zodiaque: La Légende de la Pomme d'Or", and "La Guerre des Dieux", where "Knights of the Zodiac" was at its prime popularity in that country. These films were never released in the U.S until it was announced by Discotek Media in 2012 that they had acquired the rights to the first four movies in a two disc set. The DVDs contain the original Japanese audio track with English subtitles.
	When Seiya, Hyōga and Shun visit Saori (Athena) at the orphanage, they meet an employee called Eri. An orphan herself, Eri takes a liking to Hyōga and one night they sit outside watching the stars. They see a shooting star and Hyōga asks Eri to make a wish. After Hyōga leaves, however, Eri becomes powerfully attracted to the shooting star and wanders alone into the woods, where she finds a golden apple. She is then possessed by Eris, the Goddess of Discord, and kidnaps Athena, planning to use the golden apple to suck her energy out, fully reincarnate and take over the world. Eris leaves a message for the Bronze Saints, who set out for the goddess's temple which appears on the mountains. There, the heroes fight the five Ghost Saints: Sagitta Maya, Lyra Orpheus, Southern Cross Khristós, Scutum Jan and Orion Jäger.
	is the second anime film by Toei Animation based on the "Saint Seiya" manga. It premiered on March 12, 1988 in the Toei Manga Matsuri film festival along with the movie versions of "Lady Lady!!", "Bikkuriman" and "Kamen Rider Black". The soundtrack was composed by Seiji Yokoyama and released in the Saint Seiya Original Soundtrack IV – The Heated Battle of the Gods CD.
	In Siberia, Hyōga saves a man that is being attacked. Injured, the man manages only to say something about Asgard. Some days later, Saori, Seiya, Shiryū and Shun are wondering about Hyōga and decide to go to Asgard to investigate. At Valhalla, the Lord of Asgard, Dolbar, says he has not heard of any Hyōga and neither has his right hand, Loki. However, at all times Seiya and the others can feel an evil cosmo emanating from Loki and the other Odin Saints called God Warriors. Shiryū, in particular, notices a familiar cosmo coming from Midgard, a mysterious, masked God Warrior. Dolbar makes it clear that he is trying to take control of both Asgard and the Sanctuary, imprisoning Athena in a strange dimension within the giant statue of Odin. Midgard reveals himself as Hyōga and tries to kill Shiryū to prove himself to Dolbar. Thus, it is the task of the Bronze Saints to defeat Dolbar, Loki and the rest of the God Warriors, to save Athena and Hyōga.
	Due to this film's popularity, Toei Animation created the Asgard saga for the anime, which did not originally appear in the manga and is set between the Sanctuary and Poseidon arcs of the story.
	is the third anime film by Toei Animation based on the "Saint Seiya" manga. Unlike its predecessors, which premiered on the Toei Manga Matsuri film festivals, this installment was instead shown at the "Weekly Jump" 20th Anniversary Festival along with the animated movie version of "Sakigake!! Otokojuku".
	Athena receives the visit of Phoebus Abel, her older brother and God of the Corona. He informs her that he has come to destroy humanity as punishment for their corruption, just as it was done in ancient times. He dismisses Seiya and the Bronze Saints, as she will now be guarded by Abel's three Corona Saints, Atlas of Carina, Jaow of Lynx and Berenike of Coma Berenices, and the five resurrected Gold Saints who died in the Sanctuary battle: Saga of Gemini, Deathmask of Cancer, Shura of Capricorn, Camus of Aquarius and Aphrodite of Pisces. When Athena rebels against Abel's plan, he attacks her, sending her soul to Elysion, the final resting place from which there is no return. The Bronze Saints immediately rush to the Sanctuary to save her and ultimately overcome Abel.
	Unlike the other "Saint Seiya" movies made in the 1980s, this one was a full featured film, having a running time of 75 minutes. The events occur sometime after the Poseidon saga and before the Fallen Angels saga (4th movie).
	The plot involves the coming of Lucifer to the Sanctuary, where his underlings systematically dispose of the surviving Gold Saints. Athena goes to Lucifer to ask for peace, placing herself in peril. The Bronze Saints must then come to her rescue, destroying Lucifer's Fallen Angels ("Seima Tenshi" in Japanese) in the process.
	The soundtrack was composed by Seiji Yokoyama and released in the Saint Seiya Original Soundtrack VIII – Warriors of the Final Holy Battle CD.
	After the success of the OVA series "Hades - Chapter Sanctuary", this movie served as a continuation to the Hades saga. Injured after his confrontation with Hades, Seiya is in a coma and under Saori's care. The Goddess Artemis, Saori's older sister, comes to Earth to ask why she is not fulfilling her duties as a Goddess and takes control of Sanctuary in her stead. Hoping that it may bring peace on Earth, Saori goes to the Sanctuary and starts spilling her blood and it is up to the Bronze Saints to save her.
	After the bloody battle against Hades, goddess Athena's Saints are still recovering when they find themselves face to face with their newest and most formidable foe: the dreadful goddess Artemis, accompanied by her Angels. Artemis replaces Athena as the Earth guardian deity and takes over the Sanctuary, turning Athena's Saints into her servants.
	Upon invading the Sanctuary, the Bronze Saints learn that Athena was banished by Artemis and decide to fight the moon goddess in order to rescue their true goddess and free the Earth from Artemis's ominous control.
	The movie focuses mostly on Seiya and Athena, as the other Bronze Saints are not seen as much; they only appear during their respective fights with the other Angels, and briefly towards the end. However, Eagle Marin also appears, as Ophiuchus Shaina, Unicorn Jabu, and Hydra Ichi do, though the latter three are just cameos.
	The movie also has a very ambiguous ending, with many plot points and danglers unresolved.
	A Live Action film was announced at Comic Con Brazil 2016.

= = = BBC Regional Programme = = =

	The BBC Regional Programme was a UK radio broadcasting service which was on the air from 9 March 1930 – when it replaced a number of earlier BBC local stations – until 1 September 1939, when it was subsumed into the BBC Home Service, two days before the outbreak of World War II.
	When the British Broadcasting Company first began transmissions on 14 November 1922 from station 2LO in the Strand, Westminster, London, which it had inherited from the Marconi Company (one of the six commercial companies which created the BBC), the technology did not yet exist either for national coverage or for joint programming between transmitters. Whilst it was possible to combine large numbers of trunk telephone lines to link transmitters for individual programmes, the process was expensive and not encouraged by the General Post Office as it tied up large parts of the telephone network. The stations that followed the establishment of 2LO in London were therefore autonomously programmed using local talent and facilities.
	By May 1923, simultaneous broadcasting was technically possible, at least between main transmitters and relay stations, but the quality was not felt to be high enough to provide a national service or regular simultaneous broadcasts. 
	In 1924, it was felt that technical standards had improved enough for London to start to provide the majority of the output, cutting the local stations back to providing items of local interest.
	Each of these stations broadcast at approximately 1 kW.
	Each of these stations broadcast at approximately 120 W
	On 21 August 1927, the BBC opened a high-power mediumwave transmitter, 5GB, at its Daventry site, to replace the existing local stations in the English Midlands. That allowed the experimental longwave transmitter 5XX to provide a service – which eventually came to be called the BBC National Programme – programmed from London and available to the majority of the population.
	By combining the resources of the local stations into one regional station in each area, with a basic sustaining service from London, the BBC hoped to increase programme quality whilst also centralising the management of the radio service. This was known as "The Regional Scheme".
	The local transmitters were gradually either converted to a regional service relay or closed entirely and replaced by high power regional broadcasts. Some local studios were retained to provide for programming from specific areas within each region. Most transmitters also carried the BBC National Programme on a local frequency to supplement the longwave broadcasts from 5XX; initially these were on three separate frequencies and programming included some local variations. As the regional network expanded these transmissions were fully synchronized with those from Brookmans Park.
	A relay station for Brookmans Park on 1402 kHz was due to open at Acle near Norwich in 1940. Construction was postponed by the outbreak of war. The station was never completed and was replaced by one at Postwick.
	Upon the outbreak of World War II, the BBC closed the Regional and National Programmes and replaced them with a single channel known as the BBC Home Service. The transmitter network was synchronized on 668 and 767 kHz in order to use the other frequencies for propaganda broadcasts in foreign languages. Each transmitter group would be turned off during an air raid to prevent their signals being used as navigational beacons and listeners were required to retune to a low-powered single-frequency network on 1474 kHz.
	On 29 July 1945, within 12 weeks of VE Day, the BBC reactivated the Regional Programme, but kept the name "BBC Home Service". The National Programme was also reopened under a new name as the BBC Light Programme.
	Both the National Programme and the Regional Programme provided a mixed mainstream radio service. Whilst the two services provided different programming, allowing listeners a choice, they were not streamed to appeal to different audiences, rather, they were intended to offer a choice of programming to a single audience. While using the same transmitters, the National Programme broadcast significantly more speech and classical music than its successor, the Light Programme. Similarly, the Regional Programme broadcast much more light and dance music than its successor, the Home Service.
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= = = Jana (given name) = = =

	Jana is the spelling of several unrelated given names.

= = = List of institutions of higher education in Bangalore = = =

	Bangalore University, established in 1886, provides affiliation to over 500 colleges, with a total student enrolment exceeding 300,000. The university has two campuses within Bangalore – Jnanabharathi and Central College. University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering was established in the year 1917, by Bharat Ratna Sir M. Visvesvaraya, At present, the UVCE is the only engineering college under the Bangalore University. Bangalore also has many private Engineering Colleges affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University.
	Some of the institutes in Bangalore which are the premier institutes for scientific research and study in India are:
	Some of the nationally renowned professional institutes located in Bangalore are 
	Private universities in Bangalore include institutes like Jain University, Christ University, Azim Premji University and PES University.
	Bangalore medical colleges include St. John's Medical College (SJMC) and Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute (BMCRI). The M. P. Birla Institute of Fundamental Research has a branch located in Bangalore.
	Bengaluru has a range of educational institutions from schools to Aerospace Engineering, Agriculture, Animation&Design, Biotechnology, Business Management, to Nanotechnology institutes.

= = = Pat Kavanagh (ice hockey) = = =

	Pat Kavanagh (born March 14, 1979) is a former Canadian professional ice hockey right winger who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Vancouver Canucks and Philadelphia Flyers.
	Kavanagh was drafted in the 2nd round, 50th overall, by the Philadelphia Flyers in the 1997 NHL Entry Draft.
	On January 31, 2007, Kavanagh signed with the HV71 of the Elitserien for the rest of the 2006–07 season after having played the early part of the season for SaiPa of the SM-liiga and two games with the Portland Pirates of the AHL. Kavanagh played for the Iserlohn Roosters in 2007–08 and after a good season he moved on to the Frankfurt Lions. Where he was only a season before moving to ERC Ingolstadt.
	In the 2010–11 season, Kavanagh returned he to sign a one-year contract with Iserlohn on July 9, 2010.
	On June 21, 2011, Kavanagh switched European leagues signing a one-year contract with Vienna Capitals of the EBEL.

= = = Lisnarick, County Fermanagh = = =

	Lisnarick or Lisnarrick () is a small village in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, 4 km west of Irvinestown. It is situated in the civil parish of Derryvullan and historic barony of Lurg. The village was once known as Archdalestown after the nearby Castle Archdale. In the 2001 Census it had a population of about 250.
	The village is mostly housing although there is one multi-purpose store, a restaurant, a filling station and a sub-post office. At the middle of the village is a green with horse chestnut trees and a play park. There is also a rath beside the bridge.
	Rory Maguire was leader of the Irish Rebellion of 1641 in Fermanagh, and the burning of Lisnarick on 23 October 1641 was the signal for the rebellion to start. Castle Archdale was also destroyed at the time.
	Castle Archdale Country Park is on the main Enniskillen to Kesh road (B82), 1 mile on the Enniskillen side of Lisnarick.

= = = Klinton Spilsbury = = =

	Klinton Spilsbury (born March 4, 1951) is a former actor from the U.S. His sole major acting credit is the film "The Legend of the Lone Ranger" (1981), in which he played the title role.
	Spilsbury, descended from Mormon settlers in Mexico, spent much of his childhood in Arizona, where his father was a football coach, first in the high school ranks and then at Arizona State Teachers College (now Northern Arizona University). After his father left Northern Arizona, the family returned to Mexico, settling in Colonia Juárez. The younger Spilsbury briefly attended Brigham Young University before moving to Hollywood to attempt to break into acting.
	Using the name Max Keller in 1979, he moved to New York City, where he did a few minor bit parts on a few daytime soaps.
	Klinton Spilsbury's dialogue in "The Legend of the Lone Ranger" was dubbed by actor James Keach. Considerable controversy surrounded Spilsbury at the time of the film's release, in part because of the studio's treatment of Clayton Moore, star of the popular 1950s TV series, who was prevented through legal action from wearing his black mask during personal appearances. Controversy also was due to Spilsbury's on-set antics, which included fighting with crew members and being uncooperative and combative during the production. It was the only film Spilsbury made. For his performance in this film, Spilsbury received the 1981 Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor.
	Andy Warhol interviewed Spilsbury during his promotion tour, later describing the interview as "nutty," because Spilsbury was "blowing his whole image" during their conversation. Spilsbury told Warhol that, before making the movie, he had been an art student married to a rich woman and that they had a baby together. He went on to state that they did not spend much time together because he needed too much time with his own thoughts, a detail that Warhol found amusing. Spilsbury told Warhol that he was a friend of actor Dennis Christopher and had fallen in love with him, and that he also had later fallen in love with actor Bud Cort. Warhol described Spilsbury as "very drunk" during the latter part of the interview, and the latter also mentioned that "he'd been picked up by Halston and woke up in bed with Halston."
	An article about him in "The Los Angeles Times" in 1989 revealed that he had spent some time in Europe and was working as a model. He had hopes to revive his career as an actor, but admitted in the article that he was not having much luck. He has intermittently coached acting workshops at the Herpolscheimer Academy in Vancouver.
	In 2013, when a reboot film, "The Lone Ranger" starring Johnny Depp and Armie Hammer was released, Spilsbury was sought out by media sources but declined to comment. According to "Variety", Spilsbury was working as a photographer in Los Angeles at the time.

= = = List of Asiana Airlines destinations = = =

	As of September 2019, Asiana Airlines offers regular passenger and cargo service to 90 destinations (except seasonal charter destinations) in 27 countries from its two hub airports, Incheon International Airport and Gimpo International Airport in South Korea. Outside South Korea, the countries with the largest number of airports served by Asiana Airlines are China with 22, Japan with 10 and the United States with 10.
	As of September 2019, Asiana Airlines operates between Incheon and 22 cities in China, and along with Korean Air is one of the two largest foreign airlines to operate into the People's Republic of China.

= = = Let's Go to Bed (The Cure song) = = =

	"Let's Go to Bed" is a song by English rock band the Cure, released as a stand-alone single by Fiction Records in November 1982. In the aftermath of the dark "Pornography", Robert Smith returned from a month-long detox in the Lake District to write the song, the antithesis to what the Cure currently represented. It was later included on the album "Japanese Whispers".
	The single was a minor success in the UK (peaking at No. 44) but was a top 20 hit in both Australia and New Zealand in 1983, reaching respectively No. 15 and No. 17.
	The origins of "Let's Go to Bed" lie in "Temptation", one of the demos for "Pornography". The song is a relatively upbeat, guitar-driven instrumental. In August 1982, soon after Simon Gallup's departure from the band, Smith demoed a vocal version of the track, entitled "Temptation Two", a psychedelic piece not far removed from the "Pornography" album but somewhat lighter in tone. At the end of the song, Smith sings a string of wordless syllables, nearly identical to the "doo doo doo"s of the later song. The song version was debuted on Kid Jensen's radio show on 27 November 1982, as a take which was very close to the final version that appeared as a single in the same month.
	In an interview with Rolling Stone, Robert Smith discussed the initial reaction when playing the song to Fiction Records: However, the song became a success much to Smith’s surprise. Later on in the same interview he said 
	On 15 March 1983, the song was the first broadcast for the pioneering Boston-based alternative rock radio station WFNX. When WFNX was sold and ceased broadcasting on 20 July 2012, "Let's Go to Bed" was selected as the station's final broadcast.
	AllMusic described the song as "antic, herky-jerky new wave pop", while "Pitchfork" called it "bratty, funky synthpop".
	The song's music video was the band's first collaboration with Tim Pope, who would go on to direct several more videos for the group. The video features members Robert Smith and Lol Tolhurst, who at that point were the only members of the Cure – the only instance in the band's history where the band officially had a two-person lineup. Pope’s video treatment displayed the band’s more whimsical side, something absent from the band’s early work. In his book, Tolhurst also recalls that he was dancing naked behind the screen as a shadowy silhouette. 
	7-inch vinyl
	12-inch vinyl
	US 7-inch vinyl
	US 12-inch vinyl
	The song was covered by New York pop band Ivy for their 2002 album "Guestroom".

= = = IBM Z = = =

	IBM Z is a family name used by IBM for all of its z/Architecture mainframe computers from the Z900 on.
	In July 2017, with another generation of products, the official family was changed to IBM Z from IBM z Systems; the IBM Z family now includes the newest model the IBM z15, as well as the z14 and the z13 (released under the IBM z Systems/IBM System z names), the IBM zEnterprise models (in common use the zEC12 and z196), the IBM System z10 models (in common use the z10 EC), the IBM System z9 models (in common use the z9EC) and "IBM eServer zSeries" models (in common use refers only to the z900 and z990 generations of mainframe).
	The "zSeries," "zEnterprise," "System z" and "IBM Z" families were named for their availability – "z" stands for zero downtime. The systems are built with spare components capable of hot failovers to ensure continuous operations.
	The IBM Z family maintains full backward compatibility. In effect, current systems are the direct, lineal descendants of System/360, announced in 1964, and the System/370 from the 1970s. Many applications written for these systems can still run unmodified on the newest IBM Z system over five decades later.
	Virtualization is required by default on IBM Z systems. First layer virtualization is provided by the Processor Resource and System Manager (PR/SM) to deploy one or more Logical Partitions (LPARs). Each LPAR supports a variety of operating systems. A hypervisor called z/VM can also be run as the second layer virtualization in LPARs to create as many virtual machines (VMs) as there are resources assigned to the LPARs to support them. The first layer of IBM Z virtualization (PR/SM) allows a z machine to run a limited number of LPARs (up to 80 on the IBM z13). These can be considered virtual "bare metal" servers because PR/SM allows CPUs to be dedicated to individual LPARs. z/VM LPARs allocated within PR/SM LPARs can run a very large number of virtual machines as long as there are adequate CPU, memory, and I/O resources configured with the system for the desired performance, capacity, and throughput.
	IBM Z's PR/SM and hardware attributes allow compute resources to be dynamically changed to meet workload demands. CPU and memory resources can be non-disruptively added to the system and dynamically assigned, recognized, and used by LPARs. I/O resources such as IP and SAN ports can also be added dynamically. They are virtualized and shared across all LPARs. The hardware component that provides this capability is called the Channel Subsystem. Each LPAR can be configured to either "see" or "not see" the virtualized I/O ports to establish desired "shareness" or isolation. This virtualization capability allows significant reduction in I/O resources because of its ability to share them and drive up utilization.
	PR/SM on IBM Z has earned Common Criteria Evaluation Assurance Level (EAL) 5+ security certification, and z/VM has earned Common Criteria EAL4+ certification.
	The KVM hypervisor from Linux has also been ported.
	Since the move away from the System/390 name, a number of IBM Z models have been released. These can be grouped into families with similar architectural characteristics.
	The IBM zEnterprise System (zEnterprise), announced in July 2010, with the z196 model, is designed to offer both mainframe and distributed server technologies in an integrated system. The zEnterprise System consists of three components. First is a System z server. Second is the IBM zEnterprise BladeCenter Extension (zBX). Last is the management layer, IBM zEnterprise Unified Resource Manager (zManager), which provides a single management view of zEnterprise resources. The zEnterprise is designed to extend mainframe capabilities – management efficiency, dynamic resource allocation, serviceability – to other systems and workloads running on AIX on POWER7, and Microsoft Windows or Linux on x86.
	The zEnterprise BladeCenter Extension (zBX) is an infrastructure component that hosts both general purpose blade servers and appliance-like workload optimizers which can all be managed as if they were a single mainframe. The zBX supports a private high speed internal network that connects it to the central processing complex, which reduces the need for networking hardware and provides inherently high security.
	The IBM zEnterprise Unified Resource Manager integrates the System z and zBX resources as a single virtualized system and provides unified and integrated management across the zEnterprise System. It can identify system bottlenecks or failures among disparate systems and if a failure occurs it can dynamically reallocate system resources to prevent or reduce application problems. The Unified Resource Manager provides energy monitoring and management, resource management, increased security, virtual networking, and information management from a single user interface.
	Highlights of the original zEnterprise z196 include:
	The newest zEnterprise, the EC12, was announced in August 2012, and included:
	On April 8, 2014, in honor of the 50th anniversary of the System/360 mainframe, IBM announced the release of its first converged infrastructure solution based on mainframe technology. Dubbed the IBM Enterprise Cloud System, this new offering combines IBM mainframe hardware, software, and storage into a single system and is designed to compete with competitive offerings from VCE, HP, and Oracle. According to IBM, it is the most scalable Linux server available with support for up to 6,000 virtual machines in a single-footprint.
	In June 2014, IBM announced it had shipped its first Enterprise Cloud System to Vissensa, a UK-based managed service provider.
	Specific models from this family include:
	The IBM System z10 servers supported more memory than previous generation systems and can have up to 64 central processors (CPs) per frame. The full speed z10 processor's uniprocessor performance was up to 62% faster than that of the z9 server, according to IBM's z10 announcement, and included these other features:
	Specific models from this family include:
	In July 2005, IBM announced a new family of servers – the System z9 family – with the IBM System z9 Enterprise Class (z9 EC) and the IBM System z9 Business Class (z9 BC) servers. The System z9 servers offered:
	Specific models from this family include:
	The zSeries family, which includes the z900, z800, z990 and z890, introduced IBM's newly designed 64-bit z/Architecture to the mainframe world. The new servers provide more than four times the performance of previous models. In its 64-bit mode the new CPU is freed from the 31-bit addressing constraints of its predecessors. Major features of the eServer zSeries family:
	Specific models from this family included:
	A processor book is a modular card in IBM mainframes that contains processors, memory, and I/O connections. A multi-chip module is welded onto each processor book for the z196 model.

= = = Bob Wren Stadium = = =

	Bob Wren Stadium is a baseball stadium located in Athens, Ohio on the campus of Ohio University. It serves as the home field for the Ohio Bobcats since opening on April 18, 1998. The Bobcats opened the facility by defeating the Bowling Green Falcons 4–1 in front of 1,389 fans.
	Bob Wren Stadium features many modern amenities and has a capacity of 4,000. The stadium has 100 chairback seats that are part of the VIP club, named the Baumholtz club in honor of former Ohio baseball player Frank Baumholtz. In addition, there are around 1,000 bleacher-back seats in the stadium and another 1,000 seats of regular bleachers. Down both the third and first base lines there are two grassy knolls that are capable of seating up to another 1,000 fans.
	There are two concession stands available with traditional ballpark fare, and members of the Baumholtz Club have access to a private lounge that serves more upscale food items. The press box provides multiple phones and computer lines for members of the media. There are also two radio broadcast booths and one television broadcast booth available.
	The stadium has already undergone several modifications since opening. In 2003, a large Daktronics digital scoreboard was added to the outfield of the stadium. That same year, heated batting cages were added to the northeast of the stadium, allowing Bobcat players to practice inside during cold weather. Most recently, lights were installed in 2004. As a result of this new addition, 15 of Ohio's 28 home games in 2005 were played at night.
	The stadium is named for former Bobcat head coach Bob Wren, who held the highest all-time winning percentage of any Ohio baseball coach. 
	In addition to serving as the home of Ohio Bobcats baseball, Bob Wren Stadium is home to the Southern Ohio Copperheads of the Great Lakes Summer Collegiate League and is the home of the state American Legion baseball tournament every year.

= = = Jurby = = =

	Jurby () is one of the seventeen parishes of the Isle of Man.
	It is located in the north-west of the island (part of the traditional "North Side" division) in the sheading of Michael.
	For the purposes of local government, the whole of the historic parish forms a single parish district with Commissioners.
	The Captain of the Parish (since 1999) is John James Quayle.
	Jurby parish is part of the Ayre & Michael constituency, which elects two Members to the House of Keys. Before 2016 it was in the Michael constituency.
	The Isle of Man census of 2016 returned a parish population of 776, a decrease of 2.7% from the figure of 797 in 2011.
	The parish of Jurby, which lies on the north-western coast of the island, borders those of Andreas to the east, Lezayre to the south-east, and Ballaugh to the south. It is low-lying overall: the highest elevations are some coastal dunes with a height of up to 39 metres.
	There is an industrial park on the old RAF Jurby Airfield, but otherwise the district is almost entirely agricultural. Apart from the Jurby airfield buildings, there are no significant settlements in the parish.
	Jurby Airfield was originally used as a Royal Air Force training base in World War II. During the 1950s it was used as a training camp for Officer cadets on short term commissions in the RAF. The course lasted three months. Part of the airfield is now used as an industrial and retail estate. The old runways and taxiways now form the Jurby motorcycle race track.
	The grassland surrounding the airfield harbours many wildflowers, as the land has never been ploughed. Skylarks can be heard in summer when there are no races on. A large part of the airfield therefore has statutory protection under the Wildlife Act 1990 as an Area of Special Scientific Importance.
	A museum dedicated to transport in the island, the Jurby Transport Museum, is housed in an old aircraft hangar.
	Another museum nearby, the Isle of Man Motor Museum, was officially opened by the Lieutenant Governor on 22 May 2015.
	A tiny 8th century chapel dedicated to St Cecilia (the patron saint of music), was Jurby's first recorded church. St Cecilia's Day on 22 November was the parish festival day. There are several Viking carved crosses and gravestones within the church. Medieval objects have occasionally been excavated when new graves were prepared in the church grounds. 
	In medieval times the church was part of the Whithorn diocese in SW Scotland. This caused some political trouble when the English and Scots were at war; the Bishop invited the Scottish clergy of Jurby to visit him and was criticised by English authorities for fraternising with the enemy.
	The present St. Patrick's Church, Jurby was built during the war with help of RAF Jurby. There are a number of war graves, for British, Commonwealth and Polish servicemen. They died mostly from aircraft training accidents.
	The church is set on a slight headland on the coast and there are views south to Peel, north to Scotland, and inland across the rural north of the island, towards the hills.
	The Isle of Man Prison operated by the Isle of Man Prison Service is located at Jurby.
	Jurby was historically subdivided into five treens:

= = = Délifrance = = =

	Délifrance is a bakery company that produces "French style" bakery, savoury and snacking products in over 100 countries on five continents. It has been in operation since 1983. The sister company of Délifrance is "Grands Moulins de Paris," which is a major French milling company and supplies 100% of the flour used in Délifrance's products.
	Délifrance has 12 subsidiaries in Europe and the Middle East. Its restaurants serve "French style" baked products such as croissants, gâteaux, fougasses, pains au chocolat, brioches, crisp praline, and baguettes. Most Délifrance restaurants also serve beverages, coffee and pasta.
	In 1997, Sembawang Corporation Limited acquired controlling interest of Délifrance Asia Ltd. In 1999, Prudential Asset Management Asia Limited (PAMA) Group Inc. acquired 100% of Délifrance Asia Ltd and took it private.
	In December 2007, Singapore-listed company Auric Pacific Group Limited purchased Délifrance Asia Ltd from PAMA for SGD75 Million; Auric Pacific Group was privatized in 2017.
	In the Philippines, Jollibee Foods Corporation operated Délifrance from 1995 to 2010, when both companies severed their ties. All former Délifrance restaurants in the Philippines were relaunched as CaféFrance, which was later sold by Jollibee to Euro-Med Laboratories Philippines, Inc.
	Délifrance ran several franchises in Malaysia until 2015, but as of 2016 all outlets appear to have closed without official notice.
	Today, the Délifrance range includes over 1000 products including bread, "viennoiseries", patisseries and savoury products.
	Different modes of "utilisation":

= = = Brandywine Valley Railroad = = =

	The Brandywine Valley Railroad is a class III railroad operating in Pennsylvania.
	It was established in 1981 by the Lukens Steel Company to operate trackage at Coatesville, Pennsylvania and the neighboring town of Modena. It was acquired, with the rest of the Lukens properties, by Bethlehem Steel Corporation in 1998.
	The Brandywine Valley's main line was originally built by the Wilmington and Northern Railroad, largely following the Brandywine Creek, to connect Reading with Wilmington, Delaware. By the time of the Brandywine Valley's formation, the line had been abandoned north of Valley Station, just north of Coatesville. BVRY took over the line from this point, the site of an interchange with Amtrak's Keystone Corridor, south to Modena, below which the ex-W&N was owned by PennDOT and operated by a number of shortlines over the years.
	Under Bethlehem operation, BVRY took over operation of the Delaware Valley Railroad, then operating the remainder of the ex-Wilmington and Northern, in early 1999. This gave the railroad interchange access not only to Conrail at Coatesville (subsequently replaced by the Norfolk Southern Railway), but to CSX Transportation at the southern end of the line at Elsmere, Delaware. It also thus began to operate a connecting branch of the former Pennsylvania Railroad from Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania, on the W&N, to Nottingham.
	After the acquisition of Bethlehem Steel's assets by International Steel Group in 2003, Brandywine Valley began to scale back its operations. The ex-PRR line, also known as the Octoraro line, was taken over in that year by the Morristown and Erie Railroad. In 2005, the ex-W&N line south of Modena was turned over to the East Penn Railroad, reducing the Brandywine Valley to its original extent.
	With the merger of ISG in 2005, the railroad and steel plant were taken over by Mittal Steel Company, which became ArcelorMittal in 2006.

= = = Victor Cavendish-Bentinck, 9th Duke of Portland = = =

	Victor Frederick William Cavendish-Bentinck, 9th Duke of Portland, (18 June 1897 – 30 July 1990), known as Victor Cavendish-Bentinck until 1980, was a British diplomat, businessman, and peer. He served as Chairman of the Joint Intelligence Committee during the Second World War and was British Ambassador to Poland between 1945 and 1947.
	Cavendish-Bentinck was born in Marylebone, London on 18 June 1897. He was the second son of Frederick Cavendish-Bentinck, whose father, George Cavendish-Bentinck, was a grandson of William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland. Although formally Victor Cavendish-Bentinck he was known informally as Bill. Like other members of his family he informally dispensed with the name "Cavendish", being known simply as Bill Bentinck. He was educated at Wellington College.
	Queen Elizabeth II is also descended from the 3rd Duke of Portland through her maternal grandmother Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck. The Queen and the 9th Duke of Portland were third cousins, once removed.
	Cavendish-Bentinck did not pursue a university education, instead entering the diplomatic service in 1915 at the age of 18 before taking leave to fight with the Grenadier Guards in the First World War, returning to the Foreign Office in 1919. In 1922, he took charge of administrative arrangements for the Lausanne Conference. He served in the British Embassy in Paris and also in the League of Nations Department in the Foreign Office. Other postings included Athens in 1932 and Santiago in 1933. The high point of his diplomatic career came in 1939 when he was appointed chairman of the Joint Intelligence Committee. He managed to develop the body as a highly effective instrument of government and, as a result, became counsellor to the Services Liaison Department of the Foreign Office in 1942.
	However, he cast doubt on reports that were received regarding the Nazi genocide of the Jews. In late August 1943 the Polish Embassy in London informed the British government of the deportation and annihilation of hundreds of thousands of Jews from Lublin and Bialystok provinces. The chairman of the Joint Intelligence Committee, Victor Cavendish-Bentinck, deplored Polish and Jewish information about atrocities. He wrote this information as an attempt to ‘stoke us up’ He added: ‘I feel certain that we are making a mistake in giving credence to this gas chamber story.’ This error of judgement makes his subsequent appointment as ambassador to Poland the more surprising.
	In 1945, Cavendish-Bentinck was given his final diplomatic posting on his appointment as Ambassador to Poland. When visiting the formerly German City of Stettin (Szczecin) in 1946 he was invited to talk to German civilians suffering from months of internment so their possessions and property could be taken over by Polish resettlers from territories lost to the USSR. Cavendish-Bentinck refused to do so, ignoring certain inhuman circumstances under which mainly old people, women and children had to suffer, by noting to his Polish hosts, he was "convinced that they will complain as usual".
	He held the position for two years before the Foreign Office applied to appoint him Ambassador to Brazil. He never took up the latter post, being obliged to resign from the Foreign Office, without a pension, as a result of the publicity surrounding his divorce. Bentinck's aristocratic background attracted press attention; Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin, apparently sympathetic, remarked at that the time "I could have saved him if his name had been Smith."
	After his withdrawal from the diplomatic service, Cavendish-Bentinck embarked on a business career, becoming Vice-Chairman of the Committee of Industrial Interests in Germany. From this position, he was able to advance the interests of British companies such as Unilever. He was a member of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group.
	In 1980 he succeeded his elder brother Ferdinand Cavendish-Bentinck as the 9th Duke of Portland. Upon his own death in 1990, the dukedom and the Marquessate of Titchfield became extinct because his only son had predeceased him and there were no other surviving male heirs of the 1st Duke. However, the earldom of Portland had been created in an earlier generation than the dukedom and there were surviving descendants in the male line to inherit it. That title was therefore inherited by his kinsman, Henry Noel Bentinck, who became 11th Earl of Portland, together with its subsidiary titles of Viscount Woodstock and Baron Cirencester. He was interred at the traditional burial place of the Dukes of Portland in the churchyard of St Winifred's Church at Holbeck.
	Bentick married Clothilde Bruce Quigley (died 1984), an American, on 16 February 1924. She was the daughter of James Bruce Quigley. They had two children together:
	Soon after World War II began Bentinck received a telephone call at his office from his Hungarian maid to tell him that his wife had left him and taken their children with her. They were finally divorced in 1948.
	Portland married secondly, Kathleen Elsie Barry (died 2004) on 27 July 1948. She was the daughter of Arthur Barry. This marriage produced one child:

= = = Sharbithat = = =

	Sharbithat () is a coastal town in Dhofar, Oman. It is located at around , and is located in the wilayat of Sheleem. Sharbithat is situated around 430 km from Salalah, which is in the south of Sultanate of Oman. 
	Sharbithat is basically a fishing village, having a population of approximately 300 people. Fish caught from Sharbithat is sent to places like Dubai and Salalah, where it is packaged and exported to many countries. Sharbithat has a secondary school and a health center. A new housing colony has recently been built.

= = = 666 = = =

	666 may refer to:

= = = Sebastian Gryphius = = =

	Sebastian Gryphius (; c. 1492, in Reutlingen – 1556, in Lyon) was a German bookseller-printer and humanist.
	He was the son of Michael Greyff (Greif, Gryff, Gryph), and learned from him the new craft of printing, in Germany and then in Venice. Around 1520 he came to Lyon and settled there, on behalf of a Venetian firm of booksellers.
	Initially Gryphius mostly published works on law and administration, in Gothic script. He then moved to Latin classics. He also translated classical Greek authors into Latin. He published his contemporaries Erasmus, Guillaume Budé and Poliziano.
	In 1536 he went into business with Hugues de la Porte, who financed him in an independent venture. He founded "l'Atelier du Griffon", with a griffin mark. Around this time he introduced the Italic type of Aldus Manutius.
	In the 1540s he was the highly reputed 'Prince of the Lyon book trade'. He promoted the local humanist culture, and his books were prized for their clean lay-out and accuracy. The nineteenth-century scholar Henri Baudrier spoke of Sebastian Gryphius's printshop ("Atelier du Griffon") as a « société angélique pour les libres-penseurs ».
	His friends included André Alciat, Étienne Dolet, Guillaume Scève and Barthélémy Aneau, and they wrote highly of his work, even helping out in practical printing tasks. Their linguistic input was also of benefit to the works printed. Gryphius printed suspect texts and even sheltered authors in trouble for heretical writing. Étienne Dolet, an academic and satirical poet, came fresh from jail in Toulouse, and was burned as a heretic in 1546.
	From 1540, François Rabelais came to Gryphius to publish his translations of Hippocrates, Galen and Giovanni Mainardi.
	His brother Franz (François) was a printer in the "rue des Carmes" in Paris from 1532. Another brother, Johann (Jean), remained in Venice, also as a printer.

= = = Championship Manager 4 = = =

	Championship Manager 4 is a football management game in the Championship Manager series.
	It was the penultimate game in the series to be developed by Sports Interactive before they and publishers Eidos decided to go their separate ways. The game was released for Windows in March 2003 and then on the Mac on April 11, 2003.
	It was hugely anticipated by fans of the series, mainly due to the inclusion of a graphical 2D match-engine for the first time in a CM game, and upon its release it became the fastest selling PC game of all time in the UK.
	"Championship Manager 4" received a "Platinum" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies in the United Kingdom.

= = = The Walk (The Cure song) = = =

	"The Walk" is a song by English rock band The Cure, released as a stand-alone single in July 1983. It later appeared on the compilation album "Japanese Whispers". It was recorded when the band was briefly reduced to the two founding members Robert Smith and Lol Tolhurst following the departure of bassist Simon Gallup following the end of the band's previous tour in support of the album Pornography. in May 1982. According to Tolhurst, they chose producer Steve Nye due to his work on the album Tin Drum by Japan. 
	One of the three B-sides to the single is "Lament", which is a re-recording of a promo single released in late 1982 for the "Flexipop" magazine. Unlike the earlier version, which was garbled and experimental, the lyrics are understandable and the music has a different composition.
	Released as a single in July 1983, "The Walk" was something of a commercial breakthrough for the group with regard to their singles output, peaking at number 12 and giving them their first entry into the UK top 20. It was also the first of their 17 consecutive Irish top 20 hits between 1983 and 1992.
	The Cure recorded a completely new version of "The Walk" for their remix album "Mixed Up", as the original master tapes could not be located. They later recorded an acoustic version for their "Greatest Hits compilation. 
	7"
	12"
	US mini-LP

= = = Mojżesz Presburger = = =

	Mojżesz Presburger (1904 – 1943) was a Polish Jewish mathematician, logician, and philosopher. He was a student of Alfred Tarski and is known for, among other things, having invented Presburger arithmetic as a student in 1929.
	He was born in Warsaw on 27 December 1904 and died in the Holocaust, probably 1943.
	In 2010, the European Association for Theoretical Computer Science began conferring the annual Presburger Award (named after Mojżesz Presburger) to a young scientist (in exceptional cases to several young scientists) for outstanding contributions in theoretical computer science. Mikołaj Bojańczyk was the first recipient.

= = = Derren Litten = = =

	Derren Ronald Litten (born 21 December 1970) is an English comedy writer and actor. He is best known as the creator and writer of the sitcom "Benidorm". Litten also co-wrote the "The Catherine Tate Show", for which he both wrote and appeared as several different characters in the first two series and the 2005 Christmas Special. He has also acted in many comedy and drama series including "Perfect World", "French and Saunders", "Spaced", "EastEnders", Coronation Street, "Pie in the Sky" with Richard Griffiths.
	Litten’s first sitcom was "Benidorm", which began airing on ITV in 2007. The series follows various groups of holiday makers and staff in the all-inclusive Solana resort located in Benidorm. The series starred actors and actresses such as Johnny Vegas, Sheila Reid, Chrissy Rock, Selina Griffiths and Sherrie Hewson. The series received strong ratings and later extended its runtime from 30 minutes to an hour. The show ran for 10 series ending in 2018.
	He wrote an episode of "Not Going Out", and is also the credited writer of an episode of the "Only Fools and Horses" spin-off "Green Green Grass".
	In 2013, a one-off sketch was produced for Sport Relief featuring the "Benidorm" cast. The sketch involved several of the characters singing on "Britain's Got Talent".
	Litten also wrote a remake episode of "Are You Being Served?" which three of the cast had previously appeared in "Benidorm", Sherrie Hewson, John Challis and Niky Wardley. It was poorly received by audiences and critics.
	Derren studied acting at The Central School of Speech and Drama where he met Catherine Tate. He left Central in 1993 and worked as a jobbing actor for 10 years appearing in shows such as "Green Wing", "Pie In The Sky", "Spaced", "French & Saunders", "Doc Martin", "Eastenders", "Casualty" and "Perfect World" but it was not until 2003 when Catherine asked Derren to write sketches for her TV show. Litten agreed despite having no experience in script writing, or indeed any formal qualifications at all having left Hessle High School (East Yorkshire) without a single O level or GCSE. In 2004 Derren was nominated for a BAFTA Craft award in the category of Best New Writer.
	After two series and a Christmas Special (2005) writing for and appearing in "The Catherine Tate Show", Derren met writer John Sullivan who asked if he would be interested in contributing to his "Only Fools & Horses" spin off "The Green Green Grass". Derren wrote one episode and co-wrote another with John.
	In 2006, Derren penned his own comedy for ITV based in a Spanish all inclusive holiday resort. "Benidorm" turned out to be a ratings hit for ITV and was also won for a BAFTA in the category of Situation Comedy. From series 3 onwards the half-hour sitcom was turned into an hour-long show. In October 2011 Constable & Robinson published Derren's book to accompany the series, "The Benidorm Guide to A Happy Holiday". Benidorm has won numerous awards including 7 National Television Awards. Series 5 began transmission in February 2012 and Series 6 began transmission in January 2014. Derren did not take a regular acting part in "Benidorm" but instead appears briefly throughout the series in a number of small cameo roles. In January 2013 SKY LIVING announced its new sitcom "The Spa", written and created by Derren and starring Rebecca Front, would air from 7 February 2013. In this series, Litten also plays a regular character, Marcus, an overweight fitness instructor who uses a wheelchair. In 2016 Litten wrote the script for the pilot episode for the remake of "Are You Being Served?"
	Litten wrote and directed the sitcom "Scarborough" for the BBC. It started airing in September 2019.
	He has made it publicly known that he is a part of the LGBT community.

= = = Beata = = =

	Beata or Beate is a female given name that occurs in several cultures and languages, including Italian, German, Polish, and Swedish, and which is derived from the Latin "beatus", meaning "blessed". Variants include Bea, Beade and Beáta. The name may refer to:

= = = Anders Matthesen = = =

	Anders "Anden" (""The Duck"") Matthesen (born July 6, 1975) is a Danish stand-up comedian, actor and rapper. He is known for creating a wide array of memorable characters and stereotypes which he uses as alter-egos in performances.
	After failing as a rapper, Matthesen started his stand-up career at the Danish Stand-Up Championship in 1993, where he finished in second place. After making a name on this scene, as well as through his comedy radio stories, he also contributed to several other projects. For example, a television "Julekalender", "Jul på Vesterbro", featured fourteen characters of his invention, all of them played by himself. These included the drunken, prostitute-addicted sailor Stewart Stardust, and his junkie son, Danny. The story revolves around Stewart's hot dog stand, which a band of terrorists attempts to use to detonate a nuclear device during a UN meeting in Copenhagen.
	Anders Matthesen has also released several CDs with his radio material, in addition to the animated movie "Terkel in Trouble", based on one of these. He has also shown himself as a capable actor in a few plays including one about the life of the Danish travel tycoon Simon Spies. In 2006 he revisited rapping on his album "Soevnloes", to great success, earning a gold record.
	Recently Anders Matthesen has gone back to his stand-up roots, touring Denmark with shows like "Bytte, bytte købmand" (in collaboration with stand-up comedian Thomas Hartmann) from 2009 and the new one man show ""ANDERS"" which was released on DVD on November 11, 2013.

= = = The Love Cats (song) = = =

	"The Love Cats" (sometimes rendered as "The Lovecats") is a song by English rock band The Cure, released as a stand-alone single in October 1983.
	It was the band's first Top 10 hit in the UK, peaking at number 7. It also reached number 6 on the Australian chart in early 1984. The single later appeared on the compilation album "Japanese Whispers", released in December 1983.
	At the time the song was written, Robert Smith was very interested in the work of Australian author Patrick White. According to a number of his fans, Smith was inspired to write "The Love Cats" after reading White's novel "The Vivisector" (1970), although this claim is difficult to verify. In the novel, the protagonist, Hurtle, is appalled when his lover's husband drowns a sack of stray cats. White draws a parallel between the way in which the cats are discarded, and the treatment of certain characters in the book; by extension, the cats symbolize the most innocent and vulnerable members of society, and the casual cruelty with which they sometimes meet their fate.
	The music video features a number of cats and a large lampshade falling on the head of bassist Phil Thornalley. There are many shots of a mansion which the band told a buyer they were interested in buying it. They returned the keys in the morning. Real cats were supposed to be used but after proving to be troublesome, taxidermied ones were used in the place of cats. Smith said of the video: "'The Love Cats' is far from being my favourite song: composed drunk, video filmed drunk, promotion made drunk. It was a joke." 
	"The Love Cats" has been covered by Luke Doucet, on his album "Blood's Too Rich"; OK Go, on their "Do What You Want" EP; Tricky, on his album "Vulnerable"; Paul Anka, on his 2005 album of covers, "Rock Swings"; The Hot Rats, on their 2010 debut album "Turn Ons"; and The Sharp, on their EP "Yeah I Want You". Jamie Cullum and Katie Melua also did a live cover of the song in 2007."

= = = Manchester Square = = =

	Manchester Square is an 18th-century garden square in Marylebone, London. Centred north of Oxford Street it measures internally north-to-south, and across. It is a small Georgian predominantly 1770s-designed instance in central London; construction began around 1776. The north side has a central mansion, Hertford House, flanked by approach ways; its first name was Manchester House — its use is since 1897 as the Wallace Collection (gallery/museum) of fine and decorative arts sits alongside the Madame Tussauds museum and Wigmore Hall concert rooms as single-greatest tourist attractions of Marylebone. The square forms part of west Marylebone, most of which sees minor but overarching property interests held by one owner (through lease reversions managed as the Portman Estate) among which many buildings have been recognised by statutory protection (as listed buildings).
	Among residents figured: 
	This six-house long approach fronts the east side of Hertford House (or its small public front lawn with steps, benches and paths). The first five buildings of Spanish Place are those listed, in the mainstream, initial category of Grade II. They were built c.1780-90, associated with the Duke of Manchester's development of the square, on Portman land. Their materials are brown brick, recessed slate roofs above five varying-prominence storeys with 3-window wide fronts. They have semicircular arched doorways to right; panelled doors with sidelights and fanlights; one a stuccoed Doric porch. Their windows are recessed sashes, in stuccoed reveals, under flat gauged arches. Reaching out below the first floor is a stucco plat band, painted stone or stucco cornice over the next, then a stucco cornice and blocking course marking the attic storey. Original, cast iron, geometric patterned balconies adorn the first floor. Cast iron area railings with urn finials enclose the front. №3 has a blue plaque as the home of Captain Marryat and George Grossmith.
	In 1814 and 1815 the square was the chosen setting for cheaper newspapers and, above all, their inner page articles to perpetuate a fresh round of the urban myth of a pig-faced woman.
	The cover photograph for "Please Please Me", the first LP by The Beatles, was taken by Angus McBean in 1963. It showed the group looking down over the stairwell inside EMI House here, EMI's London headquarters (now demolished). A repeat photo was taken in 1969 for the cover of their then-intended "Get Back" album; it was not used when the project saw release as "Let It Be", but was eventually used on the retrospective albums "1962–1966" and "1967–1970".
	In the early 20th century, the chemical company ICI moved into a new headquarters in the north-west corner of the square, which was designed in a modern style with classical elements. Around the rest of the square stand tall brick Georgian terraced houses, many of which are inside converted to offices.
	Manchester Square Fire Station, just over a full block north-west, in retail/leisure street Chiltern Street, was decommissioned in June 2005 by the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority (LFEPA) and, expanding further south, forms a luxury hotel and restaurant.

= = = Mingo Wilderness = = =

	Mingo Wilderness is an 8,000 acre (32 km) U.S. Wilderness Area located in southeastern Missouri in the Mingo National Wildlife Refuge. It was established and governed under the Wilderness Act of 1964. While the public is invited to engage in recreational opportunities such as fishing, hiking, canoeing, and wildlife observation, all uses are primitive and nondestructive and all access is by either foot traffic or nonmotorized boat.
	A special auto tour that runs around the perimeter of the Wilderness Area is open on Saturdays and Sundays in April, October, and November.
	The following specific activities are permitted in the Wilderness Area:

= = = BBC National Programme = = =

	The BBC National Programme was a UK radio broadcasting service which was on the air from 9 March 1930 – when it replaced the earlier BBC radio station 5XX – until 1 September 1939, when it was subsumed into the BBC Home Service, two days before the outbreak of World War II.
	When the British Broadcasting Company (later to be nationalized as the British Broadcasting Corporation) began transmissions on 14 November 1922, the technology for both national coverage and joint programming between transmitters did not exist – transmitter powers were generally in the region of 1 kilowatt (kW).
	From 9 July 1924, however, the company began experimenting with higher power longwave transmissions from the Marconi company's site near Chelmsford in Essex, using the call sign 5XX. The experiments proved successful and on 27 July 1925 the Chelmsford longwave transmitter was relocated to a more central site at Borough Hill near Daventry in Northamptonshire. This provided a "national service" of programmes originating in London, although it remained somewhat experimental and was supplementary to the BBC's locally based services, including its main London station, 2LO. 
	Initially the national programme was transmitted on 187.5 kHz longwave but this was later changed, with the opening in 1934 of a new high-power longwave transmitter site at Droitwich, to 200 kHz, which was to remain the BBC's longwave frequency until 1978, when it was moved slightly to 198 kHz. Mediumwave transmitters were used to augment coverage.
	On 21 August 1927, the BBC opened a high power mediumwave transmitter at the Daventry 5GB site, to replace the existing local stations in the English Midlands. That allowed the experimental longwave transmitter 5XX to provide a service programmed from London for the majority of the population. This came to be called the BBC National Programme.
	By combining the resources of the local stations into one regional station in each area, with a basic sustaining service from London, the BBC hoped to increase programme quality whilst also centralising the management of the radio service. This was known as "The Regional Scheme", and eventually resulted in the gradual extension throughout the 1930s of a separate BBC Regional Programme.
	The local stations were gradually either converted to regional relays or closed entirely and replaced by high-power Regional Programme transmitters. Some local studios were retained to provide for programming from specific areas within each region. Most transmitters also carried the BBC National Programme on a local frequency to supplement the longwave broadcasts from 5XX, initially these were on three separate frequencies in order to minimise interference, but by 1939, as the Regional Programme network expanded, the National Programme's three remaining mediumwave transmitters – at Brookmans Park (for London and the South East), Moorside Edge (for The North), and Westerglen (for Central Scotland) – were all using 1149 kHz.
	The National Programme's broadcasting hours were from 10.15am until Midnight Mondays to Saturdays, with Sundays commencing broadcasting at 3.00pm, however by the mid 1930s broadcasting on a Sunday was extended to commence at around 10.30am. 
	BBC News on the National Programme would not air until at least 6.00pm each day. This was in agreement with the newspapers, so to ensure people would buy a morning newspaper. The national programme did not have a dedicated news department until 1934, and only then was it used to edit and broadcast news material from other wire agencies in the country and around the world. The start of the second world war in September 1939 would see the start of a proper news service on the new BBC Home Service with morning news bulletins commencing at 7.00am each day.
	Upon the outbreak of World War II, the BBC closed the Regional and National Programmes and replaced them with a single channel known as the BBC Home Service. The main transmitter network was synchronized between just two groups, using 668 and 767 kHz, each of which could be turned off during air raids to prevent its signals being used as navigational beacons (with listeners required to retune in such an event to a low-powered single-frequency network on 1474 kHz).
	On 29 July 1945, within 12 weeks of VE Day, the BBC reactivated the Regional Programme, but retained the name "BBC Home Service". On the same date, the BBC Light Programme was launched, taking over the style and much of the function, as an entertainment channel, of the BBC Forces Programme (which had begun broadcasting in 1940), as well as the Droitwich 200 kHz longwave frequency which had been used by the pre-war National Programme.
	Both the National Programme and the Regional Programme provided a mixed mainstream radio service. Whilst the two services provided different programming, allowing listeners a choice, they were not streamed to appeal to different audiences, rather, they were intended to offer a choice of programming to a single audience. While using the same transmitters, the National Programme broadcast significantly more speech and classical music than its successor, the Light Programme. Similarly, the Regional Programme broadcast much more light music than its successor, the Home Service.

= = = Sidi Bel Abbès = = =

	Sidi Bel Abbès (), also called Bel Abbès is capital (2005 pop. 200,000) of the Sidi Bel Abbès wilaya (2005 pop. 590,000), Algeria. It is named after Sidi bel Abbass, a Muslim marabout or noble man who is buried there. The city is the commercial center of an important area of vineyards, market gardens, orchards, and grain fields. It was formerly surrounded by a wall with four gates and there is a university there. Sidi Bel Abbès is 75 kilometers from the Mediterranean Sea.
	The present city, on the Wadi Chelif River, developed around a French camp built in 1843. In 1849 a planned agricultural town was established around the existing military post. From the 1830s until 1962 the city was closely associated with the French Foreign Legion, being the location of its basic training camp, and the headquarters of its 1st Foreign Regiment. In the late 1890s the town, described as being of Spanish appearance, had a civilian population of about 30,000. The main buildings were in the French military district of the "Quartier Vienot".The training centre of the modern Algerian National Gendarmerie is located in Sidi Bel Abbès.
	In the 1930s much of the old city walls were demolished. Wide boulevards and squares replaced the traditional quarters, causing the town to lose much of its former character.
	The city sits astride both sides of the Mekerra River, and a Lake 'Sidi Mohamed' Benali Which is an important reserve of water in the area.
	Sidi Bel Abbès has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification "Csa").
	The economy centers on agriculture, particularly the production of cereals such as wheat and barley and the grape industry. A farm machine manufacturing complex is located there.
	Sidi Bel Abbès is well connected to other Algerian cities by roads and railroads. Oran is 70 kilometers north and Tlemcen is 90 kilometers west. 
	The closest international airport is Oran Es Sénia, but the city is served by a domestic one: Sidi Bel Abbès Airport .
	The Sidi Bel Abbès tramway line was opened on July 25th 2017. The light rail line is 14.7 kilometers in length, with 22 stations covering most of the main points in the city.

= = = The Caterpillar (song) = = =

	"The Caterpillar" is a song by English rock band The Cure, released as the sole single from their fifth studio album "The Top". It was written by Robert Smith and Lol Tolhurst.
	As with many other singles, the song's music video was directed by Tim Pope. It was shot in the Great Conservatory in Syon Park, London. Phil Thornalley and Porl Thompson appear in the music video, but do not contribute to the song.
	"The Caterpillar" was the sole single released from the band's fifth album "The Top". In early 1984, it spent seven weeks in the UK Singles Chart, peaking at number 14 on 7 April of that year. It spent five weeks on the Dutch charts in June 1984, reaching number 35 there on 2 June. It reached number 51 on the Australian Kent Music Report chart.

= = = Stephen Huss (tennis) = = =

	Stephen Huss (; born 10 December 1975), is a former professional tennis player from Australia.
	Along with partner Wesley Moodie, he became the first qualifier to win the Wimbledon men's doubles championship in 2005, beating the 6th, 9th, 3rd, 1st & 2nd seeds in the process. His Wimbledon title was only his second doubles title on the ATP tour after his 2002 success at Casablanca with Myles Wakefield.
	Huss played tennis collegiately at Auburn University in the United States from 1996 to 2000, where he was an All-American in doubles in 1998 and in singles in 2000. Huss played in the NCAA Tournament in both of those years for the Tigers. An All-SEC selection in 1998, he was the 1999 National Clay Court Champion along with partner Tiago Ruffoni. His 93 career doubles victories is an Auburn record.
	His grand slam success saw him soar from 101st to 32nd place in the ATP Doubles ranking. He reached a career high 21st place in June 2006.
	Huss retired from professional tennis after the 2011 US Open.
	He currently resides in Lake Nona, Florida USA, with his wife, former professional tennis player Milagros Sequera, whom he married in Australia on 29 December 2009. They have two kids Noah and Kensi.
	In June 2012, Huss accepted an assistant coaching position with Virginia Tech Men's Tennis under head coach Jim Thompson. Under Thompson, Huss and the Hokies experienced great success including a school high ranking of 14 and developing Joao Monteiro who is now currently top 250 in the world
	He now is a United States Tennis Association National team coach where he is working with top American female players

= = = Static Anonymity = = =

	Static Anonymity is an EP released by the Canadian band Metric in 2001. The back cover of the album states that "This handmade collection of rare songs is only available at Metric performances or at www.ilovemetric.com and is not intended for retail sale". Though it states that one can buy the album via the band's official website, this is no longer true. However, the songs "Grow Up and Blow Away", "Soft Rock Star", and "London Halflife" were included on the 2007 release of their debut "Grow Up and Blow Away".

= = = Leigh Rubin = = =

	Leigh Rubin is the creator of the syndicated comic strip "Rubes". Born in the Queens borough of New York City, Rubin was brought to California at age 3. Rubin's parents sold advertising and by the early 70s, he was working in the family print shop. In 1978 he started his own greeting card company, Rubes Publications, featuring early renditions of his animal characters. He designed a greeting card series with characters who took the shape of musical notes and later published his first cartoon collection, "Notable Quotes," in 1981. In 1984, Steven Hendrickson,( https://www.facebook.com/steven.hendrickson1?fref=ts)entertainment editor for the Antelope Valley Press, Palmdale, California, approached Rubin about writing a daily comic for the paper. After illustrating about 100 cartoons, he began pitching major and minor syndicates. Rubes has been distributed by Creators Syndicate since 1989 and now appears in more than 400 newspapers worldwide. Leigh also enjoys a busy schedule giving thought-provoking and entertaining cartoon presentations at conferences, as well as professional organizations all around the country. 
	In September 2018 Leigh Rubin had the honor of being selected as Rochester Institute of Technology's first Cartoonist-in Residence.
	Leigh's first visit as the Cartoonist-in Residence was in November of 2018 where he lectured and taught classes on creativity, imagination as well as addressing the business aspects of cartooning, branding and syndication.
	Rochester Institute of Technology and the Rochester Democrat and Chronicle also hosted the East Coast premiere of Drawing Inspiration, a docu-reality series which celebrates creativity, inspiration and innovation he co-created with filmmaker and special effects fabricator Ryan Johnson to a packed house on the RIT campus.
	In April, 2019 Leigh spent another week on the RIT campus and in addition to teaching classes he took part in a public discussion with RIT Senior Lecturer Mike Johansson on Curiosity & Creativity.
	The week was capped off by the unveiling of Leigh's BrickCityLand mural during the opening of RIT's Imagine RIT: Creativity and Innovation Festival, a campus-wide, open to-the public event that showcases the creative and innovative spirit of RIT students, faculty and staff.
	Rubin will be returning to Rochester Institute of Technology in October 2019 for the Brick City Homecoming and Family Weekend, and annual tradition to celebrate alumni, students, parents and families, faculty, staff and friends of the University.

= = = Wilhelm Jahn = = =

	Wilhelm Jahn (24 November 1835, in Dvorce u Bruntálu, Moravia, Austrian Empire – 21 April 1900, in Vienna, Austria-Hungary) was an Austro-Hungarian conductor. He served as director of the Vienna Court Opera from 1880 to 1897 and principal conductor of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra from 1882 to 1883. He gave the partial premiere of Bruckner's "Symphony No. 6", performing the middle two movements in 1883.

= = = Black Sea Fiber-Optic Cable System = = =

	The Black Sea Fiber-Optic Cable System (BSFOCS) is a submarine telecommunications cable system linking three countries bordering the Black Sea. It went into operation in September 2001, and has a total capacity of 20 Gbit/s along 2 fiber pairs.
	It has landing points in:

= = = John McPherson (footballer, born 1868) = = =

	John McPherson (19 June 1868 – 31 July 1926) was a Scottish footballer who played for Cowlairs, Kilmarnock, Rangers and the Scotland national team.
	Born in Kilmarnock and known as 'Kitey' from a young age, McPherson started his career with his local side Kilmarnock, winning the Ayrshire Cup in 1885. He appeared for English club Everton as an amateur in 1887, also playing for Cowlairs of Glasgow in the early rounds of the 1887–88 Scottish Cup, which led to a protest by their defeated opponents Third Lanark over the possibility of McPherson and others having professional status (prohibited at the time). Another player (Robert Calderwood) was found to have been paid by an English club and the match was replayed, with Cowlairs winning again. McPherson did not return to Everton, featuring instead for Kilmarnock in the same edition of the Scottish Cup before spending the next two years with Cowlairs, after which he joined Rangers in 1890.
	McPherson played mainly as a striker at Rangers, but was often used in other positions including goalkeeper. He played in the inaugural Scottish League season, 1890–91, where Rangers finished as joint champions with Dumbarton. McPherson's first recorded appearance was in a friendly against Everton on 19 April 1890 at Ibrox, and he scored in a 6–2 defeat. His first League appearance, however, was in Rangers' first ever Scottish League match, on 16 August 1890 in a 5–2 win over Hearts at Ibrox, in which he scored. McPherson scored 15 goals in Rangers' 18 matches in the League that season, including four in a 6–2 win over Cambuslang at Whitefield Park on 23 August 1890 (the first ever hat-trick scored in the Scottish Football League) and five in an 8–2 win over St Mirren on 4 October 1890.
	Despite Rangers' successful introduction to the Scottish Football League, they had to wait until season 1898–99 to win the League title again. It was done in style as Rangers won all of their 18 League matches, with McPherson netting 10 times. That remarkable season was the first of four consecutive League titles and McPherson made significant contributions to all of them, scoring nine goals in 1899–1900, seven in 1900–01 and three in 1901–02 — which proved to be his last season with Rangers.
	McPherson also won three Scottish Cup medals with Rangers, the first in 1894, where he scored in five of Rangers' six matches, including the 3–1 final win over Celtic at Hampden. McPherson also scored in the 1897 final, where Rangers defeated Dumbarton 5–1. His third medal came a year later, 1898, in a 2–0 win over his former club Kilmarnock. His final recorded appearance for Rangers was in a 2–0 friendly defeat to Glentoran on 2 April 1902.
	McPherson was also a Scottish International, winning a total of nine caps and scoring six goals. He is one of four players named John McPherson (none of whom are related) to have represented Scotland at full international level. He also played five times for the Scottish League representative side.
	A qualified engine–fitter, McPherson maintained a close association with Rangers after his playing years, serving as a director from 1907 until his death in 1926 at the age of 58. He is buried in Craigton Cemetery not far from Ibrox Stadium.
	McPherson had several family members involved in football. His son, also John, played at Junior level with Benburb, and his grandson Johnny (known as 'Sailor' due to his wartime navy service) played a single league match for Rangers in 1948 followed by spells at senior level with Ayr United and in the juniors with Irvine Meadow.
	In addition, his younger brother David was a teammate at Rangers, had a long spell at Kilmarnock (including in the 1898 Scottish Cup Final where he and John were on the opposing teams) and was also a Scottish international. Elder brother James was a teammate at Kilmarnock, Cowlairs and the Glasgow FA team, played as a guest for Celtic and spent a lengthy period as a trainer at Newcastle United working with Frank Watt; when James retired, the role was taken by his son , whose previous jobs included the Norway squad at the 1920 Olympics, Vitesse in the Netherlands and Bayern Munich in Germany. Another of James's sons was also a trainer/manager who led HBS to the Dutch championship in 1925, while his daughter Mary married Newcastle player and Germany international Edwin Dutton.

= = = Ladestien = = =

	Ladestien () is a broad walking track that strolls along the Trondheimsfjord around the entire Lade Peninsula in the municipality of Trondheim in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. The track is about long. The western part of the track starts at Korsvika, about east of the center of Trondheim, and follows the fjord east to Charlottenlund. The western part climbs small hilltops, often with a beautiful view of the Trondheimsfjord. The eastern part is almost flat. 
	There is lush vegetation along the track, with birch, pine, spruce, Rowan, alder, and hazel, the latter being very common in the western part of the track. In addition, sycamore maple, although not a part of the original flora, is rapidly spreading and is now among the most common trees. Further east, Statoils large research center at Rotvoll is easily spotted as the track continues east. Also at Rotvoll is the "Leangen Manor" (), including an English-inspired garden, with small water ponds and large deciduous trees (ash, elm, maple, oak). The manor is owned by Trondheim municipality and used for representational purposes. 
	There are several beaches (mainly rocky or with pebbles) along Ladestien, some of the most popular are Ringvebukta (not far from Ringve Museum and botanical garden) and Djupvika; the latter includes a large lawn and volleyball net. Swimming in the fjord is indeed refreshing, although a water temperature of is fairly common during warm spells, and in warm summers water temperatures might reach . In nice summer weather, a walk along the lush Ladestien with the calm waves from the fjord rolling gently against rocks and beaches might give associations to places much further south.

= = = Simpatico (The Charlatans album) = = =

	Simpatico is the ninth album by British band The Charlatans, released on 17 April 2006 everywhere but the U.S., where it was released on 2 May 2006. The album incorporates hints of dub and reggae into the band's traditional sound and debuted at #10 on the UK album chart.
	The title 'Simpatico' means "Pleasing, likeable; congenial, understanding; sensitive, sympathetic" according to the Oxford English Dictionary .

= = = Hall of Worthies = = =

	The Hall of Worthies, or Jiphyeonjeon (; ), was a royal research institute set up by Sejong the Great of the Korean Joseon Dynasty in March 1420. Set up during the beginning of his reign, King Sejong staffed the Hall of Worthies with talented scholars and instructed them to conduct a variety of research activities to strengthen his rule and the nation. The Hall of Worthies is well-known for its role in compiling the Hunminjeongeum, the original treatise on Hangul.
	The Hall of Worthies originally served an advisory role to the king, and King Sejong restructured and expanded its role into an academic research institute. During the early part of King Sejong's reign, the Hall of Worthies served as a legislative system, but its role eventually grew to hold discussions regarding Joseon's national policy. The Hall of Worthies would also later act as an organ of press.
	The Hall of Worthies participated in various scholarly endeavors, one of which was compiling the Hunminjeongeum. Hangul was personally created by Sejong the Great, and revealed by him in 1443. Afterward, King Sejong wrote the preface to the Hunminjeongeum, explaining the origin and purpose of Hangul and providing brief examples and explanations, and then tasked the Hall of Worthies to write detailed examples and explanations. The head of the Hall of Worthies, Jeong In-ji, was responsible for compiling the Hunminjeongeum. The Hunminjeongeum was published and promulgated to the public in 1446.
	Confucianism ideals were very important to King Sejong, and he wanted his subjects to have a medium through which they could learn the ethics and morals of Confucianism. During his 14th year in power, King Sejong instructed his scholars at the Hall of Worthies to compile outstanding examples of the fundamental principles in human relationships (filial piety, loyalty to the state, and wifely devotion) from both Korean and Chinese history. This compilation of works would become the book "Conduct of the Three Fundamental Principles in Human Relationships" (Samgang Haengshildo, Hanja: 三綱行實圖, Hangul: 삼강행실도). Unfortunately, this work was originally recorded in Chinese characters, and thus, the general public could not read it until it was translated into hangul some 30 years later.
	Besides contributing to the Hunminjeongeum and publishing the Samgang Haengshildo, the Hall of Worthies was involved in publication of numerous scholarly and scientific writings, which contributed to reputation of Sejong's reign as the golden age of Korean culture.
	The Hall of Worthies was disbanded by King Sejo () after many of its members (notably the six martyred ministers) plotted to assassinate Sejo in 1456, following the latter's usurpation of the throne from King Danjong. However, a similar organization, the Hongmungwan (), Office of Special Advisors, continued much of the same work, though without enjoying the same prestige or output it had during the earlier period.

= = = Peter Waldner = = =

	Peter Waldner is the creator of the syndicated comic strip "Flight Deck".

= = = Eolith = = =

	An eolith (from Greek ""eos"", dawn, and ""lithos"", stone) is a chipped flint nodule. Eoliths were once thought to have been artifacts, the earliest stone tools, but are now believed to be geofacts (stone fragments produced by fully natural geological processes such as glaciation).
	The first eoliths were collected in Kent by Benjamin Harrison, an amateur naturalist and archaeologist, in 1885 (though the name "eolith" was not coined until 1892, by J. Allen Browne). Harrison's discoveries were published by Sir Joseph Prestwich in 1891, and eoliths were generally accepted to have been crudely made tools, dating from the Pliocene. Further discoveries of eoliths in the early 20th century – in East Anglia by J. Reid Moir and in continental Europe by Aimé Louis Rutot and H. Klaatsch – were taken to be evidence of human habitation of those areas before the oldest known fossils. The English finds helped to secure acceptance of the hoax remains of Piltdown man.
	Because eoliths were so crude, concern began to be raised that they were indistinguishable from the natural processes of erosion. Marcellin Boule, a French archaeologist, published an argument against the artifactual status of eoliths in 1905, and Samuel Hazzledine Warren provided confirmation of Boule's view after carrying out experiments on flints.
	Although the debate continued for about three decades, more and more evidence was discovered that suggested a purely natural origin for eoliths. This, together with the discovery of genuine early Lower Pleistocene Oldowan tools in East Africa, made support for the artifact theory difficult to sustain.

= = = Kurdish women = = =

	Kurdish women ( or Jinên/Afiretên Kurd) have traditionally played important roles in Kurdish society and politics. In general, Kurdish women's rights and equality have improved dramatically in the 21st century due to progressive movements within Kurdish society. However, despite the progress, Kurdish and international women's rights organizations still report problems related to gender inequality, forced marriages, honor killings, and, in Iraqi Kurdistan, female genital mutilation (FGM).
	Knowledge about the early history of Kurdish women is limited by both the dearth of records and the near absence of research. In 1597 (16th century), Prince Sharaf ad-Din Bitlisi wrote a book titled Sharafnama, which makes references to the women of the ruling landowning class, and their exclusion from public life and the exercise of state power. It says that the Kurds of the Ottoman Empire, who follow Islamic tradition, took four wives and, if they could afford it, four maids or slave girls. This regime of polygyny was, however, practiced by a minority, which included primarily the members of the ruling landowning class, the nobility, and the religious establishment. Sharaf ad-Din Bitlisi also mentioned three Kurdish women assuming power in Kurdish principalities after the death of their husbands in order to transfer it to their sons upon their adulthood. While generally referring to women using degrading words, Bitlisi extols the ability of the three women to rule in the manner of males, and calls one of them a "lioness". In the court of
	the powerful Bidlis principality (region in Turkey), Kurdish women were not allowed into the marketplace, and would be killed if they went there, but women did occasionally assume power in Kurdish principalities after some Ottoman authorities had made some exceptions by accepting the succession in those principalities by a female ruler.
	In the late 19th century, Lady Halima Khanim of Hakkari was the ruler of "Bash Kala" until she was forced to surrender to the Ottoman government after the suppression of the Bedir Khan revolt in 1847. A young Kurdish woman named Fatma became chief of the Ezdinan tribe in 1909 and she was known among her tribe as the queen. During World War I, Russian forces negotiated safe passage through tribal territory with "Lady Maryam" of the famous Nehri family, who according to Basile Nikitine, wielded great authority among her followers. Lady Adela, ruler of Halabja, exerted great influence in the affairs of the Jaff tribe in the Shahrazur plain on the Turco-Iranian frontier. The revival of commerce and restoration of law and order in the region of Halabja is attributed to her sound judgement.
	Lady Adela, called the "Princess of the Brave" by the British, was a famous and cultured chief of the Jaff tribe, one of the biggest Kurdish tribes, if not the biggest, native to the Zagros area, which is divided between Iran and Iraq. Adela Khanem was of the famous aristocratic Sahibqeran family, who intermarried with the tribal chiefs of Jaff.
	In 1993, Martin Van Bruinessen argued that Kurdish society was known as a male-dominated society, but we also find instances of Kurdish women becoming important political leaders.
	Asenath Barzani, who is considered the first female rabbi in Jewish history by some scholars, is believed to be the first known influential Kurdish woman in history. She wrote many letters and published several publications in the 17th century.
	In 1858, the Kurdish writer Mahmud Bayazidi mentioned the life of Kurdish women in tribal, nomadic and rural communities. He noted that the
	majority of marriages were monogamous and Kurdish did not veil and they participated in social activities such as work, dancing and singing together with men. When the tribe was attacked, women took part in war alongside men. In traditional Kurdish literature, both matriarchal and patriarchal tendencies are found. In the Ballad of "Las and Khazal" ("Beytî Las û Xezal"), female tribal rulers openly compete over a lover, while in patriarchal contexts, women are subject to male violence.
	Mestureh Ardalan (1805–1848) was a Kurdish poet and writer. She is well known for her literary works.
	European travelers sometimes noted the absence of veil, free association with males (such as strangers and guests), and female rulers. Vladimir Minorsky has reported several cases of Kurdish women running the affairs of their tribes. He met one of these female chiefs named Lady Adela in the region of Halabja in 1913. She was known for saving the lives of many British army officers during World War I and was awarded the title of "Khan-Bahadur" by the British commander.
	In 1919, Kurdish women formed their first organization, the "Society for the Advancement of Kurdish Women", in Istanbul.
	During the revolts of 1925–1937, the army targeted Kurdish women, many of whom committed suicide to escape rape and abuse.
	The ascent to power of the Islamist conservative Justice and Development Party (AKP) in Turkey from 2002 brought with it a regressive agenda concerning women's role in society. President Recep Tayyip Erdogan infamously stated that "a woman who rejects motherhood, who refrains from being around the house, however successful her working life is, is deficient, is incomplete."
	Since its founding in 1978, the "Apoist" militant guerilla Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) has attracted much interest among Kurdish women, who were an integral part of the movement all along. The motivation to join has been described as such: "Women join the PKK to escape poverty. They flee a conservative society where domestic violence is common and there is little opportunity for women. Other female guerillas are university graduates. They study Kurdish history and Ocalan, as well as the Marxist theories at the root of the PKK, and consider fighting as much an intellectual exercise as a physical one. Many join because of relatives in prison, and others join to avoid prison." In her book "Blood and Belief" on the PKK, Aliza Marcus elaborates the reaction of Kurdish society in Turkey, deeply rooted in tradition, to the PKK's women fighters as "a mixture of shock and pride".
	By the mid-1990s, thousands of women had joined the ranks of PKK, and the Turkish mainstream media began a campaign of vilifying them as "prostitutes". In 1996, Kurdish women formed their own feminist associations and journals such as "Roza" and "Jujin". In 2013, "The Guardian" reported that 'the rape and torture of Kurdish prisoners in Turkey are disturbingly commonplace'.
	However, eight Kurdish women stood successfully as independent candidates in the 2007 parliamentary election, joining the Democratic Society Party after they entered the Turkish parliament.
	In 2012, the pro-Kurdish, feminist Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) was founded. In its program, it calls itself a "women’s party" and promises a women's ministry to address gendercide and institutional gender discrimination. It has female and male co-chairpersons for all levels of responsible and representative office. The HDP entered the 2015 parliamentary elections with feminist (as well as LGBT) candidates. The success of the HDP in the June 2015 election was hailed as "revolutionary" in the international press, with "The Guardian" asserting that "until the arrival of the HDP, there has never been a party recognising that women have struggled to assert their rights throughout Turkey’s history."
	By December 2016, "The New York Times" headlined the situation in Turkish Kurdistan as "Crackdown in Turkey Threatens a Haven of Gender Equality Built by Kurds". Vahap Coskun, law professor in Diyarbakir university and a critic of the PKK, concedes that the "Apoist" Kurdish parties’ promotion of women has had an impact all over Turkey: "It also influenced other political parties to declare more women candidates, in western Turkey too. It has also increased the visibility of women in social life as well as the influence of women in political life," with female political candidates increasing significantly even in the ruling Islamist AKP party.
	In the Kurdish dominated south-east, among women, the rate of illiteracy in 2000 was nearly three times that of men. Especially in the east of the country the situation is worse: in Sirnak, 66, in Hakkari 58, and in Siirt, 56 per cent of women, aged 15, could not read and write. In other provinces of the area it looked barely better.
	Also in southeastern Turkey, a report by the BBC estimated that almost a quarter of all marriages are polygamous. Even though it is illegal in Turkey, in practice polygamy is allowed to continue. Nick Read wrote in the BBC that in remote areas like south-east Anatolia, "Turkey risks antagonising Kurdish separatists by intervening in tradition and customs". Also the New York Times noted that while banned by Atatürk, polygamy remains widespread in the "deeply religious and rural Kurdish region of southeastern Anatolia, home to one-third of Turkey's 71 million people".
	Violence against women motivated by a "Namus" based concept of honor of the family or clan have been described as endemic in Turkey, in particular in the Southeastern Anatolia Region, the predominantly Kurdish area of Turkey. A July 2008 study by a team from Dicle University on honor killings in the Southeastern Anatolia Region has so far shown that little if any social stigma is attached to honor killing. The team interviewed 180 perpetrators of honor killings and it also commented that the practice is not related to a feudal societal structure, "there are also perpetrators who are well-educated university graduates. Of all those surveyed perpetrators, 60 percent are either high school or university graduates or at the very least, literate". A survey where 500 men were interviewed in Diyarbakir found that, when asked the appropriate punishment for a woman who has committed adultery, 37% of respondents said she should be killed, while 21% said her nose or ears should be cut off. However, Turkish government and media have adopted an approach to inappropriately ethnicize honor killings as purely Kurdish problems.
	In order to oppose the militant among Kurdish movements, the Turkish state has for decades been actively organizing and arming tribalist Kurdish forces under a "village guard system". These guards have committed rape and 78 abductions. The governing Justice and Development Party (AKP) persistently pursues a conservative Islamist political agenda of enforcing regressive values of male supremacy, up to "legitimising rape and encouraging child marriage"; these policies have hindered the progress of Kurdish women's rights movement.
	While "Apoist" progressive Kurdish parties have achieved major successes against Namus-based violence against women, as of late 2016 the Islamist AKP government of Turkey is cracking down on the progressive Kurdish movement, arresting elected female co-mayors throughout the Kurdish regions and appointing male trustees to take their place, which then dismantle the co-executives, close women's centers and outlaw the diversion of abusers’ paychecks. "This crackdown is actually aiming at women and shutting down women’s organizations. It’s a blow against women’s freedom. They made lots of statements like, ‘You should go and have three kids,’" says Feleknas Uca, a female Kurdish member of the Turkish Parliament. Meral Danis Bestas, another female Kurdish member of Parliament, however says that "this crackdown is not powerful enough to change our principles."
	Turkish courts have in some cases sentenced whole families to life imprisonment for an honor killing, in 2009 where a Turkish Court sentenced five members of a Kurdish family to life imprisonment for the honor killing of 16-year old Naile Erdas, who got pregnant after she was raped.
	While Syria has developed some fairly secular features during independence in the second half of the 20th century, personal status law is still based on Sharia and applied by Sharia Courts.
	With the Syrian Civil War, the Kurdish populated area in Northern Syria has gained de facto autonomy as the Federation of Northern Syria - Rojava, with the leading political actor being the progressive Democratic Union Party (PYD). Kurdish women have several armed and non-armed organizations in Rojava, and enhancing women's rights is a major focus of the political and societal agenda. Kurdish female fighters in the Women's Protection Units (YPJ) played a key role during the Siege of Kobani and in rescuing Yazidis trapped on Mount Sinjar, and their achievements have attracted international attention as a rare example of strong female achievement in a region in which women are heavily repressed.
	The civil laws of Syria are valid in Rojava, as far as they do not conflict with the Constitution of Rojava. One notable example for amendment is personal status law, in Syria still Sharia-based, where Rojava introduced civil law and proclaims absolute equality of women under the law and a ban on forced marriage as well as polygamy was introduced, while underage marriage was outlawed as well. For the first time in Syrian history, civil marriage is being allowed and promoted, a significant move towards a secular open society and intermarriage between people of different religious backgrounds.
	The legal efforts to reduce cases of underage marriage, polygamy and honor killings are underpinned by comprehensive public awareness campaigns. In every town and village, a women's house is established. These are community centers run by women, providing services to survivors of domestic violence, sexual assault and other forms of harm. These services include counseling, family mediation, legal support, and coordinating safe houses for women and children. Classes on economic independence and social empowerment programs are also held at women's houses.
	All administrative organs in Rojava are required to have male and female co-chairs, and forty percent of the members of any governing body in Rojava must be female. An estimated 25 percent of the Asayish police force of the Rojava cantons are women, and joining the Asayish is described in international media as a huge act of personal and societal liberation from an extremely patriarchical background, for ethnic Kurdish and ethnic Arab women alike.
= = = Callionymus = = =

	Callionymus is a genus of dragonets found mostly in the Indian and Pacific oceans with a few species occurring in the Atlantic Ocean.
	There are currently 110 recognized species in this genus:

= = = My Australian Story = = =

	My Australian Story is a series of historical novels for older children published by Scholastic Australia which was inspired by "Dear America". Each book is written in the form of a fictional diary of a young person living during an important event or time period in Australian history.

= = = Callochromis macrops = = =

	Callochromis macrops is a species cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika where it is found over sandy bottoms. This species reaches a length of TL. This species can also be found in the aquarium trade. It is the type species of the genus "Callochromis".

= = = Callochromis melanostigma = = =

	Callochromis melanostigma is a species of cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika where it prefers sandy bottoms with nearby rocks. This fish grows to a length of TL. It is also found in the aquarium trade.

= = = Bungonia State Recreation Area = = =

	The Bungonia State Recreation Area (SRA) is a nature reserve near the city of Goulburn, New South Wales Australia.
	The SRA is about east of Goulburn and about south-west of Sydney, and it adjoins the Morton National Park.
	The area features dramatic cliffs, gorges and a network of caves. Besides caving, it is used for bushwalking, camping, and other adventure activities. A nearby lookout, known as "The Lookdown", has views of the Shoalhaven River, Bungonia Gorge and Bungonia Creek.
	Many fossils can be found along the various walking tracks in the area.
	The appearance of the area is currently marred by the presence of an adjoining limestone quarry. The quarry is to cease operations by 2011, followed by site remediation.
	Some views from Bungonia lookdown, New South Wales, Australia. The limestone quarry is visible in the fourth image.

= = = Callochromis pleurospilus = = =

	Callochromis pleurospilus is a species of cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika excepting the southern end. Its preferred habitat consists of sandy bottoms with nearby rocks. This fish reaches a length of TL. It can also be found in the aquarium trade.

= = = Sabrefin killifish = = =

	The sabrefin killifish ("Campellolebias brucei"), also known as the Santa Catarina sabrefin or , is a species of killifish in the family Rivulidae. It is endemic to Brazil. This species was described in 1974 with the type locality being a temporary pool between Criciuma and Tubarão in Santa Clara state. The specific name honours the American ichthyologist, geneticist and ecologist Bruce J. Turner. 

= = = Necro discography = = =

	This is the discography of underground rapper Necro.

= = = Campellolebias = = =

	Campellolebias is a genus of killifish in the family Rivulidae from southeast Brazil. They are restricted to seasonal blackwater pools in forests in coastal parts of Santa Catarina and São Paulo states.
	They are small fish, up to in total length. Uniquely among killifish, "Campellolebias" and the closely related "Cynopoecilus" have internal fertilization. A part of the males' anal fin forms a "pseudo-gonopodium" that is used for inseminating the female.
	There are currently four recognized species in this genus:
	The generic name "Campellolebias" is a combination of Campello, which honours the Brazilian chemical engineer, aquarist and amateur ichthyologist Gilberto Campello Brasil (1945-2008) and "lebias" a Greek word for a small fish which was applied to Killifish by Georges Cuvier and is now used a root for names within the order Cyprinodontiformes. Vaz Ferreira & Sierra de Soriano described Campello Brasil as an “enthusiastic scholar” of Brazilian killifishes and he also collected specimens, sending them to the Vaz Ferreira & Sierra de Soriano.

= = = List of towns in Saskatchewan = = =

	A town is a type of incorporated urban municipality in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. A resort village or a village can be incorporated as a town by the Minister of Municipal Affairs via section 52 of "The Municipalities Act" if:
	Saskatchewan has 146 towns that had a cumulative population of 137,725 and an average population of 943 in the 2011 Census. Saskatchewan's largest and smallest towns are Kindersley and Scott with populations of 4,678 and 75 respectively.
	A city can be created from a town by the Minister of Municipal Affairs by ministerial order via section 39 of "The Cities Act" if the town has a population of 5,000 or more and the change in status is requested by the town council. 

= = = Canthigaster rapaensis = = =

	Canthigaster rapaensis is a species of fish in the family Tetraodontidae. It is endemic to French Polynesia.

= = = Caprichromis liemi = = =

	Caprichromis liemi, the happy, is a species of haplochromine cichlid. It is endemic to the Lake Malawi region, being also found in Lake Malombe and the upper Shire River. It occurs over sandy substrates but it frequently remains in midwater. This species is a specialised predator, a paedophage, which steals the broods from mouthbrooding female cichlids by ramming the brooding female's head from below. Examination of their stomach contents resulted in the recovery of eggs, larvae and fry only. The juveniles act a cleaner fish, and so may the adults. The males build "sand castle" spawning sites. The specific name honours the ichthyologist Karel F. Liem (1935-2009), in recognition of his studies of cichlids.

= = = Caprichromis orthognathus = = =

	Caprichromis orthognathus is a species of haplochromine cichlid.
	It is found in Lake Malawi and Lake Malombe and its range includes Malawi, Mozambique, and Tanzania. It is most commonly recorded off sandy beaches at depths of around although it can be found in either shallow or deep water. It usually remains in midwater, sometimes over rocks. It is reported to be a paedophage, ramming the heads of mouth-brooding female cichlids from underneath. 

= = = Cardiopharynx schoutedeni = = =

	Cardiopharynx schoutedeni is a species of cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika in East Africa. It is found in Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, and Zambia. This semi-pelagic fish prefers habitats over sandy bottoms where it feeds on aquatic microorganisms. It can reach a length of TL. It is also found in the aquarium trade. The specific name honours the Belgian zoologist Henri Schouteden (1881-1972) who was director of Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale in Tervuren and who was one of the first zoologists to collect this species.

= = = Cauque mauleanum = = =

	Cauque mauleanum is a species of fish in the family Atherinidae. It is endemic to Chile.

= = = Quake Live = = =

	Quake Live is a first-person shooter video game by id Software. It is an updated version of "Quake III Arena" that was originally designed as a free-to-play game launched via a web browser plug-in. On September 17, 2014, the game was re-launched as a standalone title on Steam.
	"Quake Live" was previously a free-to-play game, with subscription options offering additional arenas, game types and game server options. As of October 27, 2015, the game is no longer free and must be purchased, and the subscription options were dropped.
	The gameplay of "Quake Live" consists of players attempting to kill more of their opponents than any other player or team in a given match. This is achieved by navigating a 3D environment and shooting other players with a variety of weapons, while collecting health, armor, weapons, ammo and various power-ups. As players get more advanced, they use other tricks and techniques such as rocket and strafe jumping.
	"Quake Live" was released as a free version of "Quake III: Gold" ("Quake III" and its expansion pack, "Team Arena") available only through a web browser. "Quake Live" Skill-based matchmaking is powered by a "metagame engine" developed by GaimTheory. Development of the match-making system was taken on by id Software after GaimTheory's collapse.
	During the QuakeCon 2008 keynote speech, John Carmack stated that "Quake Live" has no plans to allow user-made modifications, but they have hired successful "Quake III" mod authors to help them with their project. A large number of the maps are based heavily on originals from "Quake III Arena", "Team Arena" and popular user-made maps. Newer map additions even include maps from previous "Quake" titles, such as 'The Edge', which is almost identical to the famous "Quake II" map Q2DM1.
	On August 3, 2007, at QuakeCon 2007, id Software publicly announced their plans to release a free browser-based "Quake III" game titled Quake Zero. In early 2008, the title was officially renamed to "Quake Live" due to a domain squatting issue.
	During late 2008 and early 2009, "Quake Live" was in an invitation-only closed beta. A handful of players were selected to begin the testing of the beta and were later allowed to invite a limited number of friends, whom, in turn, were permitted to send out invitations of their own. On February 24, 2009, the game progressed from closed beta to open beta, which caused an increased amount of traffic on the web server. Queues were organized to limit the stress and prevent the overloading of the servers. Within the first six hours after launch over 113,000 user accounts were created. The queues were removed after several days, and the servers were then upgraded to handle the larger volume of traffic.
	Once "Quake Live" exited its closed beta stage, it was to be funded partially by in-game and website-based advertisements. IGA Worldwide were contracted by id Software to handle this aspect of the game's marketing. Problems with this model surfaced almost immediately with the announcement by the advertising agency that they were struggling as a result of the financial difficulties. In March 2009, the agency admitted that sale was a possibility if further investments were not forthcoming.
	At QuakeCon 2009, John Carmack stated publicly that their financial scheme for the game had so far failed to provide sufficient income to keep the project in the black. As a result, he announced that a premium subscription service was being planned:
	The in-game advertising stuff has not been big business. That's not going to be able to carry the project ... Quake Live is gonna be Quake Live for the foreseeable future ... It's only just now that we're going to be able to put it to the test.
	Marty Stratton, id Software's Executive Producer, has commented that:
	The plan is to completely integrate the ability to start and manage private games directly through QUAKE LIVE, utilizing all of the friends, awareness and notification features we have available through the site. This ability will be the cornerstone of a QUAKE LIVE Premium Service that will be offered for a small monthly fee (likely less than $5 per month).
	On August 6, 2010, the game left its public beta period, and "premium" and "pro" subscription options were announced. On September 11, 2012, id Software introduced subscriptions in one, three, six, and twelve month increments, along with the ability to purchase redeemable gift tokens.
	In November 2013, citing the planned deprecation of NPAPI browser plug-ins by major browsers, "Quake Live" began to phase out its browser version and began migrating to a standalone client. However, this change necessitated the removal of OS X and Linux support from the game.
	On August 27, 2014, "Quake Live" saw what was its biggest update since the game's initial release in 2010. The main objective of the update was to allow for new players to better integrate into the game with a prominent focus on the game's spawn system, movement and item control. Notable changes included the addition of loadouts in certain game types, a "continuous bunny hop" mode, a new Heavy Machine Gun weapon, and other changes across the game.
	On October 28, 2015, a major update was released, representing "an accumulation of a year of code updates, optimizations, and over 4,500 map fixes". As part of the update, "Quake Live" also switched from its own in-house account system to using the Steamworks API, giving the game tighter integration with the Steam ecosystem and client features. However, due to these changes, all user statistics were reset. Additionally, the premium subscription options was dropped, as the game is no longer free-to-play and must be purchased for US$10.
	Being largely similar to "Quake III Arena", which is renowned for its extensive use in professional electronic sports, "Quake Live" has seen inclusion in many tournaments worldwide. In recent years, however, the game has experienced a decline in the number of tournaments due to waning popularity. The last major event currently holding Quake Live competitions is QuakeCon.
	The following competitions and organizations have held "Quake Live" events:
	"PC Gamer" gave the game an 8.8/10 score and commented: ""Quake Live" may be a 10-year-old shooter, but it's still a rush."

= = = Resplendent pygmy angelfish = = =

	The resplendent pygmy angelfish ("Centropyge resplendens") is a species of fish in the family Pomacanthidae. It is endemic to Ascension Island.
	Cherubfish (Also called the pygmy angelfish)

= = = Cephalopholis boenak = = =

	Cephalopholis boenak is a species of fish in the family Serranidae, known under many common names, including "bluelined coralcod", "brown-banded seabass", "brownbarred grouper", "brown-barred rockcod", "brownbarred rockcod", "brown coral-cod", "brown coral cod", "charcoal grouper", "cherna chocolate", "chocolate hind", "dusty-banded cod", "overcast grouper", "rock cod" and "vielle chocolat" . Its natural habitat is coral reefs and it is found in the waters around Australia, Cambodia, China, Comoros, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kenya, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius, Micronesia, Mozambique, New Caledonia, Palau, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Réunion, Seychelles, Singapore, the Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Vanuatu, and Vietnam .
	Chocolate hind
	Salt water
	The gulf of Thailand

= = = Cephalopholis = = =

	Cephalopholis is a genus of fish in the family Serranidae.
	It contains the following species:

= = = Yellow-crowned butterflyfish = = =

	The yellow-crowned butterflyfish ("Chaetodon flavocoronatus") is a species of butterflyfish endemic to Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands.

= = = Cyclone Miller = = =

	Joseph H. "Cyclone" Miller (September 24, 1859 – October 13, 1916) was an American pitcher in Major League Baseball born in Springfield, Massachusetts. He played just two seasons in the majors, but did play with four teams in three leagues. He stood at 5'9".
	Miller's major league career began in 1884 for the Chicago Browns/Pittsburgh Stogies of the Union Association. He lasted just one start, in which he threw a complete game victory, allowing only two runs. He then moved on to the Providence Grays, filling in the rotation due to injuries to their top pitchers, Charles Radbourn and Charlie Sweeney. Even though he did pitch well for long stretches during the games, he struggled to secure the victories in the late innings and had to be replaced. On July 31, 1884, in a road game versus the New York Gothams, he was appointed umpire due to the scheduled umpire calling in sick. The New York fans thought his calls were decidedly one-sided toward his Grays team, and he had to have a police escort off the field after the game. The game ended in a 3-3 tie.
	On one occasion, with Miller playing right field, the manager had wanted Sweeney to switch from pitcher to right field to bring in Miller to pitch in the 9th inning. Sweeney refused the move and walked off the field, and because of the rules during that time, Miller had to pitch the game with only two outfielders. He went on to lose the game, and Sweeney was suspended for a game to violating the manager's order. Instead of serving the suspension, Sweeney quit the team and joined the St. Louis Maroons of Union Association, leaving Radbourn to shoulder the team's pitching duties for the rest of the season. It was that season that Radbourn set his all-time record for wins with 60, which under today's rules would have only been 59 because in one game, he relieved Miller with Providence having the lead after five innings. On September 13, when the team departing on a lengthy road trip, they decided not to bring Miller along with them, thus ending his short tenure with the team. He compiled a 3–2 record with them in five starts and one relief appearance that resulted in a late-inning loss.
	He is also on record as having pitched one game for the Philadelphia Quakers during the 1884 season. In that game, he pitched a complete game loss, giving up 19 runs, 10 of them earned.
	Miller spent 1885 in the minor leagues. He started 1886 with Macon of the Southern Association but finished it with the Philadelphia Athletics of the American Association. He went 10-8 that season, completing all of his starts and throwing one shutout. On August 20, he threw a one-hitter, giving up his one hit in the ninth inning and losing 1-0 to the Baltimore Orioles, and their young fireballer Matt Kilroy. During this season, he played one game at third base, becoming one of only 36 left-handed players to have played at least one game at that position.
	Miller died at the age of 57 in New London, Connecticut, and was interred at Comstock Cemetery in Montville, Connecticut.

= = = Easter Island butterflyfish = = =

	The Easter Island butterflyfish or white-tip butterflyfish ("Chaetodon litus") is a species of subtropical fish in the family Chaetodontidae. It is endemic to the seas round Easter Island, off the coast of mainland Chile.
	Butterflyfish have deep, laterally flattened bodies, a slightly upturned snout, uninterrupted dorsal fins and unforked, broadly wedge-shaped tail fins with flat ends. "Chaetodon litus" has a rectangular outline and is silvery-grey with white-edged scales. The maximum length is long. The dorsal fin has 13 spines and 23 to 25 soft rays while the anal fin has 3 spines and 19 or 20 soft rays.
	The Easter Island butterflyfish is native to the waters around Easter Island and is found nowhere else. Its preferred habitat is on reefs and among volcanic boulders heavily clad in brown algae at depths down to about . Juvenile fish are sometimes found among corals in rock pools.
	Juvenile Easter Island butterflyfish have been observed to act as cleaner fish, picking parasites off the skin of larger fish. During the breeding season, male and female adult fish form pair bonds.
	The Easter Island butterflyfish is a bottom feeding fish. Examination of its stomach contents have shown that it feeds on polycheaete worms, shrimps, fish eggs and barnacles, and fragments of the black sponge "Amphimedon" sp. were also found. This was unexpected as butterfly fish are not known to feed on sponges, however the explanation may be that the sponge was ingested in error when the fish was feeding on the barnacles which had become entangled in the sponge.
	At one time this fish was listed as "Vulnerable" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature in their Red List of Threatened Species but in 2010, this was changed to being of "Least Concern". The reason given for this change was that, although its range was very limited, this fish was quite common within that range and did not face any significant threats. A small number of fish were collected for the reef aquarium trade but the number was not believed to reduce the population to any great extent.

= = = Marley's butterflyfish = = =

	Marley's butterflyfish, Chaetodon marleyi, is a species of fish in the family Chaetodontidae. It is also called the doubledash or doublesash butterflyfish. It is found in Mozambique and South Africa, and is an ornamental fish. Its closest relative is the West African "Chaetodon hoefleri". It feeds on polychaetes, crustaceans, hydroids and ascidians.

= = = Prognathodes obliquus = = =

	Prognathodes obliquus is a marine fish species of the butterflyfish family (Chaetodontidae). It is endemic to Brazil.
	Destruction of its habitat by pollution, marine construction and pollution has rendered it vulnerable to extinction.

= = = Handball at the 2007 African Games = = =

	The Handball competition at the 2007 All-Africa Games was held in Algiers, Algeria between 14 July and 21 July 2007.
	Semifinals:
	3rd place final:
	Final:
	Semifinals:
	3rd place final:
	Final:

= = = Three-banded butterflyfish = = =

	The three-banded butterflyfish ("Chaetodon robustus") is a species of fish in the family Chaetodontidae.
	It inhabits the eastern-central Atlantic Ocean, in warm tropical waters from Mauritania down to Cape Verde and the Gulf of Guinea. It is present in coral reefs, from 30 to 70 meters deep. Its maximum length is 14.5 cm.

= = = Cheirodon australe = = =

	Cheirodon australe is a species of fish in the family Characidae endemic to Chile. It is found in freshwater environments at a benthopelagic depth range. They are native to a subtropical climate.
	"C. australe" can reach about 4 cm (1.6 in) as an unsexed male. It is distributed in the Pacific versant basins in southern Chile. 
	Data are insufficient to determine its conservation status.

= = = Cheirodon = = =

	Cheirodon is a genus of characins occurring in South America. Of the 10 currently described species; one, "C. jaguaribensis", is placed here as a convenience, as its actual position in Characidae is unknown.

= = = Cheirodon galusdae = = =

	Cheirodon galusdae is a species of fish in the family Characidae endemic to Chile.

= = = Cheirodon kiliani = = =

	Cheirodon kiliani is a species of fish in the family Characidae endemic to Chile.

= = = Cheirodon pisciculus = = =

	Cheirodon pisciculus is a species of fish in the family Characidae endemic to Chile in freshwater environments within a benthopelagic depth range. This species is native to a subtropical climate. "C. pisciculus" is distributed in the Pacific versant of the Maipo, Aconcagua, the Huasco River basins, and the Estero Quintero in Chile. 
	This fish can reach length of 5.4 cm (2.1 in) as an unsexed male.

= = = Orange-fringed largemouth = = =

	Chetia brevis, the orange-fringed largemouth or orange-fringed river bream, is a species of haplochromine cichlid native to Mozambique and South Africa. It occurs in the Komati River system in South Africa as well as in coastal lakes of Mozambique. It inhabits quiet waters with marginal vegetation and sandy substrates. This species can reach a length of SL. Iy is threatened with invasive species and alteration of its habitat.

= = = Axelrod's rainbowfish = = =

	Axelrod's rainbowfish ("Chilatherina axelrodi") is a species of rainbowfish in the subfamily Melanotaeniinae. It is found in Papua New Guinea in the Yungkiri stream in the north western part of that nation. Typically its preferred habitat is a narrow stream with gentle moving, cloudy water surrounded by lush rainforest.
	The males of Axelrod's rainbowfish are bluish-grey to greenish-brown in colour on the dorsal part of their body and silvery-grey to whitish on the ventral part. There are around 10 short bars along the centre of flanks, spaced roughly two scales apart and these merge to form a more or less solid blackish stripe along the caudal peduncle. The lower part of the body has about 6-10 faint dusky bars with those on side of abdomen more obvious than the others. On the back and upper flanks there are a number of bluish stripes while the lower part of the body is marked with faint yellow stripes which border each longitudinal scale row. The dorsal, anal and pelvic fins are yellowish while the remaining fins are translucent. The females are less colourful than the malesd and are a silvery colour with no markings. The males are larger and have deeper bodies than the females. The males can gorw to a maximum standard length of while the females are normally less than . There are 6-8 spines in the dorsal fins and 113 soft rays, there is a single spine in the anal fin with 19-24 soft rays
	Axelrod's rainbowfish is only known to occur in the Yungkiri Stream in the Bewani Mountains of Sandaun Province in north western Papua New Guinea.
	Axelrod's rainbowfish live in a small, narrow rainforest streams where they have been recorded around aquatic vegetation and among submerged logs and branches in slightly turbid water. The spawning season runs from October to January, each female laying between 50 and 150 eggs in batches over several days.
	Axelrod's rainbowfish was described in 1979 by Gerald R. Allen, Allen named the species after Herbert R. Axelrod (1927-2017), a publisher of books about pets, who gave financial aid to Allen's 1979 expedition to New Guinea.

= = = Chilatherina = = =

	Chilatherina is a genus of rainbowfishes that is endemic to freshwater in New Guinea.
	There are currently 11 recognized species in this genus:

= = = Bleher's rainbowfish = = =

	Bleher's rainbowfish ("Chilatherina bleheri") is a species of rainbowfish in the subfamily Melanotaeniinae. It is named in honor of Heiko Bleher, a German botanist and ichthyologist.
	Bleher's rainbowfish is found in Lake Holmes in the lower Mamberamo system of West Papua in Indonesia. With a preference for shallow, abundant plant life, this rainbowfish lives in a foothill region surrounded by jungle.

= = = East Bakersfield = = =

	East Bakersfield is a region in Bakersfield, California directly east of downtown. The region was formerly known as the town of Sumner, which was later incorporated and renamed Kern City. It is primarily a mixture of residential and commercial developments. It also contains a small business district (which was the downtown for Kern City) centered on the intersection of Baker and Sumner streets. Census data is provided on the right for the time period when the region was an independent town and city. It is part of the Bakersfield urban area of almost 500,000 people.
	In 1874, the Southern Pacific railroad was extended to the southern San Joaquin Valley. Bakersfield was positioned to be a whistle-stop, but a land dispute developed between the city and the railroad. Southern Pacific wanted two blocks of land from the city; Bakersfield was only willing to give one block. The result of the dispute was Southern Pacific building its tracks five miles east of Bakersfield and founding their own town. This town was called Sumner in honor of Joseph W. Sumner, mine owner and judge. It would eventually become East Bakersfield.
	A post office opened in Sumner in 1876. Since the train went through Sumner, instead of Bakersfield, it was a serious competitor to the city. However, the citizens of Bakersfield rallied, and maintained a presence in their city. By 1888, a street car line was built between Bakersfield and Sumner. The route was down 19th St., and was the only road that connected the two settlements.
	By 1892, Sumner, which was now known as Kern City, would incorporate into a city. The city of Bakersfield had disincorporated (or dissolved as a city) in 1876, but voted to reincorporate in 1898, and became a city again. That same year, Bakersfield finally became its own whistle-stop with the building of the San Francisco and San Joaquin Railroad, which was later bought by Santa Fe.
	With the construction of the new railroad, the need for Kern City diminished. In 1910, Kern City voted to join Bakersfield. It also became known as East Bakersfield. This was Bakersfield’s first major expansion outside its historic central area. Many of the city's transit locations were in East Bakersfield. These included a second fire station, another library (Baker Street Branch), and a new high school (East Bakersfield High School).
	Old Town Kern is located primarily around Baker Street, and was the former central business district for the town of Sumner (which was later renamed Kern City). This was the location of the original train station in Bakersfield and competed to be the commercial downtown, eventually losing to the present location west of Old Town. This district is home to many Basque-cuisine restaurants.

= = = Bulolo rainbowfish = = =

	The bulolo rainbowfish ("Chilatherina bulolo") is a species of rainbowfish in the subfamily Melanotaeniinae. Bulolo Rainbowfish are found in the fast flowing, rapid water of the mountain streams in the Markham and Ramu river systems of north-eastern Papua New Guinea. It was first collected in 1934 and then not again until 1978. There is insufficient data to suggest the current levels of population of this species.

= = = Sentani rainbowfish = = =

	The Sentani rainbowfish ("Chilatherina sentaniensis") is a critically endangered species of rainbowfish in the subfamily Melanotaeniinae. It is endemic to West Papua in Indonesia, where restricted to Lake Sentani (about 10 km west of Jayapura City) and its tributaries. It appears to have disappeared from the lake itself due to pollution and introduced species. Another rainbowfish, "Glossolepis incisus" has a similar range. Although a small population of the Sentani rainbowfish is maintained in captivity, it has frequently been confused with the closely related, more thickset "C. fasciata".

= = = Chiloglanis asymetricaudalis = = =

	Chiloglanis asymetricaudalis is a species of upside-down catfish native to Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and Tanzania where it can be found in the Rusizi and Luiche Rivers. This species grows to a length of SL.

= = = Incomati rock catlet = = =

	The Incomati rock catlet or Incomati suckermouth ("Chiloglanis bifurcus") is a species of upside-down catfish native to Mozambique, South Africa and Swaziland where it is only found in the Crocodile-Incomati River system. This species grows to a length of SL.

= = = Pangani suckermouth = = =

	The Pangani suckermouth ("Chiloglanis deckenii") is a species of upside-down catfish native to Kenya and Tanzania. This species grows to a length of SL.
	It is found in the Mtera Dam, Kidatu Dam, Lake Jipe, the Pangani River, Rufiji River and Ruaha River.

= = = Kalombo suckermouth = = =

	The Kalombo suckermouth ("Chiloglanis kalambo") is a species of upside-down catfish endemic to Tanzania where it occurs in the Kalambo River. This species grows to a length of TL.

= = = Chiloglanis lufirae = = =

	Chiloglanis lufirae is a species of upside-down catfish endemic to the Democratic Republic of the Congo where it is found in the Lufira River drainage. This species grows to a length of SL.

= = = Hayes Manufacturing Company = = =

	The Hayes Manufacturing Company Limited was a Vancouver-based Canadian manufacturer of heavy trucks known for their durability and a revolving bunk system. Founded in 1920, Hayes built both highway and off-road trucks, particularly for the logging industry. On a smaller scale, Hayes also manufactured buses. The Signal Company acquired a controlling stake in the company in 1969, and in 1971 renamed it Hayes Trucks. In 1975, Signal sold the company to Paccar, which closed the Hayes plants.
	The British Columbia company was established in 1920 by Douglas Hayes, a parts dealer, and partner W. Anderson from Quadra Island, and was originally the Hayes-Anderson Motor Company Ltd. It was renamed Hayes Manufacturing Company Ltd. in 1928, when the company built a large factory on the False Creek flats in Vancouver. The company eventually had over 600 employees and three plants.
	Along with trucks, Hayes manufactured buses, moving vans, tractors and trailers. Its few bus models included the Hayes "Teardrop", a very streamlined design introduced in 1936. Several Teardrop buses were purchased by Pacific Stage Lines, one of which has been preserved by the Transit Museum Society.
	The truck hood ornament was a die-cast, chrome-plated, 5-pound bear or a bronze cast bear. The chrome bear was found on the clippers and the bronze was off the square nose logger with butterfly wings. There was also a small bear ornament on each door.
	The Signal Company, the parent firm of Mack Trucks, acquired a controlling share in Hayes Manufacturing in 1969. The company was renamed Hayes Trucks in 1971. In 1975, Signal sold the company to Paccar, which closed the Hayes plants.
	In addition to operating the truck company, the founder's son, Donald Hayes, continued and expanded family logging operations, establishing Hayes Forest Services Limited in 1956. In 2006, Donald P. Hayes, President, and grandson of the founder, proudly accepted the award for being one of Canada's 50 Best Managed Companies - Public or Private.

= = = Aldgisl = = =

	Aldegisel, Aldegisl, Aldgillis, Aldgisl, Aldgils or Eadgils (fl. c. 678) was the ruler of Frisia (as king or duke) in the late seventh century contemporarily with Dagobert II and a very obscure figure. All that is known of him is in relation to the famous saint that he harboured and protected, Wilfrid, but he is the first historically verifiable ruler of the Frisians. What the exact title of the Frisian rulers was depends on the source. Frankish sources tend to call them dukes; other sources often call them kings.
	Wilfrid, deposed from his Archdiocese of York, exiled from Northumbria and on his way to Rome to seek papal support, landed in Frisia in 678. and was warmly received by Aldegisel, who entertained him for several months over the winter, probably at Utrecht. According to Stephen of Ripon, Wilfrid's biographer, Aldegisel encouraged Wilfrid in his effective evangelism and "[the Frisians] accepted his [Wilfrid's] teaching and with a few exceptions all the chiefs were baptised by him in the name of the Lord, as well as many thousands of common people." It is possible that Aldegisel was one of the early converts. However, it has been doubted whether Wilfrid was actually successful in Frisia, since there is no other evidence of the success of Christianity there before the work of Willibrord.
	While Wilfrid was at Aldegisel's court, the Frankish mayor of the palace, Ebroin, offered a bushel of gold coins in return for Wilfrid, alive or dead. Aldegisel himself is said to have torn up and burned the letter from the Frankish mayor in front of the ambassadors and his household. It has been surmised by some that Aldegisel's kindness to Wilfrid was a mode of defiance of Frankish domination. His successor and possibly son was Radbod, who followed the older pagan ways and was an enemy of Charles Martel.

= = = Giampaolo Stuani = = =

	Giampaolo Stuani (born 1966 in Castiglione delle Stiviere, Province of Mantua) is an Italian pianist.
	He graduated in piano at the Conservatory L. Campiani of Mantua under the guidance of Nando Salardi. Pupil of Bruno Mezzena in 1985, he obtained the specialization diploma of the Accademia Musicale Pescarese "summa cum laude".
	He has competed successfully in numerous national and international competitions and was awarded first prize at piano competitions such as: Scottish International (Glasgow), International "Alfredo Casella" (Naples), International "Rina Sala Gallo" (Monza), International "Vincenzo Bellini" (Caltanissetta), "National A. Speranza" (Taranto).
	He also won various prizes at famous international piano competitions such as Ciani, Busoni, Viotti, Pozzoli (Italy), Bachauer, Kapell, Cleveland (in the United States), Épinal (France), Pretoria (South Africa), Hamamatsu (Giappone).
	Giampaolo Stuani has given numerous recitals in Italy: Auditorium Verdi (Milan), Teatro Comunale (Ferrara), Teatro Regio (Parma), Teatro Ponchielli (Cremona), Teatro Golden (Palermo), Teatro Bibiena (Mantua), Teatro delle Palme (Naples), Wigmore Hall (London), and France, Portugal, Czech Republic, Bulgaria, United States of America. He has also been invited to appear as soloist with leading orchestras, including: Baltimore Symphony Orchestra, Utah Symphony Orchestra, Prague Chamber Orchestra, Sofia State Orchestra, Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala of Milan, the EAOSS-Orchestra Sinfonica Siciliana, Orchestra Scarlatti of Naples, Osaka Philharmonic Orchestra, Royal Scottish National Orchestra, Orchestra da Camera di Mantova, Orchestra Sinfonica Nazionale della RAI.
	Stuani has recorded for label such as Dynamic, Olympia, Fontec, OnClassical, Grand Piano, see Naxos.

= = = Arimine Dam = = =

	The is located in Toyama, Toyama Prefecture, Japan built upon the Wada River. The two bends in the middle of the dam is the most defining feature. The Arimine Lake is an artificial lake that was created by construction of the dam.
	The tributaries of the Jōganji River were found to be very attractive for hydroelectric power in the early 20th century due to their high flow and mountainous geography. This caught the attention of the electric utility of the time, the Etchu Electric Power Company, and for the purpose of electricity built a dam on the Wada River. At around the same time the Toyama Prefecture was considering a dam for purposes of flood control and irrigation. Construction of a prefecture managed dam began before World War II but the start of the war halted construction. Later, the Hokuriku Electric Power Company inherited the unfinished dam due to restructuring of the power companies. The plans changed to make the primary purpose of the dam electricity production and was finished in the 50s. It now contributes to electric power as well as irrigation and flood control.

= = = Malaysia Federal Route 129 = = =

	Federal Route 129 is a federal road in Kelantan, Malaysia. The road connects Pasir Mas in the north to Tanah Merah in the south.
	At most sections, the Federal Route 129 was built under the JKR R5 road standard, allowing maximum speed limit of up to 90 km/h.

= = = Spring Break '87 = = =

	Spring Break '87 is a 1987 concert performed by Australian rock group Crowded House at Daytona Beach, Florida, United States.
	The concert was recorded and released by MTV for the United States, and featured all of Crowded House's singles that had been released up to that point. It also featured a small handful of songs from the then forthcoming album "Temple of Low Men", such as "When You Come" and "Better Be Home Soon". Crowded House also played two songs by Split Enz, and a cover of the Hunters & Collectors hit song "Throw Your Arms Around Me".
	All written by Neil Finn unless otherwise noted.

= = = Malaysia Federal Route 130 = = =

	Federal Route 130 is a federal road in Kelantan, Malaysia. The road connects Pasir Mas in the west to Wakaf Che Yeh in the east.
	At most sections, the Federal Route 130 was built under the JKR R5 road standard, allowing maximum speed limit of up to 90 km/h.

= = = Gerhard Skrobek = = =

	Gerhard Skrobek (May 22, 1922 – July 1, 2007) is best known as the premier artisan of Hummel figurines since the Second World War. Skrobek was born in Leobschütz, in Upper Silesia and studied art in Berlin. Skrobek worked for the Goebel company in Rödental, Germany between 1951 and 2002 and designed many of the figurines eagerly sought by collectors. 

= = = Herman Kauz = = =

	Herman Kauz is a prominent author and teacher of the martial arts, in particular T'ai chi ch'uan.
	Kauz was born in 1928 in Brooklyn, New York. He is a graduate of the University of Hawaii, studied at the University of Chicago, and holds a Masters Degree from Columbia University.
	He has studied and trained in Aikido, Judo, Karate, Wrestling, and T'ai chi ch'uan.
	"The Tai Chi Handbook," Random House, 
	"The Martial Spirit," The Overlook Press, 
	"A Path to Liberation: A Spiritual and Philosophical Approach to the Martial Arts," The Overlook Press, 
	"Push Hands: Handbook for Non-Competitive Tai Chi Practice with a Partner," The Overlook Press, 
	"The Tai Chi Handbook" was re-issued by The Overlook Press, 26 May 2009, 

= = = Zvi Hirsch Grodzinsky = = =

	Rabbi Zvi Hirsch Grodzinsky (1857? in Minsk, Belarus – 1947 in Omaha, Nebraska, United States) was an American Orthodox rabbi and author. His English name was Henry.
	Zvi Hirsch studied under his famous second cousin Rabbi Hayyim Ozer Grodzinsky. In 1891, he accepted the rabbinate of the two Orthodox synagogues in Omaha. Zvi Hirsch was on par with the elite Jewish Law scholars of his day. He chose, however, to serve as rabbi in a religiously underdeveloped city so that he can pursue his scholarly endeavors. He was a composer of literature on Halakhic topics.
	The name "Zvi Hirsch" is a bilingual tautological name in Yiddish. It means literally "deer-deer" and is traceable back to the Hebrew word צבי "tsvi" "deer" and the German word "Hirsch" "deer"..

= = = Ed Radwanski = = =

	Edward “Ed or Eddie” Radwanski (born May 5, 1963 in Neptune Township, New Jersey) is a former U.S. soccer midfielder. He spent the five seasons in the Major Indoor Soccer League, one in the Continental Indoor Soccer League and seven in the USISL and its predecessor, the SISL. He also earned five caps with the U.S. national team in 1985.
	Radwanski grew up in New Jersey and graduated from Neptune High School in 1981. In 1999, he was named by "The Star-Ledger" as one of the top ten New Jersey high school soccer players of the 1980s. In addition to playing with his school teams, he was a member of the Wall Atoms youth club. After graduating from high school, Radwanski attended the University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNCG) where he played on the school's NCAA Division III soccer team from 1981 to 1984. In both 1982 and 1983, UNCG won the Division III soccer championship. In 1983 and 1984, Radwanski was named a first team Division III All American and finished his career at UNCG with thirty-eight goals and fifty-six assists. While he finished his collegiate playing career in 1984, he did not earn his UNCG bachelor's degree in business and economics until 1997, while playing for the Greensboro Dynamo
	In 1985, the expansion Dallas Sidekicks of Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL) made Radwanski the first player drafted by the team when they selected him with the number one pick in the 1985 MISL draft. He spent three seasons with the Sidekicks, winning the 1986–1987 MISL title with them. Dallas released Radwanski on June 15, 1988. In October 1988, Kenny Cooper, Sr., head coach of the Baltimore Blast, signed Radwanski to play with the Blast. However, Radwanski retired a few days later after being told during a team physical that he risked permanent back damage if he continued playing. Radwanski returned to soccer in 1990 when he joined the Dallas Rockets of the Southwest Independent Soccer League. In 1991, he was a member of the team when it won the league championship. In the fall of 1990, he signed with the Tacoma Stars of MISL. He spent two season with the Stars until they folded at the end of the 1991–1992 season. In 1993, he moved east to the Greensboro Dynamo of the USISL. He remained with the Dynamo until 1997. In 1996, the team renamed itself the Carolina Dynamo. In both 1993 and 1994, the Dynamo won the USISL outdoor championship. In 1993, he was both the League and Championship MVPs. Radwanski returned to the indoor game in 1995 with the Washington Warthogs of the Continental Indoor Soccer League (CISL).
	Radwanski earned five caps with the U.S. national team in 1985. His first cap came in a February 8, 1985 tie with Switzerland. On May 26, 1985, he played in a 1986 FIFA World Cup qualification match, a 1–1 tie with Costa Rica in Costa Rica. However, he did not enter the return game in Torrance, California in which Costa Rica defeated the U.S. and knocked them out of contention for the finals. His last cap came in a 5–0 loss to England on June 16, 1985.
	In 1992, he earned one cap with the U.S. National Futsal Team.
	Following his retirement from playing professionally, Radwanski assisted his alma mater's soccer program as an assistant coach in 1998 while also working in the Carolina Dynamo’s front office. In 1998 and 1999, he served as the Director of Coaching for the Greensboro Twisters youth club. He moved to the ranks of professional coaching in 1999, he coached the Piedmont Spark of the second division women's W-2 League. That year, Radwanski coached the club to the best record in the W-2 before falling to the Hampton Roads Piranhas in the first round of the playoffs. On February 15, 2001, he replaced Jack Poland as the head coach of the UNCG women's soccer head coach. In 2006, he was named the Southern Conference Coach of the Year in 2006. Radwanski has continued his involvement in youth soccer with the Twisters and the Jamestown Soccer Club in addition to his duties as a college soccer coach. In 2011, Radwanski replaced Hershey Strosberg as coach of the Clemson Tigers women's soccer team. On August 15, 2014, Radwanski was named in a lawsuit by Haley Ellen Hunt related to an alleged hazing incident on August 18, 2011. In 2016, Radwanski was named ACC Coach of the year after leading Clemson to a 13–3–3 regular season record. In 2017, Radwanski won his 200th career game as a coach in a match against SIU Edwardsville.
	Championships
	USISL MPV: 1993
	USISL Championship MVP: 1993
	Southern Conference Coach of the Year: 2006
	Inducted into the UNC-Greensboro Athletics Hall of Fame: 2000
	New Jersey first team high school All Decade (1980s)
	NSCAA Regional Coach of the Year (2015) 

= = = Russian cruiser Vladimir Monomakh = = =

	Vladimir Monomakh () was an armoured cruiser built for the Imperial Russian Navy during the 1880s. The vessel was named after Vladimir II Monomakh, Grand Prince of Kiev. She spent most of her career in the Far East, although the ship was in the Baltic Sea when the Russo-Japanese War began in 1904. "Vladimir Monomakh" was assigned to the Third Pacific Squadron and participated in the Battle of Tsushima in May 1905. She was tasked to protect the Russian transports and was not heavily engaged during the daylight portion of the battle. The ship was torpedoed during the night and was scuttled the following morning by her captain to prevent her capture by the Japanese.
	"Vladimir Monomakh" was classified as a semi-armored frigate and was an improved version of the preceding . The ship was designed with high endurance and high speed to facilitate her role as a commerce raider able to outrun enemy battleships. She was laid out as a central battery ironclad with the armament concentrated amidships. The iron-hulled ship was fitted with a ram and was sheathed in wood and copper to reduce fouling. The ship's hull was subdivided by ten transverse bulkheads and she had a double bottom deep. Her crew numbered approximately 550 officers and men. "Vladimir Monomakh" was long overall. She had a beam of and a draft of . The ship displaced at deep load.
	The ship had two vertical compound steam engines, each driving a four-bladed, manganese-bronze propeller. Steam was provided by six cylindrical boilers at a pressure of . The engines produced during sea trials which gave the ship a maximum speed around . "Vladimir Monomakh" carried of coal which gave her an economical range of at a speed of . She was ship rigged with three masts and had a total sail area of . To reduce drag while under sail, her funnels were retractable.
	"Vladimir Monomakh" was armed with four guns, one at each corner of the battery that were sponsoned out over the sides of the hull. Eight of the dozen guns were mounted between the eight-inch guns in the central battery and the remaining four were outside the battery at the ends of the ship. Anti-torpedo boat defence was provided by four 9-pounder and ten Hotchkiss guns. The ship was also equipped with three above-water torpedo tubes.
	The ship's waterline belt was composed of compound armour and extended the full length of the ship. It was six inches thick amidships, but reduced to at the ship's ends. It extended above the waterline and below. Transverse bulkheads thick protected the guns in the battery from raking fire. The sponsons of the 8-inch guns were equally thick. The protective deck was thick.
	Construction began on "Vladimir Monomakh" on 22 February 1881 at the Baltic Shipyard in St. Petersburg, although the formal keel-laying ceremony was not held until 21 May. She was launched on 22 October 1882 and completed on 13 July 1883. The ship's total cost was 3,348,847 rubles. Although the second vessel to be laid down in the "Dmitri Donskoy" class, "Vladimir Monomakh" was completed first. Due to constant changes during construction, the design of both vessels diverged considerably by the time of completion. The ship was named after Vladimir II Monomakh, Grand Prince of Kiev.
	On 11 October 1884, "Vladimir Monomakh" began a leisurely voyage from the Baltic Sea to the Far East. She made port visits in Kristiansand, Norway and Portland Harbour, England before reaching Malta on 25 November. The ship spent most of the next six weeks in Greek waters before arriving at Port Said, Egypt on 12 January 1885 to transit the Suez Canal. "Vladimir Monomakh" encountered the British ironclad battleship there and was followed by her all the way to Japan as tensions were rising between Great Britain and Russia in early 1885. The ship arrived in Nagasaki in March 1885 and was appointed flagship of the Russian Pacific Fleet under Rear Admiral A.E. Kroun. Based out of Vladivostok, she normally wintered in warmer waters. For example, "Vladimir Monomakh" visited Manila, Singapore, Hong Kong, Batavia, Dutch East Indies and Penang Island between November 1885 and March 1886. She returned to Kronstadt in 1887 and was refitted in 1888.
	"Vladimir Monomakh" departed Kronstadt for the Mediterranean on 6 November 1889 where she remained for the next year. She joined the official escort for the Tsarevich Nicholas II’s visit to the Far East. The Tsarevich travelled aboard the and "Vladimir Monomakh" provided protection. The two ships reached Singapore on 2 March 1891, and reached Vladivostok on 23 May. Once at Vladivostok, Captain Oskar Stark was appointed commander of the ship and "Vladimir Monomakh" was overhauled through August. She wintered over again at Nagasaki, departing for Europe on 23 April 1892 and reached Kronstadt in August, where the ship was given a thorough refit beginning on 22 September. The heavy sailing rig was replaced by three signal masts, her funnels were fixed in place, and her boilers were also upgraded. "Vladimir Monomakh" was reclassified as a 1st Class Cruiser on 13 February 1892.
	On 2 October 1894 the ship, now under the command of Captain Zinovy Rozhestvensky, was ordered back to the Mediterranean. In view of the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95, the Council of Ministers ordered on 1 February 1895 that the Mediterranean Squadron reinforce the 2nd Pacific Squadron. She reached the Chinese treaty port of Chefoo on 16 April and became the flagship of Rear Admiral Yevgeni Ivanovich Alekseyev, 2nd in command of the Pacific Fleet, on 13 May. "Vladimir Monomakh" remained at Chefoo until late in the year before sailing to Vladivostok and then to Kobe, Japan in January 1896.
	The ship only remained there for a short time before she was ordered back to Kronstadt for a major modernization. Her obsolete 8-inch and 6-inch guns were replaced with five new 45-calibre 6-inch and six Canet guns. The ship's six original boilers were replaced by a dozen cylindrical boilers.
	"Vladimir Monomakh" was transferred back to the Pacific Fleet in November 1897 and reached Nagasaki in February 1898. After the Triple Intervention expelled the Japanese from Port Arthur, "Vladimir Monomakh" was part of the Russian force which subsequently occupied that strategic harbor. In June 1900, she transported troops involved in the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion. In September 1900, on her return to Port Arthur, she accidentally rammed and sank the merchant vessel "Crown of Aragon". In December 1901, she rendezvoused with "Dmitri Donskoy" at Hong Kong, and the two ships returned to the Mediterranean via the Suez Canal. "Vladimir Monomakh" remained in the Mediterranean until August 1902, and reached Kronstadt in October. In 1903–04 some of her Hotchkiss guns were replaced by .
	In February 1905, "Vladimir Monomakh" was assigned to the Third Pacific Squadron, which was sent to reinforce Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky's Second Pacific Squadron. The Third Pacific Squadron transited the Suez Canal and joined the 2nd Pacific Squadron at Cam Ranh Bay in French Indochina on 14 May 1905 where they was assigned to the Cruiser Division commanded by Rear Admiral Oskar Enkvist.
	At the decisive Battle of Tsushima on 27 May 1905, "Vladimir Monomakh" was positioned to the right side of the Russian line of battle, guarding the transports and so avoided the pounding that the other vessels of Second Pacific Squadron received, although she engaged the Japanese cruiser . The Japanese ship was hit several times and driven off, but only three crewmen were killed and seven wounded. "Vladimir Monomakh" was hit several times itself and had one 120 mm gun destroyed and its crew killed. The most dangerous hit was a shell that burst over a 6-inch shell hoist and started an ammunition fire. The prompt flooding of the magazine averted an explosion.
	At nightfall, the Japanese torpedo boats engaged the surviving Russian warships and the cruiser claimed to have sunk one of her attackers at 8:25 p.m. "Vladimir Monomakh", mistaking one of her attackers for a Russian destroyer, was hit around 8:40 by a single torpedo which ruptured her hull near the No. 2 coal bunker, but sank the torpedo boat. The damage was severe but her crew kept her afloat and her engines operational, although she continued to take on water. The next morning, however, "Vladimir Monomakh" headed towards Tsushima Island and began to unload her wounded into her surviving boats. Captain Vladimir Aleksandrovich Popov gave the order to abandon ship, and ordered the seacocks to be opened to scuttle the vessel rather than surrender it to the Japanese. The ship sank at 10:20 a.m. and the crew was captured by the Japanese auxiliary cruisers and . "Vladimir Monomakh" was officially removed from the navy list on 28 September 1905.

= = = Dave Del Dotto = = =

	David "Dave" P. Del Dotto is a former real estate investor from Modesto, California, who sold a course called the "Cash Flow System" through infomercials on late-night television in the 1980s and early 1990s. In addition to his Cash Flow System course, Del Dotto also wrote a book, "How to Make Nothing but Money", which is no longer in print.
	Del Dotto often shot his infomercials from locations in Hawaii with his students. As a self-proclaimed expert, he would give advice on real estate investment. Del Dotto had associates sell his book and tape programs to audiences throughout the U.S. and Canada. Those who bought the course would be invited to a weekend seminar. At the weekend events several additional speakers would sell their financial educational material, which usually included books and audio and video courses.
	On October 22, 1993, the Los Angeles Times reported:
	In February 1995, the FTC filed suit against Del Dotto. In 1996, Del Dotto settled for $200,000 charges that he and his companies had made "allegedly deceptive claims" in marketing his books and audio tapes on real estate investment.
	A clip of one of his videos was featured in the movie Houseguest.
	Since 1993, Del Dotto has been producing wine at Del Dotto Vineyards in Napa, California.

= = = Bahag (garment) = = =

	Bahag is a loincloth that was commonly used throughout the Philippines before the arrival of European colonizers, and which is used by some indigenous tribes of the Philippines today - most notably the Cordillerans in Northern Luzon.
	It is basically a hand-loomed piece of long cloth that is wrapped around a man's middle. The design of the weave is often unique to the tribe of the person wearing the Bahag, much like the Celtic Tartans were.
	Modern bahags have since found their way to the lowlands as table runners, serviettes, and other decor and fashion accoutrements.

= = = TTDI Jaya = = =

	TTDI Jaya is a major township in the Klang Valley region of Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. Located about from Shah Alam, the capital of Selangor. TTDI stands for Taman Tun Dr. Ismail.

= = = CHRISTUS Trinity Mother Frances Health System = = =

	CHRISTUS Trinity Mother Frances Health System is a non-profit regional health care provider based in Tyler, Texas that operates eight hospitals and 82 clinic locations in East Texas.
	In the early 1930s, the Sisters of The Holy Family of Nazareth came to Tyler, Texas from the Sacred Heart Province in Chicago to open Mother Frances Hospital. The hospital was named in honor of Frances Siedliska, the founder of the Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth. The hospital opened on March 18, 1937 – one day ahead of schedule – to care for victims of the New London School explosion.
	In 1948, the Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth completed the purchase of the hospital from the City of Tyler and in October 1965, Mother Frances Week was celebrated in Tyler, dedicating a new wing. This $4.5 million wing added 110 new patient beds and a new cafeteria to the hospital.
	In 1934, The Trinity Clinic began as The Bryant Clinic. It was founded by Dr. William Howard Bryant and Dr. Sidney W. Bradford. The Bryant Clinic received the first call for help in Tyler to treat the victims of the New London tragedy. In 1948, The Bryant Clinic changed its name to The Medical & Surgical Clinic and later, with the addition of two other Tyler-area medical practices, became Trinity Clinic. Today, Trinity Clinic is the area's biggest multi-specialty medical group, with over 300 providers representing 38 specialties in 36 clinic locations in East Texas.
	In 1995, Mother Frances Hospital and Trinity Clinic merged, creating Trinity Mother Frances Health System, one of the first integrated health care systems in the United States. In 2007, Trinity Mother Frances Health System changed its name to Trinity Mother Frances Hospitals and Clinics.
	In May 2016, Trinity Mother Frances Hospitals and Clinics merged with CHRISTUS Health to create CHRISTUS Trinity Mother Frances Health System and CHRISTUS Trinity Clinic.
	In June 2016, CHRISTUS Health and Hopkins County Memorial Hospital in Sulphur Springs, Texas finalized an agreement to create CHRISTUS Hopkins Health Alliance and make Hopkins County Memorial Hospital a part of CHRISTUS Trinity Mother Frances Health System. The agreement included a change of name for the hospital to CHRISTUS Mother Frances Hospital - "Sulphur Springs" and its clinics to CHRISTUS Trinity Clinic - Sulphur Springs and CHRISTUS Trinity Clinic - Emory.
	In July 2017, Magnolia Health Systems - Physicians of East Texas (MHS) became a part of CHRISTUS Trinity Mother Frances. This includes clinic locations in Palestine, Elkhart, Fairfield, Grapeland and Buffalo, Texas.
	In August 2017, CHRISTUS Trinity Clinic - "Crockett" opened as a family medicine clinic in Crockett, Texas.
	The system has picked up a number of national awards for health care, including designations as a "100 Top Hospital" by Truven Health Analytics (2017); ranked the No. 1 hospital in Texas for Patient Safety in Overall Hospital and Surgical Care by CareChex (2016); National Benchmarks for Success award winner by Soluticient 2006; winner of the 2007 Texas Health Care Quality Improvement Award; designated as a Blue Cross and Blue Shield Distinction Center+ for Cardiac Care, Bariatric Surgery, Spine Surgery and Knee and Hip Replacement Services; National Research Corporation Consumer Choice winner; and listed among the top five percent in the nation for patient satisfaction by Press Ganey, Inc.

= = = John T. Shayne &amp; Company = = =

	John T. Shayne & Company, a Chicago-based hatter, haberdasher and furrier was founded on November 6, 1884, by John Thomas Shayne (born August 26, 1852) an importer/manufacturer, civic leader and Democratic politician. The firm was formally incorporated on May 23, 1899, and held the distinction of being "the largest business of its kind outside of New York City." The store was first located at 187-189 South State Street in the Chicago Loop (the city of Chicago's central business and shopping district) and later moved to the John Crerar Library building at 150 North Michigan Avenue where it remained until the department store ceased operations in 1979. At the time of its closing, Shayne's was a department store specializing in women's ready-to-wear, couture and furs.
	The achievements of the Shayne brothers in the manufacture of fine furs helped to bring a newfound respect for American manufactured furs which were primarily reserved only for the elite European manufacturing houses of Russia, France and Germany. At the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition (also known as the Chicago's World Fair), "The New York Times" reported, "The joint exhibit of C.C Shayne of New-York and John T. Shayne of this city has received awards which, by reason of their number and their language, leave no doubt that the Shayne fur products surpass those made in any part of the world."
	On July 10, 1894, John T. Shayne commented to the Committee of Finance of the United States Senate that U.S. furriers were losing significant income from garments that were manufactured overseas and then brought back to this country duty-free by tourists. Shayne stated to the Committee of Finance, "I could get up a petition that would almost reach from the Senate Chamber to the White House, but do not wish to encroach upon your valuable time."
	John T. Shayne & Company was one of the earliest Chicago retailers to join in America's burgeoning mail order business during the turn of the 20th century. Shayne's first mail order publication dates back to 1906 and is featured in the Chicago Public Library Trade Catalog Collection at the Harold Washington Library.
	Mail order merchandising played an important role in retail distribution during the 20th century. These catalogues provided rural communities access to an array of merchandise; items ranging from tooth paste to prefabricated houses were marketed to small towns and remote rural communities, transforming the way American's purchased goods.
	Chicago area retailers were among the nation's first companies to publish mail orders. The city was ideally suited for America's growing mail order business due to its central location, access to a national rail system and advances made in mail delivery. Chicago became a nationally recognized city through the many images that found their way into these mail order catalogs. These publications shaped the nation's perspective of Chicago and encouraged tourism to the city.
	On March 21, 1899, "The New York Times" reported, "John T. Shayne, a wealthy furrier, and a prominent Democratic politician, brother of C.C. Shayne of New York, was shot, and probably fatally wounded, this afternoon by Harry H. Hammond, a tailor. The shooting occurred in the cafe of the Auditorium Annex, where Shayne was sitting at lunch with Mrs. Hammond, the divorced wife of Hammond, and two other ladies." Shayne did miraculously recover from the shooting incident.
	Patrick Dennis, author of the bestselling novel "Auntie Mame" referenced John T. Shayne and Company in his subsequent novel "Little Me". The main character of the novel, Belle Poitrine, describes her shopping spree "I went on a mad round of shopping -diamonds and pearls- from Peacock's, glossy furs from John T. Shayne, dresses of every description from Field's and Carson, Pirie, Scott with shoes to match from O'Connor and Goldberg." 
	Subsequent ownership included Tom Considine, Jr. who in turn sold the company to Martin Feldman. The Feldman family acquired the business in 1958 whereupon Martin and son Barry Feldman, along with Edwin Smith operated the business until it closed in 1979.

= = = Critical friend = = =

	Critical friend has its origins in critical pedagogy education reforms in the 1970s and arose out of the self-appraisal activity which is attributed to Desmond Nuttall. One of the most widely used definitions is from 1993,
	Andrew Hutchinson, a public sector consultant, introduced the term to the Local Government Consortium at the University of Warwick in 1998 and it is cited in several papers produced by Professor Jean Hartley of the Local Government Consortium. The critical friend is characterised as falling between the extremes of the "hostile witness" and the "uncritical lover" whereas earlier texts go so far as to allude to Janus in discussing the concept.
	This dichotomy appealed to Hutchinson who frequently used the term while leader of the South East Midlands Citizen's Charter Quality Network run by the Cabinet Office in Whitehall. In his time running the network he came into regular contact with fellow Lancastrian and Government Minister Peter Kilfoyle MP, Public Service Minister who was responsible for the running of the networks as minister. When Kilfoyle found himself increasingly distanced from the policy agenda of Prime Minister Tony Blair and he chose to resign from Government, Hansard quotes him as saying that he wished to return to the back benches but remain a "critical friend" of the Government. 
	He was misquoted in the "Daily Telegraph" as they claimed that he had said that he wished to be a "candid friend" to Government. It is not unreasonable to suppose that the term critical friend has its origins in the softer sounding notion of the candid friend. Nonetheless following the resignation of Peter Kilfoyle "The Guardian" newspaper (a popular publication amongst the intelligentsia and public sector middle management) began to popularise the term which is increasingly entering into general usage. The phrase is still most commonly used in education circles but its wider use in the public sector can to a large part be attributed to Andrew Hutchinson and his natural enthusiasm for the concept, being described as 'a natural critical friend acting with positive intent' in 1999 by the then Chief Executive of Coventry City Council, Iain Roxburgh, who is now Director of the Warwick Research Consortium. While a variety of useful and interesting quotations are to be found on the web perhaps the reason for the popularity of the phrase is best summed up by the following quotation,

= = = Tamil historical novels = = =

	Tamil historical novels are a genre of Tamil literature that began to appear in the mid-19th century.
	Prathaapa Mudaliaar Charithram ("The Life of Prathaapa Mudaliaar"), written in 1857 and published in 1879, was the first novel in the Tamil language. The novel does not involve historical characters or events but is set in royal times. Penned by Maayuram Vedanaayakam Pillai, it was a landmark in Tamil literature, which had hitherto seen writings only in poetry. The book gave birth to a new literary genre and Tamil prose began to be recognized as an increasingly important part of the language. One can see the style of any Tamil author in this novel.
	Aabathukidamaana Apavaadham -or- Kamalaambaal Charithram is written by Rajam Iyer from Vathalakundu in the later part of the 19th century is the first Tamil novel depicting the life of living people. The author worked in Tamil daily Dinamani; he live just 26 years. Considering the period in which he lived and wrote, he created waves in emancipation of women's life, incomparable to any social reformist. In this story he conducted marriage to a Brahmin widow. Had he lived further and wrote more, the style of modern Tamil prose would have been different.
	Authors like Kalki Krishnamurthy, Akilan wrote historical novels during the Indian independence movement to instil patriotic pride in the people. Most historical novels were serialised in Tamil magazines before being published in book form. The advent of netzines has seen new web based historical writers entering the arena.

= = = Bateman, Saskatchewan = = =

	Bateman is an organized hamlet in the southwest region of Saskatchewan, Canada, north of the Red Coat Trail. It was named after Jim Bateman, the first settler to come to the area with his family in 1908.
	Bateman was once a prosperous community, which had a peak population of more than 300 citizens in the late 1920s. In 2000, the last resident left, and many of the remaining buildings were torn down by the government of Saskatchewan.
	Upon arrival in 1908, Jim Bateman took possession of a quarter section of land on the banks of Notukeu Creek. Then in 1911, Bateman would open a post office. His daughter Lydia was sworn in as the post mistress and drove up to St. Boswells, northwest of Bateman with her father to pick up the community's first mail bag.
	During its pioneer and times of great prosperity, Bateman would have over 300 residents during the late 1920s. Bateman was also a focal point for small family grain farmers in the region. The community once boasted four grain elevators, a bank, a theatre, restaurants, two gas stations, two churches, three grocery stores, skating and curling rink, and two implement businesses. The community even had its own power plant and street light system.
	Bateman once had a school that covered grades K–12, but closed due to the consolidation of schools. In 1966, Bateman lost its grade 12 classes, and a few years after that the school would again lose grades 10 and 11, to the neighbouring town of Gravelbourg, leaving only grade nine for the high-school level, eventually being moved there as well, leaving just the elementary classes. In 1996, Bateman's school finally closed for good.
	Today the once impressive brick school has been demolished due to the poor condition the building was in. All that remains of the former school is the foundation and a commemorative sign.

= = = One Step Ahead (Split Enz song) = = =

	"One Step Ahead" is a 1980 song by New Zealand art rock group Split Enz from their studio album "Waiata". The song continued the group's success in their move towards their own version of new wave rock music that the group had established with their release "I Got You", rating in the top ten charts both in New Zealand and Australia.
	The video clip for the song was one of the first ever videos screened on MTV. In a documentary for Radio New Zealand, Neil Finn expressed surprise at the song's success, stating that it "hasn't got a proper chorus".
	After Split Enz's dissolution in 1984, singer Neil Finn continued to perform "One Step Ahead" with his next group Crowded House, in particular, the group performed the song live at their 1987 concert in Daytona known as "Spring Break '87".
	The single's b-side "In the Wars" was recorded in the "Waiata" recording sessions, however was not originally released as a track on the album, though was later appended as track twelve in the album's 2006 re-release.
	"One Step Ahead" has been covered by numerous artists, most notably Amiel and The Like (whose version was unavailable to Australasian markets until 2007 when it became available on iTunes).
	The video clip to "One Step Ahead" has keyboardist Eddie Rayner performing "Marche sur place", the pantomime illusion walk created by Decroux and Barrault (seen in the 1945 French film Children of Paradise) that is the technique Michael Jackson would base his moonwalk on in 1983.

= = = Duhat = = =

	Duhat can refer to:

= = = Sunland Park Racetrack &amp; Casino = = =

	Sunland Park Racetrack & Casino is a racino located in Sunland Park, New Mexico, a suburb of El Paso, Texas.
	Opened in 1959 as a Thoroughbred racing track, Sunland Park was the only legalized gambling venue in the region for many years. In 1999, at a time when horse racing was experiencing a decline as casinos and lotteries became commonplace, New Mexico legislators allowed slot machines at the track. Now with over 700 machines in play, racing at Sunland has benefited greatly, with purses increasing from a $35,000 daily average in the early 1990s to nearly a quarter million per day today.
	Sunland Park was the track where jockeys Jerry Bailey, Pat Valenzuela, and Cash Asmussen got their starts. Bill Shoemaker, who hails from the area, also rode at Sunland.
	The casino, open 112 hours a week, also offers many electronic table games including roulette, blackjack and Texas Hold 'Em.
	The 2018 racing season, which features both Thoroughbreds and Quarter Horses, runs from December 28 through May 5. Live racing is traditionally offered four days each week on Tuesdays, Fridays, Saturdays, and Sundays. Year-round Simulcast wagering is also available on racetracks across the country.
	The live racing season is highlighted by the Sunland Derby, run at 1⅛ miles for three-year-olds in late March of each year. The race was granted a Grade 3 status for the 2010 running and now is an important preparatory race for the Kentucky Derby. The race is now included in the Road to the Kentucky Derby; awarding 50 points to the winner, 20 to second, 10 to third, and 5 to forth. The 50 points awarded the winner effectively guarantees entrance into the Kentucky Derby.
	Other notable races include the $200,000 Sunland Park Oaks, 1-1/16 miles Kentucky Oaks prep for fillies; the $100,000 Harry W. Henson Handicap for fillies and mares at one mile; the $100,000 Riley Allison Derby, 6½ furlongs for three-year-olds; the $100,000 Mine That Bird Derby, 1 1/16-mile prep for the Sunland Derby; and the $150,000 Sunland Park Handicap for three-year-olds and up at 1⅛ miles.
	Sunlands top quarter horse race is the $350,000 Grade 1 Championship at Sunland Park, run late each December at 440 yards. The $140,000 added New Mexican Spring Futurity at 300 yards is run in April.

= = = 457 visa = = =

	In Australia, the 457 visa was the most common visa for Australian or overseas employers to sponsor skilled overseas workers to work temporarily in Australia. It has been abolished since 18 March 2018 by Turnbull government and replaced by another visa category. The full title of this subclass of visa was Temporary Business (Long Stay) and was introduced soon after John Howard became Prime Minister in 1996. The title of the visa was changed to Temporary Work (Skilled) (Subclass 457) visa on 24 November 2012. Applications were processed by the Department of Immigration and Border Protection (DIBP). On 18 April 2017, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull announced that the 457 visas will be replaced with two new visa categories.
	Holders of a 457 visa may be employed for a period of up to four years and may bring any eligible family members, including same-sex partners, who have unrestricted work and study rights in Australia. "If your sponsor is a start-up business or has traded in Australia for less than 12 months, then the visa will be granted for 18 months." Holders of the subclass 457 visa have no limit on the number of times they travel in and out of Australia.
	Employers must be approved by the Department of Immigration and Border Protection as an approved sponsor. Primary subclass 457 visa holders are restricted to working for their sponsor and may not work (or volunteer) for any other organisation (other than associated entities as defined by the Corporations Act). In order to change employer and sponsor, the "new employer" must be or become an approved 457 sponsor and then lodge a 457 nomination. Once the nomination is approved, the employer obligations will shift to the new employer and the visa applicant is restricted to working for it. There is no need to apply for a new 457 visa within the validity of the visa.
	Employees must also meet minimum levels of skill and English language requirements, in addition to character and health requirements. Some trades occupations and passport holders from certain countries may be required to do a skills assessment (see the TRA website).
	It is common for 457 visa holders to apply for a permanent Australia residents visa with a view to permanently settle in Australia and become Australian citizens.
	A 457 visa holder can only work in a nominated occupation for the sponsor employer. Medical practitioners and general managers must work in their nominated occupation but they can work for employers other than their sponsor or an associated entity of their sponsor. The specific occupations to which this rule applies are listed in Exemption from the requirement to work directly for the sponsor. The worker must also not have ceased employment for more than 60 consecutive days.
	The Australian Government reviewed the 457 skilled immigrant visa and made some provisions to quicken the transition to permanent residency starting on 1 July 2012. From that date, non-resident workers on the 457 skilled immigration visa are able to transition to permanent residency if they have two years with the employer who has sponsored them and if the employer provides a full-time position in the 457 visa holder's nominated occupation.
	Furthermore, the Australian government has recognised that 457 visas deserve priority in review as they are highly responsive to the needs of the market. Overseas workers will be able to work in Australia on a six-month short term work visa before they apply for a 457 visa.
	As at 30 June 2016, the size of the subclass 457 programme was 94,890 Primary visa holders in Australia.
	An audit by the Fair Work Ombudsman conducted between Sept 2013 and June 2014 found that 40% of 457 visa holders were no longer employed by a sponsor or were being paid well below the statutory minimum wage of $53,900.
	In October 2014, the Abbott government announced that it would make it easier for businesses to apply for 457 visa workers by relaxing rules for English language competency to broaden the pool of potential workers from overseas.
	With the commencement of the Japan free trade agreement in 2015, employers no longer need to offer jobs to locals or to prove that none could fill vacancies before Japanese nationals eligible for 457 visas are employed.
	In December 2014, the Department of Immigration and Border Protection released recommendations to relax 457 visa requirements. The recommendations include extending the six month short term work visa to 12 months with no obligation to apply for a 457 visa. The Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union (CFMEU) has criticized this change on the grounds that it avoids the 457 visa's requirement for English language and skills tests and employers would not be required to demonstrate they had first tried to fill job vacancies with Australian workers.
	On 18 April 2017, Malcolm Turnbull announced his intention to replace the 457 visas with 2 new categories (short term and medium term) of visas. 
	One of the replacement was Temporary Skill Shortage visa, or known as 482 Visa. It allows immigration It requires candidates to obtain an IELTS (English Language) exam band score of 5 or higher, or other method of showing the English level. 

= = = Condenser (laboratory) = = =

	A "'condenser" ' is a scientific laboratory apparatus used to condense (change the physical state of a substance from its gaseous exchange its liquid state) liquids. In the laboratory, condensers are generally used in procedures involving organic liquids brought into the gaseous state through heating, with or without lowering the pressure (applying vacuum)—though applications in inorganic and other chemistry areas exist. While condensers can be applied at various scales, in the research, training, or discovery laboratory, one most often uses glassware designed to pass a vapor flow over an adjacent cooled chamber. In simplest form, such a condenser consists of a single glass tube with outside air providing cooling. A further simple form, the Liebig-type of condenser, involves concentric glass tubes, an inner one through which the hot gases pass, and an outer, "ported" chamber through which a cooling fluid passes, to reduce the gas temperature in the inner, to afford the condensation.
	Depending on the application (chemical components being separated, and the required operating temperature) and the scale of the process (from very few microliters to process scales involving many liters), different types of condensers and means of cooling are used. Alongside the temperature differential and heat capacities of the cooling fluids (such as air, water, aqueous organic cosolvents), the size of the cooling surface and the way in which gas (vapor) and condensing liquid states come into contact are critical in the choice or design of a condenser system. Since at least the 19th century, scientists have sought creative designs to maximize the surface area of vapor-liquid contact and heat exchange. Many types of laboratory condensers—simpler Liebig and Allihn, coiled Graham types, simple and Dimroth types of cold finger condensers, etc.—now common, have evolved to meet the practical need of larger cooling surfaces and controlled boiling and condensation in various procedures involving distillation, and a further very wide array of materials for packing simpler condensers to increase surface area (such as glass, ceramic, and metal beads, rings, wool) have been studied and applied.
	Likewise, the configurations of laboratory apparatus involving condensers are many and varied, to cover low and high boiling solvents, simple and complex separations, etc. Several common process types based on the change of physical state provided by condensers can easily be described, including "simple evaporations" or solvent stripping (the bulk removal of all volatiles to leave behind concentrated solutes present in the original solution being evaporated), "reflux operations" (where the aim is to contain all volatiles while providing a constant process temperature established by the boiling point of the solvent system being used), and "separation/distillation operations" (where high theoretical plates provide for selective delivery of one or more volatile components of a complex mixture in a controlled fashion). The direction of vapor and condensate flows in the laboratory condenser chosen for each of these may vary (e.g., being "countercurrent" in reflux procedures, and "concurrent" in many simple distillation procedures), as do the optimal flow direction for the cooling fluid, etc. In all processes, condenser selection/design requires that the heat of entering vapor never overwhelm the condenser and cooling mechanism; as well, the thermal gradients and material flows established during the gas-liquid transition are critical aspects, so that as processes increase in scale from laboratory to pilot plant and beyond, the design of condenser systems becomes a precise engineering science.
	A condenser is a piece of apparatus or equipment that can be used to condense, that is, to change the physical state of a substance from its gaseous to its liquid state; in the laboratory, it is generally used in procedures done with liquids brought into gaseous state through heating or application of vacuum (lowered pressure); often a mixture with water or other substances. Condensers can be applied at various scales, from micro-scale (very few microliters) to process-scale (many liters), using laboratory glassware and occasionally metalware that accomplishes the cooling of the vapor generated by boiling (through heating or application of vacuum).
	In simplest form, a condenser can consist of a single tube of glass or metal, where the flow of outside air produces the cooling. In a further simple form, condensers consist of concentric glass tubes, with the tube through which the hot gases begin to pass running the length of the apparatus. The second tube defines an outer chamber through which air, water, or other cooling fluids can pass to reduce the temperature of the gasses to afford the condensation; hence, the outer tube (or, as designs become more complex, outer cooling chamber) has an inlet and an outlet to allow the cooling fluid to enter and exit.
	The specific requirement that components in the solution being fractionated (divided into component fractions) have differing boiling points, and the varying demands of heat exchange for the various chemical processes using condensers have led to design of very wide varieties of types, with a general design theme being creative ways in which:
	The combination of these has taken the simple condenser concept through simple changes (e.g., addition, in Allihn-type condensers, of "bubbles" or undulations to the inner, straight vapor tube of the simple Liebig design, so that diethyl ether ( 35 °C), could be accommodated), on to many unique condenser configurations, types of packings of the vapor space, and applied cooling media and mechanisms (see below). In this array of designs, the direction of vapor and condensate flows depends on the specific application (e.g., being "countercurrent" in reflux procedures, and concurrent in many simpler distillation procedures); the same is true with regard to the optimal flow direction for the cooling fluid (air, water, aqueous ethylene glycol co-solutions, etc.) relative to the direction of vapor flow. Note, while the traditional coolants, air and chilled tap water, have often been used without recirculation (that is, allowed to exit to atmosphere or drain, respectively), larger scale operations and municipal and other regulations make engineered recirculation necessary, and it is always required for special cooling liquids, such as low temperature alcohols and cosolutions.
	Designing and maintaining systems and processes using condensers requires that the heat of the entering vapor never overwhelm the ability of the chosen condenser and cooling mechanism; as well, the thermal gradients and material flows established are critical aspects, and as processes scale from laboratory to pilot plant and beyond, the design of condenser systems becomes a precise engineering science.
	Use of condensers in chemical procedures—when not performed at fixed, lowered pressure by careful vacuum control—inevitably involves transiently fluctuating pressures within the apparatus, so that isolating the apparatus while allowing it to be an open rather than sealed system becomes a practical issue; this is particularly true, when chemical reactions are performed that are air- or moisture-sensitive. If the reaction or process using condensers cannot be left open to atmosphere, its isolation is accomplished in simplest fashion via drying tubes (an attached tube packed with desiccant) or other specially packed scavenging tubes, that allows gasses to pass, and so pressure equalization, but prevents entry of substances deleterious to the ongoing chemistry; alternatively, the apparatus can be vented through a bubbler that prevents entry of laboratory atmosphere either by allowing the internal volume to push and pull against a volume of resisting liquid (e.g., mineral or silicone oil), or by keeping a positive pressure of an inert blanketing gas (such as nitrogen or argon) that vents through a similar volume of liquid. Attachment of such during tubes and bubblers can be direct, or indirect via gas/vacuum lines and manifolds.
	Practically, in modern milliliter to liter-scale laboratory operations involving condensers, pieces of apparatus are often held together tightly by complementary, tapered inner and outer joints ground to produce very tight fits (augmented as necessary by PTFE rings or sleeves), or uniquely formulated greases or waxes; increasingly, other means of joint glass, such as threaded fittings with adapters, are used, some of which are also used across the range of process scales.
	Condensers are often used in reflux, where the hot solvent vapors of a liquid being heated are cooled and allowed to drip back. This reduces the loss of solvent allowing the mixture to be heated for extended periods. Condensers are used in distillation to cool the hot vapors, condensing them into liquid for separate collection. For fractional distillation, an air or Vigreux condenser is usually used to slow the rate at which the hot vapors rise, giving a better separation between the different components in the distillate. For microscale distillation, the apparatus includes the pot, and the condenser fused into one piece, which reduces the holdup volume, and obviates the need for ground glass joints preventing contamination by grease and precluding leaks.
	The simplest sort of condenser consists of a single tube wherein the heat of the vapour is conducted to the glass wall, which is only cooled by air; such "air condensers" are often used for condensation of high boiling liquids (for distillations at high temperatures, well above 100 °C), where columns can be used with or without packing (see below). Historically, the retort appearing in illustrations of the practice of alchemists is an apparatus that is essentially an unpacked air condenser. Liebig condensers are often used as air condensers, with air circulated rather than a liquid coolant (see next section).
	A "Vigreux column", named after the French glass blower (1869–1951), is a type of air condenser in which a glass blower has modified the simple tube to include an abundance of downward-pointing indentations, thus dramatically increasing the surface area per unit length of the condenser; the Vigreux column was invented in 1904. Such columns are often used to add the theoretical plates required in fractional distillation, and present added cost for their manufacture, which can include designs with or without an outer glass cylinder (jacket), open to air or allowing fluid circulation, or, to aid in insulation, an outer vacuum jacket.
	A "Snyder column" is an extremely effective air-cooled column used in selected fractional distillations. It is a single glass tube with a series of circular indentations or restrictions in the walls of the cylinder (often 3 or 6) in which rest, inverted, the same number of roughly tear-shaped, hollow, sealed glass stoppers; above each point where an inverted tear-shaped stopper rests, the cylinder has further Vigreux-type indentations, in this case serving to limit how high the glass stopper can be raised (by vapor flow) above its resting place, where, when not raised, it seals the circular opening created by the circular indentation. These floating glass stoppers act as check valves, closing and opening with vapor flow, and enhancing vapor-condensate mixing. A standard application of Snyder columns, is as the condenser and fractionation column above a Kuderna-Danish concentrator, used to efficiently separate a low boiling extraction solvent such as methylene chloride from volatile but higher boiling extract components (e.g., after the extraction of organic contaminants in soil).
	A further air condenser is the "Widmer column", developed as a doctoral research project by student Gustav Widmer at ETH Zurich in the early 1920s, a complex type of air condenser combining Golodetz-type concentric tubes and the Dufton-type glass rod-and-wound-spiral at its center (see image).
	The condenser known as the Liebig type, a most basic circulating fluid-cooled design, was invented by several investigators working independently; however, the earliest laboratory condenser was invented in 1771 by the Swedish-German chemist Christian Weigel (1748–1831). Weigel’s condenser consisted of two coaxial tin tubes, which were joined at their lower ends and open at their upper ends. Cold water entered, via an inlet, the lower end of this jacket and spilled out of the jacket’s open upper end. A glass tube carrying vapors from a distillation flask passed through the inner tin tube, not in contact with the cooling water. Weigel subsequently replaced the inner tin tube with a glass tube, and he devised a clamp to hold the condenser. In 1791, the German chemist Johann Friedrich August Göttling (1753–1809), who was a former student of Weigel, sealed both ends of Weigel's condenser. The German chemist Justus Liebig (1803–1873) eliminated the inner wall of Weigel’s condenser, placing, in direct contact with the jacket’s cooling water, the glass tube carrying vapors from the distillation flask. He also replaced, with glass, the outer metal wall of Weigel’s condenser. And he used rubber hoses, instead of metal tubes, to convey water to and from the condenser.
	The design popularized by Liebig thus consisted of an inner, straight tube surrounded by an outer straight tube, with the outer tube having ports for fluid inflow and outflow, and with the two tubes sealed in some fashion at the ends (eventually, by a blown glass "ring seal"). Its simplicity made it convenient to construct and inexpensive to manufacture, the higher heat capacity of the circulating water (versus air) allowed for maintaining near to constant temperature in the condenser, and so the Liebig type proved to be the more efficient condenser—capable of condensing liquid from a much greater flow of incoming vapor—and therefore replaced retorts and air condensers. An added benefit of the simplicity of the straight inner tube design of this condenser type is that it can be "packed" with materials that increase the surface area (and so the number of theoretical plates of the distillation column, see section below), e.g., plastic, ceramic, and metal beads, rings, wool, etc. See Fractional Distillation.
	A variant of the Liebig condenser having a more slender design, with cone and socket. The fused-on narrower coolant jacket may render more efficient cooling with respect to coolant consumption.
	The Allihn condenser or "bulb condenser" or simply "reflux condenser" is named after Felix Richard Allihn (1854–1915). The Allihn condenser consists of a long glass tube with a water jacket. A series of bulbs on the tube increases the surface area upon which the vapor constituents may condense. Ideally suited for laboratory-scale refluxing.
	A Davies condenser, also known as a double surface condenser, is similar to the Liebig condenser, but with three concentric glass tubes instead of two. The coolant circulates in both the outer jacket and the central tube. This increases the cooling surface, so that the condenser can be shorter than an equivalent Liebig condenser.
	A Graham condenser (also called "Grahams" or "Inland Revenue" condenser) has a coolant-jacketed spiral coil running the length of the condenser serving as the vapor–condensate path. This is not to be confused with the coil condenser. The coiled condenser tubes inside will provide more surface area for cooling and for this reason it is most favorable to use but the drawback of this condenser is that as the vapors get condensed, it tends to move them up in the tube to evaporate which will also lead to the flooding of solution mixture.
	A coil condenser is essentially a Graham condenser with an inverted coolant–vapor configuration. It has a spiral coil running the length of the condenser through which coolant flows, and this coolant coil is jacketed by the vapor–condensate path.
	A Dimroth condenser, named after Otto Dimroth, is somewhat similar to the coil condenser; it has an internal double spiral through which coolant flows such that the coolant inlet and outlet are both at the top. The vapors travel through the jacket from bottom to top. Dimroth condensers are more effective than conventional coil condensers. They are often found in rotary evaporators.
	A spiral condenser has a spiral condensing tube with both inlet and outlet connections at the top, and on the same side. See Dimroth condenser.
	A Friedrichs condenser (sometimes incorrectly referred to as "Friedrich's" condenser), a spiraled finger condenser, was invented by Fritz Walter Paul Friedrichs, who published a design for this type of condenser in 1912. It consists of a large, spiraled internal cold finger-type capillary tube disposed within a wide cylindrical housing. Coolant flows through the internal cold finger; accordingly, vapors rising up through the housing must pass along the spiraled path.
	During a fractional distillation in the laboratory (or chemical plant), simple straight tubes can be packed with materials to increase surface area, and therefore the number of theoretical plates; in the same manner, the surface areas of simple laboratory glass condensers such as the Liebig can be filled to improve performance. The same standard distillation packing materials can be used—glass beads, rings, or helices (such as Fenske rings), "porcelain" Raschig or Lessing rings, or metal packings of aluminum, copper, nickel, and stainless steel of most of the preceding shapes (such as metal Lessing and Fenske types); glass packings have as a further benefit their chemical inertness relevant to distillations of reactive chemicals (like acid chlorides), while metal packings are easier to tamp to "ensure uniform Packing".
	Metal packing types can extend to wire packings of nichrome and inconel (akin to Podbielniak columns), to stainless steel gauze (Dixon rings), and indeed to any of the various special packing methods used in distillation (e.g., Hempel, Todd, and Stedman packing methods); for instance, wire-packed columns of the Podbielniak type function by providing large surface areas for vapor-liquid interaction with capillary-like spaces that very evenly spread the condensed liquid, such that "channeling and flooding" in the column "are minimized", and giving, in one specific example, added theoretical plate counts of 1–2 per 5 cm of packed length.
	Solid dry ice or an acetone/dry ice mixture can be used in a cold finger as a coolant, which allows cooling of the vapour stream to below 0 °C, a matter critical in the condensation of low boiling liquids (such as dimethyl ether, −23.6 °C). Likewise, other chilled liquids can be circulated through typical water-cooled condensers; circulating coolants include water–ethylene glycol cosolvents (antifreeze solutions), and pure liquids such as ethanol, in either case pumped in a closed loop (recycling) fashion from a chiller-circulator under thermostatic control.

= = = W. James Farrell = = =

	W. James Farrell (born April 1942) is an American businessman, known for being the CEO of Illinois Tool Works from 1995 to 2005.
	Farrell was in the United States Army from 1965 to 1967 of his military service. He attended the University of Detroit (now University of Detroit Mercy) in 1965, and was an administrator for the Northwestern University located in Evanston, Illinois.
	Farrell has served on a variety of corporate boards. His current boards include: Abbott Laboratories, Allstate, United Airlines and 3M. Farrell has many civic and philanthropic relationships, including the Economic Club of Chicago, Civic Club of Chicago, past Chairman of the Museum of Science and Industry. Farrell has also chaired Junior Achievement and United Way of Metropolitan Chicago.
	He is retired, and the Principal of SLP, LLC.
	W. James Farrell was inducted as a Laureate of the Lincoln Academy of Illinois and awarded the Order of Lincoln (the State's highest honor) by the Governor of Illinois in 2012 in the area of Business & Industry.

= = = Jiggs Donahue = = =

	John Augustine Donahue (July 13, 1879 – July 19, 1913) was an American Major League Baseball first baseman and catcher with the Pittsburgh Pirates, Milwaukee Brewers / Baltimore Orioles, St. Louis Browns, Chicago White Sox and the Washington Senators between 1900 and 1909. Donahue was born in Springfield, Ohio. He batted and threw left-handed.
	Donahue had his greatest success from 1904 to 1908, after switching to first base for the Chicago White Sox. Donahue's defensive skills were a key to the White Sox' 1906 World Series championship team, and he led American League first basemen in fielding percentage, assists, and putouts for 3 consecutive seasons, from 1905 to 1907. In 1907, Donahue had 1,846 putouts, which is still the major league record for putouts by a first baseman. He also holds the major league single season record for most chances accepted per game with 12.65 in 1907.
	Though known mostly for his fielding, Donahue was also a decent hitter from 1905 to 1907. In 1905, he was among the American League leaders in batting average (.287), on-base percentage (.346), RBIs (76), and stolen bases (32). In 1906, Donahue was among the league leaders in stolen bases (36) and sacrifice hits (36) and was one of only three White Sox starters to bat over .250 for the 1906 World Champion "Hitless Wonders." Donahue hit for a .278 average (5-for-18) with 2 doubles, 1 triple and 4 RBI.
	On October 10, 1906, Donahue broke up a World Series no-hit bid by Cubs' pitcher Ed Reulbach with a single in the 7th inning.
	In 1907, Donahue led the league in games played (157) and at bats (609) and was among the leaders in hits (158) and RBIs (68).
	In Detroit on May 31, 1908, Donahue recorded 21 putouts in a nine-inning game.
	In 9 seasons, Donahue played in 813 games with 731 hits, 319 runs scored, 327 RBIs, 143 stolen bases, 90 doubles, 31 triples, and a .255 batting average.
	Donahue contracted syphilis and died in 1913 at age 34. He was survived by a brother, Pat Donahue, a major league catcher in the years 1908-10.

= = = Hanstead House = = =

	Hanstead House or Hanstead Park is a country house estate in Hertfordshire, England. Hanstead is near Bricket Wood, about three miles from Radlett and five miles from St Albans, within the green belt around London. It forms part of the civil parish of St Stephen, Hertfordshire within St Albans District Council. The park has been a stud, a college, and a corporate training centre, and is now owned by a property development firm. The current building, though in the Georgian style, dates from 1925. The property was mentioned in the Domesday Book.
	The house was built for the Yule family. Sir David Yule (1858–1928) was a Scottish entrepreneur who went into the family business, which was trade with India, then the "jewel in the crown" of the British Empire. He was involved with many additional businesses. The "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography" judged him "arguably the most important businessman in India" and quoted his obituary in "The Times" as "one of the wealthiest men, if not the wealthiest man, in the country".
	A later owner of the property wrote: "In 1925 Sir David decided to build for himself a mansion on this 1200 acre [4.9 km²] estate, located only five miles [8 km] from the northwest edge of London. Prior to this he had built a 'modest' two-story house of some 14 rooms to live in during construction of the mansion. It was later to become the guest house."
	Yule had married his cousin Annie Henrietta, oldest daughter of his uncle Andrew Yule of Calcutta. They had one child, Gladys. He died only three years after the construction of the house, and "lies buried in an admirably designed carved stone tomb, covered overhead by a stone and wood canopy, enclosed by an ornate iron fence inside a small wooded park, the whole being encircled by another iron fence." The Mausolea and Monuments Trust says that the sculpture itself is a draped chair with inscription from Kipling's "Jungle Book" and a box tomb showing his Indian jute mills and plantations.
	The two women lived the rest of their lives at Hanstead. The new main house became the home of the daughter, while her mother lived in the guest house (see dower house). They were world travellers who reportedly shared an interest in big game hunting and a love of animals. Hanstead House was said to have been adorned by a large stuffed bear which they had killed in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. On the grounds they kept a seal, penguins, and wallabies.
	In 1925 they expanded their interests to the breeding of Arabian horses. The two women used their considerable fortune to build stables, purchase breeding stock, and establish a stud. Despite its relatively late start, Hanstead was soon considered "second only in importance to" Crabbet Arabian Stud, whose founders, husband and wife team Wilfrid Scawen Blunt and Lady Anne Blunt, had introduced the breed to England in 1878, and from whom the Yules bought and leased horses. A third stud, Courthouse, was also held up to be of the same level, and the three competed against each other at the annual show at the Roehampton Club
	Gladys Yule died within a year of Judith Blunt-Lytton (Lady Wentworth), who had inherited Crabbet from her parents and run it for 40 years. The deaths of these two only children, at a time of high inheritance tax, meant that in 1957 a substantial number of British-bred Arabian horses left the country, improving the breed's bloodlines elsewhere. The Hanstead horses were appreciated in the United States and in South Africa.
	Following the death of Gladys Yule in 1957, Hanstead Park was put on the market, where it remained uncared for over a considerable period of time. Many country houses were being demolished at this time.
	In 1959 it was brought to the attention of the American evangelist Herbert W. Armstrong, who had arrived in England looking for a larger office for the British branch of his Radio Church of God. He bought the house and land as the site for his second Ambassador College campus. By the time of the purchase the guest house had already been sold separately to another buyer, who used the property as a private home like an island within the campus. Armstrong wrote in Chapter 72 of his autobiography that Trans World Airlines (TWA) had been considering Hanstead House as a school for stewardesses. "Yet this mansion, with these outstanding gardens, the aviary, greenhouses, cedars of Lebanon, all finally came to us for £8,000 ($22,800) - the not uncommon price of a five- or six-room cottage on a forty- or fifty-foot lot in America, - and that on terms that gave us several years to pay."
	In 1959 Hanstead House was renamed Memorial Hall in memory of Richard David Armstrong, Herbert's deceased son. The college at Bricket Wood began its first freshman year in 1960. (The first Ambassador College opened in 1947 at Pasadena, California; in 1964 a third college opened in Big Sandy, Texas which for a brief time became Ambassador University. All three colleges have since closed down.) From the radio studio of Ambassador College, daily broadcasts of "The World Tomorrow" were heard around the world on hundreds of stations. There was also a sizeable printing establishment on the site. Improvements were made to the grounds: tennis courts, track, gymnasium, and an Olympic standard (imperial measurements) indoor swimming pool.
	When Ambassador College closed its doors in 1974, the sports facilities were sold separately from the main buildings and eventually became part of a sports centre. The pool, one of the most modern in the area, became home to Verulam amateur swimming club in 1979.
	The college became a corporate training centre, first for the Central Electricity Generating Board and then, from 1993, to the banking group HSBC. In 2004 a volunteer-led community woodland was established on land given by the bank; Hanstead Wood has won a Green Flag Award.
	HSBC announced the closure of the centre in July 2011, moving its training to other group sites in India and Manila.
	Hanstead Park has been acquired by St Congar Land, a property development company "with a general focus towards residential uses". They have submitted plans to St Albans District Council for 167 new dwellings, plus the conversion of Hanstead House itself. The estate agent's particulars pointed out that the house is not a listed building, nor is the land a conservation area, meaning that the developer would be somewhat freer of constraints than in many similar sites. One of the St Congar directors referred to the Hanstead Park as a brownfield site, i.e. previously developed land, although it sits within the Green Belt.
	There are still commercial stables operating from Hanstead, though as a livery yard and riding school rather than as a stud.

= = = Robert Keeton = = =

	Robert Ernest Keeton (December 16, 1919 – July 2, 2007) was an American lawyer, jurist, and legal scholar. As a law professor at Harvard Law School and a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts he was known for his work on torts, insurance law, and practical courtroom tactics. Keeton, with Jeffrey O'Connell of the University of Virginia School of Law, played a key role in the advancement of no-fault automobile insurance.
	Keeton was born in Clarksville, Texas. He was the second youngest of five children of William Keeton (who owned a general store) and Ernestine Teuton Keeton. One of his brothers, W. Page Keeton, also became a prominent lawyer and educator. Keeton earned his Bachelor of Business Administration from the University of Texas at Austin and his Bachelor of Laws from the University of Texas School of Law. As an undergraduate he became one of three students inducted into the Friar Society, an honor society at the University of Texas. In law school he was the assistant editor-in-chief of the "Texas Law Review". Keeton went into private practice with the law firm of Baker & Botts in Houston before joining the United States Navy in World War II. As a lieutenant serving aboard the escort aircraft carrier USS "Liscome Bay" (CVE-56) he survived the sinking of the ship on November 24, 1943, by a torpedo from the Japanese submarine I-175. Keeton, clinging to debris for hours, was later pulled from the ocean. He was awarded a Purple Heart. Keeton returned to Baker & Botts in 1945 after the war. He later taught at Southern Methodist University.
	Keeton joined Harvard Law School in 1953, where he would remain until 1979. In 1954, he wrote "Trial Tactics and Methods", a book of practical advice on courtroom skills. Keeton later developed a program at Harvard (later used at other law schools) in which experienced trial lawyers taught students. One rule of Keeton's program was to not ask hostile witnesses open-ended questions. In 1956, Keeton received his Doctor of Juridical Science from Harvard. In 1973, he was named the Langdell Professor of Law. Keeton served as associate dean from 1975–1979. In the early 1970s, Keeton worked with University of Virginia School of Law professor Jeffrey O'Connell on a study that contributed to the development of no-fault automobile insurance, later adopted by many states. Under a no-fault system, damages below a certain level are paid by insurance companies, thus avoiding a determination of who was at fault.
	Keeton was nominated by President Jimmy Carter on January 25, 1979, to the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, to a new seat authorized by 92 Stat. 1629. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 21, 1979, and received his commission on March 23, 1979. He assumed senior status on February 28, 2003. His service terminated on September 8, 2006, due to retirement. In 1979 Chief Justice Warren Burger appointed him chair of the Standing Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure of the Judicial Conference of the United States, a body responsible for developing the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure.
	Keeton presided over the 1988-1989 mail fraud and obstruction of justice trial of Lyndon LaRouche and eleven associates, which ended with Keeton declaring a mistrial. He also presided over the 1995 "Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Borland Int'l, Inc." trial involving the extent of software copyright, a case that later was decided by the Supreme Court. In 1984 Keeton, along with older brother Page as lead author, and professors Dan Dobbs and David Owen, published the 5th edition of "Prosser and Keeton on Torts". The book, based on William Prosser's influential "Prosser on Torts" (1941), became a foundational text of tort law and has become frequently used as a law textbook and reference work for many law students, lawyers, and jurists.
	Keeton died of complications of a pulmonary embolism in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he lived. He was 87.

= = = Cynthia Farrelly Gesner = = =

	Cynthia Farrelly Gesner (born July 19, 1962 in Cumberland, Rhode Island) is an American film actress and entertainment lawyer, known for appearing in the film "Kingpin" which was directed by her brothers Bobby and Peter Farrelly.
	Cynthia graduated from Tufts University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1984 and went on to graduate from Boston University School of Law in 1988. She currently works in entertainment law.
	Cynthia married former Sinbad star Zen Gesner from the television series "The Adventures of Sinbad" in 1997, he is also the son of actress Nan Martin, together they have 3 sons: Finn Harry Gesner (born 24 July 1997 in Cape Town, South Africa), Rory Farrelly Gesner (born 9 October 2000 in Santa Monica, California), and Tuck John Gesner (born July 11, 2003 in Santa Monica, California).

= = = A.S. Cosenza Calcio = = =

	A.S. Cosenza Calcio was an Italian football club based in Cosenza, Calabria. The club was an illegitimate phoenix club of Cosenza Calcio 1914 S.p.A., by the relocation of a local club from Castrovillari to Cosenza in 2003 (with a new team was refound in Castrovillari as U.S. Castrovillari Calcio). However, Cosenza 1914 was re-admitted to 2004–05 Serie D, making that season have two teams from Cosenza in the fifth tier. In 2005 the old Cosenza folded. However, in 2007 A.S. Cosenza Calcio (P.I. 02688160783) also folded, with another team from Rende (Rende Calcio) was relocated to Cosenza as Fortitudo Cosenza (P.I. 01960520789). S.S. Rende was found in the same year to replace Rende Calcio.
	In total A.S. Cosenza Calcio spent 4 seasons in Serie D.
	Following the Cosenza Calcio 1914 S.p.A.'s non-admission to 2003–04 Serie C1. A football team was relocated from Castrovillari, in the Province of Cosenza, to Cosenza as A.S. Cosenza Football Club, by the support of Cosenza Mayor Eva Catizone and other investors.
	Cosenza F.C. finished as the 7th in 2003–04 Serie D. In 2004 old Cosenza was also admitted to Serie D, but finally withdrew from football activities in 2005.
	The president of Rende Calcio, Franco Ippolito Chiappetta was about to buy Cosenza F.C. in January 2005 from Gaetano Intrieri; A.S. Cosenza F.C. was also incorporated as Fortitudo Cosenza S.S.D. a.r.l. (P.I. 02688160783) that year. although the name change was not submit to Italian Football Federation. (from Associazione Sportiva Dilettantistica to Società Sportive Dilettantistiche a Responsabilità Limitata)
	A.S. Cosenza F.C. was finally renamed to A.S. Cosenza Calcio S.p.A. in July 2005.
	However, the club missed promotion once again in 2006 and 2007, being defeated by Siracusa in the promotion playoffs both times.
	In 2007 A.S. Cosenza Calcio also folded. Rende Calcio, under new president Damiano Paletta, relocated the club to Cosenza to become the new Cosenza team: Fortitudo Cosenza in the same year. (P.I. 01960520789)
	Players with international caps. Players in bold won the caps during his career with Cosenza 

= = = The Weavers at Carnegie Hall = = =

	At Carnegie Hall is the second album by The Weavers. The concert was recorded live at Carnegie Hall in New York City on Christmas Eve 1955. At the time the concert was a comeback for the group following the inclusion of the group on the entertainment industry blacklist. The album peaked at number 24 on the Billboard Top 200.
	This album represents the first half of that landmark Carnegie Hall concert. A recording of the concert's second half was also released as an album, entitled "The Weavers on Tour" (1970).

= = = Rioverde = = =

	Rioverde may refer to the following places:

= = = Aven (river) = = =

	The Aven is a natural watercourse on the south coast of Brittany, France (Atlas, 2007). Its source is near Coray. It flows in a generally southerly direction through Rosporden and Pont-Aven before discharging into the Atlantic Ocean at the seaside resort Port Manec'h, part of Névez. Paul Gauguin spent some of his life living in the town of Pont-Aven, where he enjoyed painting scenes by the river Aven. The waters of the river are rather rapidly flowing and are tidal up until the town of Pont-Aven. The water quality has been tested as slightly alkaline with a pH of 8.50 (at a location in Pont-Aven) where Gauguin was known to have painted his noted "Lavenders" (Lumina Tech, 2006). Summer water temperature has tested at 17.5 degrees Celsius and electrical conductivity of the river tested to be .19 micro-siemens per centimetre. The waters are relatively clear with Secchi disc tests at Pont-Aven yielding a measurement of 65 centimetres.

= = = Banahaw Broadcasting Corporation = = =

	The Banahaw Broadcasting Corporation (often shortened to BBC) was a Philippine television network that began operations on November 4, 1973 and ceased transmission on March 20, 1986.
	DWWX-TV (formerly DZAQ-TV) station owned by ABS-CBN was shut down following the declaration of Martial Law in 1972, and served as the flagship station of BBC. Roberto Benedicto, a crony of then-President Ferdinand Marcos and owner of the Kanlaon Broadcasting System, took over the ABS-CBN Broadcasting Center complex on Bohol (now Sergeant Esguerra) Avenue in Quezon City after the KBS Studios along Roxas Boulevard in Pasay City (which were ironically sold to them by ABS-CBN in 1969) were destroyed by fire on June 6, 1973, a few months before BBC went on air. The new network was named the "Banahaw Broadcasting Corporation" after Mount Banahaw, a dormant volcano located in southern Luzon known for its hot springs and mystical associations.
	In July 1978, BBC, RPN and another Benedicto-owned network, the Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation (IBC) (which originally aired from San Juan del Monte), transferred to the Broadcast City compound in Old Balara, Quezon City, with the transmitter located along Panay Avenue, Quezon City (now being used by ABS-CBN), with the then newly upgraded 35 kW transmitter for better broadcast reception. This left Channel 4 (a frequency formerly owned by ABS-CBN and taken over by the government through National Media Production Center (NMPC) as Government Television in 1974) at the ABS-CBN Broadcast Center complex, then renamed MBS Broadcast Plaza (MBS being Maharlika Broadcasting System, the name that Channel 4 acquired in 1980).
	By December 1973, the network also operated DYCB-TV 3 in Cebu and DYXL-TV 4 in Bacolod, both of which were also originally owned by ABS-CBN. Their call signs were also changed to DYCW-TV and DYBW-TV, respectively. The Cebu and Bacolod stations switched affiliations to GTV (Government Television; later the Maharlika Broadcasting System) in 1978 and reverted to their former call letters.
	BBC-2 was rebranded as City 2 Television from 1980 until 1984. In 1984, it was rebranded again back as BBC-2 (not to be confused with the British television channel). BBC ended operations on March 20, 1986 after People Power Revolution along with RPN and IBC (temporarily), after reformist soldiers disabled the transmitter that was broadcasting Marcos' inauguration from Malacañang Palace. Upon Corazón C. Aquino's subsequent accession to the presidency, BBC, RPN and IBC (collectively known as "Broadcast City") were sequestered and placed under the management of a Board of Administrators tasked to operate and manage its business and affairs subject to the control and supervision of Presidential Commission on Good Government. ABS-CBN resumed broadcasting on September 14, 1986 and its Cebu and Bacolod stations were returned to its original owner. DWWX-TV is still used as the callsign of the network's flagship station in Metro Manila.
	BBC became well-remembered for its trademark jingle, "Big Beautiful Country", composed by José Mari Chan and sung by various OPM singers of the 70s. By 1980, its relaunch as City 2 made history as the first national station to incorporate computer-generated graphics using the Scanimate system for its station identity and promo spots, followed only by Radio Philippines Network in 1981-82.

= = = Count Basie at Newport = = =

	Count Basie at Newport is a live album by jazz musician Count Basie and his orchestra. It was originally issued as Verve MGV 8243 and included only the tracks 1-7 and 13. Tracks 9-12 originally included in "Count Basie & Joe Williams/Dizzy Gillespie & Mary Lou Williams at Newport" (Verve MGV 8244).
	The AllMusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album five stars and said that "At the 1957 Newport Jazz Festival, the music was consistently inspired and often historic. Count Basie welcomed back tenor great Lester Young and singer Jimmy Rushing for part of a very memorable set...Young plays beautifully throughout and Rushing is in prime form. An exciting full-length version of "One O'Clock Jump" features Young, Illinois Jacquet, and trumpeter Roy Eldridge...It's a great set of music". 

= = = Seminar (album) = = =

	Seminar is the second album by American rapper Sir Mix-a-Lot. It was released on October 17, 1989 via Nastymix and was produced entirely by Sir Mix-a-Lot. The album peaked at number 67 on the Billboard 200, number 25 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, and was certified gold by Recording Industry Association of America. It spawned three singles: "Beepers", which peaked at #61 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and #2 on the Hot Rap Songs, "My Hooptie", which peaked at #49 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and #7 on the Hot Rap Songs, and "I Got Game", which peaked at #86 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and #20 on the Hot Rap Songs.
	Sample credits
	Album
	Singles

= = = Life (Mika Nakashima song) = = =

	"Life" is Mika Nakashima's 23rd single, released on August 22, 2007. Within the first press it included a picture label. The song "Life" is best described as an adult contemporary pop/rock song, and was used as the theme song for the drama of the same name (which is itself based on a manga with that name), starring Kii Kitano (sometimes credited as Kie Kitano) and Saki Fukuda; the B-side "It's Too Late" was used for Kanebo Kate CM, which starred Nakashima herself.
	"Life", which peaked at #3 on the Oricon Singles Chart once it was released, provided Nakashima with her highest single sales since Hitoiro from the NANA franchise.

= = = Jožef Meneder = = =

	Jožef Meneder (, ; 1974 – 3 June 1993) was Serbian-FR Yugoslavian mass murderer of Hungarian origin. On 3 June 1993, while serving as a private in the Army of FR Yugoslavia in the city of Vranje, Meneder opened fire with an automatic rifle, killing seven fellow soldiers and wounding four, before taking his own life.
	Meneder was kept in confinement of the military barracks of the South Morava brigade because of a barracks brawl. On 3 June 1993, just after midnight, he managed to escape the cell, attacking the guard with an ax. He took an automatic rifle from the injured guard and opened fire on a group of sleeping soldiers. He killed six men on the spot (one staff sergeant and five privates). One more later died as a result of his wounds. After that, he committed suicide. The military police investigation found on his left arm a tattoo with a date "3 June 1993" and Satanic symbols in his home. It was discovered that he was a member of a Satanist religious cult called "Loša vera" (Serbian for "Bad religion").

= = = The Best of Little Walter = = =

	The Best of Little Walter is the first LP record by American blues performer Little Walter. First released in 1958, the compilation album contains ten Little Walter songs that appeared in the Top 10 of the Billboard R&B chart from 1952 to 1955, plus two B-sides. The album was first released by Checker Records as LP-1428, which was the first LP record released by Checker, and then released on Chess Records with the same catalog number.
	The album has been reissued numerous times, although it has been largely superseded by the twenty-song collection "Little Walter His Best: Chess 50th Anniversary Collection".
	The album cover features a black-and-white photo portrait shot by Grammy award winning photographer Don Bronstein of Little Walter holding/playing a Hohner 64 Chromatic harmonica and liner notes by Studs Terkel, who had written "Giants of Jazz". The original LP featured a black label.
	In 1991, "The Best of Little Walter" was inducted into the Blues Foundation Hall of Fame in the "Classics of Blues Recordings – Album" category. The album is also ranked #198 in "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time".
	The following people contributed to the "Best of Little Walter":
	The songs "Juke" and "My Babe" peaked at #1 on "Billboard" magazine's R&B Singles chart. "Sad Hours", "You're So Fine", and "Blues with a Feeling" made it to #2 on the same chart. "Last Night" and "Mean Old World" peaked at #6, "Off the Wall" and "You Better Watch Yourself" reached #8, and "Tell Me Mama" made it to #10.

= = = Chijioke Onyenegecha = = =

	Chijioke Onyenegecha (born March 15, 1983 in El Sobrante, California) is a defensive back for the Edmonton Eskimos in the Canadian Football League.

= = = NCCU College of Commerce = = =

	The College of Commerce (CNCCU; ) at National Chengchi University (NCCU) was established in 1958.
	The College of Commerce is regarded nationally as one of the best business schools in Taiwan, and CNCCU has a wide range of business accreditation reviews which is comparable to top business schools in the world, such as KAIST College of Business, the Secretariat of AAPBS. CNCCU is often viewed as the flagship faculty (including the impact of Alumni networking) of National Chengchi University. According to Eduniversal's official selection, CNCCU is a "TOP Business School". There are 8 departments, 1 graduate institute, and 16 research centers in the college.
	The College of Commerce teaches several MBA programs, each with a distinct focus on management education in Taiwan:
	The International Exchange Programs at College of Commerce in NCCU was set forth in 1999 with the aim of providing incoming international students from its partner schools with the opportunities to acquire direct exposure and training within an Asian context and to nurture the aspiration in our domestic students. There are currently about 100 exchange students from over 60 top business schools in the world and about 200 international students from over 30 different countries in College of Commerce in NCCU.
	ETP Program is a special program which aims to train local students' English as well as their professional ability in management. It found in 2000, and accepted freshman only after examination every September.
	The College of Commerce offers English Taught PhD courses joint offered by college's 8 Departments & 1 Graduate Institue 
	National Chengchi University is the first university in Taiwan earned two international accreditation of college of commerce.
	On 20 December 2006, National Chengchi University earned international accreditation of AACSB International (The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business) for its business school.
	EQUIS (European Quality Improvement System) is an international programme for the assessment of European education in economic and business sciences. College of Commerce in National Chengchi University was awarded this international accreditation in April 2010.
	There are 9 departments and institutes in National Chengchi University College of Commerce as follows, and each department offer several different programs:
	National Chengchi University College of Commerce has exchange partnerships with over 70 universities in five different continents. Each year, over 150 students go abroad on their exchange and the school welcomes over 150 incoming exchange students. Partner schools include as follows:

= = = Bounty, Saskatchewan = = =

	Bounty (formally known as Botany) is an unincorporated community in Fertile Valley No. 285 Saskatchewan, Canada. The population was 5 at the 2001 Census. It previously held the status of village until November 25, 1997. The community is located on Range Road 104 and Township Road 300, about west of Outlook. At one time Bounty was said to have nobody living in the community.
	Prior to November 25, 1997, Bounty was incorporated as a village, and was restructured becoming an unincorporated community under the jurisdiction of the Rural municipality of Fertile Valley hat date.
	In 1996, the former Village of Bounty had a population of 18 living in 6 dwellings, a -35.7% decrease from 1991. The former village had a land area of .

= = = Tripartite Accord (Angola) = = =

	The Agreement among the People's Republic of Angola, the Republic of Cuba, and the Republic of South Africa (also known as the Tripartite Accord, Three Powers Accord or New York Accords) granted independence to Namibia from South Africa and ended the direct involvement of foreign troops in the Angolan Civil War. The accords were signed on 22 December 1988 at the United Nations Headquarters in New York City by the Foreign Ministers of People's Republic of Angola (Afonso Van-Dunem), Republic of Cuba (Isidoro Malmierca Peoli) and Republic of South Africa (Roelof F. Botha).
	In 1981 Chester Crocker, U.S. assistant secretary of state for African affairs for newly elected United States President Ronald Reagan, had developed a linkage policy. It tied apartheid South Africa's agreement to relinquish control of Namibia, in line with United Nations Security Council Resolution 435, and to retreat from Angola, to Cuba's withdrawing its troops from Angola. On 10 September 1986 Cuban president Fidel Castro accepted Crocker's proposal in principle. The South African government also accepted the principle of linkage; it proposed the concept at the UN 7th Plenary Meeting on 20 September 1986 (the Question of Namibia).
	The concept was strongly rejected by a Cuban-backed majority, with representatives strongly stating their opposition to the effect of, "... The UN... Calls upon South Africa to desist from linking the independence of Namibia to irrelevant and extraneous issues such as the presence of Cuban troops in Angola as such linkage is incompatible with the relevant United Nations resolutions, particularly Security Council resolution 435 (1978);..."
	The Angolan and United States governments started bilateral talks in June 1987 while the civil war continued. There is disagreement amongst historians on how the various parties agreed to come to the table:
	In the words of Chester Crocker, "Watching South Africa and Cuba at the table was like watching two scorpions in a bottle."
	After refusing direct talks with Cuba, the US agreed to include a Cuban delegation in the negotiations, who joined on January 28, 1988. The three parties held a round of negotiations on March 9 in London. The South African government joined negotiations in Cairo on 3 May expecting UN Security Resolution 435 to be modified. Defence Minister Magnus Malan and President P.W. Botha asserted that South Africa would withdraw from Angola only "if Russia and its proxies did the same." They did not mention withdrawing from Namibia. On 16 March 1988, the South African "Business Day" reported that Pretoria was "offering to withdraw into Namibia – not from Namibia – in return for the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola. The implication is that South Africa has no real intention of giving up the territory any time soon." However the UN plenary meeting of 1986 indicates that the South Africans were linking Namibian independence with Cuban withdrawal. The Cuban negotiator, Jorge Risquet, announced that Cuba would stay in Angola until the end of apartheid, probably also as a negotiation ploy. (Apartheid did not end until more than 4 years after Cuba left Angola).
	The Cubans suggested that the U.S. was worried whether the Cuban forces would stop their advance at the Namibian border. Jorge Risquet, head of the Cuban delegation, rejected the South African demands, noting that "South Africa must face the fact that it will not obtain at the negotiating table what it could not achieve on the battlefield."
	According to the book "32 Battalion" by Piet Nortje, during this campaign South Africa introduced its new secret weapons, the G5 and G6 howitzer guns. The cannons can fire a projectile over with a high degree of accuracy. The guns were used to halt the Cuban advance to the south and raised the specter of yet another unaffordable arms escalation between two medium-sized military powers. The South Africans assert that the new weapon raised Cuba's fear of more casualties in a war where Cuban fatalities had outnumbered South African fatalities by a factor 10. Conversely, the Cuban air force held air superiority, as was demonstrated by the bombing of the strategic Calueque complex, and the overflights in 1988 of Cuban Mig-23's of Namibian airspace. According to David Albright, South Africa believed that the discovery of preparations for a nuclear weapon test at the Vastrap facility created an urgency amongst the superpowers to find a solution.
	The negotiations reached a deadlock that was broken by the South African negotiator, Pik Botha, who convinced Jorge Riquet that, in the words of Botha "...We can both be losers and we can both be winners..." Pik Botha offered a compromise that would appear to be palatable to both sides while emphasising that the alternative would be detrimental to both sides.
	While the hostilities in Angola continued, the parties met in June and August in New York City and Geneva. Finally all approved an outline agreement of "Principles for a Peaceful Settlement in South Western Africa" on 20 July. During the negotiations, the South Africans were asked to release imprisoned ANC activist Nelson Mandela as a sign of goodwill, which was denied. A ceasefire was finally agreed upon on August 8, 1988. Mandela remained in prison until 2 February 1990, when South Africa lifted the ban on activities of the ANC African National Congress.
	The negotiations were finalised in New York with Angola, Cuba and South Africa signing the accord on 22 December 1988. It provided for the retreat of South African forces from Angola, which had already taken place by 30 August; the withdrawal of South Africa from Namibia; and Namibia's independence and the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola within 30 months.
	The agreement followed the American linkage proposal which had also been pushed by South African on numerous occasions in 1984 and in 1986 (the UN plenary meeting). Namibia was to gain independence on terms that South Africa had set out, including multi-party democracy, a capitalist free-market economy, and a transition period.
	The South African Army left Angola by 30 August 1988, before the conditions for Cuba's withdrawal had been agreed. Cuban troops began withdrawing on 10 January 1989, and the withdrawal was finalised in stages one month early on 25 May 1991.
	The Angolan government offered an amnesty to UNITA troops under the premise that UNITA would be integrated into the MPLA under a one-party state economy. That concept was rejected by UNITA. The situation in the country was anything but settled, and civil war continued for more than a decade.
	According to "Presidents of Foreign Policy" by Edward R. Drachman and Alan Shank, a series of meetings and accords between UNITA and the MPLA, brokered by various African leaders, failed horribly. UNITA was insulted by MPLA's insistence on a premise of a one-party state. A combination of MPLA dismay of intervention from the USA (backing UNITA and forcing a shift in power) led to the MPLA dropping the one-party state and opening the door to a multi-party democracy, with the inclusion of UNITA as a competing party. After some 18 years of war, that was a tremendous breakthrough.
	The elections were declared "generally" free and fair by the UN, with the MPLA gaining just under 50% of the vote. However UNITA, along with eight opposition parties and many other election observers, said that the election had been neither free nor fair. Following the Halloween Massacre, UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi directed UNITA forces to take up arms again against the MPLA. However, the US now opposed UNITA, instead pressuring Savimbi to accept the election results. The war ended after Savimbi's death, in 2002.
	In preparation for independence, free elections in Namibia were held in November 1989, with SWAPO taking 57% of the vote. Namibia gained independence in March 1990. SWAPO was originally a Marxist party that intended to install a one-party state. The South African government rejected that premise until the fall of the Soviet Union and SWAPO assured that it would support a multi-party democracy with a capitalist, free market economy.
	South Africa held onto Namibia's economic port of Walvis Bay for an additional 18 months until it was assured that SWAPO would respect the newly-founded constitution and the principle of a multi-party democracy.
	As part of the Tripartite Accord, the African National Congress, the Marxist-leaning guerrilla/freedom movement conducting guerrilla attacks in South Africa to end apartheid, would remove its bases from Angola and no longer received support from the Angolan MPLA. The ANC moved its operations to Zambia and Uganda. Later, the ANC also dropped its Marxist philosophy and was accepted into the wider South African Democratic Movement, which supported political change in the country.
	After the government repealed a ban on ANC activities, it eventually won democratic elections in South Africa, became the ruling party of a multi-party, democratic South Africa, and supports a free market economy.

= = = Tokuyama Dam = = =

	The is an embankment dam near Ibigawa, Ibi District, Gifu Prefecture in Japan. The dam was completed in 2008 and will support a 153 MW hydroelectric power station that is expected to be fully operational in 2015. Currently, Unit 1 at 23 MW was commissioned in May 2014. The dam was originally intended to withhold the upper reservoir of a 400 MW pumped-storage power station until a design change in 2004. The dam is also intended for flood control and water supply. It is the largest dam by structural volume in Japan and withholds the country's largest reservoir by volume as well.
	In December 1957, Electric Power Development Company (J-Power) selected the Ibi River for study at the 23rd Electric Power Development Coordinating Meeting. By May 1976, the Ministry of Construction released their bulletin "Policy on Tokuyama Dam Construction Project". In December 1982, the project was incorporated into the Electric Power Development Basic Plan. It was approved by the government in 1998. The original project was a pumped-storage hydroelectric scheme which consisted of the Tokuyama Dam as the upper reservoir, the Sugihara Dam as the lower and the 400 MW Sugihara Power Plant.
	Construction on the dam started in May 2000 but by May 2004 J-Power and Chubu Electric announced they had changed the design of the project due to the concerns and protests of locals and groups. Instead of the pumped-storage hydroelectric scheme, only the Tokuyama Dam would be constructed with a 153 MW conventional power station. Subsequently, the Sugihara Dam and Sugihara Power Plant were scrapped from the project. During construction, the long Tokunoyama
	Hattoku Bridge was constructed upstream. With improved techniques and equipment, fill for the dam was laid at a pace of per year, enabling the dam to be constructed in 26 months. Sediment from the Yokoyama Dam's reservoir was used as fill as well. In September 2006 initial filling of the reservoir behind the Tokuyama Dam began and by June 2008, the dam was complete. Filling was complete in September. In October of the same year, J-Power passed oversight of the power station construction to Chubu. The first generator, Unit 1, was commissioned on 15 May 2014. Unit 2 should be commissioned by June 2015.
	The Tokuyama Dam is a long and high rock-fill embankment dam with a clay core. The total structural volume of the dam is . The dam creates a reservoir with a capacity, surface area of and catchment area of . The dam will support two Francis turbine-generators, one with a 130 MW capacity which will be located in an underground power station downstream. The second is an operational 23 MW generator and is located at the base of the dam. The installed capacity of both will be 153 MW. The power station will process a maximum of for power production.

= = = Michael Curtis (TV producer) = = =

	Michael Curtis is a television producer and writer known for "Friends" and Disney Channel's "Jonas".
	Curtis attended White Point Elementary School in San Pedro, California. and Fallbrook Union High School in Fallbrook, California.
	In 2009, Curtis earned a PhD in religion from the Universal Life Church.

= = = Meridian Highway Bridge = = =

	The Meridian Highway Bridge is a bridge that formerly carried U.S. Route 81 across the Missouri River between Nebraska and South Dakota. The Meridian Highway Bridge connects Yankton, South Dakota with rural Cedar County, Nebraska. The Meridian Bridge is a double deck bridge, with the top level having carried traffic into South Dakota from Nebraska, and the lower level having carried traffic into Nebraska from South Dakota.
	The bridge crosses the Missouri River, connecting Yankton, South Dakota to the north with Cedar County, Nebraska to the south. Prior to the construction of the bridge, traffic moved between these two points via a ferry service, started in 1870, and a seasonal pontoon bridge, first installed in 1890. The pontoon bridge was disassembled and rebuilt twice a year, once to float on open water, and once to be placed on solid ice. After a 1915 initiative to build a permanent bridge faltered with the U.S. entrance into World War I, a new effort was started by the Yankton Chamber of Commerce 1919. Though fundraising problems caused a temporary halt in 1922, the new bridge, featuring a movable span to allow for river navigation, was completed during the summer of 1924.
	The dedication ceremony was held on October 11, 1924 and the bridge opened as a toll bridge. It was the last link of the Meridian Highway, which became U.S. Route 81, to be completed. It was designed for use by trains on the lower level of the bridge and vehicular traffic on the upper level; a lift mechanism allowed river traffic to pass below. However, trains never used the lower level. In 1953, all tolls were lifted and the two levels were converted to one-way traffic, northbound on the top, southbound on the bottom.
	In the 1980s, the lift mechanism and counterweights were removed, and the decorative iron railings on the upper level were replaced by Jersey barricades.
	The bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.
	On May 9, 2008, a 10-ton gross weight limit was placed on the bridge after an inspection found corrosion on the gusset plates. It was replaced by the Discovery Bridge upon its opening on October 11, 2008, exactly 84 years after the dedication of the Meridian Highway Bridge.
	The bridge was used as location for filming a scene of the 2016 film "Until Forever".
	With completion of the Discovery Bridge, the Meridian Bridge has been converted into a pedestrian/bike trail. The bridge reopened in November 2011 to non-motorized traffic only. A two block-long pedestrian plaza has been added.
	The bridge spans the Missouri National Recreational River, a unit of the National Park Service created under the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act.

= = = Paraćin massacre = = =

	The Paraćin massacre ( / Параћински масакр) was a mass shooting which targeted Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) soldiers in the military barracks in Paraćin, Yugoslavia on 3 September 1987. The perpetrator was Aziz Kelmendi, a 20-year-old Kosovo Albanian conscript. Kelmendi fired an automatic weapon into two sleeping rooms before he fled and committed suicide. The shootings left four soldiers killed and five wounded.
	Aziz Kelmendi (; born 15 January 1967 in Lipljan, SFR Yugoslavia) was a Kosovo Albanian conscript in the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA). Yugoslav authorities described him as a "misfit and loner". Prior to his military service, he was arrested and imprisoned from 2–17 April 1984 for allegedly attempting to leave Yugoslavia and go to Albania. At his trial hearing he reportedly said "Albania is my country, not Yugoslavia. I want to go there and live and fight for our goals!". His conviction included also for nationalistic behaviour at high school and university. He disliked learning Serbo-Croatian. Prior to the killings, he had two arguments with a soldier named Safet Dudaković.
	On 3 September 1987, Kelmendi's mother and father came to Paraćin to visit their son. That morning, Kelmendi broke into a firearm cabinet and stole ten 7.62 mm bullets. He loaded these into his military-issued automatic weapon and went from the living facilities to a guard post. According to the JNA inquiry, Kelmendi threatened to kill the watchman, corporal Riza Alibašić, and took two rounds of ammunition from him. Pointing his weapon at Alibašić, Kelmendi took the corporal back to the living facility and demanded to know where Dudaković slept. When Alibašić refused to answer, Kelmendi told him to step aside and went into the sleeping quarters. There, he shot and killed the sleeping Dudaković before killing Srđan Simić and Goran Begić and wounding two other soldiers. He went into the adjacent sleeping quarters and fired randomly at the soldiers there, killing Hasim Dženanović and wounding two others. Kelmendi then fled the barracks. He was found dead away and his death was later declared a suicide. A total of four soldiers were killed and five were wounded in the shooting. Two of those killed were Bosniaks, one was a Serb, and one was half-Slovene and half-Croat.
	It was claimed that "Keljmendi was assisted by eight associates, members of a hostile Albanian separatist and irredentist group". These eight, six ethnic Albanians, a Muslim and a Roma, were later convicted for helping the attack. Yugoslav authorities concluded that Kelmendi had planned the attack shortly before it occurred. They stated that the military unit in which he served had no reason to suspect that he was mentally unstable and that he was "a loner who had a personal complex because he was ugly and quite nervous". He apparently socialized only with other Albanians and sometimes acted aggressively.
	The Paraćin massacre shocked Yugoslavia, where mass shootings were very uncommon. Media reported the attack as a "shot at Yugoslavia". It prompted Yugoslav authorities to send 400 federal police officers to Kosovo at the end of 1987. Despite those killed having been mostly non-Serbs, the Serbian media presented the shootings as an anti-Serbian attack. An estimated 10,000 people attended the funeral of Srđan Simić, the Serb soldier who was killed. Senior JNA officers and the mayor of Belgrade were in attendance. The crowd followed Simić's casket in silence, with some complaining that neither Ivan Stambolić nor Slobodan Milošević had attended the funeral. Afterwards, crowds began denouncing Yugoslavia and chanting "Serbia, Serbia!". They shouted "better the grave than a slave!", "we want freedom", "Kosovo is Serbia", "we shall not give Kosovo away" and "enough of resolutions". Simić's father repeatedly asked for the crowd to stop chanting, but to no avail. After the funeral, an estimated 20,000 people visited Aleksandar Ranković's grave in the same cemetery and sang "Hey, Slavs", the national anthem of Yugoslavia. The crowd shouted "down with Azem Vllasi" and "all Shiptars out of Serbia, Kosovo is ours!".
	Mobs responded to the killings by destroying Albanian-owned kiosks and shops in Paraćin, Subotica, and Valjevo. Yugoslav authorities arrested Kelmendi's family members and questioned them in a Prizren jail. Kelmendi's sixteen-year-old sister, Melihata, was expelled from her school. The Partisan organization in Kelmendi's birthplace, Dušanovo, demanded that all villagers isolate his family. Kelmendi's high school tutor, Agish Kastrati, was forced from the League of Communists of Yugoslavia and five of his teachers received "final warnings" for failing to record Kelmendi's absence from school during his imprisonment three years earlier.

= = = Nissan GTP ZX-Turbo = = =

	The Nissan GTP ZX-Turbo (also known as the GTP ZX-T) was a series of racing cars developed for Nissan Motors by Electramotive Engineering to compete in the IMSA GT Championship. Running from 1985 to 1990, they were known for being the first car to defeat the Porsche 962 which had dominated IMSA's premiere GTP category. This led to Nissan winning the constructor's championship and 12 Hours of Sebring in 1989 and 1990. During 1990, the GTP ZX-Turbo were replaced by the newer NPT-90.
	The GTP ZX-Turbo was named due to its shared engine with the production Nissan 300ZX, the turbocharged VG30ET V6. Although the engine block was similar, the GTP ZX-Turbo's engine was extensively modified to cope with the stress of racing.
	In 1984, Nissan Motors named Electramotive Engineering as their official North American racing development arm in an attempt to establish Nissan in the United States following the use of the Datsun name. Nissan wished to use the IMSA GT Championship as a way of showcasing their technology, similar to what they had done at the 24 Hours of Le Mans beginning in 1983. Electramotive would be tasked with maintaining, modifying, and racing the cars. Nissan would provide the VG30ET motors, although Electramotive would aid in developing the engine for racing. For the chassis, Nissan and Electramotive would turn to Lola Cars International to construct their new car to their specifications.
	The first two chassis, (#1 and #2), termed "Lola T810", were completed in early 1985. This initial year of competition was used for development of the new car in preparation for 1986. Electramotive was tasked with modifying elements of the T810 to better adapt to the smaller tracks and shorter sprint races used by IMSA GT. This led to the cars being renamed GTP ZX-Turbos as their design was evolved beyond the initial T810.
	One more T810 chassis, (#3) would be constructed by Lola, sold to Japan but then sent to, and adapted by Electramotive by the end of 1987. Some of these cars actually shared their tub off of an earlier Lola design, the T710, better known as the Chevrolet Corvette GTP. However, modifications to the cars would eventually extend to the point that Electramotive would begin to construct their own chassis to replace the older cars, no longer relying on Lola for the cockpit tubs. A total of five Electramotive-built tubs were completed in 1988. Electramotive later became Nissan Performance Technology Inc. (NPTI) in 1990, finally retiring the GTP ZX-Turbos once the new NPT-90s were completed halfway through the season.
	The first Lola T810 would be completed soon after the 1985 season had begun, with that initial chassis making its competition debut at Laguna Seca. Electramotive founder Don Devendorf and co-driver Tony Adamowicz took the car to eleventh place, seven laps down from the race winner. Following a heavy accident in practice at Charlotte, the car would not return until late in the season. The car had a ninth-place finish at Sears Point before mechanical problems did not allow the car to finish any of the remaining races that season.
	Nissan choose to skip several rounds of the 1986 season in order to concentrate on development, including the 24 Hours of Daytona and 12 Hours of Sebring. The newly named GTP ZX-Turbo made its season debut in the streets of Miami, but this was followed by a string of problems in the future rounds. The car would eventually be able to finish at Mid-Ohio with a career best of seventh, but Electramotive would be able to improve on this with the car showing its first true potential of the season, fighting with the leaders at Portland and eventually coming home in third with Geoff Brabham at the helm. This would be immediately followed at the next round with a fourth-place finish. The success would not last though, as mechanical problems would render the car unable to finish for several rounds. The final race of the season in the streets of Columbus would see a distant fifth place, earning Nissan seventh in the constructor's championship with their points total.
	Once again deciding to skip the longer rounds of the IMSA season, the GTP ZX-Turbo debuted at Miami once again. However, lessons learned from the previous season as well as testing during the winter had allowed Electramotive to greatly improve the car. This earned the GTP ZX-Turbo its maiden win at Miami, defeating a Porsche 962 by eleven seconds after three hours of racing. Nissan's success would be short lived though as the next rounds at Road Atlanta and Riverside would see the car failing to finish due to clutch failure and an accident respectively. Electramotive would be able to overcome these problems at Laguna Seca with a fifth, before problems returned at Mid-Ohio.
	Electramotive would be unable to find much success until the final round of the season at Del Mar, with the GTP ZX-Turbo closing the season with a sixth-place finish. Although Nissan managed to take an improved fifth in the constructor's championship, they still earned only a sixth of the total points that champion Porsche had.
	Following their first ever victory, the Nissan program was expanded greatly in 1988 with plans for a two car team, although this would be delayed due to accidents in practice with the second car. Starting with a disappointing eighth at Miami, the GTP ZX-Turbo would begin its streak of successes that would help the car become a threat to the top teams. Beginning at their next race at Road Atlanta, the car defeated the factory Jaguar team by a mere four seconds. Unlike previous years, this success would continue as another victory was taken at the next round at the streets of Palm Beach, then Lime Rock Park, Mid-Ohio, Watkins Glen, and Road America. This success was mostly due to a technology developed in the turbocharger which allowed it an advantage over the naturally aspirated engines used in other prototypes.
	The second car for the team was finally able to compete at Portland, and in a dominant performance the two cars swept the top spots. Although the next round would see one car finish in eighth, the other team car would manage to yet again take the race win. Only at the street race in San Antonio would the GTP ZX-Turbo's eight race win streak come to an end, with the lone entered car suffering electrical problems. The cars would return to winning form at Columbus, before the final round saw Nissan being defeated once again, with Derek Daly managing to bring one of the team cars home with a best of only fourth.
	Although Nissan managed to win nine of the fourteen rounds that the GTP class competed in that season, the decision by Electramotive to skip the 24 Hours of Daytona and 12 Hours of Sebring hurt Nissan's ability to win the constructor's championship. With only three wins, Porsche's points earned at the races Nissan missed allowed them to win the championship by a mere point. However, as consolation, Nissan's Geoff Brabham would win the drivers championship by a large margin.
	Wishing to overcome their narrow defeat in 1988, Electramotive and Nissan would fight hard to win the elusive championship in 1989. Nissan wisely chose to participate in the 24 Hours of Daytona and 12 Hours of Sebring, even though the reliability of the cars was in question. Indeed, Nissan's fears were realized when neither car managed to finish at Daytona, although one did last the bulk of the race. At the shorter Miami round, the GTP ZX-Turbo would return to its winning form from the previous season, once again defeating Jaguar. However, at the 12 Hours of Sebring, the GTP ZX-Turbo would score a surprise result, with Chip Robinson, Geoff Brabham, and Arie Luyendyk taking the race victory by two laps.
	With the car's endurance proven, the car took victory at Road Atlanta. Although problems took away victory on the streets of Palm Beach, the cars began a winning streak once again, taking victories at Lime Rock, Mid-Ohio, Mosport, and Road America. The team had to settle for second and third at Portland as Jaguar's new car began to show its pace. However the GTP ZX-Turbos were back at Topeka with the top two positions, beginning another short streak through San Antonio and Sears Point. Defeat came once again at Tampa, while the cars would also not be able to win the season finale at Del Mar.
	With ten victories in comparison to Jaguar's three, Nissan was able to easily win the constructor's championship, the first time anyone besides Porsche had won it since the GTP class had been created in 1983. Geoff Brabham edged out Chip Robinson for his second drivers championship.
	As the defending champions, Nissan realized that the aged GTP ZX-Turbo was now the prime target of all other competitors, leading them to begin development on the car's replacement. While this car was being built, Nissan would have to continue to use the older GTP ZX-Turbos into the 1990 season. The newly renamed NPTI team would be aided by privateer Busby Racing who ran a third car that season.
	Following problems once again at Daytona, the GTP ZX-Turbos would take a victory in Miami for the third time, while Busby's new car would take second. The team would also improve on their performance at Sebring by not only taking the race win, but also second for the other team car. The streak would continue through Road Atlanta and Palm Beach before the newcomer Eagle-Toyota would overcome Nissan at Topeka. 
	The Topeka race would also see the debut of the GTP ZX-Turbo's replacement, the NPT-90, with the team running one car of each. Lime Rock would also see Nissan defeated, yet Mid-Ohio would have the company back on top. This time though it would be the NPT-90 defeating the GTP ZX-Turbo as the two took the top spots. Following a result of fifth behind the NPT-90's first, the GTP ZX-Turbo would be retired completely. By the next round, the second NPT-90 would be completed and replace the sole remaining GTP ZX-Turbo used by the team.
	With the combined running of the GTP ZX-Turbos and NPT-90s, as well as the performance of privateers Jim Busby and later David Seabroke, Nissan would once again easily take the GTP constructors championship. Geoff Brabham would take his third drivers championship as well. One GTP ZX-Turbo would be entered by John Shapiro at the Miami round in 1991, finishing 13th before the team would fold. This would be the final race by a GTP ZX-Turbo car, although the NPT-90s would continue to carry the GTP ZX-Turbo name on them.
	One of the first three Lola T810s built would be sold to the Le Mans Company in Japan for use in the All Japan Sports Prototype Championship. Debuting late in the 1985 season, the car would suffer mechanical failures before finishing eighth at the 1000 km of Fuji to close out the season. The following season, the car would continue to have problems, again only finishing at the 1000 km of Fuji. This time however the car managed sixth place, 13 laps behind the winning Porsche 962. The car would be retired as the team moved on to a Porsche.
	Following the retirement of the GTP ZX-Turbo in 1990, one of the former works chassis would be taken to Europe to participate in the Interserie championship in 1991. Although quick, the car would struggle to complete races. This would lead to it being quickly abandoned.
	Debuting at a time when Nissan was phasing out the Datsun brand in the United States, the GTP ZX-Turbo was used by the company to promote their ability to produce sporty, advanced cars. This led to the GTP ZX-Turbos being used in television and print advertisements for the whole Nissan brand, but also specifically the 300ZX with which it shared its engine.
	The GTP ZX-Turbos were featured as part of a "Miami Vice" episode revolving around the IMSA GT Miami Grand Prix, although this was primarily using footage of the race itself.
	The 1990 slotless racing game "GT Super Screamers" by Worlds of Wonder uses Nissan GTP ZX-Turbos.

= = = El diputado = = =

	El diputado is a 1978 Spanish drama film co-written and directed by Eloy de la Iglesia.
	Nowadays, the film is a portrait of the society during the Spanish transition to democracy times.
	Madrid, Roberto Orbea ("José Sacristán") is a member of a Spanish left party. He is married to Carmen ("María Luisa San José"), and he has been elected as Deputy in the first democratic elections in Spain. But his enemies, the fascist, know his double life. Roberto likes boys, and they hire Juanito (José Luis Alonso) to seduce the politician. They fall in love.

= = = Paradise Valley High School = = =

	Paradise Valley High School (PVHS) was the first of five high schools built in the Paradise Valley Unified School District, located in Phoenix, Arizona. Paradise Valley High School opened in 1957. The school's athletic teams are referred to as the Trojans. Featuring a Block Schedule, Paradise Valley teaches a wide selection of courses in not only core academics but also technology and the arts. The football program installed one of the first artificial turfs in the state, the only Sprinturf installation in Arizona, as its main football, soccer, and track field at a cost of $1 million. 
	Paradise Valley opened in 1957 at Bell Road and 40th street which at the time was on the outskirts of Phoenix. The original campus consisted of an administration building, several small classroom buildings and a small gymnasium and athletic fields located to the north of the classroom buildings. In the 1960s a library, cafeteria, shop building and three larger classroom buildings were added to the campus. The gymnasium was also expanded in the 1960s. In the early 1970s a new building called the 700 building was constructed. Between 1976 and 1979 several new buildings designed by the Tempe architecture office of Michael & Kemper Goodwin Ltd. The plan included a new vocational education building and an additional physical education building. In 1982 the remaining 1957 classroom buildings were demolished to make way for a larger classroom building. The new building was nearly complete when the 1983-1984 school year began. At that time the 1960s buildings were updated. In 1983 the 700 building was demolished to make way for a new 1,200 seat auditorium and associated fine arts building. The auditorium and fine arts building were completed in 1984. In 1990 it was decided that Paradise Valley would close its original campus and move to a new campus being constructed at Union Hills Drive and 16th Street. The new campus opened for the 1991-1992 school year. It was then decided that the original campus would be renovated and reopened. The original gymnasium as well as the administration building were demolished and rebuilt and the campus was thoroughly spruced up. The updated school reopened for the 1993-1994 school year. The new campus on Union Hills was then renamed North Canyon High School. The CREST STEM program was established in 2010 offering students classes in Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics. In 2013 the three 1960s classroom buildings were demolished to make way for two new twin story buildings housing the science department and CTE classes. In 2013 the auditorium was also completely renovated. The 2013 projects were completed by McCarthy Construction.
	When the school was established the Paradise Valley High School District was also created. In July 1976 the high school district unified with the elementary district to form the Paradise Valley Unified School District.

= = = Gold's Gym: Cardio Workout = = =

	Gold's Gym: Cardio Workout is an exercise video game for Nintendo's Wii video game console, created by Japanese video game developer Rocket Company. Based on the "shape boxing" fitness regimen used at Kyoei Boxing Gym which includes shadowboxing, press-ups, and sit-ups, the game also features a diet management feature. Originally announced in mid-2007 as "Wii Exercise" with a release target of later that year, in May 2008, the game was stated to still be in an early stage of development. Though not originally intended to feature support for the Wii Balance Board, the feature was announced later. "Shape Boxing" was released in Japan on October 30, 2008 under the title "Shape Boxing: Wii de Enjoy! Diet" (シェイプボクシング Wiiでエンジョイダイエット！). The game was licensed by Ubisoft for other regional markets, and released as in Europe as part of the publisher's "My Coach" series as My Fitness Coach: Cardio Workout, and released in North America and Australia as "Gold's Gym: Cardio Workout", in partnership with the Gold's Gym fitness center chain.
	Rocket Company released "Shape Boxing 2: Wii de Enjoy! Diet" (シェイプボクシング2 Wiiでエンジョイダイエット！) in 2010 and "Billy's Bootcamp: Wii de Enjoy! Diet" (ビリーズブートキャンプ Wiiでエンジョイダイエット！) in 2011 in Japan.
	In 2016, Rocket Company was merged into its parent company, Imagineer. Imagineer developed and released a spiritual successor, "Fitness Boxing", for the Nintendo Switch in 2018.

= = = Ranch to Market Road 620 = = =

	Ranch to Market Road 620, Ranch Road 620, or RM 620 is a Ranch to Market Road in the U.S. state of Texas maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). The road begins at SH 71 in Bee Cave in Travis County west of Austin passing along southeastern Lake Travis, western Austin, and several suburban communities west and north of Austin before ending at Bus. I-35-L in Round Rock in Williamson County. The road has major intersections with I-35, US 183, and SH 45.
	The road opened in 1945 as a Farm to Market Road. The road is now officially designated by TxDOT as Urban Road 620, but all Urban Roads in Texas retain their former Farm or Ranch to Market highway signs.
	RM 620 was originally designated on July 9, 1945 as Farm to Market Road 620 from Round Rock to SH 29, the former designation of US 183 south of Liberty Hill until May 23, 1951. On May 13, 1946, the road was extended to the Travis County line. On August 26, 1948, the road was extended to the former community of Hickmuntown, also called Four Points, at the location of the current intersection with RM 2222. The road was completed on December 17, 1952 when it was extended to SH 71, known locally before August 31, 1965 as RM 93 (but was signed as SH 71 since October 31, 1955). The road received its Ranch to Market designation on October 1, 1956, and its Urban Road designation on June 27, 1995. The SH 45 toll road running along a portion of RM 620 opened in 2006. On February 28, 2013, the section from IH-35 to BI 35-L was cancelled and given to the city of Round Rock, along with part of BI 35-L itself.
	The western terminus of RM 620 is at SH 71 in Bee Cave in Travis County. From there, it travels north through the city of Lakeway, following along southeastern Lake Travis until it crosses the Colorado River at Mansfield Dam near Marshall Ford. To the northeast, RM 620 enters the city of Austin and intersects RM 2222. The road then intersects RM 2769 just inside the Williamson County line. To the east, the road travels concurrently with the free service roads of the SH-45 toll road crossing US-183, the 183A Toll Road, and FM 734 before separating from SH 45 and entering Round Rock. The road intersects I-35 before terminating at Bus. I-35-L in Round Rock.

= = = Jim McDaniels = = =

	James Ronald McDaniels (April 2, 1948 – September 6, 2017) was an American professional basketball player. McDaniels played collegiately for Western Kentucky University and was the No. one overall pick in the 1971 American Basketball Association Draft. McDaniels was an NBA All-Star.
	A 6'11" power forward/center, McDaniels averaged nearly 40 points per game as a senior at Allen County High School in Scottsville, Kentucky. From 1967 to 1971, he played at Western Kentucky University, leading his team to a third-place finish in the 1971 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament. (The NCAA later voided Western Kentucky's participation in the tournament, accusing McDaniels of signing with an agent while still in college.) He also set WKU school records with 2,238 career points (now tied with Courtney Lee) and 1,118 career rebounds.
	McDaniels was drafted by the Seattle SuperSonics in the second round of the 1971 NBA draft and No. one overall by the Dallas Chaparrals in the 1971 American Basketball Association Draft, but he began his professional career with the Carolina Cougars of the American Basketball Association, who offered him a $1.35 million contract to be paid over twenty-five years. Reportedly, the Cougars first approached McDaniels during November 1970, while he was still playing for Western Kentucky. McDaniels averaged 26.8 points and 14 rebounds in 58 games with the Cougars during the 1971–72 season and scored 24 points and grabbed 11 rebounds in the 1972 ABA All-Star Game. However, he feuded with the Cougars while trying to renegotiate his contract – he wanted his salary to be spread over fifteen years, rather than twenty-five – and near the end of his rookie season he decided to leave the Cougars for the SuperSonics.
	McDaniels remained with Seattle for the next two full seasons. However, he struggled to maintain the same level of production he had achieved in the ABA, and by the 1973–74 NBA season, McDaniels was averaging just 5.5 points per game. During that time, McDaniels was dogged by off-court troubles as the Cougars questioned the legality of his jump to the NBA. He later admitted in an interview, "I should have stayed in the ABA for a couple of years. I was just young and things started going bad for me there and I didn't know how to handle them." SuperSonics coach and general manager Bill Russell ultimately released McDaniels in fall 1974. 
	For the next four years, McDaniels bounced from team to team, playing for the Los Angeles Lakers and Buffalo Braves of the NBA, the Kentucky Colonels of the ABA, and Snaidero Udine of Italy. He finally decided to retire from basketball in 1978.
	McDaniels had two sons (Eskias McDaniels, Shannon Martin). 
	McDaniels died in Bowling Green, Kentucky at the age of 69, due to complications from diabetes.
	The 1971 Western Kentucky Hilltoppers basketball team was the first Kentucky collegiate basketball team to start five African-American players. Coach John Oldham started McDaniels, Jim Rose, Clarence Glover, Jerry Dunn and Rex Bailey. McDaniels had helped recruit Rose and the others after signing at WKU. Oldham was pressured not to start all five together, but said "they are my best five players."
	McDaniels' #44 jersey was retired by Western Kentucky in January 2000. 

= = = Lisa Wilcox (equestrian) = = =

	Lisa Margrit Wilcox (born September 8, 1966 in Thousand Oaks, California) is an equestrian riding instructor best known for her success in dressage. Lisa has won ribbons in approximately 660 competitions, including the team silver medal at the FEI World Equestrian Games in 2002 and a bronze medal in team dressage in the 2004 summer olympics.
	Though Wilcox is originally from Colorado, in 1994 she moved to Germany to train under Herbert Rehbein and has spent the majority of her time living and riding in Europe since then. In addition to riding, Wilcox has also appeared as a model for the European fashion boutique A'Dashi.

= = = Robert S. Baker = = =

	Robert Sidney Baker (17 October 1916 – 30 September 2009) was a British film and television producer, who at times was also a cinematographer and director. Born in London and serving as an artillery man in the British Army, he was posted to North Africa, where he became involved in the army's film and photographic unit, later serving as a combat cameraman in Europe.
	Despite a prolific film and television career, Baker was principally known for his long-time professional relationship with Monty Berman, where they founded Tempean Films, churning out comedies, thrillers, and mysteries. Some of their more popular work included "Jack The Ripper, The Siege of Sidney Street, The Hellfire Club", and "The Secret of Monte Carlo". Later, he was to be involved with nearly every filmed usage of the Leslie Charteris creation, "The Saint".
	Baker died on 30 September 2009.

= = = Polish Individual Speedway Championship = = =

	The Individual Speedway Polish Championship (Polish: "Indywidualne Mistrzostwa Polski, IMP") is an annual speedway event held each year organized by the Polish Motor Union (PZM) since 1932.
	The current Polish Champion is Szymon Woźniak (Sparta Wrocław) who won in 2017 in Stal Gorzów Wielkopolski. Tomasz Gollob is the most successful rider in the history of the competition, having won it a record eight times.

= = = Long Vacations of 36 = = =

	Long Vacations of 36 () is a 1976 Spanish drama film directed by Jaime Camino dealing with the effects of Spanish Civil War on a bourgeois family trapped by the conflict in a tourist village near Barcelona.
	The film won three awards at the 26th Berlin International Film Festival: FIPRESCI Prize, Interfilm Award - Recommendation, and UNICRIT Award - Honorable Mention.
	The original ending (Franco's cavalry entry in the village, intentionally showed as a blurred image) was cut by Spanish censorship of that time. The film ends with all the Republicans marching to exile, and the fascist couple waiting at home.
	In the summer of 1936, the beginning of the Spanish Civil War, a bourgeois family with many children, spending their holiday near Barcelona, tries to remain neutral between the Republicans and the supporters of General Francisco Franco. But the war change the lives of all.

= = = Martin Tomczyk = = =

	Martin Tomczyk (born 7 December 1981) is a German professional racing driver, and BMW Motorsport works driver.
	He was the DTM champion in 2011, third in 2007, fourth in 2006 and fifth in 2004, having won eight races.
	After a karting career, he raced in Formula BMW and Formula Three, where he finished 12th in 2000.
	In 2001 he moved up to the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters. In 2000 his best result was a fourth place on the Nürburgring where he also took the fastest of the race. He took his first pole position in Hockenheim 2002 but he retired from the race. In 2004 he took his first podium in Estoril. During 2004 he also finished second in Zandvoort, Oschersleben and Hockenheim on his way to finish fifth in the championship. Tomczyk took his first win in Catalunya 2006 where he also took pole. In 2007 he took two wins to finish third that season.
	Eleven years after his DTM debut, he won the championship in 2011, driving for Team Phoenix, after nine races with three wins and a third-place finish in Valencia. In 2012, Tomczyk was signed as a BMW Team RBM driver, moving to Team RMG in 2013.
	His father Hermann is president of the Deutscher Motor Sport Bund.
	After BMW's DTM program was reduced in 2017, Tomczyk retired from the series and continued driving with the Bavarian manufacturer in the IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship.
	Does not include non-championship races.
	Retired, but was classified as he completed 90% of the winner's race distance. 

= = = Oh! Brothers = = =

	Oh! Brothers () is a South Korean rock band that formed in 1998. The band was originally named the 'Orgasm Brothers', but prior to debuting in 2001 had been renamed to its current name. Since 1998, the band has performed in clubs in the Hongdae area, as well as on the streets and in subway stations.

= = = The Hole (1962 film) = = =

	The Hole is a 15-minute animated film by John Hubley and Faith Hubley that won an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film in 1962.
	The film uses improvised dialogue from Dizzy Gillespie and George Mathews as two construction workers at work in the bottom of a hole on a construction site discussing the possibility of an accidental nuclear weapons attack. 
	In 2013, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". The Academy Film Archive preserved "The Hole" in 2003.

= = = Crichton, Saskatchewan = = =

	Crichton ( ) is an unincorporated community within the Rural Municipality of Wise Creek No. 77, Saskatchewan, Canada. It is located between Admiral and Cadillac on the historic Red Coat Trail also known as highway 13, like so many towns along the Red Coat Trail, Crichton has become a ghost town with only one family remaining and many empty buildings scattered throughout the town site.
	On July 25 to 29, 1913 a survey began by a man named David Townsend from Calgary, Alberta plotting out the new community. Residents of the community decided that the name of their community should be named after "Crichton" a Scottish poet and scholar, James Crichton born in Perthshire in 1560.
	During its day as an incorporated settlement, Crichton had three grain elevators all have been torn down, a school that has been moved to a nearby bible camp, a café and pool hall, a garage that still stand on main street, boarding house, a blacksmith shop, lumberyard, post office, livery barn, water tower torn down in the 1960s, and a large warehouse attached to the general store. There was even a golf course and tennis courts built for the community, as well as a baseball diamond near the school site. Today Crichton has one resident, and a few scattered buildings sitting abandoned.

= = = Ziamet = = =

	Ziamet was a form of land tenure in Ottoman Empire, consisting in grant of lands or revenues by the Ottoman Sultan to an individual in compensation for his services, especially military services. The ziamet system was introduced by Osman I who granted land tenure to his troops. Later this system was expanded by Murad I for his Sipahi.
	The Saljuq state, prior to the rise of the Ottoman State in the 14th century, utilized ziamets in an effort to implement provincial governors, who were also made subordinate chiefs in the military regime. In this pre-Ottoman period, timars were used with other tactics, such as building caravansaries, in an effort to sedentarize nomadic groups. The Ottoman state later took on this "timar system" after conquering Anatolia, and it represented just one of several institutions apparent in the Ottoman Empire derived from the Saljuq state.
	The Ottoman Empire came into disarray due to problems asserting "central government control" during the 16th and 17th centuries. They needed a way to reassert their military might. Ziamets of Ottoman cavalry were enlarged and turned over to a smaller number of owners, with a longer tenure. Thus, authority in provincial areas turned to police authority as local administrations dissolved, and ziamets were converted into tax-farms or iqta. This conversion of ziamets into tax-farms proved to be the first step to growing provincial control in the Ottoman Empire, as economic decline in the empire gave these stronger provincial governors the chance to assert power.[3]
	The ziamet-holder acted as an agent of the central Ottoman government in supervising the possession, transfer, and rental of lands within his territory and collecting tax revenue, in return for military service. A timar was not necessarily made up of contiguous property, but could consist of property scattered among different villages.
	A timar-holder is a zaim.
	A "Zeamet" was the appellative given to a land in the timar system during the Ottoman Empire between the 14th and 16th centuries, that had a tax revenue with an annual value between 20 000 and 100,000 akçes. The revenues produced from the land acted as compensation for military services.

= = = Beautiful Seed = = =

	Beautiful Seed is the fourth album by Corrinne May, released in 2007 by Warner Music Singapore. S2S Pte. Ltd. released this album in Japan at the same year.
	The album has achieved platinum status in Singapore.
	Note'

= = = Local Matters = = =

	Local Matters was a privately held Delaware corporation based in Denver, Colorado created through a merger between Aptas, Inc. and ISx, and YP Solutions announced on May 23, 2005. In October 2005, Local Matters acquired Online Web Marketing, the makers of AreaGuides.net.
	Local Matters is a solutions and services provider for media publishers, internet yellow pages, franchise organizations and the real estate industry. Technology solutions are targeted to directory publishers and real estate groups worldwide with a focus on local search.
	Aptas, Inc. was founded March 19, 2002 in San Jose, California between Nextron, Inc. and AccelX with a focus on SME Service Solutions for Directory Assistance providers. The headquarters was set in Denver, CO. The first CEO of the new company was Perry Evans.
	ISx was merged with Aptas, Inc. and YP Solutions in 2005 and has since been renamed Local Matters Voice and Wireless Division, Inc. ISx stood for Information Services Extended, Inc. and specialized in directory assistance solutions for telecommunications companies, call centers, and content providers. Prior to 2001, ISx was a business unit of IBM dating back into the 1970s. The company is based out of Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Local Matters Voice and Wireless Division, Inc. operates as a subsidiary of Local Matters and retained the CEO from ISx. Local Matters press releases still refer to the division as ISx.
	MyAreaGuides.net (or AreaGuides.net) is a location-based portal whereby one can search for services in a certain locality, including those with small populations. Online Web Marketing (OLWM) is the creator of AreaGuides and was acquired by Local Matters on November 1, 2005.
	OLWM was created as a website creation and marketing firm based out of St. George, Utah and has a portfolio full of destination sites.

= = = American Waltham = = =

	The American Waltham was produced from 1898 to 1899 by the American Waltham Manufacturing Co., a bicycle firm based in Waltham, Massachusetts. It was a typical light steam buggy, with a 2-cylinder engine under the seat, tiller steering and cycle-type wheels. It is not to be confused with the more famous Waltham or Waltham Orient steamer, which was made by another bicycle maker at the same time. The company built only a handful of cars before returning full-time to the production of bicycles.

= = = Jim Richards (basketball) = = =

	Jim Richards is the former men's basketball head coach at Western Kentucky University, coaching the team for seven seasons from 1971 to 1978. He was inducted into the Western Kentucky University Athletic Hall of Fame in 2005.
	Richards was born in rural Adair County, Kentucky, and played basketball for one year at Adair County High School. He was recruited to play baseball at Western by Coach E. A. Diddle (better known as the basketball coach). Diddle got Richards into officiating high school basketball. After graduation, Richards was hired as head basketball coach at Auburn High School. He went from there to Glasgow High, where he coached the Scotties to a state championship in 1968.
	Richards returned to Western as an assistant the following year, when an opening occurred on John Oldham's staff after Gene Rhodes left to coach the Kentucky Colonels of the American Basketball Association. When Oldham left the sidelines to become athletic director, Richards became head coach for the 1971-1972 season.
	His overall record at Western was 102-84. His Hilltopper teams won two regular season Ohio Valley Conference championships, plus two tournament championships. The Toppers made the NCAA Men's Basketball Tournament twice, with an overall record of one win and two losses.
	After stepping down as head basketball coach, Richards coached the men's golf team. One of his recruits was Kenny Perry from nearby Franklin, Kentucky. Perry went on to play on the PGA Tour.

= = = Why (board game) = = =

	Why is a board game from the late 1950s created by the Milton Bradley Company based on the television show Alfred Hitchcock Presents. The game is no longer produced. There are two different releases of the game: the original 1958 release and the 1967 release, differing only in the box art.
	"Why" can be played by two to four players aged 12 to adult. The four gamepiece characters are each humorous allusions to detectives of popular media fiction: Sergeant Monday (Sergeant Friday), Dick Crazy (Dick Tracy), Charlie Clam (Charlie Chan), and Shylock Bones (Sherlock Holmes). The six "ghosts" in the game are each based on actual historical figures: Daniel Boone, Pocahontas, Napoleon, Nero, Cleopatra and Henry the Eighth. The weapons in the game are a rope, a gun, poison, and an ax. The motive cards include the "Jealousy," "Lover's Quarrel," "Self Defense," and can be used only in conjunction with Alfred Hitchcock "It's A Mystery To Me" card.
	The object of the game is to capture one ghost, one weapon, and one motive card. There are four cards for each ghost and weapon. An alternative way to win is capturing the six Alfred Hitchcock cards and the "It's A Mystery To Me" card. Each player is dealt seven cards and start out in the Living Room. The remaining cards are dealt evenly into the six rooms. A player can only have up to seven cards in his or her hand at one time. A player is able to obtain more cards from the lawn, from another player, or from another room.
	To acquire cards from the lawn, a player must first make it to the Living Room by rolling a 7, 11, doubles, or the player's normal roll. Then they have to prove they have that type of card by showing it and then flipping over the card they want. If they are correct, they take the card. If they are incorrect, they must put down the card they thought it was and take the wrong card. For one player to take from another, they must be on the same space as each other or in the same room. A player challenges another player's card by first proving that they have one of its set. If they do have the card, they must give it to the player or they can give them a "No Clue" card and this card is removed from the game. If they do not have the card, they are then able to challenge that player for a card with the same rules applying. The player's turn ends after this. To get a card from a room, they must first make it to the room by rolling a 7, 11, doubles, or through the regular roll. Then they pick up the top card and discard the same card or another card if applicable into the lawn.
	To begin the game, each player rolls the dice to see who goes first. The player with the highest roll begins and play proceeds to the left. If a player rolls 7, 11, or doubles they are able to advance to any room of their choosing. Otherwise, they advance through the hallway spaces. They can travel in either direction, but cannot backtrack.
	If all cards have been taken from the rooms then the required cards for winning must be in either a players hand or in the lawn. All players advance through the Living Room by rolling a 7, 11, doubles, or through a standard dice roll. Once all the players are in the Living Room a new set of rules is followed.
	A player can challenge another player if they roll a 7, 11, or doubles with standard challenge rules applying. A player can pick from the lawn if they roll an odd number. Standard discard rules apply except when a player discards one of their cards back into the lawn, they place it face-up. If a player rolls an even number, they lose their turn.
	For two players, only 34 of 60 cards are used. Three complete ghosts, two complete weapons, three motive, and three "No Clue" cards are removed from the pack. Additionally only rooms 1-4 are used and 5 and 6 are left empty. For three players, only 48 of 60 cards are used. Two complete ghosts and one complete weapon is removed from the pack. All six rooms are still used.
	If a player wants a card from the Lawn and they don't have one of that kind in their hand, they may falsely identify the card wanted, in order to pick it up. For example: If a player was collecting Cleopatra cards and another player wished to hinder him, they may pick up a Cleopatra card from the lawn in this way: Show any card from their hand such as an Ax, point to the Cleopatra card on the lawn and say, "This is an Ax card." Since they pointed to the wrong card (on purpose), now they must pick up the Cleopatra card and lay down the Ax card.
	For a more difficult game, cards are kept on the lawn face down until the end of the game. Also players may complete and lay down more than one Ghost to increase their Rewards. However, to end the game, the Mystery must be solved as before. Now players add up their Rewards, counting their cards on the table and in their hands. One complete ghost or weapon is worth $500.00. One complete Alfred Hitchcock is worth $1000.00. The player that ends the game earns $1000.00 as well. Motive and "No Clue" cards have no value. $200.00 is deducting for each part of Alfred a player has at the end of the game or the "It's A Mystery to Me" card. With these additional rules, each player receiving the largest reward wins the game.

= = = Subsonic aircraft = = =

	A subsonic aircraft is an aircraft with a maximum speed less than the speed of sound (Mach 1). The term technically describes an aircraft that flies below its critical Mach number, typically around Mach 0.8. All current civil aircraft, including airliners, helicopters and airships, as well as many military types, are subsonic.
	Although high speeds are usually desirable in an aircraft, supersonic flight requires much bigger engines, higher fuel consumption and more advanced materials than subsonic flight. A subsonic type therefore costs far less than the equivalent supersonic design, has greater range and causes less harm to the environment.
	The less harsh subsonic environment also allows a much wider range of aircraft types, such as balloons, airships and rotorcraft, allowing them to fill a much wider range of roles.
	Subsonic flight is characterised aerodynamically by incompressible flow, where dynamic pressure changes due to motion through the air cause the air to flow away from areas of high dynamic pressure to areas of lower dynamic pressure, leaving the static pressure and density of the surrounding air constant. At high subsonic speeds, compressibility effects begin to appear.
	The propeller is one of the most efficient sources of thrust available and is common on subsonic aeroplanes and airships. Sometimes it is enclosed in the form of a ducted fan. At higher subsonic speeds and at high altitudes, such as attained by most airliners, the high-bypass turbofan becomes necessary. Pure jets such as the turbojet and ramjet are inefficient at subsonic speeds and not often used.
	The span and area of a wing are both important to the lift characteristics. They are related by the aspect ratio, which is the ratio of the span, measured from tip to tip, to the average chord, measured from leading edge to trailing edge.
	The aerodynamic efficiency of a wing is described by its lift/drag ratio, with a wing giving high lift for little drag being the most efficient. A higher aspect ratio gives a higher lift/drag ratio and so is more efficient.
	The drag of a wing consists of two components, the induced drag, which is related to the production of lift, and the profile drag, largely due to skin friction which is contributed to by the whole wing area. It is therefore desirable for a wing to have the least area compatible with the desired lift characteristics. This is best achieved with a high aspect ratio, and high-performance types often have this kind of wing.
	But other considerations such as light weight, structural stiffness, manoeuvrability, ground handling and so on often benefit from a shorter span and, consequently a less efficient wing. Small, low-altitude general aviation planes typically have aspect ratios of six or seven; airliners of 12 or more; and high-performance sailplanes of 30 or more.
	At speeds above the critical Mach number, the airflow begins to become transonic, with local airflow in some places causing small sonic shock waves to form. This soon leads to the shock stall, causing a rapid increase in drag. The wings of fast subsonic craft such as jet airliners tend to be swept in order to delay the onset of these shock waves.
	In theory, induced drag is at its minimum when the span wise distribution of lift is elliptical. A number of factors influence induced drag, however, and as a practical matter a wing of elliptical planform, like that of the Supermarine Spitfire fighter of World War II, is not necessarily the most efficient. The wings of jet airliners, which are highly optimized for efficiency, are far from elliptical in shape.
	The ratio of tip chord to root chord is called the taper ratio. Taper has the desirable effect of reducing the root bending stress by shifting the lift inboard, but it has been argued by some noted designers, including John Thorp and Karl Bergey, that an untapered rectangular planform is best for aeroplanes of less than 6,000 pounds gross weight.

= = = Russian cruiser Izumrud = = =

	Izumrud (, meaning "Emerald") was a protected cruiser of the Imperial Russian Navy, and the lead ship in the two-ship . "Izumrud" and her sister ship were based on the German-built .
	"Izumrud" was ordered as part of the Imperial Russian Navy's plan to expand the Russian Pacific Fleet based at Port Arthur and Vladivostok to counter the growing threat posed by the Imperial Japanese Navy towards Russian hegemony in Manchuria and Korea.
	"Izumrud" was laid down at the Nevsky Shipyard in Saint Petersburg, Russia on 1 January 1901. However, construction was delayed due to priority given to completion of . The "Zakladka", or formal ceremony of laying a plate, took place on 14 June 1902. "Izumrud" was launched on 1 October 1903. Construction continued to be plagued by delays, including an ice storm in December. However, with the start of the Russo-Japanese War in early 1904, construction efforts were greatly accelerated.
	"Izumrud" was formally commissioned in January 1904 and she was assigned to the Second Pacific Squadron of the Russian Pacific Fleet.
	Under the overall command of Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky, "Izumrud" was part of the Second Pacific Squadron intended to relieve the Japanese siege of Port Arthur. Captained by Commander Vasili Fersen, she participated in the decisive Battle of Tsushima from 27–28 May 1905. At the end of the battle, Fersen refused to obey the order of Admiral Nikolai Nebogatov to surrender, and used her speed to escape through the Japanese blockade. However, on the night of 28 May, she ran aground in Vladimir Bay in the Russian Maritime Province. She was destroyed by explosive charges set by her crew, who later reached Vladivostok by land.

= = = Rule in Dumpor's Case = = =

	The Rule in Dumpor's Case is a common law rule of property law first set forth by Sir Edward Coke in 1578 (4 Coke 1196 [1578]). In its most basic form, it states that once a landlord has consented to an assignment of a tenant's interest in a leasehold estate, he implicitly consents to all future assignments by the tenant.
	This rule is still operative in some U.S. states and some other jurisdictions which follow English common law, but the parties may contract around the rule by putting a clause in the lease agreement which allows the landlord to reserve his right to approve or disapprove an assignment.

= = = István Kecskés (linguist) = = =

	István Kecskés is a Distinguished Professor of the State University of New York, USA. He teaches graduate courses in pragmatics, second language acquisition and bilingualism at SUNY, Albany. He is the President of the American Pragmatics Association (AMPRA) and the CASLAR (Chinese as a Second Language Research) Association. He is the founder and co-director of the Barcelona Summer School on Bi- and Multilingualism (until 2016), and the founder and co-director of Sorbonne, Paris – SUNY, Albany Graduate Student Symposium (present).
	István Kecskés was born on September 20, 1947 in Miskolc, Hungary. He got his PhD in comparative linguistics from Kossuth University (now Debrecen University), Debrecen, Hungary in 1977 and an academic degree from the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1986. Since 1989 he has been living and working in the US.
	Kecskés received a Senior Fellowship from the Rockefeller Foundation in the Rockefeller Research Center in Bellagio, Italy in 2004, a Senior Fellowship from the Mitteleuropa Foundation, Bolzano, Italy in 2005, a Honorary Professorship from Zhejiang University, Hangzhou in 2009, a Yunshan Chair Professorship from Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou, China in 2011, a Distinguished Visiting Professorship from Monash University, Melbourne, Australia in 2013 and a Guest Professorship from the University of Messina in May, 2017 and May, 2019. He was the recipient of the Chancellor’s Excellence in Research Award of State University of New York in 2014. He has been an Honorary Professor at the National Research Tomsk State University, Russia since 2015 where a Graduate Student Award and Scholarship was named after him in 2016.
	Kecskés’ book “Foreign language and mother tongue” co-authored by his wife Dr. Tünde Papp and published by Erlbaum in 2000 was the first book that described the effect of the second language on the first language based on a longitudinal research. In his book “Situation-Bound Utterances in L1 and L2” (DeGruyter, 2003) he introduced the notion of SBU. Kecskés’ book “Intercultural Pragmatics” (Oxford University Press, 2014) is considered a groundbreaking monograph that shapes research in the field. Some of his books like “Explorations in Chinese as a Second Language” (Springer 2017) and “Key Issues in Chinese as a Second Language (Routledge 2017) contributed significantly to research in Chinese as a Second Language. His new monograph titled “English as a Lingua Franca: The pragmatic perspective” will be published by Cambridge University Press in October, 2019. Kecskés is considered to be the founder of the sub-field “intercultural pragmatics” and promoter of the socio-cognitive approach with its dynamic model of meaning that combines the intention-based, pragmatic view of cooperation with the cognitive view of egocentrism to incorporate emerging features of communication. His contribution to pragmatics, linguistics, bilingualism and second language acquisition was recognized by his peers in a Festschrift volume for his 70th birthday, “Doing pragmatics interculturally” edited by Rachel Giora and Michael Haugh and published by DeGruyter in 2017.
	Kecskés is the founding editor of the journal “Intercultural Pragmatics” (DeGruyter), the “Mouton Series in Pragmatics”, the bilingual (Chinese-English) journal “CASLAR (Chinese as a Second Language Research)” and the co-founding editor of “Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict” published by John Benjamins (co-founder Pilar Garces Blitvich).

= = = Carol Chumney = = =

	Carolyn Jean Chumney (born February 13, 1961) is an American lawyer and politician from the U.S. state of Tennessee. She served in the Tennessee House of Representatives from 1991 to 2003 and represented the fifth district (East Memphis and Midtown) on the Memphis, Tennessee City Council from 2004 to 2007. Chumney was also an unsuccessful candidate for Shelby County mayor in 2002 and Memphis mayor in 2007. Chumney is currently running for District Attorney General for Shelby County.
	She attended school at:
	As a Presidential Scholar, she earned her B.A. in Economics and History with Honors, Magna Cum Laude, and was Student Government President (1982–83).
	Chumney earned her Juris Doctorate from The University of Memphis Law School in 1986, as a Herff Law Scholar. During law school she was the Editor-in-Chief of the Law Review.
	As a trial attorney, Chumney began her private practice in 1987 at Glankler Brown law firm, where she later became a partner. Now she has her own law office in the White Station Tower. In 2001, she was honored by the Association for Women Attorneys for outstanding achievements in and for the legal profession.
	From her election to the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1990, over thirteen years Carol rose to various leadership positions, including Chair of the House Children & Family Affairs Standing Committee, House Majority Whip, and Chair of the Shelby County Delegation. She passed the child care reform law as reported in Time Magazine, The New York Times, and statewide news publications. She also secured the $200,000 state grant to create the UT Memphis Center for Women's Health.
	Chumney has been recognized for her leadership with awards
	She created and hosts "Tennessee Lookout", a public information show on the Library Channel 18.

= = = Hypoblast = = =

	The hypoblast is a tissue type that forms from the inner cell mass. It lies beneath the epiblast and consists of small cuboidal cells.
	Extraembryonic endoderm (including Yolk sac) is derived from hypoblast cells. The absence of hypoblast results in multiple primitive streaks in chicken embryos. The formation of the primitive streak, through which gastrulation occurs, is induced by Koller's sickle.
	In mouse embryo, the visceral endoderm develop from the primitive endoderm of the blastocyst during the implantation stage covering the epiblast cells and elongates to become an egg cylinder. A distinct morphological domain has been identified by Martin and colleagues, at the distal tip of the mouse egg cylinder, thus this domain was called distal visceral domain (DVE). The DVE cells will move unilaterally to the future anterior until reaching the embryonic/ extra embryonic boundary and at this point, the DVE cells are also named as anterior visceral endoderm (AVE). This migration has been proved to be essential for establishing anteroposterior axis. Besides the AVE, another cell population appears to be separated at the posterior edge of the embryonic egg cylinder, referred to as posterior visceral endoderm (PVE). However, the function of this cell population was not as well studied as AVE.
	Although the hypoblast does not contribute to the embryo, it has great influences on the orientation of the embryonic axis. For example, the AVE in hypoblast plays an important role in positioning the primitive streak at the midland of the amniote embryos. In chick, people had observed that removal of the hypoblast caused multiple, ectopic primitive streaks formation. Similarly, in mice embryo, the AVE expresses secreted molecules, including two antagonists of nodal signaling, Cerberus-like (Cerl) and a TGFβ superfamily molecule, Lefty1. It was shown that Cerberus−/−;Lefty1−/− compound mutants mice developed a primitive streak ectopically in the embryo. There is also finding suggested that the hypoblast also inhibit primitive streak formation by depositing extracellular matrix components to inhibit epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Besides the role of positioning the site of gastrulation, AVE also showed other function including continued protection against caudalization of the early nervous system. Also primitive endoderm derived yolk sac has major function in guaranteeing the proper organogenesis of the fetus and efficient exchange of nutrients, gases and wastes.
	In mammals, the existence of primitive endoderm had been observed as early as the end of the 19th century as first recognized by Duval and Sobotta. However, it took long time before people realized that the primitive endoderm will be replaced by definitive endoderm which will further develop into the gut tube. The first convincing experiment was conducted by Bellairs in chick embryo with the careful observation under electron and light microscopy. In his experiment, Bellairs demonstrated that there is a transitory endoderm cell layer in the chick embryo at its ventral surface before the formation of primitive streak. This layer of cell was replaced by definitive endoderm migration from the primitive streak through ingression and de-epithelialization. Later on, more insights on primitive endoderm and definitive endoderm origin and formation have been provided in different species including rat and mouse, rhesus monkey, baboon et al.

= = = Govenlock = = =

	Govenlock is an unincorporated community within Rural Municipality of Reno No. 51, Saskatchewan, Canada. Previously held the status of a village with a peak population of 151 residents, until its village status was dissolved on January 1, 1976. The former townsite of Govenlock is located on Highway 21 & Highway 13 also known as the historic Red Coat Trail, about 15 km east of the Alberta-Saskatchewan border. Very little remains of the former village of Govenlock, many cement foundations and wooden sidewalks can still be found scattered around the town site, the only building that still stands as of 2010 is the old community hall and a commemorative plaque in remembrance of Govenlock's rich history.
	Govenlock, like so many other small communities throughout Saskatchewan, has struggled to maintain a sturdy population causing it to become a completely abandoned "ghost town" with a population of 0 citizens. Prior to January 1, 1976, Govenlock was incorporated under village status, but was dissolved into an unincorporated community under the jurisdiction of the Rural municipality of Reno on that date.
	In 2006, Govenlock had a population of 0 living in 0 dwellings, a 0% increase from 2001. The community had a land area of and a population density of .
	In 1910, a Moose Jaw resident by the name of William Govenlock moved to the area with his family after applying for a homestead. They were one of the first pioneer families of Southwest Saskatchewan. In 1913, William negotiated a land deal with the Canadian Pacific Railway, starting a new town later named in his honour. That same year William established a post office for the area, with his wife Bessie as the first postmaster.
	In 1914 a pioneer named John Linder built Govenlock's first Hotel. The hotel stood two stories tall with ten rooms. Three years later a man named James Gaff stopped at the Hotel for a rest; after finding out that no rooms were available James immediately purchased the hotel for $4,500.
	Even though the liquor trade was big business during that time, Govenlock's future looked promising even without the steady stream of liquor. The town boasted its impressive CPR station, section house, a few grain elevators, two general stores, blacksmith shops, a livery barn, two machine agencies, pool room, laundromat, school, meat shop, a service station selling Model T Fords, and a hotel. Most of these businesses were connected by wooden sidewalks, a common feature in the pioneer prairie days.
	After Montana's prohibition declaration in 1919, large groups of Americans from that state frequently crossed the border by train to visit Govenlock to purchase booze.
	Indicating that Govenlock had a promising future, the pioneer town had a chamber of commerce. It was the liquor trade that fuelled Govenlock's prosperity. Four liquor warehouses were established in the centre to serve a booming liquor trade. With liquor trade and the frequent influx of imbibers, gambling and parties became common, attracting not only thirsty folks from across the border, but many bachelors from all parts of Southwestern Saskatchewan who wanted to let loose.
	Over the years a poolroom and two-story dancehall building was built and owned by Henry Buss. During the early days, Govenlock was a place for people of both countries to socialize and relax. As the American booze customers waited for their liquor orders, many would mingle with the people of Govenlock and settle down for a game of pool or a game of high-stakes poker. Revelry and good times were staples in Govenlock during their early days.
	Busy American booze traders were also a staple in Govenlock. To avoid legal problems, bootleggers would have to obtain a tourist pass at Canada border entry points. They would come to the pioneer town in their Fords, Studebakers, Packards, and Hudsons. The empty cars' rears were filled with sand bags until they filled up at the liquor houses. This was done to avoid suspicion when they rode empty of booze, light without a load. Canadian beer cost 12 cents per bottle and was said to be highly prized. Whiskey was more expensive and more lucrative. It was transported in barrels. Each barrel had three burlap sacks, with 24 four-quart bottles - wrapped in straw - in each sack. A barrel wholesaled for $24. When it reached the United States, it sold for $140. A carload of 14 barrels of beer and five cases of whiskey could fetch a profit of $2,500.
	The bootlegging trade was good business for several years and there were few legal hassles for the rumrunners. Mounties and provincial police intervened to ensure that the liquor went through the hands of locals before crossing the United States border. Even a few of the Govenlock residents tried their hand at bootlegging, but they soon found out that more of the liquor was stolen than they sold.
	When 1922 rolled around, so did the end of bootlegging that fueled Govenlock's prosperity. It was then that the Government of Saskatchewan announced it wanted better control of the liquor trade and restricted liquor export houses to cities with 10,000 people or more. This started the slow end of the once promising pioneer town of Govenlock. Over the years and one by one, stores and shops soon closed and residents left. In 1962 the only grain elevator left in Govenlock was toppled and demolished. By 1990, rural municipality officials brought in the bulldozers and demolished all but one of the remaining buildings that stood in Govenlock, including the old Govenlock Hotel. 
	The only building left is the community hall, built in 1948. Also a commemorative plaque marks the area where Govenlock was located. It honors Govenlock's wild past and wild spirit of its hell-raising pioneer days.

= = = Munro (film) = = =

	Munro is a 1960 Czechoslovak-American animated short film. It was directed by Gene Deitch, written by Jules Feiffer, and produced by William L. Snyder. "Munro" won an Oscar for Best Animated Short Film in 1961. It was the first short composed outside of the United States to be so honored. The Academy Film Archive preserved "Munro" in 2004.
	The title character is a rebellious little boy who is accidentally drafted into the United States Army. No matter which adult he tells "I'm only four", they all fail to notice his age.
	Screenwriter Feiffer, who adapted his own story from his book "Passionella and Other Stories", and provided the storyboards, said the tale was a reaction to his time serving in the U.S. Army:

= = = Miracles of Thursday = = =

	Los jueves, milagro (English: "On Thursday, miracle") is a 1957 Spanish comedy film directed by Luis García Berlanga about some people in a small village of Spain who decide to fake a miracle in order to increase the tourism but things don't go as planned.
	Most shots of the film were made in Alhama de Aragón, Zaragoza.

= = = Hidakagawa, Wakayama = = =

	It resulted from the May 2005 merger of the town of Kawabe and the villages of Nakatsu and Miyama.
	As of January 1, 2016, Hidakagawa has a population of 9,615 and an area of 331.61 km² for a population density of 29 people per km².
	Hidakagawa's main economic activities are farming and forestry. It produces fruit, especially mikan, and wood for lumber and "binchōtan."
	The Tendai Buddhist temple Dōjō-ji, at which the Noh play "Dōjōji" is set, is located in Hidakagawa.

= = = Scott Willis (footballer) = = =

	Scott Leon Willis (born 20 February 1982 in Liverpool) is an English footballer who played in the Football League for Carlisle United and Lincoln City, where he was part of the team that reached the Division Three play-off final in the 2002–03 season.
	Willis signed for Witton Albion in June 2008.

= = = Dōjō-ji = = =

	The story of the monk and his spurned lover who, devoured by her passion and jealousy, turns into a serpent and pursues him to his destruction, is the subject of the Noh play "Dōjōji", known for the rare prominence of its dramatic prop, the temple bell; as well as the Kabuki play "Musume Dōjōji" with its long onnagata buyō.

= = = Mitch Taylor = = =

	Mitchell Taylor (born March 31, 1973) is an American former basketball player who played college basketball at Auburn University before transferring to Southern University in 1992. In his time with the Southern Jaguars basketball program, Taylor accomplished two notable achievements that have been included in the official National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I men's basketball record book. The first is by making 12 three-point shots in a single game, something that only 14 players in history have accomplished at the Division I level through the 2012–13 season. Taylor achieved the feat on December 1, 1994 against Baptist Christian University in which he also scored 48 points. His other accomplishment is being the officially recognized season three-pointers made per game leader in his junior season in 1994–95; in 25 games he made 109 threes, which was good for a nation-leading 4.36 per game. He sustained an eye injury in early 1995, and his production and playing time declined thereafter.
= = = Eight-legged essay = = =

	The eight-legged essay (, literally "eight share text") was a style of essay that exam-takers wrote to pass the imperial examinations during the Ming and Qing dynasties in China. The eight-legged essay was needed for those test takers in these civil service tests to show their merits for government service, often focusing on Confucian thought and knowledge of the Four Books and Five Classics, in relation to governmental ideals. Test takers could not write in innovative or creative ways, but needed to conform to the standards of the eight-legged essay. Various skills were examined, including the ability to write coherently and to display basic logic. In certain times, the candidates were expected to spontaneously compose poetry upon a set theme, whose value was also sometimes questioned, or eliminated as part of the test material. This was a major argument in favor of the eight-legged essay, arguing that it were better to eliminate creative art in favor of prosaic literacy. In the history of Chinese literature, the eight-legged essay is often said to have caused China's "cultural stagnation and economic backwardness" in the 19th century.
	The eight-legged essay is named so because it was divided into eight sections, which are "breaking open the topic (破题)", "receiving the topic (承题)", "beginning discussion (起讲)", "initial leg (起股)", "middle leg (中股)“, "later leg (后股)", "final leg (束股), "conclusion (大结)."
	The eight-legged essay format was invented in the Song Dynasty, by reformer and poet Wang Anshi (1021–1086), in the eleventh century. During the Song Dynasty, due to the invention of the printing press and the emperors' wish to recruit more men of talent, there was a huge boost in education and a consequent increase in the number of people taking the civil service exam. Additionally, there was a shift from a pluralistic ideology characteristic of the Tang Dynasty to a neo-Confucian ideology based on Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi's philosophy. The eight-legged essay came into existence under this background, coinciding with the shift in ideology and embodying the new orthodoxy.
	The essay format didn't become prevalent as a standard essay in the civil service examination until early Ming dynasty (1368–1644), when the composition of the essay was clearly specified. In the seventeenth century, Gu Yanwu stated that this form of essay-writing became standardized precisely during the 15th century, when the eight parts of the essay were determined. The term "eight-legged essay" formally appeared during the early years of the Chenghua Emperor's reign (1464–1487) for the first time. Then, it started to be required in civil service examinations in the 1480s.
	Since mastery of the form was a requirement for success in the examinations, commercial printers during the Ming Dynasty began to print successful examination essays as guides for aspiring candidates. The first of these appeared in pirated form during the 16th century, and the practice gained official approval in 1587, when the government suggested that the best papers of the previous century be reprinted as examples.
	There was widespread dissatisfaction with the eight-legged essay during the Qing Dynasty. In the beginning of the Kangxi reign, the state under the rule of the Four Regents issued an order revoking the need to use "baguwen" in all civil service exams, although the order was later repealed. The Qianlong Emperor said that he could not comprehend the eight-legged essays written by many exam-takers. The eight-legged essay was abolished in 1905 by the Guangxu Emperor. In total, the eight-legged essay was included in China's civil service examination for over 1,000 years and thus assumed a historically important role.
	Structurally and stylistically, the eight-legged essay was restrictive and rigid. There are rules governing different sections of the essay, including restrictions on the number of sentences in total, the number of words in total, the format and structure of the essay, and rhyming techniques. The requirement of length went from 550 words to 700 at one point.
	In terms of the content, the exam-takers were required to compose their essays under a pre-assigned title and rhyming word, around which they needed to rhyme their essays or poems. Writers were also advised to circumvent the use of offensive vocabulary and clues that can point to their identity or social status.
	The components of the essay were usually in a consistent format, although there were variations; in particular:
	The following is a translation of an original eight-legged essay, written by Wang Ao (1450–1524), who was considered to be a master of the form.
	Essay Topic:
	"If the people enjoy sufficiency how could the ruler suffer from insufficiency?"
	1. Pòtí:
	When the people below are rich, the ruler at the top will naturally be rich.
	2. Chéngtí:
	This is so because the wealth of the ruler is something kept by the people. If the people are already rich, how can it stand to reason that the ruler alone is poor?
	3. Qǐjiǎng:
	You Ruo spoke from profundity the idea of the oneness of the ruler and the people in his advice to Duke Ai. The implication was that the Duke's proposal to increase the taxation was due to the insufficiency of his revenues for state expenditure; to insure the sufficiency of state expenditure, then, what could take precedence over measures to insure sufficiency for his people?
	4. Qǐgǔ:
	If, indeed,
	Then,
	5. Xùgǔ:
	If the people are enjoying sufficiency, for what conceivable reason should the ruler be left alone in poverty?
	6. Zhōnggǔ:
	I know that
	With inexhaustible availability, what worry is there for failure to respond to demand?
	With inexhaustible supplies, what anxiety is there for lack of preparedness in emergency?
	7. Hòugǔ:
	The sacrificial animals and ritual cereals are plentiful to be used in religious offerings; and the jades and silks are abundant to be used as tributes and diplomatic gifts. Even if these were insufficient, the people will naturally supply them in full. Wherein will there be a shortage?
	Food and delicacies, beefs and drinks are abundant for entertainment of state guests; carriages and horses, arms and equipment are enough for the preparation of wars and defense. Even if these were insufficient, the people will take care of the needs. Wherein again will there be insufficiency?
	8. Dàjié:
	Oh! The establishment of the tithe was originally for the good of the people, but in this very usage lies the sufficiency of national expenditure. Where then is there any need to increase taxation to attain national wealth?
	This essay was written by Tang Shunzi, who was recognized as the first place in 1529 with the help of his eight-legged essay. It was translated by Andrew Lo.
	Essay Topic:
“Zi Mo (子莫) holds on to the middle… Holding on to the middle is closer to being right, but to do this without the proper measure is not different from holding to one extreme.”
	1. Pòtí:
	Mencius’ contemporary Zi Mo wanted to rectify the deviation of heterodox teachings, but did not realize that he himself fell into deviation.
	2. Chéngtí:
	The fact is, the middle is defined as “not deviant,” and the correct application of the middle is the proper measure. Zi Mo wanted to rectify the deviant ways of Yang Zi (楊子) and Mo Zi (墨子), but did not know the proper measure, so this was but another deviation. This was the standard Mencius used to repudiate his error and to establish our way.
	3. Qǐjiǎng:
	To elaborate, for our Way is the principal one, but the manifestations are many; egoism and indiscriminate love certainly deviate from the Way. And our way uses the one principle to join together the many, but those who hold on to egoism or indiscriminate love are certainly holding on to an extreme which leads nowhere. Thus there was Zi Mo who understood the errors of Yang Zi and Mo Zi, and thereupon mediated between the two in order to grasp the middle course.
	4. Qǐgǔ:
	Zi Mo would probably say, I cannot bear to be like Yang Zi, who cut off all ties with others in a niggardly fashion; I simply stop short of loving indiscriminately.
	I have not time to be like Mo Zi who joyfully sacrifices himself for others: I simply stop short of being an egoist.
	Because one rejects egoism, one may be thought to be escaping from the error of Yang Zi and heading towards benevolence.
	Because one rejects indiscriminate love, one may be thought to be escaping for the error of Mo Zi and heading towards righteousness.
	5. Xùgǔ:
	Zi Mo seems to be close to the Way, but he does not understand the following: the proper measure is defined as following the Way at the right time; the middle is defined as others with the proper measure; and the position between Yang Zi and Mo Zi is not the place to seek the middle.
	6. Zhōnggǔ:
	If one just knows that one should not sever ties with others but does not know how to weigh others to give evenly, then there is no danger of becoming an egoist, but on the other hand those who follow the Way and strive to perfect themselves will also be seen as approaching egoism and consequently one will not dare act in like manner.
	If one understands that one should not sacrifice oneself for others but cannot give to others on an individual basis, then there is no danger of loving indiscriminately, but on the other hand those who follow the Way and strive to perfect the whole Empire will also be seen as approaching indiscriminate love and consequently one will not be willing to act in like manner.
	7. Hòugǔ:
	One may say that I plan to escape from Yang Zi. However, Yang Zi saw himself and not others, while Zi Mo saw a fixed position not an open passage. In essence, all these are but parochial teachings. Really, can those who know how to adapt to myriad changes be like this?
	One may say that I plan to escape from Mo Zi. However, Mo Zi saw others and not himself, while Zi Mo saw tracks and not transformations. In essence all these are but one-sided delusions. Really, can those who respond to eternal inconstancy be like this?
	8. Shùgû:
	The point is, egoism is one extreme, and indiscriminate love is another extreme. That is why it is easy to understand that Yang Zi and Mo Zi each held on to an extreme.
	The middle is not an extreme: but if one holds on to the middle without applying the proper measure, then this is also an extreme. That is why it is difficult to understand that Zi Mo was holding on to an extreme.
	9. Dàjié:
	If Mencius had not demonstrated this with his eloquence, then most people would have thought that Zi Mo was able to be one with the Way.
	There are two types of printing and publishing related to the eight-legged essay, one for the exams themselves and the other for public purposes. After the test-takers finished with their exams, their papers were collected in the testing room and sent over to be graded. They were then printed with the graders' comments and in the order of the score rank. During the late Ming Dynasty, commercial publishing also increased in the face of increasing commercialization of culture. The public printing, publishing, and dissemination of the essays prompted more people to be interested candidates of the civil service examination during the Ming and Qing dynasties.
	One virtue of the eight-legged essays is that its composition is well defined and easy to follow. For the purpose of administering a large group of exam-takers, this structure allowed convenient regulation as the exam-takers were not likely to deviate from the requirements. Thus, this format contributed to ensuring standard and fairness in the civil service examination system. The examiners could reduce the amount of time spent in grading exams by being accustomed to this format, and uncertainties in the grading schemes were reduced. A scholar named Tian Qilin defended the eight-legged essay by arguing that it embodies the complex Chinese cultural and literary tradition.
	As early as the 17th century, the form's adoption was blamed for the decline of classical poetry and prose during the Ming Dynasty. The critic Wu Qiao wrote that "people exhausted themselves on the eight-legged essay, and poetry was only composed with their spare energy." Writing at the same time, the political theorist and philosopher Huang Zongxi echoed these sentiments. Also, the essay did not allow for any personal opinion and was completely impartial. As a result, it led to the gradual narrowing of people's innovative thinking and consequently their minds, thus achieving a constraining effect on Chinese people and the nation. The eight-legged essay has been associated with the "petrification in Chinese literature" and "China's cultural stagnation and economic backwardness."

= = = Wright Model B = = =

	The Wright Model B was an early pusher biplane designed by the Wright brothers in the United States in 1910. It was the first of their designs to be built in quantity. Unlike the Model A, it featured a true elevator carried at the tail rather than at the front. It was the last Wright model to have an open-frame tail. The Model B was a dedicated two-seater with the pilot and a passenger sitting side-by-side on the leading edge of the lower wing.
	Besides their civil market, the Wrights were able to sell aircraft to the Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps (S.C. 3, 4, and 5) and to the United States Navy as hydroplanes (AH-4, -5-, and -6), in which services they were used as trainers. Furthermore, the Wrights were able to sell licenses to produce the aircraft domestically (to the Burgess Company and Curtis, which designated it Model F), as well as in Germany. The deal with Burgess was the first license-production of aircraft undertaken in the United States and most of the approximately one hundred Model Bs produced were actually built by Burgess. A modified Model B, redesignated Model EX (for Exhibition) achieved fame as the "Vin Fiz Flyer", the first aircraft to cross the United States. Burgess also planned a refined version as the Model G, but this was never built.
	At least three original Model Bs were extant in 2007. 

= = = The Breeze (East Hampshire &amp; South West Surrey) = = =

	The Breeze is an independent local radio station broadcasting to the Southampton, Portsmouth, Winchester and Four Marks areas of Hampshire, England. It is owned by Nation Broadcasting and is part of The Breeze network of stations (the remainder owned by Bauer Radio). The station has a 'contemporary easy listening' format, playing classic and recent melodic popular music aimed principally at listeners over 40.
	The station operates on three FM frequencies; the three were previously separate stations centred on each of the broadcast areas, which have over time combined into a single regional service. The station is also available online.
	The station launched under its current identity and format on 4 July 2010; it has operated under various owners, formats and identities previously, with the three services having launched independently of each other in 1999 as a series of local stations each focused on a specified broadcast area. All programming is now identical across the three licence areas.
	The Breeze is based at Roman Landing in the Kingsway area of Southampton, sharing facilities with another Nation Broadcasting-owned station in the region, Sam FM.
	The 107.8 FM service launched under the name SouthCity FM on 5 September 1999.
	In 2004, the licence was acquired by Southampton Football Club, who renamed the station as The Saint, effectively making it an FM version of their existing club station of the same name (which was broadcasting on digital TV and online). The service was at this point based at studios within Southampton FC's ground, St Mary's Stadium.
	On 26 July 2007, Southampton FC confirmed it had sold the station to South Wales-based radio group Town & Country Broadcasting - a firm headed by lifelong Southampton FC fan Jason Bryant (formerly of Talksport and Virgin Radio). The sale led to a rebranding of the station as 107.8 Radio Hampshire from 6 August 2007. As Radio Hampshire, the station combined adult contemporary music with information and breaking news from Southampton FC; match coverage also continued, and the station continued to be operated from the studio at St. Mary's.
	Radio Hampshire joined Nation Radio, 102.1 Bay Radio, 102.5 Radio Pembrokeshire, 97.1 Radio Carmarthenshire, 97.5 Scarlet FM and 106.3 Bridge FM in the T&CB portfolio.
	"See also Dream 107.2"
	In 1999, Win 107.2 (later 107.2 Win FM) was launched as a new local station serving the Winchester and Eastleigh area. Owned by Radio Investments Ltd, the station broadcast from a studio at the Brooks Shopping Centre in Winchester town centre. RIL was later bought by The Local Radio Company.
	TLRC sold Win FM to the Tindle Radio Group in September 2006, and the new owner rebranded the station as Dream 107.2 in October 2007, adopting a soft adult contemporary music policy.
	With extensive competition in the South Hampshire marketplace from numerous regional rivals - including Ocean (now Heart), Wave 105 and Original 106 (now 106 Sam FM) - Dream 107.2 struggled to build an audience, and Tindle Group subsequently decided the station was not viable as a business and should be sold off.
	In November 2008, Tindle Radio Group sold Dream 107.2 to Town & Country Broadcasting, who sought and received permission to largely absorb the Winchester service into their existing Radio Hampshire service at Southampton. The Winchester studios were closed and the 107.2 FM Winchester frequency switched to sharing content with Southampton's service 20 hours a day. A separate local daily breakfast programme for the Winchester licence area was maintained, though this was broadcast from the Southampton base.
	"See also Radio Victory"
	The local FM service for Portsmouth went on air on 19 September 1999 as a revived version of Radio Victory; this was acquired soon after launch by The Local Radio Company (TLRC) and later relaunched as 107.4 The Quay (also known as Quay Radio). The Quay broadcast from studios on Twyford Avenue in Portsmouth.
	Portsmouth F.C. subsequently entered into a joint-venture with TLRC to run the station (along with Spirit FM in Chichester and Isle of Wight Radio), with the club taking full control of The Quay when the partnership was dissolved in August 2009 (TLRC retained Spirit FM) and renaming the station Quay Radio.
	In the summer of 2010, Portsmouth F.C. went into administration; Quay Radio was shut down at noon on Friday 30 July 2010 as a result. The station was sold to Celador Radio Broadcasting, who announced that following their purchase of the frequency, 107.4 FM would broadcast as part of The Breeze 107 from the end of July 2010.
	The broadcast rights to Portsmouth F.C.'s matches remained with the club, meaning that the club's matches would no longer be broadcast on 107.4 FM. It was agreed days before the start of the 2010–11 Championship season that Express FM, a community station for Portsmouth, would now broadcast the commentary for Portsmouth F.C. matches.
	"See also Delta FM"
	The original Delta Radio first broadcast in January 1990. It was the brainchild of County Sound CEO, Mike Powell who successfully lobbied the IBA for permission to put separate programming for the Haslemere district on what was originally intended to be a relay transmitter for Guildford's County Sound. The station was launched by County Sound's Terry Mann, formerly Programme Director of Radio 210, Reading.
	After County Sound merged with Radio Mercury to form Allied Radio, Delta Radio was closed down by its new owners in 1992 and the transmitter went back to being a relay. However, when Mike Powell's UKRD Group won the Guildford licence (after it came up for renewal), Delta Radio was relaunched in 1996. Wey Valley Radio had already been operating as a full-time service in nearby Alton and Four Marks since 1992. This station was launched as a "community" station by David Way and Paul Mann after years of campaigning for such a licence. David Way and Paul Wisdom are the new Wey Valley Radio licence holders today. It was acquired by UKRD in 1994.
	The decision to merge the two stations operationally was made in 1998 and the Wey Valley service was renamed Delta, and then in 2000, the Haslemere licence (which had previously been a part of the Surrey and North East Hampshire franchise) was merged with the Alton licence to finally form a single radio station.
	On 28 May 2009, Radio Hampshire ceased broadcasting due to Town & Country Broadcasting deciding to sell the station. On 5 June 2009, the two licences for Radio Hampshire in Southampton and Winchester were acquired by internet station Play Radio UK.
	The new station for Southampton and Winchester, named Play Radio, launched on the 107.2 and 107.8 FM frequencies at 10am on 4 July 2009. As under Radio Hampshire, the station operated a split breakfast programme (one for Southampton and one for Winchester), with all other programming shared across the two frequencies.
	In April 2010, the licences were purchased by Celador Radio Broadcasting for an undisclosed sum.
	It was announced on 21 June 2010 that the service would be relaunched as The Breeze 107. The new station would be aimed at upmarket 40- to 59-year-olds and broadcast classic and contemporary easy listening music with a slight female bias. It was also announced that the station would relocate, leaving its longtime base at St. Mary's Stadium to share facilities with sister regional station Jack FM in the Kingsway area of Southampton.
	Celador subsequently sought and received permission from Ofcom to end the split breakfast programme, meaning that as of the Breeze relaunch, listeners in Southampton and Winchester were receiving identical programming at all times.
	The Breeze 107 launched on-air to Southampton and Winchester on 4 July 2010, exactly a year after its predecessor Play Radio had officially replaced Radio Hampshire.
	In late July 2010, following Celador's purchase of the Portsmouth licence, the broadcast area of The Breeze expanded.
	In February 2011, Celador relaunched their Bristol station Star 107.2 as The Breeze; following this, programmes broadcast to Bristol (outside of localised daily Breakfast and weekday Drivetime shows) are sourced from the Southampton-based station.

= = = Erta Ale = = =

	Erta Ale (or Ertale or Irta'ale) is a continuously active basaltic shield volcano in the Afar Region of northeastern Ethiopia. It is situated in the Afar Depression, a badland desert area. Erta Ale is the most active volcano in Ethiopia.
	Erta Ale is high, with one or sometimes two active lava lakes at the summit which occasionally overflow on the south side of the volcano. It is notable for holding the longest-existing lava lake, present since the early years of the twentieth century (1906). Volcanoes with lava lakes are very rare: there are only eight in the world.
	"Erta Ale" means "smoking mountain" in the local Afar language and its southernmost pit is known locally as "the gateway to Hell". In 2009, it was mapped by a team from the BBC using three-dimensional laser techniques, in order for the mapping team to maintain a distance and avoid the lakes' searingly hot temperatures.
	Erta Ale is centered over the East African Rift system, which is a triple junction setting whose movements are resulting in the formation of a pull-apart basin or rift. The volcano comprises mainly mafic material which has been brought up to the surface caused by unroofing of the mantle due to this rift formation.
	There was a major eruption on 25 September 2005 which killed 250 head of livestock and forced thousands of nearby residents to flee. There was further lava flow in August 2007, forcing the evacuation of hundreds and leaving two missing. An eruption on 4 November 2008 was reported by scientists at Addis Ababa University. Another eruption was reported in January 2017.
	Not much is known about Erta Ale, and the surrounding terrain is some of the most inhospitable on Earth, making travel difficult and dangerous. The Afar region also experiences intermittent ethnic violence due to unification struggles by the native Afar people. On January 16, 2012, a group of European tourists was attacked at Erta Ale. Five tourists were killed, two taken as hostages and seven others wounded. The Afar Revolutionary Democratic Unity Front (ARDUF) claimed responsibility for the attack and released the two kidnapped tourists in March 2012. One travel guide recommends hiring "one or maybe two armed guards or police" as guides to visit Erta Ale. Commercial tour companies offer tours to Erta Ale which are generally accompanied by military escort.
	In December 2017, a German tourist was fatally shot while descending Erta Ale.
	The lava lake on Erta Ale was shown briefly during the 2010 movie "Clash of the Titans" during the journey sequence where Perseus travels to the underworld. Erta Ale is featured in the 2016 Werner Herzog documentary, Into the Inferno.

= = = SV Roßbach/Verscheid = = =

	SV Roßbach/Verscheid is a German association football club based in Roßbach/Wied, Rhineland-Palatinate. The club's greatest success has been to play in the Oberliga Südwest, later the Oberliga Rheinland-Pfalz/Saar, for seven seasons from 2007 to 2014.
	In 2001 "Roßbach" advanced to the Verbandsliga Rheinland (V) and in 2005–06 captured the title there, but was not immediately promoted to the fourth tier Oberliga Südwest as it had begun the season as "SG Rossbach", a "Sportgemeinschaft" (sports community) and not as a sports club, and so were ineligible as they did not meet German Football Association (Deutsche Fussball Bund or German Football Association) requirements as an organization. In the following season, the club's campaign ended with a second Verbandsliga championship and this time, after the earlier reorganization of the association as "Sportverein Roßbach/Wied" in anticipation of an advance, the side moved up to Oberliga play.
	In association with neighbouring clubs "FC Waldbreitbach" and "SG Niederbreitbach", "SV" helped form "JSG Wiedtal" in 2003 as a youth club.
	"Roßbach" qualified for the 2006–07 German Cup, and hosted Bundesliga side "Borussia Mönchengladbach" in the first round, losing 1:4. They also qualified for the 2012–13 German Cup, where they hosted FSV Mainz 05.
	After seven seasons at Oberliga level the club was relegated back to the Rheinlandliga in 2014 but instead withdrew to the tier nine Kreisliga B Nord Westerwald/Wied. A title at this level took the club up to the Kreisliga A in 2015 but it was promptly relegated again.
	"SV Roßbach/Verscheid" currently play at the Sportplatz in der Au, which has a capacity of 2.000.
	The Sportplatz in der Au was built in 1987–88 with the help of the City of Roßbach at a cost of approximately 75,000 DM. The club hopes to move into a purpose built football stadium by the year 2010 however, as with all semi-professional teams, financing the move is proving a major stumbling block.
	The club's honours:
	The recent season-by-season performance of the club:

= = = Chebyshev linkage = = =

	The Chebyshev linkage is a mechanical linkage that converts rotational motion to approximate straight-line motion.
	It was invented by the nineteenth-century mathematician Pafnuty Chebyshev, who studied theoretical problems in kinematic mechanisms. One of the problems was the construction of a linkage that converts a rotary motion into an approximate straight-line motion. This was also studied by James Watt in his improvements to the steam engine. 
	The straight-line linkage confines the point "P" – the midpoint on the link "L" – on a straight line at the two extremes and at the center of travel. ("L", "L", "L", and "L" are as shown in the illustration.) Between those points, point "P" deviates slightly from a perfect straight line. The proportions between the links are
	Point P is in the middle of "L". This relationship assures that the link "L" lies vertically when it is at one of the extremes of its travel. 
	The lengths are related mathematically as follows:
	It can be shown that if the base proportions described above are taken as lengths, then for all cases,
	and this contributes to the perceived straight-line motion of point "P".
	The motion of the linkage can be constrained to an input angle that may be changed through velocities, forces, etc. The input angles can be either link "L" with the horizontal or link "L" with the horizontal. Regardless of the input angle, it is possible to compute the motion of two end-points for link "L" that we will name A and B, and the middle point P.
	while the motion of point B will be computed with the other angle,
	And ultimately, we will write the output angle in terms of the input angle,
	Consequently, we can write the motion of point P, using the two points defined above and the definition of the middle point.
	The limits to the input angles, in both cases, are:

= = = Pedapulivarru = = =

	Pedapulivarru is a village in Guntur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is the located in Bhattiprolu mandal of Tenali revenue division. It forms a part of Andhra Pradesh Capital Region.
	Pedapulivarru is situated to the east of the mandal headquarters, Bhattiprolu, at . It is spread over an area of .
	Pedapulivarru gram panchayat is the local self-government of the village. It is divided into wards and each ward is represented by a ward member.
	The major occupation of the village is agriculture and the crops cultivated include, paddy, banana and turmeric.
	As per the school information report for the academic year 2018–19, the village has a total of 7 Zilla/Mandal Parishad.

= = = Perry (car) = = =

	The Perry was a British car made by the Perry Motor Company based in Tyseley, Birmingham who made cars between 1913 and 1916.
	The company can trace its roots back to 1824 with James and Stephen Perry making pens in a workshop in London, later moving to Birmingham and building bicycles. By the late 1890s they were having financial problems and were bought by James William Bayliss, part owner of the Bayliss-Thomas car making company.
	Their first car, a three-wheeler, was made in 1899 followed by a forecar in 1903. Cecil Bayliss, the son of the new owner, built a cyclecar in 1911 with 800 cc engine, and this was developed into the first Perry car to reach production.
	The Perry cyclecar was described as 'just placed on the market' when exhibited at the November 1912 Motor Cycle and Cycle Car Show at Olympia. It was described as 'an exact replica of a full-sized model, but is of exceptionally light weight - less than 7cwt'.
	The engine for the car was built in-house and was a twin-cylinder vertical water cooled unit, with 72mm bore and 108mm stroke, unusual in that both pistons rose and fell at the same time. Drive was to the rear wheels through a 3-speed gearbox with reverse and worm-driven axle and spur differential. The rear springing was unusual in that the long semi-elliptic leaf springs were supplemented by coil springs. It was fitted with Sankey detachable wheels and Dunlop tyres.
	The basic body was an open two-seater, but a long-wheelbase version allowing a dickey seat was also available.
	About 800 were made.
	A full-sized car was introduced in 1914 with four-cylinder 1795 cc engine. The larger car allowed four seat bodies to be offered as well as two seaters and these were mainly made by Mulliners of Birmingham.
	About 300 were made before World War I curtailed car-building activities. A very few were made in 1919 when the design, jigs, patterns and tools were sold to Bean Cars for £15,000, who reintroduced it as the Bean 11.9.

= = = Worst Week = = =

	Worst Week is an American sitcom television series which originally aired on CBS from September 22, 2008 to June 6, 2009. The series was based on the British sitcom "The Worst Week of My Life". The show was adapted for American audiences by Fox under the title "Worst Week of My Life", but a series failed to materialize after the pilot was filmed.
	The series aired on CBS Mondays at 9:30pm ET/PT, following "Two and a Half Men". The premiere attracted 11 million viewers but lost a third of its lead-in audience. Ratings dropped to a low of 8.4 million viewers with the sixth episode, then began to climb steadily. They reached a high of 12.12 million viewers with the eleventh episode but declined afterwards. The season finale titled "The Epidural" aired on February 16, 2009.
	On May 20, 2009, CBS announced its new season schedule and canceled "Worst Week". A previously unaired episode entitled "The Party" aired on June 6, 2009. "Worst Week" is set in Manassas, Virginia.
	Verne Gay of "Newsday" graded it A and said it "may be the best new comedy on network TV this season." 
	Less enthusiastic was Tim Goodman of the "San Francisco Chronicle", who said, "Though there are plenty of hard-earned (some might say forced) laughs here and Bornheimer is a real find, you can't help but wonder how they'll keep up the pace. After all, the British series ran for only two seasons and had a mere seven episodes each season...So how is CBS going to stretch this into 22 episodes without stretching it too thin?...In many ways, "Worst Week" seems incapable of being made into an American version (there were previous attempts that failed), because not only does the title not make sense, but not having a payoff for all the freaky, not-so-karmic woes Sam endures will be frustrating to the viewing audience . . . [It] is a series that may end up being on a short leash."
	Linda Stasi of the "New York Post" called it "one of the worst new shows of the week" and added, "Only a man (or a couple of them) could get paid big bucks in Hollywood to come up with such a lame-o rip-off and perpetuate the fantasy that gorgeous women can't help but to love out-of-shape guys who do everything wrong."
	Universal Studios Home Entertainment has released a DVD of the complete series.

= = = Irregular Records = = =

	Irregular Records is a British independent record label specialising in folk music, which was established in 1985 by the singer Robb Johnson. In addition to Johnson's own recordings the label has also issued albums by artists such as Barb Jungr, Des de Moor, Maggie Holland and Russell Churney.
	In the label's history there have been over a hundred releases to date.

= = = Ruth Lyons = = =

	Ruth Lyons may refer to:

= = = Capital Requirements Directives = = =

	The Capital Requirements Directives (CRD) for the financial services industry have introduced a supervisory framework in the European Union which reflects the Basel II and Basel III rules on capital measurement and capital standards.
	Member States have progressively transposed, and firms of the financial service industry thus have had to apply, the CRD from 1 January 2007. Institutions were allowed to choose between the initial basic indicator approach, which increases the minimum capital requirement in Basel I approach from 8% to 15% and the standardised approach, which evaluates the business lines as a medium sophistication approaches of the new framework. The most sophisticated approaches, Advanced IRB approach and AMA or advanced measurement approach for operational risk were available from January 2008. From this date, all concerned EU firms had to comply with Basel II.
	The new CRD IV package entered into force on 17 July 2013: this updated CRD simply transposes into EU law the latest global standards on bank capital adequacy commonly known as Basel III, which builds on and expands the existing Basel II regulatory base. CRD IV commonly refers to both the EU Directive 2013/36/EU and the EU Regulation 575/2013.<ref name="CRR/CRD IV"></ref>
	The Capital Requirements Directives superseded the EU's earlier Capital Adequacy Directive that was first issued in 1993.
	In 2000, seven Banking Directives and their amending Directives were replaced by one single Banking Directive (2000/12/EC), which aimed to improve the clarity and transparency of the EU legislation and to create a kind of "European Banking Act". The adoption of the Basel II guidelines in 2004 was followed at EU level by a recast of the Banking Directive on the one hand (Directive 2006/48/EC) and the Capital Adequacy Directive (Directive 93/6/EEC) on the other hand (Directive 2006/49/EC). These two Directives were officially adopted on 14 June 2006 and published in the Official Journal on 30 June 2006. Both Directives entered into force on 20 July 2006.
	On 16 September 2009, the Council and the European Parliament officially adopted Directive 2009/111/EC, which is part, together with Directives 2009/27/EC and 2009/83/EC, of the second legislative package aimed at ensuring the financial soundness of banks and investment firms.
	On 24 November 2010, the Council and the European Parliament officially adopted Directive 2010/76/EU on capital requirements for the trading book and for re-securitisations and the supervisory review of remuneration policies. Directive 2010/76/EU was to be implemented in two phases. The first, which affects the remuneration provisions, as well as a number of other ones dealing with the extension of some pre-existing minimum capital requirements, had to be implemented by 1 January 2011. The remaining provisions had to be implemented by 31 December 2011.
	On 17 July 2013, the CRD IV package was transposed —via a Regulation (Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 on prudential requirements for credit institutions and investment firms (CRR)) and a Directive (Directive 2013/36/EU on access to the activity of credit institutions and the prudential supervision of credit institutions and investment firms)— the new global standards on bank capital (the Basel III agreement) into EU law, entered into force. This is the current legislation on banking prudential requirements.
	Think-tanks such as the World Pensions Council have argued that European powers such as France and Germany pushed dogmatically and naively for the adoption of the Basel II recommendations, adopted in 2005, transposed in European Union law through the Capital Requirements Directive (CRD). In essence, they forced European banks, and, more importantly, the European Central Bank itself, to rely more than ever on the standardised assessments of "credit risk" marketed aggressively by two US credit rating agencies—Moody's and S&P—thus using public policy and ultimately taxpayers' money to strengthen anti-competitive duopolistic practices akin to exclusive dealing. European governments have abdicated most of their regulatory authority in favour of a non-European, highly deregulated, private cartel.

= = = Venkatadripuram = = =

	Venkatadripuram is a small village in Nuzvid mandal.
	This village was built in the 20th century at 1922. The village is 100 years old. It is under panchayati of Annavaram.
	The village founder Sri Chalasani Mallikarjunudu from Neppal Vuyyuru Mandal, built a foundation stone in this Village. He gathered some other families from various places of Krishna. The Great Meka Venkatadri Apprao Jamindhar of Vuyyuru eloted 50 ekors of land to this village. Then the Village has called as Venkatadripuram on the name of Raja Venkatadri Apparao.
	Sri Sunkara Rajayya from Ponukumadu came to this village and he constructed a house and Dharma Satrava (Inn) in this village, after that the village has called as Satrava Annavarm and Kotta Annavaram.
	in 1931 Chalasani Rajagopal Rao was a well known freedom fighter from this village, who participated in the 1931 to 1933 independence movement and he arrested at the movement. Then the village became popular from that Independence movement.
	Sri Bobba Venkateswara Rao also arrested at the movement in 1950. He participated in "Telangana Armed Struggle" (Anti Nizam Movement).
	A pond is located in the eastern side of village called Kavati Cheruvu. At the western side an area of 152 ekors forest land covered with hills. This land distributed to land less poor in 1985.

= = = Hoc (programming language) = = =

	hoc, an acronym for High Order Calculator, is an interpreted programming language that was used in the 1984 book The Unix Programming Environment to demonstrate how to build interpreters using Yacc.
	hoc was developed by Brian Kernighan and Rob Pike as a glorified interactive calculator. Its basic functionality is to evaluate floating-point numerical expressions, e.g., "1+2*sin(0.7)". Then, variables were added, conditionals, loops, user-defined functions, simple IO, and more, using a syntax resembling C.
	An improved hoc interpreter was included in Eighth Edition Research Unix in 1985, but it has not been generally adopted by commercial Unix systems or by Linux distributions. Instead, the earlier calculator languages dc and bc have become widespread on those systems. hoc survived and continued to evolve as part of the Plan 9 operating system. Several improved versions of Hoc were released as free software by Bell Labs and other individuals (see list below). hoc is used as the primary scripting language for the Neuron simulator. 
	The following is a simple example of an interactive calculator session in hoc; text represents hoc's output:
	And a simple example of functions and flow control:

= = = Raymond Tuckey = = =

	Charles Raymond Davys Tuckey (15 June 1910 – 15 October 2005) was an English tennis player.
	Raymond Tuckey and Pat Hughes won the doubles in Wimbledon in 1936, defeating Charles Hare and Frank Wilde in five sets. In 1937 he again reached the men's doubles finals at Wimbledon but this time lost with Pat Hughes against American team of Don Budge and Gene Mako in four sets. He was part of the winning British Davis Cup team in 1935 (against the US) and 1936 (against Australia) and of the 1937 team that lost the final to the US.
	His mother, Agnes Tuckey, was, with Hope Crisp, the first winner of the Wimbledon mixed doubles in 1913. Agnes, when in her fifties, partnered Raymond in the mixed doubles in 1931 and 1932, the only instance of a parent and child teaming up at the championships. His sister, Kay Tuckey, was also a tennis player. 

= = = Pymmes Brook Trail = = =

	The Pymmes Brook Trail is located in the London Boroughs of Barnet, Enfield and Haringey and is just under long. The brook is named after William Pymme, a local landowner.
	The trail goes from Hadley Green to Tottenham Hale, where the trail connects with the Lea Valley Walk. Most of the first half of the trail, as far as Arnos Park, runs beside Pymmes Brook, but after that the brook is only encountered intermittently as much of the brook passes through private land which is not open to the public. In its lower reaches sections of the brook have been culverted to alleviate the risk of flooding.
	The trail starts on Hadley Green, where the headwaters of Pymmes Brook rise, with a link from High Barnet tube station. Together with the London Loop, it then drops through Monken Hadley Common to Jack's Lake, to meet another link from Cockfosters tube station. Pymmes Brook proper starts here as it flows out from Jack's Lake. The trail detours through Victoria Recreation Ground, where Pymmes Brook is joined with Shirebourne brook, then follows a short street section to rejoin the brook at East Barnet Village. It then runs beside the brook through Oak Hill Park and Brunswick Park to the halfway point in Arnos Park, with a link to Arnos Grove tube station. It is also where Pymmes Brook is joined by Bounds Green Brook. The trail then leaves the brook to pass through Broomfield Park and Palmers Green. It crosses over the New River at Oakthorpe Road, then the North Circular Road, to divert through two new public open spaces - Bowes Meadow and Tile Kiln Lane Open Space - where Pymmes Brook can be followed again. The trail recrosses the North Circular Road onto Silver Street, Edmonton, where the path enters the gardens of Millfield House. From here the trail leads to Pymmes Park and another brookside section, then to Fore Street, where the brook flows underground to merge with Salmons Brook to the south of Angel Road. As of 2018, the trail must temporarily follow public throughfares for a short distance, but will eventually take a new route when access to the brook is opened up in the Meridian Water development. Finally, the trail passes through Tottenham Marshes, beside Pymmes Brook and past Stonebridge Lock on the Lee Navigation, to reach the point where the brook joins the River Lea. The trail connects with the Lea Valley Walk at Tottenham Lock, with a link to Tottenham Hale station.

= = = Putri Raemawasti = = =

	Gracia Putri Raemawasti (born December 5, 1986 in Blitar, East Java) is Indonesian public figure and journalist. She was the winner of Puteri Indonesia (Miss Indonesia Universe) 2007 from East Java. She has attended the Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, majoring in industrial engineering.
	Raemawasti represented Indonesia at the Miss Universe 2008, but was unplaced. At the Miss Universe, she was the first Miss Indonesia to wear a two-piece bathing suit rather than the usual maillot one piece during the final presentation show.

= = = Robert Aldworth = = =

	Robert Aldworth (died 1634) was a Bristol-born English merchant and philanthropist. Much of his wealth, although used often for generous purposes, was acquired through the trade and exploitation of slaves. He became Mayor of Bristol in 1609.
	In 1612, Aldworth set up the first sugar processing business in Bristol, England, where sugar was processed in 'sugar houses'. Aldworth’s sugar house refined sugar produced by slaves from Spanish and Portuguese plantations in Madeira, Brazil and the Azores.
	Aldworth and his relative Thomas Aldworth, were members of the Society of Merchant Venturers, a group dating back to the 16th century to promote and protect Bristol merchants and trade. This included involvement in the transatlantic slave trade.
	His tomb is in St Peters Church in the centre of Bristol had sugar loaves carved on it.

= = = Whizziwig = = =

	Whizziwig is a science fiction children's programme broadcast on CITV between 1998 and 2000 based on the books by award winning children's author Malorie Blackman.
	Whizziwig centres on the adventures of a boy called Ben and his best friend Steve who befriends a small pink alien approximately the size of a rugby ball. Whizziwig has the ability to grant wishes to anyone who uttered the words "I wish..", however wishes had to be made for someone else and would last a maximum of 24 hours. A recurring theme is Ben and Steve trying to deceive their friend into granting their intentional wishes only for the alien to become wise to the scheme.
	Ben would keep Whizziwig hidden, often smuggling her into school in his school bag. Many hilarious escapades ensued as the wishes made by unaware students in Whizziwigs earshot would be granted.
	Despite never achieving commercial success many critics hailed the show as groundbreaking in the manner in which it dealt with adult themes such as morality, death, and mereological nihilism, whilst still being accessible to its young audience.

= = = Romuald Peiser = = =

	Romuald Désiré Peiser (born 3 August 1979) is a French former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
	Peiser was born in Phalsbourg, Moselle. After unsuccessfully emerging through Paris Saint-Germain FC's youth system – only appeared for the reserves – he played in Germany with Bayer Leverkusen II and KFC Uerdingen, both in the lower leagues; subsequently, he spent one season in the Swiss Challenge League with FC Vaduz.
	Peiser made his top flight debut in the 2003–04 campaign, only missing four Liga I games as FC Rapid Bucureşti finished in third position. He returned to his country for the following four years, spending two apiece with Troyes AC and FC Gueugnon and being part of the former team's Ligue 1 roster in 2005–06 (no league appearances).
	In 2008, aged 29, Peiser moved countries again, going on to start for both Portuguese sides he represented, Associação Naval 1º de Maio and Académica de Coimbra, both in the Primeira Liga. His first match in the competition took place on 4 October 2008 while at the service of the former, in a 1–1 home draw to C.F. Os Belenenses.
	On 9 July 2014, Peiser signed with his first non-European club, joining Ottawa Fury FC of the North American Soccer League. In July of the following year, he broke a record in the competition – in both the original and modern-day incarnation – for the longest shutout record.
	In December 2016, 37-year-old Peiser moved to fellow league team San Francisco Deltas. He won the Soccer Bowl in his first season, keeping a clean sheet in the decisive match against New York Cosmos (2–0 at the Kezar Stadium).
	In March 2018, Peiser signed with United Soccer League side Penn FC. After retiring later in that year, he worked as goalkeeper coach at Sacramento Republic FC.
	Académica
	Ottawa Fury
	San Francisco Deltas

= = = Rollercoaster/Rough Boys = = =

	"Rollercoaster"/"Rough Boys" is the debut single from self-titled debut album by British band Northern Uproar. It reached number 41 on the UK Singles Chart in 1995.

= = = Eaton Chapel = = =

	Eaton Chapel is a private chapel to the north of Eaton Hall in Eaton Park, near the village of Eccleston, Cheshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building.
	Building of the chapel commenced in 1869, soon after the estate was inherited by Hugh Grosvenor, the 3rd Marquess of Westminster, in conjunction with a major rebuilding of the hall. Grosvenor became the 1st Duke of Westminster in 1874. He appointed Alfred Waterhouse as architect and the building was completed in 1884. When the Waterhouse hall was demolished in 1963, the chapel was retained.
	The chapel is built in buff sandstone with a grey slate roof. Internally the stone is in pink and buff bands. Its plan consists of a five-bay nave that is continuous with a three-bay chancel. The chancel terminates with a three-sided apse containing the altar. The chapel is oriented with the altar at the west end. The last bay at the east end constitutes a narthex (ante-chapel) with a gallery. On the south of the chapel is a tower which is free-standing, but joined to the chapel at the lower two storeys, and by a bridge above. At the southeast corner is a staircase turret. On the south side of the nave and in the apse are two-light windows and at the east end behind the gallery is a four-light window. The tower has six stages and contains tall lancet bell-openings. Above these is the clock stage, corbelled out from the shaft of the tower and surmounted by pinnacles at each corner. On each side is a clock face made from vitreous enamel; each clock face is in diameter. Over this is a spire decorated with gables and pinnacles. The staircase turret is surmounted by a spire.
	The narthex at the east end has a groin vaulted oak roof, and is paved with black marble and with encaustic tiles. A stone screen leads into the nave. This also has a groin vaulted roof, but built in stone. Between the nave and the chancel is a low alabaster screen. A continuation of this screen leads to the pulpit: this is also constructed in alabaster with Devonshire marble columns. The reredos and the font are also made in alabaster. The benches in the nave and chancel are in walnut and have carved ends. In the chancel is a recumbent effigy in alabaster of Constance, 1st Duchess of Westminster, by Joseph Boehm. For the effigy, Boehm worked from plaster casts of the face and hands taken after her death.
	The stained glass in the windows of the south side of the nave and the apse, and the mosaics in the blank on the north side of the nave were designed by Frederic Shields. These were commissioned in 1876 and made by Heaton, Butler and Bayne. The two-manual organ is in an alcove on the south side of the chancel. It was built in 1870–71 by Charles Whitley of Chester and is still in good working order. The clock tower contains a carillon of 28 bells which were cast by Chavalier Severian Van Aerschodt of Louvain; it plays 31 tunes. The clock was manufactured by Gillet's of Croydon.
	The chapel continues to be the private chapel of the Grosvenor family and is used for family christenings, confirmations and memorial services. Each December it is made available for up to eight charities to arrange carol concerts. The chapel is also open to the general public on three annual open days.

= = = From a Window/This Morning = = =

	"From a Window/This Morning" are songs by Northern Uproar, released together as a single in 1996. The single was released in January 1996 and reached number 17 in the UK singles chart, making it by far their highest chart placing to date. The single also charted at #44 in Sweden.

= = = New Model Army discography = = =

	The discography of New Model Army, a British rock band which formed in 1980, consists of fifteen studio albums, four live albums, eleven compilation albums, four extended plays and twenty singles, which were released by Abstract Records, EMI Records, Epic Records and Attack Attack Records, as well as seven video albums.

= = = Livin' It Up (Northern Uproar song) = = =

	"Livin' It Up" is the third single from the band, Northern Uproar, and is from their self-titled debut album. The single peaked at number 24 on the UK Singles Chart in 1996.

= = = Thiruvullakkavu Sree Dharma Sastha Temple = = =

	The Thuiruvullakkavu Sree Dharma Sastha Temple is a Hindu temple located in Cherpu of Thrissur district of Kerala. The deity is Lord Dharma Shastha in standing posture with arch and a bow. An enchanting shrine in the midst of a dense forest, a gusher of beneficent spirit-that was the temple of Thiruvullakkavu, centuries back. Lord Sastha, the presiding deity, as the divine protector of the whole village settlement, showered benediction on a cultured rave. He rode the boundaries of the settlement on His white charger; the pure, microcosmic soul. Full of devotion, the people reveled in the ineffable tenderness of Sastha. A peaceful refuge for the troubled soul that was Thiruvullakkavu.
	Kavu is a throbbing beehive of spiritual activities today. Thousands bring their children to this well constructed temple for the initiation into the excitement of knowledge. A child which starts on the alphabets at Kavu is sure to become a scholar, the devotees believe. An unending stream of devotees flow to this temple on Vijaya Dasami, the most auspicious morning of the year for those who seek academic excellence.
	Kavu is unique, Lord Sasta, the Thanthric texts assert, is a fiery deity, the divine Hunter who destroys the sinners and protects the virtuous. He is the personification of fierce, protective Love. But at Thiruvullakkavu, He blesses His children with enough wits to earn prosperity to the point of satiety. Later, they become wise enough to renounce it and seek the path of bliss. Verily, Thiruvullakkavu is THE ABODE OF WISDOM.

= = = Town (song) = = =

	"Town" is a song by Northern Uproar, released from their album "Northern Uproar". It reached number 48 on the UK Singles Chart in 1996.

= = = Gervan McMillan = = =

	David Gervan McMillan (26 February 1904 – 20 February 1951), known as Gervan McMillan, was a New Zealand politician of the Labour Party, and a medical practitioner.
	McMillan was born in 1904 in New Plymouth, the eldest child of Annie Gertrude Pearce and David McMillan, a dairy farmer near Stratford. He received his secondary education at Stratford Technical High School, where he was dux. With the help of the Taranaki Scholarship, he could afford to study medicine at the University of Otago, from where he graduated MB ChB in 1929. He was a medical practitioner, first practising in Kurow (1929–34) and then at 115 Highgate in Kaikorai, Dunedin (c.1935-36, after which the building was his electorate office to 1943, then again a medical practice after he had left parliament). The building was demolished after 1950 to make way for the Stuart Street extension.
	McMillan became involved with the Labour Party in 1923. In his view, good health extended beyond good medical support, but included educational, economic, and social factors.
	He represented the Dunedin West electorate from to 1943, when he retired. He was Minister of Marine (1940–1941) in the First Labour Government, and was responsible for much of the social security system introduced by Labour.
	In 1940 he ran for the position of Labour Party leader, being nominated by Arnold Nordmeyer, a friend from Kurow and a supporter of John A. Lee. Clyde Carr also ran, but the winner to replace Savage was his deputy, Peter Fraser.
	He was a Dunedin City Councillor for 1935–1938, 1938–1941, 1944–1947 and 1950–1951. He twice unsuccessfully stood for the Dunedin mayoralty; he was beaten by Andrew Henson Allen and Donald Charles Cameron in 1941 and 1944, respectively.
	McMillan died on 20 February 1951 at Dunedin from a heart disease. He was survived by his wife, Ethel McMillan, and their two sons. Two years after his death, his widow became a Member of Parliament for , also representing the Labour Party.

= = = Fridae = = =

	Fridae (in Chinese 匯樂) is a diversified media and services company that caters to the gay and lesbian community of Asia. Its strategy covers the Internet, Broadcasting, Publishing and Events.
	The name "Fridae" is inspired by "Man Friday" from Daniel Defoe's novel Robinson Crusoe.
	Its online presence is at the Fridae.Asia portal, offering news, city guides, opinion articles and personals. The site is currently published in English, Traditional Chinese and Simplified Chinese. It provides content, community and commerce to more than 400,000 consumers each month. "Perks" is a premium paid service.
	Since 1 April 2015, Fridae is owned and operated by DragonStack.
	Fridae has since released applications for both iOS and Android devices. Available to download for free on Apple app store and Play Store, the application uses geolocation which allows the user to browse other people in their close proximity.

= = = Dhamaal = = =

	Dhamaal (; English translation: "Fun") is a 2007 Indian comedy film directed by Indra Kumar and produced by Ashok Thakeria. The film stars Sanjay Dutt, Ritesh Deshmukh, Arshad Warsi, Aashish Chaudhary and Javed Jaffrey in the lead roles while Asrani, Sanjay Mishra, Vijay Raaz, Manoj Pahwa and Tiku Talsania are featured in supporting roles. It is heavily inspired from Rat Race which is a 2001 American comedy film directed by Jerry Zucker, and some scenes are shot-for-shot copies from other Mr. Bean Movies. It is the first installment of "Dhamaal film series". The film was remade on 2008 Kannada movie "Mast Maja Maadi".
	In 2011, the film spawned a sequel, under the title of "Double Dhamaal", with the lead cast reprising their roles.
	A third sequel, under the name "Total Dhamaal" was released in February 2019, with only Deshmukh, Warsi and Jaffrey returning with an entirely new cast and a fresh story, having no connections to "Dhamaal" and "Double Dhamaal."
	Four good-for-nothing friends - Roy (Ritesh Deshmukh), Adi (Arshad Warsi), Boman (Aashish Chaudhary), and Manav(Javed Jaffrey) - are kicked out of their house by their landlady (Suhasini Mulay) for not paying their rents. Desperate to earn money, they devise up a plan. Adi tells Manav to steal a painting from the house. They decide to sell it to the son of the late Businessman Dwiwedi. However, Manav accidentally picks up a blank painting not knowing the reality. They humorously sell the painting for Rs.20,000 to Dwiwedi. They then pick up the original painting with the intention to sell it to Mr. Aggarwal, not knowing that he has been murdered. The case is handled by Inspector Kulkarni (Murli Sharma). He learns that before Mr. Aggrawal was murdered, he was speaking on the phone to somebody and he mentioned the words "horse" and "grass." He interprets these words to be some code language. The four arrive at Agrawal's residence. Kulkarni demands to see the painting. Seeing the horse and grass on the painting, he immediately arrests them.
	On the highway, Kulkarni drops the four on the road after realizing that they are innocent. The four are overjoyed until they suddenly witness a car accident of Don Bose (Prem Chopra). He tells them that he has hidden a treasure of 10 crore in the St. Sebastian garden in Goa under a big 'W'. He tells them to divide the money equally among themselves and then dies. They come across Inspector Kabir Nayak (Sanjay Dutt) who has been trying to arrest Bose for the past ten years. He tries to extract information from the four but in vain, they escape from there and decide to travel to Goa. Desperate for his promotion, Kabir is determined to capture the four. All four friends steal Boman's car which belongs to his father Nari (Asrani), who loves his car more than his son and threw his son out after he damaged his car. The friends manage to steal their car but not before hitting Nari on the head and making him unconscious. Roy loses control of the car in a forest and hits it against a tree, breaking both headlights. They decide to spend the night in the car. The next day Kabir is transferred to Yavatmal for failing to capture Bose. Furious he walks towards his table where Nari is waiting for him to file a complaint against his son for stealing his car. He gives Kabir the photos of Boman and his car. Meanwhile, all four come across a broken bridge which is the only way through the forest. They decide to jump the car but Boman is reluctant to do so. They manage to jump the car on the other side but it blasts off.
	Kabir tracks the four down after discovering the destroyed car. He is able to learn the location of the treasure due to Manav's dumbness. He ties all four of them to a tree and sets off. However they manage to escape and it is revealed that Roy had actually cut the engine wires of Kabir's car so he must have not gone too far. They reach a dhabha and pretend to be detectives. They make the villagers believe that Kabir is a member of the Pasha gang and lures them to capture him for the reward would be Rs. 15 lakhs. Kabir defeats the villagers and he and the four arrive at a settlement - 60% would belong to the four and 40% would belong to Kabir. But Boman insists on having his money separately for damaging his car from the rest of the three. Consequently, a fight ensues and is decided that whoever reaches the treasure first would take all the money.
	All four part ways and try to reach Goa as soon as possible. Roy encounters a dacoit Babubhai (Sanjay Mishra) and agree to divide the money among themselves provided they reach Goa as soon as possible. Boman also encounters his father. Though Nari initially wants to kill his son, changes his mind after he learns about the ten crores. Adi and Manav travel together. Kabir nearly escapes death as he hangs off a cliff and is rescued by some school children whose school bus he stole. All of them go through a series of humorous adventures before reaching Goa. All of them except Kabir reach the garden at the same time. Finally Roy explains that it is useless finding the treasure alone and all agree to find the money together. They all search for the big 'W'. Manav is able to locate the Palm trees which make the shape of a 'W' when a crow defecates on Adi. But Kabir arrives there and tells them to divide the money against them to which all agree. They dig there and are able to find the money. But again a fight ensues over the payment for the damage of the car. All are enraged when Adi and Manav decide to pay the money as one unit but are separate units while taking money. The fight goes on during which Kabir takes all the money and runs. He tries to escape in a hot air balloon on a beach but finds it tied to a pole. He dives in an effort to cut the rope but is beaten up by the rest who pursue him. The balloon blows off shore and all are disheartened. Conditions change when the wind changes direction and the balloon again blows onshore. They follow the balloon in a towing van. The balloon clashes against a pole and the bag falls down. All of them try to collect as much money as they can when suddenly some spot lights focus on them and a crowd cheers loudly behind them. They are actually standing in stage where a function is being held by an organisation named 'Help Orphans'. Seeing the money everybody thinks they have come here to donate money. All of them get emotional and all decide to donate the money for the orphans. The film ends on a happy note conveying that the fate of the money was already decided. It never belonged to the four friends. They were just a medium which helped the money reach its true destination.
	The film's soundtrack is composed by Adnan Sami with lyrics penned by Sameer. The songs, "Dekho Dekho" and "Miss India Marthi Mujhpe", were both known as the title song, since the main chorus of both the songs included the title "Dhamaal".
	A sequel named "Double Dhamaal" was released in 2011. Third film of the franchise was named Total Dhamaal and released in 2019. Both the movies became huge box office hits.

= = = Fernando Delgadillo = = =

	Fernando Delgadillo (born in Naucalpan, Estado de México, México on December 7, 1965) is a Mexican musician and composer. He is considered a major representative of the Folk music genre in Mexico.
	In 1986, Delgadillo began performing in "El Sapo Cancionero", a venue in Mexico City popular with undiscovered folk singers. In 1988, he became a regular performer.
	In 1989, along with other musicians and writers, he created SEIMUS, or "Sociedad de Escritores y Músicos Urbanos Subterraneos" (Society of Underground Urban Musicians and Writers).
	In 1990, SEIMUS recorded a home-made cassette, and in the same year Delgadillo recorded another two, named "Fernando Delgadillo" and "La Cancion Informal" (Informal Song). in 1991 he recorded two more cassettes. In 1992, he recorded his first CD, "Con cierto aire a ti" (With a certain air of you). The words in this title also have a double-meaning in Spanish "Con cierto = With a certain; Concierto = concert".
	He continued to record a number of albums in the years that followed, and in 1997 he travelled to the Beijing International Television Festival, as the only Spanish-speaking singer, and some of his songs are translated into Chinese.
	Delgadillo was also invited to the "Youth Festival" in Cuba, and in 1998, he presented his first CD in front of a major audience in the Metropolitan Theater in Mexico City. Later on, he played alongside Cuban musician Silvio Rodríguez during his Mexican tour in the National Auditorium.
	Later on, he recorded a compilation of his work in Spain.
	Currently, he plays in major Mexican theatres on a regular basis.
	He mostly writes about everyday happenings, and has been often called the creator of an "informal" kind of songwriting. He is a master of metaphors and deals with topics such as nature, the longing of someone special, birthday gifts, popcorn fights, hot phone calls, etc. He specializes in describing the extraordinary out of something very ordinary.

= = = Srinkal = = =

	Srinkhal () is a collection of short stories in the Assamese language written by Bhabendra Nath Saikia. The author received the Sahitya Akademi award for the collection in 1976.
	The book contains 14 stories: 

= = = Dengeki Comics = = =


= = = Days of Twang = = =

	Days of Twang is an album by De-Phazz, released on 23 March 2007.

= = = Charles Blount (soldier) = = =

	Sir Charles Blount (1568–1600) was an English soldier during the Tudor period.
	Sir Charles was the son of Sir Michael Blount of Mapledurham House in Oxfordshire and his wife, Mary Moore. Charles and his cousin and namesake Lord Mountjoy (the latter already being Captain of the Town and Isle of Portsmouth) became Freemen of Portsmouth on 26 December 1593.
	Lord Mountjoy was a kinsman of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex both by blood and by marriage to his sister Penelope. This gained his cousin the Earl's patronage. Charles accompanied the Earl of Essex on a successful expedition to capture Cadiz in June 1596, after which he was knighted (probably one among the large number Essex knighted on board ship before returning to England - so many that the Queen complained), and to Ireland in 1599 (becoming "Coronell Governor" of Cahir Castle in Tipperary.
	He died in 1600 on the trip back to England, and was buried in St Thomas's Church, Portsmouth, now the city's cathedral, where his memorial may still be seen.

= = = Government Champhai College = = =

	The Government Champhai College, Champhai, Mizoram was established originally as a private college in 1971 by the philanthropists of Champhai town and neighboring villages. The founders objective was providing collegiate education to the students of this remote hilly tribal town near the international border of India with Myanmar.
	Champhai College was initially affiliated to Gauhati University, then to North Eastern Hill University in 1973. From 2 July 2001, upon the creation of the Mizoram University that came up in Aizawl, the affiliation was directly transferred to the new university. In 1978 the college attained the status of deficitgrants-in-aid College under Mizoram Government. The college started degree courses in science in 1997. The pre-university course that was introduced in 1995 has now been delinked and the institute has only under-graduate programmes. The college received UGC recognition under 2f and 12B in 1987.
	Champhai College has the following departments:
	Arts
	Computer Sciensce
	Sciensce 
	Commerce
	Champhai college also has facility to learn spoken Hindi, English and Burmese under RUSA scheme.
	Champhai College is accredited to Mizoram University. It has been given an accredition rating of B++ by NAAC.
	The college covers an area of 11.66 acres (34.94 bighas) of land, located at an elevation of about 4500 ft above mean sea level. The Chief Minister of Mizoram Pu Lalthanhawla recently inaugurated a Multipurpose Hall, Arts & Commerce building, Science & BCA building, Administrative & Library building, Boys Hostel, Guest House and Staff Quarters costing 9 crores.

= = = Ski complex = = =

	The Ski complex is a multi-protein complex involved in the 3' end degradation of messenger RNAs in yeast. The complex consists of three main proteins, the RNA helicase "Ski2" and the proteins "Ski3" and "Ski8". In yeast, the complex guides RNA molecules to the exosome complex for degradation via a fourth protein, called "Ski7", which contains a GTPase-like protein.

= = = Miguel Villalta = = =

	Miguel Ángel Villalta Hurtado (born June 16, 1981, in Cusco, Perú) is a Peruvian footballer who plays as a center back. He currently plays for José Gálvez in the Torneo Descentralizado.
	After playing in several district teams, Miguel Villalta played for Cienciano's youth team in 1997, playing as a midfielder. In 1999, Villalta debuted with Cienciano's first team, when Cieniano's current coach, Franco Navarro, put him in as a defender in a match against Unión Minas.
	In 2007, he suffered burns on the soles of his feet after playing on artificial turf or artificial pitch in blazing sun.
	Villalta has made 28 appearances for the Peru national football team.

= = = Zlatan Arnautović = = =

	Zlatan Arnautović (born 2 September 1956 in Prijedor, Bosnia and Herzegovina, then Yugoslavia) is a former Yugoslav handball player who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics and in the 1984 Summer Olympics.
	In 1980 he was a member of the Yugoslav handball team which finished sixth. He played all six matches as goalkeeper.
	Four years later he was part of the Yugoslav team which won the gold medal. He played all six matches as goalkeeper again.
 

= = = Women's rugby union = = =

	Women's rugby union is a sport identical to men's rugby union with the same rules, same sized pitch, and same equipment. However, it has a history which is significantly different, due to various social pressures, and the self-image of rugby union in general. As a result, this history has been largely hidden until comparatively recently, although the game is gaining a higher profile thanks to international tournaments and financial investment.
	The secretive nature of the early years of women's sport—and especially rugby union—ensures that we do not really know where it began. Public reaction to women playing contact sports could be disrespectful, or even violent. In 1881, when two teams played a number of exhibition "football" games in Scotland and northern England, several games had to be abandoned due to rioting in or around the grounds.
	While most of these games appear to have been played to the new Association Football rules, it is clear from reports in the "Liverpool Mercury" of 27 June 1881 that at least one of these games, played at the Cattle Market Inn Athletic Grounds, Stanley, Liverpool on the 25th, involved scoring goals following "touchdowns" and may therefore have been played to at least a version of rugby rules.
	Whether this was the case is unknown. However, a series of sporting cigarette cards, published 1895 in the Liverpool, includes an image of a woman apparently playing what looks like rugby in kit very similar to that described in reports of the 1881 team (see left). It is therefore possible that these "exhibition" games similar to those in 1881 may have continued (with no press reporting) or the pictures may have been reprints for earlier illustrations inspired by the 1881 games, or they may just be an "amusing" cartoon or an illustration of a sport that was not actually being played. Again no further details are available.
	Other than this the official record is silent for most of the nineteenth century. Some girls played the game unofficially as part of their school teams—and the earliest confirmed record of any female definitely playing rugby at any level anywhere in the world comes from a school game.
	This happened at Portora Royal School in Enniskillen, Northern Ireland. Emily Valentine's brothers were responsible for the formation of the school's first rugby team in c1884. Emily practised with the team and in c1887 she played for the school, scoring a try.
	The first documented evidence of an attempt to form a purely women's team is from 1891 when a tour of New Zealand by a team of female rugby players was cancelled due to a public outcry.
	There are also early reports of women's rugby union being played in France (1903) and England (1913) but in both cases the game was largely behind closed doors.
	During the First World War some women's charity games were organised, the most well documented taking place at Cardiff Arms Park on 16 December 1917, when Cardiff Ladies beat Newport Ladies 6–0. Maria Eley played full-back for Cardiff and went on to become probably the oldest women's rugby player before she died in Cardiff in 2007 at the age of 106. The Cardiff team (who all worked for Hancocks a local brewery) all wore protective headgear, which predates their male counterparts by some decades.
	In Sydney in 1921, two women's teams played a game of rugby league in front a crowd of 30,000—a photograph appeared in "The Times" in 1922—but pressure from authorities ensured that they did not play again. Throughout the 1920s a popular form of women's football game very similar to rugby called "barette" was played across France. The game had only minor differences to the full game (games were 10-a-side and had some minor restrictions on tackling) and there were national championships throughout the decade. It received support from several male rugby players and film also exists of a game being played in 1928. Both barette and the full game of rugby featured in several newspaper cartoons and many photographs exist. For reasons unknown the game appears to fade away in the 1930s.
	In 1930 a women's league playing the full game was formed in Australia, in the New South Wales areas of Tamworth and Armidale, which ran until halted by World War Two. Photographs of women's teams also exist from New Zealand from the same period and during the war Maori women took up the game. After the war in 1956 The "Belles of St Mary’s"—an Australian women's rugby league team—played games in New South Wales—but even as late as the 1960s Women's rugby was banned in Samoa.
	The 1960s was the decade in which the game finally began to put down roots, initially in the universities of Western Europe. In 1962 the first recorded UK women's rugby union team appears at Edinburgh University, in 1963 female students participate in matches against male students in London, and in 1965 university sides are being formed in France.
	As the pioneering students left university an adult game began to evolve. Initially (1966) this tended to be confined to charity matches between male and female teams (especially at Worthing RFC, England), though the UK's "Daily Herald" newspaper includes photographs of girls' teams training in Thornhill, near Dewsbury in Yorkshire in 1965, and at Tadley in Hampshire in 1966—and appealing for fixtures. It is not recorded whether these teams did arrange any games, and so it is not until 1 May 1968 that the first fully documented and recorded women's club match takes place, in France, at Toulouse Fémina Sports in front of "thousands of spectators". The success of the event lead to the formation of the first national association for women's rugby union—the "Association Francaise de Rugby Feminin" (AFRF) at Toulouse, in 1970.
	1970 also saw the first reports of women's rugby union in Canada, and by 1972 four universities in the United States were playing the game: University of Colorado, Colorado State University, the University of Illinois and the University of Missouri. By 1975 university students at Wageningen in the Netherlands were playing, and in the same year clubs appeared in Spain (Arquitectura in Madrid and Osas in Barcelona). The first non-university clubs formed in 1978 in Canada and Netherlands, and in Italy (Milan) a year later.
	By 1980 there were club championships in the United States and Sweden, and provincial championships in New Zealand. The game first appeared in Japan in 1981 and in February 1982 University College, London's women's team went on a tour to France playing, amongst other teams, Pontoise—the first recorded overseas tour by a UK team (and possibly the first international tour by any team). A few months later on 13 June 1982 the first women's international—Netherlands 0, France 4—took place at Utrecht (see Women's international rugby union for more details on the history of the international game).
	In the UK 1983 saw the Women's Rugby Football Union (WRFU) formed to govern the game across the British Isles. Founder member clubs are: Leicester Polytechnic, Sheffield University, University College London, University of Keele, Warwick University, Imperial College, Leeds University, Magor Maidens, York University and Loughborough University.
	The game began to be organised on a more formal basis elsewhere, including:
	1990 also saw the first international tournament—"RugbyFest" held in Christchurch, New Zealand. As well as a variety of club sides, including teams from Japan (but not the Japanese national team), were four "national" teams—USA, New Zealand, USSR, and the Netherlands—who played a round-robin tournament. The winner was New Zealand, who then played—and beat—a combined "World XV".
	"Rugbyfest 1990" pointed the way to the next big leap forward—the first women's rugby world cup, which took place in Wales the following year. Timed to coincide with the second men's world cup being held in England it did not meet with official approval from World Rugby (then known as the International Rugby Football Board), a decision which threatened the competition and was a factor in the New Zealand RFU not supporting their entry. However, this did not stop the New Zealanders from taking part—nor Wales, the United States, England, France, Canada, Sweden, USSR, Japan, Spain, Italy, and the Netherlands.
	The competition was run on a shoestring. Russian players sold souvenirs before and during matches to raise funds to cover their expenses, while four England administrators re-mortgaged their houses to cover the expenses of attending the competition. But after fifteen matches the first world champions were crowned—the United States, who beat England in the final. Despite the lack of support from the men's game, and very little media coverage, the competition had been a success, and the women's game continued to grow.
	In 1994 a second world cup was awarded to the Netherlands, but constant prevarication by the IRFB about whether they would (or would not) give the tournament official status caused huge problems for the hosts. Without IRFB support there was a fear that many unions would not send teams which would threaten the tournament (and even the Dutch union's) viability. In fact the IRFB went so far as to threaten sanctions against any unions did take part—thus ensuring that New Zealand, Sweden and Germany withdrew. Faced with this the risk of major losses was as too great and the Dutch withdrew both as hosts and participants with barely weeks to go.
	It was Scotland who stepped in to save the event with only 90 days to organise it. The second world cup was in the end a purely northern hemisphere affair with 11 remaining teams (consisting of the four home nations, France, the United States, Japan, Sweden, Russia, Canada and Kazakhstan) joined by a Scottish Students XV. The final was a repeat of 1991, but with this time England overcoming the United States 38–23, the final being played at Raeburn Place, Edinburgh. Despite everything, the tournament had been a success, and the game continued to grow.
	In 1996 the IRFB established a Women's Advisory Committee which produced a five-year development plan for the game. One of its main targets was a 100% increase in player numbers by 2001. Elsewhere in the world...
	Widespread acceptance of the game led to women's versions of other major rugby union tournaments (the women's Five Nations begins in 1999), and growing numbers of headlines. In 2000 the Irish WRFU affiliated fully with the IRFU—but there were still set-backs. In 2002 the Australian RFU dropped support for the women's team's entry to the World Cup. The decision was seen as a factor in IOC rejection of rugby as an Olympic sport, and was reversed two years later.
	But this was unusual. Women's teams were now being accepted on the main stage. In 2002 Scotland played their first women's match at Murrayfield and in 2003 England staged the first women's international at Twickenham.
	In 2006 the RFU devoted the rugby museum's main annual exhibition to the history of women's rugby—"Women's Rugby—A Work in Progress", and the same year saw the Women's Rugby World Cup broadcast live on the internet.
	The growth in popularity among women attracted women in both developed and emerging nations, being the fastest growing sport in the world. The participation rates in both rugby sevens and rugby unions (with 15 players) has close to 500,000 new players joining every year globally. According to World Rugby, women's rugby is growing faster (if not as fast) as men's rugby and it is estimated that by 2026 40% of the total number of rugby players will be female. The game remains an amateur, minority sport—but a fast-growing one played in over 80 countries worldwide. Cost and player numbers mean that, in many of these nations, sevens tends to dominate, but 15-a-side championships have now been established in all regions.
	The highest profile women's rugby tournament is the Rugby World Cup, historically known as the Women's Rugby World Cup. The women's World Cup began in 1991, and has generally been played every four years. The most recent World Cup was held in Ireland in 2017, where New Zealand were the winners. In 2019, World Rugby announced that sex/gender designations would officially be removed from the title of the World Cup; the first tournament affected by this policy will be the next women's World Cup in 2021, to be hosted by New Zealand.
	The most successful nations in the World Cup have been New Zealand, which has won it five times, and England, which has reached the final seven times.
	The primary annual global competition for women's rugby sevens is the World Rugby Women's World Series. The Women's Series was launched in the 2012-13 season. It features 4-6 tournaments each year.
	Women's rugby sevens at the Hong Kong Sevens has been dominated by New Zealand, with either the New Zealand team (1999–2001) or the Aotearoa Maori team (playing as New Zealand) winning the annual tournament from 1997 until 2007. The United States won the Hong Kong Sevens in 2008 by defeating Canada in the final (New Zealand failed to send a team).
	The inaugural Women's Rugby World Cup Sevens tournament took place in Dubai together with the men's tournament in 2009. Australia defeated New Zealand 15–10 in extra-time to become the first to win the Women's Rugby World Cup.
	Women's rugby sevens was included in World Rugby's successful bid to reintroduce rugby to the Olympics in 2016. At the 2016 Olympics, Australia defeated New Zealand in the final to win the gold medal.
	Women's rugby sevens has also been added to several regional multi-sport tournaments, including the Pan American Games in 2015 and the Commonwealth Games in 2018.

= = = Baker High School (Oregon) = = =

	Baker High School (BHS) is a public high school in Baker City, Oregon, United States. It is part of the Baker School District 5J.
	In 1889, Baker City built a school housing 12 grades, the second public high school in Oregon. In 1989, the school was mostly destroyed in a fire, although no one was hurt. A new building was completed in 1991.
	The boys' basketball team won the 4A State Championship in 2007. The varsity football team won state championships in 2010 and 2012.
	Bel Canto Choir received first place in the State Choir Championship 3A and 4A in 2006, 2007, and 2008.

= = = Jovica Elezović = = =

	Jovica Elezović (, born March 2, 1956 in Vrbas) is a former Yugoslav handball player who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics and in the 1984 Summer Olympics.
	In 1980 he was a member of the Yugoslav handball team which finished sixth. He played four matches and scored five goals.
	Four years later he was part of the Yugoslav team which won the gold medal. He played all six matches and scored ten goals.

= = = Dk4 = = =

	dk4 is a Danish television channel operated by Tritel.
	The channel was launched in 1993. It got a lot of attention from several politicians, because it had live transmissions of the debates in the Folketing.
	From 2004-2006 it had a sister channel 4Sport, but because of hard competition it closed again.
	Today the channel shows old Danish movies from the 1930s and 1940s, speedway, basketball and programs about camping. 60% of the Danish population can see the channel.
	Former Minister of Health Torben Lund is the director of the channel.

= = = Michael Whelan (poet) = = =

	Michael Whelan, "the Poet of Renous", was born in 1858 in Renous, New Brunswick. He worked as a school teacher, and as a book-keeper for a local mill. He is, however, best known for his poetry celebrating the Miramichi, including the famous Dungarvon Whooper. He died at Chatham, New Brunswick (now Miramichi, New Brunswick) in 1937.

= = = TRAMP complex = = =

	TRAMP complex (Trf4/Air2/Mtr4p Polyadenylation complex) is a multiprotein, heterotrimeric complex having distributive polyadenylation activity and identifies wide varieties of RNAs produced by polymerases.It was originally discovered in "Saccharomyces" "cerevisiae" by LaCava et al., Vanacova et al. and Wyers et al. in 2005.
	It interacts with the exosome complex in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and is involved in the 3' end processing and degradation of ribosomal RNA and snoRNAs. The TRAMP complex trims the poly(A) tails of RNAs destined for Rrp6 and the core exosome down to 4-5 adenosines assisting in transcript recognition and exosome complex activation. The substrate specificity of exosomes is improved in the presence of TRAMP complex as it acts as a crucial cofactor and helps in maintaining various activities.
	In this way, TRAMP plays a critical role in ridding the cell of noncoding transcripts generated through pervasive RNA polymerase II transcription, as well as functioning in the biogenesis and turnover of functional coding and noncoding RNAs.
	TRAMP complex also affects various other RNA processes either directly or indirectly. It is involved in RNA export, Splicing, hetero-chromatic gene silencing and helps in maintaining stability of genome.
	Pol(A) Polymerases showed various genetic interactions with DNA Topoisomerases Top1p and hence they were called topoisomerase-related function Trf4p and Trf5p due to this interaction with DNA it has an important part in genomic stability. In the cell Trf4p is in higher concentration as compared to Trf5p and also has a stronger effect on the phenotype. Trf4p is present throughout the nucleus while Trf5p is mainly found mainly in nucleolus. The Trf4p structure consists of a central domain and a catalytic domain which is similar to the structure of canonical polymerases.
	The non-canonical Poly(A) polymerases (Trf4p or Trf5p) of the TRAMP complex which belong to the Cid1 family do not contain RNA recognition motif (RRM) therefore additional proteins like Air1/Air2 are required by the non-canonical polymerases for polyadenylation.
	The zinc knuckle proteins Air1p/Air2p (Arginine methyltransferase-interacting RING-finger protein) are mainly involved in the binding of RNAs. There are five CCHC (C stands for Cysteine and H stands for Histidine) zinc knuckle motifs which are present in between the C and N terminals.
	In Air2p proteins, the fourth and fifth zinc knuckle have different roles. The fourth zinc knuckle have a role in RNA binding while the fifth knuckle is important for protein-protein interactions. Air2p interacts with the central domain of Trf4p and polyadenylation activity of Trf4p is dependent on this interaction as deletion or mutation of the knuckles hinders the polyadenylation activity. Air1p is responsible for inhibiting methylation of Npl3p (a protein which is responsible mRNA export). Air1p/Air2p also direct abnormal mRNPs to TRAMP pathway and bring about their degradation.
	The Ski2 like helicase Mtr4p was discovered during the screening of heat resistant mutants that gather Poly(A) RNA in the nucleus and is mainly involved in unwinding activity. Mtr4p (also called as Dob1p) is an SF2 helicase and belongs to DExH-box RNA helicases family consisting of two RecA like domains. It also consists of WH domain (Winged Helix domain), an Arch domain (also called as stalk and KOW domain [Kyprides, Ouzounis, Woese domain]) and helical bundle domain. The packing of the WH and helical bundle domains on surface of the helicase core results in the formation of a channel for ssRNA.
	Mtr4p requires ATP or dATP hydrolysis for RNA duplex unwinding mediaited by Q-motif. A single-stranded region 3' to the paired region is also essential for the unwinding activity of Mtr4p. Through direct contact with various components of exosome, Mtr4p helps in proper addition of RNA substrates of TRAMP complex to nuclear exosome.
	The difference between non-canonical and canonical Poly(A) Polymerases is that canonical polymerases help in maintaining mRNAs and its activity is regulated by a specific sequence in the mRNA while polyadenylation of non-canonical polymerases uses a different regulated sequence in the RNA and specifies RNAs for degeneration or processing. Canonical polymerases belong to DNA polymerase β superfamily whereas non-canonical polymerases belong to Cid1 family, another main difference is the length of the poly(A) tail; canonical polymerases can add many adenylates thus the RNA produced has longer poly(A) tails while non-canonical polymerases on the other hand can produce RNAs with shorter length of poly(A) tails as they can add only few adenylates.
	The TRAMP complex brings about degradation or processing of various RNAs with the help of 3’->5’ exonuclease complex called the exosome. A hexameric ring of RNase PH (Pleckstrin Homology) domain proteins, Rrp41p, Rrp42p, Rrp43p, Rrp45p, Rrp46p and Mtr3p comprises the exosome of "S. cerevisiae". The exosome can bring about RNA degradation more efficiently in the presence of Rrp6p with the help of TRAMP complex invitro. Also, RNA degradation is enhanced in the presence of various exosome cofactors which are recruited co-transcriptionally.
	The Ski complex consisting of Ski2p, Ski3p, Ski8p is required by cytoplasmic exosome for all mRNA degradation pathways. The cytoplasmic exosome along with the Ski7p protein attaches to various abnormal ribosomes and mRNAs and brings about their degradation.
	All the components of the TRAMP complex are inter-related to each other. For the activity of Poly(A) polymerases likeTrf4p/Trf5p, zinc knuckle proteins are essential. In similar way RNA degradation brought about by exosomes is stimulated by unwinding activity of Ski2 like helicases and Mtr4p which acts as a cofactor. The unwinding activity of Mtr4p is improved by the Trf4p/Air2p in the TRAMP complex. Mtr4p also has an important role in maintaining and controlling the length of Poly(A) tails. But destruction or absence of Mtr4p results in hyperadenylation and hinders the length of Poly(A) tails.
	A complex formed between Trf5p, Air1p and Mtr4p is called as TRAMP5 complex. In "S. cerevisiae" there are two types of TRAMP complexes depending on the presence of polymerases. If Trf4p is present, then the complex is called as TRAMP4 and if Trf5p is present then It is called as TRAMP5.
	RNAs produced by all three polymerases (Pol I, II, III) act as substrates for TRAMP complex. TRAMP complex is involved in processing and surveillance of various RNAs and degrade abnormal RNAs. Different type of RNA substrates include ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), transfer RNAs (tRNAs), small nuclear RNAs(snRNAs), Long transcripts of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) etc. But the mechanism by which TRAMP complex identifies various substrates is unknown.
	The TRAMP complex works more efficiently in RNA processing by engaging Exosome complex exonuclease RrP6 wherein Nab3(RNA binding protein) plays a crucial role.
	Post-transcriptional modifications due to various enzymes like methyltransferase Hmt1p (Rmt1p) may have an indirect effect on chromatin maintenance. The chromatin structures are affected when RNA substrates of TRAMP complex are transcribed across the genome. Various TRAMP components interact physically and genetically with various proteins and bring about changes in chromatin and DNA metabolism.
	Components of the TRAMP complex in "Saccharomyces cerevisiae" are conserved in other organisms ranging from yeast to mammals.The TRAMP complex components of "Schizosaccharomyces pombe" including Cid14p, Air1p, and Mtr4p are functionally similar to the components of TRAMP complex in "S. cerevisiae".
	The TRAMP complex in humans consists of various components including the helicase hMtr4p, a non-canonical poly(A) polymerase hPAPD (PAP-associated domain-containing) 5 or hPAPD7, and a Zinc knuckle protein hZCCHC7, RNA binding protein hRbm7p.

= = = Wright Model C = = =

	The Wright Model C "Speed Scout" was an early military aircraft produced in the United States and which first flew in 1912. It was a development of the Model B but was specifically designed to offer the Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps a long-range scouting aircraft.
	It featured a more powerful engine over the Wright B, and an endurance of around four hours. Still a two-seater, it added a complete second set of controls, meaning that either crew member could operate the aircraft. On some, the lever controls were replaced with two wheels mounted on a single yoke. Aerodynamically, the small finlets ("blinkers" in the Wrights' terminology) that had been used on the Model B's undercarriage were replaced by two vertical vanes attached to the forward end of the skids.
	The aircraft had a short service life, from 1912 to 1914, because of a series of fatal crashes that destroyed six of the eight aircraft manufactured for the Army.
	The increase in power was to meet Army specifications that the aircraft have a rate of climb of 200 feet per minute (1 m/s), a fuel capacity for a four-hour flight, and carry a weight of 450 pounds including crew. Its simplified twin-lever control system was confusing to operate and proved difficult for novice pilots to master, while the plane itself was tail heavy and unstable.
	Seven Model Cs were used by the Aeronautical Division: S.C. 10-14, S.C. 16, and S.C. 5, a Burgess Model F rebuilt to Wright C standards. Five new Wright Scouts were delivered to the Aviation School at College Park, Maryland; one to the provisional 1st Aero Squadron at Texas City, Texas; and the last shipped to the Philippines. An eighth Aircraft (S.C. 18), a Burgess Model J delivered in January 1913, was a Wright C built under license by the Burgess Company and Curtis.
	The aircraft were delivered between May 1912 and January 1913 and were subject to approval of ten flight tests by the Army before acceptance. The first delivered, to have been S.C. 10, crashed during its climbing test on June 11, 1912, killing Wright Company pilot Arthur L. Welsh and Lt. Leighton W. Hazlehurst, and was replaced in October by another Wright C, itself destroyed in the last fatal crash on February 8, 1914. The crash involving Welsh was found by the Army's board of inquiry to have been pilot error by Welsh, who had intentionally placed the aircraft 45 degrees nose down prior to the test to build momentum. Deliveries of the plane continued, although the statement of one eyewitness led to speculation that the elevator had not responded to inputs to pull out of the dive.
	The Model Cs quickly earned an unenviable reputation when six of the eight passing their acceptance flights crashed between July 8, 1913, and February 9, 1914, with all but one of the crashes involving fatalities. The fifth crash on November 24, 1913 killed the Army's chief instructor and a new pilot. As a result, the Wright Company factory manager, Grover Loening, concluded that the Wright C was flawed by a design defect. Orville Wright disagreed, maintaining that pilot error was to blame, specifically unfamiliarity with the more powerful engine. He theorized that pilots stalled the aircraft by applying full power that in level flight made angle of attack critical. He proposed that full power be used only to climb and invented an angle-of-incidence indicator sensitive enough to warn a pilot that his climb or dive was too steep. He also completed work on an autopilot which he patented in October 1913, and successfully demonstrated in December, but a gyroscope-operated autopilot patented by Lawrence Sperry proved more immediately practical and became standard.
	The final crash resulted in grounding of the two surviving Model C's on February 16, 1914. An Army board of investigation concluded that the elevator was "too weak" and that the Model C itself was "dynamically unsuited for flying," despite testimony from Wright's chief instructor that poor maintenance played a key role in the fatalities. The Aeronautical Division hired Loening as an engineer to review the airworthiness of its airplanes, and use of S.C.s No. 16 (which had a less powerful Model B engine) and No. 5 (a Burgess F rebuilt to Model C configuration), permanently discontinued on February 24, 1914, when on Loening's recommendation the Army de-commissioned all seven of its remaining "pusher" airplanes as a matter of policy.

= = = François-Xavier Brunet = = =

	François-Xavier Brunet (November 27, 1868 – January 7, 1922) was a Canadian Roman Catholic priest and bishop of Mont-Laurier, Quebec.
	Baptized in the parish of Saint-André-d'Argenteuil, Quebec, he moved to Ottawa in 1873. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1890 from the College of Ottawa. He then decided to become a priest and studied theology at the Grand Séminaire d'Ottawa.
	Brunet was consecrated by Archbishop Joseph-Thomas Duhamel of Ottawa in 1893. In 1913, he was appointed the first bishop of the new diocese of Mont-Laurier, which was created from parts of the Archdiocese of Montréal and the Archdiocese of Ottawa.
	He died in Montreal in 1922.

= = = Sustainable fashion = = =

	Sustainable fashion is a movement and process of fostering change to fashion products and the fashion system towards greater ecological integrity and social justice. Sustainable fashion concerns more than addressing fashion textiles or products. It comprises addressing the whole system of fashion. This means dealing with interdependent social, cultural, ecological and financial systems. It also means considering fashion from the perspective of many stakeholders - users and producers, all living species, contemporary and future dwellers on earth. Sustainable fashion therefore belongs to, and is the responsibility of citizens, public sector and private sector. A key example of the need for systems thinking in fashion is that the benefits of product-level initiatives, such as replacing one fiber type for a less environmentally harmful option is eaten up by increasing volumes of fashion products. An adjacent term to sustainable fashion is eco fashion.
	The origins of the sustainable fashion movement are intertwined with those of the modern environmental movement, of which it is a part, and specifically the publication in 1962 of the book "Silent Spring" by American biologist Rachel Carson. Carson's book exposed the serious and widespread pollution associated with the use of agricultural chemicals, a theme that is still important in the debate around the environmental and social impact of fashion today. The decades which followed saw the impact of human actions on the environment to be more systematically investigated, including the effects of industrial activity, and to new concepts for mitigating these effects, notably sustainable development, a term coined in 1987 by the Brundtland Report.
	In the early 1990s and roughly coinciding with the United Nations conference on Environment and Development in 1992, popularly known as the Rio Earth Summit, 'green issues' (as they were called at the time) made their way into fashion and textiles publications. Typically these publications featured the work of well-known companies such as Patagonia and ESPRIT, who in the late 1980s brought environmental concerns into their businesses. The owners of those companies at that time, Yvon Chouinard and Doug Tompkins, were outdoorsmen and witnessed the environment being harmed by over production and over consumption of material goods. They commissioned research into the impacts of fibers used in their companies. For Patagonia, this resulted in a lifecycle assessment for four fibers, cotton, wool, nylon and polyester. For ESPRIT the focus was on cotton—and finding better alternatives to it—which represented 90% of their business at that time. Interestingly, a similar focus on materials impact and selection is still the norm in the sustainable fashion thirty years on.
	The principles of 'green' or 'eco' fashion, as put forward by these two companies, was based on the philosophy of the deep ecologists Arne Næss, Fritjof Capra, and Ernest Callenbach, and design theorist Victor Papanek. This imperative is also reliant on feminist understanding of human-nature relationships, interconnectedness and “ethics of care” as advocated by Carolyn Merchant, Suzi Gablik, Vandana Shiva, and Carol Gilligan. The legacy of the early work of Patagonia and ESPRIT continues to shape the fashion industry agenda around sustainability today. They co-funded the first organic cotton conference held in 1991 in Visalia, California. And in 1992, the ESPRIT ecollection, developed by head designer Lynda Grose, was launched at retail and it was based on the Eco Audit Guide, published by the Elmwood Institute. Throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, the movement in sustainable fashion broadened to include many brands. Though the primary focus has remained on improving the impacts of products through fiber and fabric processing and material provenance, Doug Tompkins and Yvon Chouinard were early to note the fundamental cause of unsustainability: exponential growth and consumption. ESPRIT placed an ad in "Utne Reader" in 1990 making a plea for responsible consumption. In 2011 the brand Patagonia ran an ad and a PR campaign "Don't buy this jacket" with a picture of Patagonia merchandise. This message was intended to encourage people to consider the effect that consumption has on the environment, and to purchase only what they need.
	In parallel with the industry agenda, a research agenda around sustainable fashion has been in development since the early 1990s, with the field now having its own history, dynamics, politics, practices, sub-movements and evolution of analytical and critical language. The field is broad in scope and includes technical projects that seek to improve the resource efficiency of existing operations, the work of brands and designers to work within current priorities as well as those which look to fundamentally reimagine the fashion system differently, including the growth logic. In 2019, a group of researchers formed the Union for Concerned Researchers in Fashion to advocate for radical and co-ordinated research activity commensurate with the challenges of biodiversity loss and climate change. In the fall of 2019, the UCRF received the North Star Award at the Green Carpet Fashion Awards, an organization focused on the promotion of sustainability in the fashion industry. As a non-profit organization focused on instigating debate and disseminating scholarly research, the UCRF believes that responses from the fashion industry regarding today's climate crisis has been oversimplified or obstructed by limited business models. According to one of the founders, the UCRF hopes that the award helps bring light to the issues that continually plague the fashion industry. 
	The fashion industry has a clear opportunity to act differently, pursuing profit and growth while also creating new value and deeper wealth for society and therefore for the world economy. It comes with an urgent need to place environmental, social, and ethical improvements on management's agenda. The goal of sustainable fashion is to create flourishing ecosystems and communities through its activity. This may include: increasing the value of local production and products; prolonging the lifecycle of materials; increasing the value of timeless garments; reducing the amount of waste; and to reducing the harm to the environment created as a result of production and consumption. Another of its aims can sometimes be seen to educate people to practice environmentally friendly consumption by promoting the "green consumer".
	There is however a growing concern that "green consumerism" that takes profit and economic growth as objectives can deliver the sustainable agenda needed to mitigate and reverse the pollution, labor exploitation and inequalities fashion industry promotes and profits from. This became apparent in the discussions following the Burberry report of the brand burning unsold goods worth around £28.6m (about $37.8 million) in 2018, exposing not only overproduction and subsequent destruction of unsold stock as a normal business practice, but the behaviours amongst brands that actively undermine a sustainable fashion agenda.
	The challenge for making fashion more sustainable requires to rethink the whole system. The Union of Concerned Researchers in Fashion has argued that the industry is still discussing the same ideas as were originally mooted in the late 1980s and early 1990s. When taking the long view and examining fashion and sustainability progress since the 1990s, there are few actual advances in ecological terms. As the Union observes, "So far, the mission of sustainable fashion has been an utter failure and all small and incremental changes have been drowned by an explosive economy of extraction, consumption, waste and continuous labour abuse." 
	A frequently asked question of those working in the area of sustainable fashion is whether the field itself is an oxymoron. This reflects the seemingly irreconcilable possibility of bringing together fashion (understood as constant change, and tied to business models based on continuous replacement of goods) and sustainability (understood as continuity and resourcefulness). The apparent paradox dissolves if fashion is seen more broadly, not only as a process aligned to expansionist business models, and consumption of new clothing, but instead as mechanism that leads to more engaged ways of living on a precious and changing earth.
	Fashion is, per definition, a phenomenon related to time: a popular expression in a certain time and context. This also affects the perception of what is and should be made more sustainable - if fashion should be "fast" or "slow" - or if it should be more exclusive or inclusive. Like much other design, the objects of fashion exist in the interzone between desire and discard along a temporal axis, between the shimmering urge towards life and the thermodynamic fate of death. As noted by cultural theorist Brian Thill, "waste is every object, plus time."
	When it comes down to the garments themselves, their durability depends on their use and "metabolism" - certain garments are made to withstand long use (ex. outdoor and hiking wear, winter jackets) whereas other garments have a quicker turn-around (ex. a party top). This means some garments have properties and a use-life that could be made more durable, whereas others should be compostable or recyclable for quicker disintegration. Some garments age well and acquire patina and a romantic enchantment not unlike the wonder, fascination and grandeur of historical ruins, whereas the derelict and discarded rags of last season is an eyesore and nuisance; the first connotes a majesty of taste, whereas the second is the underclass of waste.
	One of the most apparent reasons for the current unsustainable condition of the fashion system is related to the temporal aspects of fashion; the continuous stream of new goods onto the market, or what is popularly called "fast fashion." The term has come to signify cheap, accessible and on-trend clothes, sourced through global production chains and sold through chains such as H&M, Zara, Forever21, etc. The 2012 book "Overdressed: The Shockingly High Cost of Cheap Fashion" by journalist Elizabeth L. Cline gives a clear introduction to the rise of disposable consumption of fashion and its impacts on the planet, the economy and consumer relationships with clothing.
	However, the "fast" aspect of consumption is primarily a problem to the environment when done on a massive scale. As long as fast conspicuous consumption was reserved to the rich, the global impact was not reaching public attention or seen as a problem. That is, "fast" shopping sprees of haute couture is not seen as a problem, rather it is celebrated (for example in movies such as Pretty Woman), whereas when people with less means shop fast fashion it is seen as unethical and a problem. Today, the speed of fast fashion is common across the whole industry as exclusive fashion replicates the fast fashion chains with continuous releases of collections and product drops: the quality of a garment does not necessarily translate to a slower pace of consumption and waste.
	Slow fashion can be seen as an alternative approach against fast fashion, based on principles of the slow food movement. Characteristics of sustainable fashion match the philosophies of "slow fashion" in that emotional, ecological and ethical qualities are favored over uniform and bland convenience with minimal friction. It requires a changed infrastructure and a reduced through-put of goods. Categorically, slow fashion is neither business-as-usual nor just involving design classics. Nor is it production-as-usual but with long lead times. Slow fashion is a vision of the fashion sector built from a different starting point. Slow fashion is a fashion concept that reflects a perspective, which respects human living conditions, biological, cultural diversity and scarce global resources and creates unique, personalized products.
	Slow fashion often consists of durable products, traditional production techniques or design concepts that are season-less. The impact of slowness aims to affect many points of the production chain. For workers in the textile industry in developing countries, slow fashion means higher wages. For end-users, slow fashion means that the goods are designed and manufactured with greater care and high quality products. From an environmental point of view, it means that there is less clothing and industrial waste that are removed from use following transient trends in slow fashion. New ideas and product innovations are constantly redefining slow fashion, so using a static, single definition would ignore the evolving nature of the concept.
	Examples of stability of expression over long times are abundant in the history of dress, not least in ethnic or folk dress, ritual or coronation robes, clerical dress, or the uniforms of the Vatican Guard. The emphasis on slowness in branding is thus an approach that is specific for a niche in the market (such as Western educated middle-class) that has since the 1990s become dominated by "fast" models. One of the earliest brands that gained global fame with an explicit focus on slow fashion, the UK brand People Tree, embraces the concept of ethical trade, manufactures all products in accordance with ethical commerce standards and supports local producers and craftsmen in developing countries. The People Tree brand is known as the first brand in the world that received the Ethical Trade Brand award, which was given in 2013. In addition to adopting ethical trade, the brand also prefers to use nature-friendly materials, textile products with GOTS certification and local, natural, recyclable material.
	The concept of slow fashion is however not without its controversies, as the imperative of slowness is a mandate emerging from a position of privilege. To stop consuming "fast fashion" strikes against low income consumers whose only means to access trends is through cheap and accessible goods. Those who are already having a high position in society can afford to slow down and cement their status and position, while those on their way up resent being told to stay at the lower rungs of the status hierarchy. Another obstacle that the "slow fashion" paradigm is facing is related to consumers' behaviour towards the consumption of fashion and specifically clothing . In fact, sustainability conscious consumers, that usually take into account social and environmental implications of their purchases, may experience an attitude-behaviour gap preventing them to change their consumptions habits when it comes to choose ethical clothing. Purchasing fashion is still perceived as an action connected to social status and it is still strongly emotionally driven.
	The environmental impact of fashion also depends on how much and how long a garment is used. Typically, a garment used daily over years has less impact than a garment used once to then be quickly discarded. Studies have shown that the washing and drying process for pair of classic jeans is responsible for almost two-thirds of the energy consumed through the whole of the jeans' life, and for underwear about 80% of total energy use comes from laundry processes. Thus, use and wear practices affect the lifecycles of garments and needs to be addressed for larger systemic impact.
	However, there is a significant difference between making a product last from making a long-lasting product. The quality of the product must reflect the appropriate fit into its lifecycle. Certain garments of quality can be repaired and cultivated with emotional durability. Low-quality products that deteriorate rapidly are not as suitable to be "enchanted" with emotional bonds between user and product.
	Sustainability is significant for fashion, because the textiles and fashion industry is among the leading industries that affect the environment negatively. One of the industries that jeopardizes sustainability is the textiles and fashion industry, which also bears great responsibilities. The clothing industry has an impact on the environment. Globalization, consumerism, and recycling are all a part of a clothing life cycle. Globalization has made it possible to produce clothing at increasingly lower prices, prices so low that many consumers consider this clothing to be disposable. Disposable clothing appears popular throughout many malls in America and Europe. This is a key characteristic of fast fashion. However, fast fashion adds to pollution and generates potential environmental and occupational hazards.
	The clothing industry has one of the highest impacts on the planet. High water usage, pollution from chemical treatments used in dyeing and preparation and the disposal of large amounts of unsold clothing through incineration or landfill deposits are hazardous to the environment. There is a growing water scarcity, the current usage level of fashion materials (79 billion cubic meters annually) is very concerning, because textile production mostly takes place in areas of fresh water stress. Only around 20% of clothing is recycled or reused, huge amounts of fashion product end up as waste in landfills or is incinerated. It has been estimated that in the UK alone around 350,000 tons of clothing ends up as landfill every year. According to Earth Pledge, a non-profit organisation committed to promoting and supporting sustainable development, "At least 8,000 chemicals are used to turn raw materials into textiles and 25% of the world's pesticides are used to grow non-organic cotton. This causes irreversible damage to people and the environment, and still two thirds of a garment's carbon footprint will occur after it is purchased." The average American throws away nearly 70 pounds of clothing per year. There is an increasing concern as microfibers from synthetic fabrics are polluting the earths waters through the process of laundering. Microfibers are tiny threads that are shed from fabric. These microfibers are too small to be captured in waste water treatment plants filtration systems and they end up entering our natural water systems and as a result contaminating our food chain. One study found that 34% of microplastics found in oceans come from the textile and clothing industry and majority of them were made of polyester, polyethylene, acrylic, and elastane. Eliminating synthetic materials used in clothing products can prevent harmful synthetics and microfibers from ending up in the natural environment.
	One of the main social issues related to fashion concerns labor. Since the Triangle shirtwaist factory fire in 1911, labor rights in the fashion industry has been at the center of this issue. The 2013 Savar building collapse at Rana Plaza, where 1138 people died, put the spotlight once again on the lack of transparency, poor working conditions and hazards in fashion production. Attention is increasingly being placed on labour rights violations in other parts of the whole fashion product lifecycle from textile production and processing, retail and distribution and modelling to the recycling of textiles. Whilst the majority of fashion and textiles are produced in Asia, Central America, Turkey, North Africa, the Caribbean and Mexico, there is still production across Europe where exploitative working conditions are also found such as in Leicester in the UK Midlands and Central and Eastern Europe.
	The fashion industry benefits from racial, class and gender inequalities. These inequalities and pressure from brands and retailers in the form of low prices and short lead times contribute to exploitative working conditions and low wages. Also "local" production, such as garments labeled as "Made in Italy" are engaged in global sourcing of labor and worker exploitation, bypassing unions and social welfare contracts.
	The number of workers employed in textiles, clothing and footwear is unknown due to the differences in statistical measures. It is generally accepted that at least 25 million people, the majority women, work in garment manufacture and up to 300 million in cotton alone. Nevertheless, it is really difficult to estimate exactly how many people work in the production sector, because small-scale manufacturing and contracting firms that operate illegally continue to exist within the industry. On the 24th of April 2013, Rana Plaza disaster happened as one of the biggest tragedies in history of the fashion industry. The search for the dead ended on 13 May 2013 with a death toll of 1,134. Approximately 2,500 injured people were rescued from the building alive. It is considered the deadliest garment-factory disaster in history, as well as the deadliest structural failure in modern human history.
	The environmental impact of fashion also affects communities located close to production sites. There is little easily accessible information about these impacts, but it is known that water and land pollution from toxic chemicals used to produce and dye fabrics and have serious negative consequences for the people living near factories. At the global level, fashion is contributing to climate change and threatens biodiversity, which have social consequences for everyone.
	Supply chain transparency has been a recurring controversy for the fashion industry, not least since the Rana Plaza accident. The issue has been pushed by many labor organizations, not least Clean Clothes Campaign and Fashion Revolution. Over the last years, over 150 major brands including Everlane, Filippa K and H&M have answered by publicizing information about their factories online. Every year, Fashion Revolution publishes a Fashion Transparency Index which rates the world's largest brands and retailers according to how much information they disclose about their suppliers, supply chain policies and practices, and social and environmental impact.
	However, the focus on transparency and traceability has so far not shown the promise expected. Even if a consumer can find information on the clothing label, such as the address of the factory and how many people work there, it says nothing about the salaries and living conditions of the workers, the factory's subcontracting practices, or the environmental impact of sourcing and production. The focus on transparency has so far not bridged information with systemic action and impact. While the agenda of transparency is honourable and important, it is toothless if not paired with real improvements, policy change and legal action which holds corporations and factories responsible for misconduct.
	In addition, fashion companies are criticised for the lack of size, age, physical ability, gender and racial diversity of models used in photo shoots and catwalks. A more radical and systemic critique of social inequality in fashion concerns the exclusion and aesthetic supremacy inherent and accentuated through fashion that still remains unquestioned under the current environmentally focused discourse on sustainable fashion.
	It is worth noticing that while social "inclusivity" has become almost a norm amongst brands marketing ethical and sustainable fashion, the norm for what is considered a "beautiful" and "healthy" body keeps narrowing down under what researchers have called the current "wellness syndrome." With the positive thinking of inclusivity, the assumption is that you can be whatever you want to be, and thus if you are not living up to the ideals it is your own fault. This optimism hides the diktat of aesthetic wellness, which turns inclusion into an obligation to look good and be dressed in fashionable clothes, a "democratic" demand for aesthetic as well as ethical perfection, as argued by philosopher Heather Widdows.
	The impact of fashion across the planet is unevenly distributed. Whereas much of the benefits of cheap and accessible clothes targets and benefits the socially mobile classes in metropolitan areas in the Global North, developing countries take a much proportion of the negative impact from the fashion system in terms of waste, pollution, and ecological injustices.
	The current focus on solutions related to "reduce, reuse, recycle," which are primarily promoted through brand initiatives, fails to address the global impact of the fashion system. Not only does it push responsibility for systemic issues onto the individual, but it also primarily positions fashion in a Western consumerism context.
	China has emerged as the largest exporter of fast fashion, accounting for 30% of world apparel exports. However, some Chinese workers make as little as 12–18 cents per hour working in poor conditions. Each year Americans purchase approximately 1 billion garments made in China. Today's biggest factories and mass scale of apparel production emerged from two developments in history. The first involved the opening up of China and Vietnam in the 1980s to private and foreign capital and investments in the creation of export-oriented manufacturing of garments, footwear, and plastics, part of a national effort to boost living standards, embrace modernity, and capitalism. Second, the retail revolution within the U.S. (example Wal-Mart, Target, Nike) and Western Europe, where companies no longer manufactured but rather contracted out their production and transformed instead into key players in design, marketing, and logistics, introducing many new different product lines manufactured in foreign-owned factories in China. It is the convergence of these two phenomena that has led to the largest factories in history from apparels to electronics. In contemporary global supply chains it is retailers and branders who have had the most power in establishing arrangements and terms of production, not factory owners. Fierce global competition in the garment industry translates into poor working conditions for many laborers in developing nations. Developing countries aim to become a part of the world's apparel market despite poor working conditions and low pay. Countries such as Honduras and Bangladesh export large amounts of clothing into the United States every year.
	At the heart of the controversy concerning "fast fashion" lies the acknowledgement that the "problem" of unsustainable fashion is that cheap, accessible and on-trend clothes have become available to people of poorer means. This means more people across the world have adopted the consumption habits that in the mid-twentieth century were still reserved for the rich. To put it differently, the economic concern of fashion is that poor people now have access to updating their wardrobes as often as the rich. That is, "fast" fashion is only a problem when poor people engage in it. In alignment with this, blame is often put on poor consumers; they don't buy quality goods, buy too much and too cheap, etc. Tropes such as these are common in the popular debate on fast fashion, not least in documentaries such as "The True Cost" which does not address systemic and economic issues of fashion.
	The economic concerns of fashion also means many of the sustainable "solutions" to fashion, such as buying high-quality goods to last longer, are not accessible to people with less means. From an economic perspective, sustainability thus remains a moralizing issue of educated classes teaching the less educated "responsible consumption," and a debate that mainly concerns promoting frugality and austerity to those with less means. It is seen as an opportunity by businesses that allow resale of luxury goods. 
	The distribution of value within the fashion industry is another economic concern, with garment workers and textile farmers and workers receiving low wages and prices.
	Sustainable clothing refers to fabrics derived from eco-friendly resources, such as sustainably grown fiber crops or recycled materials. It also refers to how these fabrics are made. Historically, being environmentally conscious towards clothing meant (1) buying clothes from thrift stores or any shops that sell second-hand clothing, or (2) donating used clothes to shops previously mentioned, for reuse or resale. In modern times, with a prominent trend towards sustainability and being ‘green’, sustainable clothing has expanded towards (1) reducing the amount of clothing discarded to landfills, and (2) decreasing the environmental impact of agro-chemicals in producing conventional fiber crops (e.g. cotton).
	Under the accordance of sustainability, recycled clothing upholds the principle of the "Three R’s of the Environment": Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle, as well as the "Three Legs of Sustainability": Economics, Ecology, and Social Equity.
	Through the utilization of recycled material for the manufacturing of clothing, this provides an additional realm of economic world profit. Sustainable Clothing will provide a new market for additional job opportunities, continuous net flow of money in the economy, and the reduction of raw materials and virgin resources. Source reduction or reducing the use of raw materials and virgin resources can ultimately reduce carbon emissions during the manufacturing process as well as the resources and carbon emissions that are related to the transportation process. This also prevents the unsustainable usage of extracting materials from the Earth by making use of what has already been used (i.e. recycling).
	Recycled or reclaimed fibres are recovered from either pre or post-consumer sources. Those falling into the category of 'pre-consumer' are unworn/unused textile wastes from all the various stages of manufacture. Post-consumer textile waste could be any product which has been worn/used and have (typically) been discarded or donated to charities. Once sorted for quality and colour, they can be shredded (pulled, UK or picked, US) into a fibrous state. According to the specification and end use, these fibres can be blended together or with 'new' fibre.
	While most textiles can be recycled, in the main they are downgraded almost immediately into low-quality end-uses, such as filling materials. The limited range of recycled materials available reflects the market dominance of cheap virgin fibres and the lack of technological innovation in the recycling industry. For 200 years recycling technology has stayed the same; fibres are extracted from used fabric by mechanically tearing the fabric apart using carding machines. The process breaks the fibres, producing much shortened lengths that tend to make a low quality yarn. Textiles made from synthetic fibres can also be recycled chemically in a process that involves breaking down the fibre at the molecular level and then repolymerizing the feedstock. While chemical recycling is more energy intensive than mechanical pulling, the resulting fibre tends to be of more predictable quality. The most commonly available recycled synthetic fibre is polyester made from plastic bottles, although recycled nylon is also available
	In addition to promoting a sounder environment by producing newer clothing made with sustainable, innovative materials, clothing can also be donated to charities, sold into consignment shops, or recycled into other materials. These methods reduce the amount of landfill space occupied by discarded clothes. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency's 2008 Report on Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Generation, Recycling, and Disposal in the United States defines clothing as non-durable – generally lasts less than three years – textiles. In 2008, approximately 8.78 millions of tons of textiles were generated, 1.45 millions of tons were recovered and saved from landfills resulting in a rate of almost 17%. The EPA report also states that the amount of MSW being "Discarded" is 54%, "Recovered" is 33%, and "Combusted with Energy recovery" is 13%. Approximately two-thirds of clothing materials are sent to landfills, making it the fastest growing component of waste in the household waste stream. , textiles disposed of in landfill sites have risen from 7% to 30% within the last five years.
	In order to implement the upcycling method, it is important to have an overview of the textile waste available because this is what dictates the garment that can be created. Using upcycling in fashion design emphasises the importance of a local approach. Thus, both the input material (waste) and the production ideally should be local. Since levels of waste production and volumes of waste can differ by region, the first step to collecting materials for upcycling is to carry out a local textile waste study. The definition of textile waste can be production waste, pre-consumer waste and post-consumer waste.
	Typically, upcycling creates something new and better from the old or used or disposed items. Process of upcycling requires a blend of factors like environmental awareness, creativity, innovation and hard work and results in a unique sustainable product. Upcycling aims at the development of products truly sustainable, affordable, innovative and creative. For example, downcycling produces cleaning rags from worn T-shirts, whereas upcycling recreates the shirts into a value-added product like unique handmade braided rug.
	There are negative social and environmental impacts at all stages of the fashion product life: materials production and processing, manufacture of garments, retail and marketing, use and maintenance and at the discard phase. For some products, the environmental impact can be greater at the use phase than material production.
	Consumer engagement challenges the "passive" mode of ready-to-wear fashion where consumers have few interfaces and little incentive to be active with their garments; to repair, change, update, swap, and learn from their wardrobe. The term "folk fashion" has been used in the emphasis on craft engagements with garments where the community heritage of skills are in focus. There are currently many designers trying to find ways that experiment with new models of action that deposes passivity and indifference while preserving the positive social dynamics and sensibilities fashion offers, often in relation to Alvin Toffler's notion of the "prosumer" (portmanteau of producer and consumer). Notions of participatory design, open sourcefashion, and fashion hacktivism are parts of such endeavors, mixing techniques of dissemination with empowerment, reenechantment and Paulo Freire's "Pedagogy of the Oppressed." An example of such consumer engagement can be Giana Gonzalez and her project "Hacking Couture" which has tested such methods across the world since 2006.
	Enhancing the lifespan of products have been yet another approach to sustainability, yet still only in its infancy. Upmarket brands have long supported the lifespan of their products through product-service systems, such as re-waxing of classic outdoor jackets, or repairs of expensive hand-bags, yet more accessible brands do still not offer even spare buttons in their garments. One such approach concerns emotionally durable design, yet with fashion's dependency on continuous updates, and consumer's desire to follow trends, there is a significant challenge to make garments last long through emotional attachment. As with memories, not all are pleasant, and thus a focus on emotional attachment can result in favoring a normative approach to what is considered a good enough memory to manifest emotionally in a garment. Cultural theorist Peter Stallybrass approaches this challenge in his essay on poverty, textile memory, and the coat of Karl Marx.
	Clothing swapping can further promote the reduction, reuse, and recycling of clothing. By reusing clothing that's already been made and recycling clothing from one owner to another, source reduction can be achieved. This moves away from usage of new raw materials to make more clothing available for consumption. Through the method of clothing swapping,an alternative resource for consumers to ultimately save in regards to money and time is provided. It reduces transportation emissions, costs, and the time it takes to drive and search through the chaos of most clothing stores. Swapping clothes further promotes the use of sustainable online shopping and the internet as well as an increase of social bonds through online communication or effective personal communication in "clothing swap parties". The EPA states, that by reusing items, at the source waste can be diverted from ending up in landfills because it delays or avoids that item's entry in the waste collection and disposal system.
	Examples of online clothing swapping websites include:
	People can opt to donate clothing to charities. In the UK, a charity is a non-profit organization that is given special tax form and distinct legal status. A charity is "a foundation created to promote the public good". People donating clothing to charitable organizations in America are often eligible for tax deductions, albeit the donations are itemized.
	Generally, charitable organizations often sell donated clothing rather than directly giving the clothing away. Charities keep 10% of donated clothing for their high quality and retail value for the thrift shops. Charities sell the rest of the donations to textile recycling businesses.
	The following is a list of few charitable organizations known for accepting clothing donations.
	An Evangelical Christian-based non-profit organization founded in 1865, United Kingdom.
	A non-profit organization founded in 1902, United States, at Boston, MA. Originally started as an urban outreach 
	A non-profit organization originally named Charity Organization Society, established 1887, United States. Currently a coalition of charitable organizations.
	A non-profit organization founded in 1942, United Kingdom. Formerly Oxfam Committee for Famine Relief. Originally established to mitigate famines in Greece caused by Allied naval blockades during World War II.
	There are "charities" that are actually for-profit organizations. These organizations are often multibillion-dollar firms that keep profits accrued from selling donated clothing. Monetary donations are given for public goodwill, but only at relatively few percentages. For example, Planet Aid, a supposedly non-profit organization that collects donated clothing, reportedly gives only 11% of its total income to charities. Such organizations often use drop-off boxes to collect clothes. These drop-off boxes look similar to their non-profit counterparts, which mislead the public into donating their clothes to them. Such public deception prompted backlash, one example where a mayor called for the city's removal of for-profit clothing donation bins. To search for reputable charities, see Charity Navigator's website.
	In layman’s terms, a clothing consignment shop sells clothes that are owned not by the shop’s owner but by the individual who had given (or consigned) the items to the shop for the owner to sell. The shop owner/seller is the consignee and the owner of the items is the consignor. Both the consignor and the consignee receive portions of the profit made from the item. However, the consignor will not be paid until the items are sold. Therefore, unlike donating clothing to charities, people who consign their clothes to shops can make profit.
	According to an ABC News report, charities keep approximately 10% of all the donated clothing received. These clothes tend to be good quality, fashionable, and high valued fabrics that can easily be sold in charities’ thrift shops. Charities sell the other 90% of the clothing donations to textile recycling firms.
	Textile recycling firms process about 70% of the donated clothing into industrial items such as rags or cleaning cloths. However, 20-25% of the second-hand clothing is sold into an international market. Where possible, used jeans collected from America, for example, are sold to low-income customers in Africa for modest prices, yet most end up in landfill as the average US sized customer is several sizes bigger than the global average.
	There is a broad range of organisations purporting to support sustainable fashion, some representing particular stakeholders, some addressing particular issues, and some seeking to increase the visibility of the sustainable fashion movement. They also range from the local to global. It is important to examine the interests and priorities of the organisations.
	Educational institutions like National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT) is working towards integration of eco-friendly fashion value chain. For training and demonstration NIFT Bhubaneswar has got various natural dye yielding plants and natural fibre yielding plants in the campus. Through their handloom cluster development initiatives the institute is creating awareness and training to the artisans on sustainable fashion.
	There are many factors when considering the sustainability of a material. The renewability and source of a fiber, the process of how a raw fiber is turned into a textile, the impact of preparation and dyeing of the fibers, energy use in production and preparation, the working conditions of the people producing the materials, and the material's total carbon footprint, transportation between production plants, shipping to retail and consumer, how the material will be cared for and washed, the processes of repairs and updates, and what happens to it at the end of life. The indexing of the textile journeys is thus extremely complex.
	Overall, diversity in the overall fiber mix is needed; in 2013 cotton and polyester accounted for almost 85% of all fibers, and thus their impacts were, and continue to be, disproportionately magnified. Also, many fibers in the finished garments are mixed to acquire desired drape, flexibility or stretch, thus affecting both care and the possibility to recycle the material in the end.
	Natural fibers are fibers which are found in nature and are not petroleum-based. Natural fibers can be categorized into two main groups, cellulose or plant fiber and protein or animal fiber. Uses of these fibers can be anything from buttons to eyewear such as sunglasses.
	Other than cotton, the most common plant-based fiber, cellulose fibers include: jute, flax, hemp, ramie, abaca, bamboo (used for viscose), soy, corn, banana, pineapple, beechwood (used for rayon). Alternative fibers such as bamboo (in yarn) and hemp (of a variety that produces only a tiny amount of the psychoactive component found in cannabis) are coming into greater use in so-called eco-fashions.
	Cotton, also known as vegetable wool, is a major source of apparel fiber. Celebrated for its excellent absorbency, durability, and intrinsic softness, cotton accounts for over 50% of all clothing produced worldwide. This makes cotton the most widely used clothing fiber. Cotton is one of the most chemical-intensive crops in the world. Conventionally grown cotton uses approximately 25% of the world's insecticides and more than 10% of the world's pesticides. However, growing and processing this particular fiber crop is largely unsustainable. For every pound of cotton harvested, a farmer uses up 1/3 lb of chemical, synthetic fertilizer. As a whole, the US cotton production makes up 25% of all pesticides deployed in the United States. Worldwide, cotton takes up 2.4% of all arable lands yet requires 16% of the world's pesticides. Furthermore, the cotton hulls contain the most potent insecticide residues. They are often used as cattle feed, which means that consumers are purchasing meat containing a concentration of pesticides. The processing of cotton into usable fibers also adds to the burden on the environment. Manufacturers prefer cotton to be white so that cotton can easily be synthetically dyed to any shade of color. Natural cotton is actual beige brown, and so during processing, manufacturers would add bleach and various other chemicals and heavy metal dyes to make cotton pure white. Formaldehyde resins would be added in as well to form "easy care" cotton fabric.
	To reduce the use of pesticides and other harmful chemicals, companies have produced genetically modified (GMO) cottons plants that are resistant to pest infestations. Among the GMO are cotton crops inserted with the Bt ("Bacillus thuringiensis") gene. Bt cotton crops do not require insecticide applications. Insects that consume cotton containing Bt will stop feeding after a few hours, and die, leaving the cotton plants unharmed.
	As a result of the use of Bt cotton, the cost of pesticide applications decreased between $25 and $65 per acre. Bt cotton crops yield 5% more cotton on average compared to traditional cotton crops. Bt crops also lower the price of cotton by 0.8 cents per pound.
	However, there are concerns regarding Bt technology, mainly that insects will eventually develop resistance to the Bt strain. According to an article published in Science Daily, researchers have found that members from a cotton bollworm species, "Helicoverpa zea", were Bt resistant in some crop areas of Mississippi and Arkansas during 2003 and 2006. Fortunately, the vast majority of other agricultural pests remain susceptible to Bt.
	Micha Peled's documentary exposé Bitter seeds on BT farming in India reveals the true impact of genetically modified cotton on India's farmers, with a suicide rate of over a quarter million Bt cotton farmers since 1995 due to financial stress resulting from massive crop failure and the exorbitantly high price of Monsanto's proprietary BT seed. The film also refutes false claims purported by the biotech industry that Bt cotton requires less pesticide and empty promises of higher yields, as farmers discover the bitter truth that in reality Bt cotton in fact requires a great deal more pesticide than organic cotton, and often suffer higher levels of infestation by Mealybug resulting in devastating crop losses, and extreme financial and psychological stress on cotton farmers. Due to the biotech seed monopoly in India, where Bt cotton seed has become the ubiquitous standard, and organic seed has become absolutely unobtainable, thus cooercing all cotton farmers into signing Bt cotton seed purchase agreements which enforce the intellectual property interests of the biotech multinational corporation Monsanto.
	Organic cotton is grown without the use of any genetically modification to the crops, without the use of any fertilizers, pesticides, and other synthetic agro-chemicals harmful to the land. All cotton marketed as organic in the United States is required to fulfill strict federal regulations regarding how the cotton is grown. This is done with a combination of innovation, science and tradition in order to encourage a good quality of life and environment for all involved. 
	Cotton is naturally grown in varieties of colors. Typically, cotton color can come as mauve, red, yellow, and orange hues. The use of naturally colored cotton has long been historically suppressed, mainly due to the industrial revolution. Back then, it was much cheaper to have uniformly white cotton as a raw source for mass-producing cloth and fabric items. Currently, modern markets have revived a trend in using naturally colored cotton for its noted relevance in reducing harmful environmental impacts. One such example of markets opening to these cotton types would be Sally Fox and her Foxfiber business—naturally colored cotton that Fox has bred and marketed. On an additional note, naturally colored cotton is already colored, and thus do not require synthetic dyes during process. Furthermore, the color of fabrics made from naturally colored cotton does not become worn and fade away compared to synthetically dyed cotton fabrics.
	Soy fabrics are derived from the hulls of soybeans—a manufacturing byproduct. Soy fabrics can be blended (i.e. 30%) or made entirely out of soy fibers. Soy clothing is largely biodegradable, so it has a minimal impact on environment and landfills. Although not as durable as cotton or hemp fabrics, soy clothing has a soft, elastic feel. Soy clothing is known as the vegetable cashmere for its light and silky sensation. Soy fabrics are moisture absorbent, anti-bacterial, and UV resistant. However, soy fabrics fell out of public knowledge during World War II, when rayon, nylon, and cotton sales rose sharply.
	Hemp, like bamboo, is considered a sustainable crop. It requires little water to grow, and it is resistant to most pests and diseases. The hemp plant's broad leaves shade out weeds and other plant competitors, and its deep taproot system allows it to draw moisture deep in the soil. Unlike cotton, many parts of the hemp plant have a use. Hemp seeds, for example, are processed into oil or food. Hemp fiber comes in two types: primary and secondary bast fibers. Hemp fibers are durable and are considered strong enough for construction uses. Compared to cotton fiber, hemp fiber is approximately 8 times the tensile strength and 4 times the durability.
	Hemp fibers are traditionally coarse, and have been historically used for ropes rather than for clothing. However, modern technology and breeding practices have made hemp fiber more pliable, softer, and finer.
	Bamboo fabrics are made from heavily pulped bamboo grass. Making clothing and textile from bamboo is considered sustainable due to the lack of need for pesticides and agrochemicals. Naturally disease and pest resistant, bamboo is also fast growing. Compared to trees, certain varieties of bamboo can grow 1–4 inches long per day, and can even branch and expand outward because of its underground rhizomes. Like cotton fibers, bamboo fibers are naturally yellowish in color and are bleached white with chemicals during processing.
	Burnished by a grant from the US. Environmental Protection Agency, associate professor,Young-A Lee and her team are growing vats of gel-like film composed of cellulose fiber, a byproduct of the same symbiotic colonies of bacteria and yeast (abbreviated SCOBY) found in another of the world's popular "live culture" foods: kombucha. Once harvested and dried, the resulting material has a look and feel much like leather. The fibres are 100 percent biodegradable, they also foster a cradle-to-cradle cycle of reuse and regeneration that leaves behind virtually zero waste. However, this material takes a long time to grow about three to four weeks under lab-controlled conditions. Hence mass production is an issue. In addition, tests revealed that moisture absorption from the air softens this material makes it less durable. Researchers also discovered that cold conditions make it brittle.
	Qmilch GmbH, a German company has innovated a process to produce a textile fiber from casein in milk but it cannot be used for consumption. Qmilk fiber is made from 100% renewable resources. In addition, for the production of 1 kg of fiber Qmilch GmbH needs only 5 minutes and max. 2 liters of water. This implies a particular level of cost efficiency and ensures a minimum of CO2 emissions. Qmilk fiber is biodegradable and leaves no traces. In addition, it is naturally antibacterial, especially against the bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and is ideal for people that suffer from textile allergies.
	Fabrics made from Qmilk fiber provide high wearing comfort and a silky feel.The organic fiber is tested for harmful substances and dermatologically tested for the wearer's skin and body compatibility 0% chemical additives.
	S.Café technology involves recycling used ground coffee beans into yarns. A piece of S.Café fabric is made with less energy in the process and is able to mask body odour. In addition, S.Café yarn offers 200% faster drying time compared to conventional cotton, with the ability to save energy in the process.
	S. Café coffee grounds come with numerous microscopic pores, which create a long-lasting natural and chemical free shield for yarn or fiber, reflecting UV rays and provide a comfortable outdoor experience.
	Other alternative biodegradable fibers being developed by small companies include:
	Protein fibers originate from animal sources and are made up of protein molecules. The basic elements in these protein molecules being carbon, hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen. Natural protein fibers include: wool, silk, angora, camel, alpaca, llama, vicuna, cashmere, and mohair.
	Manufactured fibers sit within three categories: Manufactured cellulosic fibers, manufactured synthetic fibers and manufactured protein fiber (azlon). Manufactured cellulosic fibers include modal, Lyocell (also known under the brand name Tencel), rayon/viscose made from bamboo, rayon/viscose made from wood and polylactic acid (PLA). Manufactured synthetic fibers include polyester, nylon, spandex, acrylic fiber, polyethylene and polypropylene (PP). Azlon is a manufactured protein fiber.
	PET plastics are also known as Polyethylene terephthalate(PETE). PET's recycling code, the number within the three chasing arrows, is one. These plastics are usually beverage bottles (i.e. water, soda, and fruit juice bottles). According to the EPA, plastic accounts for 12% of the total amount of waste we produce. Recycling plastic reduces air, water, and ground pollution. Recycling is only the first step; investing and purchasing products manufactured from recycled materials is the next of many steps to living sustainably.Clothing can be made from plastics. Seventy percent of plastic-derived fabrics come from polyester, and the type of polyester most used in fabrics is polyethylene terephthalate (PET). PET plastic clothing come from reused plastics, often recycled plastic bottles. The Coca-Cola Company, for example, created a "Drink2Wear" line of T-shirts made from recycled bottles. Generally, PET plastic clothing are made from recycled bottles as follows: plastic bottles are collected, compressed, baled, and shipped into processing facilities where they will be chopped into flakes, and melted into small white pellets. Then, the pellets are processed again, and spun into yarn-like fiber where it can be made into clothing. One main benefit of making clothes from recycled bottles is that it keep the bottles and other plastics from occupying landfill space. Another benefit is that it takes 30% less energy to make clothes from recycled plastics than from virgin polyesters.
	Whereas many producers have since the turn of the century been striving for a cradle-to-cradle model of production, or a circular economy, there has so far been no successful example of fully sustainable production, as there is environmental impact from all extractive production practices (in processes of material production, dying, assembly, accessorizing, shipping, retail, washing, recycling etc.) There are many small initiatives towards change, yet so far all these incremental improvements have been drowned by the explosive popularity of "fast" fashion and its economy of extraction, consumption, waste.
	The global political economy and legal system supports a fashion system that enables fashion that has devastating environmental, social, cultural and economic impacts to be priced at a lower price than fashion which involves efforts to minimize harm in the growth, manufacturing, and shipping of the products. This results in higher prices for fashion made from reduced impact materials than clothing produced in a socially and environmentally damaging way (sometimes referred to as conventional methods).
	Innovative fashion is being developed and made available to consumers at different levels of the fashion spectrum, from casual clothing to haute couture which has a reduced social and environmental impact at the materials and manufacture stages of production and celebrities, models, and designers have recently drawn attention to socially conscious and environmentally friendly fashion.
	3D seamless knitting is a technology that allows an entire garment to be knit with no seams. This production method is considered a sustainable practice due to its reduction in waste and labor. By only using the necessary materials, the producers will be more efficient in their manufacturing process. This production method is similar to seamless knitting, although traditional seamless knitting requires stitching to complete the garment while 3D seamless knitting creates the entire garment, eliminating additional work. The garments are designed using 3D software unlike traditional flat patterns. Shima Seiki and Stoll are currently the two primary manufacturers of the technology. The technology is produced through the use of solar energy and they are selling to brands like Max Mara.
	Zero-waste design is a concept that, although has been prevalent for many years, is increasingly being integrated into production. Zero-waste design is used through multiple industries but is very applicable in developing patterns for garments. The concept of zero-waste pattern making is designing the pattern for a garment so that when the textile is cut, there is no extra fabric going to waste. This means the pattern pieces for a garment fit together like puzzle pieces in order to use the entire amount of fabric provided, creating no waste in this step of production.
	Traditional methods of dyeing textiles are incredibly harmful towards the earth's water supply, creating toxic chemicals that effect entire communities. An alternative to traditional water dyeing is scCO2 dyeing (super critical carbon dioxide). This process creates no waste by using 100% of the dyes, reducing energy by 60% with no auxiliary chemicals, and leaving a quarter of the physical footprint of traditional dyeing. Different names for this process are Drydye and Colordry. Another company called Colorep has patented Airdye, a similar process that they claim uses 95% less water and up to 86% less energy than traditional dyeing methods.
	So far, no brand can label itself as fully sustainable, and controversies are abundant on exactly how to use the concept in relation to fashion, if it can be used at all, or if labels such "slow" and "sustainable" fashion are inherently an oxymoron. Brands that sell themselves as sustainable often still lack systems to deal with oversupply, take back used clothes, fully recycle fibers, offer repair services, or even support the life of the garment during use (such as instructions on washing, care and repair). Almost no brands offer spare parts, which says a lot about the general life expectancy of garments in general: brand are not supporting consumers to make garments last.
	That said, some comparison websites (such as Rank A Brand, Good On You, ...) exist which compare fashion brands on their sustainability record, and these can at least give an indication to consumers.
	There are much ecolabels in existence which focus on textile.
	Some notable ecolabels include:
	Some brands that sell themselves as sustainable are listed below;
	There is no certain stable model among the designers for how to be sustainable in practice, and the understanding of sustainability is always a process or a work-in-progress, and varies by who defines what is "sustainable;" farmers or animals, producers or consumers, managers or workers. Thus critical scholars would label much of the business-driven discourse on sustainability as "greenwashing" as under the current economic paradigm, "sustainability" is primarily defined as keeping the wheels of perpetual production and consumption turning; to keep the "perpetuum mobile" of fashion running and in perpetual motion.
	A question at the foundation of sustainable fashion concerns exactly what is to be "sustained" of the current model of fashion. Controversies thus emerge what stakeholder agendas should be prioritized over others.
	A major controversy on sustainable fashion concerns how the "green" imperative is used as a cover-up for systemic labor exploitation, social exclusion and environmental degradation, what is generally labelled as greenwashing. Market-driven sustainability can only address sustainability to a certain degree as brands still need to sell more products in order to be profitable. Thus almost any initiative towards addressing ecological and social issues still contributes to the damage. In a 2017 report, the industry projects that the overall apparel consumption will rise by 63%, from 62 million tons today to 102 million tons in 2030, thus effectively erasing any environmental gains made by current initiatives.
	Though organic cotton is considered a more sustainable choice for fabric, as it uses fewer pesticides and chemical fertilizers, it remains less than 1% global cotton production. Hurdles to growth include cost of hand labor for hand weeding, reduced yields in comparison to conventional cotton and absence of fiber commitments from brands to farmers before planting seed. The up front financial risks and costs are therefore shouldered by the farmers, many of whom struggle to compete with economies of scale of corporate farms.
	Though some designers have marketed bamboo fiber, as an alternative to conventional cotton, citing that it absorbs greenhouse gases during its life cycle and grows quickly and plentifully without pesticides, the conversion of bamboo fiber to fabric is the same as rayon and is highly toxic. The FTC ruled that labeling of bamboo fiber should read "rayon from bamboo". Bamboo fabric can cause environmental harm in production due to the chemicals used to create a soft viscose from hard bamboo. Impacts regarding production of new materials make recycled, reclaimed, surplus, and vintage fabric arguably the most sustainable choice, as the raw material requires no agriculture and no manufacturing to produce. However, it must be noted that these are indicative of a system of production and consumption that creates excessive volumes of waste.
	Used clothing is sold in more than 100 countries. In Tanzania, used clothing is sold at the "mitumba" (Swahili for "secondhand") markets. Most of the clothing is imported from the United States. However, there are concerns that trade in secondhand clothing in African countries decreases development of local industries even as it creates employment in these countries. And the authors of "Recycling of Low Grade Clothing Waste" warn that in the long run, as prices and quality of new clothing continue to decline, the demand for used clothing will also diminish.
	The increase in western consumers’ environmental interest is motivating companies to use sustainable and environmental arguments solely to increase sales. Because environmental and sustainability issues are complex, it is also easy to mislead consumers. Companies can use sustainability as a “marketing ploy” something that can be seen as greenwashing. Greenwashing is the deceptive use of an eco-agenda in marketing strategies. It refers mostly to corporations that make efforts to clean up their reputation because of social pressure or for the purpose of financial gain.
	In the European Union, the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) regulations required in 2007 that clothing manufacturers and importers identified and quantified the chemicals used in their products.
	On May 3, 2012, the world's largest summit on fashion sustainability was held in Copenhagen, gathering more than 1,000 key stakeholders in the industry to discuss the importance of making the fashion industry sustainable. Copenhagen Fashion Summit has since then gathered thousands of people from the fashion industry in their effort to create a movement within the industry.
	In July 2012, the Sustainable Apparel Coalition launched the Higg Index, a self-assessment standard designed to measure and promote sustainable supply chains in the apparel and footwear industries. Founded in 2011, the Sustainable Apparel Coalition is a nonprofit organisation whose members include brands producing apparel or footwear, retailers, industry affiliates and trade associations, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, academic institutions and environmental nonprofits.
	The Global Change Award, is an innovation challenge created by the H&M foundation. It created a trend report in 2017 to look at the future of sustainable fashion. Five "megatrends" are identified by the organisation that will lead the future of sustainable fashion. The first "megatrend" is "Power of Nature" which is the industry looking into materials that have always been looked at as waste as a more sustainable method to making new clothing. The materials that will mitigate negative impacts from the industry include vegan materials from the earth and recycling old fabric into new clothing. The second "megatrend" is "Rent a Closet"; this initiative has been around for a while. This trend ultimately lowers the new purchase of clothing and disposal of clothing, which means less waste. Rent the Runway is an example of the "Rent a Closet" trend. Rent the Runway started as a company that would give luxury brands like Hervé Leger, Vera Wang, Etro to people who may not be able to afford the clothing at regular retail price. Renting and sharing clothing is also known as CFC (collaborative fashion consumption) a sustainable fashion trend consumers are getting involved in. The third trend is "Long Live Fashion" is the revival of Vintage clothing. Vintage clothing is a way to lower the amount of clothing that gets disposed of and ends up in landfills. Companies like RE/DONE, Vintage Twin and Frankie Collective sell re-paired vintage clothing. Repairing and reselling clothing has less negative impact than creating new clothing does. The fourth megatrend is "innovative recycling" which is looking at waste as value. The industry is starting to create incentives for consumers to participate in the recycling of clothing.
	Tailored couture is one option for the future of a greener fashion industry as it can potentially lead to less waste and more jobs improving the economy. Tailored couture is no longer desired because of the convenience of malls and stores provide but the consequence of the convenience is the pollution of the environment. Tailored clothing if it were to become the norm mass production of clothing that will not be bought can be reduced and reusing and redesigning old clothes to fit could reduce the amount of old worn out unfitting clothes thrown out or given away.
	In 2019, the UK Parliament's Environment Audit Committee published a report and recommendations on the future of fashion sustainability, suggesting wide-ranging systemic change, not least government regulation and tax-incentives for sustainable practices, such as lowered VAT for repair services. As highlighted in the report, wide political and social changes are needed to push industry towards more sustainable practices and levels of consumption: brands doing "less harm" is not enough. The report finishes with the following statement;"Retailers must take responsibility for the social and environmental cost of clothes. They should use their market power to demand higher environmental and labour standards from suppliers. Offering rental schemes, lifetime repair and providing the consumer with more information about the sourcing and true cost of clothing are all measures that can be more widely adopted. Shifting business practice in this way can not only improve a business’s environmental and social impact but also offer market advantage as they respond to the growing consumer demand for responsible, sustainable clothing."(p.54)

= = = Mile Isaković = = =

	Mile Isaković (born January 17, 1958 in Šabac) is a former Yugoslav handball player who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics and in the 1984 Summer Olympics.
	In 1980 he was a member of the Yugoslav handball team which finished sixth. He played five matches and scored thirteen goals.
	Four years later he was part of the Yugoslav team which won the gold medal. He played all six matches and scored 39 goals.

= = = Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Cast = = =

	The Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Cast is one of the annual film awards given by the Boston Society of Film Critics.

= = = Palinuro = = =

	Palinuro is an Italian small town, the most populated civil parish ("frazione") of Centola, Province of Salerno, in the Campania region. The name of the town is derived from Palinurus, the helmsman of Aeneas, as recorded in the fifth and sixth books of the "Aeneid".
	Palinuro lies on the southern side of Cilento, on the Tyrrhenian Sea and in the northern part of Cape Palinuro. The town, situated at the estuaries of the Lambro and Mingardo rivers, is also the main port of the comune. It is 7 km from Centola, 8 km from Marina di Camerota, 10 km from Pisciotta and 80 km from Salerno.
	Palinuro is part of the Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park, an area of "shrubland" typical of Mediterranean countries.
	It is popular with tourists, especially in summer, due to the cleanliness of its waters and beautiful beaches; and is regularly awarded five stars Blue Flag <br>
	The town is also famous for the caves along its coast, which are regularly visited, especially by frogmen.
	The town is linked to Salerno and Naples by hydrofoils. The nearest main road is 10 km to the north, connecting Salerno-Battipaglia-Paestum-Agropoli-Vallo della Lucania-Policastro-Sapri.
	The nearest railway station, Pisciotta-Palinuro (on the Naples-Reggio Calabria line) is 8 km to the north and is linked to the town by regular buses.
	The Arco Naturale beach of Palinuro was selected as a location in various films including Jason and the Argonauts, Hercules and the Captive Women, and Clash of the Titans.

= = = Down in the Boondocks (song) = = =

	"Down in the Boondocks" is a song written by Joe South, with sampling from Gene Pitney's "Twenty Four Hours from Tulsa", and recorded by American artist Billy Joe Royal. It was a hit in 1965, reaching number 9 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. In the UK, it hit number 38 on the "Record Retailer" chart. In Canada, the song reached #1 on the RPM Magazine charts, August 9, 1965. The song comes from the album "Down in the Boondocks".
	The song is sung from the perspective of a self-proclaimed "boy from down in the boondocks." He sings of a girl who lives nearby, for whom he feels love and he steals away with occasionally. The people who live or are born in the boondocks are suggested to be a lower class than those in the city. The girl's father is the singer's boss man, which, along with the social division, prevents him from proclaiming his love and connecting with them, despite the shared feelings (which is the basis for the line "but I don't dare knock on her door/for her daddy is my boss man"). The singer proclaims that "one fine day, I'll find a way, to move from this old shack," presumably to be able to join the higher class members of society and finally be able to date the girl within the public eye.
	Session musicians on this recording included Reggie Young on electric guitar, Bill Hullett on acoustic guitar, Sam Levine on horns, Clayton Ivey on piano, Bob Wray on six string bass, and Greg Morrow on drums.
	Penny DeHaven's 1969 version reached No. 37 on the "Billboard" country chart. The song was covered in 1978 by Kenny Loggins on his "Nightwatch" album, and twice in 1980, first by Ry Cooder, included it on his album, "Borderline" and by D.L. Byron, featuring backing vocals by Billy Joel. It was also recorded by Depeche Mode member Martin Gore for his first solo CD "Counterfeit E.P." in 1989 but was ultimately left out of the final track listing. In 2012 the band U.S. Girls covered the song on their album "Gem". The country vocal group Home Free covered the song for their album "Country Evolution". Holy Sons (Emil Amos) covered the song on the album Decline of the West Volumes 1 and 2.

= = = The Korgis (album) = = =

	The Korgis is the first studio album by English pop band, The Korgis.
	It was released in 1979 on Rialto Records in the UK, and on Warner Bros. Records in the US.
	The album includes the singles "Young And Russian" and "If I Had You" (#13, UK Singles Chart).
	"The Korgis" was re-issued on compact disc by Edsel Records in 1999.
	Side A:
	Side B:

= = = Toyota SA = = =

	The SA was Toyota's first new passenger car design (as opposed to updating the AA) after World War II. It was the first in a family of vehicles before the introduction of the Crown. A series of light trucks also shared the chassis and major components of these passenger cars.
	All of these vehicles were sold under the Toyopet name.
	The SA was Toyota's first true post war design. It differed from all previous Toyota cars by having a 4-cylinder engine (previously a 6-cylinder was used), 4-wheel independent suspension (previously using rigid axles with leaf springs) and a smaller, "ponton" influenced aerodynamic body. The project was driven by Kiichiro Toyoda under the wisdom of his father's (Sakichi Toyoda) words, "Stay ahead of the times" but most of the design work was done by Dr Kazuo Kumabe.
	The body was aerodynamic in a style similar to the Volkswagen Beetle. Only a two-door sedan was made, making it unsuitable for the taxi market. The doors were hinged at the rear (often called suicide doors). The front window was a single pane of flat glass with a single wiper mounted above the driver. Only right hand drive was offered.
	Toyota engineers (including Dr Kumabe) had visited Germany before World War II and had studied the 16-cylinder Auto Union racing car (independent suspension) and Porsche and Volkswagen designs (independent suspension, aerodynamic bodies, backbone chassis, rear-mounted air-cooled engines, economical production cost). Many Japanese companies had ties with Germany during the war years but most partnered with British or American companies after the war and thus used technologies commonly used in Britain or America. But Toyota did not partner with a foreign company, so it was free to use German designs. Many features of the prototype Beetle were subsequently put into the SA, although the Beetle's rear-mounted air-cooled engine feature was not used. Later on, Toyota revisited the economic principles exemplified by the Beetle when designing the Publica and the Corolla.
	Although permission to begin full production of passenger cars in Japan was not granted until 1949, limited numbers of cars were permitted to be built from 1947, and the Toyota SA was one such car. Design work started at the end of 1945 when the GHQ let it be known that authorised commercial production of vehicles for the general public would be commencing soon. This model was introduced in January 1947, with a prototype (which had been under development for more than a year) being completed at that time.
	Production occurred from October 1947 through May 1952 (overlapping with the 1949-introduced SD), with a total of only 215 being built. The first car to be produced by Toyota in the postwar period was the AC, which had first been produced in 1943-1944. Fifty were built for government and military use in 1947, and three more were assembled in 1948. Since only 54 cars were built by Toyota in 1947, this leaves four Model SA production cars to be built at the end of that year, not counting the prototype.
	Eighteen SA cars were built in 1948, and from 1949 to 1952, 193 more were built. No breakdown exists between models after 1948; only yearly passenger-car grand totals are extant.
	This model introduced the Type S straight-4 water-cooled engine, conventionally mounted in the front of the car and driving through the rear wheels. Two small grills at the front allowed air for the engine's radiator. Transmission was by a 3-speed manual gearbox and a Hotchkiss drive (previous Toyotas used a torque tube) to a rear-mounted differential. The final drive gear ratio was 7.17:1 .
	More unconventional was the use of a backbone chassis and four-wheel independent suspension.
	A-arm suspension (short upper arm, long lower arm) with coils was used at the front and swing axle suspension with semi-trailing arms, Panhard rods and a transverse semi-elliptical leaf spring was used at the rear.
	A light truck using the running gear from the SA but with a ladder chassis and solid axles front and rear, both with semi-elliptical springs. The SB was popular with the general public and also with the American occupation forces, which ordered it in large numbers.
	The SB was offered with commercial bodies only but many dealers and owners had sedan bodies made for them. Toyota contracted the Kanto Denki factory to produce a sedan body and wagon on the SB chassis as the SC.
	A small number of police cars were made by adding a special body with a canvas top, 4 canvas doors and a fold down front window for the Japanese Police Reserve Force but they were not popular.
	Produced from 1947.
	The SB used the same engine and gearbox as the SA, a three-speed manual and the 1-litre "S"-series engine, producing at 4,000 rpm. This was enough for a top speed of . A conventional ladder frame chassis was used with conventional semi-elliptical springs and solid axles front and rear.
	The SB light truck was offered with commercial bodies only but many dealers and owners had sedan bodies made for them. Toyota contracted the Kanto Denki factory to produce a 4-door, 4-seat sedan body and wagon on the SB chassis as the SC. However, production of the SA sedan continued and the SC was not put into production. When production of the SA stopped, a revised version of the SC was made as the SD.
	3 prototypes were built but the SC did not go into production.
	Same as the SB except for independent front suspension.
	A 5-seater passenger car using the same chassis and suspension as the SB.
	Produced from November 1949 to 1951.
	Same as the SB.
	An update to the SD. This sold in considerably higher numbers than any of its predecessors, mainly due to increasing demand for taxis.
	Produced from October 1951 to 1953. 3,653 were built.
	Same as the SD.
	An update to the SB, sharing components with the SF.
	Produced from March 1952 to 1954.
	Same as the SF.
	A further update to the SF but with the newly designed 1.5 liter Type R engine.
	The RHN's body was made by the New Mitsubishi Heavy Industrial Manufacturing Co. and the RHK's body was made by Kanto Auto Works, Ltd.
	The BH26 police patrol car sedan was made from the 4-cylinder RH sedan by using the Type B 6-cylinder engine and a longer front end. Similarly, the BH28 ambulance was made by converting the BH26 police sedan into a van body.
	The RH was succeeded by the similar 1955 RR Master and the much more modern 1955 RS Crown.
	The RH was also known as the Super.
	The 1000cc version SH which was equipped with the Type S engine was also produced. The 1500cc version was named Toyopet Super and the 1000cc version was named Toyopet Custom.
	Produced from September 1953 to 1955, 5,845 RHs were built.
	On the other hand, 230 SHs (1000cc version) were built.
	Same as the SF except for the new Type R engine.
	The FHJ was a fire appliance vehicle built based on the RH but with the much larger Type F engine. This was sold at the same time as the FAJ (based on the heavy duty FA truck), the FCJ (based on the medium duty FC truck) and the FJJ (based on the BJ Jeep).
	Same as the RH except for the Type F engine. The front body was based on the SG light truck, there were no doors and the rear of the body was heavily customised with typical fire appliance accessories (e.g. hoses, axes, ride-on steps, grab bars). In spite of looking like a small truck, the FHJ still used the single rear wheels of the RH passenger car.
	The FH24 was a fire appliance vehicle built based on the RH but with the much larger Type F engine.
	It was very similar to the earlier FHJ fire appliance.
	Same as the RH except for the Type F engine. The front body was based on the SG light truck, there were no doors and the rear of the body was heavily customised with typical fire appliance accessories (e.g. hoses, axes, ride-on steps, grab bars). In spite of looking like a small truck, the FH24 still used the single rear wheels of the RH passenger car.

= = = Pavle Jurina = = =

	Pavle "Pavo" Jurina (2 January 1954 – 2 December 2011) was a Croatian handball player who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics and in the 1984 Summer Olympics.
	Jurina was born in Našice. Standing at 1.94 m, he debuted as a handball player with the local team RK NEXE Našice; in 1976 he moved to RK Partizan Bjelovar, winning the Yugoslav national championship in 1977 and 1979. In 1980 he was a member of the Yugoslav handball team which finished sixth in the handball Olympic tournament. He played all six matches and scored 33 goals. Jurina was elected three times as best Yugoslav player
	Four years later he was part of the Yugoslav team which won the gold medal in the Los Angeles Summer Olympics. He played all six matches and scored five goals. In 1984 he moved to Italy, where he played at Gaeta. In 1986/1987 Jurian played for German team TuS Schutterwald. Later he coached several Italian teams, including Gaeta, Città Sant'Angelo, Sassari and Alcamo.
	He died in 2011 for a cardiac malfunction.

= = = Noushig Eloyan = = =

	Noushig Eloyan is a Canadian politician, who served on the Montreal City Council from 1994 to 2009 and ran for the Canadian Parliament for the electoral riding of Ahuntsic in the May 2, 2011 elections as a member of the federal Liberal Party of Canada.
	Eloyan was born in Syria and immigrated to Canada in 1976. She is of Armenian descent.
	In 1994 she ran for a seat on the city council under the Vision Montreal banner in the district of Acadie. She won with 45 per cent of the vote as Pierre Bourque became Mayor of Montreal. She served as Montreal's chairperson of the executive committee from 1994 to 1998. She was re-elected in 1998 with 58 per cent of the vote.
	Even though Vision Montreal lost the 2001 election, Eloyan managed to win re-election as city councillor. She ran in the district of Cartierville and received 53% of the vote. She served as borough mayor of Ahuntsic-Cartierville until 2005. She was re-elected to the council with 49% of the ballots in that same year in the district of Bordeaux-Cartierville.
	When Bourque retired from politics in May 2006, Eloyan became Leader of the Opposition.
	In May 2008, she confirmed her desire to leave office as leader of the opposition in Montreal and was replaced by Benoit Labonté, then borough mayor of Ville-Marie. She did not run again in the 2009 Montreal municipal election, and her seat was taken by Harout Chitilian of Union Montréal.

= = = Learning through Landscapes = = =

	Learning through Landscapes (LTL) is a UK charity which promotes children's outdoor activities through improved use of school playgrounds.
	Learning through Landscapes has been involved with a number of projects including: Supergrounds, The Scottish Play project and Polli:Nation These projects are funded from both grants and membership.
	Its patron is Sir David Attenborough, who in 2014 created their Basic Need film, this refers to the basic shortage of school places currently being experienced by schools.

= = = William Brymner = = =

	William Brymner, (December 14, 1855 – June 18, 1925) was a Canadian art teacher and a figure and landscape painter.
	Born in Greenock, Scotland, the son of Douglas Brymner the first Dominion Archivist and Jean Thomson, he moved with his family to Melbourne, Canada East in 1857. In 1864, his family moved to Montreal, Canada East. They later lived in the area of Ottawa, Canada West where William attended the Ottawa Grammar School.
	Following architectural studies in enrolled at the Académie Julian in Paris, France in 1878 where his instructors were William-Adolphe Bouguereau and Tony Robert-Fleury. Both of his teachers, in Paris, were famous exponents of 'Grand manner' naturalism. During this period at the Salon he became interested in the work of Jean-Louis Ernest Meissonier who was already popular with the French public.
	Brymner specialized in domestic figure scenes and avoided large historical subjects. "Two Girls Reading" of 1898 displays a "careful treatment of light and an understanding of the force of a simple emphatic composition". In 1886, he settled in Montreal after staying in Paris "on and off for almost seven years". Two years prior to leaving Paris, at Runswick Bay, Yorkshire, he completed "A Wreath of Flowers".
	Many members of the Beaver Hall Group studied under Brymner, who encouraged them to explore new modernistic approaches to painting.
	Among Brymner's pupils were:
	In 1883, he was made an associate of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts (RCA). He was elected vice-president of the RCA in 1907 and president in 1909. In 1916, he was made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George. His works were exhibited by Galerie L'Art français.

= = = Charles Andrew Brower = = =

	Charles Andrew Brower (June 15, 1857 – 1924) was an Ontario farmer and political figure. He represented Elgin East in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as a Conservative member from 1894 to 1899 and from 1900 to 1919.
	He was born in Yarmouth Township, the son of William Brower, and educated at St. Thomas and London, Ontario. Brower was reeve for Yarmouth Township from 1890 to 1892. He married Ellen Penhale and then married her sister Minnie in 1899 a few years after Ellen died. He was unseated in 1899 after an appeal but was reelected in a by-election held later that year. Brower lived near New Sarum.

= = = Foam (organization) = = =

	FoAM is a Brussels-based group of designers, scientists, cooks, artists, engineers and gardeners who share an interest in taking knowledge from their respective areas of expertise and applying it in new public contexts.
	FoAM was founded by Maja Kuzmanovic in 2000 as a cultural research department in Starlab. In 2001, FoAM became an independent, distributed entity with cells in Brussels and Amsterdam. Since that time, the core group of this de facto new-media think tank has included members from Belgium, the Netherlands, Australia, Croatia, Lithuania, the UK, and Sweden; its larger network has attracted people from around the world.
	Since 2004 FoAM has positioned itself as the only Flemish "Hybrid Reality Lab," with a primary focus on the field of hybrid reality (technologies, media and materials entangling the physical and the digital).
	One concept common to many of FoAM's explorations of growth and transformation in natural/artificial worlds has been that of "responsive environments". In this way, the capacity for change in technologically enhanced spaces is gauged by observing the playful explorations between physical and digital surroundings, and the accompanying fluid dialogues between people, materials and media. As a result, a strong contrast often emerges between the aesthetics of the designed and the beauty of the grown. Such explorations extend across several media, e.g. computer generated images and sounds across and within buildings and other forms of architecture as well as self-grown biological environments. Accordingly, FoAM's creation of public media art and its study of responsive environments have required the development of an open-ended responsive media system, which enables sensor data analysis and interpretation and further perceptual modeling. Representative examples include the following:
	groWorld developed out of a proposal to research historical examples of sustainable urban spaces that have focused on dynamics and diversity in the social, biological and cultural domains. Examples of such public spaces include community gardens and pocket parks, non-institutionalized plaza and street life, travelling fairs and periodic festivals. The results of the project have suggested ways in which an alternative economy can be conducted that is based on emergent trans-local actions, rather than accepting the generic, mono-cultural approach of the global free-market. One essential focus is biomimetics and its implications for growth processes in audiovisual media, textile design and human computer interaction, and the ways in which it can be applied to mixed reality installations, a-life gaming environments and smart textiles.
	Lyt_A is at the same time an artwork, an instrument and a translation medium in one. It is a flexible structure that can transmit touch (i.e. haptic information) at a distance, so that when the structure is touched on one site, the touch will be visible and touchable on another. The installation consists of two identical but mirrored parts placed 100 meters away from each other on the concourse of the Phaeno Science Centre in Wolfsburg, Germany. Placing the two structures in separate locations encourages the visitors to play with each other by manipulating the structures with their hands and bodies, and learning about each other's shapes through touch. Furthermore, the visitors' touches will remain as shape-traces in the memory of the installation. In moments of low activity, the installation brings the traces back to the surface of the structures. lyt_A's software uses the visitors' traces to create new shapes and body-forms: the traces are therefore mixed, transformed and grown, as if the visitors' touch has 'fertilized' this anorganic form that became alive and autonomous.
	TRG is a "transient reality generator" and explored ideas of temporary autonomous reality and the "irreal", i.e. the tension or imbalance between tangible reality and imaginary worlds. It built on the two previous installations, TGarden and txOom. However, while TGarden was designed to allow human gestures to use video and audio as calligraphic media, and txOom extended the concept, becoming an 'irreal ecology' where media would grow based on their interaction with the participants, TRG extended the scale to infinitely large and infinitely small 'irreal universes', whose existence is highly unstable and unpredictable, where minuscule local interactions can conjure up the lives massive worlds. In this way, the project focused on mixed reality, i.e. environments containing significant virtual and physical interaction possibilities, strongly intertwined, and exploring the implications thereof in the cultural sphere.
	txOom, as a project, grew out of its name, a neologism of 'texture' and 'bloom'. Initial research involved digital physics, phenomenology, biomimetics, human-computer-human interaction, and the development of experimental technologies. This research culminated in three site-specific public experiments in Torino, Great Yarmouth and Maribor, and involved a pan-European collaboration between FoAM, Time's Up, Kibla, Future Physical and the Interactive Institute. Essentially, within the framework of txOom, responsive environments were created which comprised audiovisual media and real-time media synthesis mechanisms, and which exhibited behaviors and properties similar to those of living organisms.
	TGarden originated in a partnership between FoAM in Brussels and sponge in San Francisco. The project resulted in a responsive Play Space whose visitors shape the media environment around them through their movement, gesture and social interaction. TGarden was developed in collaboration with several art and technology centers (in 2001 these were: the Topological Media Lab at Georgia Institute of Technology, Ars Electronica, V2, Banff Centre for the Arts) and a number of independent artists, technologists and scientists from Europe, USA and Australia. Essentially the TGarden (with T signifying 'time' and 'topology') constituted a built space in which the movements of the visitors' bodies was used by the TGarden's nervous system (hardware and software network) to shape visual, aural and tactile media. The gestures, such as those of touching, brushing along other bodies, dancing, stretching and falling, provided the impetus for the generative processes in TGarden.
	Beginning in 2004, in an effort to remedy a perceived lack of experimental media education in Belgium, FoAM, together with nadine, and okno, organized a series of workshops under the name "X.Med. K.". These workshops first began as introductory tutorials and were later expanded to range from master classes to informal gatherings. The programme allowed participants to become prolific media artists over a period of two years, encouraging the use of free media tools and the creative use of open source and free software. Workshop topics have included Max/MSP, Final Cut and DVD Studio Pro; physical computing, how to build a computer to fit people's specific needs, and the issues of environmentally sustainable media arts and design. In later workshops, after participants gained technical proficiency, they could opt for instruction from FoAM and okno in the use of real-time audiovisual systems and tools, and online collaboration tools, while in other seminars nadine has explored the artistic use of computer games and gaming engines.
	Luminous Green is a series of gatherings in which FoAM "calls upon the creative sector to enrich the public debate around environmental sustainability, ethical living and eco-technology". The symposium featured prominent speakers from the fields of design, education, communication and technology, and was presented as three sessions devoted to "Change, Communication and Matter". The hands-on workshop was conceived for artists and designers with a tutorial component focusing on power generation, renewable power sources, low-power computing and audiovisual displays. The first Luminous Green workshop was led by Slovenian artist Marko Peljhan with FoAM's Maja Kuzmanovic. It was attended by Belgian and international artists and designers from the 1st to the 4th of May 2007.
	FoAM's workshops, events, and other gatherings provide an opportunity for the various members to explore their self-avowed interest in food - not just in its functions as fuel and nourishment, but also its aspects that involve performance art, design-science, social celebration, and distribution as participatory economics. This interest manifests itself in various ways, ranging from thematic in-house food events to external transdisciplinary team-building to networking with food co-ops, farmers' markets, and kitchen-style chemistry labs. The resulting experimentation emphasizes molecular gastronomy and flavor pairing based on chemical constituents and incorporates nearly forgotten and/or often overlooked wild plants and herbs.
	This concept of food activism has extended to public events held under the aegis of other organizations. For example, for its contribution to the "Altitude 1000" Sonic and Visual Arts Festival, held in Brussels in December 2006, FoAM chose to invite Kate Rich and Kayle Brandon, who wildcrafted their own cola from an online, open source recipe. The participants of the resulting "Cube-Cola Lab" took part in Amy Balkin's "Radical Cola Challenge" by blind-tasting Cube-Cola alongside its major market rivals (including Mecca Cola and Coca-Cola). Moreover, Cube Cola was then used as a so-called "watchlist ingredient" of the Guantanamo Libre cocktail.
	FoAM's core group of collaborators currently includes two of its founding members Maja Kuzmanovic and Nik Gaffney along with Cocky Eek, Theun Karelse, Dave Griffiths and others.

= = = Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Foreign Language Film = = =

	The Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Foreign Language Film is one of the annual film awards given by the Boston Society of Film Critics.

= = = Pointer (wireless phone) = = =

	Pointer was a mobile phone network of Finnish Posti- ja telelaitos (now TeliaSonera Finland) for a short time on the 1980s. The technology was similar to usual cordless phones, which could be used on hotspots around Finland, at least to make calls. Pointer phones lacked roaming capability. A sign on the wall would show the passers-by that there was a Pointer hotspot available.
	There were hotspots on mail offices and there were probably plans to build more of them. When Pointer service was published, however, the NMT phones were beginning a rapid rise in popularity and displaced the Pointer before it had time to establish.
	There still exist some signs showing that there was an availability of Pointer service, e.g., in Helsinki on a wall of a mail office on the Mechelininkatu street.

= = = Don Rickles Speaks! = = =

	Don Rickles Speaks! is a comedy album released in 1969 by insult comic Don Rickles. It begins with an introduction by G. Bernard Owens who tells the audience that the recording they are about to hear reveals the serious side of Rickles, and his "thoughts of people, life, philosophy." Immediately after the introduction, we hear laughter, which completely contradicts what was heard previously. In the album, Rickles is interviewed by a panel of "eminent experts" who ask him about celebrities such as Dean Martin, Johnny Carson, Kirk Douglas, Robert Goulet, and Frank Sinatra, as well as music acts such as The Electric Prunes and Snooky Lanson.

= = = Swain's Island (Newfoundland and Labrador) = = =

	Swain's Island, Newfoundland, is actually a group of eight islands on the north side of Bonavista Bay, southeast of Wesleyville. All of these islands once had inhabitants but eventually all of them were resettled, mostly to Wesleyville.
	The earliest island of Swain's Island to be settled were the Outer Swain's Islands which were close to good fishing grounds and provided excellent shelter for vessels. The first two settlers were English men, William Tiller and John Winsor in 1810. Other families soon followed, such as the Brentons, Mulletts, Stockleys, Dykes, and Hills. The islands' population combined in 1836 equalled 85, and by that year there was a Church of England school-chapel built on one of the islands, named Hill's Island. Swain's Island was prospering by the 1860s in its successful inshore fishery and involvement in the Labrador fishery; and by this time residents were also beginning to participate in the seal hunt.
	By 1869 the population had reached 265, but people eventually began moving to the mainland to places such as Wesleyville. A ferry service had to be put in place in 1896 to take children to Wesleyville to attend school because Swain's Island could not get a teacher. The population stayed stable for a few years and then gradually deceased; the islands were completely abandoned by 1930.
	Swain's Island began with the entire population being of the Church of England. Swain's Island was visited often by missionaries from Greenspond; for example, the Rev. N. A. Coster visited in June 1830 and baptized over 40 people, and Robert Dyer and Julian Moreton describes their visits to Swain's Island in their diaries and reports. The first record of a layreader, and also a teacher, was a Mr. E Churnside Bishop who began teaching and layreading in 1843. Bishop also helped organize the building of a new school which was opened in 1848. A Church of England church was built on Swain's Island and was consecrated in 1861.
	The first teaching done on the islands was by a fisherman, John Feltham, who was asked by William Tiller to stay ashore rather than fish to teach his boys. Feltham agreed to this, and sometime later, in 1829, he was appointed by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (S.P.G.), to be a teacher. In 1830 there were about 25 students, but this school was discontinued in 1834. The next record of school was by the teacher Edward Churnside Bishop under the Newfoundland School Society from 1843 to 1883. In 1869 a new school house was built; and the last teacher to teach at Swain's Island was Annie Alice Hall in 1901.
	Swain's Island was settled because of its prime location and advantages in the various fisheries. Its entire economy, like so many other communities in Newfoundland at this time, depended upon the fisheries. In 1874 there was a peak number of fishing rooms on Swain's Island, totalling 19 altogether, in 1884 there were still 10 fishing rooms in use. 
	Some of the vessels in the cod fishery on Swain's Island:
	Sealing nets and boats on Swain's Island:
	Sealing steamer captains born on Swain's Island:
	Hutchinson's Directory of 1864 lists four residents of Swain's Island:

= = = 19th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Latvian) = = =

	The 19th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Latvian) (, ) was an infantry division of the Waffen-SS during World War II. It was the second Latvian division formed in January 1944, after its sister unit, the 15th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Latvian) with which it formed the Latvian Legion. It was surrounded in the Courland Pocket at the end of the war where it surrendered to the Red Army.
	The division was formed in January 1944, from 2 SS Infantry Brigade with the addition of a newly raised third regiment, Waffen Grenadier Regiment 46 (Latvian No. 6). Simultaneously, the designations of the two other grenadier regiments were changed from 39 and 40 to 42 and 43 respectively. The commander of the SS brigade, SS-Oberführer Hinrich Schuldt became the first commander of the division. After Schuldt was killed in action on 15 March 1944, SS-Standartenführer Friedrich-Wilhelm Bock temporarily took command, being replaced on April 13 by SS-Oberführer Bruno Streckenbach, who led the division until the end of war.

= = = Valu (film) = = =

	Valu is a 2008 comedy Marathi film directed by Umesh Vinayak Kulkarni. The film featured in various international film festivals as The Wild Bull. It also became the first Marathi film to be selected in Rotterdam International Film Festival 2008, the Netherlands.
	In the small village of Kusavde, there is a lonely misunderstood wild bull. The bull, "Valu", is actually a holy, consecrated bull which is the responsibility of the village. It is allowed to roam free and is the responsibility of the entire village. But lately, Valu becomes very aggressive and is blamed for every single act of chaos and destruction that happens in and around the village. Now, catching the bull becomes equivalent to establishing power in the village for the leaders and for those who are interested in the fringe benefits.
	The film intertwines various stories of the war between the two leaders; love stories that bloom in the midst of the adventure; an amateur filmmaker who struggles to shoot a documentary; the forest officer who leads this chaos like a sacred mission along with the religious priest; the tricksters and an insane woman who seems to understand the mind of Valu.

= = = Bangers and Mash (TV series) = = =

	Bangers and Mash is a British children's cartoon series originally broadcast on Children's ITV in 1989, and repeated until around 1993. The series consists of 25 five-minute episodes.
	The series revolves around the adventures of two chimpanzees, Bangers and Mash, and is based on a series of children books by Paul Groves and Edward McLachlan. This series of reading books were used in schools in the 1980s. The series' narration and character voices were provided by Jonathan Kydd, and the incidental music and theme tune were written and performed by Chas & Dave.
	Bangers and Mash are troublemakers and through wanting to have fun, would cause grief for others, namely making a mess or breaking something of importance, normally belonging to their parents (or Gran, who also lives with them). Like all the inhabitants of their island, they live in a house built on top of a tree (their address being No. 3 Tree Street).
	Other characters of significance on the show include Bangers' and Mash's parents, their grandmother, their dog Mick, their friend Petal (who would often physically hurt them if their antics annoyed her too much), their teacher Mrs. Chum (who often resorts to the same punishment; making them write their ABC's ten times) and the local witch, Mrs. Snitchnose; a rat-like creature with a long nose with hairs coming on the end of it.

= = = Momir Rnić (handballer born 1955) = = =

	Momir Rnić (born 3 February 1955 in Sečanj, Serbia, FPR Yugoslavia) is a former Yugoslav handball player who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics, in the 1984 Summer Olympics, and in the 1988 Summer Olympics.
	In 1980 he was a member of the Yugoslav handball team which finished sixth. He played all six matches and scored seventeen goals.
	Four years later he was part of the Yugoslav team which won the gold medal. He played four matches and scored one goals.
	In 1988 he won the bronze medal with the Yugoslav team. He played all six matches and scored eighteen goals.
	His son Momir Rnić ia also a handballer, member of Serbia national handball team.
 

= = = Oxford Philharmonic Orchestra = = =

	The Oxford Philharmonic Orchestra is a British professional symphony orchestra based in Oxford and is the Orchestra in Residence at the University of Oxford. It was founded in 
	1998 by Marios Papadopoulos as the Oxford Philomusica and was renamed the Oxford Philharmonic Orchestra in 2015.

= = = George Sweet = = =

	George Sweet (1844 – 1920) was an English-born Australian geologist, president of the Royal Society of Victoria in 1905.
	Sweet investigated fossils in the Mansfield district for Frederick McCoy 1888-95, and was second-in-command to Sir Edgeworth David on the Funafuti expedition in 1897. He was a fellow of the Geological Society
	Sweet's daughter, Georgina Sweet (1875–1946), became a zoologist and philanthropist.

= = = Cherry Hill Park = = =

	"Cherry Hill Park" is a song written by Robert Nix and Billy Gilmore, arranged by Buddy Buie, James Cobb, and Emory Gordy, Jr., and produced by Buie and Bill Lowery. Its original by Billy Joe Royal was a hit in 1969 reaching #15 on both the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart and the "Cash Box" chart, and #8 in Canada. It was on Royal's 1969 album "Cherry Hill Park". Buie also produced its cover version performed by the Classics IV which was released by United Artists Records in 1971. He and the Classics IV's manager Paul Cochran were two of the four owners of Studio One. The cover was actually marketed with its title combining the first two words of the original's ("Cherryhill Park").
	The subject of the song is one Mary Hill, a girl who has frequents the titular Cherry Hill Park. During days she acts as a tease to the boys in the park but at night when they return to the park she gratifies them, as noted in the barely disguised suggestive lyrics. However, she "married away" to a "man with money". As a result, she stopped coming to Cherry Hill Park.
	Royal came up with the song's title after a friend described seeing Cherry Hill, New Jersey on a visit to nearby Pennsylvania.
	Different mixes of this song exist, some with additional background vocals in the song's bridge, others in varying lengths, the longest version available being 3:17, with an extended finale running 33 seconds longer than the common single version.

= = = Tadao Yasuda = = =

	He made his professional sumo debut in March 1979 at the age of 15, after leaving junior high school. He was recruited by Kokonoe stable. In 1980 he adopted the "shikona" of Fujinomori, before switching to Takanofuji in 1984. He first reached "sekitori" status in March 1985 upon promotion to the second highest "jūryō" division, but could manage only 4 wins against 11 losses and was demoted back to the unsalaried "makushita" division. After winning promotion back to "jūryō" in January 1986 he made his debut in the top "makuuchi" division only two tournaments later in May 1986.
	Takanofuji was ranked in the top division for 33 tournaments, winning one special prize for Fighting Spirit. His two gold stars for defeating "yokozuna" were both earned against Futahaguro (who, as Koji Kitao, also turned to professional wrestling). Takanofuji had the advantage of belonging to a stable that included two "yokozuna", Chiyonofuji and Hokutoumi, which under sumo regulations meant he never had to face them in tournament play. However, his height of meant he had a higher centre of gravity than was ideal for a sumo wrestler, and he seemed to struggle when promoted above the mid "maegashira" ranks. Though he managed to reach the fourth highest "komusubi" ranking in July 1990 he could not maintain the rank, winning only two bouts there. He was demoted from the top division after the September 1991 tournament and announced his retirement in May 1992. His career coincided exactly with that of his stablemate Hokutoumi, who made his debut alongside him in March 1979 and also retired in May 1992. At Takanofuji's own request, it was the previous head of Kokonoe stable, ex-"yokozuna" Kitanofuji, his long time coach, and not his successor, ex-"yokozuna" Chiyonofuji, who performed the topknot cutting at Takanofuji's official retirement ceremony or "danpatsu-shiki."
	Takanofuji's most common winning "kimarite" were "yori-kiri" (force out), "hataki-komi" (slap down) and "tsuki-otoshi" (thrust over).
	Reverting to his real name, he joined the New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) promotion in June 1993, making his debut in February 1994. Yasuda spent the majority of the 1990s as an undercard wrestler, primarily competing in opening matches or as the fall guy in tag team matches with wrestlers such as Shinya Hashimoto and Kensuke Sasaki, achieving little success. In late 2000, Yasuda, along with Kazuyuki Fujita, became somewhat of a pet project for Antonio Inoki, and both of them were sent to the United States to train in mixed martial arts. Yasuda returned to Japan soon after, and was victorious in his first fight against veteran Masaaki Satake at Pride 13. Yasuda's win helped further legitimise him as a pro wrestler in the eyes of Inoki, and this was rewarded with Yasuda reaching the semi finals of the 2001 G1 Climax, where he lost to Keiji Mutoh. After earning one win and one loss in MMA throughout 2001, Yasuda earned the biggest win of his career in December by choking out veteran Jerome Le Banner. His defeat of Jerome led to Yasuda's stock in New Japan skyrocketing almost overnight, and Yasuda soon found himself elevated from over the hill veteran to top title contender in early 2002. Yasuda earned the biggest win of his pro wrestling career on February 16, defeating Yuji Nagata in a tournament to win the vacant IWGP Heavyweight Championship. Yasuda held the title for 48 days, before dropping it to Nagata in April. In August 2002, Yasuda and Kantaro Hoshino formed their own faction, the Makai Club, a group of wrestlers primarily with MMA backgrounds who worshipped Antonio Inoki like a god. Yasuda was viewed as the leader of the group, and in early 2003 he partnered up with his second in command Kazunari Murakami to enter the IWGP Tag Team Championship #1 Contender Tournament. Despite losing to Jim Steele and Mike Barton in the final, an injury to Steele would give the title to shot to Murakami and Yasuda who unsuccessfully challenged Hiroyoshi Tenzan and Masahiro Chono on February 16. Having retired from MMA, the aging Yasuda's position in the New Japan card began to fall again, and in late 2004 he left the promotion. After leaving New Japan, he started making sporadic appearances for ZERO-ONE and Hustle.
	In October 2007 he reportedly attempted to commit suicide by carbon monoxide poisoning, using a yeontan. A friend however, interrupted the alleged attempt. He was hospitalized with fears of possible brain damage, but this proved not to be the case and he eventually made a return to wrestling. Speaking to "Tokyo Sports" Yasuda later denied attempting suicide, saying the poisoning was accidental. On January 11, 2011, Yasuda announced his retirement from professional wrestling. He wrestled his final match on February 4, 2011, in which he was defeated by Genichiro Tenryu.
	Though very past his prime physically, Yasuda made his transition to mixed martial arts as a NJPW representative in March 2001. He had his debut at the PRIDE 13 against similarly retired kickboxer and karate champion Masaaki Satake. Yasuda received damage and bled from his face, but he nullified most of Satake' attacks by rushing him through sumo techniques against the ropes every time they were separated. At the end, the unanimous decision was given to Yasuda for controlling the fight.
	Yasuda returned to MMA in the K-1 Andy Hug Memorial event, taking on Rene Rooze in a special rules match, but he lost via head kick KO at the third round. He would be more successful in December 2001, when he fought popular K-1 player Jerome Le Banner at an Inoki Bom-Ba-Ye event: Yasuda managed to take him down and submit him by pressing his forearm against Le Banner's throat, getting the biggest win of his MMA career.
	He would later lost to fellow NJPW wrestler Kazuyuki Fujita in an Universal Fighting-Arts Organization event. Yasuda then fought superheavyweight kickboxer Jan Nortje, but he had to retire from the match when he hurt a leg seriously. His last fight was a rematch against Rooze, losing the fight again, this time by TKO.
	Yasuda's daughter Ayami was born in 1987 and is a model. 
 

= = = Burgess Model I = = =

	The Burgess Model I, also known as the "Burgess I-Scout" and the "Coast Defense Hydroaeroplane", was a United States reconnaissance seaplane built for the Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps in 1913. It was of conventional Wright Model B design but with an engine mounted amidships in an enclosed fuselage, driving by chains two large pusher propellers mounted on the interplane struts. The undercarriage consisted of twin pontoons. The single example built, S.C. No. 17, was delivered to the Army in January 1913 at the Burgess Company and Curtis factory in Massachusetts, then transported to Florida to complete the training of two officers. After the assignment, it was disassembled and moved to the Philippines in September 1913, where it was in and out of service several times before crashing into the sea near Corregidor on January 12, 1915. It is notable as the first U.S. Army aircraft to conduct two-way radio communication with the ground in December 1914.
	The Burgess Model I was placed into service as Signal Corps Number 17 (S.C. No. 17) in January 1913 to complete the training of Lieutenants Loren H. Call and Eric L. Ellington at Palm Beach, Florida. Following this assignment it was disassembled and shipped by sea to the Philippine Aviation School near Manila, arriving in the first week of September. When it was uncrated for assembly, it was found to have been damaged so severely in transit that both its upper and lower wings needed replacing. 2d Lt. Herbert A. Dargue, a Coast Artillery officer trained as a pilot at the Philippine Aviation School, was detailed October 18 to fly the plane, based on the beach at San Jose on the south side of Corregidor in Manila Bay. After it was placed back into service in November 1913, it was found that center-of-gravity problems with its front-and-back seating arrangement and heavy pontoons made it incapable of taking off with two persons aboard. Dargue continued one-man operations and with a Coast Artillery officer devised a primitive method of signaling with small parachutes and a Very pistol to indicate misses.
	S.C. 17 was reconditioned by January 1914 with lighter pontoons that permitted two-man operation. Its hangar was supplied with a cement floor and a marine railway built down to the water to assist in launching the aircraft. The S.C. No. 17 participated in maneuvers with ground troops in February but was damaged during landing on February 20, and was out of service for a month. Between April 28 and May 15 it resumed adjusting fire for the Coast Artillery before going into storage for the rainy season.
	When he resumed flying activity in the fall of 1914, Dargue began testing a small radio transmitter-receiver built by a local unit, and was damaged again in October experimenting with antenna location. Ultimately a wire antenna was paid out behind the aircraft in flight from a reel. Further problems of engine noise, ignition interference, burnout of the signal detector by proximity of the transmitter, and loss of calibration from engine vibration were all overcome. On December 1, 1914, Dargue and 1st Lt. Joseph O. Mauborgne, the Signal Corps officer in charge of the Fort Mills radio station, began a series seven test flights of the radio. During the third, on December 11, the first two-way telegraphy communication with the ground was performed, at a range of for communication with the ground and for the return signal to the airplane, flying at an altitude of , the first radio signal received by an airplane. On the last flight, December 16, using a switch designed to alternate between receiving and transmitting modes, Mauborgne conducted the first airborne "conversation" with the ground.
	On January 12, 1915, Dargue and an enlisted spotter encountered strong winds over San Jose Bay. Dargue lost control attempting to avoid the cliffs on Corregidor, but was able to recover sufficiently to crash-land the plane tail first in the bay, causing a total loss. Because S.C. No. 17 was the only aircraft left in the Philippines, the Philippine Aviation School was closed and Dargue transferred back to San Diego, California.

= = = Marni (clothing) = = =

	Marni is an Italian fashion house founded in 1994 by Consuelo Castiglioni. It is recognized worldwide for its women's, men's and kid's ready-to-wear and accessories collections.
	Since 2012, Marni has been part of the OTB group, owned by Italian entrepreneur Renzo Rosso.
	Francesco Risso has been the brand's creative director since 2016.
	Founded in Milan in 1994 by Swiss designer Consuelo Castiglioni, Marni has become internationally renowned for its experimental collections characterized by the use of innovative prints and colours.
	In 2000, the company began to expand into key markets, opening numerous stores and consolidating its presence in the most prestigious department stores.
	During this period, Marni became an online retailing pioneer with the launch of a virtual store, which, in addition to offering e-commerce, presents the Marni world through sections dedicated to many artistic collaborations and special projects.
	In 2012, the company was acquired by Renzo Rosso's OTB group, whose brands include Diesel, Maison Margiela, Viktor & Rolf, Paula Cademartori, Staff International and Brave Kid.
	In 2016, Marni appointed Francesco Risso as Creative Director, opening a new chapter in the brand's history.
	In 2018, the company appointed Stefano Biondo as its CEO.
	In 2019, the company appointed Barbara Calò as its managing director.
	Francesco Risso entered the BoF500 list in 2018 as one of the most influential people in the fashion industry.

= = = Chester Weir = = =

	Chester Weir is a weir which crosses the River Dee at Chester, Cheshire, England, slightly upstream from the Old Dee Bridge (). The weir and the associated salmon leap are recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building.
	This was originally the site of a causeway across the River Dee. The weir was built in sandstone in 1093 for Hugh Lupus, 1st Earl of Chester, for the Benedictine Abbey of St Werburgh (now Chester Cathedral). It was designed to provide a head of water for the medieval mills on the river. The mills were demolished during the 20th century and the weir was restored to serve the Chester City Council's hydro-electric power station, which operated from 1913 to 1939 on the site of the former mills.
	The weir continues to provide three essential roles in maintaining the very substantial water abstractions from the River Dee. It prevents tidal water ingress up-river for all but the highest tides; it provides the water head for an abstraction immediately behind the weir and it holds back what is a long linear lake which enables that largest abstraction to be taken at Huntington for the United Utilities supply to the Wirral and surrounding areas.
	The weir can be navigated by crossing over the top during high spring tides. On the city-side of the weir is the United Kingdom's only example of a weirgate, a low height single lock gate that can be opened to provide extra draft once the water levels on each side of the weir have equalised. This allows carefully planned passage from the non-tidal River Dee, via the short tidal estuary section, onto the Dee Branch of the Shropshire Union Canal (originally the Chester Canal) at certain times of year.
	United Utilities are due to vacate the turbine building by 2013, allowing installation of a new hydro electric generating plant.

= = = Consuelo Castiglioni = = =

	Consuelo Castiglioni (born 1959) is a fashion designer. She is part Chilean and was born and raised in the Italian-Swiss town of Lugano, Switzerland.
	Though she has no training in fashion, she founded the fashion label Marni in 1994, and the line has recently risen to prominence. She is married to Gianni Castiglioni, who is Marni's CEO. Their daughter Carolina runs the online store, and is the brand's special projects' director.
	In 2009 she worked with Kim Gordon on geometric designs for Marni. The brand now exceeds $100 million sales per year and is worn by celebrities such as Cindy Sherman, Kyra Sedgwick and Gwyneth Paltrow. Castiglioni was ranked in the 2010 “"100 most creative people in business"”.
	In 2013, the brand launched its first, eponymous, fragrance.

= = = 1887–88 British Home Championship = = =

	The 1887–88 British Home Championship was the fifth edition of the annual international football tournament played between the British Home Nations. It was the first edition of the tournament in which Scotland did not at least share in the trophy and was also notable for a record flood of goals, 46 in six games, 26 of them conceded by Ireland, who suffered a disastrous competition.
	England began the tournament in the same vein as they finished it, winning the opening match 5–1 against Wales at the Alexandra Recreation Ground in Crewe. Wales responded to this, and to their shock defeat by Ireland the year previously with an 11–0 thrashing of the visiting Irish, a Welsh record scoreline which remains standing after nearly 120 years. Any hopes of a recovery for the Welsh were however dashed in their final game when Scotland administered a 5–1 beating in Edinburgh.
	England returned to the fray and gained revenge for their narrow defeat in the deciding match of the previous year when they in turn thrashed Scotland 5–0 in London, leaving only the weak Irish in between them and the trophy. Before this however, Ireland received another massive defeat at the hands of Scotland, who beat them 2–10 in Belfast to take second place. In the final game, England needed only a draw to secure the title but managed a win by five goals to one to take their first undisputed championship.
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= = = Katanpää-class mine countermeasure vessel = = =

	"Katanpää"-class mine countermeasure vessels are a class of three multipurpose mine countermeasure vessels (MCMV) ordered by the Finnish Navy. The nearly 250 million euro contract was awarded to the Italian shipyard Intermarine S.p.A. in 2006. Initially, all three vessels were scheduled to be delivered by 2014 and the class was expected to achieve operational readiness by 2015, but there have been various delays and the last vessel was handed over to the Finnish Navy in November 2016.
	The "Katanpää" class is expected to remain in service until 2040–2042.
	In its safety and defence policy report of 2004 the Finnish Government announced that, in addition to training mobile coastal troops and protecting sea traffic, the Finnish Navy would start focusing on developing its mine countermeasure capabilities. As a result a decision was made to retire the aging "Kuha"-class minesweepers and invest in a new mine countermeasure fleet, which would include minehunters and -sweepers, divers and a new mine warfare information system.
	A request for bids was published on 5 June 2004 and by 3 January 2005 the Finnish Navy had received offers from seven shipyards, both domestic and foreign. After an extensive evaluation it was decided to continue negotiations with Intermarine S.p.A of Italy. Kockums AB of Sweden and Navantia SA from Spain. Aker Finnyards Oy (Finland), Armaris SA (France), Lürssen Werft GmbH and Abeking & Rasmussen GmbH (both German) were left out. In November 2006 the contract for three mine countermeasure vessels was awarded to the Italian shipyard Intermarine S.P.A. The total order worth was 244.8 million euros and it will include a spare parts package. About 50% of the total cost is contracted for Finnish companies and the shipbuilding contract includes a 100% offset agreement.
	The construction of the first vessel began in July 2007 with the ceremony of "start of lamination" which, for vessels built of composite materials, equals to the steel cutting ceremony. The construction of the second vessel was started in March 2008 and the third vessel in February 2009. The construction of the vessels was delayed by one year after the shipyard was devastated by a flood in early 2009. Two more floods occurred in late 2009, but the damage was not as extensive.
	The lead vessel of the class, "Katanpää", began its sea trials in March 2011, but due to additional delays it was not delivered until 4 May 2012. The vessel was shipped to Finland onboard BigLift heavy lift vessel "Happy Dover" which left Italy on 21 May. "Katanpää" was presented to the public in Helsinki on 9 July 2012, the 94th anniversary of the Finnish Navy. The second vessel, "Purunpää", was delivered to the Finnish Navy on 20 August 2013 and arrived in Turku onboard "Happy Dynamic" one month later. The third vessel, initially expected by 2015, was handed over to the Finnish Navy in November 2016 and will arrive in Finland in December.
	The "Katanpää"-class mine countermeasure vessels are expected to remain in service until 2040-2042.
	The "Katanpää"-class mine countermeasure vessels were initially referred to as the MCMV 2010 class after the mine countermeasure development project and "MITO class" after the Finnish word for mine countermeasures, "miinantorjunta". As naval vessel classes of the Finnish Navy are traditionally named after the lead ship of the class, the new class of mine countermeasure vessels received its final name when the first vessel was named "Katanpää" (pennant number 40) on 16 June 2009. The second vessel of the "Katanpää" class received its name, "Purunpää" (41), on 26 September 2010 and the third one was named "Vahterpää" (42) on 3 November 2011.
	The vessels have been named after historical locations, Katanpää being an old island fortress and naval port outside Kustavi in Western Finland, Purunpää an old harbor site in Dragsfjärd and Vahterpää an old naval base outside Loviisa in the Gulf of Finland. The same names were also carried by three of the four BYMS class minesweepers operated by the Finnish Navy in the 1950s. For the new class of vessels, the Finnish Navy has adopted a new prefix "MHC" which stands for "Mine Hunter Coastal".
	The "Katanpää"-class mine countermeasure vessels are constructed of laminated composite materials. They are long and have a beam of and a draft of . The hull, decks and bulkheads are made of fiberglass, which in places are up to thick. The decks are additionally reinforced with balsa and carbon fiber. This improves shock resistance against underwater explosions and reduces the vessels' magnetic, noise and pressure signatures that could detonate the mines. The low-signature diesel-electric propulsion system consists of two MTU 8V-396-TE74 high-speed diesel engines, each producing , and two Voith Schneider propellers. The "Katanpää"-class vessels are designed to operate in archipelagoes, coastal regions and open seas, and are capable of operating in ice. They will have a service speed of and a maximum range of .
	The "Katanpää"-class vessels will be equipped with an extensive array of equipment to search for, locate and destroy naval mines, ranging from two autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV) and two remotely operated vehicles (ROV) to hull-mounted sensors. The larger AUV, HUGIN (High Precision Untethered Geosurvey and Inspection system), which is manufactured by Kongsberg Maritime, is over four meters long and weighs over . It is equipped with a multibeam echosounder (MBES), a smaller version of the one mounted on the hull of the vessel. This instrument is used to collect topographic information of the seabed and a synthetic aperture side-scanning sonar can be used to detect and classify targets. The smaller AUV, REMUS 100 (Remote Environmental Monitoring Unit), weighs only and can be used to collect information of the sea floor with its side-scanning sonar at depths of up to 100 metres. Two ROVs, a Double Eagle by Saab Underwater Systems of Sweden and SeaFox I by Atlas Elektronik of Germany, can be used to identify and destroy naval mines. The hull-mounted sensors include a Kongsberg EM-710 RD multibeam echosounder and a TOPAS (Topographic Parametric Sonar) sediment echosounder with jets that can penetrate the uppermost strata of the seabed. In addition the vessels will be equipped with American-made Klein Associates Klein 5500 towed side-scanning sonars. Underwater positioning is provided with Kongsberg HiPAP 500 (High Precision Acoustic Positioning) system. The vessels follow a toolbox principle in which a suitable combination of sensors and equipment is selected individually for each mission according to the task and environmental conditions.
	Each vessel of the "Katanpää" class is equipped with a Bofors 40 mm L/70 gun for self-defence. The fire control is provided by Atlas Elektronik and the integrated system utilizes EOTS TV/IR multisensors. The system can be controlled from either one of five consoles in the combat information center or from the bridge, although only one console is equipped with the pedals required to control the gun. In addition the vessels are armed with depth charges.

= = = National Historic Oregon Trail Interpretive Center = = =

	The National Historic Oregon Trail Interpretive Center is a interpretive center about the Oregon Trail located northeast of Baker City, Oregon on Oregon Route 86 atop Flagstaff Hill. It is operated by the Bureau of Land Management in partnership with Trail Tenders and the Oregon Trail Preservation Trust, and offers living history demonstrations, interpretive programs, exhibits, multi-media presentations, special events, and more than four miles (6 km) of interpretive trails.
	Exhibit themes include area natural history, pre-emigrant travelers and explorers, Native Americans, pioneer life, the General Land Office and Bureau of Land Management, and the mining and settlement of Northeast Oregon.
	The book "Trail of a Dream" by Dorthy Wooters chronicles that dream from the early planning stage in 1987 through funding and construction and, ultimately, opening day in 1992.

= = = Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Director = = =

	The Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Director is an annual film award given by the Boston Society of Film Critics.

= = = Sancharam (TV series) = = =

	Sancharam (Malayalam: സഞ്ചാരം, English: "travel"), is the first telecast of a visual travelogue in Malayalam language television. The program has been shot, edited and directed by Santhosh George Kulangara. It is being aired on 09:30 pm and 10 pm (IST) every weekday in Safari TV channel and re-telecasted the next day (weekdays only) four times. The program has completed over 1635 episodes and has been shot in more than 120 countries during the last 22 years. Originally aired on Asianet on Sundays, it has been then started airing on Safari TV, which is owned by Santhosh George Kulangara.
	An internet edition of "Sancharam" is also available free of cost. It claimed to be the first Internet television in Kerala.
	"Sancharam" is about to be shot in space by Santhosh George Kulangara who has been selected for the Virgin Galactic’s next space tourism programme, SpaceShipTwo. With this space journey, he is slated to be India's first space tourist.
	The editing of "Sancharam" is done by Labour India Publications Ltd..
	The episodes which are being telecasted presently were shot in Brunei.
	"Sancharam" has won many awards by this time. Some of the awards includes:

= = = Stadtbahnwagen B = = =

	The Stadtbahnwagen Typ B (translation "Type "B" Light Rail Vehicle", short form B-Wagen) is a light rail vehicle used by several Stadtbahn networks in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It was mainly developed by Düsseldorf-based DUEWAG, who also built the majority of vehicles in a consortium with Siemens and Kiepe. A small series of ten units was built by Waggon Union in Berlin. As the type evolved over two decades of production, some vehicles have little more in common than their outer dimensions and the basic configuration of a two-part multiple unit on three bogies with both outer ones powered. For the Dortmund Stadbahn, some cars were modified with a central section and a fourth bogie. These vehicles are referred to as "B8" or " B80C/8" (eight axles). These vehicles have a length of 38 m (124 ft 8.036 in) and a weight of 49 t.
	When the Rhine-Ruhr Stadtbahn network was planned in the early 1970s, standardised rolling stock was planned as well. At the same time, a second Stadtbahn network was planned for Cologne and Bonn. Because the future Cologne Stadtbahn already had one finished tunnel, that was built with the city's own money with streetcars in mind, the "Stadtbahnwagen" designed for the Rhine-Ruhr network was not suitable. So, another vehicle was designed for the Cologne/Bonn network, that was capable of driving though tighter curves. This vehicle, now referred to as "Stadtbahnwagen Typ B" was immediately ordered by transport authorities in Cologne and Bonn, while Rhine-Ruhr authorities remained hesitant about "their" vehicle, now renamed "Stadtbahnwagen Typ A". Eventually it was decided that the type "A" LRV was too unwieldy and type "B" LRVs were ordered by Essen, Mülheim, Düsseldorf, Duisburg and Dortmund. The type "A" concept, which consists of close coupled two-car sets, was shelved and later revived for the Stuttgart Stadtbahn.
	The "Typ B" formed the basis for the British-built Metrocars on the Tyne & Wear Metro, which opened in 1980.
	Different variants are usually referred to by a combination of their top speed and a letter denoting the engine type.

= = = Training needs analysis = = =

	Training Analysis (sometimes called Training Needs Analysis (TNA)) is the process of identifying the gap in employee training and related training needs.
	Training Need Analysis (TNA) is the process of identifying the gap between employee training and needs of training. Training needs analysis is the first stage in the training process and involves a series of steps that reveal whether training will help to solve problem which has been identified. Training can be described as “the acquisition of skills, concepts or attitudes that result in improved performance within the job environment”. Training needs analysis looks at each side of operational area of job so that the concepts and attitudes of the human elements of a system can be effectively identified and appropriate training can be specified.
	Training needs analysis is most often used as part of the system development process. Due to the close tie between the design of the system and the training required, in most cases it runs alongside the development to capture the training requirements.needs additional citations for verification
	Tools and methods for an integrated approach, Design Integrated Training Analysis, have been proposed and developed. The trade-offs between design and training are both assessed in light of the understanding of the operational tasks. This approach also uses information on recorded critical incidents to review proposed training and to provide traceability between hazards and training. This single, integrated approach to human factors and training needs analysis has been successfully used on a number of defence projects.
	Over the last 20 years the critical nature of the man-in-the-loop has changed from simply manual dexterity and procedural operation to a state in which their decision making, cognitive abilities, data assimilation, communication skills, and attitude are all crucial. In addition the job structure of the personnel operationally involved with modern systems has diversified in direct proportion to the complexity of the technology. This has fueled the need for a formal approach.
	The task of training can be broken down into a number of discrete components, each addressing a different part of the overall learning process. This breakdown is as follows:-
	The role of training analysis is to build a formal bridge between the available design data and the training media and training objectives, in order to facilitate the transfer of training elements into the operational environment.
	For complex multi-user system a user-to-task map is often constructed to present the relationship between the tasks and the identified team structure and also to identify new groups of users that would need to have an understanding of the system. The training gap is assessed by a comparison between the goals and tasks undertaken by the individuals and the existing training.
	There is a wide variety of training media that can be used, ranging from traditional lecture-based teaching to sophisticated simulators. Different media will be more or less appropriate for different activities. It is necessary to determine the most suitable and cost-effective training media for the different areas.
	There have been many different approaches defined, however, the system approach to training has been the most successful.
	Training Needs Analysis (TNA) is defined as the “Identification of training requirements and the most cost effective means of meeting those requirements”.
	A TNA should always be performed where a major new development in policy, equipment acquisition or procedures is deemed to have potential impact upon the current training regime.
	TST has considerable experience of successfully employing the accepted techniques applied to the development of training systems, including the Systems Approach to Training (SAT) in both the defence and civilian domains using customer specific standards such as JSP 822 where required.
	Carrying out all TNA activates in accordance with SAT principles ensures rigorous visibility in each design stage with clear audit trails from the initial Scoping Study through to the recommended solution.

= = = South West African pound = = =

	The South West African pound was issued between the 1930s and 1959 by the Standard Bank of South Africa Limited, Barclays Bank (Dominion, Colonial and Overseas), and Volkskas Limited. These notes circulated along with the South African pound notes of the South African Reserve Bank until 1961, when they were withdrawn and replaced with Rand notes only. The South West African pound was pegged at par with the South African pound, which had replaced the South West African mark in 1918.

= = = T visa = = =

	A T visa is a type of visa allowing certain victims of human trafficking and immediate family members to remain and work temporarily in the United States, typically if they report the crime to law enforcement, and agree to help them in the investigation and/or prosecution of the crime (or crimes) committed against them. It also allows close family members of the victims to come to the United States legally.
	The United States government estimated in 2002 that each year up to 50,000 people are trafficked illegally into the United States, mostly women and children, and are trapped in slavery-like situations. As a response, it enacted the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 (VTVPA), which, among other things, allows such people to apply for 3-year temporary visas that lead to permanent resident status. In 2006, Congress modified 8 CFR 214.11(p) to now have the T-visa to be for 4 years. Although 5,000 are available per year, only 2,000 had been issued as of January, 2009. In 2017, there were 8524 cases of human trafficking being reported to National Human Trafficking Hotline. And up to 2018, allowed stay period for people who are granted with T- visa is still 4 years.
	Related visas include:
	The first T visas were issued in Fiscal Year 2003. In the table below, the years are Fiscal Years, so for instance the year 2009 refers to the period from October 1, 2008 to September 30, 2009. Note that this only counts T visas issued at embassies and consulates outside the United States, and does not include people who changed nonimmigrant status to T status within the United States. The T-1 status is the one most likely to be achieved through change of status within the United States, and therefore T-1 visas are not usually issued.

= = = Rameshwar Thakur = = =

	Rameshwar Thakur (28 July 1925 – 15 January 2015) was a senior Indian National Congress politician and former union minister of India, he was the Governor of Madhya Pradesh from 2009 to 2011 and Governor of Odisha from 2004 to 2006, Andhra Pradesh from 2006 to 2007 and Karnataka from 2007 to 2009. He was a Chartered Accountant. He was also President of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India from 1966 to 1967.
	Thakur was born in the village of Thakur Gangti, Godda District, Jharkhand. He had participated in Quit India movement. He served as President of the Bharat Scouts and Guides from November 1998 to November 2001, and again after November 2004. Thakur was sworn-in as the 15th Governor of Karnataka on August 21, 2007.
	He was transferred to Governor Madhya Pradesh for the remainder of his governatorial term on June 24, 2009. Thakur took over from Balram Jakhar on the end of the latter's term on June 30. He left office on September 7, 2011.
	Rameswar died on 15 January 2015 at Delhi.
	He was married to Narmada Thakur and they had two sons and two daughters: Mridula, Sangeeta, Sushil and Anil Thakur.

= = = Marko Marić (footballer, born 1983) = = =

	Marko Marić (born 25 April 1983 in Zagreb) is a retired Croatian footballer who last worked as an assistant manager of Dinamo Zagreb.
	Marić began his career with Croatia's NK Zagreb and in two years at the club appeared in 35 league matches. In 2005, he joined Greek First Division side Egaleo FC. In two years in Greece Marić appeared in 41 league matches and scored one goal. His play with Egaleo FC did not go unnoticed and Marić started to receive interest from higher level clubs.
	In the summer of 2007 he signed a 3-year contract with France's Lille OSC. In two years at the club Marić received limited playing time making 5 league appearances and scoring one goal. On 29 January 2010 the Croatian midfielder left Lille and returned to Greece signing for Skoda Xanthi.
	On 2 March 2, 2011, Marić signed with Chicago Fire of Major League Soccer. He made his debut for his new team on 14 April 2011 in a game against the Portland Timbers. That proved to be the only match Marić played for Chicago before suffering an injury and spending the remainder of season on the injured reserve. Marić was eventually waived by the club on 14 September 2011.
	On 13 March 2018 he was named assistant coach of Croatian team Dinamo Zagreb in staff of manager Nikola Jurčević.

= = = Butterworth Westland Whirlwind = = =

	The Butterworth Westland Whirlwind was a 2/3 scale flying replica of the British Westland Whirlwind fighter aircraft of World War II that was built in the United States in the 1970s. The aircraft was based on the wings and horizontal tail of a Grumman American AA-1A modified and mated to an all-new fuselage. Power was provided by two Volkswagen air-cooled horizontally opposed four-cylinder engines with the result bearing only a passing resemblance to the real Whirlwind. Butterworth marketed plans in the late 1970s and early '80s, with at least 15 sets selling and at least three aircraft reportedly under construction by 1985.

= = = 1886–87 British Home Championship = = =

	The 1886–87 British Home Championship was the fourth international football tournament between the British Home Nations. Played during the second half of the 1886–87 football season, the competition was won by Scotland for the fourth consecutive time (although they had once shared victory with England). Ireland also achieved their first placing above the bottom of the table, finishing above Wales due to victory at home in their final match.
	England and Ireland began the competition in early February, England comprehensively defeating their visitors 7–0 in Sheffield and taking the initial tournament lead. Scotland joined them with a strong victory over Ireland in their first game, but England again seized the top slot with their own defeat of Wales. In their final match, Ireland succeeded in achieving their first ever international victory with a 4–1 win over Wales in Belfast, to put them in third position. England and Scotland then played a deciding match in Blackburn, Scotland only just running out 3–2 winners after a very tough game. In the final match, Scotland beat Wales in Wrexham to outstrip England's points total and win the trophy.
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= = = Dusty Fletcher = = =

	Clinton "Dusty" Fletcher (July 8, 1900 – March 15, 1954) was an African-American vaudeville performer, who was best known for the comedy routine which became a hit record in 1947, "Open the Door, Richard".
	He had one daughter Helen Fletcher with original Cotton Club Dancer Sadie Mae Fletcher. He had two granddaughters Jacqueline and Amber.
	Born in El Dorado, Arkansas, Fletcher had refined his act over at least twenty years in vaudeville before the 1940s. He would come on stage dressed in rags, acting drunk, muttering and complaining about trying to find his way home. He would then bring out a ladder, and try to set it up so he could get in through a window. Every so often he would crash sprawling on the floor while shouting "Open the Door, Richard !". 
	In 1946, bandleader Jack McVea fashioned Fletcher's routine into the lyrics of a song, which he recorded with his band. McVea's record became a big hit, and Fletcher, by now semi-retired, was found living in South Carolina by Herb Abramson of National Records. He made his own recording of the song, using McVea's arrangement, which made number 3 on US "Billboard" R&B chart. The song was also covered by many others including Count Basie, Louis Jordan, and Pigmeat Markham. 
	National Records began a lawsuit to claim Fletcher's royalties as the originator of the routine which led to McVea's hit. However, a blackface vaudeville comedian, John "Spider Bruce" Mason then claimed that Fletcher had originally stolen the routine from him in the 1920s. Eventually, McVea, Fletcher and Mason were all co-credited with writing McVea's version.
	Fletcher is credited with originating the "Here come de Judge" line used on the television comedy show, "Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In".
	The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) publicly attacked the song, particularly Fletcher's version, for making light of public drunkenness and playing on the stereotype of black men as shiftless and ignorant. 
	Fletcher continued to perform the routine, particularly at the Apollo Theatre in New York, until shortly before his death.

= = = Elvis the King = = =

	Elvis the King is a box set comprising 18 singles of the recorded work of American singer and musician Elvis Presley, released in 2007 by RCA Records. The box set is available in both CD and 10" vinyl formats.
	The first release was Monday, August 13, 2007, marking 30 years—to the week—since the death of Elvis Presley. The second single was released on Thursday, August 16, which is the exact anniversary of Presley's death. From then on, the singles were released every Monday until December 2, 2007.
	August 20 also saw the release of the HMV-exclusive single My Baby Left Me, which is also available on CD and 10" vinyl format. This reached #19 in the UK.
	As well as the box set, a 2-disc compilation album of Presley's work was also released. The album reached No. 1 in the UK and Germany, Presley's first No. 1 album in the latter. As of January 27, 2018, the album was certified with a Double Platinum ARIA award in Australia, totalling sales in excess of 140,000. 
	Disc 1:
	Disc 2:

= = = Zdravko Rađenović = = =

	Zdravko Rađenović (, born 5 September 1952) is a Bosnia and Herzegovina former handball player and OC BiH president, who competed for Yugoslavia national handball team on two Olympic tournaments.
	Zdravko Rađenović started his career at youth level playing for RK Sloga Doboj between 1964 and 1969. Majority of his senior years, between 1973 and 1981, Rađenović spent playing for multiple Yugoslav championships winning club RK Borac Banja Luka, leaving his mark on a team and generation that won four championships in a row.
	From 1981 to 1987 he played for .
	Over the years, Zdravko Rađenović was selected for the Yugoslavia national handball team on multiple occasion during his career, having important role as a player and competing at highest international levels, most notably at the 1976 Summer Olympics and 1984 Summer Olympics. 
	At the 1976 Olympics tournament in Montreal he was a member of the Yugoslav handball team which finished fifth. He played all six matches and scored twelve goals.
	Eight years later, at the 1984 Olympics tournament in Los Angeles, he was part of the Yugoslav handball team which won the gold medal. He played all six matches and scored ten goals.
	From 2001 to 2002 he served as the president of the Olympic Committee of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
	He was born ethnic Serb in Bačka Palanka, Serbia, FPR Yugoslavia.

= = = Cathedral of Light = = =

	The Cathedral of Light or Lichtdom was a main aesthetic feature of the Nazi Party rallies in Nuremberg from 1934 to 1938. Designed by architect Albert Speer, it consisted of 152 anti-aircraft searchlights, at intervals of 12 metres, aimed skyward to create a series of vertical bars surrounding the audience. The effect was a brilliant one, both from within the design and on the outside. The Cathedral of Light was documented in the Nazi propaganda film "Festliches Nürnberg", released in 1937.
	Speer had been commissioned by Adolf Hitler to build a stadium for the annual party rallies, but the stadium could not be completed in time for the 1933 rally. As a stopgap, he used 152 antiaircraft searchlights pointed upwards around the assembly area.
	The searchlights were borrowed from the "Luftwaffe", which caused problems with its commander Hermann Göring, because they represented most of Germany's strategic reserve. Hitler overruled him, suggesting that it was a useful piece of disinformation. "If we use them in such large numbers for a thing like this, other countries will think we're swimming in searchlights."
	Though they had originally been planned as a temporary measure until the stadium was completed, they continued to be used afterwards for the party rallies. A similar effect was created for the closing ceremony of the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin by Eberhard von der Trappen with Speer's collaboration. Variants of the effect had the searchlights converge to a point above the spectators.
	The Flak Searchlights used were developed in the late 1930s and used 150-centimeter-diameter parabolic glass reflectors with an output of 990 million candelas. The system was powered by a 24-kilowatt generator, based around a 51-horsepower (38 kW) 8-cylinder engine, giving a current of 200 amperes at 110 volts. The searchlight was attached to the generator by a cable 200 meters long. The system had a detection range of about 8 kilometers for targets at an altitude of between 4000 and 5000 meters.
	Speer described the effect: "The feeling was of a vast room, with the beams serving as mighty pillars of infinitely light outer walls". The British Ambassador to Germany, Sir Nevile Henderson, described it as "both solemn and beautiful... like being in a cathedral of ice".
	It is still considered amongst Speer's most important works.

= = = Steve Gurney = = =

	Stephen Bruce Gurney (born 8 July 1963) is a New Zealand multisport and triathlon athlete. He has won the Coast to Coast race a record nine times.
	Up until 1994, he was a professional multisport and triathlon athlete. From there he moved into what is known as adventure racing. In New Zealand, he has competed in races such as the Speights Coast to Coast and the Southern Traverse. Internationally he competed in race events such as the Raid Gauloises, Eco-Challenge and Extreme Games. He won the Coast to Coast a record 9 times, more than any other person, in 1990, 1991, and 1997 to 2003.. Steve brought increased exposure to the race by surprising the nation and becoming the first nudist on NZ Breakfast TV.
	He represented New Zealand at the Mountain Bike World Championships twice.Gurney also starred in the New Zealand TV shows "Clash of the Codes" and "Dancing with the Stars".
	In 1994, a severe Leptospirosis infection caught from bat dung in the Mulu caves whilst racing in Sarawak jungles in Malaysia very nearly cost him his life with respiratory and renal failure. His determination and patience allowed him to fight back to full fitness and 7 of his Coast to Coast wins came after this infection.
	During his racing career Steve heavily used his engineering degree and experience to push at the edges of the rules and possibilities to give himself and his teams a winning edge. Inventing items such as a bike pod, improved kayak seats, anti-chafing solutions and more.
	Gurney was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to endurance sport in the 2004 New Year Honours.
	On 8 August 2007, he announced his retirement from the sport due to a two-year fight with an ankle injury. He said he was disappointed that he could not win a 10th Coast to Coast title and also that he finished his last competitive race in 2nd place. He now presents motivational talks, develops new sports related products and undertakes unique challenges around the world Together with Christchurch adventure racers Steve Moffatt, Gurney recognised the strong talent in Anton Cooper, a cross-country cyclist, and organised financial support from various business people.
	As part of the Mad Way South team Steve holds two world records:
	During the journey he experienced a high speed crash, at the time a local hospital reported no broken bones and he continued the journey despite being in significant pain. On returning to New Zealand and completing new scans he discovered he had 4 facial fractures, a 6cm piece broken from a scapula, a badly torn rotator cuff and a damaged eardrum. He has since fully recovered from all injuries.
	Gurney lost his home in the 2011 Christchurch earthquakes as it became uninhabitable and the land it was built on became unstable. After helping front a well orchestrated and prolonged battle with local insurance companies he took the opportunity to move to Queenstown, New Zealand's capital of adventure sports.

= = = Nathan McCree = = =

	Nathan McCree (born 27 January 1969) is an English music composer and sound effects editor for multimedia projects including computer games, television, live events, and radio. He worked with Core Design between 1996 and 1998, for the first three "Tomb Raider" games, among others. He worked also with high-profile names such as the Spice Girls and Orange. In 2008 he became full-time Audio Director for Vatra Games where he worked until 2010. After this he became Audio Director at City Interactive in Warsaw where he worked on "" and "Alien Rage". McCree then went freelance and set up his own studio in Brno, Czech Republic.
	He has been praised among critics and has received several informal awards.
	Nathan was born in England and is the third child of Patrik McCree and Beverly Allison. As a child, he spent time singing in a choir from the age of 6 where he learned about harmonies and progressions from choral music.
	He started writing music when he was 11, on a Korg Delta synthesizer bought by his father, he used his 4 track reel-to-reel tape recorder to multi-track. He studied Computer Science at Kingston University and got his first job with Core Design as a programmer.
	His job there was to code a music sequencer for the Sega Mega Drive, he wrote some music on it to demonstrate how it worked. The boss liked the music and he asked him to write the music for "Asterix and the Power of the Gods".
	Nathan is most well known for creating the original music for "Tomb Raider". While creating the "Tomb Raider" music, he had an idea in mind to create music that sounded like English classical music. He notes that his influences might have come from English classical music that his father used to play when he was small. He wrote the entire score for the first "Tomb Raider" in four weeks without insight on the game levels to help him draw the music accordingly. On the following two games he was still getting very limited descriptions for what musical elements he needed.
	He spent three months working on "Tomb Raider II".
	After "Tomb Raider II" he left to go freelance and he was contracted in to do the music for "Tomb Raider III".
	He was not contracted to work on "", being later replaced by Peter Connelly who composed Tomb Raider music for another three Tomb Raider games. He interviewed Peter to replace him at Core Design.

= = = Jalaluddin Umri = = =

	Jalaluddin Umri (Born 1935) was the Amir of Jamaat-e-Islami Hind from 2007-2019. Now Janab Syed Sadatullah Husaini is elected as the Amir for the term of 2019 - 2023
	Jalaluddin Umri began his association with Jamaat-e-Islami Hind during his student years. After completing his studies, he dedicated himself to its research department. He served as the city "Ameer" of Jama'at of "Aligarh" for a decade, and the editor of its monthly organ Zindagi-e-Nau (زندگىء نو) for five years. Later, the Jama'at elected him to its All-India deputy Ameer, which he served for four consecutive terms (sixteen years). In 2007, the Jama'at's "Central Council of Representatives" elected him its Ameer (Chief). He was again re-elected as Jama'at's Ameer in 2011. Syed Jalaluddin Umari has been elected as Ameer, Jamaat-e-Islami Hind for the fourth term April 2015 - March 2019.
	Jalaluddin Umri has written books, including: 

= = = Frank Cox (director) = = =

	Frank Cox (born 28 May 1940) is a British television director from the 1960s to the 1990s. He was married to actress Bridget Turner.
	Cox studied English at the University of Leeds from which he graduated in 1962. He did not get into the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA), but took a job as a floor assistant at the BBC. He was then offered a position on the BBC's training course for directors. Among his first assignments were three episodes of the first season of "Doctor Who".
	Of all the directors who worked on the 1963-1989 run of "Doctor Who", Cox is the only one who did not direct an entire serial at some stage.
	Taggart - 1994

= = = Joseph-Édouard Caron = = =

	Joseph-Édouard Caron (10 January 1866 – 16 July 1930) was a Canadian politician.
	He was a member of the 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, and 17th Legislative Assembly of Quebec representing the ridings of L'Islet and Îles-de-la-Madeleine. From 1909 to 1929, he was the Minister of Agriculture.

= = = FV Engers 07 = = =

	FV Engers 07 is a German association football club based in the city of Engers, Rhineland-Palatinate.
	The club was founded in 1907 as FC Viktoria Engers on 10 July 1907 and later that same year was joined by FC Roland Engers. This combined club then itself joined the gymnastics club Turnverein 1879 Engers in 1910. The footballers resumed their independence as Fußballverein Engers in 1916.
	They won their first honours in 1913 as champions of the local C division Bezirk Koblenz. In 1919, FV captured the B division title and then won promotion to top flight regional competition in 1923. In the early 30s the team took part in qualification play for the Gauliga Mittelrhein, one of sixteen top-flight divisions formed in the 1933 reorganization of German football under the Third Reich, but was initially unsuccessful, losing to 1. FC Idar. By the 1941–42 season, the Gauliga Mittelrhein had been split into the Gauliga Köln-Aachen and the Gauliga Moselland, where Engers played in the Gruppe Ost for three seasons as a lower table side until the division collapsed towards the end of World War II.
	Immediately following the war the footballers played in the top regional amateur competition before advancing to the Oberliga Südwest-Nord (I) in 1949 where they would remain until sent down after a next to last place finish in 1953. They re-appeared in the first division for a single season in 1955–56, spending most of the 50s and the early 60s in the 2. Oberliga Südwest (II). In 1963, the Bundesliga, Germany's first professional national league, was formed and the country's football competitions were re-structured. Engers failed to qualify to stay up in second division play and landed in the Amateurliga Rheinland (III).
	In 1967, Engers celebrated their 60th anniversary with a second-place finish, participation in the opening round of the national amateur championship, and an advance to the final of the Rhineland Pokal. The following season the club plunge to the bottom of the division and were relegated to lower tier local competition. They quickly recovered themselves and played another five seasons in the Amateurliga Rheinland as a lower table side before again disappearing.
	A 1981 Kreisliga title advanced FV to the Berzirksliga where they finished second and won the subsequent promotion playoff to move up to the Landesliga Nord (VI) in 1983. Another second-place finish earned the team participation in the promotion round for the Verbandsliga Rheinland (V) where they lost to Untermosel. Two seasons later they redeemed themselves and were promoted.
	After five seasons in the Oberliga the club was relegated to the Rheinlandliga in 2008, followed by another relegation in 2012, now to the Bezirksliga. It made an immediate return, winning the Bezirksliga in 2013.
	The club's honours:
	The recent season-by-season performance of the club:

= = = William Rabb Beatty = = =

	William Rabb Beatty (June 11, 1851 – February 8, 1905) was an Ontario businessman and political figure. He represented Parry Sound in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as a Liberal-Patrons of Industry member from 1894 to 1898 and as a Liberal from 1898 to 1902.
	He was the manager for the Beatty Line, a steamship company operating on the Great Lakes. His brother Walter Beatty also served in the provincial assembly. Beatty lived in Parry Sound.

= = = Marić = = =

	Marić (, ) is a South Slavic surname. It is the fourth most common surname in Croatia.
	It may refer to:

= = = The Birds and the Bees (Jewel Akens song) = = =

	"The Birds and the Bees" was a 1964 single release by Jewel Akens with a lyric based on the "birds and the bees" idiom commonly referenced with regard to affording young people their introductory sex education. An international hit in 1965, "The Birds and the Bees" was reminiscent of such 1950s' honky tonk-style hits as "Blueberry Hill" by Fats Domino and "Kansas City" by Wilbert Harrison.
	"The Birds and the Bees" is said to have been written by the twelve-year-old son of Era Records owner Herb Newman; the songwriting credit on the Jewel Akens recording of "The Birds and the Bees" reads Barry Stuart, which is the song's standard songwriting credit although some subsequent recordings (i.e. by artists other than Akens) identify the composer as Herb Newman himself (Newman had written "The Wayward Wind" a 1956 #1 hit for Gogi Grant). Jewel Akens had recorded one single for Era as frontman for the doo-wop group the Turn-Arounds in 1964 when Newman pitched "The Birds and the Bees" as the group's next recording; as Akens was the only group member to favor the song he recorded it solo, working through four or five different arrangements and thus considerably honing the song's original format. 
	Recorded at Gold Star Studios - with sound engineer Stan Ross employing the innovative technique of "chorusing" by patching the session guitarist into an organ speaker - "The Birds and the Bees" afforded Akens a Top Ten hit in the first quarter of 1965 reaching #2 on the US "Cash Box" singles chart and #3 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart: the single also reached #21 on the US "Billboard" Black Singles chart. The disc also had strong chart impact internationally reaching #3 in Australia, #6 in Belgium (Flemish Region), #3 in the Netherlands and #4 in Norway. musicians on the recording included Billy Strange and Ervan Coleman on guitar, Bob West and Arthur Wright on bass, Hal Blaine on drums and Leon Russell on piano. 
	In the UK "The Birds and the Bees" afforded Akens a more moderate hit, reaching #29, with Akens besting a cover version by Johnny Kidd & the Pirates that failed to chart. Alma Cogan is often credited with a UK cover of "The Birds and the Bees"; in fact her UK single of that name - #25 in 1956 - was a recording of "(The Same Thing Happens with) The Birds and the Bees". However, Cogan did cover Akens's hit for release in Scandinavia and was afforded a #1 hit in Sweden for three weeks in the summer of 1965, and also a Top Ten hit in both Denmark and Norway, with respective peaks of #8 and #4 (Cogan's version of "The Birds and the Bees" matching the Norwegian chart peak of Akens' original).
	A 1966 single release by Rufus and Carla Thomas was more simply titled as "Birds and Bees". Bobby G. Rice recorded "The Birds and the Bees" in 1971 to serve as B-side for his #33 C&W chart hit "Suspicion", with "The Birds and The Bees" being featured on Rice's 1972 debut album "Hit After Hit". "The Birds and the Bees" has also been recorded by the Chicks, the Defenders (), Jan Keizer, Brenda Lee, Gary Lewis & the Playboys, Dean Martin, Billy Preston, Sha Na Na and Spooky and Sue ().
	An Italian-language rendering of "The Birds and the Bees", "Sulla sabbia c’era lei", was recorded by Sonia e le Sorelle (), and was an entrant in the 1965 Cantagiro festival; Nicola Salerno wrote the lyrics which typically of the song's non-English renderings are independent of the English original, the title translating as "On the sand there was you". Also in 1965, Drafi Deutscher () & His Magics recorded a German rendering of "The Birds and the Bees" entitled "Heute Male Ich Dein Bild [today I paint your image], Cindy Lou" which reached No. 3 in Germany and No. 5 in Austria while the French rendering "Bientôt les vacances" (Soon the holidays) by Monty () reached #11 in France; Québécois artist Donald Lautrec also recorded a French rendering of "The Birds and the Bees" in 1965, that being "Tu Dis Des Bêtises" (You say the nonsense), which spawned a parody recording by Jacques Desrosiers entitled "Il Y'a Des Bibites" (There are some bugs). Ambrus Kyri () recorded a Hungarian rendering of "The Birds and the Bees" entitled "Madarak és Méhek" (Birds and bees) in 1967. Rendered in Danish as "Blomster og bier" (flowers and bees) by Birthe Kjær in 1974, "The Birds and the Bees" was rendered in Swedish as "Blommor och bin" (Flowers and bees) by lyricist Keith Almgren and recorded by Sten & Stanley () on their album "Musik, dans & party 8" (1993). It was also performed in Finnish by Laila Kinnunen as "Kuinka kuu katoaa".

= = = Shilendra Kumar Singh = = =

	Shilendra Kumar Singh or S.K. Singh (24 January 1932 – 1 December 2009) was an Indian diplomat. He was Governor of Arunachal Pradesh from December 2004 to September 2007 and Governor of Rajasthan from September 2007 until he died in office in December 2009.
	Singh was Indian Foreign Secretary from 1989 to 1990. Prior to becoming Governor of Arunachal Pradesh, he was secretary-general of a think tank in Delhi, the University of Pennsylvania Institute for the Advanced Study of India. He was appointed as Governor of Rajasthan on 19 August 2007, left his position as Governor of Arunachal Pradesh on 4 September 2007, and was sworn in as Governor of Rajasthan on 6 September.
	He was the son of a nationalist zamindar of the erstwhile United Provinces, and a former Dewan of Alwar. A topper throughout school and college, he was an alumnus of St Johns College, Agra which is affiliated to Agra University where he received a bachelor's degree in History, Sanskrit and Hindi. He attended the Agra University and received a master's degree in History and an LLB Degree. Thereafter he read Persian and International Law at Trinity College, Cambridge..
	He was married to Manju Singh. His younger son Kanishka Singh is a political aide to Rahul Gandhi and his elder son, Shashank Singh, has an MBA from Harvard University, and currently works as an investment banker in Mumbai.
	While in Arunachal Pradesh, Singh was an extremely vocal advocate articulating that Arunachal Pradesh is a non-negotiable part of sovereign India. He also crusaded for the Inner Line Permit and restricted area permit required for travel to Arunachal Pradesh to be abolished. In addition, he worked hard for ensuring connectivity of Arunachal Pradesh with the rest of India by building an airport in the state, constructing a railway line and improving the road network.
	In February 1989, Singh was appointed Foreign Secretary of India. He held the personal rank of Grade-I Ambassador, the highest in the Indian Foreign Service. Prior to becoming Foreign Secretary, he was India's longest serving Ambassador to Pakistan from 1985 until 1989. He also served as Ambassador to Austria from 1982–1985, Additional Foreign Secretary from 1979–1982, Ambassador to Afghanistan from 1977–1979 and Ambassador concurrently to Jordan, Lebanon and Cyprus from 1974–1977. He was the longest-serving Official Spokesman of the Government of India from 1969–74. In 1968–69 he served in the Ministry of Commerce as Director Foreign Trade.
	Singh began his career in the Indian Foreign Service in 1954. From 1956 to 1959, he was Third Secretary in Iran and concurrently attended the Tehran University to study the Persian language. From 1959–62 he was assigned to various desks in the Foreign Office in Delhi. From 1962–68 he was a member of the Permanent Mission of India to the United Nations in New York.
	Singh was President of the Group of 77 and also served as India's Governor on the Board of Governors of the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna. Singh has been a member of 19 Indian delegations to the UN General Assembly and the United Nations Commission on Human Rights. Singh has monitored for the Commonwealth and the United Nations, general elections in South Africa, Kenya, Algeria, Lesotho, Malawi and Sierra Leone 
	Singh has taught History at Agra University. He was a Visiting Professor and Member of the Academic Council of Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi.
	Singh was a frequent writer and commentator on international relations, geopolitics and current developments.
	He died at Sir Ganga Ram Hospital in Delhi on 1 December 2009, aged 77, after a brief illness.

= = = Lazarus Ledd = = =

	Lazarus Ledd is an Italian comic book, first published in Italy in 1993 by Edizioni Star Comics.
	Authors who worked to the Lazarus Ledd include writers Ade Capone, Stefano Vietti, Marcello Toninelli and drawers Emanuelo Barison, Alberto Gennari, Giancarlo Olivares and Stefano Raffaele.

= = = Christian Friedrich Zincke = = =

	Christian Friedrich Zincke (1683-5 – 24 March 1767) was a German miniature painter active in England in the 18th century.
	He was born in Dresden and died in Lambeth (now London). He apprenticed his father and also studied painting. In 1706 he came to London to work at Charles Boit's studio, and when Boit left for France eight years later Zincke inherited many of his fashionable clients. He went on to become the most successful enamel painter of his era.
	Suffering from poor eyesight in the later 1740s, he passed on his business to James Deacon.
	Zincke painted using existing portraits for reference, but also painted from life. To create skin tones he used a stipple technique of tiny red dots, sometimes described as 'measles'.

= = = Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor = = =

	The Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor is one of the annual film awards given by the Boston Society of Film Critics.

= = = MeshBox = = =

	MeshBox is an item of computer hardware which is used to provide large scale wireless broadband networks. Manufactured by LocustWorld, the devices are designed to co-operate with other MeshBoxes within range, passing the internet service from one box to the next, over the air, until it reaches the final destination. The coverage area of a mesh is typically measured in square miles or square kilometres.
	Originally released as a bootable CD-ROM called MeshAP based on the OpenAP open source software, the system is now implemented as system image which can fit within a small 32MB CompactFlash card. The system functions have expanded beyond creating wireless networks to provide set-top box services, MP3 audio and video streaming, connection to remote windows terminal servers, other PCs, web browsing, connection to peer-to-peer networks, instant messaging and file exchange.

= = = Lanemeyer / Emanuel Nice = = =

	Lanemeyer/Emanuel Nice Split is a split single released by the bands Lanemeyer and Emanuel Nice in 2000.

= = = Project Boreas = = =

	Project Boreas was a study conducted between 2003 and 2006 by the British Interplanetary Society to design a station on the Planum Boreum at the Martian North Pole. The project was international, involving over 25 scientists and engineers, co-ordinated by Charles S. Cockell. Pole Station was designed to operate for three summers and two polar winters. Amongst a diversity of scientific objectives the station occupants were to retrieve a deep core from within the Martian polar ice cap and search for water and habitable conditions deep in the polar ice cap. Expeditions were planned to numerous locations across the Martian north polar cap, including the Chasma Boreale and the polar layered terrains. The study involved wide-ranging investigations of the scientific priorities for a human presence at the Martian polar ice caps through to detailed architectural and design studies for the station. Studies were undertaken on mobility and communications and psycho-social issues for long-term operation at the Martian polar station.
	Project Boreas was named for the Greek god of the North Wind. Concepts for polar bases had been discussed in earlier papers The station was designed with the assumption that it would be occupied by 10 people. Although the station could be constructed at any time, the study used a timeframe of 2037 to 2042 to provide a backdrop for the design. It is likely that in the coming decades robots will explore the Martian polar caps, which were first observed by Italian astronomer, Giovanni Cassini in 1666. Project Boreas considered long-term human polar exploration on Mars.
	The crew of the station were envisaged to carry out diverse scientific studies in geology, geophysics, climatology and astrobiology. One particular advantage of humans was perceived to be their ability to run a laboratory in which complex and analytical tasks can be undertaken in polar science and exploration. The design study considered that the retrieval of a core into the polar ice cap would be one of the primary objectives of Pole Station. The core would be used to study past geological and climatological changes, including dating past Martian dust storms. The core would also be used to investigate the nature of the polar layered terrains. It would be used to study whether the ice caps contained a record of organics on Mars, to search for habitats in the ice and to study questions on the past and present habitability of Martian polar ices. The occupants also had diverse climatology objectives to undertake. The study considered Martian polar astronomy to be a potentially useful additional activity for the station crew members.
	During the 1173 sol-stay on the Martian surface the crew would carry out a number of expeditions across the polar ice cap. Expeditions to the Chasma Boreale and along the polar spiral valleys were considered in detail. The study also considered the possibility of exploratory mid-winter expeditions across the polar ice cap. These expeditions would be supported by pressurised and unpressurised rovers. Trafficability issues of trans-polar expeditions were considered.
	The study carried out a trade off analysis of power, thermal control and other parameters to provide a basis for the architectural design. The station would be constructed from six linked modules of 3.5 m diameter with a smaller cache module. The modules included a galley area, science and human factors laboratories, EVA preparation area and personal quarters. The station would have a ‘garden’ area to provide some fresh food and for psychological relief. The station would be supported by nuclear power and a hybrid physico-chemical and biological life support system. Provision for in-situ resource use (ISRU) from the Martian polar regions was studied, particular emphasis being placed on the availability of water from the polar ices. The station would support a separate small drilling encampment nearby and would be surrounded by radiative panels which would sublime the 2 m of carbon dioxide snow estimated to fall at Pole Station during the winter, allowing for year-round operations.
	Project Boreas considered the use of bioinspired robots to support Pole Station. ‘Arctic fox’, ‘Arctic hare’, ‘snow bunting’ (a flying robot) and ‘lemmings’ would support science and exploration objectives from Pole Station by enabling remotely controlled data collection at many spatial scales either from the rovers or from the station. The design study investigated communications for Pole Station and satellite requirements for sustaining base to field communications. The unique psycho-social issues associated with the long and permanently dark Martian polar winter were addressed. Medical requirements for long-term operation at the Martian polar ice caps were investigated in addition to the nutrition requirements, which were used to constrain the life support system design.
	The Project Boreas report was shortlisted for the 2007 Sir Arthur Clarke Award in the category of "Best Written Presentation".

= = = Germany in the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 = = =

	Germany was represented at the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 by Corinna May with the song "I Can't Live Without Music", written by Ralph Siegel and Bernd Meinunger. Corinna May had also entered the German National Final in 1999 and 2000. She had previously won the 1999 German Final before being disqualified when it was discovered that her winning song had already been released by another band. She also came 2nd in the 2000 German Final. At Eurovision 2002 Corinna May placed 21st.
	Germany's representative was chosen during a national final called 'Countdown Grand Prix 2002'. It was held on 22 February at the Ostseehalle in Kiel, hosted by Axel Bulthaupt and it was broadcast live on television. The winner was chosen in two rounds of televoting - after the first round, the top 3 songs were voted on again. Corinna May won the German National Final and represented Germany in Tallinn with her English-language song "I Can't Live Without Music".

= = = Achala Sachdev = = =

	Achala Sachdev (3 May 1920 – 30 April 2012) was an Indian film actress who appeared in classic films of Bollywood. She was from Peshawar who started her career as a child actor. She later became known for mother and grandmother roles in Hindi films. Her most memorable roles were as Balraj Sahni's wife in the 1965 film "Waqt" and Kajol's grandmother in "Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge" (1995).
	Achala Sachdev was born on 3 May 1920 in Peshawar.
	Achala worked for All India Radio, Lahore before the partition of India, and then at Delhi All India Radio. Achala made her film debut with "Fashionable Wife" (1938), and acted in over 130 Hindi films. She has acted in many Yash Raj Films, starting with Yash Chopra's first production "" (1973) and films such as "Chandni" (1989) and "Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge" (1995). Her other noted films were "Prem Pujari", "Mera Naam Joker", "Hare Rama Hare Krishna" and "Andaz", apart from acting in English films such as the Mark Robson's "Nine Hours to Rama" (1963) and Merchant Ivory's "The Householder" (1963). However, her most noted role remains as Balraj Sahani's wife in "Waqt" (1965), wherein the hit song "Ae Meri Zohra Jabeen" was picturised on her.
	Achala became a resident of Pune after marrying Clifford Douglas Peters, who had a factory in Pune's Bhosari industrial estate, named Morris Electronics, producing small electronics parts such as diodes. The factory was later sold to the Piramal Group. In an almost filmy turn, Sachdev was introduced to Peters by Yash Chopra on the sets of a film in Mumbai. Peter's first wife had died by then and Sachdev herself was a divorcee. They married. Peters, a mechanical engineer, had a factory in Bhosari and the couple lived in a bungalow in the same area for some time before shifting to Hadapsar. After Peters died, Achala lived alone. Five years before her death, she gave away her flat in Pune to the Janseva Foundation, a charitable organization, on the condition that they should take care of her as long as she lived.
	In September 2011, Achala slipped and fell in her kitchen. She sustained a fracture in her leg. After that, she was diagnosed with multiple embolisms in her brain. This resulted in total paralysis and the loss of her vision. She was survived by son Jyotin.

= = = 1927 Coupe de France Final = = =

	The 1927 Coupe de France Final was a football match held at Stade Olympique, Colombes on May 6, 1927, that saw Olympique de Marseille defeat US Quevilly 3–0 thanks to goals by Raymond Durand, Maurice Galley and Jules Dewaquez.

= = = Joplin, Missouri, metropolitan area = = =

	The Joplin, Missouri, metropolitan statistical area (MSA), as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area consisting of Jasper and Newton counties in southwest Missouri, anchored by the city of Joplin. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 175,518, though as of the 2013 estimates, the population is 207,488.
	The Joplin–Miami, Missouri–Oklahoma, combined statistical area (CSA) includes the Miami, Oklahoma, micropolitan statistical area, corresponding to Ottawa County in extreme northeast Oklahoma.
	Communities are categorized based on their populations.
	The Joplin, Missouri Metropolitan area is served by many different school districts such as the following:
	As of the census of 2010, there were 175,518 people, 64,286 households, and 44,270 families residing within the MSA. The racial makeup of the MSA was 93.5% White, 1.5% African American, 1.6% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 1.45% from other races, and 2.23% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.2% of the population. For ever 100 females there are 95.3 males.
	The median income for a household in the MSA was $37,158, and the median income for a family was $44,564. Males had a median income of $29,315 versus $20,883 for females.
	https://web.archive.org/web/20131013222920/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/popmap/

= = = Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 = = =

	Denmark was represented by Malene Mortensen with the song "Tell Me Who You Are" in the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 in Tallinn, Estonia.
	Denmark used the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2002 contest to select their entrant to the Eurovision Song Contest 2002. The final was held at the Cirkusbygningen in Copenhagen on 9 February 2002 and was hosted by Michael Carøe and Signe Svendsen. The winning song was chosen by 4 televoting regions, SMS voting and an expert jury in two rounds of voting — firstly to select the best 5 songs, and then to select the winner. The expert jury included composer of several Danish ESC entries Keld Heick, singer Gry Johansen (Denmark 1983) and singer Sanne Gottlieb (Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2000 and 2001). The winner was Malene Mortensen with the song "Vis mig hvem du er" which was translated into English as "Tell Me Who You Are".
	Mortensen performed 14th on the night of the Eurovision Song Contest 2002, following Finland and preceding Bosnia and Herzegovina. Despite being one of the favourites to win, it only managed to receive 7 points coming last of 24 countries, forcing Denmark to skip the 2003 contest.

= = = Mustang Aeronautics Midget Mustang = = =

	The Mustang Aeronautics Midget Mustang MM-1 is a single-seat aerobatic sports airplane developed and marketed in the United States for homebuilding. It is also known as the Long Midget. It was the predecessor to the Mustang II which is also known as the Bushby Mustang. Rights to both the Midget Mustang and the Mustang II were sold to Mustang Aeronautics in 1992.
	It is a low-wing cantilever monoplane of metal construction, primarily of 2024-T3 aluminum and most are fitted with fixed tailwheel undercarriage. Developed by Piper engineer David Long in 1948, plans for production by Schweizer were underway at the time of Long's death two years later. All rights and tooling were purchased by Robert Bushby in 1959, who built a 90 hp Continental powered example and sold plans and kits until 1992 when the rights were sold to Mustang Aeronautics. The Midget Mustang design being marketed in 2016 is similar to the original, with the option of building it with a bubble canopy in place of the straight line of the upper tailcone and hinged canopy of Long's original design, making it an M-IA.
	Construction requires about 1000 hours of builder time.
	The Midget Mustang was intended for air racing. David Long designed an aircraft for a friend to be used in the Cleveland Air Race in 1948. That aircraft was built by Long and was named "Pea Shooter". The Midget Mustang was only moderately successful as a race plane. However, its appearance and desirable flight characteristics made it an ideal sport plane. At the Cleveland Race, racers competed in aircraft with names like, "Mammy","Miss Fort Worth", and "Slo Poke". Over time, air racers modified the aircraft to reach 181 mph (291 km/h) speeds in competition. Nowadays, the Midget Mustang can cruise at 240 mph.

= = = Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 = = =

	Estonia was represented by Sahlene with the song "Runaway" in the Eurovision Song Contest 2002.
	The final was held on 26 January 2002 at the Linnahall in Tallinn, hosted by Marko Reikop and Karmel Eikner. The winning song was chosen by an international panel of 8 judges which included Nicki French (UK 2000), Nusa Derenda (Slovenia 2001), Bo Halldorsson (Iceland 1995), Marlain (Cyprus 1999), Moshe Datz (Israel 1991) plus jurors from Sweden, Germany and Ireland.

= = = Luis Yanes = = =

	Luis Alfredo Yanes Padilla (born 29 October 1982 in Santa Marta) is a retired Colombian football forward.
	Yanes was drafted by NorthEast United FC for the 2014 Indian Super League season in the Inaugural International Draft.
	In September 2019, Yanes was appointed assistant manager of Sergio Novoa at Atlético Bucaramanga.
	"Statistics accurate as of match played 16 August 2006"

= = = Finland in the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 = = =

	Finland was present at the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 in Tallinn, Estonia, after being relegated from the 2001 contest.
	The final was held at the Kaleva Centre in Tampere on 26 January 2002, hosted by Maria Guzenina and Simo Frangén. Twelve songs performed, and the winner was selected over two rounds of voting. In the first round of voting, 6 regional juries awarded points to the 12 songs, with the top 6 songs being performed again, with the winner decided by televoting. The winner was Laura Voutilainen with the song "Addicted to You"
	At the Eurovision Song Contest 2002 in Tallinn, Voutilainen sang 13th, following Sweden and preceding Denmark. At the close of the voting it had received 24 points, placing 20th in a field of twenty four, and relegating Finland from the 2003 contest.

= = = Golomb–Dickman constant = = =

	In mathematics, the Golomb–Dickman constant arises in the theory of random permutations and in number theory. Its value is
	It is not known whether this constant is rational or irrational.
	Let "a" be the average — taken over all permutations of a set of size "n" — of the length of the longest cycle in each permutation. Then the Golomb–Dickman constant is
	In the language of probability theory, formula_3 is asymptotically the expected length of the longest cycle in a uniformly distributed random permutation of a set of size "n".
	In number theory, the Golomb–Dickman constant appears in connection with the average size of the largest prime factor of an integer. More precisely,
	where formula_5 is the largest prime factor of "k". So if "k" is a "d" digit integer, then formula_6 is the asymptotic average number of digits of the largest prime factor of "k".
	The Golomb–Dickman constant appears in number theory in a different way. What is the
	probability that second largest prime factor of "n" is smaller than the square root of the largest prime factor of "n"? Asymptotically, this probability is formula_7.
	More precisely,
	where formula_9 is the second largest prime factor "n".
	The Golomb-Dickman constant also arises when we consider the average length of the largest cycle of any function from a finite set to itself. If "X" is a finite set, if we repeatedly apply a function "f": "X" → "X" to any element "x" of this set, it eventually enters a cycle, meaning that for some "k" we have formula_10 for sufficiently large "n"; the smallest "k" with this property is the length of the cycle. Let "b" be the average, taken over all functions from a set of size "n" to itself, of the length of the largest cycle. Then Purdom and Williams proved that
	There are several expressions for formula_7. These include:
	where formula_14 is the logarithmic integral,
	where formula_16 is the exponential integral, and
	and
	where formula_19 is the Dickman function.

= = = Hùng Kings' Festival = = =

	The Hùng Kings' Temple Festival (Vietnamese: "Giỗ Tổ Hùng Vương" or "lễ hội đền Hùng") is a Vietnamese festival held annually from the 8th to the 11th day of the third lunar month in honour of the Hùng Vương or Hùng Kings. The main festival day, which is a public holiday in Vietnam since 2007, is on the 10th day.
	Although the official name is the Death Anniversary of the Hung Kings (), the festival does not mark any specific date of death for any Hung King.
	The purpose of this ceremony is to remember and pay tribute to the Hung Kings who are the traditional founders and first emperors of the nation. The festival began as a local holiday, but has become recognized as a national holiday starting in 2007. In 2016, the total number of visitors to the festival numbered seven million.
	The ceremony takes place over several days, but the 10th day of the month is considered the most important. 
	A procession starts at the foot of the mountain, and stops at every small temple before reaching the High Temple. Here, pilgrims offer prayers and incense to their ancestors.

= = = T. V. Rajeswar = = =

	T. V. Rajeswar (28 August 1926 in Salem, Tamil Nadu – 14 January 2018 in New Delhi) was an Indian Police Service officer, an Intelligence Bureau chief and a Governor of Sikkim, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh. He was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 2012.
	He died on 14 January 2018
	He was Lt. Governor of Arunachal Pradesh from August 1983 to November 1985. From November 1985 to March 1989 he served as Governor of Sikkim. He was Governor of West Bengal from 20 March 1989 to 7 February 1990 and Governor of Uttar Pradesh from 8 July 2004 to 27 July 2009.

= = = Pond (currency) = = =

	The pond was a currency unit issued in the Orange Free State and the South African Republic. It was prepared for, but not issued, in New Griqualand.
	The word "pond" is Afrikaans for the word "pound". In fact, the South African pound banknotes of the South African Reserve Bank have the word "Pond" inscribed, as do the banknotes of South West Africa that were issued between the 1930s and 1959.

= = = Reverse greenshoe = = =

	A reverse greenshoe is a special provision in an IPO prospectus, which allows underwriters to sell shares back to the issuer. If a 'regular' greenshoe is, in fact, a call option written by the issuer for the underwriters, a reverse greenshoe is a put option.
	Reverse greenshoe has exactly the same effect on the share price as a traditional option but is structured differently. It is used to support the share price in the event that the share price falls in the post-IPO aftermarket. In this case, the underwriter buys shares in the open market and then sells them back to the issuer, stabilizing the share price.
	In certain circumstances, a reverse greenshoe can be a more practical form of price stabilisation than the traditional method.

= = = 1961 Oakland Raiders season = = =

	The 1961 Oakland Raiders season was the team's second in the American Football League.
	The Raiders tried to improve on their 6–8 record from 1960. The team failed to do so and finished last in the AFL West with a 2–12 record.
	The team was based out of Oakland, but they played their home games at San Francisco's Candlestick Park.
	The Raiders set an AFL record in 1961, posting a point differential of negative-221. The Raiders surrendered 36 rushing touchdowns, a pro football record.

= = = Berlanga = = =

	Berlanga may refer to:

= = = Voith Turbo-Transmissions = = =

	Turbo-Transmissions are hydrodynamic, multi-stage drive assemblies designed for rail vehicles using internal combustion engines. The first turbo-transmission was developed in 1932 by Voith in Heidenheim, Germany. Since then, improvements to turbo-transmissions have paralleled similar advances in diesel motors and today this combination plays a leading role worldwide, second only to the use of electrical drives. 
	Turbo-transmissions serve as a hydrodynamic link which converts a motor's mechanical energy into the kinetic energy of a fluid, via a torque-converter and fluid coupling, before producing the final rotary output. Here, the fluid is driven through rotor blade canals at high flow-rates and low pressure. This is where turbo-transmissions differ from similar hydrostatic transmissions, which operate using low flow-rates and high pressure according to the displacement principle.
	Turbo-transmissions are hydrodynamic, multi-stage drive assemblies whose performance is based on the Föttinger principle of fluid dynamics. Torque-converters, fluid couplings and optional hydrodynamic retarders are the key components in these assemblies, which are ideally suited for powered rail vehicles.
	The first turbo-transmission from 1932 used a relatively simple design. It consisted of a single torque-converter for the start-up phase and a fluid coupling for the travel phase which were both mounted on a common shaft. A key feature of this turbo-transmission was the filling and emptying of the hydrodynamic circuit, a principle which was first used in Föttinger marine transmissions. This offered the advantages of frictionless start-ups, frictionless gear shifting with constant traction, freewheeling through emptying of the hydrodynamic circuit, and more efficient operation of the fluid coupling. 
	Contrary to Föttinger however, Voith used low viscosity oil in the hydrodynamic circuit of its turbo-transmissions rather than water. In addition, various other improvements were made in the 1930s: The addition of a high-speed gear, a more compact housing, greater compatibility with different motor types, automation gear shifts, as well as cooling via a heat exchanger.
	In the 1960s the hydrodynamic retarder was also introduced as a third stage which complemented the torque-converter and fluid coupling. Together, all these engineering improvements had a common goal: To continually increase the transmission's performance rating without compromising its installation complexity or proven reliability.
	In 1969, the smaller T 211 turbo-transmission was developed as an alternative to hydro-mechanical bus transmissions, being designed for diesel railcars in the low power range of . Similar to the first turbo-transmission, the T 211 used a linked converter-coupling combination but it also had a high-speed gear for greater efficiency. Additionally, a reversing gear assembly was added and an optional hydrodynamic retarder could be installed if required. The converter had a hydrodynamic circuit diameter of , while the fluid coupling had a slightly smaller diameter of . And due to its high-speed gear, the main shaft could run significantly higher at 4,170 rpm. As a result, the T 211 r had reserve power, which was reflected by its reinforced mechanical components (gears, bearings and shafts) as well as the transmission controls. At the same time however, the diameters of the converter, coupling and retarder remained unchanged. The overall flow rate within the hydrodynamic circuits was increased to accommodate the higher power rating of . At , the main shaft ran at just under 5,000 rpm which resulted in rotational speeds for the (empty) converter of 74 m/s when the vehicle reached its maximum speed. To ensure adequate cooling of the converter during high-speed operations, a stronger hydrodynamic fluid pump was installed, which supplied 3.5 l/s of oil through the heat exchanger during the travel phase and 9.0 l/s when in the braking phase, with the retarder rotor also serving as an additional circulating pump. When viewed from the outside this T 211 r transmission differed from its predecessor, the T 211 re.3 with , only slightly through the addition of a built-in electronic control unit and an enlarged air filter.
	In 1995, an entirely new transmission design was developed, the VT 611/612, for high-speed trains with tilting technology used by the Deutsche Bahn (German Railways). This new transmission concept used a converter-coupling-coupling design with an integrated hydrodynamic T 312 bre retarder and it had a power rating of 650 kW. To shorten the transmission's overall length, a twin shaft construction was used over the high gears, which was similar to the design used in reversing units. The electronic control unit was also built into the transmission. In addition, the transmission's reversing cylinders were operated hydraulically, which eliminated the need of having a compressed air supply on board. Five years later, the T 212 bre transmission was developed with a power rating of 460 kW. This transmission was similar in design, but unlike other large transmissions the T 212 bre could be mounted directly on the drive motor. This was a significant advantage, because it resulted in a very compact motor-transmission combination for high-speed trains which could travel at up to 200 km/h. The T 212 bre had the same hydrodynamic circuit dimensions as the T 211 r, but it had the further advantage of greater coupling efficiency for trains operating at only 50% of their maximum speed. For high-speed diesel trains this was important, because it permitted dramatically improved fuel consumption.
	In 1999, a new twin converter transmission, the L 620 reU2, was developed for high-performance, main-line locomotives. The new L 620 reU2 was equipped with both a start-up converter, having a diameter of 525 mm, as well as a travel-phase converter, having a diameter of 434 mm. The design of the new L 620 re U2 was based on its successful predecessor, the L 520 rzU2 which had a power rating of 1,400 kW. This new transmission however was rated significantly higher at 2,700 kW and therefore virtually all of its components had to be enlarged as well as reinforced. In the standard version of the transmission, two gears were mounted on the secondary shaft rather than using the idler wheel found in the older L 520 rzU2. As a result, the drive shaft's output speed could be adjusted to suit the locomotive's power requirements. The drive shaft's main bearing was also enlarged to 550 mm. In general, this new high-performance transmission clearly illustrated the enormous capability of hydrodynamic couplings. With a weight-to-power ratio of only 2.06 kg/kW, the new L 620 reU2 set a record for locomotive transmissions. By comparison, the similar L 520 rzU2 transmission had a far higher weight-to-power ratio of 2.4 kg/kW. In addition, a newly designed hydrodynamic retarder, the KB 385, was available as an optional component. At Vossloh, the locomotive manufacturer based in Kiel, these transmissions were installed in both its G1700 and G2000 main-line locomotives. Finally, the latest development is the LS 640 reU2 transmission which will be used for the first time in the Voith Maxima locomotive having 3,600 kW. The LS 640 reU2 is a so-called split turbo-transmission which uses two drive shafts from the L 620 reU2 to power both bogies of a six axle diesel locomotive.
	The operating conditions of rail vehicles are the key factors in determining the power requirements of both its motors and transmissions. These operating conditions cover: hauling loads for diesel locomotive, passenger capacities for diesel railcars, the topography of the rail line, and the climatic conditions when the vehicle is operated outside of Europe. The expected operating conditions are part of a vehicle's technical requirements and determine the follow points:
	Maximum speed, vehicle weight, acceleration rate and the railway slope all influence a motor's performance specifications. Added to that, the requirements of the auxiliary systems also need to be considered, such air-conditioning units, motor cooling systems, brake compressors and in some cases the need for a separate power supply to run the air-conditioning and heating systems of each passenger car. Here, a range of diesel motors can be selected, from large frame V-motors for locomotives to flat 6-cylinder sub-floor motors for motorized railcars or even the compact 12-cylinder motors often used by utility vehicles. For most modern motorized railcars, the preferred solution is a sub-floor mounted motor and transmission combination.
	In turbo-transmissions, the torque-converter is clearly the centerpiece of the entire construction and over the past decades its continuous improvements have been primarily responsible for satisfying the steadily increasing demands of diesel powered vehicles. Here, the goal of each improvement has been greater efficiency and better start-up performance, without compromising the start-up converter's dimensions as well as consistent loading of the travel-phase converter when in transit. Of the many different torque-converter designs, the single-stage converter using a centrifugal-flow turbine has proven to be the best. It has a relatively simple construction and due to the radial stability of its turbine the converter is well suited for high rpm operations.
	In the 1970s, thanks to new torque-converter developments with improved traction characteristics, (approaching the start-up traction) a two-converter transmission was designed to replace the previously used three-converter transmission. And even today, torque-converters are still being improved, although they have reached an advanced stage. Modern computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can now provide engineers with detailed information on the flow-patterns inside a rotating turbine wheel. Here, the oil-filled circuit in which the turbine turns is portrayed as computerized grid showing the flow characteristics at each grid intersection. For each of these points, the flow volume, speed, and pressure can be calculated. Later during the analysis phase, a three dimensional model of the circuit's flow pattern can be viewed and flow disruptions which reduce the converter's efficiency can be identified, such as: eddies, surface turbulence and mis-directed fluid-flows along the turbine wheel. In addition, aside from visualizing these flow disruptions engineers can also use CFD to calculate the resultant loss in converter efficiency.
	In the end, the relationship between changes in a converter circuit's flow-patterns and the efficiency of a torque-converter can then be used to identify potential improvement areas. To a large extent, the predicted values match well with the actual operational measurements, although some differences do occur due to the use of time-saving simplified simulations. Still, CFD allows the optimization of existing converters as well as the development of new virtual-converter types via computer. Afterwards the building of a prototype and the verification of the actual performance results concludes the development phase.

= = = Seven Wonders of Portugal = = =

	The Seven Wonders of Portugal () is a list of cultural wonders located in Portugal. The creation of the list was supported by the Ministry of Culture and organized by the companies Y&R Brands S.A. and Realizar S.A.
	Initially 793 national monuments of Portugal were listed by Instituto Português do Património Arquitectónico (IPPAR) as candidates, however in the first round of selections a board of experts reduced the number to 77. The contenders were further reduced to 21 finalist in four different categories by Conselho de Notáveis at the University of Évora.
	The six-month-long public elections started on 7 December 2006 to select the top seven wonders. Votes could be cast via internet, telephone and SMS. Results of the vote were announced on 7 July 2007 at the Estádio da Luz in Lisbon, as were the results of the global New Seven Wonders of the World contest.
	Bibliography

= = = Heart in Hand = = =

	The Heart in Hand or Heart-in-Hand is a symbol of a heart in an open palm, and is symbolic of charity, given from the heart. It is an easily recognizable symbol in the Northeastern United States and used by the Shakers as a pictoral reminder of the words of Mother Ann Lee, the founder of the Shaker sect, who promoted a simple life of hard work and spirituality, "Put your hands to work, and your hearts to God." The image is typical of the Shaker attitude, and also implies a loving welcome.
	A heart in hand has also been a symbol of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, a fraternal organization derived from English Oddfellows orders of the mid-18th century. These commonly display three linked rings representing friendship, love, and truth.
	The symbol originated as the seal of the Protestant Reformer John Calvin, and thus appears in the official seal of Calvin College with Calvin's motto,"My heart I offer to you LORD, promptly and sincerely." 
	The symbol is also frequently associated with Amish communities.
	The symbol was also used as a chop mark in the woodblock prints of Gustave Baumann (Germ./Amer. 1881-1971).

= = = Hariharapura = = =

	Hariharapura is a village located in the Koppa Taluk, Chikkamagaluru district in the state of Karnataka, India. The place has a Matt(Hindu Temple) of goddess Sharadamba on the banks of the River Tunga. The place is serene amidst forest, Arecanut farms and rice fields and surrounded by small hills. It is believed that Daksha performed "yagna" here.
	The name of the place is derived by the presence of two temples Hari & Hara located across each other. The four-hundred-year-old Shiva ( Hara ) temple is located upstream on the banks of the River Tunga, about a kilometer away from the Matth. This temple has intricate carvings on three sides depicting the entire Ramayana.
	Hariharapura also boasts of a 110-year-old bridge across the Tunga connecting it to Koppa. This bridge is believed to have been built by Sir M Visveswaraiah. Hariharapura is an ideal place to visit the surrounding places in the western ghat region.
	Built across the river Thunga, which is a small pedestrian bridge that leads to Chitrakoota where Prabodhini Gurukula can be found. The structure is unique for its cable suspension. The sight of Thunga in all her majesty is quite a view from this bridge.
	It is believed that the holy math of hariharapura was a consequence of Bhagavadpada Sri Adi Sankaracharya's visit to the village. During his visit, it is believed that he met young Krishna, hearing all information and moved by the divine vibrations of this place, chose to install Sri Chakra and consecrated Mother Sharadamba initiated Upadesha to Sri Krishna . And the SRI ADISHANKARACHARYA SHARADA LAKMINARASIMHA PEETAM came into existence. It is believed to be one of few Dharmapeetams established by Sri Adishankaracharya.
	The best time to visit largely depends on your interest. The rains in the month of June - September replenish the entire Malnad region and it is a feast to the eyes. Winter can get cold and misty and summers are hot but not humid.
	The nearest airport is Mangalore Airport is about 120 km from Hariharapura. There are direct buses from Bangalore to Shringeri that stops in Hariharapura and also private bus operated by Sugama/Nishmita travels available. Every 15 min Buses are available from Shivamogga to Shringeri, shivamogga is a better route from any where in India, Shivamogga good connectivity for road and rail transport. Shivamogga is nearest railway station which is 90  Km from Hariharapura and Udupi which has Konkan railway is around 75 km from Hariharapura.

= = = Tejendra Khanna = = =

	Tejendra Khanna (born 16 December 1938) was the Lieutenant Governor of Delhi twice, from January 1997 to April 1998 and again from April 2007 - July 2013. He also served as Chancellor of Delhi Technological University, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Ambedkar University.
	Tejendra Khanna was born in Patna, Bihar on 16 December 1938. He earned his Master of Science (Physics) from Patna University and Master of Arts in Public Administration from University of California, Berkeley.
	He was a 1961 batch Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer. He held different administrative positions in Punjab. He was the Chief Secretary, Punjab during 1991-92 and conducted the 1992 February elections in Punjab as Chief Election Officer, which brought back an elected Government in the state after a long period of President’s Rule.
	He also held important positions in the Government of India. He served as Commercial Counselor, Indian High Commission, U.K. (1975–77), Chief Controller, Imports and Exports (1989–91), Secretary to Government of India, Ministry of Food (1992–93) and Commerce Secretary to Government of India (1993–96).
	Immediately on his retirement on 31.12.1996, he was appointed 16th Lt. Governor and Administrator of the National Capital and served in this capacity up to April 1998. He again served as Delhi's 19th Lt. Governor from 9 April 2007 to 8 July 2013.
	He was conferred an Honorary Doctorate Degree in Political Science, by the Wonkwang University on 2010 and a Doctorate Degree (Honoris Causa) by TERI University.

= = = Ira G. Hersey = = =

	Ira Greenlief Hersey (March 31, 1858 – May 6, 1943) was a politician from Hodgdon, Maine, who served in the Maine House of Representatives, the Maine State Senate, and most notably in the United States Congress as a Representative for the U.S. State of Maine.
	Hersey was born on March 31, 1858 in Hodgdon, Maine. He attended the public schools and Ricker Classical Institute. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1880 and commenced practice in Houlton.
	He was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Maine in 1886. He was elected a member of the Maine House of Representatives from 1909 to 1912. He served in the Maine Senate from 1913 to 1916 and was president of that body in 1915 and 1916. He was elected as a Republican to the Sixty-fifth and to the five succeeding Congresses, serving from March 4, 1917 to March 3, 1929. He was chairman of the U.S. House Committee on Expenditures on Public Buildings in the Sixty-sixth Congress, and was one of the managers appointed by the House of Representatives in 1926 to conduct the impeachment proceedings against George W. English, judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Illinois. He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1928 to the Seventy-first Congress.
	He became judge of probate for Aroostook County, Maine, serving from 1934 until 1942, when he retired and moved to Washington, D.C.. He died on May 6, 1943 in Washington and he was buried in Evergreen Cemetery in Houlton, Maine.

= = = Stephan Paßlack = = =

	Stephan Paßlack (born 24 August 1970) is a German former football defender. At international level, he represented Germany playing for the U-21 team, the B team and the first team with whom he earned four caps scoring one goal.
	Born in Moers, West Germany, Paßlack began his career as a youth player at local football club TV Asberg before eventually moving on to VfB Homberg where he played until 1986. He then went on to play for many more German clubs including 1. FC Köln, Eintracht Frankfurt and KFC Uerdingen 05 before gaining his first international cap in 1996 against Armenia while he was playing for Borussia Mönchengladbach. After staying with Mönchengladbach for three years, he left to play for 1860 Munich and then to 1. FC Nürnberg before finally ending his career in 2006 back with his old club KFC Uerdingen.

= = = Counterirritant = = =

	A counterirritant is a substance which creates irritation or mild inflammation in one location with the goal of lessening discomfort and/or inflammation in another location. This strategy falls into the more general category of counterstimulation.
	Capsaicin, menthol (mint oil), methyl salicylate, and camphor are examples of counterirritants.
	The US Food and Drug Administration defines a counterirritant as "An externally applied substance that causes irritation or mild inflammation of the skin for the purpose of relieving pain in muscles, joints and viscera distal to the site of application. They differ from the anesthetics, analgesics, and antipruritic agents, however, in that the pain relief they produce results from stimulation—rather than depression—of the cutaneous sensory receptors and occurs in structures of the body other than the skin areas to which they are applied as for example, in joints, muscles, tendons and certain viscera. The use of these products dates from antiquity."

= = = Arafa Nakuaa = = =

	Arafa Ammar Nakuaa () (born 23 January 1982 in Libya) is a Libyan football midfielder. He currently plays for Al-Ittihad.
	Nakuaa plays for the Libya national football team and made two substitute appearances at the 2009 African Championship of Nations

= = = Recruitment advertising = = =

	Recruitment advertising, also known as Recruitment communications and Recruitment agency, includes all communications used by an organization to attract talent to work within it. Recruitment advertisements may be the first impression of a company for many job seekers. In turn, the strength of employer branding in job postings can directly impact interest in job openings. 
	Recruitment advertisements typically have a uniform layout and contain the following elements:
	When faced with hiring many roles, corporate employers have many channels and options to choose from. The employer may:
	Each of these channels has its benefits and many firms will use a mix of some or all of the above options.
	The use of a specialist recruitment advertising agency enables organizations to receive professional advice on media, design and copywriting specifically related to the recruitment process. This enables their advertisement to stand out in the relevant publication and build an employer brand. Advertisers are also now able to use microsites to post most job content, allowing job postings to be more creative with minimal copy. Recruitment advertising has now developed into a specialty service where most leading organizations hire agencies for their expertise.
	The methodologies for recruiting talent are evolving. For example, sites have been developed for freelancers to bid on advertised jobs. These sites are normally free to join, but the agency will take between 10% and 25% of applicants' earnings.

= = = Joan Tomàs = = =

	Joan Tomàs may refer to:

= = = Robin E. Hernreich = = =

	Robin E. Hernreich (born 1945) is a former director of K2 Sports, an owner of the Sacramento Kings of the National Basketball Association and the Arizona Rattlers of the Arena Football League. He attended Washington University in St. Louis. Hernreich has been President of Remonov Capital, Inc. since August 1992, and Vice-President of Remonov & Company, Inc. Since November 1996 Hernreich is on the board of directors of The Vail Valley Foundation and SOS Outreach, and a member of the board of trustees of Washington University in St. Louis. Hernreich is also a former member of the board of directors of Ride, Inc., which K2 acquired in October 1999.

= = = Cezar Drăgăniță = = =

	Cezar Drăgăniță (born 13 February 1954) is a retired Romanian handball player. He won the world title in 1974 and two Olympic medals in 1976 and 1980. At the club level he spent most of his career with Steaua Bucharest, winning with them 15 national titles; he also participated in seven tournaments of the EHF Champions League, winning one in 1977. Near the end of his career he played and coached in Belgium and Portugal.

= = = Joseph Ravaisou = = =

	Joseph Ravaisou (11 November 1865 – 22 December 1925) was a French landscape painter.
	Ravaisou was born in Bandol, Var. In 1878 he moved to Aix-en-Provence to work as a school teacher, and subsequently became a music conductor and a music critic.
	After seeing an exhibition in Paris with paintings by Camille Pissarro and Claude Monet, he returned to Aix and worked alongside Louise Germain. From 1899 to 1902 he also worked with Paul Cézanne, whom he admired. He died at Aix, aged 70.
	Some of his works are kept in the "Musée Granet" in Aix-en-Provence, as well as in Marseille, Martigues and Paris.

= = = Programmable sound generator = = =

	A programmable sound generator (PSG) is a sound chip that generates (or synthesizes) audio signals built from one or more basic waveforms, and often some kind of noise. PSGs use a relatively simple method of creating sound compared to other methods such as frequency modulation synthesis or pulse-code modulation.
	PSGs are controlled by writing data to dedicated registers on the chip via an external CPU; hence the name programmable sound generator. One or more basic waveforms are generated (typically a square, triangle or saw-tooth wave) and often a noise signal. The waveforms' frequency and volume (and noise's tone and volume) are typically shaped using an envelope and or mixed before being sent to the audio output stage.
	Many PSGs feature three tone channels and one noise channel including the AY-3-8910, SN76489 and MOS Technology 6581.
	In the late 1970s, more electronic consumer devices began to be designed with audio features. PSG were partly developed as a way of incorporating relatively complex sounds at a low cost. PSGs were in many arcade games, game consoles, and home computers of the 1980s and 90s.
	In 1978, General Instrument released the AY-3-8910, the design of which was later licensed by Yamaha Corporation for their YM2149. These chips were used as the standard for the MSX computer standards 1 and 2, respectively. The features of this chip were also incorporated into other Yamaha sound chips including the YM2203 and YM2608 chips, these were also capable of FM synthesis. In the same year Atari design the POKEY chip for its home computers and game systems, it incorporate a PSG.
	In 1981, Texas Instruments SN76489 was produced for the TI-99/4 computer. This was also used in the Tandy 1000 and IBM PCjr.
	In 1982, MOS Technology 6581 was produced for the Commodore 64. The main chip in the Nintendo Entertainment System, the Ricoh 2A03, included a PSG.

= = = The American (magazine) = = =

	The American was an online magazine published by the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), a conservative think tank in Washington, D.C. The magazine's primary focus was the intersection of economics and politics. Previously known as The American: A Magazine of Ideas, it was published six times annually from November 2006 to December 2008.
	"The American" was founded in November 2006 by James K. Glassman, the former president of "The Atlantic Monthly" and former publisher of "The New Republic", as an AEI project. It replaced the previous public-affairs magazine published by AEI, "The American Enterprise". Publication of the first issue was delayed until after the November 2006 election to include election results.
	In late 2007, Glassman left "The American" to serve as undersecretary of state for public diplomacy in the George W. Bush administration; he was succeeded as editor-in-chief by Nick Schulz, who had served as a senior editor of the young magazine since its founding; the first issue edited by Schulz was labeled March/April 2008. (Glassman and Schulz had previously collaborated on TCS Daily.) Schulz is also the DeWitt Wallace Fellow at AEI.
	In November 2008, AEI ended the print version of the glossy magazine due to its "'hemorrhaging' cash."
	The magazine published articles and book reviews—some topical, some reported, some analytical—on subjects at the intersection of economics, business, politics, and American public policy. Current online content includes articles similar to those in the print version, traditional op-eds, "DataPoints" on public opinion (compiled by Karlyn Bowman), and, since May 2009, the Enterprise Blog, which features contributions from AEI scholars and staff members.
	"Our perspective," Glassman said at the magazine's launch, "is not partisan, but it is rooted in liberal, free-market economics." Glassman said in 2006 that he believed "the three major business magazines"—that is, "Forbes", "Fortune", and "BusinessWeek"—"have, in an attempt to get a broader audience, gone downscale," creating a "big opening" for an intellectual magazine about business that is "absolutely not partisan or ideological—mainly a reported magazine rather than a magazine of opinion."
	Liberal writer Jonathan Chait remarked in "The New Republic" (which Glassman had published from 1981 to 1984) that "The American", in replacing "The American Enterprise", "seems less dewy-eyed about the virtues of democracy and far more dewy-eyed about the virtues of the bottom line. Out is the conservatism of Paul Wolfowitz. In is the conservatism of Montgomery Burns."
	Among the noteworthy contributors to "The American" have been:
	Luke Mullins's interview of a white-collar criminal who spent time in a minimum-security prison, which stated that minimum-security prisons were no longer "country-club prisons,"
	prompted criticism by Peter Carlson in a column in the "Washington Post".

= = = Golden Helmet (Poland) = = =

	The Golden Helmet () is an annual speedway event, and has been organized by the Polish Motor Union (PZM) since 1961. The race is held in PC Team 3rd from last season (previously Wrocław), with the top twelve riders in the Extraleague and the top four riders in the First League. The winner receives a new Jawa motorcycle.

= = = FS Class E.424 = = =

	The FS E.424 is a class of Italian railways electric locomotives. They were built in 1943-1951 and have been decommissioned in 2008.
	A design for a small multi-service Bo-Bo locomotive, with speed up to , had been devised by Giuseppe Bianchi as early as in the 1930s, but the project had been halted by the introduction of the E.326 and E.428. After the realization of the 6-axle E.636, it was however decided to revamp the project by adapting to it some solutions already in use on the E.636 (engines, bogies, suspension etc.).
	Breda SpA workshop provided the three prototypes of E.424 in 1943-1944. Mass production, however, could begin only after the end of World War II, part of the funds provided by the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration program.
	The locomotives have been built in four series starting from year 1943:
	Class E.424, having DC type motors like all the Italian locomotives of the time, is a rheostatic-type locomotive; on start, a rheostat is connected in series to the motors and is gradually excluded as speed builds up allowing more current to flow to the motors; unlike other rheostatic locomotives of that time, this is not achieved via the characteristic lever ("Maniglione"), but through an automatic system, called "Avviatore Automatico", derived from contemporary first-generation ALe 790/880/883 EMUs.
	The driver simply selects the combination (series or parallel), and the relative rheostat contactors are automatically and gradually closed by this system; in case of failure, the driver can manually rotate an apposite wheel (that also usually rotates automatically as the system advances) to proceed with the exclusion.
	When the rheostat is completely excluded for the series combination, field shunts can be inserted, or the driver can proceed to parallel combination, making a transition, which is handled by a device called "CEM" that automatically combines the motors (closing various contacts) accordingly.
	Originally more than one unit could be coupled and be controlled remotely by the first locomotive using a system called "Comando Multiplo"; on the central part of the cab there also was a door that enabled the crew to pass from one locomotive to another in case of problems. However, because of safety issues and the imperfect reliability of this system (there were no instruments indicating the status of the slave locomotive, so it was not certain if it correctly made a transition or not, for example), it was abandoned and then disassembled.
	Eleven units received compound-type motors, enabling a very fine speed control, in a range included between in series combination, and in parallel.

= = = Mustang Aeronautics Mustang II = = =

	The Mustang Aeronautics Mustang II is a two-seat aerobatic sports airplane developed and marketed in the United States for homebuilding.
	Robert Bushby acquired the rights to the Long Midget Mustang in 1959 and four years later began development of a two-seat, side-by-side version. This eventually flew in 1966 and plans were made available soon thereafter. Rights to both the Midget Mustang and the Mustang II were sold to Mustang Aeronautics in 1992. 
	A single engine in tractor configuration airplane, the Mustang II features cantilever low-wing, two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration enclosed cockpit under a bubble canopy, fixed conventional landing gear, or, optionally, tricycle landing gear.
	The aircraft is made from riveted sheet aluminum with a rounded turtle deck and flat sides and bottom skins. Its span wing employs a NACA 64A212 airfoil at the wing root, transitioning to a NACA 64A210 at the wingtip. Standard engines used include the Lycoming O-320, the Lycoming O-360 and the fuel-injected Lycoming IO-360 four-stroke powerplants. Standard fuel capacity is 25 US gallons, but optional wet wings increase the fuel capacity to 61 US gallons. Several other fuel tank options are available. A folding wing option may be installed.

= = = Bhopinder Singh = = =

	Lt. Gen. Bhopinder Singh (born 20 March 1946) is the former Lieutenant Governor of The Andaman and Nicobar Islands and an Indian Army officer who has been awarded the PVSM. He was the former military secretary to president K. R. Narayanan and to President A. P. J. Abdul Kalam. He was the former military, naval and air attaché for East and Southern Africa headquartered at Addis Ababa. 
	He was the former Lieutenant Governor of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Following the resignation of Mukut Mithi as Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry, Singh was appointed to replace him on 13 March 2008 and sworn in on 15 March.
	In the year 2017 he published Bayoneting with Opinions and in 2019 published another book Continuing Opinions in Difficult Times. 
	He is an alumnus of the National Defence Academy. He currently resides in Chandigarh.

= = = Kuha-class minesweeper = = =

	There have been two different classes of minesweepers named Kuha in the Finnish Navy:

= = = Chièvres Air Base = = =

	Chièvres Air Base is a United States Air Force operated airfield located east southeast of the Walloon town of Chièvres in the province of Hainaut, Belgium and about from Headquarters, Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE), in Casteau. It is mainly used to provide logistic support to NATO and SHAPE. The station and support facilities are operated by the United States Army Garrison Benelux for NATO.
	The first airfield at Chièvres was established in 1914 by the Germans during their occupation of Belgium in World War I.
	The current airfield was built by the Belgian Army in the 1930s, and at the end of 1939, the Belgian military began converting Chièvres into a diversion airfield. It was captured during the Battle of Belgium by the invading German Wehrmacht in May 1940.
	Shortly after its capture, the airfield was turned over to the Luftwaffe, and Chièvres became a major air base during the Battle of France. On 2 June, Jagdgeschwader 26 (JG 26) moved Messerschmitt Bf 109E fighters to the airfield and on 9 June Kampfgeschwader 30 (KG 30) moved Junkers Ju 88A attack bombers to the field. Both of these units were heavily engaged in combat operations with the French and the British Expeditionary Force in France.
	KG 26 moved into France within a few days, while KG 30 remained at Chièvres until September, taking part in the Battle of Britain. In addition to the Luftwaffe, the Corpo Aereo Italiano stationed Fiat BR.20M Cigogna (43° Stormo) and Cant Z.1007bis bombers (172° Squadriglia Ricognizione Strategica Terrestre) at the base on 27 September, also taking part in the Battle of Britain. The Italians received heavy casualties, and by December 1940 they were recalled to Italy.
	By late 1940 Chièvres had been taken off operational status by the Luftwaffe. The Germans found the airfield construction work incomplete, and began rebuilding and expanding the airfield. Construction began and two length concrete runways were laid down, extensive taxiways and dispersal pads, and a support facility consisting of maintenance shops, barracks, warehouses and hangars.
	The base became operational again in March 1941 when a bomber unit, Kampfgeschwader 3 (KG 3) arrived from Le Culot Airfield (Beauvechain Air Base), with Dornier Do 17 light bombers. From Chièvres KG 3 flew raids against Britain and anti-shipping missions in support of the U-Boats during the Battle of the Atlantic campaign. It later transitioned to Junkers Ju 88A attack bombers, and in February 1942 IV.(Erg)./KG 3 assisted the German warships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau in the famous "Channel Dash". In January 1943, it moved to Istres Air Base in Southern France, to attack Allied shipping in the Mediterranean.
	Luftwaffe operational units returned to Chièvres during the summer of 1944 when a series of Junkers Ju 88 units, Kampfgeschwader 6 (KG 6); Kampfgeschwader 30 (KG 30), and Kampfgeschwader 76 (KG 76) arrived in June and July. The units attacked targets in England, and later against Allied shipping in the English Channel after the Normandy Invasion of France. The base also served as a diversion field for Luftwaffe fighters.
	In August, the base became a base for day interceptors against the American Eighth Air Force bomber fleets attacking targets in Occupied Europe and Germany. As part of the "Defense of the Reich" campaign, Messerschmitt Bf 109s of Jagdgeschwader 26 (JG 26) attacked the heavy bombers. Later in August, Kampfgeschwader 51 (KG 51) arrived with the Messerschmitt Me 262A jet interceptor for a few days before departing.
	Chièvres Air Base was a frequent target of USAAF Ninth Air Force B-26 Marauder medium bombers. The medium bombers would attack in coordinated raids, usually in the mid to late afternoon, with Eighth Air Force heavy bombers returning from attacking their targets in Germany. The attack was timed to have the maximum effect possible to keep the Luftwaffe interceptors pinned down on the ground and be unable to attack the heavy bombers. Also, the P-47 Thunderbolts of Ninth Air Force would be dispatched to perform fighter sweeps over Chièvres after the Marauder raids, then meet up with the heavy bombers and provide fighter escort back to England. As the P-51 Mustang groups of Eighth Air Force began accompanying the heavy bombers all the way to their German targets by mid-1944, it was routine for them to also attack Chièvres on their return to England with a fighter sweep and attack any target of opportunity to be found at the airfield.
	The Luftwaffe was forced to withdraw from the base by September 1, 1944, leaving the installation heavily damaged.
	On September 3, Allied troops arrived and assumed command of the airbase. Once in American hands, combat engineers of the IX Engineering Command 846th Engineer Aviation Regiment repaired the damaged airfield and applied numerous patches to the two concrete runways and taxiways of the field. It was declared operationally ready for combat units on 16 September, only a few days after its capture from German forces, being designated as Advanced Landing Ground A-84 or "Chievres Airfield".
	Although operationally usable, Chièvres was a wrecked base from the numerous Allied air attacks and what was blown up by the Germans as they withdrew. The Americans made do with what could be repaired, with the 843d Engineer Aviation Regiment moving in what equipment was necessary to conduct combat operations.
	In October 1944, the P-47D Thunderbolts of the USAAF Ninth Air Force 368th Fighter Group and Eighth Air Force P-51 Mustangs of the 361st Fighter Group were stationed at Chièvres. During the Battle of the Bulge the base was also used by the Hawker Typhoons of 123 Wing RAF. In March 1945 the 352d Fighter Group, equipped with P-51D Mustangs, were stationed at the base.
	After the German surrender Chièvres became both a transit station for US soldiers returning home and a German POW camp. By the end of 1945 the base was turned over to the Belgian authorities.
	In 1947 the base was rebuilt and expanded to serve as a jet-fighter base. On 1 December 1950 the 7th Fighter Wing, equipped with the Gloster Meteor, was stationed at Chièvres and joined a year later by the 10th Fighter Wing operating Spitfire XIV. After converting to the F84E Thunderjet the 10th Wing left Chièvres in 1953 for Kleine Brogel in Limburg.
	In June 1956 the 7th Wing converted to the Hawker Hunter Mk. 4, and two years later to the Hunter F6. In 1963, the 7th Wing was disbanded, and on December 31, 1967 the Belgian authorities officially turned over Chièvres Airbase to the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE).
	The Americans established the NATO/SHAPE Support Group (US) in 1968 at Caserne Daumerie adjacent to the air base and just east of the town of Chièvres to operate the base and provide logistic support to NATO and SHAPE. This small unit was part of Theater Army Support Command (TASCOM), which was part of U.S. Army Europe (USAREUR). The NATO/SHAPE Support Group was later renamed 80th Area Support Group (NATO/SHAPE Support Group).
	The Airbase did serve as rehearsal and arrival point of US Precision Helicopter Team that competed in September France 1989. The US Team would take the first seven places over teams from USSR in overall competition.
	The 80th Area Support Group (NATO/SHAPE Support Group) was renamed USAG BENELUX (NATO/SHAPE Support Group) in 2005.
	In 2007 construction work started on a 94-room Army lodge. A $17 million commissary at Chièvres opened in 2010. One major project nearing completion is the runway renovation effort which sees the runway lengthened and resurfaced.
	309th Airlift Squadron was the last USAF operational flying unit at Chièvres Air Base. It was attached to the 86th Operations Group at Ramstein Air Base, Germany. It primarily operated Gulfstream V aircraft (Designated C-37A) providing executive airlift for senior personnel assigned to SHAPE and NATO headquarters.
	The United States Air Force 424th Air Base Squadron (ABS) is the operational unit at Chièvres Air Base. It is supported by the 86th Operations Group at Ramstein Air Base, Germany. It functions as the Senior Airfield Authority for the airfield on behalf of the US. The airfield is considered part of SHAPE as NATO provides the US funding to maintain and operate the airfield. Even though the U.S. Air Force's 424th ABS Squadron operates the airfield and runways, overall airfield maintenance operations and the base operations are entrusted to the USAG BENELUX, a U.S. Army unit. This makes Chievres Air Base the only actual "base" in the Army since Army installations are usually referred to as "posts" or "airfields".
	USAG Benelux provides base support operations and supports retirees and other personnel assigned to Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers in Europe.
	Flying and notable non-flying units based at Chièvres Air Base.
	US Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa (USAFE-AFAFRICA)
	US Army Europe (USAREUR)

= = = Cherry, Cherry = = =

	"Cherry, Cherry" is a song written, composed, and recorded in February - March 1966 by American musician Neil Diamond. The song (originally intended as a demo) was arranged by Artie Butler and produced by Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich. It was issued as a 45 single in 1966 and became Diamond's first big hit, reaching #6 on both the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, in October 1966, and the "Cash Box" chart. Ellie Greenwich came up with the chorus and can be heard as the prominent background voice, accompanied by Jeff Barry. Neil Diamond has stated that the song was inspired by an early relationship with a significantly older woman.
	In 1973 a live recording of "Cherry, Cherry" was issued as a 45 single from the Neil Diamond live album "Hot August Night" (1972). The live version hit #24 on the "Cash Box" chart and #31 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart.
	"Rolling Stone" would later label "Cherry, Cherry" as "one of the greatest three-chord songs of all time."
	Session guitarist Al Gorgoni (who later played on "The Sound of Silence" by Simon & Garfunkel and "Brown Eyed Girl" by Van Morrison) contributed to the song.
	Two versions of "Cherry, Cherry" have been released. The version familiar to most listeners was recorded in late January 1966 and released by Bang Records in mid-1966, and was recorded as a demo, with Butler on keyboards, and Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich on backing vocals and hand-claps. The other version, with different lyrics and originally intended to be released as the single, was finally released by Diamond and Sony Music Entertainment in 1996 on the compilation album "In My Lifetime".

= = = Adrian Cosma = = =

	Adrian Cosma (5 June 1950 – 1996) was a Romanian handball player who won the world title in 1974. He competed at the 1972, 1976 and 1980 Olympics and won one silver and two bronze medals. During his career he played 130 times for the national team and scored 250 goals.

= = = Museo Teatrale alla Scala = = =

	The Museo Teatrale alla Scala is a theatrical museum and library attached to the Teatro alla Scala in Milan, Italy. Although it has a particular focus on the history of opera and of that opera house, its scope extends to Italian theatrical history in general, and includes displays relating, for example, to the "commedia dell'arte" and to the famous stage actress Eleonora Duse.
	The museum, which is adjacent to the opera house in the Piazza della Scala, was opened on 8 March 1913 and was based on a large private collection which had been purchased at auction two years earlier, with funds raised both from government and private sources. The displays include costumes, set designs, autograph scores, and musical instruments of historical interest as well as paintings of musicians and actors, and a range of related paraphernalia including precious ceramic figures portraying characters from the "commedia dell'arte", and board games which used to be played in the theatre's foyer.
	The Biblioteca Livia Simoni, the museum's library, is situated at the II floor of the Museum. It was formed in 1952 with 40,000 volumes donated by author and "Corriere della Sera" critic Renato Simoni; it is named in honour of his mother. Today it holds some 140,000 works related to theatre history, opera and ballet including librettos, periodicals and the correspondence of musicians, actors and dancers, as well as books.

= = = The Collection (New Model Army album) = = =

	The Collection was released in 2004 and is a compilation album of British rock band New Model Army songs.

= = = SmartPOST = = =

	SmartPOST is an Estonian logistics company which specializes in delivery of goods and self-servicing post offices. Founded in 2008, SmartPOST currently operates 46 self-servicing post offices over Estonia through a solution called "Delivery Point Solution" (DPS).
	Currently, the DPS system is used by online shops for product delivery as an alternative to regular post services. Private customers can send their packages through the system as well and pay for the delivery on the spot with a debit or credit card. The system also encompasses an SMS-based notification system notifying clients when an item has been delivered. SmartPOST's solution was implemented in April 2009.
	Unlike other similar systems (such as the Packstation solution in Germany), SmartPOST has placed its Delivery Point Solution indoors (e.g. in shopping malls), making them convenient to use even with bad weather. In July 2009, SmartPOST reported it is in negotiations with an Italian company interested in licensing SmartPOST's Delivery Point Solution for usage in Italy.
	Currently SmartPOST is servicing roughly two hundred distant selling companies and online shops in Estonia.
	During its first year of operation, SmartPOST reported a 13.8 million EEK (about 1.2 million USD) turnover with an 8.3 million ($740,000 USD) profit loss. SmartPOST's member of board Antti Oolup said that the loss was expected and planned, with monthly profits planned for the end of 2009. SmartPOST reported that over 33 thousand packages were sent through its service in Estonia in December 2009.
	SmartPOST was chosen as the Logistics Deed 2009 at the annual Purchase Management and Logistics Conference. At the end of 2009, SmartPOST also reported that it will expand its business to Finland. Currently, only one-way packages can be sent from Estonia.
	In November 2010, SmartPOST's CEO position was taken over from Indrek Oolup by Risto Eelmaa.
	In October 2009, Estonia's national postal company Eesti Post filed a complaint with the Estonian Consumer Union, claiming that SmartPOST's television advertisements were damaging the reputation of Eesti Post and also "calling viewers up to violence against elderly people". SmartPOST responded that the claim was untrue and damaging reputation or calls for violence were not their intention.
	In July 2010, the Estonian Development Fund (majority shareholder in SmartPOST) sold its share to the Finnish postal service and logistics company Itella. Raivo Vare, Head of the Estonian Development fund commented on the sale, saying: "Risk investment is a field where there are few success stories, but SmartPOST is definitely one of them. Sale of SmartPOST is even better than it looks." The Estonian Development Fund reportedly earned €1.3 million from sale of SmartPOST.
	Production and intellectual rights for the Delivery Point Solution remains in the hands of Cleveron, a separate entity from SmartPOST.

= = = Victoria Park Viaduct = = =

	The Victoria Park Viaduct is a major motorway viaduct carrying the Auckland Northern Motorway (State Highway 1) over the Victoria Park area in Auckland City, New Zealand. Construction began in 1959, and the bridge was opened on 5 April 1962.
	Due to the high traffic volumes passing through on their way to and from North Shore City, and because the viaduct is only four lanes wide in total (while adjacent motorway stretches are at least six lanes), the bridge over the park is considered "one of the country's worst traffic bottlenecks", with around 200,000 vehicles a day.
	After improvements to the Central Motorway Junction directly to the south in the early 2000s, Transit New Zealand, the highways authority, initially proposed a widening of the viaduct, which met with opposition from locals as well as from the Auckland City Council and the Auckland Regional Council, because it would further burden the Victoria Park area with more traffic and a larger overpass structure. In 2004 the authority agreed that instead of a second viaduct, the 'Vic Park Tunnel' should be built, carrying northbound traffic only west of the existing structure, freeing it for southbound traffic.

= = = Big Valley = = =

	Big Valley may refer to:

= = = Iris M. Ovshinsky = = =

	Iris M. Ovshinsky (July 13, 1927 – August 16, 2006) was an American businesswoman and scientist, and the co-founder of Energy Conversion Devices with her husband Stanford R. Ovshinsky, serving as its Vice President from its founding in 1960 until her death.
	Born Iris L. Miroy in New York City, she earned a bachelor's degree in zoology from Swarthmore College in 1947, a master's degree in biology from the University of Michigan in 1950, and doctorate in biochemistry in 1960 from Boston University.
	She was first married to Andrew Dibner, with whom she had a son, Steven, and a daughter, Robin. Following her 1959 divorce from Dibner, she married Ovshinsky in 1962; the marriage brought her three stepsons, Ben, Harvey, and Dale. Mr. Ovshinsky was a prolific inventor, credited with inventing the nickel metal hydride battery, and amorphous materials used in a variety of products from flexible solar panels to rewritable CDs and DVDs. Disagreeing with his wife's downplaying of her contributions throughout their careers, Stan said she was a partner in everything they did, "a colleague and collaborator in my scientific activity. She's just too damn modest."
	Ovshinsky briefly appears in Who Killed the Electric Car? the documentary film which explores the creation, limited commercialization, and subsequent destruction of the battery electric vehicle in the United States, specifically the General Motors EV1 of the 1990s.
	Ovshinsky died on August 16, 2006, aged 79, having suffered a myocardial infarction while swimming near her home in Bloomfield Township, Oakland County, Michigan.

= = = Brazilian Telecommunications Society = = =

	The Brazilian Telecommunications Society () is a scientific academy of Brazil. Created in 1983 with no competing financial interest, it is devoted to promoting the diffusion, the development and the interchange of ideas and results in the field of Telecommunications. The SBrT is co-sister society of the IEEE Communications Society. The meetings and conferences sponsored by SBrT are now a forum for scientific, technological debate.
	The SBrT holds an annual scientific congress, the "Brazilian Telecommunication Symposium" (Simpósio Brasileiro de Telecomunicações), and each four years, the I"nternational Telecommunication Symposium" – ITS (joint with IEEE).
	It publishes the scientific journal – The "Journal of Communication and Information Systems" (JCIS), co-sponsored by the IEEE Communications Society. The SBrT also publishes the «Série Brasport», a series of textbooks on Telecommunications and correlated fields.

= = = Ștefan Birtalan = = =

Ştefan Birtalan (born 25 September 1948) is a former Romanian handball player, coach and sports official.
	Birtalan was one of the best players of his time and was named the World Player of the Year in 1974, 1976 and 1977. He spent most of his club career with Steaua Bucureşti, winning with them 12 Romanian championships and the European Champions Cup in 1977. He also won the world title in 1970 and 1974, becoming the top scorer at the 1974 tournament with 43 goals. He participated in the 1972, 1976 and 1980 Olympics winning one silver and bronze medals.
	Birtalan is of Hungarian descent through his father István. His mother was Romanian and her name was Valeria.
	As a teenager he trained in handball, volleyball, basketball and athletics. He debuted in handball aged 16 with the team Rapid CFR Jibou. In 1966, he moved to Baia Mare to study civil engineering. There he first played volleyball and in 1967 changed to handball. From 1970 to 1985 he competed for Steaua Bucharest, with an interruption between 1981 and 1983. With Steaua he won the 1977 EHF Champions League title, finishing second in 1971, and 12 national titles. In 1966, he was included to the junior and in 1968 to the senior national handball team.
	At the end of his career Birtalan spent one year in Italy as player-coach in 1985-86. After returning to Romania he worked with the national junior team, and in 1991-1994 was head coach at Steaua. In 1994 he accepted a coaching position in Qatar. Between 1999 and 2002 he again coached Steaua, bringing it to the national titles in 2000 and 2001. In 2002 he retired from coaching due to health problems, and became a sport administrator.

= = = Nokia 6070 = = =

	The Nokia 6070 is a mobile phone made by Nokia. It operates on GSM tri band frequency 900, 1800 and 1900 MHz (850 and 1900 MHz in the US model), with automatic switching between frequencies. It is small in size with dimensions of 105.4 x 44.3 x 18.6 mm and weights 88 grams. It was released in the second quarter of 2006. The phone runs using Nokia S40 second edition. The features include a VGA camera, FM radio and voice recording.

= = = Denizen (video game) = = =

	Denizen is an action computer game published by Players Software in 1988 for the ZX Spectrum.
	"Denizen" is a science-fiction action flip-screen maze game, with a top-down perspective. The player controls a marine, with the aim of detonating twenty explosive bolts on each of three levels. The marine is armed with a rifle and is initially supplied with 99 bullets. The player can only move orthogonally, in half-tile steps. Each screen may contain one or more enemies, who move toward the marine in a straight line until they reach an obstacle. The enemies attack the player merely by contact, draining the character's health in a manner similar to "Gauntlet". Each enemy requires two bullets to destroy.
	Health is regenerated by returning to the marine's start point on each level. If he is out of ammunition, this also supplies him with a single bullet. Items that can be collected include single-use keycards to open locked doors, ammunition, and a torch which allows better vision in dark areas.
	"Denizen" received poor reviews, with criticism being levelled at the slow character movement. The weapon firing mechanism was a particular complaint; "The self-loading 'Quick Kill' rifle... is anything but quick", "[The rifle] acts in the manner of an aerosol gun, two slow puffs and off goes yer fly". The gameplay itself was described as a "dull maze plod" with unresponsive and repetitive action.
	However, all the reviewers highlighted the colourful, detailed graphics, with presentation comparable with Players' previous titles.

= = = Lorrie Lynch = = =

	Lorrie Lynch was the senior editor and personalities columnist for "USA Weekend" magazine through 2009.
	She interviewed entertainment figures and wrote the "Who's News" column in the Sunday magazine. Lynch moved to "USA Weekend" from "USA Today", where she was a founding staff member. As a reporter in the News section she covered national stories and Washington politics. As the paper's San Francisco bureau chief she covered western issues and reported the beginning of the nation's AIDS crisis. As an editor in the "Life" section, she was responsible for the paper's daily celebrity coverage.
	Lynch also worked for newspapers in Port Huron, Ypsilanti, Traverse City, Mount Pleasant, and Battle Creek, Michigan. She also worked for "The Sacramento Bee" and "The Marin County Independent Journal", both in California.
	Lynch has a B.A. in Journalism from Central Michigan University, where she was editor of the campus newspaper, "CM LIFE".
	Lynch told a Michigan Interscholastic Press Association press conference in August 2007 that she began thinking about writing in second grade because she would get encouragement from her grandmother about writing when she wrote letters.
	Lynch also is the author of "Exploring Journalism and the Media" (2009).

= = = Etilevodopa = = =

	Etilevodopa (TV-1203) is a dopaminergic agent which was developed as a treatment for Parkinson's disease. It is the ethyl ester of levodopa. It was never marketed.

= = = Melevodopa = = =

	Melevodopa (brand name Levomet) is a dopaminergic agent. It is the methyl ester of levodopa. It is used in tablet form as an effervescent prodrug with 250 times the water solubility of tablet levodopa.

= = = Troels Brun Folmann = = =

	Troels Brun Folmann (born 10 January 1974 in Copenhagen) is a Danish composer specialised in epic orchestral music featured in TV shows, trailers and video games, such as the "Tomb Raider" series, and commercial/trailers for films such as "Spider-Man 3", "", "The Illusionist" and "10,000 BC", and the fourth season of TV series "America's Got Talent". He has worked on the "Tomb Raider" series with Crystal Dynamics for "", "" and "", and the spin-off "Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light", refreshing for the first time the classical music style of the old series coming with a new way of perceiving Lara's scores, a much more electronic approach and trailer modern orchestral feeling.
	Troels co-owned a music sampling company called Tonehammer, a developer of premium virtual instruments for composers and producers...
	As of August 2011, Tonehammer had come to an end. The music sampling company was split into two separate companies with Troels leading a new music-sampling company, along with partner Tawnia Knox, called 8Dio Productions. The virtual instruments of 8Dio range from epic choirs and epic percussion ensembles to solo vocals and next-generation hybrid scoring tools, with over 250 products serving every genre worldwide.
	In May 2018, Troels Folmann launched the Sequential Prophet X with Dave Smith (inventor of MIDI). The Prophet X is a true analog hybrid sample synthesizer with >150 GB of sample content.
	Folmann has won multiple international awards, including the British Academy Award (BAFTA) for "Best Original Score", the Mix Foundation TEC Award for the "Best Interactive Entertainment Sound Production" at his composing debut for "Tomb Raider" with "". In addition Troels Folmann has been awarded the GDC/G.A.N.G award for his soundtrack work. Troels is also a Ph.D. scholar in Adaptive Music Systems and Artificial Intelligence.

= = = Budipine = = =

	Budipine (brand name Parkinsan) is an antiparkinson agent marketed for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
	While its exact mechanism of action is not well characterized, it is believed to be an NMDA receptor antagonist, but also promoting the synthesis of dopamine.
	Because it provides additional benefits relative to existing treatments, it probably does not precisely mimic the mechanism of an existing known treatment.

= = = Sir William Prescott, 1st Baronet = = =

	Sir William Henry Prescott, 1st Baronet, CBE, DL (1874 – 15 June 1945) was a British engineer and Conservative Party politician.
	The son of John Prescott, he initially studied law and was called to the bar at Gray's Inn in 1909. He subsequently took up a career in civil engineering, acting as a consultant to a number of government committees on water supply and roads.
	During the First World War he was commanding officer of 222nd Field Company, Royal Engineers, part of the British Expeditionary Force on the Western Front. He was invalided home to the United Kingdom in 1915.
	He was elected at the 1918 general election as Coalition Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Tottenham North. Unusually for a Conservative, he was sponsored by a trade union, the National Association of Local Government Officers, of which he held membership.
	Prescott stood down at the 1922 election. He was awarded a CBE in 1920 for his role is raising troops in Tottenham and was knighted in 1921. He was also awarded the King Albert Medal by Albert I of Belgium.
	A longtime member of Middlesex County Council where he served as an alderman and vice-chairman, he represented the authority on the Metropolitan Water Board (MWB). He was chairman of the MWB from 1928 to 1940, and two massive steam-driven pumping engines at Kempton Park Pumping Station were named "William" and "Bessie" after Prescott and his wife. He co-founded the Tottenham War Services Institute in 1920. He was appointed in 1924 as a Deputy Lieutenant of Middlesex, and in 1929 served as High Sheriff of the county. He was also a member of a number of other committees connected with Middlesex, a member of the Worshipful Company of Paviors and the Worshipful Company of Glaziers and Painters of Glass and a Freeman of the City of London.
	Prescott retired to Godmanchester in Huntingdonshire. In the King's Birthday Honours 1938, he was honoured for his work with the water board by being made a baronet, of Godmanchester in the county of Huntingdon. in the same year he served as High Sheriff of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire.
	In 1898 he married Bessie Stanley of Ambleside, and they had four children. He died at his Godmanchester home in June 1945 and was succeeded in the baronetcy by his eldest son, Richard Stanley Prescott. His second son, William Robert Stanley Prescott was MP for Darwen.

= = = Potter Puppet Pals = = =

	Potter Puppet Pals is a puppet show web series parodying the "Harry Potter" novel series by JK Rowling, created by Neil Cicierega.
	The first two episodes were animated, both released in 2003 on Newgrounds. On September 26, 2006, the series was re-launched on YouTube under Cicierega's page as "Potions Class". Six more episodes were released by Cicierega between 2006 and 2009. Approximately one year after the seventh episode was released, a new video appeared on Neil's channel announcing an exclusive "Potter Puppet Pals" channel. On the same day, three more videos were released on this page. The "Potter Puppet Pals" make appearances at some Harry Potter parties, such as Yule Balls 2007 and 2010.
	Both the original animated episodes, as well as the first seven live-action episodes, have been published to the official "Potter Puppet Pals" webpage.
	Much of the humor derived from the series originates from Cicierega's unique interpretation of the principal Harry Potter characters. Some characters are given personalities designed to contrast completely with their attitudes in the Harry Potter books. Cicierega's Harry is portrayed as an extremely brash, arrogant, and vain teenager who is "rife with boyish attitude," while Dumbledore is a nudist. Other times, an aspect of the original stories is blown out of proportion for comedic effect, such as Hermione Granger's love of reading and matter-of-fact approach to problems. In the episode "Snape's Diary", Hermione remarks, "I know a thing or two about books, and that's a book!" Later in the same episode, she excitedly shouts, "Here's one of the quills I carry with me at all times!"
	"The Mysterious Ticking Noise", released March 23, 2007, was the 22nd most-viewed video on YouTube as of January 1, 2013 with over 137.5 million views. The video was nominated and won in the Comedy category in the 2008 YouTube Awards with 61.6% of the votes in that category.
	In the video, Severus Snape hears a strange ticking and, noticing it has a catchy rhythm, begins singing to it, followed by Dumbledore, Ron Weasley, Hermione Granger, and Harry Potter. Towards the end, Ron discovers that the source of the ticking is a pipe bomb that explodes as they celebrate, letting Lord Voldemort sing his name by himself to the tune of "Lollipop" by The Mudlarks. At the New York premiere of "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2", Alan Rickman was interviewed by MTV and quoted as saying “[Potter Puppet Pals] is very beautifully done, that little piece of work. Can you get rich from that? I hope they did." Daniel Radcliffe also mentioned in an interview by MTV that the cast of the "Harry Potter" film series should do a live action version of "The Mysterious Ticking Noise" for a charity.
	On 23 March 2017, a 4K remake of the original video was posted to the Potter Puppet Pals channel to mark the 10th anniversary of the original.

= = = Kuha-class minesweeper (1974) = = =

	The Kuha class minesweepers () is a series of six inshore minesweepers of the Finnish Navy. The ships were constructed in 1974-1975. All the vessels of the class were modified and modernized in the late 1990s. This included a lengthening of the hull.
	The vessels have a glass fibre hull and are amongst the largest vessels built in this material. They are equipped with hydraulic machinery, and its engines are placed in the aft part of the superstructure. The engines are separated from the hull with rubber springs. The engine power is transferred to the propeller unit (which can turn 360 degrees) through two separate hydraulic valves; in this manner the vessels are as quiet as possible, and it has been possible to completely eliminate propeller axles, which are very difficult to silence and are easily damaged in mine explosions.
	The vessels are very lightly armed with only a twin anti-aircraft gun and a couple of heavy machine guns; "Kuha 22" is an exception, as it assumes an anti-aircraft readiness role. It is therefore equipped with a couple more guns than its sister vessels.
	The "Kuha" class vessels usually operate together with some vessels of the "Kiiski" class, and they can sweep both impact and influence mines.
	The "Kuha" class will be retired when the "Katanpää" class mine countermeasure vessels enter active service.

= = = Jandro (footballer) = = =

	Alejandro Castro Fernández (born 27 February 1979), known as Jandro, is a Spanish footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder.
	He appeared in 331 matches during 11 seasons, scoring a combined 73 goals for Celta, Albacete, Alavés, Gimnàstic, Elche and Girona. In La Liga, other than the first and the third clubs, he also played with Valencia.
	Jandro was born in Mieres, Asturias. A product of Valencia CF's youth system, he played three times for the first team in a three-year span (with a stint at CD Numancia in between, where he did not appear. Subsequently, he had another La Liga spell with RC Celta de Vigo, also featuring sparingly during two seasons and being loaned in between.
	After helping Celta regain its top flight status in 2005, scoring 12 league goals, Jandro moved to Deportivo Alavés also in the top division, being immediately relegated. He signed with Gimnàstic de Tarragona in summer 2007 and, after two second level seasons with the Catalans as first-choice, continued in that tier as he joined Elche CF on a two-year contract.
	On 11 March 2010, after appearing rarely for the club – but netting three times – Jandro was released by mutual consent. In late July he signed with another club in division two, Girona FC, and scored 11 goals while playing in all 42 games (38 starts, nearly 3,500 minutes of action) in his first season, with his team eventually ranking 11th.
	On 25 August 2012, Jandro was named "Man of the match" as Girona won 5–1 away against CD Guadalajara, netting once and providing two assists.

= = = 1962 Oakland Raiders season = = =

	The 1962 Oakland Raiders season began with the team trying to improve on their 2–12 record from 1961. The 1962 season was the third season in Oakland and in the American Football League. It ended with the Raiders finishing in last place in the AFL West. They won only one game and lost 13 while playing their home games at Frank Youell Field in Oakland.
	Oakland's 0.071 winning percentage in 1962 is the lowest in the history of the American Football League.
 

= = = 31st Reserve Field Artillery Regiment (Ireland) = = =

	The 31st Reserve Field Artillery Regiment was a field artillery unit of the Southern Brigade Irish Reserve Defence Forces tasked with the defence of part of County Tipperary and also with providing support to the 1st FAR, a unit of the Irish Army.
	The Corps of Artillery of the Irish Army was founded in 1924, and based in Connolly Barracks in the Curragh Camp. The Patron saint of the corps is Saint Barbara, and she appears on the corps insignia sitting astride a cannon. The 31st FAR came into being on 1 October 2005, and was made up of units from the former reserve structure, the FCÁ. The units which were disbanded in order to form the new 31st FAR were the 8th FAR (Cork), 3rd FAR (Tipperary) and part of the 14th Infantry Battalion also from Tipperary.
	The 8th FAR was originally formed in Ballincollig in 1979. It was made up of the reserve batteries which had once formed part of the 1st FAR. The regiment consisted of two batteries: 2nd Battery (25 Pounder field guns) and 21st Heavy Mortar Battery (120 mm Mortars). The unit moved to Collins Barracks in Cork City following the closure of Ballincollig Barracks. 2nd Battery and 21st Battery merged to become 1st Battery of the 31st FAR on 1 October 2005.
	The unit had both ceremonial and training commitments, with annual artillery practice held in the Glen of Imaal in Co Wicklow in July of each year. A camp was also held around Easter time which focused on small arms training. Reservists from this unit were often invited to participate in training courses outside the unit, and members also participated in Defence Forces sporting events and shooting competitions, and have won several medals across a variety of events.
	The Pistol Team from 1st Battery was in the forefront of army shooting competitions for some years. In January 2005, members of the 8th FAR (later the 1st Battery) were called upon to take part in a ceremonial 21-gun salute in honour of the City of Cork becoming the European Capital of Culture. Other ceremonial duties have included committing a contingent of reservists to represent the 1st Southern Brigade at the National Day of Remembrance ceremony at Kilmainham. Reservists in the 31st FAR were also trained in Infantry Tactics, Amphibious operations, Fighting in Built Up Areas (FIBUA) and Peace Support Operations.
	The unit used 25 Pounder field guns and L118 and L119 105 mm Light guns. Some smooth-bore Brandt 120 mm heavy mortars were in the unit's possession but this obsolete weapon was later removed from service, while the 25 pounder became an exclusively ceremonial weapon. The unit acquired a number of 120 mm Ruag mortars.
	The personal weapon of reservists in this unit was the Steyr AUG automatic rifle. Officers and senior NCOs carried the 9 mm H&K USP pistol, which had replaced the Browning Hi-Power in 2007. The 7.62 mm FN MAG machine gun replaced the Bren gun as the section light machine gun.
	The unit also trained on anti-tank weapons such as the 84 mm Carl Gustav recoilless rifle and the 84 mm SRAAW.
	Men and women ages 17–34 could join the unit by applying to their local battery office. The unit had batteries in Cork City and in Templemore, Thurles and Nenagh. All members were volunteers, and they give up their free time in order to train with the unit. 2007 was the first year since 1979 where members of the Reserve Defence Forces could become integrated with their associated army unit. Members of the 31 FAR had the opportunity to train alongside their colleagues in the 1st FAR.
	As an artillery unit, members also trained frequently with the Army School of Artillery in the Curragh Camp. Training was held once a week for two hours at night. Members were also frequently given opportunity to train on a variety of Reserve Army tasks across the 1st Southern Brigade.

= = = Convoy OB 293 = = =

	OB 293 was a North Atlantic convoy which ran during the battle of the Atlantic in World War II.
	It was notable for seeing the loss to the Kriegsmarine (KM) of , with her commander KL Günther Prien, the person responsible for the sinking of two years previously.
	OB 293 was a west-bound convoy of 37 ships, either in ballast or carrying trade goods, and sailed from Liverpool on 2 March 1941 bound for ports in North America.
	It was escorted by an escort group of two destroyers, and , and two corvettes, and . They were led by LtCdr Rowlands of "Wolverine", which would stay with them till they left the Western Approaches. (At this stage of the campaign escort groups were too scarce to provide "end-to-end" cover).
	On 6 March 1941 the convoy was sighted by commanded by Prien.
	After sending a sighting report he set to shadowing the convoy, being joined throughout the day by three other boats. They were (Kretschmer), (Matz) and (Eckermann).
	On the night of the 6/7 March the pack launched its attack.
	In the early hours of 7 March "U-99" slipped into the convoy from ahead, to attack on the surface; she torpedoed the tanker "Athelbeach", sinking her, and the whale factory ship "Terje Viken", which was damaged.
	"U-70" hit a freighter "Dunaff Head", which sank, and a Dutch tanker, "Mijdrecht". 
	She was only damaged, however, rounding on" U-70" and attempting to ram; "U-70" was forced to crash-dive to escape.
	"UA" hit a freighter but did not sink her.
	The response of the escorts was swift and effective. The U-boats were subjected to a fierce bombardment as the warships chased down contacts; over 100 depth charges were expended over a 5-hour period.
	"UA" was damaged but was able to escape;
	"U-99" only escaped by diving deep and waiting out the attack.
	"U-70" was damaged in the onslaught and forced to the surface, where she was fired on and sunk by the corvettes "Camellia" and "Arbutus".
	"U-47" avoided damage and was able to stay in contact with the convoy, sending further reports and requesting re-inforcements. He had also been able to torpedo "Terje Viken", which was straggling after being damaged, though she still remained afloat. The escorts attempted to bring her to port, but she finally sank on the 14th; her loss was credited to both "U-99" and "U-47".
	Meanwhile, on the night of 7th/8th, at about 1am on the 8th, "Wolverine" sighted a U-boat on the surface which she identified as "U-47". She and " Verity" attacked, and after 4 hours, which had shown evidence of damage, the U-boat was driven to the surface within yards of "Wolverine", before diving again. The destroyer sent down a pattern of depth charges and was rewarded with an underwater explosion, marked by an orange glow, and flames that broke the surface.
	"Wolverine" was credited with destroying "U-47", and this featured in the official record until the late 1990s. However, after reviewing the available records modern historians regard this attack as being directed against "UA", which was badly damaged, but survived to reach port.
	No conclusion can be reached about the fate of "U-47", and it is thought likely to be the result of a diving accident.
	The success of the defence of OB 293, with the loss of the U-boat ace Prien, coupled with the successful defence of Convoy HX-112, and the loss of two more aces, Kretschmer and Schepke, one week later, marks a minor turning point in the Atlantic campaign.

= = = Wickets Island = = =

	Wickets Island is a island located in Onset Harbor in Wareham, Massachusetts. It is located from shore.
	The island is named for Jabez Wicket, the Wampanoag who is said to have lived there in the late 18th century. The island was created during the end of the last glacial period and is a deposit of glacial moraine made up of coarse sand and soil that is a good producer of plant life, but unsuitable for agriculture. A house occupied Wickets Island from the 19th century until it burned down in 1981.
	In 2003, a developer purchased the island with plans to build a luxury home there. The Buzzards Bay Coalition purchased Wickets Island in 2016 as part of the developing Onset Bay Center, an on-the-water exploration center. The island is now permanently conserved and is being restored for public use for boating, paddling, quahogging, swimming, and beach exploration.

= = = Kuha-class minesweeper (1941) = = =

	The "Kuha"-class minesweepers () was a series of eighteen small minesweepers of the Finnish Navy. The ships were constructed in three batches between 1941 and 1946. Some of the vessels participated in World War II, but their main mission were to be the demining of the Gulf of Finland after the war.
	The vessels were built by August Eklöf Ab in Porvoo, starting in 1941. The "Kuha" class was developed from the and were similar in appearance.
	Delivered in 1945
	Delivered in 1946

= = = William G. Greene = = =

	William G. "Slicky Bill" Greene, Jr. (1812–1894) was a friend of Abraham Lincoln and a businessman in Menard County, Illinois. Greene founded Tallula, Illinois in 1857, and Greenview, Illinois is named after him.
	Greene, along with his brother L.M. Greene, and William F. Berry, attended Illinois College in Jacksonville.
	By September 1831, Greene's parents lived 2 miles (3 km) southwest of New Salem; Greene, then age 19, was hired by recent arrival Abraham Lincoln to assist at Lincoln's mill and store. In early January 1833, Greene bought the inventory of Reuben Radford's store in New Salem for $400; Lincoln drew up and witnessed the mortgage. The same day, Greene sold the same inventory to Lincoln and Berry, now Lincoln's store partner, for over $600. When Lincoln had a debt judgement entered against him in 1834, requiring Lincoln to surrender his horse, Greene turned in his own horse instead; this horse was probably the one Lincoln had paid him with in 1833. Lincoln eventually paid Greene back after becoming an attorney.
	Greene was also an acquaintance of Richard Yates, and introduced Yates and Lincoln in New Salem; Yates became Governor of Illinois during the Civil War and Lincoln became President.
	Greene and Lincoln remained friends; though Greene was a Democrat, Lincoln, as president, appointed Greene as internal revenue collector for the Peoria district. In "Lincoln's New Salem", author Benjamin Thomas relates a story in which Lincoln introduced Greene to Secretary of State William H. Seward by saying that Greene had taught Lincoln grammar: When Greene later reminded Lincoln that all Greene had done was held the grammar book and checked the answers, and was not very good at grammar himself, Lincoln is said to have replied "Well, that was all the teaching of grammar I ever had."
	Greene had nine children. By March 1853, Greene and his wife, Louisa Green, lived on a farm near Havana, Illinois; their seventh child, Gaines Greene (1853–1918), was born there on March 3. Sons Carlin, McNult, Byrd, and Vance, and daughter Julia Greene, died before Gaines; sons Scott and Frank and daughter J. S. Noble outlived Gaines.
	Within months after the birth of Gaines Green, the family moved near Tallula, and William Greene spent most of his life in Tallula Precinct. Greene, along with Yates, J. G. Greene, T. Baker, and W. G. Spears, laid out the village of Tallula itself in late 1857. William Greene and physician J. F. Wilson established the local bank in May 1877.
	Greenview was laid out in October 1857. It was named after William Greene because he convinced the railroad to come through the town: located on the Chicago, Alton & St. Louis Railroad, Greenview was incorporated by a special act of the Illinois General Assembly in May 1869.
	Greene died on June 30, 1894, aged 82 years, 5 months, 3 days, and is buried as "W. G. Greene" in Greenwood Cemetery (East) in Tallula.

= = = Voldemārs Veiss = = =

	Voldemārs Veiss (7 November 1899 – 17 April 1944) was a Latvian officer and prominent Nazi collaborator, who served in the Waffen-SS of Nazi Germany.
	When Riga, the capital of Latvia, fell to the Wehrmacht on 1 July 1941, the Germans began forming self-defence and police forces. Veiss was appointed the commander of such a Self Defence organization. On July 20 the Nazis disbanded this organization and ordered the formation of auxiliary police forces instead, with Lt. Col. Veiss being appointed Chief of the Auxiliary Police. At the end of 1941, he became First Deputy Director General of the Director General of the Interior when the Latvian Self-Administration was reorganized.
	As early as autumn 1941 Latvian auxiliary police units, temporarily attached to the Wehrmacht, were first used in front line duties. This occasional employment continued until the 2nd Latvian Brigade was formed from six Latvian battalions, four of which had combat experience. At the end of April 1943 a three battalion formation fighting under name of Latvian Legion was withdrawn from the front line and renamed 1st Volunteer Regiment of the SS (Latvian), with a change of Wehrmacht ranks to those of Waffen-SS. Voldemārs Veiss was given command of this regiment, which was a part of the 2nd Latvian Brigade, and received a rank of Legion-Obersturmbannführer. In January 1944, Veiss became the first Latvian to receive the Knight's Cross. On 17 April 1944, Veiss died from wounds he had suffered seven days prior.

= = = Reichert = = =

	Reichert is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

= = = Kiiski-class minesweeper = = =

	The Kiiski class minesweepers () are a series of seven small minesweepers of the Finnish Navy. The ships were constructed in 1975 and were modernized in the 1990s.

= = = Royal Institution of South Wales = = =

	The Royal Institution of South Wales is a Welsh learned society founded in Swansea in 1835 as the Swansea Philosophical and Literary Society with the following objectives:
	In 1838, the Society received its Royal charter as the Royal Institution.
	The Annual Report of the Swansea Literary and Scientific Society was an annual magazine first published by 'Swansea Literary and Scientific Society' in 1850. In addition to reports on the society's activities it contained articles on scientific subjects, history, and antiquarianism.
	It later published a journal known as Minerva until 2006. This has now been renamed The Swansea History Journal (thus avoiding confusion with an arts magazine called Minerva).

= = = Saint-Alexandre, Quebec = = =

	Saint-Alexandre is a municipality in the province of Quebec, Canada, located in the Regional County Municipality of Le Haut-Richelieu. The population as of the Canada 2011 Census was 2,495. Residents of Saint-Alexandre are called "Alexandrins" ("Alexandrines", fem.).
	Saint-Alexandre was named for Alexander, bishop of Alexandria from 313 to 328, who was succeeded by Athanasius.
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= = = Christoph Prégardien = = =

	Christoph Prégardien (born 18 January 1956) is a German lyric tenor whose career is closely associated with the roles in Mozart operas, as well as performances of Lieder, oratorio roles, and Baroque music. He is well known for his performances and recordings of the Evangelist roles in Bach's "St John Passion" and "St Matthew Passion".
	Born in Limburg an der Lahn, Germany, he began his musical education as a choirboy at the cathedral's boys' choir, the Limburger Domsingknaben. He then studied singing with Martin Gründler and Karlheinz Jarius in Frankfurt at the Hochschule für Musik, with Carla Castellani in Milan, with Alois Treml in Stuttgart, and attended Hartmut Höll's lieder-class.
	His orchestral and oratorio repertory spans a wide range from the great Baroque, Classical and Romantic Oratorios to 20th-century works by Britten, Killmayer, Rihm, and Stravinsky. Also recognized as an eminent recitalist, he regularly performs at the major recital venues in Paris, London, Brussels, Berlin, Cologne, Amsterdam, Salzburg, Zurich, Vienna, Barcelona and Geneva, as well as during his concert tours throughout Italy, Japan and North America. He regularly collaborates with piano partners Michael Gees and Andreas Staier.
	He has made over 120 recordings, on major labels such as BMG, EMI, Deutsche Grammophon, Philips, Sony, Erato and Teldec. His recordings of German Lieder have been highly acclaimed by the public and press, and have received international awards, including the Orphée d'Or de l'Academie du Disque Lyrique, the Edison Award, and others. He took part in the project of Ton Koopman and the Amsterdam Baroque Orchestra & Choir to record Bach's complete vocal works.
	In opera, Prégardien has made stage appearances in major European houses, performing leading roles as Tamino, Don Ottavio, Tito, Count Almaviva, Fenton, and Monteverdi's Ulisse.
	Prégardien is also an educator. From 2000 to 2005, he was in charge of a vocal class at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater in Zurich. Since the autumn of 2004, he has been a professor at the Hochschule für Musik Köln. Among his students is Ulrich Cordes. His son, Julian Prégardien (b. 1984), is also a tenor.
	In 2018, Christoph Prégardien recorded his first cd as a baritone singer, performing cantatas by Bach and Telemann.

= = = Sandra (given name) = = =

	Sandra is a female name, which is often used as a short form for Alexandra or Cassandra. Alexandra is a feminine form of the male name Alexander, which is a romanization of the Greek name Ἀλέξανδρος "Alexandros". It is generally interpreted to mean "protector of man" or "defender of man". 
	The name Cassandra is also from the Greek (: "she who entangles men"). Cassandra is known in Greek mythology, as the daughter of King Priam and Queen Hecuba of Troy. She was loved by Apollo and given the gift of prophecy but when she did not fall in love with him, he placed a curse on her so that no one would believe her predictions.

= = = Mia Rose (actress) = = =

	Mia Rose (born March 30, 1987) is an American former pornographic actress who entered the industry in 2006 at the age of 19. She is the younger sister of Ava Rose.
	Mia and Ava both stripped in Reno, Nevada before getting into porn. They were approached to do porn by an agent through MySpace. Her rationale for getting into porn was, "we were already fucking the shit out of everybody in our personal lives, so why not?". They have been in the same scene together in several movies but do not have sex with each other. Before porn she had sex with 98 men.
	Rose had corrective surgery done on her nose to streamline it and improve her breathing in June 2006. Her favorite performer to work with is Manuel Ferrara and her favorite company to work for is Evil Angel.
	She was featured in season 1 of where she confronts a man who was harassing her online under an online alias.
	Mia Rose actively broadcasts on the video game live streaming platform Twitch and has been doing so since August 2011.

= = = Benton Park School = = =

	Benton Park School is a comprehensive school in Rawdon, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. Formerly a technology college, it is for children aged 11–18. It has 1,392 students.
	The school achieved Beacon status in 1998. The school gained Technology College status in 2002, after the head teacher advertised in "Private Eye" for sponsorship for the Technology College application
	Awards received include Sportsmark Award, Artsmark Gold and International School Award.
	Benton Park school was built in the grounds of old Benton Park house. The school was established by Joseph Riley in 1838 and by 1851 he had 33 boys in residence. His son John was also a teacher there.
	In the 1860s it was bought by the Milligan family for use as a private home and was not used as an educational establishment until Littlemoor School utilized the premises as a senior department until 1957 when the building was demolished.
	The new school was built in the typical brutalist style by Sir John Burnet, Tait and Partners in the late 1950s and early 60s, being formally opened by Lord ST. Oswald on Saturday 11 March 1961.
	In 2015, the "Yorkshire Evening Post" published an investigation into the risks posed by asbestos in the structure of the main school building. 

= = = Hans-Georg Beyer = = =

	Hans-Georg Beyer (born 3 September 1956 in Eisenhüttenstadt) is a former East German handball player who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics.
	He was a member of the East German handball team which won the gold medal. He played five matches and scored fourteen goals.
	He is the brother of Gisela Beyer and Udo Beyer.

= = = Randal Edwards = = =

	Randal Edwards (born July 18, 1981) is a Canadian actor.
	Edwards was born in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, as the youngest of three children. He became an actor, finding some little fame in television series such as "Smallville" (2006), "Supernatural" (2006), "The Best Years" (2007) and "Psych" (2007).
	In August 2012, he began filming a 13-part CityTV comedy series called "Package Deal", co-starring with Harland Williams.
	In June 2014 Randal travelled to Thailand, where he befriended two talented young medical students. The meeting proved to be fruitful, as the two proceeded to popularise “Package Deal” in the UK.

= = = Kaldor's facts = = =

	Kaldor's facts are six statements about economic growth, proposed by Nicholas Kaldor in his article of 1957. He described these as "a stylised view of the facts", which coined the term "stylized fact."
	Nicholas Kaldor summarized the statistical properties of long-term economic growth in an influential 1957 paper. He pointed out the 6 following 'remarkable historical constancies revealed by recent empirical investigations':
	Kaldor did not claim that any of these quantities would be constant at "all" times; on the contrary, growth rates and income shares fluctuate strongly over the business cycle. Instead, his claim was that these quantities tend to be constant when averaging the data over long periods of time. His broad generalizations, which were initially derived from U.S. and U.K. data, but were later found to be true for many other countries as well, came to be known as 'stylized facts'.
	These may be summarized and related as follows:

= = = Mike Bacsik (right-handed pitcher) = = =

	Michael James Bacsik (; born April 1, 1952), is a former Major League Baseball pitcher who played with the Texas Rangers and Minnesota Twins. 
	In 1976, Bacsik was one of 30 pitchers who pitched to Hank Aaron while Aaron had accumulated 755 career home runs. His son, Mike Bacsik, pitched to Barry Bonds when Bonds was on 755 home runs. Aaron went 1 for 2 against the elder Bacsik with a single; Bonds went 3-for-3 against the younger Bacsik with a double, a single and the record-breaking home run. The younger Bacsik would comment, in 2007, "If my dad had been gracious enough to let Hank Aaron hit a home run, we both would have given up 756."

= = = Dardilly = = =

	Dardilly is a commune in the Metropolis of Lyon in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in eastern France.
	Its inhabitants are called "Dardillois"
	An undulating town to in the western lyonnais, Dardilly is crossed to the east by the A6 autoroute and the RN6 and to the west by the RN7. Marked by a pleasanter, greener and more rural lifestyle, Dardilly's center is only 20 minutes by car from the Lyons peninsula. (By TCL bus: lines 3, 89, and by train, from the Saint-Paul suburb, - Lozanne).
	Dardilly, with its , includes three valleys oriented north south: the valley of ruisseau de la Beffe to the west, the valley of the ruisseau des Planches and the valley of the ruisseau de Serres to the east. Its altitude varies between 260 and 390 metres, allowing exceptional views over the , the Monts du Lyonnais and even on clear days the Alps, from Vercors to Mont Blanc.
	The Town also possesses 1.73 km of leafy forests of ones and of farmland. Many paths for walkers, horseriders and mountain-bikers criss-cross these spaces:
	Bordering communes include:
	The name Dardilly may originate from the Gallo-Roman name Dardiliacus, if the town was founded in that period, but there is no historic proof for this hypothesis, although the remains of an aqueduct built by Claudius to bring the waters of the Brévenne River (a tributary of the Azergues, itself a tributary of the Saône) to Lyon have been found nearby. More likely, the name Dardilly originated at the time of its first surviving mention, in the 10th century cartulary of Ainay Abbey, which possessed several lands here.
	In the Middle Ages, the village, constructed on a mound, was made up of a church dedicated to Saint Pancras, an adjacent cemetery and about twenty houses. In 1210, at the time of the feudal wars, the Count of Beaujeu tried to seize the city of Lyon and its then archbishop, Renaud II de Forez, fortified Dardilly as part of his defence of Lyon by building a wall and ditch around the existing settlement.
	In the time of Jean-Marie Vianney - the late 18th and early to middle 19th centuries - Dardilly was an agricultural and wine-growing town, with some beautiful houses built by wealthy people from Lyons who spent the summer months here. The population was about 1500 inhabitants. At the end of the 19th century the vines were ravaged by phylloxera and many of the town's inhabitants left for Lyons to find work, bringing the population down to 982 in 1911. The vine-growers that remained went over to growing fruit.
	In 1986 Pope John-Paul II visited Dardilly to see Vianney's birthplace on the occasion of the bicentenary of his birth.
	The active population of Dardilly is 3546. Out of the employed residents of the commune, 25.6% work in Dardilly, 17.4% work in another TECHLID (Technopole économique de l'Ouest Lyonnais - Technopolis of West Lyonnais) commune, 52.3% work in another (non-TECHLID) commune within the département and 4.7% work outside the département.
	Dardilly has several social action groups :
	The town had 1,700 buildings in 1982, compared to 2 821 buildings in 2005. Even though the town's buildings have remained very residential, with a majority being individually owned houses, many of its buildings are social housing.
	The 2 churches, Saint Jean-Marie Vianney et Saint Claude, make up the Catholic parish of Dardilly.
	About twenty sports associations and some businesses (e.g. a dance school) give a variety of sports opportunities in Dardilly. The town also has access to several sports facilities:

= = = Sukh-Shari = = =

	Sukh-Shari (literally translated as 'Happiness-Song'), are an imaginary pair of birds who appear in Rupkatha (Bangla fairy tales) at random. They have the capability to speak like humans.
	Sukh is the male bird and Shari is the female bird. They are wise and well-informed about the story's secrets. They usually sing about good deeds of people, answer questions in riddles and usually converse in rhyme.
	Printed citation can be found in the books Thakurmar Jhuli (Grandmom's bag, 1907) and Thakurdadar Jhuli (Grandad's bag, 1909)
	written by Dakshinaranjan Mitra Majumder (1877–1957).

= = = Dinaw Mengestu = = =

	Dinaw Mengestu (born 30 June 1978) is an Ethiopian-American novelist and writer. In addition to three novels, he has written for "Rolling Stone" on the war in Darfur, and for "Jane Magazine" on the conflict in northern Uganda. His writing has also appeared in "Harper's", "The Wall Street Journal", and numerous other publications. He is the Program Director of Written Arts at Bard College. In 2007 the National Book Foundation named him a "5 under 35" honoree. Since his first book was published in 2007, he has received numerous literary awards, and was selected as a MacArthur Fellow in 2012.
	Dinaw Mengestu was born in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. In 1978, during a period of political repression that became known as the Red Terror, his father, who was an executive with Ethiopian Airlines, applied for political asylum while on a business trip in Italy; Mengestu's mother was pregnant with him at the time. Two years later, when Mengestu was a toddler, he, his mother and his sister were reunited with his father in the United States. The family settled in Peoria, Illinois, where Mengestu's father at first worked as a factory laborer, before rising to a management position. Later the family moved to the Chicago area, where Mengestu graduated from Fenwick High School in Oak Park, Illinois.
	Mengestu received his B.A. in English from Georgetown University, and his MFA in writing from Columbia University in 2005.
	Mengestu's début novel, "The Beautiful Things That Heaven Bears", was published in the United States in March 2007 by Penguin Riverhead. It was published in the United Kingdom as "Children of the Revolution", issued in May 2007 by Jonathan Cape. It tells the story of Sepha Stephanos, who fled the warfare of the Ethiopian Revolution 17 years before and immigrated to the United States. He owns and runs a failing grocery store in Logan Circle, then a poor African-American section of Washington, D.C. that is becoming gentrified. He and two fellow African immigrants, all of them single, deal with feelings of isolation and nostalgia for home. Stephanos becomes involved with a white woman and her daughter, who move into a renovated house in the neighborhood.
	Mengestu's second novel, "How to Read the Air", was published in October 2010. Part of the novel was excerpted in the July 12, 2010, issue of "The New Yorker", after Mengestu was selected as one of their "20 under 40" writers of 2010. This novel was also the winner of the 2011 Ernest J. Gaines Award for Literary Excellence. This literary award was established in 2007 by the Baton Rouge Area Foundation.
	Mengestu's first two novels have been translated into more than a dozen languages.
	In 2014, he was selected for the Hay Festival's Africa39 project as one of 39 Sub-Saharan African writers aged under 40 with the potential and the talent to define the trends of the region.

= = = Sphinx (search engine) = = =

	Sphinx is a fulltext F/OSS search engine that provides text search functionality to client applications. 
	Sphinx can be used either as a stand-alone server or as a storage engine ("SphinxSE") for the MySQL family of databases.
	When run as a standalone server Sphinx operates similar to a DBMS and can communicate with MySQL, MariaDB and PostgreSQL through their native protocols or with any ODBC-compliant DBMS via ODBC.
	MariaDB, a fork of MySQL, is distributed with SphinxSE.
	If Sphinx is run as a stand-alone server, it is possible to use SphinxAPI to connect an application to it. Official implementations of the API are available for PHP, Java, Perl, Ruby and Python languages. Unofficial implementations for other languages, as well as various third party plugins and modules are also available. Other data sources can be indexed via pipe in a custom XML format.
	The Sphinx search daemon supports the MySQL binary network protocol and can be accessed with the regular MySQL API and/or clients. Sphinx supports a subset of SQL known as SphinxQL. It supports standard querying of all index types with SELECT, modifying RealTime indexes with INSERT, REPLACE, and DELETE, and more.
	Sphinx can also provide a special storage engine for MariaDB and MySQL databases. This allows those MySQL, MariaDB to communicate with Sphinx's codice_1 to run queries and obtain results. Sphinx indices are treated like regular SQL tables.
	Sphinx is configured to examine a data set via its Indexer. The Indexer process creates a full-text index (a special data structure that enables quick keyword searches) from the given data/text. Full-text fields are the resulting content that is indexed by Sphinx; they can be (quickly) searched for keywords. Fields are named, and you can limit your searches to a single field (e.g. search through "title" only) or a subset of fields (e.g. to "title" and "abstract" only). Sphinx's index format generally supports up to 256 fields. Note that the original data is not stored in the Sphinx index, but are discarded during the Indexing process; Sphinx assumes that you store those contents elsewhere.
	Attributes are additional values associated with each document that can be used to perform additional filtering and sorting during search. Attributes are named. Attribute names are case insensitive. Attributes are not full-text indexed; they are stored in the index as is. Currently supported attribute types are:
(since 1.10-beta);
(since 2.1.1-beta);
	Sphinx, like classic SQL databases, works with a so-called fixed schema, that is, a set of predefined attribute columns. These work well when most of the data stored actually has values: mapping sparse data to static columns can be cumbersome. Assume for example that you’re running a price comparison or an auction site with many different products categories. Some of the attributes like the price or the vendor are identical across all goods. But from there, for laptops, you also need to store the weight, screen size, HDD type, RAM size, etc. And, say, for shovels, you probably want to store the color, the handle length, and so on. So it’s manageable across a single category, but all the distinct fields that you need for all the goods across all the categories are legion. The JSON field can be used to overcome this. Inside the JSON attribute you don’t need a fixed structure. You can have various keys which may or may not be present in all documents. When you try to filter on one of these keys, Sphinx will ignore documents that don’t have the key in the JSON attribute and will work only with those documents that have it.
	Sphinx is dual licensed: 

= = = Václav E. Beneš = = =

	Václav Edvard "Vic" Beneš (born January 1, 1931) is a Czech-American mathematician, known for his contributions to the theory of stochastic processes, queueing theory and control theory, as well as the design of telecommunications switches.
	He studied under John Kemeny and gained a doctorate in mathematics at Princeton University (1953) on a treatise on "Mathematical logic".
	He then worked for Bell Labs until 1986, contributing to Kalman filter theory as well as the Beneš network, a permutation network of the Clos network type. In the 1980s he held a position at Columbia University as well.
	He has continued to publish independently since 1989.
	He was elected IEEE Fellow (1991) for "contributions to the structure of telephone connecting networks, stochastic control, and nonlinear filtering".
	The "Benesfest" was celebrated at Columbia University (2001) to honor his 70th birthday. He resides in Millburn, New Jersey (since 1985) where he has been a long-time mountain climber and member of the American Alpine Club, and currently heads the local historical society.
	He is a relative of the former President of Czechoslovakia Edvard Beneš and politician Vojta Beneš. Emilie Benes Brzezinski, a sculptor, is his sister.
	His first wife Janet was the daughter of Philip Franklin and niece of Norbert Wiener.

= = = Niccolo d'Ardia Caracciolo = = =

	Niccolo d'Ardia Caracciolo (1941 – 1989), known as Niccolo Caracciolo, was an Irish painter.
	Born in Dublin, he was the only son of Ferdinando Caracciolo, Prince of Cursi, a member of an old Italian family originally from Naples. His mother was a Fitzgerald of the Island, near Waterford, now Waterford Castle, where he was reared.
	After being educated in England, at The Oratory School, he went to Florence at the age of nineteen to study art and continued to keep a base there for much of the rest of his life, travelling back and forth to Ireland.
	In 1964 Caracciolo was one of the painters chosen to paint a replica of the Sistine Chapel for the scenery of the 1965 film "The Agony and the Ecstasy", on the life of Michelangelo.
	From 1975 to 1978 he lived at Rosemount House, near Moate, County Westmeath, where he painted many scenes of the surrounding countryside and exhibited at the Lad Lane Gallery in Dublin in 1978. He also exhibited at the Solomon Gallery.
	In 1983 he became an associate Member of the Royal Hibernian Academy and in 1984 a full member of the RHA.
	He died near Siena, Italy in a road accident in 1989 and was buried at Bunclody, County Wexford.
	The Don Niccolo d'Ardia Caracciolo RHA Medal is awarded in his memory.

= = = Olivier De Cock = = =

	Olivier De Cock (born 9 November 1975 in Eeklo) is a retired Belgian footballer who played as a right-back. He is currently manager of the reserve team of R. Knokke FC. 
	He has been at Club Brugge since 1987. In 1995, he was promoted to the first team.
	De Cock made his debut for Club Brugge on 29 November 1996 in the competition against AA Gent (1–3 to Club). It was however after the departure of Eric Deflandre that De Cock got a permanent place in the side. When Brian Priske came, he lost his permanent place in the side. In August 2007 he moved to Fortuna Düsseldorf on loan. He then played for Oberhausen and Oostende. In the summer of 2010 he joined Roeselare on a one-year contract.
	De Cock has so far had 11 caps for the Belgium national football team. His first game for them came against Andorra on 12 October 2002 in a 1–0 victory.
	In January 2018, De Cock was appointed team manager of his former club Roeselare. In the summer 2018, he was hired as the manager of K.V. Oostende's U11 team.
	On 22 April 2019, he was appointed manager of the reserve team of R. Knokke FC.

= = = Pars destruens and pars construens = = =

	Pars destruens / pars construens (Latin) is in common parlance about different parts of an argumentation. The negative part of criticizing views is the "pars destruens". And the positive part of stating one's own position and arguments is the "pars construens".
	The distinction goes back to Francis Bacon and his work "Novum Organum" (1620). There he puts forth his inductive method that has two parts. A negative part, "pars destruens", that removes all prejudices and errors. And the positive part, "pars construens", that is about gaining knowledge and truth.

= = = Sandy Green (singer) = = =

	Sandy Green (born 18 June 1987), known professionally as Sandy, is an English singer and songwriter from Croydon, Surrey.
	Sandy’s interest in music began at an early age. Growing up with a father who was an avid music fan, Sandy became influenced by his rich and eclectic music collection. At the age of 12 Sandy formed a vocal group with two friends, called Xposia. Sandy was the lead singer and together the girls wrote and performed their music, performing at local venues. Sandy learnt to play the piano and continued her songwriting. After completing her GCSE’s, Sandy attended the Academy of Contemporary Music in Guildford, Surrey.
	It was at this time that Sandy focused on her songwriting and performing skills with a view to releasing her music to the general public.
	Sandy’s debut single was released through the independent record label, Sandy Music, in February 2007 on digital download. The A-side, "So into You", was an uptempo R&B track. A video for the song was released and received airplay across Europe and on selected outlets in the United Kingdom.
	The B-side to the single featured a rap from Silvastone. Sandy's second single, "You and Me", was released on 23 July 2007 on digital download only, again through the Sandy Music label. Her debut album was released on 6 August 2007. The album "Affairs of the Heart", included tracks she had been performing on her live appearances. Featured guests on the album include Flawless (formerly of Big Brovaz), Chunks and Silvastone. Sandy is the chief songwriter on "Affairs of the Heart", with Silvastone as producer.
	Sandy has performed at the Birmingham Carnival, the Under One Sky Festival, Cambridge Big Weekend, the Bedford and the 2CR Radio Awards. She has been interviewed on outlets that include BEN TV, BBC Radio London, Colourful Radio, "South London Press", "The Voice", "Croydon Advertiser", BBC Three Counties Radio and Passion TV.

= = = DragonHeart: Fire &amp; Steel = = =

	DragonHeart: Fire and Steel is a video game loosely based on the 1996 fantasy adventure film "Dragonheart". On most systems it is a 2D side-scrolling action game, but the Game Boy version is an adventure game with combat scenes, where adventure mode uses a first-person view and combat mode is a simple 2D fighting game.
	"DragonHeart: Fire and Steel" follows the story of medieval dragonslayer Sir Bowen in his attempt to rid the world of a particularly evil king along with seven evil dragons that have ruled the world (the seven evil dragons never appeared in the movie). On the way, he befriends the last dragon to exist, Draco. Sir Bowen and Draco must join forces to defeat the king's army and rescue a damsel in distress. It drops out some of the movie's plot, but it is still a close match.
	After its release, "Dragonheart" spawned a spin-off 2D hack and slash game for the PlayStation and Saturn called "Dragonheart: Fire & Steel", made by Acclaim Entertainment. The game does not use the film's music, instead featuring an original score by Thomas Egeskov Peterson. It was met with overwhelmingly negative reviews due to simplistic gameplay, poor controls, and jerky animation. Though the graphics were praised, particularly the rendered backgrounds, critics agreed that the gameplay problems were an overriding problem. In late 1996, Acclaim ported a PC version of the game, which received similar criticism.
	"Maniac Games" gave it a score of 28 out of 100.
	There was also an original Game Boy game based on the film, titled simply "Dragonheart". The four reviewers of "Electronic Gaming Monthly", while remarking that the Game Boy game is rather simple and lacking in challenge, especially the "anticlimactic" combat, concluded that it offers decent entertainment and longevity for a portable game. They especially praised the storyline, with Sushi X going so far as to say it was the main reason he kept playing the game.

= = = Coolidge Estate = = =

	Huntwicke, located in Topsfield, Massachusetts, is the former property of William A. Coolidge, a lawyer, financier, and art collector. Encompassing , it includes a 24-room Georgian-style mansion designed by architect Phillip Richardson in 1921 for John L. Saltonstall, other buildings, and landscaping by the firm of Frederick Law Olmsted. The brick mansion includes 14 bedrooms, six fireplaces, parquet floors, hand-carved wood paneling from the 1790 Nathaniel Saltonstall house in Haverhill, and extensive gardens. When Coolidge died in 1992, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology inherited the property. In 2000, MIT and the Essex County Greenbelt Association, a conservation organization and private, non-profit land trust, concluded an agreement to restrict further development, and the former estate, which includes over a mile of land along the Ipswich River, is now one of the largest conservation areas in private hands in Massachusetts.

= = = 1945 Tottenham North by-election = = =

	The Tottenham North by-election, 1945 was a by-election held for the British House of Commons constituency of Tottenham North in London on 13 December 1945.
	The seat had become vacant when the sitting Labour Co-operative Member of Parliament (MP), Robert Morrison had been ennobled on 16 November 1945 as Baron Morrison. He had held the seat since the 1935 general election.
	The Labour Co-operative candidate was 53-year-old William Irving. The Conservative Party candidate was 26-year-old barrister Petre Crowder.
	On a much-reduced turnout, Irving held the seat for Labour, with a swing of 8.2% to the Conservatives.
	The constituency was abolished for the 1950 general election, when Irving was elected for the new Wood Green constituency, and Crowder was elected for the safe Conservative seat of Ruislip-Northwood.

= = = Ray Staff = = =

	Ray Staff is a mastering engineer best known for his work with a diverse mix of artists including Led Zeppelin, The Rolling Stones, The Clash and Black Sabbath. Most recently he has mastered albums for Muse.
	Joining Trident Studios (a recording facility originally located at 17, St. Anne's Court in London's Soho district) in 1970, Ray Staff became part of the newly formed Mastering Department contributing to projects such as: David Bowie, "Aladdin Sane", "Ziggy Stardust" and Elton John. Ray moved on to become Trident's first Chief Mastering Engineer.
	For Monty Python Ray created the world's first three-sided album by cutting two spirals on one side of the disc, creating the "hidden" third side. This was topped later with a Johnny Moped album for Ace Records, where the first track on the A-side was double cut, the two spirals then joined together to play the remaining side of the album.
	Whilst Senior Mastering Engineer at Sony's UK Studios Ray became part of the international team developing Sony's proprietary archiving system.
	Other classics mastered by Ray Staff include "Physical Graffiti" and "Presence" by Led Zeppelin, "Crime of the Century" by Supertramp, "It's Only Rock 'n Roll" by The Rolling Stones and "Hemispheres" by Rush.
	Ray is regularly featured in Hi-Fi publications for his work on audiophile vinyl releases. He is also much sought after by labels Alchemy Soho from the worlds of jazz, world music, classical and crossover. Ray is also building an increasing number of surround mastering projects to his portfolio, including Gary Moore, Deep Purple, Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds and Alice Cooper released during the past few months.

= = = Ethanol fuel in the Philippines = = =

	The Philippines Biofuels Act 2006 requires oil companies to use biofuels in all "liquid fuels for motors and engines sold in the Philippines." All gasoline sold in the country must contain at least 5 percent ethanol by February 2009, and by 2011, the mandated blend can go up to 10 percent. The new law is expected to bring a number of benefits to the country:
	"Commercial production of ethanol from sugarcane, cassava or sorghum will help the island nation diversify its fuel portfolio and help to ensure its energy security. It could also generate employment, particularly in rural regions, as investors put up biofuel crop plantations and processing plants. Also, the shift to these plant-based fuels for transportation will help reduce pollution."
	Four feedstocks—sugarcane, corn, cassava and sweet sorghum—were initially identified for ethanol production, but sugarcane is expected to be the predominant source of ethanol. The Philippines is a sugar-producing country, and sugarcane is grown mainly in the islands of Negros, Luzon, Panay and Mindanao. Despite growing demand for sugar, there are still an estimated 90,750 hectares (224,000 acres) of sugarcane available that can be used for ethanol production, and high-yielding varieties of sugarcane are available.
	In 2005, SEAOIL Philippines Inc. pioneered the use of ethanol as gasoline blend in the country, and the first to offer E10 Fuel in the market in their gasoline products. This was done even before the enactment of the Biofuels Act of 2006.
	In July 2008, Pilipinas Shell and Petron Corporation introduced 95 Octane E10 Gasoline alongside their Unleaded (93 Octane) and Premium Unleaded (95 Octane) variants.

= = = Dublin Buddhist Centre = = =

	The Dublin Buddhist Centre in Dublin, Ireland, was established in 1992. Classes were first held in a rented property on Raglan Road, Ballsbridge. In 1993 the Centre moved to a property on South Frederick Street, opposite Trinity College. In 1997 the Dublin Buddhist Centre moved again to another property in Temple Bar where it stayed until moving in 2002 to Leeson Street. In 2008 it moved to its current location of Liberty Corner, 5 James Joyce Street (Off Talbot Street), Dublin 1.
	The centre was originally called the Dublin Meditation Centre (DMC).

= = = Raw Melody Men = = =

	Raw Melody Men was released in 1991 and is the first official live album release by British rock band New Model Army.
	The album was recorded during the 1990 Impurity tour at the Brixton Academy, The Town & Country Club in London, the Berlin Eissporthalle and the Hamburg Sporthalle. The album was mixed at the Sawmills Studio in Cornwall.
	On the album the track "A Liberal Education" has been abbreviated on "Lib Ed".
	The title of the album, "Raw Melody Men", is an anagram of "New Model Army". NMA did a short tour playing in small clubs "incognito" under this name prior to the big tour during which the live album was recorded.

= = = Sarah Strohmeyer = = =

	Sarah Strohmeyer is an American author of crime novels and of books about relations between men and women. She is best known for her Bubbles Yablonsky series about a hairdresser that is consistently drawn into solving various crimes and murders.
	Strohmeyer grew up in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, later attending Tufts University and graduating with a degree in International Relations. After graduation Strohmeyer began working as a journalist, initially for the "Home News" in New Brunswick, but later moving to Lebanon, New Hampshire and working for the "Valley News". In 1997 Strohmeyer published "Barbie Unbound", which she wrote in response to her seeing several mothers refuse to allow their children to play with the doll due to it being perceived as being a "bimbo". Strohmeyer lives in Middlesex, Vermont, where she is currently the town clerk.
	Reception to Strohmeyer's work has been predominantly positive, with her book "The Cinderella Pact" garnering praise from the Roanoke Times.

= = = 1st Weather Group = = =

	The 1st Weather Group (1 WXG) aligns weather operations with the Air Force warfighting initiative overseeing all six operational weather squadrons; the 15th OWS at Scott AFB, Ill.; the 17th OWS at Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam, Hawaii; the 21st OWS at Kapaun Air Station, Germany; the 25th OWS at Davis-Monthan AFB, Ariz.; the 26th OWS at Barksdale AFB, La.; and the 28th OWS at Shaw AFB, SC. The 1st WXG is a subordinate of the 557th Weather Wing.
	"Provide accurate, timely, and relevant weather analyses, forecasts, warnings and briefings to Air Force, Army, Guard, Reserve, and Combatant Command forces operating in the continental United States."
	"Provide initial qualification and up-grade training for weather forecaster apprentices and new weather officers.”
	The 1st Weather Group is part of the 557th Weather Wing's worldwide organizational force of more than 1,100 professionals. The 1st WXG manning consists of active duty, reserve, civilian and contract personnel and is headquartered on Offutt Air Force Base, Neb.
	The 1st Weather Group is organized into six squadrons. Each of the squadrons produces forecasts for a specified area of the world. The squadrons also serve as training hubs for new weather professionals – both enlisted and officers.
	15th Operational Weather Squadron, Scott AFB, IL.
	17th Operational Weather Squadron, Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, HI.
	21st Operational Weather Squadron, Kapaun Air Station, Germany.
	25th Operational Weather Squadron, Davis-Monthan AFB, AZ.
	26th Operational Weather Squadron, Barksdale AFB, LA.
	28th Operational Weather Squadron, Shaw AFB, SC.
	The 1st Weather Group has a long and proud heritage starting as the Far East Air Forces Weather Group in October 1944. In September 1945, the 1st WXG was assigned to the 43rd Weather Wing and later that year to the Headquarters Army Air Forces Weather Service. They were inactivated in 1948, and reactivated and assigned to the Air Weather Service at Offutt AFB through the Military Air Transport Service from 1952 to 1956, after which they were again inactivated. The group reactivated once again under the 1st Weather Wing from 1966 to 1972 at Tan Son Nhut AB, Vietnam. The most recent period of activation was at Fort McPherson, Ga., from 1992 to 1994 under the Air Combat Command.
	The Group was distinguished with service and campaign streamers from World War II and Vietnam. They also earned four outstanding unit awards and the Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross.
	The realignment began with the reactivation of the 1st Weather Group, at Offutt AFB, Neb., 25 May. The 1st WXG continues its long and decorated history of providing weather products and service to Air Force and Army units, and is now part of the Air Force Weather Agency.
	The 15th Operational Weather Squadron, Scott AFB, Ill., was the first OWS to align under the newly formed 1st WXG during a ceremony 25 May 2006. The 26th OWS was realigned at Barksdale AFB, 22 June 2006. Next was the 25th OWS at Davis-Monthan AFB on 6 July 2006, and the last 2006 addition to the team was the 9th OWS which was re-activated on 20 July 2006 at Shaw AFB. The 9th OWS was subsequently inactivated on 31 May 2008. When the Air Force Weather Agency became the 557th Weather Wing in March 2015, three more OWSs aligned under 1st WXG: the 17th OWS at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam; the 21st OWS at Kapaun Air Station, Germany; and the 28th OWS at Shaw AFB.

= = = Mont-Saint-Grégoire, Quebec = = =

	Mont-Saint-Grégoire is a municipality in the province of Quebec, Canada, located in the Regional County Municipality of Le Haut-Richelieu. The population as of the Canada 2011 Census was 3,086. Residents of Mont-Saint-Grégoire are called "Grégoriens" ("Grégoriennes", fem.).
	Mont-Saint-Grégoire was named for Gregory the Great, pope from 590 to 604, who was succeeded by Sabinian.
	Saint André Bessette was born in Mont-Saint-Grégoire.
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= = = History of German football = = =

	The History of German football is one that has seen many changes. Football was a popular game from early on, and the German sports landscape was dotted with hundreds of local sides. Local sports associations or clubs are a longtime feature of the culture of German athletics. Each club would participate in, and field teams from, one or more sports, depending on local interest and resources.
	Prior to the formation of the Bundesliga, German football was played at an amateur level in a large number of sub-regional leagues (until 1945) which, in post-war times, had a top layer of semi-professional regional Oberligen ("Premier Leagues"). Regional champions and, from 1925 onwards, runners-up played a series of playoff matches for the right to compete in a final game for the national championship. On 28 January 1900, a national association, the Deutscher Fussball-Bund (DFB) was founded in Leipzig with 86 member clubs. From the start, the DFB was – and still is – a federation of regional associations. The first recognised national championship team was VfB Leipzig, who beat DFC Prague 7–2 in a game played in Altona on 31 May 1903.
	The nascent German association permitted teams from outside the country in their new championship, as long as they were members of one of its regional associations. This is how Prague, a team from Austria-Hungary, managed an appearance in the German national final. Once the DFB joined FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) in 1904, clubs from outside the country were no longer permitted to play in Germany.
	From 1903 to 1944, teams played for the "Viktoria" (Victoria Championship Trophy). In 1908, a cup competition named "Kronprinzenpokal" for the regional representative XIs was started, the trophy having been donated by Crown Prince Wilhelm of Prussia. The Viktoria was originally intended to be awarded, on an annual alternating basis, to the championship teams of the DFB and the nation's rugby union teams; however, football became the more dominant sport, the Rugby clubs left the federation and the trophy stayed with the DFB. Championship play skipped a year in 1904, was interrupted by World War I between 1914 and 1918, and again at the end of World War II between 1944 and 1946.
	The last team to win the Viktoria was Dresdner SC, who beat the air-force club Luftwaffen SV Hamburg in Berlin's Olympiastadion 4–0 to end the 1943–44 competition. In the confusion at the end of World War II, the trophy disappeared. It was re-discovered decades later in an East German bank safe-deposit box where it had been placed by a Dresden supporter for safekeeping. It has since been returned to the DFB. In the meantime, a new championship trophy, the "Meisterschale" ("Championship Plate"), sometimes nicknamed "die Salatschüssel" (the salad bowl), was created in 1949.
	In 1919, there were 150,000 registered football players in Germany; by 1932, there were more than a million. In spite of the formation of a national association, German football held to an ideal of amateurism built around regional and local sports associations who felt that professionalism would diminish sportsmanship and local participation in the game. In the early 1930s, the DFB's president, Felix Linnemann, pushed for the creation of a professional league, or "Reichsliga", in which the country's best teams would compete for the national championship. The idea was rebuffed by the regional federations dominating the sport.
¹ called "Landesliga" in some parts of the country, "Verbandsliga" in others, and in some parts there is a Verbandsliga (V) "and" a Landesliga (VI).
² the Bezirksoberliga is not established in all areas of the country, e.g. in Mittelrhein.
³ the Kreisliga is not established in all areas of the country, e.g. in Mittelrhein.
	The reach of Germany's totalitarian Nazi regime stretched into social institutions at all levels, including their football leagues. Most sports and football associations were disbanded or replaced by Nazi-sponsored organisations. To join a DFB club, a player required recommendations from two non-Marxists to be permitted to play. The DFB gradually lost its independence as it was assimilated into the Deutscher Reichsausschuss für Leibesübungen (DRA) (Reich Committee for Physical Education).
	Under Hans von Tschammer und Osten as Reichssportsführer, appointed by the Nazis, formerly independent sports organisations became departments of a new organisation which replaced the DRA — Deutscher Reichsbund für Leibesübungen (DRL, later NSRL or Nationalsozialistischer Reichsbund für Leibesübungen). As in most of German society at the time, sports associations and football teams took part in the purge of Jews from their organisations as ordered by the regime. A few clubs, such as Alemannia Aachen and Bayern Munich, moved to support or protect their members in the face of these actions.
	Football was re-organised into sixteen Gaue (DRL sub-divisions) in the Gauliga, which was in place from 1933 to 1945. The overall effect of this was positive for German football. Prior to 1933, nearly 600 clubs competed in the top flight. League re-organisation reduced this to about 170 sides and significantly raised the level of competition. This was the beginning of a process of consolidation of the myriad of small regional leagues that would culminate in a stronger, unified national league structure. The German Cup was introduced in 1935. Known initially as the Tschammerpokal, after Hans von Tschammer, the first cup winner was 1. FC Nürnberg. Play for the Tschammerpokal went on until 1943 and was not resumed again until 1953, under its new name.
	The pre-war period saw a number of German sides from Saarland, Danzig and the Memel Region playing in German league and cup competitions even though the Versailles Treaty had handed those regions over to the League of Nations after the end of World War I; football-wise, they had remained within the DFB (or DRL, respectively). In post-war times, 1. FC Saarbrücken (formerly FV Saarbrücken) played in the French Second Division for one season. They won that division handily but were denied promotion to the First Division. The Saarland was to be granted its own FIFA membership until it was re-united with Germany in 1956.
	Twenty years back, FC Schalke 04 dominated German football during the Nazi era and was often held up for propaganda purposes as an example of the new Germany. As the Reich expanded through conquest, teams from Austria, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Alsace-Lorraine and Luxembourg were incorporated into the Gauliga. After the Anschluss, the forced union of Austria with Germany, Vienna's Rapid Wien captured the Tschammerpokal in 1938 and the German national championship in 1941, the latter with a 4–3 win over Schalke, who had been three goals ahead with just fifteen minutes to play in the game.
	During the war, football was used as a morale booster for the population and was supported by the regime. Many teams were sponsored by the Luftwaffe, the SS, or other branches of the military. As the tide turned against Germany, the Gauliga began to crumble as players were called away to military service or were killed in the conflict, stadiums were bombed and travel became difficult. The original sixteen Gauligen broke up into over thirty smaller, more local circuits. The level of play deteriorated and lopsided scores became common, the record being a 32–0 win by Germania Mudersbach over FV Engen. The 1943–44 championship was initially cancelled but eventually went ahead after widespread protest. The 1944–45 season began less than two weeks later, rather than after the usual three-month summer break. The last recorded match in the Third Reich was on 23 April 1945 as Bayern Munich defeated 1860 Munich 3–2. Less than three weeks later, Germany surrendered unconditionally.
	Under Allied occupation all organizations, including sports clubs and associations, were initially banned. However, within a year, sports-only organizations without political affiliation were permitted, and in the American, British and French occupation zones, most pre-war clubs were reconstituted. Oberliga play resumed in 1945–46 on a regional basis in the South and South-West; Berlin and the other regions followed and, in 1948, 1. FC Nürnberg defeated 1. FC Kaiserslautern 2–1 to become the first post-war national champions. At the time, there was no "prize" to play for. The Viktoria trophy traditionally awarded to the nation's best side had gone missing in the chaos of post-war Germany. In 1949, Nürnberg and each winning side since VfB Leipzig in 1903, would have their names engraved on the newly created Meisterschale, nicknamed "the salad bowl" for its shape. The German Cup competition introduced prior to the war also returned, with Rot-Weiss Essen's 2–1 victory over Alemannia Aachen in 1953.
	Through the 1950s, there were continued calls for the formation of a central professional league, especially as professional leagues in other countries began to draw Germany's best players away from the amateur domestic leagues. At the international level the German game began to falter as German teams often fared poorly against professional teams from other countries. A key supporter of the central league concept was national team head coach Sepp Herberger who said, "If we want to remain competitive internationally, we have to raise our expectations at the national level."
	In spite of this, Germany (as West Germany) managed to win its first World Cup in 1954 defeating heavily favoured Hungary 3–2, the only "amateur" (i.e. semi-professional) side ever to do so. The unexpected victory was called "The Miracle of Bern" by a delighted nation. An oddity of the 1954 World Cup preliminary rounds was the fielding of a separate side by the German state of Saarland, which was occupied by the French and did not become a part of West Germany again until after a plebiscite and treaty negotiation. The Saarlanders acquitted themselves well, finishing second in their group ahead of Norway and behind group winner West Germany.
	Meanwhile, in East Germany, a separate league was established with the formation of the DS-Oberliga (Deutscher Sportausschuß Oberliga or German Sports Association) in 1949. The league was renamed the Fußball Oberliga DFV in 1958 and was generally referred to simply as the DDR-Liga or DDR-Oberliga. The league fielded 14 teams with 2 relegation spots.
	The defeat of the national team by Yugoslavia (0–1) in a 1962 World Cup quarter final game in Chile was one impetus (of many) to the formation of a national league. Under new DFB president Hermann Gösmann (elected that very day) the Bundesliga was created in Dortmund at the Westfalenhallen on 28 July 1962 to begin play starting with the 1963–64 season. The new German professional league was modelled on the long-established English league, which had been set up in 1888.
	At the time, there were five Oberligen, or Premier leagues, in place representing West Germany's North, South, West, Southwest, and Berlin. East Germany, under Soviet occupation, maintained its separate league structure. Forty-six clubs applied for admission to the new league. Sixteen teams were selected based on their success on the field, economic criteria and representation of the various Oberligen.
	The first Bundesliga games were played on 24 August 1963. Early favorite 1. FC Köln (45:19) was the first Bundesliga champion over second place clubs Meidericher SV and Eintracht Frankfurt (both 39:25).
	The new league was met with enthusiasm early on and large crowds came out to watch the nation's top teams. No single team was able to dominate through the 1960s — in seven seasons from 1963–64 through to 1969–70, seven different teams won the championship. The 1965–66 season saw the promotion of Bayern Munich to the top league and in 1968–69 they won their first championship on their way to becoming the most dominant side in Bundesliga history.
	The 1960s also saw one of the strangest incidents in the history of the Bundesliga. The licence of Hertha BSC Berlin was revoked for the 1964–65 season and the team relegated to the Regionalliga Berlin (Regional leagues being the leagues below the Bundesliga at the time) for breaking the league's player salary rules, partially in an attempt to entice players to Berlin at the time of the construction of the Berlin Wall and high Cold War tensions. The last place clubs, Karlsruher SC and FC Schalke 04, tried to avoid being demoted by laying claim to Hertha's place. It was decided to suspend relegation for one season and increase the number of teams in the league from 16 to 18 to accommodate the two teams which would normally be promoted from the Regionalligen. The politics of the Cold War era led to a space being held open for a Berlin side to replace Hertha in a show of solidarity with the former capital city. What followed was the debacle of the promotion of Tasmania 1900 Berlin, which went on to the worst season in league history.
	West Germany made another appearance in the final of the World Cup in 1966, losing (4–2) to England in extra time that included a famously controversial goal.
	The young league got off to a difficult start in the decade as a scandal broke with Kickers Offenbach president Horst-Gregorio Canellas putting forward evidence of players being bribed to affect the outcome of games. Allegations were that a number of clubs, including Bielefeld, Hertha, Schalke, and Köln, were involved. The scandal caused a disastrous loss of confidence in the Bundesliga and game attendance plummeted. Investigations by the DFB led to the banning of many players, although most of these sentences were commuted. Arminia Bielefeld, identified as the club central to the scandal, was stripped of all points they had earned during the 1971–72 season and then relegated to the league below.
	Enthusiasm for the sport was restored by host West Germany's win in the 1974 World Cup and the first wins by Bundesliga sides in the European Champions Cup (a triple by Bayern Munich in 1974, 1975 and 1976) and the UEFA Cup (Borussia Mönchengladbach in 1975). Attendance rose steadily after the end of the bribery scandal, putting some teams on solid enough financial footings to be able to attract the first foreign stars to the league in the 1977–78 season.
	The Bundesliga was dominated by two sides through the 1970s. Borussia Mönchengladbach became the first team to successfully defend its title with its win in 1970–71. Bayern Munich became the first three-time champion with wins in 1971–72, 1972–73 and 1973–74. Borussia Mönchengladbach then turned a triple of its own over the following three seasons. After wins by Köln and Hamburg, Bayern closed out the decade by matching Mönchengladbach's five titles.
	The 1980s were a rather bleak decade for the Bundesliga. There was a general decline in attendance throughout the league: in the 1977–78 season average attendance for a Bundesliga match was over 26,000 — the best since 1964–65. By 1985–86 that figure bottomed out at just 17,600 spectators per game. The country's football was also affected by the general European problem of hooliganism and the appearance of neo-Nazi fan groups. The German domestic game became a graceless, rough-edged, brute physical contest devoid of the kinds of star players fans had enjoyed watching in earlier decades. The best German players were regularly lured south to play in Serie A by cash-rich Italian clubs. Bayern Munich's domination of the Bundesliga became numbingly repetitive as they took six of ten titles in the 1980s.
	But by the end of the decade the stage was set for some fundamental changes to the Bundesliga. The league signed its first rich television contract and German re-unification and the subsequent merger of the football leagues of East and West Germany was on the horizon.
	In 1991, a year after German reunification, East Germany's Deutscher Fußball-Verband der DDR, or Football Federation of the German Democratic Republic, was merged into West Germany's DFB. East German sides were seeded and assigned to various levels within the West German league structure, which was itself modified to accommodate the influx of new clubs. To facilitate the union with the eastern league the Bundesliga temporarily expanded to 20 clubs in the 1991–92 season and added the DDR-Oberliga's top two sides, Dynamo Dresden and Hansa Rostock. The Bundesliga returned to an 18 team slate in the following season with Dresden managing to stick in the top league, while "Rostock" was relegated. These two teams continued to make appearances in the Bundesliga through the 1990s. The only other former East German sides to earn promotion to the Bundesliga to date are FC Energie Cottbus and VfB Leipzig, while a half dozen others of these clubs have played in 2. Bundesliga.
	Beginning with the 1995–96 season, the league adopted a new scoring system. Teams were now awarded three points for a win rather than two as had been traditional, with a view toward encouraging more effort through a greater reward in the standings.
	Since the beginning of the 1990s, the Bundesliga again enjoyed increasing popularity in Germany. This was on one hand due to the success of the German national football team (third World Cup title in 1990 and third European Championships title in 1996). The Bundesliga also began to take a more deliberate approach to marketing and promoting itself and its member clubs, following the example of other more widely recognized European leagues.
	In 1998, 1. FC Kaiserslautern became the first (and so far, only) team in Bundesliga and German history to win the league championship as a newly promoted team, having won the 2. Bundesliga title the previous year.
	Until 2001, the Bundesliga was directly under the control German football's governing body the Deutscher Fußball-Bund (DFB or German Football Association). This changed with the formation of the Deutsche Fußball-Liga (DFL or German Football League) when the Bundesligen came under the auspices of this new body. The DFL, while remaining subordinate to the DFB, manages Germany's professional leagues and is responsible for the issuing of licences to clubs, general fiscal oversight of the Bundesligen, and marketing rights for the two upper leagues.
	Since the launch of the Bundesliga on 24 August 1963 fifty-five clubs have played in the league ranks. To help celebrate the 40th anniversary of the league, two clubs with distinguished Bundesliga histories met in a game on 24 August 2003: Hamburger SV, once known as the "dinosaur" for being the only club which has played in every season of the league's existence until relegation in 2018, and Bayern Munich, the most successful side in German football, which had just won their seventeenth Bundesliga title.
	In 2005, German football was once again overshadowed by the discovery of a match-fixing scandal involving second division referee Robert Hoyzer, who confessed to fixing and betting on matches in the 2. Bundesliga, the DFB-Pokal (German Cup), and the Regionalliga (III). The games included a DFB-Pokal first-round match between regional side Paderborn and Bundesliga heavyweights Hamburg on 21 August 2004. Hamburg lost (2–4) through penalties and a red-card charged to the side and was eliminated from the lucrative competition.
	Hoyzer was banned for life and received a 29-month prison sentence. He soon implicated other officials, players, and a group of Croatian-based gamblers, leading to an ongoing investigation. To this point, at the end of 2005, it appears that the scandal did not directly involve the Bundesliga and was confined to lower divisions:
	Despite the scandal, the Bundesliga continues to set new attendance records. In the Bundesliga's 43rd season, total attendance was about 12.41 million in 306 games for an average of 40,572 per game, a 6.9% increase over the preceding year, making the 2005–06 season the 5th consecutive record attendance year. After a decrease in 2006–07 and a slight recovery in 2007–08, new records were set in 2008–09, with 12.82 million total attendance and a per-game average of 41,904. The 2008–09 figure makes the Bundesliga the best-attended national football league in the world by per-game attendance. It is also third in per-game attendance among major professional sports leagues in the world, slightly ahead of the Australian Football League (Australian rules) and well behind the second-ranked Indian Premier League (Twenty20 cricket) and top-ranked NFL (American football) in the United States. Top drawing clubs based on average attendance included: Borussia Dortmund 72,850; FC Bayern Munich 67,214; FC Schalke 04 61,177; and Hamburger SV 53,298. Interest in the league was piqued by the 2006 FIFA World Cup hosted in Germany. An ambitious program of stadium upgrades was undertaken in preparation for the tournament.
	The 2. Bundesliga saw an enormous increase in popularity in 2006–07, drawing about 4.67 million spectators for an average of 15,253. This not only smashed the league's previous attendance record, but also marked an increase of more than 20% over the 2005–06 season. The league saw another huge increase in popularity in 2007–08, drawing 5.55 million spectators for an average of 18,140, an increase of almost 19% over the previous season, which briefly made the 2. Bundesliga the most-attended second-level professional sports league in the world on a per-game basis. However, the league would lose almost all of these gains in 2008–09, with total attendance of 4.76 million and an average of 15,550. Although the Second Bundesliga is now second in attendance to England's Football League Championship among second-level professional sports leagues, it still draws more spectators per game than the top leagues in such established footballing nations as Turkey, Russia, and Portugal.
	Starting with the 2008–09 season, a new third-level league, the 3. Liga, was launched, slotting between the 2. Bundesliga and the Regionalliga in the league pyramid. Unlike the Bundesligen, the 3. Liga is operated directly by the DFB. At the same time, the Regionalliga went from two divisions to three.
	One of the problems currently facing the league is in the performance and fate of clubs from the former East Germany, which are finding it difficult to compete with the wealthy, established western sides. One-time GDR clubs are unable to attract lucrative sponsorships, cannot afford the salaries needed to hold on to their "homegrown" talent, and find themselves playing in crumbling or primitive stadium facilities. Of the 36 clubs in the top two levels of the league system in the 2011–12 season, five are from the former East Germany, an increase of two from 2010–11. However, as in the previous two seasons, none will be in the First Bundesliga. The five former Eastern clubs in the 2. Bundesliga are Energie Cottbus, who last appeared in the First Bundesliga in 2008–09; Union Berlin, from the former East Berlin, who have been in the 2. Bundesliga since being promoted as champions of the inaugural season of the 3. Liga; Erzgebirge Aue, present since the 2010–11 season; Hansa Rostock, who immediately returned from a one-season stint in the 3. Liga; and Dynamo Dresden, making their first appearance at the second level in five years. Four other eastern clubs are playing in the 2011–12 3. Liga—Carl Zeiss Jena, Chemnitz, Rot-Weiß Erfurt, and the Potsdam club Babelsberg.
	In preparations for the 2006 World Cup, the DFB attempted to fairly balance the number of venues between the eastern and western halves of the country. However, the organization had to face up to the reality of there not being enough suitable facilities in the old DDR –not limited to stadiums, but including hotels, restaurants and other visitor needs, and transportation infrastructure–, with the result that the east finds itself underrepresented. Only one of the 2006 venues was in the former East Germany (in Leipzig). Similarly, only one of the nine venues for the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup, also held in Germany, was in the former East Germany (in Dresden). The situation fits into the broader context of the effects of German reunification on East Germany and the resentment that many Ossis feel for their western cousins.
	RB Leipzig is one notable club that produced a major resurgence of football in the former East Germany. This club saw several successive promotions in a short period of time and gained promotion to the Bundesliga for the 2016–17 season. The club's success has been controversial. RB Leipzig was founded by initiative of drink company Red Bull GmbH, whose involvement in the club has sparked new discussions about commercialism in professional football.
	The 2012–13 season saw FC Bayern Munich become the first club ever to achieve the treble by winning the Bundesliga, DFB-Pokal, and European Cup. 
	Bayern Munich made German football history even further by earning a record fourth consecutive Bundesliga title in 2016, and eventually became the first German club to attain more than four championships in succession by winning their fifth and sixth titles in 2017 and 2018 respectively for the club's 27th league title and their 28th nationally, both new records.
	Meanwhile, after 55 seasons, Hamburger SV was relegated from the Bundesliga to the 2. Bundesliga for the first time in the club's history. During the 2017–18 season, a final day win over Gladbach was not enough to escape the drop as Wolfsburg won against Cologne. Hamburg had to endure a disastrous season under various managers after surviving two playouts in the preceding four seasons.

= = = Mona Mahmudnizhad = = =

	Mona Mahmudnizhad (, September 10, 1965 – June 18, 1983) was an Iranian Baháʼí who, in 1983 (together with nine other Baháʼí women) was sentenced to death and hanged in Shiraz, Iran. She was accused of being a member of the Baháʼí Faith.
	The official charges ranged from "misleading children and youth", to being a "Zionist" (because the Baháʼí World Centre is located in Israel).
	The non profit Mona Foundation focusing on girl's education was named after her in 2001.
	Mahmudnizhad was born on September 10, 1965, to Yad'u'llah and Farkhundeh Mahmudnizhad (who had left their home in Iran to teach their religion in Yemen).
	In 1969 the government of Yemen expelled all foreigners and the Mahmudnizhad family returned to Iran. They spent two years in Isfahan, six months in Kermanshah and three years in Tabriz before finally settling in Shiraz in 1974. During this time her father repaired small appliances for work and served the Baháʼí community as part of various Baháʼí administrative bodies.
	While Baháʼís regularly faced persecution in Iran, the Islamic Revolution of 1979 reinforced this further. At 7:30pm on October 23, 1982, four armed Revolutionary Guards, sent by the public prosecutor of Shiraz, entered the Mahmudnizhad household and ransacked the home in search of Baháʼí material. They then took Mona and her father into custody. The two were blindfolded and taken to Seppah prison in Shiraz, where they were placed in separate quarters; Mahmudnizhad was detained in Seppah prison for a total of 38 days.
	On November 29, 1982, she and five other Baháʼí women were transferred from Seppah prison to Adelabad prison (also in Shiraz). After some time in Abelabad, she was transferred to the Islamic Revolutionary Court where she was interrogated and placed back in prison.
	A few days later, she was once again interrogated in front of an Islamic Revolutionary judge. After these series of interrogations, which involved physical torture by being whipped on the soles of her feet with a cable, Mahmudnizhad was found guilty and sentenced to death by hanging. At the time of her sentencing, President of the United States Ronald Reagan, made a plea for clemency; despite this, the sentence of the 10 women was carried out on the night of June 18, 1983, at a nearby polo field.
	The other women who were hanged with Mahmudnizhad were:
	In September 2007, the Iran Human Rights Documentation Center published a case study on the subject.
	Mahmudnizhad's story is the subject of several art works. Music artist Doug Cameron recreated Mahmudnizhad's story in a music video, "Mona with the Children", which made the pop charts in Canada (#14 for the week of October 19, 1985). The video was distributed throughout the music scene and was effective in bringing the persecution of Baháʼís in Iran to international public attention.
	A play based on Mahmudnizhad's story titled "A Dress for Mona" has been produced and in 2008 Jack Lenz produced a film called "Mona's Dream". Her pictures are also featured in Mithaq Kazimi's Quenching The Light video.

= = = Leandro Desábato = = =

	Leandro Desábato (born 24 January 1979), nicknamed "Chavo", is an Argentine football defender who plays for Estudiantes de La Plata of the Argentine Primera División.
	Desábato began his professional career in 1997 playing for Estudiantes de La Plata. In 2001, he joined Olimpo and after one season with the club he moved on to play for Quilmes. With both teams he won promotion from the Primera B Nacional (Argentine second division) to the Primera División (first).
	In a 2005 Copa Libertadores match, Desábato allegedly racially insulted São Paulo's player Grafite. Desábato was arrested after the match. Following his night in jail, Desábato was defended by columnist and former Brazilian international footballer Tostão who stated that the insults were not racist, simply the kind of provocation that has always existed in football.
	Desábato left Quilmes in 2006 to join Argentinos Juniors and after a successful season with the club he returned to Estudiantes de La Plata. During the second half of 2008, he was a regular first team player for Estudiantes in their Copa Sudamericana campaign, where they reached the final.
	Desábato was a key figure in Estudiantes' 2009 Copa Libertadores championship. He was the only outfield player on the team to play in every minute of every game during the team's run through the tournament, even as his center-back partners changed around him (from Agustín Alayes to Cristian Cellay to Rolando Schiavi).
	In 2009 Desábato was chosen in a traditional journalist poll conducted by "El País" in the South American Team of the Year.
	Desábato's cousins, Andrés and Leandro Luis, are fellow footballers.

= = = Moog Little Phatty = = =

	The Little Phatty is a monophonic analog synthesizer manufactured by Moog Music from 2006 to 2013, preceded by the Voyager and succeeded by Voyager Old School. Its design was conceived, in part, by Robert Moog himself, and is the last instrument to have that distinction, although the primary engineer was Cyril Lance. It is also the first Moog product to be produced following his death. Jordan Rudess of the band Dream Theater also assisted with the design of the product.
	It is one of the few Moog synthesizers to utilize MIDI from the factory (the others being the Minimoog Voyager and the earlier Memorymoog+). This allows for better integration in the modern studio and for live performance.
	On 9 September 2013, Moog Music announced the discontinuation of the Little Phatty analog synthesizer.
	There are currently four versions of the Little Phatty. Aside from a few cosmetic differences (and price), all units have nearly identical sound generation circuitry.
	The earlier 'Tribute Edition', a limited run of 1200 units, featured blue LED lighting, wooden side panels and Bob Moog's signature decaled onto the convex back panel.
	The later 'Stage Edition' featured orange and red lighting, grey rubberized panels and the classic Moog logo replacing the signature. 
	The third version, called the Stage II, had some minor mechanical and electrical tweaks as well as adding a USB interface, a new arpeggiator and tap tempo.
	There is also a rare limited edition with blue LED lighting that came in a purple aluminum case. This version also has the USB interface. It has the regular Moog logo on the back panel and shipped in a custom flight case with the Moog logo on the case. This was a limited run of 100 units.

= = = Olivia FitzRoy = = =

	Olivia FitzRoy, born Olivia Gwyneth Zoe FitzRoy, (May 27, 1921–December 24, 1969) was a British author of children's books. She was the granddaughter of Muriel FitzRoy, 1st Viscountess Daventry, raised to the peerage as widow of Edward FitzRoy, the Speaker of the House of Commons from 1928 until his death in 1943; her mother was a member of the famous Guinness family. Olivia FitzRoy was one of five sisters. 
	The family spent their summers in Scotland, the setting of her books. They were there in 1939 when her father, a naval officer, decided that they should remain in Inverewe for the duration of World War II. The area was remote; FitzRoy wrote her first book, "Orders to Poach" (which told the story of the Stewart children receiving unusual instructions from their overseas father) to entertain her two younger sisters, Barbara (now Ormrod) and the late Amelia (now Jessel). It was published by Collins, as Billy Collins was a friend of the family. The second, "Steer by the Stars" and the third "The House in the Hills", were based in the same location. 
	FitzRoy carried on writing when she began service in the Women's Royal Naval Service, though she was stationed as far away as Ceylon. After the war, she travelled with the 'Chipperfield Circus', which was the inspiration behind "Wagons and Horses"; she then went back to live in Scotland. 
	Olivia FitzRoy married Sir Geoffrey Bates in 1957 and they had two daughters. She died aged only 48 of cancer in 1969.
	Her books are being reissued by Fidra Books: the first became available in June 2006, the second in March 2007 and the third in 2009.
	Citations

= = = Sanger (surname) = = =

	Sanger is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

= = = Sri Venkateswara Public School = = =

	Sri Venkateswara Public School (also known as S.V. Public School) is located in port town of Machilipatnam in Andhra Pradesh in India.

= = = Forget The Rules = = =

	Forget the Rules was an Australian short form episodic comedy-drama, which ran for two seasons from 2005 to 2007. It was the first scripted drama in the world to simultaneously broadcast over broadband, mobile phones and television. It employed the push model of crossmedia, and was one of the more successful models of an often failed interactive format that included audience input into the script and submitting visual elements as part of a tight weekly production cycle. It was conceived and piloted in Australia during 2004. In Canada, Season 1 has been broadcast on Movieola.
	Season 1 of Forget the Rules ran on Channel V (Foxtel), Hutchison 3G mobile phones and on the web, and consisted of nine minutes of drama produced every week featuring audience-driven story directions. Three-minute episodes were broadcast on Monday, Tuesday & Wednesday, starting October 10, 2005. Audiences voted on a choice of three possible story directions following the Wednesday episode. The 117 minutes of production (39 x 3min episodes) represents the equivalent of 5 x 30min episodes on free-to-air TV.
	Season 2 ran weekdays from November 12, 2007 to December 21, 2007. The series was distributed across Optus Television (Ovation Channel weekdays, The Music Factory weeknights) and Optus Zoo (mobile), as well as online through the show's website, YouTube, Facebook, and MySpace.
	The Season 1 scripts were written on Thursday based on the most popular audience vote. Pre-production and rehearsal on Friday. All nine minutes of the show was shot on Saturday and was broadcast each Monday-Wednesday throughout the 13-week season. Because of the requirement for rapid turnaround, stories were designed to be topical and responsive to genuine audience input, and was limited to an M rating. "Forget the Rules" was designed to appeal to story literate young audiences through interactivity. Jim Shomos, the creator and executive producer, was cited as saying young audiences need “more story per minute” and emphasised the importance of fast-paced stories with rapid developments, particularly for short form content:

= = = Geodesic convexity = = =

	In mathematics — specifically, in Riemannian geometry — geodesic convexity is a natural generalization of convexity for sets and functions to Riemannian manifolds. It is common to drop the prefix "geodesic" and refer simply to "convexity" of a set or function.
	Let ("M", "g") be a Riemannian manifold.

= = = Scream (Heide Park) = = =

	Scream was constructed of the observation tower II of Heide Park, and with a speed on over 100 km/h it is the fastest gyro-tower in the world. Heide park was built in 1992 and was then called 'Gyrotower'. This modification was accomplished by a company called Intamin between October 2002 and April 2003 at a cost of €7.5 million. The inauguration took place on 24 April 2003. The highest car position of the Scream is , the distance covered is , from which are to the head and for brake distance.
	Scream, which has a diameter of , stands on a foundation of in depth and in diameter. The travelling time is 82 seconds, two seconds of which are the actual fall. The deceleration phase lasts for 5.5 seconds.

= = = Müngsten Bridge = = =

	Müngsten Bridge is the highest railway bridge in Germany. The bridge is high and spans the valley of the river Wupper, connecting the cities of Remscheid and Solingen. This stretch is part of the Wuppertal-Oberbarmen–Solingen railway. It is used exclusively by the Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn line S 7. On 1 April 2013, the Müngsten Bridge was closed for extensive renovation work: it reopened on 27 July 2015, but a further lengthy closure for a comprehensive corrosion treatment is planned for 2018. During the works, the train from Solingen Hbf to Remscheid Hbf terminated at Solingen Mitte and a bus continued to Remscheid.
	Originally the bridge was named "Kaiser-Wilhelm-Brücke" (Emperor Wilhelm Bridge) to honour Emperor Wilhelm I. After the end of the monarchy the bridge was renamed after the nearby settlement of Müngsten, which is close to the city limits of Solingen, Remscheid and Wuppertal. Today, the settlement no longer exists, so Müngsten is simply a landmark.
	First drafts for a bridge connecting the two cities of Remscheid and Solingen go back as far as 1889. Preparatory work began in 1893, the bridge was finished in 1897.
	The six support columns have a maximum height of 69 meters (230 ft). In the middle of the structure, the main arc has a span of 170 meters (560 ft). The overall length of the structure is 465 meters (1,530 ft).
	A total of 5,000 tons (4,900 LT; 5,500 ST) of steel were used in its construction. 950,000 rivets hold the structure together. During construction, a number of advanced building techniques were used.
	Anton von Rieppel (1852 – 31 January 1926), an architect and engineer, was in charge of the project. A memorial plaque at the foot of the bridge reminds one of his efforts.
	Originally, the bridge was planned to be single-track. However, high future traffic growth projections led to the redesign as a dual-track bridge. Before its opening, the rail distance between the cities of Remscheid and Solingen was . With a direct connection via the bridge, this distance shrank to .
	The Prussian Parliament approved the 5 million Marks required to build the bridge in 1890.
	The first breaking of the earth was on 26 February 1894. A total of 1,400 kilograms (3,100 lb) of dynamite and 1,600 kilograms (3,500 lb) of black powder were needed during construction.
	The bridge's official inauguration celebration took place on 15 July 1897. Emperor Wilhelm II did not attend the ceremony in person. Prince Friedrich Leopold of Prussia attended the festivities instead. Emperor Wilhelm II visited the bridge two years later, on 12 August 1899.
	The bridge was a masterpiece of Victorian-era engineering. For its time, it was a highly sophisticated structure. It astonished the local population, many of whom had had little exposure to such state-of-the-art engineering work.
	Very quickly, urban legends began to spread.
	Some of these unfounded “tall tales”, (which are sometimes repeated to this day), are:
	Of course, there is no truth in any of these stories. The bridge was constructed as planned; von Rieppel’s complex calculations, (all carried out without the aid of computers or arithmetic aids), were correct – he died about 30 years later after an unrelated illness.
	What might be true are rumours about Emperor Wilhelm II's boycott of the inauguration ceremony. According to legend, the Emperor was annoyed that such a state-of-art structure was named after his grandfather, Wilhelm I, not after himself. He therefore decided not to attend the celebrations in person.
	What is true is that the bridge has attracted an unknown, but large number of suicides during its more than 100-year existence.

= = = Eldol, Consul of Gloucester = = =

	Eldol was Consul or Count of Gloucester in Geoffrey of Monmouth's circa 1136 work "Historia Regum Britanniae" ("The History of the Kings of Britain"). In this pseudohistory he was the sole British leader to escape from the massacre of Salisbury, to which Hengist had invited all of the British Leaders to a peace treaty. When all of the leaders were there, about 460 in number, Hengest ordered his men to draw their long knives and kill every leader. Vortigern was spared, but every other ruler was slain, save Eldol, who grabbed a stick up off the ground and killed 70 men in his escape.
	After the massacre, Eldol was a key supporter of Aurelius Ambrosius and helped him defeat the Saxons. Eldol defeated Hengist in hand-to-hand combat at the battle at Kaerconan/Cunungeburc, which may be the town of Conisbrough, and beheaded him. He was also at the siege of Vortigern's tower. Eldad, Bishop of Gloucester, was his brother.
	Thomas Rudge gives an account in his 1811 "The History and Antiquities of Gloucester":
	Eldol, or Edel, a Briton, is said to have been Earl of Gloucester in 461; he was, according to the account of Robert of Gloucester, and other historians, a knight of great prowess. He attended King Vortigern at the treaty of Ambresbury in Wiltshire, to which they were invited by Hengist, the Saxon, with the express stipulation that neither party should go thither armed; but the Saxons having, contrary to their engagement, concealed long knives under their clothes, murdered great numbers of the Britons. Eldol is said at this time to have exerted himself so powerfully with a stake he happened to find, as to slay no less than seventy of the Saxons, and after having disabled many more, he escaped to Gloucester, his own city. He is also said to have behaved with uncommon courage, in a subsequent battle between Ambrosius, King of the Britons, and Hengist, when ... he rushed through the Pagan army, took Hengist prisoner, and cut off his head. 
	It is not stated whether Morvid, Consul of Gloucester during King Arthur's reign in the "Historia Regum Britanniae", is related to Eldol.
	In later Welsh legend, Eldol became Eidol or Eidiol 'Gadarn' ('Mighty'), recorded as one of the three strong men of Britain, having, at the meeting on Salisbury plain, slain 660 Saxons with a billet of wood.
	There was a Welsh hero Eidiol mentioned in "The Gododdin" who may have inspired the use of the name in Geoffrey's work.
	He should not be confused with King Eldol who lives generations earlier in Geoffrey's work.
	Eldol and Eldad have minor roles in the 1970 novel "The Crystal Cave" by Mary Stewart. After the battle with Hengist, one of Ambrosius's men says to Merlin, "... old Eldad laid about him [i.e., fought well] with the best of them. Did you see him?" Merlin replies wryly, "I heard him." 

= = = Yiddle With His Fiddle = = =

	Yidl Mitn Fidl (, "Yiddle With His Fiddle", ), is a 1936 musical Yiddish film.
	Arye and his daughter Itke are musicians, or "klezmorim", who became impoverished and were evicted from their home in Kazimierz Dolny. Arie sees no choice but to embark on a career of a travelling band, but fears for the safety of his daughter on the dangerous roads. Itke solves the problem by disguising herself as a boy and adopts the persona of "Yidl", ostensibly Arie's son.
	During their voyages, they meet another pair of merrymakers, the father-and-son duo Isaac and Ephraim Kalamutker, with whom they form a quartet and roam through the Polish countryside seeking engagements. "Yidl" falls in love with Ephraim, who is utterly oblivious to the true sex of his companion. The four are hired to perform in the wedding of young Teibele to the old, rich man Zalman Gold. The bride had to cancel her prior engagement with her true love, Yosl Fedlman, for her late father left many unpaid debts. Yidl takes pity on Teibele and the quartet smuggle her out of the party and have her join them as vocalist. To Yidl's dismay, Ephraim is enamored with the young woman. Itke reveals her true self to Isaac, who determines to assist her and leaves to locate Yosl.
	When arriving in Warsaw, the group become a success and are hired to perform in a concert. However, personal tensions between the members run high. Efraim signs a contract with a local orchestra. Teibele's lost match finally arrives, and they run off together before the show. Yidl, quite by accident, takes her place and recounts her entire story and love for Efraim in song form. She is applauded and signed on a contract for a career in the United States. Having learned the truth, Efraim abandons his commitments and joins her on the ship to New York.
	After the success of "Joseph in the Land of Egypt", a silent film dubbed into the Yiddish language by Joseph Green, met with success, he decided to create an entirely Yiddish film, and returned to his native Poland to do so. "Yidl Mitn Fidl" was the most successful Yiddish film of all time and the most popular of Green's films as well.
	The film was shot on location in Kazimierz Dolny, Poland, with local inhabitants as extras. Based on a novella by Konrad Tom, the screenplay was written by Green. Its score was composed by Abraham Ellstein, and the lyrics to the songs were written by Itzik Manger. Jakob Jonilowicz was the photo director of the film.
	It was filmed in Poland to minimize costs: the total budget was $50,000. Picon was contemplating entering English-language entertainment and had to be paid an astronomical fee in terms of Yiddish cinema, $10,000 or a fifth of the entire expenditure, to star in the main role. Besides her, all actors were Polish. The film turned into a resounding commercial success and covered the producers' expenses even before opening in the United States. When it premiered in the Ambassador movie theatre, Frank S. Nugent wrote in the "New York Times": "It must be set down to her credit that, despite the fact that there is not a single new thing in the whole bag of tricks emptied on the screen, Miss Picon puts so much infectious gayety, not forgetting the proper modicum of sadness, into the action that the result is genuine entertainment." It was exported to most of Western Europe, Australia and South Africa, and was screened in the British Mandate of Palestine with Hebrew dubbing. In Britain, it opened at Academy Cinema, Oxford Street, on 21 July 1937. The picture was exported outside of London and was quite a success; In a review for "Night and Day" from 29 July 1937, Graham Greene wrote of "Yiddle": "a story in which even the music seems to have the dignity and patina of age and race. An odd feeling of freedom pervades the film full of ugly people in bowler-hats strumming in courtyards... Freedom even from the closer tyranny of a well-made script, as if the whole picture were an impromptu performance, like the stories in the Decameron." Several copies were sent to Nazi Germany, where Jews were not allowed to attend regular cinemas, and viewing was restricted to "members of the Jewish Race." Premiere in the hall of the Jüdischer Kulturbund took place on 2 May 1938, and it then ran in communities across Germany. 
	In 1956, a remastered version, fully dubbed into English, was released in New York for a short run, bearing the title "Castles in the Sky."

= = = Royal Victorian Aero Club = = =

	The Royal Victorian Aero Club is an Australian aero club based at Moorabbin Airport in Melbourne. Originating in 1914 (six years before the national airline Qantas) it is amongst the world's oldest Aviation organisations. 
	Founded by pioneer aviators in 1914 at Point Cook, the club is one of Australia's oldest flying training organisations.
	The Australian Aero Club was formed on 28 October 1914 (and formally established on 9 April 1915) and was subsequently affiliated with the Royal Aero Club of Great Britain. The original hand-written minutes of this historic meeting establishing the club are preserved today. 
	Renamed the Victorian Aero Club in October 1934, on 13 March 1935 approval to use the "Royal" prefix was granted and since that date the institution has been known as the Royal Victorian Aero Club.
	While originally formed at Point Cook, in 1919 the Club transferred operations to what was then the Commonwealth Aerodrome (or sometimes referred to as "St Johns Field") on Bulla Road in Essendon. Club operations were some of the first from St John's Field, as the aerodrome was not officially opened until 1922. 
	The Civil Aviation Department provided support to the Australian Aero Club, by providing an establishment gift of six DeHavilland
	Gypsy Moth aircraft two of which were allocated to the Victorian Chapter. The two Victorian Gypsy Moths, (G-AUAL and G-UAUG) arrived in July 1926 by ship and within a month they were taking part in a major aerial display at Essendon to celebrate the arrival of solo flyer A. J. Cobham from England. The Flying Section of the Club was officially opened by Lieutenant Governor Sir William Irvine on 21 August 1926.
	In 1934 club member 28-year-old Freda Thompson flew her DH Moth Major solo from England to Australia in 19 days – the first Australian women fly the route (also notable for her record 5 hr flight from Koepang to Darwin). Freda Thompson was Club President in 1948.
	Operations were somewhat limited during the Second World War, and Essendon Airport subsequently became the primary commercial airport for Melbourne, the increased airliner traffic limiting private operations. Thus, in December 1949 the Club transferred to and became the first operator on what were once market-gardens on Centre Dandenong Road, at the newly established Moorabbin Airport, southeast of the city. A massive growth in the number of flying hours took place in the 1950s and 1960s, aided in part by a Commonwealth Government edict providing some subsidies for private flying training. 
	The Foundation Members of the Royal Victorian Aero Club were:
	Some of those who played a vital role in Club flying operations and who have trained thousands of Australian aviators include:
	Laurie McPherson, Instructor 1950–1951. CFI 1952–1960, 1969–1970 and Manager 1961–1968 and 1978–1985. Pilot who conducted tests on behalf of the Australian Department of Civil Aviation to closely examine the spinning characteristics of the DHC Chipmunk. 
	John Lindsay, Honorary Life Member, one-time CFI and manager and pre-eminent club member from 1945 to 2007.
	H Owen Jones, an employee for 42 years.
	Roy F Goon, first flew with RVAC in 1933, flew CAC Boomerang aircraft during Second World War in Darwin and Gove (Sqdn. Ldr. 83 Sqdn). Commanding Officer of l l l MFCU at Labuan. He held this position from 14 February 1943 to 7 September 1945 and was a test pilot with the RAAF, Commonwealth Aircraft Factory and Royal Flying Doctor Service. Held Commercial Pilot Licence No 511 and was an Instructor at the RVAC for 40 years and Chief Flying Instructor in 1977. Goon was a member of the well-known Chinese-Australian family from Ballarat, Victoria.
	George Campbell referred to by pioneer aviatrix Nancy Bird-Walton as ""a man who became a great trainer of pilots in the last war years." 
	The Royal Victorian Aero Club provides aircraft and facilities for pilot training and private flying at Moorabbin Airport.
	The Club currently trains pilots from various overseas countries and also offers an annual Scholarship as well as fly-aways and regular competitions.
	Additionally, the club (with the RAAF Roulettes as Patron) operates the Young Eagles programme for Victorians between 12 and 17 years of age, designed to introduce flying to potential aviators.
	In the boom times of the 1950s much of the training and private flying was undertaken in the legendary De Havilland Moth series of aircraft (primarily the de Havilland Tiger Moth). 
	The De Havilland Canada DHC-1 Chipmunk and Victa Airtourer were used in the 1960s followed subsequently by a limited number of Beechcraft aircraft and in much greater numbers, the reliable Piper Aircraft and Cessna, current models of which remain the backbone of the fleet today.

= = = Flehe Bridge = = =

	The Flehe Bridge, is a single tower cable stayed bridge located in Düsseldorf, over the Rhine. It connects the A 46 motorway from the left bank of the Rhine (Neuss, Aachen, Heinsberg district, the Netherlands) with the Bergisches Land on the right bank (Wuppertal, Solingen, Hagen) and the south of Düsseldorf. It forms at the same time the southern part of the ring of motorways around Düsseldorf. It includes a pedestrian and cyclist strip. 
	This bridge opened in 1979 and eliminated a considerable amount of transit traffic south of Düsseldorf and the South Bridge (B 1), both then the only southern access from the left bank of the Rhine to Düsseldorf. Also, it connected the A 46 with the A 57. The Flehe Bridge has in each direction three vehicle lanes and a hard shoulder. The bridge does not cross the Rhine in a right angle, in order to preserve the area of water procurement of the old water company Flehe. A remarkable feature of the Flehe bridge is the reinforced concrete suspension tower, which looks like a Ypsilon turned on its head. In the handles of the pylons an elevator and stairs are accommodated above the roadway. The handles are in bridge longitudinal direction only broad. They were manufactured with a climbing formwork. The 13-feldrige foreland bridge is a prestressed concrete construction work with a construction height of and a total span of = . thereby exists covers on a length of nine fields from two single-cell hollow boxes with ever broad base plate. The remaining four fields within the range of the bridge removing possess against it a five-cellular box cross-section with base plate width of . A structural steelwork has the river opening stretching far as if cover.

= = = Rappbode Dam = = =

	The Rappbode Dam () is the largest dam in the Harz region as well as the highest dam in Germany. Together with several other dams and retention basins, it forms the flood protection system for the eastern Harz.
	The earliest discussions about building flood protection barriers took place following devastating floods at the beginning of the 20th century. These envisaged a number of masonry dams being constructed across the tributaries of the Bode river. The first concrete plan, however, was to build just one dam but this would have meant sacrificing a number of villages. The eventual project work was completed in 1938 and proposed a plan which avoided flooding any of localities by constructing a number of dams. Construction on the Rappbode Valley Dam began in 1938. Construction was halted due to the war in 1942. After 1945, the newly founded East Germany, the project got under way again and was extended by including the treatment of drinking water, the original layout being retained and the technology being adapted. The foundation stone was laid on 1 September 1952 and, on 7 October 1959, the dam went into service. It was reconstructed between 2000 and 2003 and the national emblems of East Germany on the inscriptions at the tunnel exit of the road across the dam were removed. The two inscriptions on the left and on the right read:
	The barrier is a straight gravity dam, which holds the water back by its sheer weight. It was built in several sections and finished in 1959. It is high and long. In recent years (before 2002) the crest of the dam was renewed. The roadway and the concrete had weathered and could no longer handle the weight of traffic. The lake behind the dam acts primarily as a reserve drinking water reservoir for the towns east of the Harz. The pressure pipes go to Aschersleben, Halberstadt, Bernburg (Saale), Halle (Saale) and even Leipzig. Its water quality is particularly good; water hardness averages 3° on the German hardness scale. So the water is ideal for use for steam generation and washing. The reservoir also contributes to generation of hydro-electric power to a small extent.
	There is a viewing point on the "Rotestein" with information boards about the reservoir and the surrounding area. "Rotestein" means "red rock", the name being derived from the colour of the diabase material of which it is composed. Before the reservoir was created, these rocks dominated the old route between Hasselfelde and Rübeland where it crossed the Rappbode on a stone bridge that is now drowned by the reservoir. The "Rotestein" is checkpoint 54 in the Harzer Wandernadel hiking network. It may be reached on foot from the car park on the B 81, around 800 metres SE.
	There is another good, but more remote viewing point on cliffs overlooking the reservoir at "Rappbodeblick" about 3 kilometres N of Hasselfelde as the crow flies. It is checkpoint no. 56 in the Harzer Wandernadel hiking network.

= = = Armand Mattelart = = =

	Armand Mattelart (born January 8, 1936) is a Belgian sociologist and well known as a Leftist French scholar. His work deals with media, culture and communication, specially in their historical and international dimensions.
	After finishing his undergraduate studies Mattelart joined a community of secular monks in Brittany for one year, but went on to study Law and Political Science at the Catholic University of Louvain. Afterwards he studied demography at the Institute of Demographic Studies in Paris (founded by the influential left intellectual Alfred Sauvy, who in 1952 coined the term Third World). Upon finishing his studies he was appointed as an expert on the politics of population by the Vatican, and in 1962 was sent to the Universidad Católica de Chile. While in Chile he married Michèle Mattelart.
	While in Chile Mattelart was appointed to confront from a catholic spiritual perspective the strategic models for family planning which were at the time being pushed by the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations and the Alianza para el Progreso (Alliance for Progress—a US official aid program). The US family planning model aimed to limit the natality to "improve the lives of the inhabitants of the continent" and of course in conflict with the Catholic teachings. The revolutionary transformations in Latin America post-1960 require that the Church enter the ideological fray and develop communication strategies applied to "ideological, political and social struggles" to create ideological and political alternatives to atheist communism or the "protestant North American imperialism".
	While always based at the Catholic Univ. of Chile, Mattelart underwent a transformation in his thoughts and beliefs. He initiated a collaboration with the Centro de Estudios de la Realidad Nacional (CEREN) (Center for the Study of the National Reality), founded in 1968 under the auspices of the Catholic Univ. Jacques Chonchol was CEREN's director (also an important ideolog with MAPU—a left offshoot of the Christian Democrats which was also part of the Unidad Popular government). CEREN's first research conducted by Armando Mattelart, Michèle Mattelart, Mabel Paccini, et al., had to do with a structural left analysis of the liberal press, the "celebrity" publications, the pseudo-amorous magazines. Mattelart primarily studied El Mercurio, the principal liberal newspaper. This was the starting-point of his lifelong involvement with the history of communications.
	The Cuadernos de la Realidad Nacional (Notebooks of the National Reality), CEREN's publication, became the principal ideological generators and emitters during the social democratic government of Salvador Allende (1970–1973). The journal was similar to the French post-structuralist model, and it was primarily aimed to analyze the political economy of the mass media. Under this rubric, Mattelart and Ariel Dorfman published in 1971 the famous pamphlet: "Para leer al Pato Donald, manual de descolonización antinorteamericana" ("How to read "Donald Duck", a manual for American de-colonization"), where they provided a Marxist structural analysis of global forms of American consumer capitalism. The pamphlet denounces "Yankee media penetration" through an assessment of Disney as global ideological conveyor of American liberal - and increasingly neoliberal - values. The book analyzed the celebrated family of ducks and presented them as nasty agents of the North American cultural imperialism. This book enjoyed great publicity and it became one of the best-selling books in Latin America during the 1970s, largely because of American-centered interventions in Latin America and repeated efforts by American political, economic, and paramilitary assets to undermine the democratically elected government in Chile.
	After the Chilean coup of 1973, Mattelart returned to France where (at age 37) he had to restart his academic career—he became a visiting scholar at the University of Paris VIII Saint-Denis. He later became a full professor of Science of Information and Communication—a topic on which he later became a theoretician. In 1974, he worked on "La Espiral", a film justifying the Chilean route to socialism. Between 1983 and 1997 he has been Professor of Information and Communication Sciences at the University of Rennes 2 – Upper Brittany, and in the postgraduate program at Paris III (Nouvelle Sorbonne) -Rennes 2. Between 1997-2004, he has been Professor at the Université of Paris VIII. Since September 2004, he is Professor Emeritus.

= = = Self-Titled Long-Playing Debut Album = = =

	Self-Titled Long-Playing Debut Album is the first album released by +/-. It was written, performed and recorded almost entirely by former Versus guitarist James Baluyut, with his Versus bandmate Patrick Ramos playing additional drums on the album. Baluyut used the recording of the album to experiment with techniques such as 5-4 time and sampling. Upon release the album was acclaimed for its fusion of indie-rock song structures with electronica production techniques, and it was compared favourably to work by The Microphones and The Notwist. The track "All I do" was later featured in the soundtrack for the film Wicker Park.

= = = The Discovery of France = = =

	The Discovery of France: A Historical Geography, from the Revolution to the First World War is a book by Graham Robb. It was published in September 2007 in the United Kingdom by Picador and in October 2007 in the United States by W. W. Norton and Company. The book, a result of cycling 14,000 miles around France coupled with four years of research, is an in-depth examination of French national identity as seen through the diverse cultures and languages contained within the country.
	Writing for "The Guardian", historian Andrew Hussey described it as an "elegant, entertaining and occasionally brilliant overview of France past and present", noting that despite Robb's academic background in French literature, it is written in the style of an accomplished novelist, and lamented that the "discovery" of this element of French history was identified by an English writer, and was yet to be "discovered" by the French themselves. In the "Boston Globe", Richard Eder suggested that the time spent on the bicycle provided Robb with a fresh approach to telling the history of France, but the four years he spent in the library meant there was a "conscientious pursuit" of detail within the book, covering such a wide variety of topics such as road building, touring, postcards, seaside development, spas, cave exploration, marsh reclamation, and the mountaineering vogue, which weighed the book down and detracted from the core themes.
	On April 28, 2008, the book was awarded the £10,000 Ondaatje Prize by the Royal Society of Literature in London. It also won the 2007 Duff Cooper Prize, earning Robb £5,000.
	It has been translated into French under the title of Une Histoire buissonnière de la France, published by "Libres Champs" and into Dutch under the title De ontdekking van Frankrijk by "Atlas" and "Olympos".

= = = Saint Vincent and the Grenadines passport = = =

	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines passports are issued to citizens of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines to travel outside the country. Since April 2005, the new issued passports comply with the CARICOM common passports.
	As of 1 January 2017, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 127 countries and territories, ranking the Saint Vincent and the Grenadines passport 36th in terms of travel freedom (tied with Macao, Panamanian and Saint Lucian passports) according to the Henley visa restrictions index.

= = = Chief of Air Staff (Pakistan) = = =

	The Chief of the Air Staff () (reporting name: CAS), is a military appointment and a statutory office held by an Air Chief Marshal in the Pakistan Air Force, who is appointed by the Prime Minister of Pakistan and final confirmation by the President of Pakistan. The CAS is the highest-ranking officer of the Pakistan Air Force and only pilots are appointed in this post.
	The Chief of the Air Staff is a senior most military appointment in the Pakistani military who is a senior member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee in a separate capacity, usually providing necessary consultation to the Chairman joint chiefs to act as a principal military adviser to the Prime Minister and its civilian government in the line of defending and guarding the nations's .
	The Chief of Air Staff exercise its responsibility of command and control of the operational, administration, combatant, logistics, and training commands within the Air Force, as an oppose to its U.S. Air Force's Chief of Staff. Due to its statue, the Chief of Air Staff maintain its importance of providing the and final decision-making issues relating the nation's national security.
	The appointment, in principle, is constitutionally subjected for three years but extensions may be granted by the President upon recommendations and approvals from the Prime Minister. The Chief of Air Staff is based on the Air AHQ, and the current Chief of Air Staff is Air Chief Marshal Mujahid Anwar Khan.
	The Pakistan Air Force was created from the partition of the Royal Indian Air Force after the partition of India in 1947, and were commanded by the appointments approved by the British Air Council. The position was then-known as the Commander in Chief who would directly reported to the Governor-General who was also under British monarchs. At first, the office was held by the two-star rank air officer, an Air Vice Marshal, and later upgraded to a three-star rank, Air Marshal. The British Air Council continued making the appointment at the command level until 1957, when Pakistan had promoted a local air officer to the commanding position.
	On 20 March 1972, the title of the office was changed from "Commander in Chief" to the "Chief of Air Staff" with Air Marshal Zafar Chaudhry being appointed as the first person to hold the latter title. The Air Force had its first four-star rank officer, an Air Chief Marshal, in 1974. The term of the superannuation was then constrained to three years in the office as opposed to four years and air chief was made a permanent member of Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee. Since 1974, there has been 14 four-star rank air force officers who have commanded the air force as its air chief.
	The Chief of Air Staff is nominated and appointed by the Prime Minister whose appointment is then confirmed by the President. The air force leadership is based in the Air AHQ in Islamabad, at the vicinity of the Navy NHQ.
	The Chief of Air Staff leads the functions of the Air AHQ, assisted by the civilians from the Air Force Secretariat-II of the Ministry of Defence (MoD). The Chief of Air Staff exercise its responsibility of complete operational, training and logistics commands. In addition, the Air chief has several staff officers:
	Rank insignia of the whole PAF was changed from Tanvir Mahmood Ahmed.
	The Vice Chief of Air Staff (VCAS) is the post that is principal deputy and second-in-command (S-in-C) of the Pakistan Air Force, reporting under the Chief of Air Staff. The post is usually held by an Air Marshal, a three-star rank air force general, who is responsible for flight safety, intelligence, procurement, public relations, and the Air War College.

= = = Church of the Annunciation, Cincinnati = = =

	The Church of the Annunciation is located at 3547 Clifton Avenue at Resor Street in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. The Church is located in the Clifton neighborhood. It is part of the Clifton Avenue Historic District. This historic parish was founded, in February 1910, the present church was completed in August 1930. This church was designed by Boston architect Edward T. P. Graham, who was active in both the Archdiocese of Boston and the Archdiocese of Cincinnati in the first half of the 20th century.

= = = Ridge, Dorset = = =

	Ridge is a village in the English county of Dorset. It is situated on the south bank of the River Frome, about half a mile due south east of the town of Wareham.
	Ridge forms part of the civil parish of Arne, within the Purbeck local government district.
	A wharf on the River Frome at Ridge was once a major transhipment point for Purbeck Ball Clay. The clay was brought to the wharf by the Furzebrook Railway, and transferred to barges for the voyage to Poole Harbour. The railway is now abandoned, and the wharf has become a marina.

= = = 1992 Ürümqi bombings = = =

	On 5 February 1992, four bombs exploded in public buildings and on two buses, line 2 and line 30, in Urumqi, Xinjiang, China. The bombings resulted in three deaths and 23 injuries.
	Continuing tensions in Xinjiang have been a source of terrorism in China. Conflicts over Uyghur cultural aspirations resurfaced during the 1960s. 

= = = Ahven-class minesweeper = = =

	The "Ahven"-class minesweepers () was a series of six minesweepers of the Finnish Navy. The ships were constructed in 1937 at the "Turun veneveistämö" shipyard and saw service during World War II.
	The ships were later used as the basis for the design of the . The "Ahven" class was scrapped in 1961.

= = = Christian Timm = = =

	Christian Timm (born 27 February 1979) is a German football striker who is currently a free agent.
	Starting his career at Dortmund in 1996 he managed just 15 appearances for the club and eventually moved to 2. Fußball-Bundesliga club 1. FC Köln where he went on to make 65 appearances in his three years at the club scoring 15 goals and helping the club gain promotion into the Bundesliga. He was tipped for national team selection but a series of injuries meant he was regularly out of action. In 2002, he moved to 1. FC Kaiserslautern and then on to SpVgg Greuther Fürth two years later where he made over 81 appearances for the club and netted 21 goals.
	His good performances attracted several Bundesliga clubs and Timm decided to move to Karlsruher SC in July 2007, where he signed a three-year contract. On 27 June 2009, his contract was extended until 30 June 2012. In July 2011, the club told Timm that he will not be part of the squad any longer, yet all subsequent attempts to reach mutual consent on an earlier termination of his contract failed. Timm made use of his right to participate in the training sessions but he had not been given a shirt number for the 2011–12 season. He was restored to the squad but was released by KSC at the end of the season

= = = Chaoyang Park = = =

	Chaoyang Park () is a park located on the site of the former Prince's Palace in Beijing's Chaoyang District.
	The park's construction began in 1984 and it became Beijing's largest park. It is approximately 2.8 km in length and approximately 1.5 km in width. It has a total area of 288.7 hectares, and a water surface area of 68.2 hectares. The majority of land in the park is used as green space.
	It features flower gardens, fairground with rides, including a roller coaster, landscaped areas and several large swimming pools. Bicycles and boats may also be hired at various locations in the park.
	The Beijing Great Wheel, a tall giant Ferris wheel, was to have been constructed at Chaoyang Park, but went into receivership in 2010.
	Since 2005, the Beijing Pop Festival, featuring Chinese and international musical acts, has been held at Chaoyang Park each September.
	A temporary beach volleyball stadium was constructed at Chaoyang Park to host the beach volleyball events of the 2008 Summer Olympics, using sand shipped in from Hainan island.

= = = Bill Schuffenhauer = = =

	Bill Schuffenhauer (born June 24, 1973) is an American bobsledder who has competed since 2000. Competing in three Winter Olympics, he won the silver medal in the four-man event at Salt Lake City in 2002.
	Bill grew up in Salt Lake City, Utah and as a child, his mother was a prostitute and drug addict who was often beaten in front of him. He had to steal, to eat from trash cans, and once was caught trying to break into a bicycle store to try to steal something to sell for food.
	The few friends he had were mostly in street gangs, and Bill drank and smoked cannabis often. His mother was often evicted, and he lived in foster homes. Schuffenhauer's maternal grandmother, Sadie Muniz, took him in as he was about to enter junior high in Roy, Utah. "She reminded me to never give up and always push on," he said.
	Because of his grandmother's influence, he began going to school and started to participate in track and field at Roy High School, due to his great speed. He persevered to become an Olympian, and his coaches encouraged him greatly as well. He soon became a decathlete. He went to Weber State University and there he won the junior nationals in 1992. Additionally he played American football in high school.
	Schuffenhauer's Olympics dream as a track and field athlete came to an end in 2000. While training for Sydney, he suffered a bad ankle injury and he could barely walk. When his friend told him that the U.S. Olympic team was practicing bobsledding in Park City, he took the chance to go and observe. While there, the team members noticed his 6-foot, 200 pound frame and asked him he wanted to be a pusher. He accepted and trained with the team from then on.
	He was not originally slated to be a regular member, but was promoted when one of the U.S. four-man team members tested positive for steroids. That crew, piloted by Todd Hays, won a silver medal at the Salt Lake Games.
	At the 2006 Winter Olympics in Torino, Italy, Bill's two-man team placed 14th, after which he retired. He had two children and he felt responsible for them. Bobsledders earn only a meager amount, but Bill made the tough decision to continue to aspire for qualification for Vancouver. He fought through a neck injury (2 herniated disks) with the help of a chiropractor and a team physician.
	In January 2010, in St. Moritz, Switzerland, Bill and his 3 USA teammates placed sixth and qualified for Vancouver and it was officially announced on January 17, 2010 that Bill's team would represent the United States at Vancouver. They finished 13th in the four-man event.
	"The dream is happening right now. I'm here. That's all I wanted," he said. Then he added, "It would be nice to get a medal of any color."

= = = Trams in New Zealand = = =

	Trams in New Zealand were a major form of transport from the 19th century into the mid-20th century. New Zealand's first (horse) tramway was established in 1862 (Nelson), followed by a steam tramway in 1871 (Thames), and the first electric tramway in 1900 (Maori Hill, Dunedin). The tram systems in the main centres, and in some smaller towns, were soon electrified. By the 1950s, all systems were in the process of being replaced by trolley-buses or buses. The last tram service closed in 1964, in Wellington. A tram running parallel with a public road opened in Western Springs, Auckland, in 1980 and a central city loop line in Christchurch in 1995. Both are heritage lines.
	Some moves are proceeding to extend tram use in New Zealand again. In Auckland, the MOTAT line was extended in 2006–07 to reach a second site of the museum, and the former Auckland Regional Council promoted the creation of an Auckland waterfront tram line, originally with MOTAT vehicles, but will initially operate former Melbourne trams leased from Bendigo Tramways Company Limited. The Auckland Tramway Limited opened 6 August 2011 with the support of Waterfront Auckland (later merged into Panuku Development Auckland) and the new Auckland Council.
	In Christchurch, the city loop is currently operating on a limited circuit after being reopened 27 November 2013 following the Christchurch earthquake of 2011 which halted services while the CBD was closed off. The tramway was being extended in several small stages starting late 2000s and was nearly complete when the 2011 earthquake struck. While these proposals are all officially heritage / tourist lines, there is some investigation into later extension or conversion for normal transport use. This line was extended in 2014 with the reopening of the full pre-earthquake circuit and the opening of the nearly complete extension through the mall and High Street.
	In 1862 the first horse tramway in New Zealand, between Nelson and the port, opened as part of the Dun Mountain Railway, built to export ore from the mine in the hills above Nelson. Other horse-drawn tram systems were built on the West Coast of the South Island, where a gold rush started in 1864.
	Horse-drawn lines also opened in the main centres; Auckland and Devonport in 1886, Dunedin 1879, Christchurch 1880 and Dunedin 1879.
	At Grahamstown (now Thames) in the North Island where gold had also been found, a steam tramway to Tararu was opened on 2 December 1871, but closed on 11 November 1874, due to 'not sufficient traffic'. A steam locomotive for the tramway was built at Mechanics Bay in 1872 by Fraser and Tinne.
	Other steam systems were opened in Devonport, Wellington and Christchurch.
	The first electric tram ran to Maori Hill, Dunedin in 1900, and the tram systems in the main centres were all electrified in the 1900s.
	Dunedin also had several Cable Car lines to various suburbs and Wellington still has the Wellington Cable Car (actually a funicular) to Kelburn.
	Most twentieth-century systems were electric with overhead wires, apart from the Takapuna (Auckland) steam tramway (1910–1927) and Gisborne, which had two battery-electric trams (1913–1929). The only system to be closed during this period was Napier, in 1931 after the Napier earthquake. Several long suburban lines were replaced by buses, e.g. Christchurch City to Richmond, Burwood and North Beach in 1934, and to Linwood in 1936.
	During the 1950s and early 1960s all the tramway systems were replaced by buses or trolleybuses: Wanganui (1950), Invercargill (1952), Christchurch and New Plymouth (1954), Auckland and Dunedin (1956) and Wellington (1964). This followed a general international trend, especially in North American and British cities. The traditional tram systems of the period were perceived as a slow and outdated means of transport, characterised by inflexible routes and expensive infrastructure maintenance. In Wellington there was significant opposition to the closure of the last tramway system in New Zealand, and the final decision to disestablish the remaining lines followed on a public referendum in 1959.
	All trolleybus systems in New Zealand have now been closed: Christchurch (1956), New Plymouth (1967), Auckland (1980), Dunedin (1982) and Wellington (2017).
	Auckland City had a private company operating horse-drawn trams from 1884. The Auckland Electric Tram Company's system was officially opened on 17 November 1902, but public service was delayed because three of the motormen, from Sydney, Australia, had been drowned in the SS Elingamite shipwreck near Three Kings Islands on 9 November 1902. Public service commenced on 23 November 1902 and continued to 29 December 1956.
	With services running from downtown at the Waitematā Harbour, across to Onehunga on the Manukau Harbour, Auckland had the world's only 'coast to coast' tramway system. The Electric Tram Company started as a private company before being acquired by Auckland City Council. The resulting council owned entity was required to run services outside the borders of Auckland City.
	In 1938, a circular trolleybus route opened, operating from Queen Street - Wyndham Street - Hobson Street - Victoria Street and servicing the Farmers department store in Hobson Street. Trolleybuses may have been chosen for this service because the corner of Queen Street and Wyndham Street was too sharp and steep for trams. Electric trams operated a similar Farmers department store connection from a terminus stop in Beresford Street off Pitt Street along Hobson Street to a terminus stop in Wyndham Street.
	From 1949 a modernisation programme saw the electric tram routes being replaced by trolleybuses, commencing with the Herne Bay route and with trolleybuses eventually replicating the entire network by December 1956 when the last electric tram ran.
	While the introduction of two light rail lines became a government commitment in 2018, as of there are only two tram services in Auckland, the Western Springs Tramway and the Wynyard loop tram. Both are heritage systems. The Western Springs Tramway runs between two MOTAT museum sites. The tracks run parallel to part of the original Point Chevalier tram route on Great North Road, but they were not part of the original system.
	Also known as the Wynyard Quarter tram and Dockline Tram. Operates on a circuit close to downtown Auckland. The route consists of the loop Halsey Street, Gaunt Street, Daldy Street and Jellicoe Street. There have been proposals to extend this in the future. The service was promoted and funded by the former Auckland Regional Council and now by Panuku Development Auckland. The tramway is operated by Auckland Tramways, administered by Panuku Development Auckland. Trams commenced testing and crew training on Friday 29 July 2011. The system was opened on 6 August 2011, prior to the 2011 Rugby World Cup.
	Three former Melbourne trams have been used. X1 class 466, (was for a time 2011-2017 renumbered ATL 257), is being leased from the Newstead Trams based at Bendigo Tramways and arrived at the Ports of Auckland by ship 8 June 2011 and was delivered to the new tram shed 15 June 2011. From 2011 until 2015, Melbourne W2 class 421, then numbered ATL 258 was leased from Bendigo. In July 2015, SW6 model trams 852 and 881 arrived from Melbourne after becoming surplus to requirements. In September 2011, MOTAT's Western Springs Tramway loaned restored 1906 Auckland tram No.44 for the Auckland Heritage Festival and through the summer 2011/12. No.44 was loaned again in September and early October 2012.
	The Dockline Tramway has closed a number of times for the gentrification of streets around Wynyard Quarter which have involved relevelling the roads. For instance in until October 2014, and again from mid 2015 until late 2016 while Gaunt Street and the southern end of Daldy Street were gentrified. In April 2017, trams ran on a short section of the line while roadworks and gentrification took place in Halsey Street and Daldy Street, including watergardens and realignment of the tramway along the reinstated Daldy Street. The Tramway was suspended indefinitely on 5 August 2018 due to Panuku selling an area that included part of its tracks to a developer, but was given a reprieve on 22 November 2018 with Auckland Councillors voting to reinstate the full original loop and have the tram running for Americas Cup 2021, then review its future.
	Devonport on Auckland's North Shore had a horse tramway from September 1886 to 1888 running to Cheltenham Beach. The tramway utilised wooden rails and failed financially after two years.
	A steam tramway operated between Bayswater and Milford on Auckland's North Shore. It travelled along Lake Road, through Takapuna and circled Lake Pupuke between 22 December 1910 and 26 April 1927. The steam tram trailers had been built so that they could be converted to electric operation, to a similar design to Auckland M & L type trams. The carriages were hauled by 13" steam motors, built by Baldwin Locomotive Works of Philadelphia. The tramway struggled financially, and closed after 16 years. The carriages were sold to Wanganui and Dunedin and converted to electric trams and the steam tram boilers sold for other uses. A single trailer, which became a Dunedin electric tram "Takapuna" No.66, is the sole survivor, at the Otago Early Settlers Museum.
	Christchurch had steam and horse trams from 1880, then electric trams from 6 June 1905 to 11 September 1954. They were replaced by trolleybuses and motor buses. A Christchurch heritage tram line was established in the city centre on a loop track in 1995, and reopened on a limited circuit in November 2013 after being temporarily non-operational following the Christchurch earthquake of 2011, which interrupted tramway services while the CBD was cordoned off. The Tramway reopened November 27, 2013 on a combination of the original route and an extension that was in progress at the time of the earthquakes. There are plans to extend the route in 2014 to include the full pre-earthquake circuit and the extension through the Re:Start Mall and High Street which was nearly complete when the February 2011 earthquake struck.
	In Dunedin electric trams operated on several routes from 23 October 1900 (Maori Hill) and 24 December 1903 (municipal service, to Normanby & Gardens) to 29 March 1956, and were replaced by trolleybuses and buses.
	Gisborne had Edison-Beach battery-electric trams from 13 April 1913 to 8 July 1929. There were two trams from the Federal Storage Battery Car Co, New Jersey and two from Boon & Co, Christchurch. AR Harris of Christchurch was the New Zealand agent for Edison Batteries. The trams were slow; their maximum speed was 32 km/hour, and initially they were restricted by the Public Works Department to 16 km/hour. There were two inland routes: Ormond Rd, and Gladstone Rd to Te Hapara (Lytton Rd). They were replaced by buses, following a close referendum in 1928.
	Auckland Weekly News had photos of the interior and exterior of trams at the 1913 opening.
	Invercargill had the southernmost tram system in the world, horse trams 1881–1908, electric trams from 26 March 1912 to 10 September 1952. They were replaced by buses.
	Construction began in January 1911 and lines to Waikiwi and Georgetown opened on 26 March 1912. Later that year two more lines opened, to North Invercargill and South Invercargill; the latter was the southernmost electrified street tram line in the world and ran to Tramway Road. The network operated as two routes: Route A between Georgetown and Waikiwi and Route B between North and South Invercargill. The Waikiwi line closed in 1947, though a section remained in operation until 1951. The Georgetown route closed on 2 July 1951, but the section to Rugby Park Stadium remained open until August 1951. The South Invercargill line closed on 31 May 1952. The last route, to North Invercargill, closed on 10 September 1952.
	Napier had electric trams to Port Ahuriri, from 8 September 1913 to 3 February 1931. The system was damaged by the Napier earthquake on 3 February 1931, and was never restored, being replaced by buses.
	New Plymouth had an electric tram service from 10 March 1916 to 23 July 1954, operated by the New Plymouth Corporation Tramways and reputedly the smallest municipality in the world to operate trams on the overhead electricity system. There were two main routes, through the town centre from the Port to Fitzroy, and from the town centre to David Street, Westown. In 1924 a short line was built to Pukekura Park (this closed in 1937) and proposals were also made for lines to Vogletown and Frankleigh Park.
	In 1950 the Westown route was replaced with a fleet of 4 Crossley trolleybuses in 1950, in turn being replaced with diesel buses in October 1967. The Port-Fitzroy route was replaced directly by diesel buses in 1954.
	There were 10 trams, 4 single-truck Boon cars (No.s 1–4), 3 Double-truck Boon cars (Nos 5–6 and 10) and 3 Birney Safety Cars introduced in 1921 (Nos. 7–9). These all lasted until closure of the system, at which time the bodies were auctioned off and sold. Only one tram body survives (Birney No 8) and is currently in Wanganui.
	Whanganui, then known as Wanganui had electric trams from 11 December 1908 to 24 September 1950. The service went two ways from the city centre, inland to Aramoho and out to Castlecliff and the Port. The Castlecliff route competed with the Castlecliff railway and the success of the trams at winning patronage led to the cancellation of passenger trains in April 1932. The trams were replaced by buses.
	Wanganui tram No.12 was restored in West Auckland by Dave Harre and his team and gifted to the people of Whanganui The Tramways Whanganui Trust has united the body onto a former Brussels Brill 21e type four-wheel truck, and plans to renovate Wanganui tram No.8 and New Plymouth Birney No.8. 120m of tramline has been laid alongside the Whanganui river between the new tram shed towards the berth of the PS Waimarie and due to be opened for demonstrations and rides once the appropriate Rail Operator Licences have been granted. Further extensions are planned.
	Wellington had steam then horse trams from 1878, then electric trams from 30 June 1904 to 2 May 1964. They were replaced by trolleybuses and buses. Wellington now has the only funicular cable car line operating in New Zealand.
	The Wellington Tramway Museum preserves and operates a collection of Wellington trams at The Kapiti Coast Electric Tramway, Queen Elizabeth Park, MacKays Crossing near Paekakariki on the Kapiti Coast. Planning for a light rail system is underway.
	Other horse-drawn tram systems were built on the West Coast of the South Island, where a gold rush started in 1864. The main towns, Greymouth, Westport, Hokitika and Ross, and smaller settlements like Brighton, Charleston, Kamiere and Kumara had wooden tramways. Publican John Behan of Charleston, now a ghost town, petitioned the Canterbury Provincial Council in 1870 for compensation after the rerouting of a wooden tramway along a branch road removed most of his stalwart drinkers. The 'bush tram' from Greymouth to Kumara took three hours, and during the trip passengers had to cross the Taramakau River in a cage or 'flying fox' suspended from a cable see photo c1880. These tramways were for freight and passengers. There were few roads on the Coast, and tramway owners were entitled to charge a toll to pedestrians walking along the tracks. The gauges varied from to , with wooden rails (see Stewart and May). Some of these were "bush tramways", similar to other systems used to carry timber out of the bush.
	The American firms of J G Brill, Philadelphia and John Stephenson Co, New Jersey supplied many trams, as well as other firms; English, Australian and local. Birney Safety cars were supplied by J.G. Brill Co. to Invercargill (6) and New Plymouth (3) in 1921, though they were too wide for Napier. Gordon Coates, then Minister of Transport was in New Plymouth for a test run on the new trams. When the driver showed how the 'dead man's control' worked by lifting his hand off the controller, the Minister and all were thrown to the floor when it nose dived on its front wheels then slumped back on the track with a shudder.
	A distinctive feature of many Australasian trams was the "drop-centre", a lowered central section between bogies (wheel-sets), to make passenger access easier by reducing the number of steps required to get inside of the vehicle.
	Californian combination cars had an enclosed centre section, with open-sided sections at each end. Hong Kong or toast rack (toastrack) cars were open, with the roof supported by a row of stanchions on each side. Most electric trams were single-deck, but Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and initially Dunedin had some open-top double-deck trams. These were popular with courting couples! The Wellington Fiducia trams had access at each end only, with no separate middle section or centre doors.
	The Engineers of the Auckland Electric Tramway Company, BET Company designed their own tramcars, earlier models were built by Brush Engineering in Loughborough, construction post the Great War was exclusively by Auckland Coach Builders and increasingly the Tramway's own workshops at Royal Oak on Manukau Road. Rear entrance Dinghy "A type" four wheelers, and toast rack trams were trialled in the early years and a small number of C type double deckers used until the 1920s. The "Combo" or B type design pretty much laid the basic design of Auckland tram down from 1902. Entrances at either end, platform steps within the bodyline of the tramcar. The in-house design progression moved to the addition of windscreens, a separate Motorman's compartment from the M type in 1908 and a seat design and layout for 52 seated passengers that remained standard until closure in 1956. Dalliance with riveted steel construction with the Art Deco "Semi-steel" N type in the 1920s which included butterfly [double set] destinations set in a V shape which could be read even when trams were parked bumper to bumper, double set saloon doorways a return to traditional wooden construction with the 1929/30 Big Cars with minor improvements to seating design and finally the 1930s Streamliner design, which had curving pillar frames, 7'6" over the chassis and 8' at the window sill level and reducing again to the roofline. The design change of the bodies was cosmetically pleasing, but still seated only 52 passengers on wooden seats. Six of the streamliners used EMB trucks imported from the UK, primarily where they were used under Double Deckers. The remainder used Brush Improved Trucks, a design little changed for 30 years which were the mainstay of the Auckland fleet.
	Trams were standard gauge (), except for Wellington and Gisborne, ; Dunedin, ; Napier and the Maori Hill (Dunedin) , the New Zealand railway gauge.
	There are several tram/transport museums with operating vintage trams:
	in 2015. BRTW have stated that restoration updates will be posted to their Facebook page.

= = = Alfapop = = =

	Alfapop (, transliteration for: "Alphapop") is a Serbian power pop band from Belgrade.
	The band was formed in 2000 under the name Tir na n'Og (after Tír na nÓg, the land of eternal youth in Irish mythology). Initially, the band performed Irish folk and Celtic rock, and released one Celtic rock-oriented album. In 2008, the band changed the name to Alfapop and turned towards power pop sound, releasing their second album in 2010.
	The band was formed in 2000 by a group of Irish music enthusiasts. At first mostly playing Irish folk and songs by The Pogues and Young Dubliners, they gained audience's attention. Having changed a number of members the band got a stable lineup featuring Jovana Vujnović (vocals), Jovan Dragumilo (guitar and vocals), Miroslav Kočić (violin), Damir Žigić (drums) and Ranko Radovanov (bass guitar).
	The band started recording their debut self-titled album in the autumn of 2005, and it was released in 2006 through One Records. The album featured songs both in English and Serbian language, with elements of punk rock and both Irish and Serbian folk music. Three promotional videos were recorded, for the tracks "Brodovi", "Danny Boy" and "River".
	In 2008, the band, now consisting of Vujnović, Dragumilo and Radovanov only, changed the name to Alfapop and started playing power pop, continuing, however, to perform songs they recorded as Tir na n'Og. In 2010, the band released the album "Alfapop" through Bulgarian record label AMAdea Records. The album featured nine songs in Serbian language, and the electronic music song "Fantasy", recorded by Vujnović, as the bonus track. Promotional videos were recorded for the songs "Sati" ("Hours") and "Hoću još" ("I Want More"). The song "Kao prvi put" ("Like the First Time") is a duet recorded with Charlie B singer Lazar Drecun.
	Soon after "Alfapop" release, Dragumilo stated that the band is planning to record a live album.

= = = Sarm East Studios = = =

	Sarm East Studios is a recording studio that was located on Osborn Street at the southern end of Brick Lane in east London.
	The studio was established by Jill Sinclair and her brother John Sinclair with the help of engineers Mike Stone and Gary Lyons in 1973. It was previously called The City of London Recording Studios.
	The studio played host to artists such as Queen, Madonna, the Clash, Depeche Mode, Rush, Yes, ABC, INXS, Frankie Goes to Hollywood, Seal and the Hoosiers.
	SARM East was later owned by SPZ Group, a holding company belonging to Jill Sinclair and her husband, producer Trevor Horn. It was closed down in the late 1990s, but Sarm Music Village belonging to SPZ group continues its legacy.
	The studio had an early Solid State Logic (SSL) 4000E mixing console and was one of the first studios in London to install one. The SSL replaced an earlier Trident console with Allison automation.
	Multitracks were twin Studer A80s (to be replaced later by Studer A800 Mk IIIs) with Dolby A and mixdown machine was a Studer A80 with a 1/2" headblock and Dolby A. Outboard gear included:

= = = 1997 Ürümqi bus bombings = = =

	On February 25, 1997, three bombs exploded on three buses (line 10, line 44, and line 2) in Ürümqi, Xinjiang, China. Nine people were killed, including at least three children, and a further 74 were injured. Another bomb in the south railway station (the main station in Ürümqi) failed to explode. Steel balls, screws, and nails were found in the bombs.
	Uyghur separatists had committed the bombings. Responsibility for the attacks was claimed and acknowledged by factions of certain diaspora Uyghurs.
	Continuing tensions in Xinjiang have been a source of terrorism in China. Conflicts over Uyghur cultural aspirations resurfaced during the 1960s. In early February 1997 the execution of 30 suspected separatists who had been involved in the organisation of Meshrep during Ramadan resulted in large demonstrations, which culminated in the Gulja incident on 5 February, in which at least nine protesters were killed.

= = = Shakespeare in performance = = =

	Thousand of performances of William Shakespeare's plays have been staged since the end of the 16th century. While Shakespeare was alive, many of his greatest plays were performed by the Lord Chamberlain's Men and King's Men acting companies at the Globe and Blackfriars Theatres. Among the actors of these original performances were Richard Burbage (who played the title role in the first performances of "Hamlet", "Othello", "Richard III" and "King Lear"), Richard Cowley, and William Kempe.
	Shakespeare's plays continued to be staged after his death until the Interregnum (1642–1660), when most public stage performances were banned by the Puritan rulers. After the English Restoration, Shakespeare's plays were performed in playhouses, with elaborate scenery, and staged with music, dancing, thunder, lightning, wave machines, and fireworks. During this time the texts were "reformed" and "improved" for the stage, an undertaking which has seemed shockingly disrespectful to posterity.
	Victorian productions of Shakespeare often sought pictorial effects in "authentic" historical costumes and sets. The staging of the reported sea fights and barge scene in "Antony and Cleopatra" was one spectacular example. Such elaborate scenery for the frequently changing locations in Shakespeare's plays often led to a loss of pace. Towards the end of the 19th century, William Poel led a reaction against this heavy style. In a series of "Elizabethan" productions on a thrust stage, he paid fresh attention to the structure of the drama. In the early 20th century, Harley Granville-Barker directed quarto and folio texts with few cuts, while Edward Gordon Craig and others called for abstract staging. Both approaches have influenced the variety of Shakespearean production styles seen today.
	The troupe for which Shakespeare wrote his earliest plays is not known with certainty; the title page of the 1594 edition of "Titus Andronicus" reveals that it had been acted by three different companies. After the plagues of 1592–93, Shakespeare's plays were performed by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a new company of which Shakespeare was a founding member, at The Theatre and the Curtain in Shoreditch, north of the Thames. Londoners flocked there to see the first part of "Henry IV", Leonard Digges recalling, "Let but Falstaff come, Hal, Poins, the rest ... and you scarce shall have a room". When the landlord of the Theatre announced that he would not renew the company's lease, they pulled the playhouse down and used the timbers to construct the Globe Theatre, the first London playhouse built by actors for actors, on the south bank of the Thames at Southwark. The Globe opened in autumn 1599, with "Julius Caesar" one of the first plays staged. Most of Shakespeare's greatest post-1599 plays were written for the Globe, including "Hamlet", "Othello" and "King Lear".
	The Globe, like London's other open-roofed public theatres, employed a thrust-stage, covered by a cloth canopy. A two-storey facade at the rear of the stage hid the tiring house and, through windows near the top of the facade, opportunities for balcony scenes such as the one in "Romeo and Juliet". Doors at the bottom of the facade may have been used for discovery scenes like that at the end of "The Tempest". A trap door in the stage itself could be used for stage business, like some of that involving the ghost in "Hamlet". This trapdoor area was called "hell", as the canopy above was called "heaven"
	Less is known about other features of staging and production. Stage props seem to have been minimal, although costuming was as elaborate as was feasible. The "two hours' traffic" mentioned in the prologue to "Romeo and Juliet" was not fanciful; the city government's hostility meant that performances were officially limited to that length of time. Though it is not known how seriously companies took such injunctions, it seems likely either that plays were performed at near-breakneck speed or that the play-texts now extant were cut for performance, or both.
	The other main theatre where Shakespeare's original plays were performed was the second Blackfriars Theatre, an indoor theatre built by James Burbage, father of Richard Burbage, and impresario of the Lord Chamberlain's Men. However, neighborhood protests kept Burbage from using the theater for the Lord Chamberlain's Men performances for a number of years. After the Lord Chamberlain's Men were renamed the King's Men in 1603, they entered a special relationship with the new court of King James. Performance records are patchy, but it is known that the King's Men performed seven of Shakespeare's plays at court between 1 November 1604 and 31 October 1605, including two performances of "The Merchant of Venice". In 1608 the King's Men (as the company was then known) took possession of the Blackfriars Theatre. After 1608, the troupe performed at the indoor Blackfriars Theatre during the winter and the Globe during the summer. The indoor setting, combined with the Jacobean vogue for lavishly staged masques, created new conditions for performance which enabled Shakespeare to introduce more elaborate stage devices. In "Cymbeline", for example, Jupiter descends "in thunder and lightning, sitting upon an eagle: he throws a thunderbolt. The ghosts fall on their knees." Plays produced at the indoor theater presumably also made greater use of sound effects and music.
	A fragment of the naval captain William Keeling's diary survives, in which he details his crew's shipboard performances of "Hamlet" (off the coast of Sierra Leone, 5 September 1607, and at Socotra, 31 March 1608), and "Richard II" (Sierra Leone, 30 September 1607). For a time after its discovery, the fragment was suspected of being a forgery, but is now generally accepted as genuine. These are the first recorded amateur performances of any Shakespeare plays.
	On 29 June 1613, the Globe Theatre went up in flames during a performance of "Henry VIII". A theatrical cannon, set off during the performance, misfired, igniting the wooden beams and thatching. According to one of the few surviving documents of the event, no one was hurt except a man who put out his burning breeches with a bottle of ale. The event pinpoints the date of a Shakespeare play with rare precision. Sir Henry Wotton recorded that the play "was set forth with many extraordinary circumstances of pomp and ceremony". The theatre was rebuilt but, like all the other theatres in London, the Globe was closed down by the Puritans in 1642.
	The actors in Shakespeare's company included Richard Burbage, Will Kempe, Henry Condell and John Heminges. Burbage played the leading role in the first performances of many of Shakespeare's plays, including "Richard III", "Hamlet", "Othello", and "King Lear". The popular comic actor Will Kempe played Peter in "Romeo and Juliet" and Dogberry in "Much Ado About Nothing", among other parts. He was replaced around the turn of the 16th century by Robert Armin, who played roles such as Touchstone in "As You Like It" and the fool in "King Lear". Little is certainly known about acting styles. Critics praised the best actors for their naturalness. Scorn was heaped on ranters and on those who "tore a passion to tatters", as Hamlet has it. Also with Hamlet, playwrights complain of clowns who improvise on stage (modern critics often blame Kemp in particular in this regard). In the older tradition of comedy which reached its apex with Richard Tarlton, clowns, often the main draw of a troupe, were responsible for creating comic by-play. By the Jacobean era, that type of humor had been supplanted by verbal wit.
	Shakespeare's plays continued to be staged after his death until the Interregnum (1642–1660), when most public stage performances were banned by the Puritan rulers. While denied the use of the stage, costumes and scenery, actors still managed to ply their trade by performing "drolls" or short pieces of larger plays that usually ended with some type of jig. Shakespeare was among the many playwrights whose works were plundered for these scenes. Among the drolls taken from Shakespeare were "Bottom the Weaver" (Bottom's scenes from "A Midsummer Night's Dream") and "The Grave-makers" (the gravedigger's scene from "Hamlet").
	At the Restoration in 1660, Shakespeare's plays were divided between the two newly licensed companies: the King's Company of Thomas Killigrew and the Duke's Men of William Davenant. The licensing system prevailed for two centuries; from 1660 to 1843, only two main companies regularly presented Shakespeare in London. Davenant, who had known early-Stuart actors such as John Lowin and Joseph Taylor, was the main figure establishing some continuity with earlier traditions; his advice to his actors is thus of interest as possible reflections of original practices.
	On the whole, though, innovation was the order of the day for Restoration companies. John Downes reports that the King's Men initially included some Caroline actors; however, the forced break of the Interregnum divided both companies from the past. Restoration actors performed on proscenium stages, often in the evening, between six and nine. Set-design and props became more elaborate and variable. Perhaps most noticeably, boy players were replaced by actresses. The audiences of comparatively expensive indoor theaters were richer, better educated, and more homogeneous than the diverse, often unruly crowds at the Globe. Davenant's company began at the Salisbury Court Theatre, then moved to the theater at Lincoln's Inn Fields, and finally settled in the Dorset Garden Theatre. Killigrew began at Gibbon's Tennis Court before settling into Christopher Wren's new theatre in Drury Lane. Patrons of both companies expected fare quite different from what had pleased Elizabethans. For tragedy, their tastes ran to heroic drama; for comedy, to the comedy of manners. Though they liked Shakespeare, they seem to have wished his plays to conform to these preferences.
	Restoration writers obliged them by adapting Shakespeare's plays freely. Writers such as William Davenant and Nahum Tate rewrote some of Shakespeare's plays to suit the tastes of the day, which favoured the courtly comedy of Beaumont and Fletcher and the neo-classical rules of drama. In 1681, Tate provided "The History of King Lear", a modified version of Shakespeare's original tragedy with a happy ending. According to Stanley Wells, Tate's version "supplanted Shakespeare's play in every performance given from 1681 to 1838," when William Charles Macready played Lear from a shortened and rearranged version of Shakespeare's text. "Twas my good fortune", Tate said, "to light on one expedient to rectify what was wanting in the regularity and probability of the tale, which was to run through the whole a love betwixt Edgar and Cordelia that never changed words with each other in the original".
	Tate's "Lear" remains famous as an example of an ill-conceived adaptation arising from insensitivity to Shakespeare's tragic vision. Tate's genius was not in language – many of his interpolated lines don't even scan – but in structure; his Lear begins brilliantly with the Edmund the Bastard's first attention-grabbing speech, and ends with Lear's heroic saving of Cordelia in the prison and a restoration of justice to the throne. Tate's worldview, and that of the theatrical world that embraced (and demanded) his "happy ending" versions of the Bard's tragic works (such as "King Lear" and "Romeo and Juliet") for over a century, arose from a profoundly different sense of morality in society and of the role that theatre and art should play within that society. Tate's versions of Shakespeare see the responsibility of theatre as a transformative agent for positive change by holding a moral mirror up to our baser instincts. Tate's versions of what we now consider some of the Bard's greatest works dominated the stage throughout the 18th century precisely because the Ages of Enlightenment and Reason found Shakespeare's "tragic vision" immoral, and his tragic works unstageable. Tate is seldom performed today, though in 1985, the Riverside Shakespeare Company mounted a successful production of "The History of King Lear" at The Shakespeare Center, heralded by some as a "Lear for the Age of Ronald Reagan."
	Perhaps a more typical example of the purpose of Restoration revisions is Davenant's "The Law Against Lovers", a 1662 comedy combining the main plot of "Measure for Measure" with subplot of "Much Ado About Nothing". The result is a snapshot of Restoration comic tastes. Beatrice and Benedick are brought in to parallel Claudio and Hero; the emphasis throughout is on witty conversation, and Shakespeare's thematic focus on lust is steadily downplayed. The play ends with three marriages: Benedick's to Beatrice, Claudio's to Hero, and Isabella's to an Angelo whose attempt on Isabella's virtue was a ploy. Davenant wrote many of the bridging scenes and recast much of Shakespeare's verse as heroic couplets.
	A final feature of Restoration stagecraft impacted productions of Shakespeare. The taste for opera that the exiles had developed in France made its mark on Shakespeare as well. Davenant and John Dryden worked "The Tempest" into an opera, "The Tempest, or The Enchanted Island"; their work featured a sister for Miranda, a man, Hippolito, who has never seen a woman, and another paired marriage at the end. It also featured many songs, a spectacular shipwreck scene, and a masque of flying cupids. Other of Shakespeare's works given operatic treatment included "A Midsummer Night's Dream" (as "The Fairy-Queen" in 1692) and Charles Gildon's "Measure for Measure" (by way of an elaborate masque.)
	However ill-guided such revisions may seem now, they made sense to the period's dramatists and audiences. The dramatists approached Shakespeare not as bardolators, but as theater professionals. Unlike Beaumont and Fletcher, whose "plays are now the most pleasant and frequent entertainments of the stage", according to Dryden in 1668, "two of theirs being acted through the year for one of Shakespeare's or Jonson's", Shakespeare appeared to them to have become dated. Yet almost universally, they saw him as worth updating. Though most of these revised pieces failed on stage, many remained current on stage for decades; Thomas Otway's Roman adaptation of "Romeo and Juliet", for example, seems to have driven Shakespeare's original from the stage between 1680 and 1744. It was in large part the revised Shakespeare that took the lead place in the repertory in the early 18th century, while Beaumont and Fletcher's share steadily declined.
	The 18th century witnessed three major changes in the production of Shakespeare's plays. In England, the development of the star system transformed both acting and production; at the end of the century, the Romantic revolution touched acting as it touched all the arts. At the same time, actors and producers began to return to Shakespeare's texts, slowly weeding out the Restoration revisions. Finally, by the end of the century Shakespeare's plays had been established as part of the repertory outside of Great Britain: not only in the United States but in many European countries.
	In the 18th century, Shakespeare dominated the London stage, while Shakespeare productions turned increasingly into the creation of star turns for star actors. After the Licensing Act of 1737, one fourth of the plays performed were by Shakespeare, and on at least two occasions rival London playhouses staged the very same Shakespeare play at the same time ("Romeo and Juliet" in 1755 and "King Lear" the next year) and still commanded audiences. This occasion was a striking example of the growing prominence of Shakespeare stars in the theatrical culture, the big attraction being the competition and rivalry between the male leads at Covent Garden and Drury Lane, Spranger Barry and David Garrick. In the 1740s, Charles Macklin, in roles such as Malvolio and Shylock, and David Garrick, who won fame as Richard III in 1741, helped make Shakespeare truly popular. Garrick went on to produce 26 of the plays at Drury Lane Theatre between 1747 and 1776, and he held a great Shakespeare Jubilee at Stratford in 1769. He freely adapted Shakespeare's work, however, saying of "Hamlet": "I had sworn I would not leave the stage till I had rescued that noble play from all the rubbish of the fifth act. I have brought it forth without the grave-digger's trick, Osrick, & the fencing match." Apparently no incongruity was perceived in having Barry and Garrick, in their late thirties, play adolescent Romeo one season and geriatric King Lear the next. 18th century notions of verisimilitude did not usually require an actor to be physically appropriate for a role, a fact epitomized by a 1744 production of "Romeo and Juliet" in which Theophilus Cibber, then forty, played Romeo to the Juliet of his teenaged daughter Jennie.
	Some of Shakespeare's work was performed in continental Europe even during his lifetime; Ludwig Tieck pointed out German versions of "Hamlet" and other plays, of uncertain provenance, but certainly quite old. but it was not until after the middle of the next century that Shakespeare appeared regularly on German stages. In Germany Lessing compared Shakespeare to German folk literature. Goethe organised a Shakespeare jubilee in Frankfurt in 1771, stating that the dramatist had shown that the Aristotelian unities were "as oppressive as a prison" and were "burdensome fetters on our imagination". Herder likewise proclaimed that reading Shakespeare's work opens "leaves from the book of events, of providence, of the world, blowing in the sands of time". This claim that Shakespeare's work breaks though all creative boundaries to reveal a chaotic, teeming, contradictory world became characteristic of Romantic criticism, later being expressed by Victor Hugo in the preface to his play "Cromwell", in which he lauded Shakespeare as an artist of the grotesque, a genre in which the tragic, absurd, trivial and serious were inseparably intertwined.
	Theatres and theatrical scenery became ever more elaborate in the 19th century, and the acting editions used were progressively cut and restructured to emphasize more and more the soliloquies and the stars, at the expense of pace and action. Performances were further slowed by the need for frequent pauses to change the scenery, creating a perceived need for even more cuts in order to keep performance length within tolerable limits; it became a generally accepted maxim that Shakespeare's plays were too long to be performed without substantial cuts. The platform, or apron, stage, on which actors of the 17th century would come forward for audience contact, was gone, and the actors stayed permanently behind the fourth wall or proscenium arch, further separated from the audience by the orchestra (see image at right).
	Victorian productions of Shakespeare often sought pictorial effects in "authentic" historical costumes and sets. The staging of the reported sea fights and barge scene in " Antony and Cleopatra" was one spectacular example. Too often, the result was a loss of pace. Towards the end of the century, William Poel led a reaction against this heavy style. In a series of "Elizabethan" productions on a thrust stage, he paid fresh attention to the structure of the drama.
	Through the 19th century, a roll call of legendary actors' names all but drown out the plays in which they appear: Sarah Siddons (1755–1831), John Philip Kemble (1757–1823), Henry Irving (1838–1905), and Ellen Terry (1847–1928). To be a star of the legitimate drama came to mean being first and foremost a "great Shakespeare actor", with a famous interpretation of, for men, Hamlet, and for women, Lady Macbeth, and especially with a striking delivery of the great soliloquies. The acme of spectacle, star, and soliloquy of Shakespeare performance came with the reign of actor-manager Henry Irving and his co-star Ellen Terry in their elaborately staged productions, often with orchestral incidental music, at the Lyceum Theatre, London from 1878 to 1902. At the same time, a revolutionary return to the roots of Shakespeare's original texts, and to the platform stage, absence of scenery, and fluid scene changes of the Elizabethan theatre, was being effected by William Poel's Elizabethan Stage Society.
	In the early 20th century, Harley Granville-Barker directed quarto and folio texts with few cuts, while Edward Gordon Craig and others called for abstract staging. Both approaches have influenced the variety of Shakespearean production styles seen today.
	The 20th century also saw a multiplicity of visual interpretations of Shakespeare's plays.
	Gordon Craig's design for "Hamlet" in 1911 was groundbreaking in its Cubist influence. Craig defined space with simple flats: monochrome canvases stretched on wooden frames, which were hinged together to be self-supporting. Though the construction of these flats was not original, its application to Shakespeare was completely new. The flats could be aligned in many configurations and provided a technique of simulating architectural or abstract lithic structures out of supplies and methods common to any theater in Europe or the Americas.
	The second major shift of 20th-century scenography of Shakespeare was in Barry Vincent Jackson's 1923 production of "Cymbeline" at the Birmingham Rep. This production was groundbreaking because it reintroduced the idea of modern dress back into Shakespeare. It was not the first modern-dress production since there were a few minor examples before World War I, but "Cymbeline" was the first to call attention to the device in a blatant way. Iachimo was costumed in evening dress for the wager, the court was in military uniforms, and the disguised Imogen in knickerbockers and cap. It was for this production that critics invented the catch phrase "Shakespeare in plus-fours". The experiment was moderately successful, and the director, H.K. Ayliff, two years later staged "Hamlet" in modern dress. These productions paved the way for the modern-dress Shakespearean productions that we are familiar with today.
	In 1936, Orson Welles was hired by the Federal Theatre Project to direct a groundbreaking production of "Macbeth" in Harlem with an all African American cast. The production became known as the Voodoo Macbeth, as Welles changed the setting to a 19th-century Haiti run by an evil king thoroughly controlled by African magic. Initially hostile, the black community took to the production thoroughly, ensuring full houses for ten weeks at the Lafayette Theatre and prompting a small Broadway success and a national tour.
	Other notable productions of the 20th century that follow this trend of relocating Shakespeare's plays are H.K. Ayliff's "Macbeth" of 1928 set on the battlefields of World War I, Welles' "Julius Caesar" of 1937 based on the Nazi rallies at Nuremberg, and Thacker's "Coriolanus" of 1994 costumed in the manner of the French Revolution.
	In 1978, a deconstructive version of "The Taming of the Shrew" was performed at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre. The main character walked through the audience toward the stage, acting drunk and shouting sexist comments before he proceeded to tear down (i.e., deconstruct) the scenery. Even after press coverage, some audience members still fled from the performance, thinking they were witnessing a real assault.
	The Royal Shakespeare Company in the UK has produced two major Shakespeare festivals in the twenty-first century. The first was the Complete Works (RSC festival) in 2006–2007, which staged productions of all of Shakespeare's plays and poems. The second is the World Shakespeare Festival in 2012, which is part of the London 2012 Cultural Olympiad, and features nearly 70 productions involving thousands of performers from across the world. More than half of these productions are part of the Globe to Globe Festival. Each of the productions in this festival has been reviewed by Shakespeare academics, theatre practitioners, and bloggers in a project called Year of Shakespeare.
	In May 2009, "Hamlet" opened with Jude Law in the title role at the Donmar Warehouse West End season at Wyndham's. He was joined by Ron Cook, Peter Eyre, Gwilym Lee, John MacMillan, Kevin R McNally, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Matt Ryan, Alex Waldmann and Penelope Wilton. The production officially opened on 3 June and ran through 22 August 2009. The production was also mounted at Elsinore Castle in Denmark from 25–30 August 2009 and on Broadway at the Broadhurst Theatre in New York.
	The Propeller company have taken all-male cast productions around the world. Phyllida Lloyd has continually staged all-female cast versions of Shakespeare in London.
	More than 420 feature-length film versions of Shakespeare's plays have been produced since the early 20th century, making Shakespeare the most filmed author ever. Some of the film adaptations, especially Hollywood movies marketed to teenage audiences, use his plots rather than his dialogue, while others are simply filmed versions of his plays.
	For centuries there had been an accepted style of how Shakespeare was to be performed which was erroneously labeled "Elizabethan" but actually reflected a trend of design from a period shortly after Shakespeare's death. Shakespeare's performances were originally performed in contemporary dress. Actors were costumed in clothes that they might wear off the stage. This continued into the 18th century, the Georgian period, where costumes were the current fashionable dress. It was not until centuries after his death, primarily the 19th Century, that productions started looking back and tried to be "authentic" to a Shakespearean style. The Victorian era had a fascination with historical accuracy and this was adapted to the stage in order to appeal to the educated middle class. Charles Kean was particularly interested in historical context and spent many hours researching historical dress and setting for his productions. This faux-Shakespearean style was fixed until the 20th century. As of the twenty-first century, there are very few productions of Shakespeare, both on stage and on film, which are still performed in "authentic" period dress, while as late as 1990, virtually every true film version of a Shakespeare play was performed in correct period costume. The first film in English to break this pattern was 1995's "Richard III" which updated the setting to the 1930s but changed none of Shakespeare's dialogue.

= = = Banjong Pisanthanakun = = =

	Bangjong Pisanthanakun () is a Thai filmmaker and screenwriter. He saw early success with his first two films, "Shutter" (2004) and "Alone" (2007), both horror films that he co-directed and co-wrote with Parkpoom Wongpoom. Since then he has directed films in a variety of genres, including the 2010 romantic comedy "Hello Stranger", the 2013 comedy horror romance film "Pee Mak" which became Thailand's highest grossing film of all time, the 2015 romantic melodrama film Heart Attack and the 2016 movie "One Day".
	Bangjong Pisanthankun graduated in 1999 from Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok, where he majored in film.
	He directed a short film, "Plae Kao", which was a finalist for best picture and best screenplay in the Click Radio comedy short film competition in 2000.
	He then wrote and directed "Colorblind", a short film that has been screened at many film festivals, including the Thai Short Film and Video Festival, the Asian Film Symposium, Raindance, Asiexpo in Lyon, France, Toronto Reel Asian, Puchon International Fantastic Film Festival and the San Francisco International Asian American Film Festival.
	He has worked as a film critic for "Starpics", a popular Thai film entertainment magazine, as well as an assistant director for television commercials.
	Bangjong's first feature film, "Shutter", was co-directed and co-written with Parkpoom Wongpoom. With a story about ghost images in photographs and a haunted photographer (portrayed by Ananda Everingham), the film was the biggest box-office hit in Thailand that year, and was also a hit in Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines and Brazil. "Shutter" has since been remade in three other languages, including the 2008 Hollywood film "Shutter".
	The two teamed up again in 2007 for "Alone", which also was a box-office hit and played at many film festivals, including the 2007 Bangkok International Film Festival, where it was in competition for Best ASEAN Film. "Alone" has been remade in two other languages.

= = = Walter Washington (educator) = = =

	Dr. Walter Washington (July 13, 1923 – December 1, 1999) was an American educator. He was born in Hazlehurst, Mississippi. In 1949, Washington married his college sweetheart, the former Carolyn Carter, who is a retired college professor. A daughter, Wendy Carol, was born in 1963 but died shortly after birth.
	Washington received the Bachelor of Arts degree from Tougaloo College; the Master of Science degree from Indiana University; the Education Specialist from Peabody College; a certificate in Alcoholic Studies from Yale University; the doctorate from the University of Southern Mississippi; and attended Harvard University's Institute for Educational Management in 1988. He also received the following honorary degrees: Doctor of Laws from Tougaloo College, Doctor of Laws from Indiana University, and Doctor of Science from Purdue University. Washington has also toured and studied the educational systems of Taiwan and seven African countries, sponsored by the Republic of China, and Africa.
	Washington was the first African-American to receive a doctorate in Mississippi.
	Washington retired from Alcorn State University in 1994 after 25 years of service. Prior to being appointed president of Alcorn in 1969, he was President of what was then Utica Junior College for twelve years. Before coming to Utica Junior College, he had been serving as principal of Sumner Hill in Clinton, Mississippi. The combined 37 years of continuous service made him the longest serving college president in Mississippi and around the nation.
	Washington held membership in several professional organizations, including Kappa Delta Phi, Phi Delta Kappa, and Alpha Kappa Mu Honorary Society. He served on boards and advisory councils in and out of the State, including the Board of Directors of Mississippi Power and Light Company, Entergy Corporation, Blue Cross Blue Shield of Mississippi, National Association for Equal Opportunity in Higher Education and the National Commission for Cooperative Education. He has also served as a member of the Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME), the Advisory Council of the National Urban League's Black Executive Exchange Program, the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, the President's Council of the State University Presidents, and the U.S. President's Advisory Council on Historically Black Colleges and Universities. He was a past president of the Mississippi Teachers Association and held membership in the Mississippi Association of Educators and the National Education Association.
	Washington was also a life member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity. He served two terms as Southern regional Vice President (1966–1971), and two terms as General President (1972–1976). He presided over the 70th Anniversary Convention of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity in Liberia, Africa in 1975. Additionally, he was a charter member of Beta Gamma Boule' of Sigma Pi Phi fraternity.
	Washington has received numerous honors and awards during his long and illustrious career. Among them, he has received the Silver Beaver Award from Boy Scouts of America, the Distinguished Service Award and Distinguished Alumni Award from Peabody College, the Service to Humanity Award from Mississippi College, and the State and National 4-H Alumnus Recognition Awards. In 1982, he was awarded the Outstanding Presidential Cluster Citation by President Ronald Reagan. He was inducted into the Hall of Fame of the University of Southern Mississippi Alumni Association; received an Award of Distinction in 1990 from the University of Mississippi; and received the 1993 George Washington Carver Public Service Hall of Fame Award from Tuskegee University. Buildings are named in his honor on the campuses of Alcorn State University, Tougaloo College, University of Southern Mississippi and Hinds Community College ( formerly Utica Junior College).
	Washington was named among Ebony Magazine's 100 Most Influential Black Americans in 1974, 1975 and 1976. He was named by the Jackson Daily News panel as one of the twelve most influential Mississippians during the decade of the 70's. Washington hosted President George W. Bush as keynote speaker for Alcorn's 118th commencement exercises in 1989. He received the Man of the Year Award, the Southern Region Outstanding Achievement Award, the Distinguished Educator's Award, the Distinguished Service Award, and the Southern Region Leadership Award from Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity. He was also selected as Man of the Year in Education in 1981 by Total Living for Fifty Plus.

= = = Parkpoom Wongpoom = = =

	Parkpoom Wongpoom () is a Thai filmmaker and screenwriter. With Banjong Pisanthanakun, he co-directed and co-wrote the hit 2004 Thai horror film, "Shutter", and the 2007 horror film, "Alone".
	Parkpoom Wongpoom graduated from the Department of Film and Video, Faculty of Communication Arts at Rangsit University in 2000.
	His first short film, the 8-minute "Luang Ta" ("Old Monk"), was shown at many film festivals, including the Thai Short Film and Video Festival, the Clermont-Ferrand International Short Film Festival, the Singapore International Film Festival and the Pusan International Short Film Festival. It won the Best Director and Best Thai Short Film awards at the Bangkok Film Festival in 2001.
	Parkpoom's second film, "In the Eyes", a 14-minute short about a boy's first sexual experience, was also featured at many festivals, including the Asiexpo in Lyon, France, the Puchon International Fantastic Film Festival, the Pusan International Film Festival, the Canadian World Wide Short Film Festival, Flickerfest in Australia and the Solothurn Film Festival.
	Parkpoom has also served as a short-films competition jury member on the 2004 Nokia Creative Arts Awards in Kuala Lumpur and the 2005 Bangkok International Film Festival.
	Parkpoom's first feature film, "Shutter", was co-directed and co-written with Banjong Pisanthanakun. With a story about ghost images in photographs and a haunted photographer (portrayed by Ananda Everingham), the film was the biggest box-office hit in Thailand that year, and was also a hit in Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines and Brazil.
	The two teamed up again in 2007 for "Alone", which also was a box-office hit and played at many film festivals, including the 2007 Bangkok International Film Festival, where it was in competition for Best ASEAN Film.
	Both "Shutter" and "Alone" have been optioned for remakes in the United States.

= = = UltimateCleaner = = =

	UltimateCleaner 2007 was a rogue anti-spyware program that created fake Windows security messages and other security warnings in order to trick users into believing that computer was infected with spyware threats and that they needed to purchase the full version of UltimateCleaner 2007 to remove the threat.

= = = Iron Tank = = =

	Iron Tank: The Invasion of Normandy, known as in Japan, is a 1988 top-view action shooting game produced by SNK for the Nintendo Entertainment System.
	This video game is based on SNKs 1985 arcade game "TNK III" (which was released as "TANK" in Japan). Set during the invasion of Normandy, the player takes control of a commando named Paul and codenamed SNAKE (Colonel Ralf in the Japanese version, who also appeared in "Ikari Warriors"), as he mans the titular Iron Tank to infiltrate the German stronghold. Within PAL-A regions, it was only released in Australia.
	"Iron Tank" is considered by some to be a spiritual successor to SNK's earlier game "Guerilla War" due to many similarities in gameplay, graphics and overall layout.
	The game opens with the titular tank landing on a beach, then advancing forward while fighting various enemies that include soldiers, officers, tanks of various types and fixed guns. In addition the player will have the opportunity to rescue captured soldiers (some of which give the player intel); and will have to negotiate various other obstacles and enemies such as armored trains, submarines, gunboats, land mines, airplane strafing runs, electric fences and gigantic rocket strikes.
	The tank is controlled by a standard NES controller: Directional buttons control the tank's movement, "A" fires the tank's machine-gun, "B" fires the main gun, "Start" pauses the game on the main screen, and "Select" opens the in-game menu. The turret can point in the standard 8 directions and is rotated by simultaneously pressing "A" and the desired direction. The turret will maintain its direction on the screen regardless of the tank's movements or facing and using this is part of the game's strategy.
	While in the game, pressing the "Select" button will open the in-game menu. From here, the player can activate or deactivate main gun fire options, read incoming radio messages, check progress on the game map and turn on the automated "Refuel" option. There are four main gun options, which when activated, alter the main gun's properties. They are:
	While advancing through the game, the player will also come across power-up icons—red squares with a white letter in them. Some of the benefits from these include:
	Like most NES action shooters, "Iron Tank" is divided into multiple levels, with bosses at the end of each. However, gameplay is continuous; there are no breaks between levels as the defeat of one boss directly leads to the start of the next level. One unique aspect that separates it from other action shooters is the ability of the player choose different paths to the final level by driving down the path of his choice. Some paths have fewer but more difficult levels, resulting in a shorter game if the player can successfully negotiate them while others are the reverse. The paths break and converge at specific points in the game's progress, allowing the player to mix and match level paths as the game progresses.
	The level bosses are various different, powerful weapons that include giant tanks, railway artillery, fortresses and grounded aircraft. Most have some degree of movement either in two directions—such as the railway gun, or freely around the screen like any of the several giant tanks. All of them have predictable movement and firing patterns and exploiting this is necessary to defeat them.

= = = Guy Riobé = = =

	Guy-Marie Riobé (1911–1978) was a mid-twentieth century bishop of Orléans, France, in office 1963 to 1978. He held liberal, progressive views influenced by the climate of the Second Vatican Council. 
	He became prominent because of an altercation with Admiral Sanguinetti, over France's possession of a nuclear deterrent. He died following a swimming accident. His successor, Jean-Marie Lustiger, avoided any reference to Riobé during his installation after a fifteen-month interregnum (1979).
	Riobé promoted a de-centered vision of the priesthood, arguing in favor of the creation of new types of ministries.

= = = Ottó Vincze = = =

	Ottó Vincze (born 29 August 1974) is a Hungarian former professional football midfielder.
	He played abroad in Spain, Switzerland and Germany.
	His wife is handball player Anita Görbicz. Their son, Boldizsár, was born in 2015.

= = = Niall Matter = = =

	Niall Matter ( ; born October 20, 1980) is a Canadian-American actor.
	Following recovery from a serious accident sustained while working on an oil rig, Matter chose to pursue a full-time acting career. He received his first significant break in 2007, with a main role in teen drama "The Best Years". Later in the same year, he joined the cast of "Eureka" as bad-boy genius Zane Donovan. In 2009 he had a small supporting role in Zack Snyder's film "Watchmen". He went on to star as Evan Cross in the short-lived 2012 series "". His career subsequently moved away from science fiction, seeing him star in several television movies, as well as joining Canadian series such as "Remedy", "Arctic Air" and "When Calls the Heart".
	Born in Edmonton, Alberta, of Irish and Russian descent, Matter grew up on his parents' dairy farm. He is a third-generation oil rigger, having worked on the oil rigs in Northern Alberta for eight years. On the recommendation of a school teacher, he enrolled in drama classes at age thirteen, going on to win the Best Actor prize at a provincial drama championship in 1999. However, after getting himself in trouble at age 17, his parents sent him for a three-month stint on the oil rigs to work with his grandfather. He has acknowledged that it was this experience that helped him to focus on his studies and pass his high school exams. He continued to work on the oil rigs alongside his grandfather and brother Trevor until the age of 25, while simultaneously moving to Vancouver and attending Vancouver Film School in pursuit of his long-term goal of an acting career.
	At the age of 25 Matter had a serious accident while working on the oil rigs, where he was nearly crushed inside the cab of a 17-ton drilling rig. His quad muscle had been detached from his femur, and he nearly lost his right leg. It took six months for him to be fully rehabilitated, having to go through extensive physio therapy to fully regain his ability to walk. On returning to the oil rigs, he witnessed another accident in which a man lost both his legs. This convinced him that it was time to move on, so he quit, returning to Vancouver, where he lied his way into a bar tending job before landing his first acting role.
	Matter landed his first professional acting job in 2007 playing the lead role of baitshop owner Josh Riley in the Syfy original film "Loch Ness Terror", (broadcast as "Beyond Loch Ness"), which also starred Brian Krause and Don S Davis. While filming "Loch Ness" he sent an audition tape to the producers of "The Best Years" which lead to him gaining the main cast role of bar tender, and cocaine addict, Trent Hamilton in the series first season. He went on to play the role of USAF airman Lieutenant Kemp in a two-episode guest spot on the Syfy television series "Stargate Atlantis".
	He subsequently auditioned for the Syfy series "Eureka". for what he understood was a one-episode guest star role. By his own admission, Matter took risks in the audition, playing the character as more flirtatious than he was written. The risks paid off, and he was cast in the role of bad boy genius Zane Donovan, first appearing in the season two episode "E=MC...?". The character would go on to develop a romantic relationship with the town's Deputy Sheriff Jo Lupo played by Erica Cerra. His role was recurring throughout seasons two and three. Season four saw a soft reboot of the show - following a time traveling incident, the characters return to an alternate timeline, with character dynamics and relationships shifting. This led to Matter's role as Zane being expanded as he became part of the main cast, which continued through to the show's fifth and final season.
	During this time, he also had guest roles on "Warehouse 13", portraying one half of a married couple alongside "Eureka" castmate Cerra and on NBC's "Fear Itself", playing a lovelorn zombie. In 2009/2010, Matter appeared as a recurring guest star on The CW shows "Melrose Place" (as record producer Rick) and "90210" as Greg, a teacher and subsequent love interest to Erin Silver.
	In 2009, Matter played a small role in Zack Snyder's "Watchmen" film, portraying one of the Minute Men, Byron Lewis/Mothman. He also appeared in the short film accompanying the 'ultimate cut' DVD release of the film entitled "Under the Hood", a faux documentary on the Minute Men.
	From 2012 to 2013, Matter played the lead character of Evan Cross, a millionaire inventor searching for anomalies following the brutal killing of his wife by an Albertosaurus, in Space's science fiction series "", a spin-off of the British series "Primeval". In 2013, this role earned him a Constellation Award in the Best Male Performance in a Science Fiction Television Episode category, for his performance in the episode "Truth". He was also nominated for a Leo Award in the Best Lead Performance by a Male in a Dramatic Series category, for the same episode. Due to low ratings, the series was not renewed for a second season.
	In March 2014, "Deadline Hollywood" announced that he had landed the role of Lieutenant Graden Hales in the TNT commissioned pilot of Marcia Clark's "Guilt by Association" alongside Julia Stiles, which TNT ultimately declined to pick up.
	He subsequently appeared in guest roles in various American and Canadian series. In CTV's "Motive" he played a man driven to murder in revenge for his sister's death; in the short-lived NBC series "Constantine" he played a father struggling to deal with the supernatural and in the TNT police procedural "Rizzoli and Isles" he portrayed a Detective turned murderer. He also had a recurring role in the third season of the CBC series "Arctic Air" as Tag Cummins, the love interest of the series female protagonist, Krista Ivarson, portrayed by Pascale Hutton. Additionally, Matter appeared in the 'VIP Lounge' online content produced to accompany the show, which was available through the series page on the CBC website.
	Matter appeared in the 2014 Calgary International Film Festival's closing gala film, dark-comedy/thriller "Ally Was Screaming". He was nominated for a 2015 AMPIA Rosie Award, for his role as Andrew, the abusive estranged husband of the titular Ally. In November 2014 he was announced as one of the Whistler Film Festival's Rising Stars, a program designed to promote the next generation of Western Canadian actors poised for international careers. He also attended the festival's screening of "Ally Was Screaming", alongside his castmates.
	Matter joined the main cast of Global's medical drama "Remedy" in 2015, for its second season. He played the role of ER Resident Dr Peter Cutler, who develops a romantic relationship with surgeon Dr Melissa Connor, portrayed by Matter's "" castmate Sara Canning.
	In 2016, he guest starred in two episodes of Bravo's "Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce" as seedy artist Joaquin. In the same year, he starred as surgeon Dr Clay Castleberry in the Hallmark Channel original movie "Stop the Wedding", which was adapted from the novel of the same name by Stephanie Bond. The film's director Anne Wheeler went on to win Best Direction (Television Movie) at the 2017 Leo Awards. He subsequently starred in the W Network film "A Snow Capped Christmas", (broadcast as "Falling for Christmas" in the US on Up), as former ice-hockey player and single father, Luke.
	2016 also saw Matter star alongside Erin Krakow in the Hallmark Movies & Mysteries film "Finding Father Christmas", based on the novel by Robin Jones Gunn, as local lawyer/hotellier Ian McAndrick. At the time of broadcast, the film became the most watched premier in the network's history. Matter and Krakow reprised their roles in a sequel to the film, entitled "Engaging Father Christmas" (broadcast as "A Family for the Holidays" in Canada and as "Winter Wedding" in the UK) which premiered on Hallmark Movies & Mysteries in November 2017.
	He appeared in the 2016 Canadian wrestling-comedy film "Chokeslam" as Tab Hennessy, wrestling manager and boyfriend to the film's protagonist, Sheena 'Smasheena' DeWilde, portrayed by Amanda Crew. Matter attended the film's premiere at the Calgary International Film Festival on October 2, 2016 alongside his castmates. The film won four awards at the 2017 AMPIA Rosie Awards, including Best Director for Robert Cuffley.
	Matter attended the 2nd annual "Hearties Family Reunion" in December 2016, where it was confirmed he would join the cast of the Hallmark Channel series "When Calls the Heart" for its fourth season, which began airing in January 2017. First appearing in the episode "The Heart of the Community", he portrayed Shane Cantrell, a single father struggling to connect with his son, who later begins a tentative relationship with Faith Carter (Andrea Brooks).
	2017 saw Matter make guest appearances in two CW dramas. In May he appeared in the season three episode of "iZombie", "Some Like it Hot Mess", playing the role of nightclub owner Sage Denning. The episode was directed by his "Remedy" castmate Enrico Colantoni. In November he made an appearance on the channel's long-running series "Supernatural", in an episode of the show's thirteenth season, entitled "The Big Empty", playing the character of sadistic shape-shifter, Buddy.
	In October of the same year, Matter appeared in an episode of the first season of ABC medical drama "The Good Doctor". Based on the South Korean series of the same name, the drama follows the life of autistic-savant surgeon Shaun Murphy (Freddie Highmore). Matter appeared in the episode "Pipes", playing the role of Mark Allen, an expectant father facing life and death decisions over surgery on his unborn child.
	In late 2017, Matter filmed the role of ice-hockey player Adam in the Hallmark Channel television film "Frozen in Love", which was broadcast in January 2018, as a part of the channel's annual 'Winterfest' programming. The film was developed from an original idea by Matter's co-star, actress Rachael Leigh Cook. Filming took place in British Columbia in November and December 2017. Matter went on to win a Leo Award in the "Best Lead Performance Male, Television Movie" category for his performance in the film.
	2018 saw Matter star in the Hallmark Channel original movie "Love at First Dance" as former 'Most Eligible Bachelor' Eric alongside dance instructor Hope,(Becca Tobin), which was broadcast as part of the channel's annual 'June Weddings' event. In July of the same year, Matter starred as college professor Nick Miller in the Hallmark Movies & Mysteries franchise the "Aurora Teagarden Mysteries", which star Candace Cameron Bure, in an installment entitled "The Disappearing Game". He reprised this role in three further films in the series, which were broadcast in August 2019.
	July 2018 also saw Matter appear in an episode of the first season of ABC series "Take Two", guest starring along with Seamus Dever. The pair played brothers in the episode entitled "Death Becomes Him". He went on to play a supporting role in the 2018 feature film "The Predator", which was released in September 2018.
	Matter reprised the role of Ian McAndrick in a third film in the Hallmark Movies & Mysteries 'Father Christmas' series, entitled "Marrying Father Christmas" filmed in March 2018 in Vancouver, British Columbia, again costarring Erin Krakow and directed by David Winning. The film premiered in the USA on the Hallmark Movies & Mysteries channel on November 4, 2018, as part of their "Miracles of Christmas" seasonal programming. In the same year he starred in the Lifetime original movie "Christmas Pen Pals" alongside Sarah Drew and Michael Gross, which aired on the channel on December 15, 2018, as part of their "It's a Wonderful Lifetime" seasonal programming.
	In 2019, Matter was cast in the Hallmark Channel television film "Country at Heart", alongside Jessy Schram, as songwriter Grady Parker. In August, he joined the cast of Hallmark Channel television film "Christmas at Dollywood" alongside Danica Mckellar and Dolly Parton. Matter plays the role of entertainment director Luke Hakman. The film premiered on the channel on December 8, 2019.
	Matter has previously dated "Graceland" star Serinda Swan, with whom he remains friends.
	In July 2016, he married his girlfriend Sara Bradley in a private ceremony in Hawaii. The couple has two children. Their first child was born in 2016 and their second in 2018.
	He is a longtime fan of the NHL team Edmonton Oilers.

= = = Live at the House of Blues (Reel Big Fish video) = = =

	Reel Big Fish Live at the House of Blues is a selection from "The Show Must Go Off!", a DVD concert series.

= = = Camp Massanetta = = =

	Massanetta Springs Camp & Conference Center is a Presbyterian camp and conference center in Harrisonburg, Virginia. The ministry of Massanetta Springs is divided into three areas. Guest services, Conference Ministries, and Camp Massanetta. The camp features archery ranges, hiking trails, four residential camper villages, a pool, lake, picnic pavilion, auditorium/cafeteria, camp office, ropes course, and nurses station. The Massanetta Springs Conference Center and Historic Hotel are also located on these .
	Camp Massanetta began in 1956, however the residential camping program was suspended in November 2008 and a new direction sought. Mission@Massanetta provides youth and adults an opportunity to do mission in a variety of arenas within Harrisonburg, Rockingham County, and Augusta County. The "Brainy Camps" are camps for children and teens with Tourette syndrome, Asperger syndrome, neurofibromatosis, or epilepsy. The Children's National Medical Center in Washington, DC provides the camps and interest has been expressed in expanding to include children and teens with obesity issues and those with facial anomalies (cleft palate, etc.). Varsity football and marching band camps are also hosted at Camp Massanetta.
	In May 2005, Massanetta Springs Historic District was listed in the National Register of Historic Places.
	Since 1993, Massanetta Springs has hosted the Massanetta Springs Middle School Conferences, Christian summer youth events for completed 6th-8th graders. The four conferences are attended by more than a thousand youth from youth groups around the country. Although the conference is geared toward Presbyterian youth, the event is open to all denominational backgrounds. The conference includes workshops for youth led by Youth Pastors and lay leaders from around the country, as well as recreation and music events.

= = = Garrett Hines = = =

	Garrett Hines (born July 3, 1969) is an American bobsledder who has competed from the late 1990s to the early 2000s. Competing in two Winter Olympics, he won the silver medal in the four-man event at Salt Lake City in 2002.
	Hines also won a silver medal in the four-man event at the 2003 FIBT World Championships in Lake Placid, New York.
	Prior to his bobsleigh career, Hines also was involved in track and field as a decathlete. Additionally he played American football in high school. He attended Eisenhower High in Blue Island, Illinois for one year before moving to Tennessee, and going to Bartlett High School. Hines then went on to play two sports at Southern Illinois University.

= = = St. Joseph High School (Virgin Islands) = = =

	St. Joseph High School is a private, Roman Catholic high school in Frederiksted, St. Croix, United States Virgin Islands. The head of school is Mrs. Skalkos. It is located within the Roman Catholic Diocese of St. Thomas and is the only Catholic high school on St. Croix.
	St. Joseph High School was established in 1961.

= = = Károly Erős = = =

	Károly Erős (born 20 December 1971 in Pilisvörösvár) is a Hungarian football player who currently plays for and manages NB III team, Monor.

= = = Batavia Institute = = =

	The Batavia Institute is a Registered Historic Place in Batavia, Illinois, US.
	Batavia Institute, a private academy, was chartered on 12 February 1853 by 13 men, including Rev. Stephen Peet, the Congregational minister, Elijah Shumway Town, Joel McKee, John Van Nortwick, Dennison K. Town, who settled in Batavia in 1839 as its first physician, and Isaac G. Wilson.
	The building's central part, which still stands in Batavia at 333 South Jefferson Street, at Union Avenue, was constructed in 1853–1854 of locally quarried limestone at a cost of $20,000. The architect Elijah Shumway Town designed the building in a Greek Revival style.
	At the time the Batavia Institute was built, there were no secondary schools in Batavia. In fact, since not many towns had high schools, students came to the Batavia Institute from all over Illinois. The school operated for over 10 years under the supervision of the area's Congregational churches until new public school laws lessened the need for such a school. For a short time the building was rented to the public schools.
	Using the Batavia Institute as the basis for its proposal, Batavia submitted a bid for the Illinois normal school in 1857. A normal school or teachers college is an educational institution for training teachers. Its purpose is to establish teaching standards or norms, hence its name. The State of Illinois passed an act to establish a normal school on 18 February 1857—the second west of the Appalachian Mountains.
	Bids were opened by the State Board of Education in Peoria on 7 May 1857. The first proposition on the agenda was from Batavia, which offered a subscription of $15,000, with the land and building belonging to the Batavia Institute, valued at $30,000, making $45,000 in all. Washington, in Tazewell County, Bloomington, and Peoria submitted proposals, as well. After considerable discussion, a resolution was adopted locating the new university at Bloomington—actually north of town at the village of North Bloomington, which was renamed Normal in 1865, for the school. Illinois State University celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2007.
	The building and grounds of the Batavia Institute were sold in 1867 to Dr. Richard J. Patterson, who, as proprietor and medical superintendent, operated it as a private rest home and sanitarium for women, called Bellevue Place. The sanitarium operated until July 1965. The most notable patient was Mary Todd Lincoln, widow of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, who was a patient for several months in the summer of 1875.
	In the 1960s, the building was converted to a residential facility for unwed mothers called the Fox Hill Home. The Fox Hill Home operated into the 1970s when the building fell into disrepair.
	In the middle of the 1980s, the building was once again named Bellevue Place and converted into apartments.
	The building was listed in the National Register of Historic Place on 13 August 1976.

= = = Spatz = = =

	Spatz is a children's comedy series that ran on Children's ITV during the 1990s, produced by Thames Television and created by Andrew Bethell. The show originally ran from 21 February 1990 to 10 April 1992. The show centred on a fast food restaurant situated in a fictional shopping mall in Cricklewood, London. It was operated by two Canadians, Karen Hansson (Jennifer Calvert), Spatz International's European Co-ordinator, and Thomas "TJ" Strickland ( Paul Michael ), the restaurant's manager. Vas Blackwood, Stephanie Charles, Jonathan Copestake, Sue Devaney, Joe Greco, Katy Murphy, Ling Tai and Samantha Womack appeared as Spatz restaurant employees. Guest stars included David Harewood, Rhys Ifans, Gary Lineker, Danny John-Jules and Nicholas Parsons.
	"Spatz" was devised by Andrew Bethell as a drama for teenagers set in a 1930s themed burger bar, so named because spats might have been worn there. Alan Horrox at Thames Television bought the concept and title and passed them to Grant Cathro and Lee Pressman, already established at Thames Television as the writers of "T-Bag" and creators of "Mike and Angelo", to develop "Spatz" as a sitcom. While updating the setting to a standard fast food restaurant, the name "Spatz" was retained, with the writers noting that it suggested spats or disagreements.
	Series 1 of "Spatz" was a co-production between Thames Television and Canada's YTV. From Series 2 onwards, "Spatz" was produced solely by Thames Television.
	On 6 January 2013, an episode of "Spatz" from 1992 ("Tango", the third episode of Series 3) was repeated on CITV as part of its 30th anniversary.

= = = Liouville's equation = = =

	In differential geometry, Liouville's equation, named after Joseph Liouville, is the nonlinear partial differential equation satisfied by the conformal factor of a metric on a surface of constant Gaussian curvature :
	where is the flat Laplace operator
	Liouville's equation appears in the study of isothermal coordinates in differential geometry: the independent variables are the coordinates, while can be described as the conformal factor with respect to the flat metric. Occasionally it is the square that is referred to as the conformal factor, instead of itself.
	Liouville's equation was also taken as an example by David Hilbert in the formulation of his nineteenth problem.
	By using the change of variables , another commonly found form of Liouville's equation is obtained:
	Other two forms of the equation, commonly found in the literature, are obtained by using the slight variant of the previous change of variables and Wirtinger calculus:
	Note that it is exactly in the first one of the preceding two forms that Liouville's equation was cited by David Hilbert in the formulation of his nineteenth problem.
	In a more invariant fashion, the equation can be written in terms of the "intrinsic" Laplace–Beltrami operator
	as follows:
	Liouville's equation is a consequence of the Gauss–Codazzi equations when the metric is written in isothermal coordinates.
	In a simply connected domain , the general solution of Liouville's equation can be found by using Wirtinger calculus. Its form is given by
	where is any meromorphic function such that
	Liouville's equation can be used to prove the following classification results for surfaces:
. A surface in the Euclidean 3-space with metric , and with constant scalar curvature is locally isometric to:

= = = Kenkō Satoshi = = =

	Kenkō Satoshi (剣晃 敏志, 27 June 1967 – 10 March 1998) was a sumo wrestler from Osaka, Japan. His highest rank was "komusubi."
	Debuting in November 1984, he reached the second highest "jūryō" division in March 1991. His first tournament in the top "makuuchi" division was in July 1992. Scoring only three wins there he fell back to "jūryō", but reappeared in "makuuchi" in March 1993. He reached his highest rank of "komusubi" in May 1995. He fell back to "maegashira" 4 in July but turned in a strong 11-4 record, defeating "yokozuna" Akebono and returning to "komusubi" in September 1995. He also defeated "yokozuna" Takanohana in May 1996, the only wrestler to do so in that tournament.
	In May 1997 Kenkō managed an 8-7 record at "maegashira" 11, but that was to be the last tournament in which he competed. He was hospitalised from July 1997, suffering from pancytopenia caused by an extremely rare form of leukemia (only four previous cases had ever been reported in Japan). His name remained on the ranking sheets, but unable to compete he had dropped to "makushita" 55 by March 1998. He died on 10 March, from a pulmonary embolism.
	Kenkō favoured techniques involving grabbing the opponent's "mawashi", or "yotsu-sumo". His favourite grip was "hidari-yotsu", with his right hand outside and left hand inside his opponent's arms. His most common winning "kimarite" was "yorikiri", a straightforward force out, followed by "uwatenage" (overarm throw) and "yoritaoshi" (force out and down).
 

= = = Marcel Simon (historian) = = =

	Marcel Simon (10 April 1907 in Strasbourg – 26 October 1986) was a French specialist in the history of religions, particularly relations between Christianity and Judaism in antiquity. Simon received an honorary doctorate by the Faculty of Theology at Uppsala University in 1980.
	His major work, "Verus Israel", was published in 1948; it has been described as 'seminal'.
	He was closely associated with Henri Marrou, appreciating his layman's approach to Vatican II.

= = = Ella Smith (actress) = = =

	Ella Smith (born 6 June 1983) is an English actress. She trained at the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art and is a former member of the National Youth Theatre. She attended junior Guildhall School of Music and Drama courses and the National Youth Choir and originally harboured ambitions of becoming an opera singer.
	While at drama school, Smith was a winner of the Carleton Hobbs Award and has since performed in more than fifteen BBC radio productions.
	Smith made her television debut in a 2006 episode of BBC hospital drama "Holby City". She subsequently appeared in ITV drama "Strictly Confidential", alongside Suranne Jones, in one episode as the character Tanya Melton.
	Smith made her stage debut in the 2006 play "The Pocket Orchestra" at the Trafalgar Studios in London. She returned to the same venue in 2008 to play the title character in the UK premiere of Neil LaBute's "Fat Pig".
	In 2007, she was in Channel 4's "Cape Wrath", in which she played the regular role of Jezebel Ogilvie, the daughter of Brenda Ogilvie (Melanie Hill). She also starred in ITV's series "Sold" as Phoebe.
	In 2009, she appeared in the film "", and in 2010, the film "Womb" and BBC TV's series "Mistresses" as Trudi's receptionist Steph. In 2011 she played various roles in Danny Boyle's critically acclaimed production of Nick Dear's Frankenstein at the National Theatre starring Benedict Cumberbatch and Jonny Lee Miller.
	In 2015 she played the role of Mia in the "Channel 4" series "Babylon". After a successful Kickstarter campaign, in 2016 Smith's short film "Mdudu Boy" premiered, featuring Kenyan soccer hero Victor Wanyama.

= = = Casual Living = = =

	Casual Living () is a trade publication and website owned by Progressive Business Media serving the information needs of retailers that sell outdoor furnishings and accessories as well as manufacturers and suppliers to the industry.
	"Casual Living" was started in 1958. The magazine is published monthly with content including industry lifestyle features, business analysis and product trend information. Other articles in the magazine include reviews of furniture markets, profiles of successful retailers and manufacturers and guest columnists.
	The editorial director is Vicky Jarrett and the editorial office is located in Greensboro, North Carolina.
	As of October 2011, total circulation exceeds 19,000 subscribers.
	Former owner Reed Business Information sold "Casual Living" to Sandow Media, the publisher of "Worth" magazine in 2010. Progressive Business Media purchased the magazine, along with its sister publications, in 2013. In 2018, BridgeTower Media acquired Progressive.

= = = Gewerkschaft Deutscher Lokomotivführer = = =

	The Gewerkschaft Deutscher Lokomotivführer (GDL, engl.: "German Train Drivers' Union") is a German trade union that represents workers in train companies. It has a membership of 34,000.
	In August 2007 the GDL planned to strike after talks failed with Deutsche Bahn, the main German railway operator, over a range of demands from the union. A key disagreement was GDL's wish to represent its members in collective bargaining processes, independently of other unions representing staff in that job category. 
	On 8 August 2007, the labour court in Nuremberg declared that a strike of affected long-distance and goods services would be illegal if carried out before 30 September, claiming it would affect the national economy too severely.
	On 2 November 2007, the labour court in Chemnitz overturned a previous judgement limiting strike action to short-haul routes. After the decision the GDL declared a three-day strike. It was the first national rail strike since 1992 and of unprecedented duration. The strike ended as the union had planned, at 2:00 a.m. CET on the morning of Saturday, November 17, 2007, but without a new contract.
	On 19 November 2007 the labour court in Nuremberg admonished Deutsche Bahn for its practice of contacting multiple labour courts around the country to try and obtain an injunction against strike action, which it regarded as misuse of the legal system.
	In 2014 the GDL started a series of strikes of the German railway system as a result of Deutsche Bahn declining its demands for a shorter working week (reduced from 39 hours to 37 hours), for a 5% pay increase and for the right to independently represent 17,000 railway workers not working as engine drivers in collective bargaining processes. Deutsche Bahn maintained that it would only enter collective bargaining with a single trade union per job grouping, as was the case until June 2014 when GDL had an agreement with the much larger EVG union. 
	The strikes continued in 2015 with a three-day railway strike starting on 21 April 2015, the GDL's seventh strike in 10 months. This was followed by a strike from 4–10 May, the longest strike in Deutsche Bahn's history. A further strike started on 19 May 2015 and finished on 21 May as the GDL and Deutsche Bahn agreed to allow arbitration to resolve the conflict.

= = = Engleside Christian School = = =

	Engleside Christian School is a private pre-kindergarten through 6th grade Christian school in Alexandria, Virginia. It is Baptist by affiliation and a member of the Old Dominion Association of Christian Schools, a chapter of the AACS.
	Engleside Christian School (ECS) offers its students dedicated Christian teachers and favorable teacher to student ratios. ECS uses a phonics based reading program and advanced curriculum with technology integration, but provides a well-rounded experience with quality music programs and various service opportunities. There are daily Bible classes as well as a weekly chapel program. As a religious program, ECS and its various programs are exempt from state licensure.

= = = Daishōhō Masami = = =

	Daishōhō Masami (7 May 1967 – 4 December 1999) was a sumo wrestler from Hokkaidō, Japan. His highest rank was "komusubi."
	Born in Sapporo, he took up skiing as a young boy, as he came from an area famous for its ski slopes. He also played basketball at school. However his father was an amateur sumo enthusiast and encouraged his son to try the sport. In his third year of junior high he took part in the National Junior High School Sumo Championships, held in Tokyo, and was put up in Tatsunami stable during the championships. Daishoho was an amateur sumo champion at Nihon University, and after graduation he returned to Tatsunami stable. He entered professional sumo in January 1990 at the "makushita" level, and quickly reached the top "makuuchi" division in July 1991. His best performance in a tournament was in September 1992 when he was runner-up to Takahanada with 11 wins. He reached his highest rank of "komusubi" in January 1993, but after that he was plagued by a number of injuries to his knees, back and triceps. He fell back to the "jūryō" division after pulling out of the January 1997 tournament on the 4th day.
	In 1999 Daishoho was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. He wanted to receive treatment whilst still remaining active on the "dohyo", but in June he was persuaded by his doctors to enter hospital full-time and so retired from sumo. Since it was clear that he would be unlikely to live long enough to have a formal retirement ceremony ("danpatsu-shiki") at the Ryogoku Kokugikan, which normally takes place up to a year after retiring, in October 1999 his fellow wrestler and graduate of Nihon University Mainoumi organised a private function for him which was attended by around 400 people including wrestlers such as Konishiki and Musashimaru and his former stablemaster Haguroyama, although senior members of the Sumo Association and his former coach at Nihon University Hidetoshi Tanaka did not attend as it was an unsanctioned event. Daishoho's weight had dropped from 150 kg to below 90 kg. He died on December 4, 1999 at the age of 32 due to pancreatic cancer.
	Daishoho liked pushing techniques, particularly "tsuppari", a series of rapid thrusts to the chest. However, he was also good at fighting on the "mawashi" or belt, where he preferred a "migi-yotsu" grip, a left hand outside and right hand inside position. His most commonly used "kimarite" were "yorikiri" (force out), "oshidashi" (push out) and "uwatenage" (overarm throw).
 

= = = Krystyna Hołuj-Radzikowska = = =

	Krystyna Hołuj-Radzikowska (5 February 1931 – 29 November 2006) was a Polish chess player. She was awarded the titles Woman International Master (WIM) in 1955 and Woman Grandmaster (WGM) in 1984 by FIDE. Born in Lviv, she was nine-time Polish women's champion (1951, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1959, 1966, and 1969).
	Hołuj-Radzikowska tied for 15–16th places at the Moscow 1955 Women's Candidates Tournament, which was won by Olga Rubtsova. She tied for 7–8th at the Ohrid 1971 Candidates Tournament, won by Nana Alexandria.
	She played for Poland five times in the Women's Chess Olympiad:
	Hołuj-Radzikowska won the individual gold medal on board one in Emmen 1957.
	An chess tournament in her memory has been held annually since 2011 in Wrocław, Poland.

= = = Mark Major = = =

	Mark Major (born March 20, 1970 in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey left winger. He was drafted 25th overall by the Pittsburgh Penguins in the National Hockey League's 1988 entry draft. Major acquired many penalty minutes over his career due to his playing style, which involved battling in front of the net for loose pucks, scoring garbage goals, and blocking the goaltenders view. Major only played in two NHL games, for the Detroit Red Wings. He also enjoyed a short career as a professional roller hockey player in Roller Hockey International (RHI). Taking into account all of his hockey games played at a professional level, Major played in 1,339 games and acquired 4,334 penalty minutes, giving Major an average of 3.24 penalty minutes per game during his career. After 4 seasons and 2 Championships as Head Coach of the Amherstview Jets Junior A team, Major is taking a year off to help coach his daughter's Kingston Ice Wolves' Peewee AA team.
	Major started receiving attention from NHL scouts while playing for the Don Mills Flyers of the MTHL in 1986. He advanced to the North Bay Centennials of the Ontario Hockey League for the 1987–88 season and put up 33 points in 57 games to go along with a whopping 272 penalty minutes (PIM). Major averaged almost 5 penalty minutes a game, but his hard-nosed style was admired by NHL scouts and Major was selected 25th overall by the Pittsburgh Penguins in the 1988 NHL Draft. Now as an NHL prospect, Major gained confidence and began the 1988–89 season again with the Centennials before being traded 11 games in to the Kingston Raiders. He would remain in Kingston for that season and the next (when they were renamed the Kingston Frontenacs), scoring 112 points and 361 PIMs, before moving up to the Muskegon Lumberjacks of the International Hockey League. Major remained with the Lumberjacks for three seasons, scoring 77 points and 617 PIMs. He led the team in penalties during the 1991–92 season with 302 and would add another 29 PIMs in the Lumberjacks' playoff run which saw them lose four games to none in the finals to the Kansas City Blades. After his last season with the Lumberjacks, that included a relocation to Cleveland, Major was let go by the parent club Pittsburgh and quickly signed as a free agent by the Boston Bruins on July 22, 1993.
	Major started play with Boston's affiliate the Providence Bruins of the American Hockey League. He scored 26 points along with 176 PIMs during the 1993–94 season, but Providence failed to make the playoffs. He was let go by the Bruins, and joined the Detroit Vipers of the IHL for the following season. He continued to play aggressively, with his 36 points and 229 PIMs helping push the Vipers into the playoffs, but his play couldn't help them past the second round.
	Major again caught the attention of an NHL team, when the Detroit Red Wings signed him as a free agent on June 26, 1995. He began play for the Adirondack Red Wings of the AHL in the 1995–96 season and scored 29 points while racking up 234 PIMs for second on the team. He was known as a player who wouldn't back down from a fight, and he was involved in several fights during Adirondack's short playoff run that season, receiving 21 PIMs in just three games.
	Major finally received his first shot in the big leagues during the 1996–97 NHL season when he was brought up from Adirondack for two games starting on November 2, 1996. In his very first game, halfway though the second period, Major fought veteran instigator Tie Domi of the Toronto Maple Leafs. Major held his own against Domi but was rewarded with a bloody nose and a five-minute major. Major played the following night and failed to impress the Detroit staff, which resulted in him being sent back down to the minors. Finishing the season with Adirondack, and leading the team in PIMs with 213, Major was let go by Detroit.
	Major still had NHL interest and was quickly signed as a free agent on August 20, 1997 by the Washington Capitals. He started out in their farm system playing for the Portland Pirates of the AHL. In his first season, Major was first on his team and second in the league for penalty minutes with 355. This was his career high for PIMs in a season and as of 2007, he still holds the team record for penalty minutes in a single season. Major wasn't finished with 355 and added 52 more PIMs in 10 playoff games that year. The following season he again led the team in PIMs and saw his point production decrease to only nine points in 66 games. He was let go by Washington and began play for the Houston Aeros of the IHL in 1999. After just 20 games (with 81 PIMs), Major was signed as a free agent by the Flint Generals of the United Hockey League. He was named team captain and finished out the 1999–00 season with the Generals scoring 41 points, his highest point total in years, and helped the team win the Colonial Cup. He put up great numbers the following season when he finished with 46 points and 163 PIMs. Generals coach Billy Thurlow had this to say about Major's style of play:
	Anytime he's on the ice, people have to respect us. Nobody's going to shove us around. 
	He would also go on to join the AHL's Hershey Bears for two games in the 2000–01 season. In 2001, he joined the Wheeling Nailers of the East Coast Hockey League and would go on to score 84 points in two seasons with the Nailers. The coach, John Brophy, had this to say about Major returning for his second season in Wheeling:
	We are very fortunate to have Mark return to the Nailers, not only are we getting a great player and a natural team leader, but a guy who is good in the community and represents the Nailers and Penguins organizations with class. 
	The 2003–04 season would be Major's last, playing in 40 games for the Laval Chiefs of the QSMHL and 12 games for the Kalamazoo Wings of the UHL.
	Major was also an active member in the Roller Hockey International League for its entire lifespan. Major played on the Buffalo Stampede in 1994 and 1995, winning the Murphy Cup in 1994. He joined the Empire State Cobras in 1996 and the New Jersey Rockin' Rollers in 1997. When the RHI folded in 1997, Major continued playing with the Buffalo Wings of Major League Roller Hockey in 1998 and joined the newly re-formed Roller Hockey International with Buffalo in 1999. The league folded for good after the 1999 season.

= = = Brian Shimer = = =

	Brian Shimer (born April 20, 1962) is an American bobsledder who competed from 1985 to 2002. Competing in five Winter Olympics, he won the bronze medal in the four-man event at Salt Lake City in 2002.
	Shimer also won three bronze medals at the FIBT World Championships with one in the two-man event (1997) and two in the four-man event (1993, 1997).
	He won the 1992–3 Bobsleigh World Cup championships both in the four-man and the combined men's events.
	Shimer retired after the 2002 Winter Olympics and became head coach of the US men's bobsleigh team. After the United States Bobsled and Skeleton Federation changed its coaching structure in May 2014 Shimer became head coach for both the men's and women's teams.

= = = Dimitri Launder = = =

	Dimitri Launder is a UK-based artist and garden designer. After graduating from UAL he developed a unique participatory photographic practice that involved the design, creation and construction of pinhole cameras. He has worked in a variety of pedagogic contexts. He is an alumnus of Camberwell College of Arts and Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design. Launder is engaged in the dialogue about Artist Led Culture Launder was co-founder of artist led space AREA 10 in Peckham, London. 
	Launder is now known for his socially engaged practice as Artist Gardener and his role as co-director of Arbonauts. Dimitri Launder’s practice as Artist Gardener offers a gentle provocation to an apocalyptic view of urban ecological sustainability. His work often explores the liminal issues between public and private use of space, aspiring towards transformative urban propagation such as his work Apothecary Arboretum in the Arte Útil Archive . “"Dimitri Launder is an ‘Artist Gardener’ who knows the political power of plants and isn’t afraid to use it”" The Times 2011. He was research artist with Arts Catalyst initiating his Remedy for a City project. 
	Amongst others Launder's work has been commissioned by CCA Gallery Glasgow, South London Gallery, Geoffreys Museum, Tate Britain & Tate Modern, Glasgow Lighthouse and Southwark Council. 

= = = Bartholomeus Breenbergh = = =

	Bartholomeus Breenbergh (before 13 November 1598 – after 3 October 1657) was a Dutch Golden Age painter of Italian and Italianate landscapes, in Rome (1619-1630) and Amsterdam (1630-1657).
	Little is known of his early life. In his three-volume "Schouburg", Arnold Houbraken mentioned him in his first volume with an entreaty to readers to write to him with more news of Breenbergh's biography. He had been told that Breenberg was born in Utrecht and had been a master of Cornelis van Poelenburgh, which he knew to be impossible from the facts that he already had, namely "the birth of Poelenburg in 1586 and the death of Breenberg in 1660." Houbraken never received the information he requested, though he mentioned Breenbergh again in his second volume in a list of 59 competent painters who were contemporaries of Abraham Bloemaert and Paulus Potter.
Äccording to the Netherlands Institute for Art History (RKD), Breenbergh was born in the Netherlands town of Deventer, but after the death of his father in 1607 moved away with the rest of his family, probably to Hoorn. There he was a contemporary of Jacques Waben and possibly received his first training, though his first teacher is now supposed to be "one of those many forgotten Amsterdam landscape painters of the 1610s". His registered teachers are Pieter Lastman and Jacob Symonsz Pynas.
	Breenbergh is first registered as a painter on an archival record in 1619 in Amsterdam, though he possibly was established there earlier.
	In the same year he left for Rome. There he lived and worked with the Flemish painter Frans van de Kasteele and was heavily influenced by another Fleming resident, the landscape painter Paul Bril. From 1623, however, he came under the spell of Italian landscapes by the somewhat older Cornelis van Poelenburgh—indeed, the works of Breenbergh and van Poelenburgh are sometimes difficult to tell apart. He was also influenced by Nicolaes Moeyaert. Breenbergh in his turn influenced the French landscape-painter Claude Lorrain (who arrived in the city about 1620). In about 1620 Breenbergh became one of the founders of the Roman society of Dutch and Flemish painters, the "Bentvueghels", among whom he was nicknamed "het fret" ("the ferret").
	In 1630 Breenbergh returned to Amsterdam. In 1633 he married, and received a yearly wage of 60 pounds from the court of king Charles I of Britain. He remained in Amsterdam until his death, where he made popular paintings and etchings of Italian buildings. There he was influenced by the pre-Rembrandtists such as Pieter Lastman and Nicolaes Moeyaert, but he placed their Biblical and mythological scenes in Italian landscapes.
	His only registered pupil is Jan de Bisschop, who was his pupil in the 1640s until 1648. He influenced the painters Jan Linsen, Scipione Compagno, Laurens Barata, Charles Cornelisz. de Hooch, Pieter Anthonisz. van Groenewegen, Francois van Knibbergen, and Catharina van Knibbergen.

= = = Rescue (British TV series) = = =

	Rescue was a 13-part documentary series created, directed and filmed by Paul Berriff. It focused on the air-sea rescue work of "Rescue 137", a Sea King belonging to 202 Sqn, Royal Air Force Search and Rescue Force in and around their base at RAF Lossiemouth, Scotland and the North Sea over a period of a year between 1988 -1989.
	The series covered a multitude of incidents ranging from ferrying a sick child to hospital right up to the world's worst offshore disasters, the explosion and ensuing fire on the Piper Alpha oil platform.
	Theme and incidental music was by Robert Howes and Rod Argent.
	Episode 1: Budding Rose (First broadcast 7 January 1990)
	The team race to rescue seven crew members from the Peterhead fishing vessel, "Budding Rose" after it begins taking on water in gale conditions 100 miles east of Aberdeen. The episode is introduced by "Rescue 137" pilot Flight Lieutenant John Prince.
	Episode 2: Baby Sam (First broadcast 14 January 1990)
	The team are called out to transport a three-month premature baby, Sam Harcus, from Orkney to a hospital in Aberdeen. During the flight, Baby Sam's heart stopped and the helicopter winchman, Bob Pountney, kept the baby alive by providing heart massage during the flight.
	Episode 3: White Out (First broadcast 21 January 1990)
	The team operate in Scotland during blizzard conditions.
	Episode 4: Worse Things Happen at Sea (First broadcast 28 January 1990)
	"Rescue 137" scrambles to assist a man who has taken a 20-foot fall on board the Oil Rig support ship "Deepwater 2". A later incident involves a call to the fishing vessel "Choice" which is taking-in water north of Fraserburgh.
	Episode 5: Winchman (First broadcast February 4, 1990)
	This episode focused on the life of a winchman aboard an RAF Sea King.
	Episode 6: Ditching, Ditching, Ditching (First broadcast 11 February 1990)
	The team assist in the rescue of persons on board a helicopter that crashed into the North Sea.
	Episode 7: Piper Alpha (First broadcast 18 February 1990)
	The role that 202 Sqn played in the response to the Piper Alpha tragedy. Throughout the emergency the survivors evacuated by the 202 Sqn teams were lifted via the MSV "Tharos".
	Episode 8: Chox's Lecture (First broadcast 25 February 1990)
	Winchman, Paul "Chox" Barton provides advise for any walkers, climbers and tourists that may not be fully prepared.
	Episode 9: Water Falls (First broadcast March 4, 1990)
	Water sports which may seem innocuous to some are shown in a different light by the events experienced by the crew of "Rescue 137".
	Episode 10: Missing (First broadcast 11 March 1990)
	"Rescue 137" is called out to search for a reported missing hill walker, but the rescue is not what it seems. Later the team is called out to rescue men from the burning drilling rig "Ocean Odyssey".
	Episode 11: Avalanche (First broadcast 18 March 1990)
	The mountain rescue team, with Hamish MacInnes, in conjunction with the crew of "Rescue 137", search for people trapped under the snow in the Highlands.
	Episode 12: We Never Say Never (First broadcast 25 March 1990)
	The team rush against the clock in bad weather to save a 13-year-old girl suffering from meningitis on the Isle of Skye. Due to the falling snow and poor visibility the team are forced to fly via RAF Kinloss at altitudes of 150 feet and lower.
	Episode 13: Sting In The Tale (First broadcast 1 April 1990)
	The crew set off for a weekend training with the mountain rescue team but an exercise goes drastically wrong.
	The programme was made with the assistance of:
	And:
	and those working onshore and offshore in the oil industry.

= = = Cruz Alta Department = = =

	Cruz Alta Department is a department located in the east of the Tucumán Province, Argentina. In 2001 its population was 162,240 (2nd in the province) largely located in the Banda del Río Salí-Alderetes Area (northwest). The Department seat is the city of Banda del Río Salí.
	Plains occupy all of the department’s total area (1,255 km²) stretching from the outskirts of the Greater San Miguel de Tucumán Area in the west to the Santiago del Estero Province border in the east. The Salí river forms its western boundary.

= = = Emma Davies (actress) = = =

	Emma-Kate Davies, known as Emma Davies (born 7 March 1970), is an English actress. She is the daughter of actor Geoffrey Davies, of the television comedy series "Doctor in the House". She is notably recognised for her role of Anna De Souza in the ITV soap "Emmerdale" and for her portrayal of Diana Mitford-Guinness (later Lady Diana Mosley) in the Channel 4 mini series "Mosley". She currently resides in Barnes, South-West London with her husband Ross Allen, a garden designer and their daughter Camille.
	Davies' father, the stage and television actor Geoffrey Davies, influenced her choice of career immensely. He would often let her watch his stage performances from the wings as a child. She says that she "watched his plays nearly every night" and "knew all the lines."
	He also landed Emma her first television role at the age of 18 months on the 1970s sitcom, "The Fenn Street Gang". She says, "I was in a pram and had to stuff an ice cream cone into someone's face!".
	She also appeared in a television advert for Colgate toothpaste when she was 14.
	She trained at the Corona Theatre School in London, and has been acting in small TV roles since the mid-1980s. In that time she has appeared in television series "Heartbeat", "Doctors" and Sky One's "Dream Team".
	Her first television role was as teenager Jo Daly in Central Television's Midlands based drama "Boon" between 1987 and 1989. She later played Juliette Bannerman in the ITV soap "Families" in 1993.
	In 1997, Emma portrayed the controversial historical figure Diana Mitford (later Diana Mitford-Guinness and Lady Diana Mosley) in the biographical Channel Four mini-series "Mosley".
	In 2001, she also had a small role in Michael Apted's popular film "Enigma". And in 2007 she was cast alongside David Morrissey, Lucy Cohu and Tristan Gemmill in the short-lived Channel Four drama "Cape Wrath", as regular character Abigail York.
	In June 2008 it was announced that she would join "Emmerdale" as Anna De Souza. She made her debut on the soap on 8 July. However, on 15 October 2008, it was announced that Emma would be leaving the show at the end of 2008. With the upcoming departures of her onscreen father Donald De Souza (Michael Jayston), and onscreen fiancé Matthew King (Matt Healy) and the axing of her onscreen brother, Miles De Souza, Anna would have been left as a singular character with no family, so it was decided that her contract would not be renewed.
	In an interview on ITV's chat show "Loose Women" on 12 December 2008, Emma announced that she would be starring alongside Laurence Fox, Matthew Macfadyen and Sally Hawkins in ITV's version of E. M. Forster's classic novel, "A Passage To India". However, less than a week later, ITV confirmed that the adaption had been axed before filming even began due to "financial reasons".
	Davies made her second appearance in the BBC drama "Doctors" starring alongside her father in an episode entitled "Toys" in which the pair played an estranged father and daughter.
	In 2010 she made an appearance in an episode of medical drama "Holby City" playing a distressed lawyer.

= = = Commodity value = = =

	In the field of economics, the commodity value of a good is its free market intrinsic value under optimal use conditions. In a free market, the commodity value of a good will be reflected by its price. For example, if an acre of land can yield a net of 100 dollars loss by lying fallow, 50 dollars gain by being planted with corn, and 100 dollars gain by being planted with wheat, then that acre's commodity value is 100 dollars; the farmer is assumed to put his land to best use. The price of a commodity fluctuates around its commodity value.
	A commodity value expressed as a price is determined by historical, social and cultural aspects of production and distribution. Karl Marx described price as the money-name for the labour realised in a commodity. A commodity value is dependent on its utility.
	Commodity value is of particular significance in the study of currency. For example, the commodity value of a coin is the value of the metal of which it is made. Gold and silver coins have a high commodity value, whereas fiat coins such as modern day quarters have a low commodity value. This is of particular historical relevance when analyzed in light of Gresham's Law.
	Because money becomes valuable not due to its substance, that is, its commodity value, but rather because of its performance, currencies tend to become token.
	Asset backed debt has a commodity value equal to the price of the collateral; a loan backed by a house has a commodity value equal to the free market price of the house. Non-collateralized debt, on the other hand, does not have a commodity value; it is valuable only insofar as it is repaid.
	Commodity value is an important consideration in hedging against inflation. Whereas fiat currencies can devalue, often catastrophically, currencies with considerable commodity value are known to better maintain their value; a government can print as many fiat bills as it wants with relative ease, the same is not true of mining precious metals. This leads some investors to purchase goods and debts with high commodity value, which are inherently safer than those with low, or no commodity value, minimizing risk by sacrificing potential return.

= = = Adriana Gerši = = =

	Adriana Gerši (born 26 June 1976) is a former professional tennis player from the Czech Republic.
	Gerši reached her career-high singles ranking on July 23, 1997, as the world No. 48, and her career-high doubles ranking on October 14, 1996, as No. 165.
	In her career, she won one singles title on the WTA Tour, beating Marie-Gayanay Mikaelian in the final of the tournament of Basel, Switzerland.
	Mother Ludmila is a teacher, father Ivan is a businessman. Adriana married former ATP player David Rikl on June 14, 2003. They are living in Naples, Florida, since then and have three children.

= = = Jim Yarbrough (basketball) = = =

	Jim Yarbrough (born February 8, 1964) is an American college basketball head coach with a 230-177 record over 14 seasons at Valdosta State University and Southeastern Louisiana University. He was named Southeastern Louisiana's 11th head basketball coach on June 23, 2005, and was dismissed on March 17, 2014, after compiling a 133-135 record in nine seasons that made Yarbrough the second-winningest men's basketball coach in SLU history, with the second-highest winning percentage in school history. His tenure included wins over Mississippi State, Penn State and Oregon State. Prior to his SLU career, Yarbrough led Valdosta State to multiple seasons in the NCAA Division II postseason tournament, including two seasons in which he was named both NCAA Division II South Region Coach of the Year and Gulf South Conference Coach of the Year. His 2003-04 Valdosta State team finished 25-4 and ranked No. 3 in the nation at the close of the season. Before beginning his college head coaching career at Valdosta State, he served six years as an assistant coach and associate head coach under John Kresse in the storied College of Charleston basketball program that compiled a 153-28 record and six conference championships during Yarbrough's years as a top assistant. At SLU, Yarbrough coached the Lions to five winning seasons and a school-record five winning campaigns in the Southland Conference, along with 11 players named to all-SLC teams.

= = = Bali Sea = = =

	The Bali Sea () is the body of water north of the island of Bali and south of Kangean Island in Indonesia. The sea forms the south-west part of the Flores Sea, and the Madura Strait opens into it from the west.
	The Bali Sea is sometimes grouped with Flores Sea for oceanographic purposes, however in some nautical charts, Bali Sea is written as a distinct sea for navigation. The sea has an area of and a maximum depth of .
	The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) defines the Bali Sea as being one of the waters of the East Indian Archipelago. The IHO defines its limits as follows:
	"On the North." A line from the Western Paternoster Island to the East point of Sepandjang and thence through this island to the West point of Gedeh Bay on the South coast of Kangean ().
	"On the West." A line from the West point of Gedeh Bay, Kangean Island, to Tg Sedano, the Northeast extreme of Java and down the East coast to Tg Bantenan, the Southeast extreme of the island.
	"On the South." A line from Tanjong Banenan through the Southern points of Balt and Noesa Islands to Tanjong Bt Gendang, the Southwest extreme of Lombok, and its South coast to Tanjong Ringgit the Southeast extreme, thence a line to Tanjong Mangkoen () the Southwest extreme of Soembawa.
	"On the East." The West and North coasts of Soembawa as far East as Tanjong Sarokaja (), thence the Western limit of Flores Sea [A line from Tg Sarokaja to the Western Paternoster island ()].
	The circulation and mass water properties in Bali Sea are a continuation from Flores Sea to the Java Sea in the north. In oceanographic, Bali Sea is concerned with the Indonesian Throughflow coming from Pacific Ocean to the Indian Ocean, the flow of which are mostly passing through Bali Strait and Lombok Strait.
	In a recorded tsunami history, Bali Sea observed several tsunamis. The 1815 Tambora eruption (scale 7 of Volcanic Explosivity Index) formed tsunamis on 22 September 1815 at coordinate and three years later (8 September 1818) from subsequent volcanic activities at coordinate . Two more tsunamis were recorded in 1857 and 1917 with maximum height of and respectively.

= = = Mike Kohn = = =

	Michael "Mike" Kohn (born May 26, 1972) is an American former bobsledder who has competed since 1990. Competing in two Winter Olympics, he won a bronze medal in the four-man event at Salt Lake City in 2002 as a push athlete for pilot Brian Shimer.
	He also won a silver medal in the mixed bobsleigh-skeleton team event at the 2007 FIBT World Championships in St. Moritz.
	Kohn retired from competition after the 2010 Winter Olympics. He was appointed as an assistant coach by the United States Bobsled and Skeleton Federation in 2011.
	Kohn is also an Infantry Captain in the United States Army. A native of Columbia, South Carolina, he now lives in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina with his wife Jessica, and two sons, Oliver and Max Kohn.

= = = Convoy HX 112 = = =

	HX 112 was a North Atlantic convoy of the HX series which ran during the battle of the Atlantic in the Second World War. It was notable in that it saw the loss of U-boats commanded by two of the Kriegsmarine's (KM) foremost U-boat aces, with "Korvettenkapitän" Otto Kretschmer (POW) and with "Kapitänleutnant" Joachim Schepke (KIA).
	HX 112 was an east-bound convoy of ships which sailed from Halifax on 1 March 1941, making for Liverpool with war materials. Many of the ships in HX 112 were tankers carrying fuel oil to Britain.
	It was escorted by 5th Escort Group which consisted of two destroyers, and and two corvettes, and was led by Commander Donald Macintyre of HMS "Walker". 5th Escort Group was reinforced on this occasion by an additional two destroyers, in view of the importance of the cargo, and met the convoy as it entered the Western Approaches.
	On 15 March 1941 HX 112 was sighted by commanded by Fritz-Julius Lemp, who sent in a sighting report and commenced shadowing the convoy. He was joined throughout the day by four other boats; "U-99" (Kretschmer) "U-100" (Schepke) (Clausen) and (Kentrat).
	On the night of 15th/16th the attack started; "U-100" was able to torpedo a tanker, which burst into flames, but survived to reach port; all other attacks that night were frustrated by the activities of the escorts.
	Keeping up with the convoy on the surface during the day, the pack tried again as night fell on the 16th.
	"U-99" managed to penetrate the convoy from the north, on its port side, and sank four tankers and a freighter in under an hour. Remaining with the central column of the convoy she sank another freighter 15 minutes later before making her getaway.
	Meanwhile, the escorts, searching for U-boats outside the convoy perimeter, found "U-100" around 1.30am moving in on the surface. She dived, but "Walker" attacked with a depth charge pattern at close range. "U-100" evaded further damage, and surfaced, to be sighted and rammed by "Vanoc" just after 3am; Schepke was killed when "Vanoc" smashed into his periscope structure and "U100" went down with most of her crew.
	As this was happening, "U-99" was making her escape; she nearly collided with a destroyer in the dark and dived. Picked up on ASDIC by "Walker", she was depth-charged and severely damaged. Saving "U-99" from being crushed as she sank deeper and deeper, Kretschmer brought her to the surface, where she was fired on by the encircling warships. "U-99" was sunk, but Kretschmer and most of his crew were saved, to be taken prisoner.
	There were no further attacks on HX.112 and the convoy arrived in Liverpool on 20 March.
	A total of 41 merchant vessels joined the convoy, either in Halifax or later in the voyage.
	A series of armed military ships escorted the convoy at various times during its journey.
	HX.112 had lost six ships totalling 50,000 tons. However, the loss of two of the Kriegsmarine's U-boat aces, one of which was the highest scoring submarine commander of the Second World War, was a severe blow to the Kriegsmarine offensive. The defence of HX.112, coupled with the successful defence of Convoy OB 293 and the loss of U-boat ace Günther Prien along with his sub the previous week, marked a minor turning point in the Atlantic campaign.

= = = The Return of Count Yorga = = =

	The Return of Count Yorga (originally titled Yorga Returns) is a 1971 American vampire horror film directed by Bob Kelljan and starring Robert Quarry. It is the sequel to the 1970 film "Count Yorga, Vampire".
	The story features Quarry returning as the infamous vampire Count Yorga, along with his servant Brudah, both of whom have been revived by the supernatural Santa Ana winds. Actor Roger Perry, who had a lead role in the first film, appears again but as a different character.
	Cynthia Nelson (Mariette Hartley), a teacher at the local orphanage, talks with a pastor while watching the sun set before getting ready for a fundraising costume party. Cynthia mentions the "Santa Ana winds" which the pastor states are an evil omen. One of the orphans, Tommy (Philip Frame), wanders into the nearby cemetery where he faintly hears a voice ordering "Rise, rise; it is time." Tommy initially dismisses it, but as he stops to rest, vampire women rise from their graves. Seeing this, Tommy tries to escape the cemetery only to run into the clutches of Count Yorga (Robert Quarry), who is waiting for them.
	Sometime later, Yorga goes to the orphanage during their costume party and fund raiser. Biting one of the pretty guests, Mitzi (Jesse Welles), outside the event room before going inside and introducing himself to those present, among which is Cynthia whom he becomes infatuated with. When a weakened Mitzi stumbles into the room, he leaves as the others are attending to her. That night, he returns to his manor and a makeshift throne room overlooking several coffins, greeted by Brudda (Edward Walsh), Yorga's hulking facially disfigured valet, and the female vampires from earlier ready to do his bidding. Yorga sends the undead women to Cynthia's house, using mind-control to get Cynthia's family (along with Tommy, who was sleeping over) into the living room before his brides break in and attack them. The family is quickly overrun with Cynthia's mother, father and sister, Ellen (Karen Ericson), fed upon by the undead horde. Tommy is untouched, showcasing he is under Yorga's power while Cynthia herself is subdued, but unharmed and carried by the brides to Yorga's residence where she awakens. Due to Yorga's hypnotic suggestions, she has no memory of the attack. Yorga tells Cynthia that there was a car accident and she was left in his care by her family. He tries to charm the young woman into willingly becoming his bride, though he is warned by his live-in witch that Cynthia will bring his end if he does not kill her or turn her into a vampire soon.
	The next morning, Jennifer (Yvonne Wilder), the Nelsons' mute maid, finds the massacre scene and calls the police. However, as she does, Brudda drags the corpses of Cynthia's mother and father to a quicksand pit on Yorga's property, disposing of the physical evidence. By the time the police arrive though, all of the evidence has been mysteriously cleared away, and Tommy claims that nothing has happened. Despite the confusion, David Baldwin (Roger Perry), Cynthia's fiancé, is suspicious about the Nelsons' disappearance. Meanwhile, memories of the attack on her family slowly start to resurface in Cynthia's mind as she stays within Yorga's manor. Jennifer, suspicious about Tommy's involvement with the Nelson's disappearance and his visits to Yorga's mansion, loses her patience and slaps Tommy who stares at her in a vengeful manner. Meanwhile, Yorga goes to claim Mitzi, killing her boyfriend near their boat house before feeding on her once more, this time finishing draining her completely and adding her to his vampiric harem.
	Hours later, Ellen's fiancé Jason (David Lampson) is lured to Yorga's mansion by Tommy, on the claim that he found Ellen. Once at the mansion, Tommy disappears, while Jason is reunited with Ellen who has clearly been made into a vampire by Yorga. As she mocks him for "not loving her anymore" and soon starts laughing cruelly at him when he sense something wrong, her fellow brides attack Jason from behind. Jason breaks free, only to run into Count Yorga, who chases Jason down a hall and strangles him. Bruddah tosses Jason's body into the throne/coffin room for the brides, including Ellen and newly vampiric Mitzi, to feed upon.
	That evening, Reverend Thomas (Tom Toner) phones Jennifer, but it is revealed she lies dead on her bed with a large knife sticking out of her chest. From her window, Tommy can be seen walking away from the house. After Thomas learns (off camera) of Jennifer's death, David is sure he is correct about the Count's true nature and manages to convince Reverend Thomas and investigating police detectives Lt. Madden (Rudy De Luca) and Sgt. O'Connor (Craig T. Nelson) to join him in a rescue-mission at Yorga's mansion. Reverend Thomas is sent to distract Yorga while Baldwin, Madden and O'Connor sneak in to search the manor, armed with sticks they can cross and hold up to ward off the vampires. Meanwhile, the pastor falls for Yorga's charms and reveals the others' suspicions that he is a vampire, alerting Yorga of danger. Thomas is tricked into walking into the quicksand pit and promptly sinks to his death. Yorga returns to the manor, awakens his brides and unleashes them through the household as he psychically calls Cynthia to him.
	Baldwin splits from the detectives to expand the room-by-room search, and upon opening one door discovers Jason's corpse, covered in bloody bite marks with an IV draining remaining blood from his neck into a glass-bottle on the floor beneath him. Later, Baldwin finally finds the half-mind-controlled Cynthia and attempts to escape; however, he is nearly beaten by Brudda. Falling into a suit of armor, Baldwin grabs a metal mace and knocks Brudda out with a violent blow to the face.
	Meanwhile, Madden and O'Connor come across Yorga's vampire brides. When the women don't respond to their question and continue tho silently advance on them. the detectives attempt to shoot them point blank, but their bullets prove ineffective as the undead women continue to give chase. In the midst of their escape, they encounter Brudda and managed to shoot him to death. Eventually O'Connor is separated in the brides' throne/coffin room by a shutter and immediately attacked from behind and bitten by the witch (also a vampire) as Madden helplessly listens to O'Connor's death-screams. Madden tries to find a way to him, but lured in by a voice from the shadows (thinking it is Baldwin) and killed by Tommy who stabs him in the same way he murdered Jennifer.
	Baldwin and Cynthia are the only ones left alive, with Yorga supernaturally mocking Baldwin throughout the estate. Yorga seals their exit routes while his brides slowly close in on the two. They duck into a darken hallway, but when Baldwin turns on the lights, he finds himself confronted by all the brides (including Ellen and Mitzi) with Yorga behind them who calls Cynthia over to his side. Yorga takes her away preparing to transform her into a new bride, while leaving his army of brides to finish off Baldwin. He is about to take her when he hears Baldwin scream his name who seemingly have escaped the brides. Yorga takes Cynthia and flees to upper balcony of the estate as Baldwin (who grabs an iron battle-axe from a wall) chases the two. Yorga and Baldwin fight with Baldwin surprisingly seeming stronger than before, however Yorga gains the advantage. Just as he is about to kill Baldwin via choking, Cynthia's memories of the brides killing her family resurfaces, causing her to realize Yorga was responsible for their deaths. She strikes Yorga in the chest with Baldwin's battle-axe. With Yorga stunned by the action, Baldwin uses the moment to throw Yorga off the balcony, and he lies motionless on the pavement below, dead.
	Cynthia hugs Baldwin, believing the ordeal over. However, she notices something wrong and pulls away. To her horror, she sees that Baldwin skin has turned pale and bite marks on his face revealing he was has transformed into a vampire) having apparently not escaped from the brides unscathed). Cynthia tries to run from him, but Baldwin pulls her back and promptly bites her.
	The last shot of the movie is Tommy playing with his ball in front of the orphanage accompanied by a haunting rendition of the song the children sang at the beginning of the film. Though Yorga is dead, his evil lives on as those who know of him are either dead or turned into vampires and will carry out his curse. The film ends with the ominous implication that Cynthia has joined them, Baldwin now their new leader and the surviving vampires are resting within the manor, where they will proceed to spread the vampirisim to the unwitting orphanage and soon to the rest of the town.
	In one scene, Yorga is seen watching a Spanish-language version of "The Vampire Lovers" on his television.
	A third "Yorga" film, which would have featured a broken Count Yorga living in Los Angeles's sewers and creating an army of undead street people, never materialised.
	Though Count Yorga is referred to as "the Deathmaster" in publicity for this film, a later film called "The Deathmaster", also starring Robert Quarry as a vampire, has no relation to the Count Yorga series.
	The film was released theatrically in the US by American International Pictures in 1971.
	The film was released on VHS home video (full screen format) in 1993 by Orion Home Video, which once held home video distribution rights to many titles in the American International Pictures catalog.
	The film was given a second VHS release by MGM Home Entertainment in September 2000. It later was released on DVD by MGM in 2005 as part of its Midnite Movies series. The disc was a double-feature release, pairing the film with "Count Yorga, Vampire".
	When CBS ran the movie in the 1970s on its "Friday Night Late Movie", the on-screen title was "Yorga Returns".
	Howard Thompson of "The New York Times" panned the film as "a dull, amateurish vampire brew." "Variety" called it "a solid follow-up" to the original and "a handsome-looking film which rings the bell on both the shocker and satirical level." Gene Siskel of the "Chicago Tribune" gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four, calling it "extremely frightening" and adding, "Persons familiar with the original will find the sequel better photographed, better acted and containing more mayhem a minute." Kevin Thomas of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote, "Those who saw 'Count Yorga' will be disappointed. Those who only see 'The Return' will wonder what all the fuss was about in regard to the original. In the first film comedy gave way to terror; in this self-conscious sequel the two elements tend to cancel each other out. The result is a pretty silly show." David Pirie of "The Monthly Film Bulletin" wrote that Count Yorga had been resurrected "with considerably more enterprise and panache than before." He praised the acting as being "of a generally high standard" and the castle set as "skilfully utilised to give the impression of a labyrinth of Borgesian proportions," though he criticized "a totally unnecessary and feeble attempt to make the Count into a sympathetic figure through such lines as, 'The most fragile emotion ever known has entered my breast.'"

= = = Nuoli-class fast gunboat = = =

	The Nuoli class motor gunboats () was a series of thirteen fast attack craft (gun) of the Finnish Navy. The ships were constructed in 1961 by Oy Laivateollisuus Ab in Turku, and modernized in 1979. The Nuoli motor gunboats played a very important role in naval training and were in service to early 90s.
	There are two distinctive versions, 1-10 and 11-13. The former could be distinguished by having a higher superstructure. All were equipped with three Soviet-made V-12 diesel engines. There was no separate cruise engine, except from a small auxiliary engine that produced electricity. The vessels were first equipped with large screws, but later changed to smaller, albeit equally effective screws, manufactured by Finnscrew.
	The Nuoli-class was planned to be armed with electrically controlled Bofors 40/70-system, but limitations of the auxiliary engine prevented this. For a brief time, Madsen 20/60 were replaced with Breda 12.7 mm heavy machine-gun which came from WW II-period Fiat G50-fighters; the change back to Madsen was done in 1981.
	Finland was forbidden to have torpedo boats after World War II, but the Nuoli class could quickly be converted into such, if need arose. in 1982 Nuoli-6 was transferred and ferried to Obbnäs torpedo test station to be used as test vessel for a new Finnish-origin torpedo system, which failed. The trip to Obbnäs was made in heavy weather - the waves were so hard that they damaged the wooden support structure of the bow. Nuoli-6 was driven aground in Obbnäs 1983 (summer/autumn) and was stricken.
	As service vessel these boats gave one a true feeling of being a sailor. Constructed of wood, they leaked "a bit" an so the atmosphere was rather moist. Living quarters were limited - even those of the commanding officer. There was no privacy at all - on Nuoli one was true member of the crew. 
	The vessels are today spread all over Finland, and one is in Germany (Nuoli 12). Nuoli 8 is preserved at the Turku marine museum "Forum Marinum".

= = = 1991 Football League Cup Final = = =

	The 1991 Football League Cup Final was a football match played on 21 April 1991 between Manchester United and Sheffield Wednesday. It was the first of two years that the competition was sponsored by Rumbelows.
	Despite the previous season's FA Cup winners, Manchester United, being favourites to lift the trophy, Second Division side Sheffield Wednesday won the match 1–0, the winning goal scored by John Sheridan, giving the Owls their first League Cup title in a season when they also won promotion back to the top flight. The match is regarded as one of the most memorable League Cup finals of all time.
	The trophy was presented to Wednesday skipper Nigel Pearson by Rumbelows employee of the year Tracy Bateman. Pearson was also named man of the match.
	The Football League Cup is a cup competition open to clubs in the Premier League and The Football League. It is played on a knockout basis, with the exception of the semi-finals, which are contested over a two-legged tie. As clubs in the top two divisions of The Football League, both teams entered the competition in the second round.
	Manchester United's second-round tie saw them drawn against Fourth Division Halifax Town; they won the first leg at The Shay 3–1, with goals from Clayton Blackmore, Brian McClair and Neil Webb, before Viv Anderson and Steve Bruce gave them a 2–1 win at Old Trafford and a 5–2 aggregate victory. Anderson, who was by now rarely used in the United first team, went on to be sold to Sheffield Wednesday three months later, his appearance for United in the early stages of the competition making him ineligible for Wednesday's matches and denying him the chance to add to the two League Cup medals he had won with Nottingham Forest and a later medal in the competition won with Arsenal. 
	They were then drawn against rivals and reigning First Division champions Liverpool in the third round, where Mark Hughes and Lee Sharpe joined Bruce on the score sheet in a 3–1 home win. In the fourth round, a 19-year-old Sharpe scored a hat-trick in addition to goals from Blackmore, Hughes and Danny Wallace to give United a 6–2 away win over Arsenal, who would go on to win the First Division title that season, just over a month after the two teams had been involved in a mass brawl during a 1–0 Arsenal win at Old Trafford that saw both teams deducted points.
	In the fifth round, United were held to a 1–1 draw away to Southampton, Hughes scoring their only goal; Hughes was again the only United player on the score sheet in the replay a week later, scoring a hat-trick in a 3–2 win that put them into the semi-finals. Southampton striker Alan Shearer, who within months was reported to be transfer target for Manchester United, scoring all of Southampton's goals during the two cup clashes with United.
	Goals from McClair and Sharpe gave United a 2–1 win in the first leg of the semi-final at home to Leeds United, and Sharpe scored again in the second leg – his sixth League Cup goal of the season – as United won 1–0, and 3–1 on aggregate, to put them into their second League Cup final.
	Sheffield Wednesday, whose last major honour had been the FA Cup in 1935, were fresh from relegation to the Second Division when they were drawn against Third Division Brentford in the second round, winning 2–1 in each of the two legs to put them into the third round. There they met fellow Second Division side Swindon Town, who held them to a goalless draw at Hillsborough, before succumbing to a 1–0 defeat at the County Ground in the replay a week later. Wednesday required another replay in the fourth round, after they played out another draw at home to Derby County, but beat them 2–1 at the Baseball Ground two weeks later.
	The quarter-final saw Wednesday drawn away to Coventry City, where a 1-0 victory for Wednesday ended any hopes that Coventry's new player-manager Terry Butcher might have had of beginning his managerial career with silverware. Their semi-final opponents were drawn against Chelsea. The first leg of the semi-final was played at Stamford Bridge, where goals from Peter Shirtliff and David Hirst gave them a 2–0 win, before Nigel Pearson, Danny Wilson and Paul Williams gave them a 3–1 win in the second leg at Hillsborough to put them into the final, 5–1 on aggregate. It was Wednesday's first Wembley cup final in 25 years.
	The broadcast of this League Cup final caused controversy in Yorkshire, where instead of showing the post-match celebrations (as London Weekend Television did), Yorkshire Television decided to cut the broadcast short to show a programme titled "War of the Monster Trucks". People from Sheffield often cite this event as a demonstration of the station's bias towards West Yorkshire, Leeds and above all Leeds United. The incident inspired the name of the Sheffield Wednesday fanzine "War of the Monster Trucks".

= = = Ken McMullen (film director) = = =

	Ken McMullen (born 31 August 1948, Manchester) is an award-winning film director and since 2012 Anniversary Professor of Film Studies at Kingston University, London. McMullen's films are grounded in philosophy, history, psychoanalysis and literature. McMullen's exhibition "Signatures of the Invisible" brought together artists and scientists working at CERN, the European particle physics facility near Geneva. His other work includes filming conversations with physicists at Stanford Linear Accelerator Centre, which he describes as "making a diary of the transition in human culture" because he believes physics is arriving at another shifting point. His latest work "Arrows of Time" is a radical new form of cinema consisting of 40 interchangeable elements that deal with literature, philosophy, and contemporary physics, premiered at the Museum of Modern Art in San Francisco in April 2007.
	During the late 1990s and early 2000s McMullen also lectured and took tutor groups and what was then 'The London College of Printing and Distributive Trades' - now the London College of Communication. Attached to the department of Film and Television studies at the college's Back Hill facility, McMullen was popular with students.

= = = Nålens öga = = =

	"Nålens öga" is a single by the band Kent, released on June 21, 2006. The CD comes in a sleeve and has just the one song. This single was specially written and recorded by Kent for Swedish Save the Children. It was used as signature music for a TV-documentary called "Det handlar om ett barn". The documentary was a co-production between TV4 and Swedish Save the Children to educate about children being victims of domestic violence. All revenue from the single also went directly to Swedish Save the Children. It was a number three hit in Sweden.

= = = Claes Corneliszoon Moeyaert = = =

	Claes Corneliszoon Moeyaert or Nicolaes Moyaert or Mooyaert (1592–1655) was an authoritative Catholic Dutch painter. He followed Rembrandt in his use of red chalk. 
	Moeyart was born in Durgerdam. As a young man he is thought to have traveled to Italy to see and experience its art. At 25 he married Grietje Claes (in 1617). Possibly he was in business with Pieter Lastman in St. Antoniesbreestraat. 
	Moeyaert painted many biblical and mythological scenes, and also designed Amsterdam's triumphal arch for the arrival of Maria de Medici. On 1 September 1638, he stood on the Spaarndammerdijk to watch the procession. 
	Moeyaert was a very rich man and had three children, two mentally retarded and cared for in his own home. He had stakes in the business of Hendrick van Uylenburgh, a famous art dealer, related to Rembrandt's wife, Saskia van Uylenburgh. 
	Moeyaert was for many years' commissioner of the Theatre of Van Campen, with Jan Vos. He lived until his death at a house on the Singel, not far from Torensluis. Nicolaes Berchem, Salomon Koninck, Jacob van der Does and Jan Baptist Weenix were his pupils.
	"This article is a translation from the Dutch Wikipedia".

= = = Balaka (plant) = = =

	Balaka is a genus of 9 known species in the palm family, Arecaceae or Palmae. Seven species are native to the islands of Fiji and two to Samoa. The genus was first proposed and published in "Annales du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg" 2: 91. 1885, from two species originally in the genus "Ptychosperma" ("P. perbrevis" and "P. seemannii").
	Accepted species:

= = = Verdun-sur-le-Doubs = = =

	Verdun-sur-le-Doubs is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne in eastern France.
	It is located in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté at the confluence of the Doubs and the Saône in the Bresse plain, near Beaune and Chalon-sur-Saône.
	It is a very old settlement and played the role of fortified place at the French kingdom frontier during several centuries.
	Today Verdun-sur-le-Doubs is an agricultural and tourist center well known for fishing, river boating and good eating. The "pôchouse" is the local dish with different types of river fishes cooked with dry Burgundy white wine ("Bourgogne aligoté") and cream.
	In the Second World War Verdun-sur-le-Doubs was situated on the Demarcation Line. In 1995 sixteen communes, followed shortly by four others, were united to form the Community of Communes of the Trois Rivieres (CC3R).

= = = Gus Voerg = = =

	August "Gus" Voerg (June 7, 1870 – April 21, 1944), also known as Gustav Voerg, was an American rower who competed in the 1904 Summer Olympics.
	In 1904 he was part of the American boat which won the bronze medal in the coxless four.

= = = 7-demicubic honeycomb = = =

	The 7-demicubic honeycomb, or demihepteractic honeycomb is a uniform space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 7-space. It is constructed as an alternation of the regular 7-cubic honeycomb.
	It is composed of two different types of facets. The 7-cubes become alternated into 7-demicubes h{4,3,3,3,3,3} and the alternated vertices create 7-orthoplex {3,3,3,3,3,4} facets.
	The vertex arrangement of the 7-demicubic honeycomb is the D lattice. The 84 vertices of the rectified 7-orthoplex vertex figure of the "7-demicubic honeycomb" reflect the kissing number 84 of this lattice. The best known is 126, from the E lattice and the 3 honeycomb.
	The D packing (also called D) can be constructed by the union of two "D lattices". The D packings form lattices only in even dimensions. The kissing number is 2=64 (2 for n<8, 240 for n=8, and 2n(n-1) for n>8).
	The D lattice (also called D and C) can be constructed by the union of all four 7-demicubic lattices: It is also the 7-dimensional body centered cubic, the union of two 7-cube honeycombs in dual positions.
	The kissing number of the D lattice is 14 ("2n" for n≥5) and its Voronoi tessellation is a quadritruncated 7-cubic honeycomb, , containing all with tritruncated 7-orthoplex, Voronoi cells.
	There are three uniform construction symmetries of this tessellation. Each symmetry can be represented by arrangements of different colors on the 128 7-demicube facets around each vertex.

= = = Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy = = =

	Uyyalawada Narasimha Reddy or Majjari Narasimha Reddy (24 November 1806 – 2 February 1847) was an Indian freedom fighter. Son of a former Telugu Palegaadu Mallareddy and Seethamma, Narasimha Reddy was born in Rupanagudi village, Uyyalawada Mandal, Kurnool district. He and his commander-in-chief "Vadde Obanna" were at the heart of the rebellion against British in 1846, where 5,000 peasants rose up against the British East India Company in Kurnool district, Rayalaseema Region of Andhra Pradesh. They were protesting against the changes introduced by the British to the traditional agrarian system in the first half of the nineteenth century. Which included the introduction of the ryotwari system and other attempts to maximize revenue through exploiting lower-status cultivators by depleting their crops and leaving them impoverished.
	The father of Narasimha Reddy was related to the Polygar (jagirdarr) family of Uyyalawada in Koilkuntla taluk who had married two daughters of the Polygar of Nossam. He had three sons, of whom Narasimha was the youngest. His first wife was Siddamma.
	The EIC's introduction to the Madras Presidency of the 1803 Permanent Settlement, which had first been enacted in Bengal Presidency ten years previously, replaced the agrarian socio-economic status quo with a more egalitarian arrangement where anyone could cultivate provided that they paid a fixed sum to the EIC for the privilege of doing so.
	The Polygars and other higher-status people who preferred the old agrarian system "represented the decadent social order", were in many cases "upstarts" and "were also the heirs of a social system in which various orders of Hindu society were integrated through ages". These people were dispossessed of their lands, which were then redistributed, but the primary purpose of the changes was to increase production rather than to restructure the social order. In some cases, it coincided with a punishment because among the dispossessed were those who had recently been involved in fighting the EIC in the Polygar Wars. Some received pensions in lieu of the lost lands but at inconsistent rates.
	The changes, which included the introduction of the ryotwari system and other attempts to maximise revenue, deprived village headmen and other higher-status people of their role as revenue collectors and position as landholders, while also impacting on lower-status cultivators by depleting their crops and leaving them impoverished. The population came to the view that the British were taking their wealth and that those who were dependent on the traditional system no longer had a means of making a living. As the old order collapsed into disarray, the once-authoritative Polygars, including Narasimha Reddy, became the focus of attention from sufferers, whose pleas fell on deaf British ears. The Polygars saw a chance to mobilize peasant opposition both for genuine social reasons.
	Narasimha Reddy's own objections too was based on their outcomes. Compared to the Polygar of Nossam, the pension awarded to his family upon their dispossession was paltry and the authorities refused to increase it by redistributing some of the Nossam monies when that latter family became extinct in 1821. At the same time, some of his relatives were facing proposals for further reductions in their land rights, including by a reform of the village policing system.
	Things came to a head 1846 when the British authorities assumed land rights previously held by various people who had died in the villages of Goodladurty, Koilkuntla and Nossum. Encouraged by the discontent of others, Reddy became the figurehead for an uprising.
	An armed group, initially comprising those dispossessed of inam lands around Koilkuntla, was led by Reddy's Right-hand man Vadde Obanna in July 1846. The Acting Collector for the area Lord Cochrane, believed that Reddy had material support from fellow pensioners in Hyderabad and Kurnool, whose land rights had also been appropriated. The group soon attracted support from the peasantry and was reported by British authorities to have rampaged in Koilkuntla, looting the treasury there and evading the police before killing several officers at Mittapally. They also plundered Rudravaram before moving to an area near to Almore, pursued by the British military forces who then surrounded them.
	A battle between Obanna's 5000-strong band and a much smaller British contingent then took place, with around 200 of the rebels being killed and others captured before they were able to break out in the direction of Kotakota, Giddalur where Reddy's family were situated. Having collected his family, he and the rest of the rebels moved into the Nallamala Hills. The British offered incentives for information regarding the rebels, who were again surrounded amidst reports that unrest was now growing in other villages of the area. In a further skirmish between the rebels and the British, who had sent for reinforcements, 40–50 rebels were killed and 90 were captured, including Reddy. Although there was no evidence of Obanna's capture, he most possibly was also a captive along with his leader.
	Warrants were issued for the arrest of nearly 1,000 of the rebels, of which 412 were released without charge. A further 273 were bailed and 112 were convicted. Reddy, too, was convicted and in his case received the death penalty. On 22 February 1847, he was executed in Koilkuntla in front of a silent crowd of over 2000 people.
	British kept his head on the fort wall in public view until 1877. The East India Company reported in their district manual of 1886 that 
	The Renati Surya Chandrula Smaraka Samithi was formed to preserve the memory of Reddy and the philanthropist Budda Vengal Reddy, both of whom were born in Uyyalawada village. The committee published a book in both Telugu and English, titled "Renati Surya Chandrulu" ("The Sun and Moon of Renadu"), in 2015. It contains excerpts from research papers by historians.
	A movie based on Narasimha Reddy's inspiring life, "Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy" directed by Surender Reddy and starring Chiranjeevi was released in the Telugu film industry on 2 October 2019. He was referred as a dacoit by British as he was helping people

= = = Binetti = = =

	Binetti is a surname. Notable people with this surname include:

= = = Valea Cheii (Dâmbovița) = = =

	The Valea Cheii (also: "Cheia", in its upper course also: "Rudărița") is a left tributary of the river Dâmbovița in Romania. Its source is in the Leaota Mountains. It flows into the Dâmbovița downstream from Podu Dâmboviței. Its length is and its basin size is .
	The following rivers are tributaries to the river Valea Cheii (from source to mouth):

= = = 7-cubic honeycomb = = =

	The 7-cubic honeycomb or hepteractic honeycomb is the only regular space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 7-space.
	It is analogous to the square tiling of the plane and to the cubic honeycomb of 3-space.
	There are many different Wythoff constructions of this honeycomb. The most symmetric form is regular, with Schläfli symbol {4,3,4}. Another form has two alternating 7-cube facets (like a checkerboard) with Schläfli symbol {4,3,3}. The lowest symmetry Wythoff construction has 128 types of facets around each vertex and a prismatic product Schläfli symbol {∞}.
	The [4,3,4], , Coxeter group generates 255 permutations of uniform tessellations, 135 with unique symmetry and 134 with unique geometry. The expanded 7-cubic honeycomb is geometrically identical to the 7-cubic honeycomb.
	The "7-cubic honeycomb" can be alternated into the 7-demicubic honeycomb, replacing the 7-cubes with 7-demicubes, and the alternated gaps are filled by 7-orthoplex facets.
	A quadritruncated 7-cubic honeycomb, , contains all tritruncated 7-orthoplex facets and is the Voronoi tessellation of the D lattice. Facets can be identically colored from a doubled formula_1×2, <nowiki></nowiki>4,3,4 symmetry, alternately colored from formula_1, [4,3,4] symmetry, three colors from formula_3, [4,3,3] symmetry, and 4 colors from formula_4, [3,3,3] symmetry.

= = = John Freitag = = =

	John W. Freitag (May 3, 1877 – October 20, 1932) was an American rower who competed in the 1904 Summer Olympics.
	He was born in Columbia, Illinois in 1877 and died in St. Louis, Missouri in 1932. In 1904 he was part of the American boat that won the bronze medal in the coxless four.

= = = Batavia Depot Museum = = =

	The Batavia Depot Museum is a museum in Batavia, Illinois that was once the town's primary train station. It was the first of many depots built by the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 as the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad Depot.
	The Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad (CB&Q) was established in the 1850s to rival the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad (C&GU). The new railroad was constructed due to growing concern that the cities of Batavia and Aurora would have an economic downfall since the C&GU bypassed both settlements. The railroad station in Batavia was the first constructed by the CB&Q, and as such, the company took extra care to make it stand out architecturally. 
	The wood structure stands two stories tall with red, vertical panels. Originally , a four-room extension was added to the ground floor in 1868. The main structure has a gable roof with Gothic brackets while the extension has a flat roof. The station was later abandoned by the CB&Q, who preferred to maintain only a direct route through Aurora. The station was moved to its current location in 1973 in an effort to preserve it. Renovations were made to restore the building to its 1919 appearance (which was likely very similar to the original). The building was placed on a new cinder block foundation. The new lot also had a basement for a furnace to keep the building open during the winter. The Fox River now lies to the building's east. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 6, 1979.

= = = London Underground mosquito = = =

	The London Underground mosquito is a form of mosquito in the genus "Culex". It is found in the London Underground railway system as its name suggests, but has a worldwide distribution and long predates the existence of the London Underground. It was first described as a distinct species from Egyptian specimens by the biologist Peter Forsskål (1732–1763). He named this mosquito "Culex molestus" due to its voracious biting, but later biologists renamed it "Culex pipiens" f. "molestus" because there were no morphological differences between it and "Culex pipiens". Notably, this mosquito assaulted Londoners sleeping in the Underground during the Blitz, although similar populations were long known. 
	A study from 2004 analyzing DNA microsatellites suggested that "Culex molestus" is likely a distinct species from "Culex pipiens". However, a more recent paper from 2012 argues that it is more accurately 'a physiological and ecological variant of "Cx. pipiens" ' and should not be considered a distinct species.
	This mosquito, although first discovered in Egypt in the late 18th century, has been found in underground systems around the world. Some authors suggested that it adapted to human-made underground systems since the last century from local above-ground "Culex pipiens", but the more recent evidence suggests it is a southern mosquito variety related to "C. pipiens" that has adapted to the warm underground spaces of northern cities.
	Behavioral evidence for this mosquito being a different species from "C. pipiens" comes from research by Kate Byrne and Richard Nichols. The species have very different behaviours, are extremely difficult to mate, and with different allele frequencies consistent with genetic drift during a founder event. More specifically, this mosquito, "C. molestus", breeds all-year round, is cold intolerant, and bites rats, mice, and humans, in contrast to the above-ground species, which is cold tolerant, hibernates in the winter, and is considered to mostly feed on bird hosts. When the two varieties were crossbred, the eggs were infertile, suggesting reproductive isolation.
	Genetic data indicate the "molestus" form in the London Underground appear to have a common ancestry, rather than the population at each station being related to the nearest above-ground population. Byrne and Nichols' working hypothesis was that adaptation to the underground environment had occurred locally in London once only – many hurdles must be overcome to become adapted to the subterranean environment, and understandably it would occur rarely. This hypothesis implies that local adaptation would be expected in different locations around Europe and beyond, as each local population evolved an offshoot that overcame the problems of living underground.
	However, more recently collected genetic evidence reported by Fonseca and others suggests a single "C. molestus" form has spread throughout Europe and beyond, since populations over a large area share a common genetic heritage. These widely separated populations are distinguished by very minor genetic differences, which suggest the underground form developed recently; a single mtDNA difference is shared among the underground populations of 10 Russian cities, and a single fixed microsatellite difference occurs in populations spanning Europe, Japan, Australia, the Middle East, and the Atlantic islands. This worldwide spread might have occurred after the last glaciations or may be even more recent, due to the insects hitchhiking on world trade routes; one possibility is the international secondhand tire trade. The tires retain water in which the larvae can survive, and completely removing water from an old tire can be difficult.
	Now, the persistence of hybrids in northern climates apparently may be another evolutionary problem that can be solved, but only rarely: the Fonseca paper obtained genetic evidence that the recent colonization of America by "Culex" mosquitoes actually involves a strain derived from a rare successful hybridization between "C. pipiens" and "C. molestus". They suggest hybridization may explain why the American form bites both birds and humans (this interpretation is controversial, see letter from Spielman "et al." and the response that follows it in "Science"). The consequences of this more indiscriminate feeding hit the news in 1999 with the outbreak of human encephalitis in New York, caused by West Nile virus. It was the first documented introduction of this virus into the Western Hemisphere; perhaps because in the longer established populations, the Old World northern above-ground "C. pipiens" almost exclusively bites birds, with the human-biting ones being incarcerated below ground.
	"Culex molestus" has been observed in North and South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australasia. Its country of origin is thought to be Egypt, although it has likely spread via trade and colonial passages over the past centuries.
	In the summer of 2011, an invasion of "Culex molestus" appeared on the Upper West Side in the borough of Manhattan, New York City. The mosquito is well known for being commonly found in sewers of New York and thriving throughout the year feeding on humans. Residents of older brownstones found the mosquitoes coming from the underground into basements and then through air vents and other openings into their homes. The city government did not make this infestation of the pest a top priority because they tested negative for West Nile virus and because of the high cost of mosquito control.
	In Australia, "Culex molestus" was first recorded in the 1940s, and has since spread across all southern states, causing a significant biting nuisance in urban areas. Unlike most Australian urban mosquitos, "molestus" is active through all 12 months of the year. Its introduction was likely through military movements into Melbourne during World War II, and genetic studies have indicated its most likely passage was from eastern Asia and Japan. It has also been identified as a potential vector for several Australian blood-borne diseases, such as Ross River virus.

= = = Clemens von und zu Franckenstein = = =

	Clemens Erwein Heinrich Karl Bonaventura Freiherr von und zu Franckenstein (14 July 1875 – 19 August 1942) was a German opera composer, studying in Vienna, Austria, and later in Munich, Germany, with Ludwig Thuille and at the Hoch Conservatory in Frankfurt with Iwan Knorr. After a visit to the USA he conducted the Moody-Manners Opera Company in England from 1902–1907, then worked at the court theatres of Wiesbaden and Berlin, until the court theaters were abolished after the First World War. He was general director of the Bayerische Staatsoper in Munich (1912–1918 and 1924–1934). He produced the Munich Opera Festival through 1934 when he was forced out by Nazi prohibitions.
	Franckenstein was born in Wiesentheid, Germany to Karl Freiherr von und zu Franckenstein (1831–1898) and Elma Gräfin von Schönborn-Wiesentheid (1841–1884). His brother was Austrian Ambassador to England, Georg von und zu Franckenstein (1878–1953). Georg's son, actor Clement von Franckenstein (1944–2019), was his nephew.
	Franckenstein died in Hechendorf am Pilsensee, Oberbayern, Germany at age 67.

= = = Frank Dummerth = = =

	Frank Dummerth (January 6, 1871 – August 7, 1936) was an American rower who competed in the 1904 Summer Olympics.
	He was born and died in St. Louis, Missouri.
	In 1904 he was part of the American boat, which won the bronze medal in the coxless four.

= = = Monsignor Scanlan High School = = =

	Monsignor Scanlan High School is a four-year private, Roman Catholic high school located in the Throggs Neck neighborhood of The Bronx, New York City. It is part of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York and is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools and the New York State Board of Regents.
	Monsignor Scanlan High School was initially established in 1949 as two schools, St. Helena's High School for Boys and St. Helena's High School for Girls. Both schools were formed by Monsignor Arthur J. Scanlan, founding pastor of St. Helena's Church. He also founded the parish elementary school in 1940. Both high schools were renamed in Scanlan's honor in 1972 and merged to form one coeducational high school in 1976. The parish also operated a commercial high school from 1956 to 2002.
	Currently experiencing a surge in its student population, the 2019-2020 incoming freshman class increased an unprecedented 38%.
	Located near the foot of the Whitestone Bridge, Monsignor Scanlan High School sits on a suburban-like 13-acre oasis campus in the Throggs Neck neighborhood of The Bronx, just minutes from northern Queens. Students residing in The Bronx, Queens and Manhattan constitute the majority of the pupil population. The Q-50 and Q-44 MTA bus line accommodates Monsignor Scanlan students traveling from different points in Queens and The Bronx and conveniently stops on the school’s campus. The school is adjacent to Westchester Creek to the west and the Whitestone Bridge and Ferry Point Park to the south.
	The academic program is organized around a seven-day cycle on three academic levels designed to accommodate the scholastic needs of students. The Honors Program rigorously challenges honor students to excel. The Regents Program prepares students to perform successfully on the New York State Regents exams and the school's Satellite Program offers students reinforcement in the areas of Math and Reading Skills.
	Msgr. Scanlan High School offers STEM (Science Technology Engineering and Math) courses as part of the Amazon Future Engineer Pathway STEM Program in Partnership with Edhesive. Course offerings include: Introduction to Computer Coding and Advanced Placement (AP) Computer Science.
	Monsignor Scanlan High School offers two distinctive opportunities for its students to earn college credits:
	Advanced Placement courses are offered in:
	Monsignor Scanlan High School also partners with St. John's University to offer college level courses to Juniors and Seniors with an opportunity to obtain college credits.
	All classrooms are equipped with "SMART Board®" technology.
	Monsignor Scanlan High School offers competitive athletic programs to its students. The school has garnered several city-wide championship titles. 
	Monsignor Scanlan High School has a number of student activities designed to promote a broad spectrum of interests.

= = = Samskara (film) = = =

	Samskara (English title: Funeral Rites) is a 1970 Kannada-language film written by U. R. Ananthamurthy based on his eponymous novel, and directed and produced by Pattabhirama Reddy. Singeetam Srinivasa Rao was executive director for the film. It is considered a path-breaking film that pioneered the parallel cinema movement in Kannada. "Samskara" won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film (1970).
	The word "samskara" means "ritual" in Kannada. The Madras Censor Board banned "Samskara" because it was felt that the strong anti-caste message of the film could spark tensions among the public. The ban was revoked by the Union Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. The film was released and it went on to win awards at national and international levels.
	The story is set in a street in a small village called Durvasapura in the Western Ghats of Karnataka. A majority of the people who live in the street belong to the community of Madhwas (a Brahmin community). The people who stay here have a traditional mindset and strictly follow the rules defined by their religion. Two of the main characters in the story are Praneshacharya (Girish Karnad) and Narayanappa. Praneshacharya is a devout Brahmin who has completed his Vedic education at Varanasi and has returned to Duravasapura and is considered as the leader of the Brahmin community of his village and the surrounding ones. His main goal is to attain liberation ("moksha") and he is willing to go to any length to achieve it. To remain focused on his goal and as an act of self-sacrifice, he marries an invalid woman and hence remains celibate.
	The other main character, Narayanappa, a Brahmin by birth but one who has rejected the set rules of Brahminism by eating meat and by keeping the company of a prostitute named Chandri. Once Narayanappa and his friends catches the sacred fish in the temple tank, cooks, and eats them. This causes the Brahmins in the villages to rise up against him. They approach Praneshacharya to throw him out of the village. Praneshacharya decides against taking this extreme step and he believes that Narayanappa can be convinced to get rid of his immoral acts. Once Narayanappa visits Shimoga and he returns to Duravasapura with high fever and dies. The Brahmins are left in a piquant situation because, according to Brahmin principles, a person who dies should be cremated as early as possible. None of the Brahmins wants to cremate the body — they feel that by cremating Narayanappa's body, they will become polluted as he was against the Brahmin principles during his life.
	However, the Brahmin principles also stipulate that a non-Brahmin cannot cremate the body of a Brahmin. Praneshacharya, being the leader, is responsible for finding the solution to this difficult problem. He reads the holy books, but they do not provide any solution. He then goes to a temple to pray to God and spends a whole day there. Disappointed at not being able to solve the problem, he trudges back home. On his way, he encounters Chandri. He is mesmerised by her beauty and when he wakes up in the middle of the night, he finds himself lying on Chandri's lap. Chandri rushes home, finds that Narayanappa's body has started to rot, gets it cremated in secrecy, and leaves Durvasapura. Praneshacharya is left in a piquant situation on whether he has to reveal his immoral act to the people of the village or keep quiet about it. Feeling guilty, he leaves the village but the guilt never leaves him. Finally deciding to own up to his act, he returns to the village and the story ends there. It's left to the imagination of the viewer on whether Praneshacharya owns up or not.
	The story was written by U. R. Ananthamurthy in 1965, while a student at the University of Birmingham for his Ph.D. He saw the film "The Seventh Seal" (1957) by Ingmar Bergman and was deeply moved by it. His tutor Malcolm Bradbury suggested he write about his experiences in India concerning the multilayered structure of time in Indian society.
	After completing the story, he sent the manuscript to Girish Karnad in India who got in touch with Pattabhirami Reddy and S. G. Vasudev, a painter, both with Madras Players, a Madras-based amateur acting group. Impressed by the theme of the story, Reddy decided to produce and direct it. Vasudev became the art director and also brought in Tom Cowan, a photographer with the Commonwealth Documentation Division, Australia, as the cinematographer. Cowan, in turn, brought his friend Steven Cartaw as the editor. The initial casting for the film was done from the Madras Players before choosing the rest in Bangalore.
	The film required a localized dwelling of Brahmins as the setting and Vasudev found one in Vaikunthapura, near Sringeri in Mysore State (now Karnataka). Despite intervention from the Sringeri Sharada Peetham, the makers received cooperation from the locals during filming. In an interview with "The Times of India" in 2014, Ananthamurthy said, "Vaikunthapura had a population of pure Brahmins. But the women of the agrahara where we shot the movie let Tom [Cowan] enter the kitchen. If the locals had known the theme, they would have never allowed the shooting to take place. They must have regretted it after the film's release. But the place became famous after the movie". Cowan worked for 30 days, shooting 900 shots at an average of 30 shots per day, before the film was completed in a paltry 90,000.
	"Samskara" was the first Kannada film to be directed and produced by Pattabhirami Reddy who had mainly dealt with Telugu films. Singeetam Srinivasa Rao was the executive director of the film. The film was also notable for it was the first Kannada film to not use excessive use of cosmetics for the artistes, music and dance, and for being made entirely with an amateur cast, most of whom were poets, writers and journalists. "Samskara" was initially banned by the Madras Censor Board in late 1969. It was the first Kannada film to receive a ban. The Board however gave no reasons for the ban in its letter to the makers. It was later revoked by the Union Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.

= = = Democratic and Republican Left group = = =

	The Democratic and Republican Left group ( or GDR) is a parliamentary group in the National Assembly including representatives of the French Communist Party (PCF).
	The electoral record of the French Communist Party (PCF) in 2007 was marked by dismal performances, first in the presidential election in which the party's national secretary Marie-George Buffet stood as a candidate supported by the PCF within the framework of an anti-liberal alliance; she was routed in the first round, receiving just 1.93% of the overall vote, a result deemed "catastrophic" for the party. The party's result in the subsequent legislative elections was similarly middling: though it outpaced the projections of pollsters, which placed it between only 5 and 15 seats, it still fell short of the threshold of 20 deputies, then required for the formation of a parliamentary group in the National Assembly. As a result, Alain Bocquet, outgoing leader of the preceding communist group in the assembly, demanded on 18 June that the requirement for the number of deputies to form a political group be lowered to 15 from 20 then needed, with a total of 15 deputies elected under the PCF label in the legislative elections (not counting PCF dissident Maxime Gremetz or PCF associate deputies Jean-Pierre Brard and Jacques Desallangre). Bocquet, referring to the recent election of Nicolas Sarkozy in the presidential election, added "if the president of the Republic is a democrat, he will prove it", further arguing that "contrary to all predictions, the conditions for the constitution of a communist group in the National Assembly have been met, and their recognition is only a regulatory formality".
	During the evening of 17 June, the second round of the legislative elections, Buffet issued an appeal to form an "open" group to carry the "people's voice" in the National Assembly, singling out the Greens (VEC) as a potential target. PCF spokesperson Olivier Dartigolles speculated that the party could secure an alliance "with the non-inscrits, with the elected officials of the DOM-TOM, with the progressive elected officials of the left", believing that the other forces on the left were sufficient to constitute a parliamentary group. Recognizing the predicament of the PCF, ecologist deputy Noël Mamère proposed that evening that the four members of the Greens elected in the legislative elections join the communist deputies in order to provide the necessary support to form a political group in the National Assembly, saying that he believed that the Green deputies accept the opening proposed by Buffet, hoping to sit along the PCF and others on the left in an "autonomous group" in the National Assembly, independent of the Socialist Party (PS); he later added that his invitation was also extended the Movement of Citizens of Jean-Pierre Chevènement, the Radical Party of the Left (PRG), and miscellaneous left. Bocuqet on 18 June indicated that "the group was open to the world" but did not signify that it would accept the support of the Greens in order to establish a group.
	Despite this initial outreach to the Greens, however, Buffet's initiative to form a common group with the Greens was ultimately rebuffed, ending the possibility of a "communist, republican and ecologist" group as envisaged by Mamère. Discussions between Mamère, PCF deputy Patrick Braouezec, and miscellaneous left deputies including Gérard Charasse were briefly initiated with the apparent support of the leadership of the PCF, which sought to strengthen its position in the assembly and diminish troublemakers within it ranks; however, these ultimately came to no avail, with Bocquet believing that an alliance with the Greens would be unfeasible during the debates of the Grenelle de l'environnement and legislation proposed as a result. Maxime Gremetz, ousted from the communist federation in the Somme and antagonistic towards the national party, made conditional his membership of a parliamentary group contingent on his demand that he and the other communists in the Somme excluded from the departmental federation be permitted to rejoin. With 18 total communist deputies, it was therefore necessary to seek two additional deputies for the formation of the group.
	Unable to pass the threshold of 20 deputies on their own, however, the communists – Bocquet in particular – were eventually forced to reopen the door to the Greens and PRG, with Mamère proposing a "radical, communist, and green" group. Though the PCF continued to petition for a lowering of the bar for a parliamentary group from 20 to 15 deputies, the necessary change of regulation required the assent of a majority of the National Assembly, then controlled by the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). There being no guarantee that this would happen, Bocquet said that the communists needed to act with "pragmatism". The Democratic and Republican Left group ("groupe de la Gauche démocrate et républicaine") was ultimately formed on 26 June with 24 deputies, Jean-Claude Sandrier becoming its first president; it included the deputies of the PCF (with the exception of André Gerin, who refused to join), four Greens, and two miscellaneous left deputies: Alfred Marie-Jeanne for Martinique and Huguette Bello for Réunion.
	After leaving the PS along with Jean-Luc Mélenchon to co-found the Left Party, Marc Dolez left the Socialist, Radical, Citizen and Miscellaneous Left group to join the GDR group as an associate deputy before becoming a member on 27 January 2009. On 11 July 2010, Anny Poursinoff of the Greens was elected in a by-election in Yvelines's 10th constituency, defeating Jean-Frédéric Poisson, thus becoming the 26th member of the GDR group. On 1 September 2010, the Green deputy Yves Cochet took over the presidency of the GDR group. Maxime Gremetz was expelled from the group on 12 April 2011 after interrupting a parliamentary meeting about the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, and subsequently resigned from his seat on 16 May. Cochet left the GDR group on 6 December after being designated as an MEP, and was replaced by Roland Muzeau; this decision reflected the dissatisfaction of the Left Front at the decision of their ecologist partners, now known as Europe Ecology – The Greens (EELV), to present a common candidate with the PS against incumbent François Asensi in Seine-Saint-Denis's 11th constituency. The four ecologist deputies subsequently left the GDR group, Cochet departing on 6 December to take his seat as an MEP and the three others quitting on 7 December. Jacques Desallangre left the group on 17 February 2012.
	Following the 2012 legislative elections, André Chassaigne was designated by the 10 deputies of the Left Front to form a parliamentary group, with only 15 deputies now required to form a parliamentary group, again raising the possibility of seeking support from "progressive" deputies representing Réunion, Martinique, and Guadeloupe. With the support of two such deputies already confirmed, as previous members of the group, the support of two newly elected deputies in Martinique, Jean-Philippe Nilor and Bruno Nestor Azerot, was sought out. The search for the fifteenth deputy proved difficult; though Ary Chalus of Guadeloupe, another newly minted deputy, was expected to join the group, the situation was complicated by Chalus's statement on 21 June that he would associate with the Socialist group. The continued existence of the group was finally assured with the confirmation that Gabriel Serville of the Guianese Socialist Party (PSG) would sit with the GDR in the assembly, the group now reduced to 15 deputies.
	In the 2017 legislative elections, the PCF and la France Insoumise, the movement founded by Jean-Luc Mélenchon prior to the presidential election, failed to establish an alliance to run common candidates in the legislative elections. Both subsequently decided to form separate parliamentary groups; Chassaigne declared that the GDR would continue on 21 June, including 11 of its own deputies and 4 from overseas France, but would not oppose the initiatives of the la France Insoumise group. Mélenchon's insistence on voting discipline respecting his movement's program proved an obstacle in any potential alliance between the two. At the time of its formation on 27 June, the parliamentary group included 16 deputies.

= = = Robert Ferro = = =

	Robert Ferro (October 21, 1941 – July 11, 1988) was an American novelist whose semi-autobiographical fiction explored the uneasy integration of homosexuality and traditional American upper middle class values.
	He was born in Cranford, New Jersey and graduated from Cranford High School. He went to college at Rutgers University and received a Master's Degree from the University of Iowa. In late 1965 Ferro met Andrew Holleran at the Iowa Writer's Workshop. He later lectured at Adelphi University.
	He was a member of The Violet Quill.
	He died of AIDS a few months after his partner, Michael Grumley, in 1988 at his father's home in Ho-Ho-Kus, New Jersey, age 46. Grumley and Ferro are buried together under the Ferro-Grumley memorial in Rockland Cemetery, Sparkill, New York.
	Following their deaths, the Ferro-Grumley Foundation, which manages their estate, created and endowed the annual Ferro-Grumley Award for LGBT fiction in conjunction with Publishing Triangle.
	Robert Ferro's works are especially interested in the phenomena of homosexual integration into the traditional family. Love of family is a theme that appears in both "The Family of Max Desir", and "Second Son" and reflects his traditional Italo-American sentiments.
	In 1984, Ferro told the "Cranford Chronicle" that the town in his novel "The Family of Max Desir" was a fictionalized version of his hometown, Cranford, New Jersey. The novel's "Indian River" is meant to be the Rahway River and acts as "the heart of the town and the center of [the main character's] imagination." "Indian Park," host to a revived Victorian water carnival in "Desir," is a fictionalized version of the real-life Nomahegan Park on the Rahway River.

= = = Edward J. Kasemeyer = = =

	Edward J. Kasemeyer (born July 18, 1945) is an American politician from Maryland and a member of the Democratic Party. He served for many years in the Maryland State Senate, most recently representing Maryland's District 12 in Baltimore and Howard Counties.
	Born in Baltimore, Maryland on July 18, 1945, Kasemeyer attended Western Maryland College. He has been active with the Howard County Association of Retarded Citizens, the Howard County Chamber of Commerce, and the Howard County General Hospital Advisory Board, as well as in the Democratic Party.
	Kasemeyer first served in the Senate as a representative of the 14th district from January 1987 to January 1991, after a single term in the Maryland House of Delegates (elected 1982; served January 1983 to January 1987). Running for re-election to the Senate in 1990, he narrowly lost to Republican Christopher J. McCabe. After redistricting changed the district boundaries, he was elected again to the Senate in 1994, this time from the 12th district. He was re-elected five times. During part of his tenure, Kasemeyer served as the Chair of the Budget and Taxation Committee.

= = = Robert Farnan (rower) = = =

	Robert E. Farnan (June 11, 1877 – January 10, 1939) was an American rower who competed in the 1904 Summer Olympics.
	He was born and died in New York City.
	In 1904 he won the gold medal in the coxless pairs.

= = = Pakphum Wonjinda = = =

	Pakphum Wonjinda (; 13 May 1965) is a Thai film director, producer, screenwriter and CEO of the PAKPHUMJAI Co., Ltd. His first screenplay was for the horror-comedy, "Body Jumper", which was based on a Thai ghost folktale. He made his directorial debut in 2004 with the musical-horror-comedy, "Formalin Man". He then made the slasher film, "Scared" in 2005, followed up with another slasher, "Video Clip" in 2007, "Who are you?" in 2010, "Like and Love" in 2012, "Pee Kao Pee Ook" (2014), "The Miror in 3D" in 2015, and "The Crown" in 2016.
	www.pakphumjai.co.th

= = = Amajlije = = =

	Amajlije () is a place located east of the city of Bijeljina in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Its population in 1991 was 1,110.
	The name "Amajlije" means "amulets".
	The main football club is FK Drina Amajlije.

= = = John Joachim = = =

	John Louis Joachim (April 8, 1874 – October 21, 1942) was an American rower who competed in the 1904 Summer Olympics.
	He was born in Ohio and died in St. Louis, Missouri.
	In 1904 he won the bronze medal in the coxless pairs.

= = = Terms for Syriac Christians = = =

	Syriac Christians are an ethnoreligious grouping of various ethnic communities of indigenous pre-Arab Semitic and often Neo-Aramaic-speaking Christian people of Iraq, Syria, Iran, Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine, and Israel. Syriac Christians advocate different terms for ethnic self-designation. Syriac Christians from the Middle East are theologically and culturally closely related to, but should not be confused with, the Saint Thomas Christians from India, whose ties to Syriac Christians were the result of trade links and migration by Assyrian Christians from Mesopotamia and the Middle East mostly around the 9th century.
	Historically, the three ethnic names used for those who would become Syriac Christians were extant before the advent of Christianity: "Assyrian", referring to the land and people of Assyria in northern Mesopotamia, "Aramean", referring to the people of Aram in The Levant, and "Syrian/Syriac", originally being used specifically as an Indo-European corruption of "Assyrian", but from the late 4th century BC, being applied by the Seleucid Greeks to the Arameans of The Levant.
	Other purely doctrinal and theological terms such as "Syriac Christian", "Chaldean", "Jacobite", and "Nestorian", appeared much later, usually as labels imposed by theologians from Europe. The problem became more acute in 1946, when with the creation and independence of Syria, the adjective "Syrian" came to refer to that Arab-majority independent state, where Syriac Christians formed a minority.
	There are around 7,000,000 Syriac Christians of various ethnicities and denominations in the world, the majority living in the diaspora with the largest centres being in India, the United States, Canada, Syria, Sweden, Australia, Lebanon, Germany, Russia, the Netherlands, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iraq (Iraqi Kurdistan), Turkey, and Iran.
	A simplified list presents (self-)identifications of Syriac Christians with regard to: 1) ethnicity (which may or may not be ethno-religious and/or national/nationalistic); and 2) religious denomination:
	A third identity concerns citizenship of and/or national identification with an existing sovereign state, such as being Syrian (Syrian Arab Republic), German (Germany), Swedish (Sweden), American (United States), etc. "Syrian" identity in particular may be confusing for an outsider, since someone may self-identify as both Syriac and Syrian: as a "Syrian Syriac Aramean" (a Syriac Christian from Syria who ethnically self-identifies as an Aramean) or a "Syrian-Swedish Assyrian Chaldean Catholic" (a Swede originating from Syria who ethnically identifies as an Assyrian - and may or may not promote Assyrian nationalism - and who belongs to the Chaldean Catholic Church), etc.
	In the pre-Christian era, during the mid- and late Bronze Age and Iron Age, the northern part of Iraq and parts of south-east Turkey and north-east Syria were encompassed by Assyria from the 25th century BC, southern Iraq by Babylonia from the 19th century BC, the Mediterranean coast of Lebanon and Syria by Phoenicia from the 13th century BC, and the remainder of Syria together with parts of south-central Turkey, by Aramea, also from the 13th century BC.
	Modern Israel, Jordan, the Palestinian Territories and the Sinai peninsula were encompassed by various Canaanite states from the 13th century BC, such as Israel, Judah, Samarra, Edom, Ammon, the Amalekites and Moab. The Arabs emerged in the Arabian Peninsula in the mid-9th century BC, and the long extinct Chaldeans migrated to south-east Iraq from The Levant at the same time.
	This entire region (together with Arabia, Asia Minor, Persia, Egypt, the Caucasus, and parts of Ancient Iran/Persia and Ancient Greece) fell under the Neo-Assyrian Empire (935–605 BC), which introduced Imperial Aramaic as the lingua franca of its empire.
	Little changed under the succeeding Achaemenid Empire (544–323 BC), which retained these lands as provinces under Achaemenid control, although some ethnicities and lands, such as Chaldea, Moab, Edom and Canaan disappeared before the Achaemenid period.
	The terminological problem dates from the Seleucid Empire (323–150 BC), which applied the term "Syria", the Greek and Indo-Anatolian form of the name "Assyria", which had existed even during the Assyrian Empire, not only to the homeland of the Assyrians but also to lands to the west in the Levant, previously known as Aramea, Eber Nari and Phoenicia (modern Syria, Lebanon and northern Israel) that later became part of the empire. This caused not only the original Assyrians, but also the ethnically and geographically distinct Arameans and Phoenicians of the Levant to be collectively called "Syrians" and "Syriacs" in the Greco-Roman world.
	Syriac Christianity was established from an early stage in Syriac or Aramaic-speaking areas both in the East (ruled in turn by the Parthians and the Persians) and in the Roman-ruled West. The Church of the East (the mother church of the modern Assyrian Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic Church and Ancient Church of the East) was founded as a distinct Church in 410, when, in the Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, Christianity within the Sasanid Empire was organized, after the model approved by the 325 First Council of Nicea, as six ecclesiastical provinces, and recognized the bishop of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, the imperial capital, as having ecclesiastical authority throughout the empire. Aramea was also home to significant Christian communities in the Roman Empire, with Syrian Antioch being the center of some of the earliest Christian communities. The Syriac Orthodox Church and Maronite Church later emerged in this region as distinct from the Church recognized throughout that empire.
	Until the 7th-century Arab Islamic conquests, Syriac Christianity was thus divided between two empires, Sassanid Persia in the east and Rome/Byzantium in the west. The western group in "Syria" (ancient Aramea), the eastern in Parthian, Persian and (for merely two years) Roman Assyria, east of the Tigris and so of Mesopotamia. Syriac Christianity was divided from the 5th century over questions of Christological dogma, viz. Nestorianism in the east and Monophysitism and Dyophysitism in the west.
	The controversy is not restricted to exonyms like English "Assyrian" vs. "Aramean", but also applies to self-designation in Neo-Aramaic, the "Aramean" faction from Turkey and Syria endorses both "Sūryāyē" () and "Ārāmayē" (), while the "Assyrian" faction from Iraq, Iran, north east Syria and southeast Turkey insists on "Āṯūrāyē" () but also accepts "Sūryāyē" ().
	The question of ethnic identity and self-designation is sometimes connected to the scholarly debate on the etymology of "Syria". The question has a long history of academic controversy.
	The 21st century AD discovery of the Cinekoy Inscription appears to conclusively prove that the term Syria derives from the Assyrian term 𒀸𒋗𒁺 𐎹 Aššūrāyu., and referred to Assyria and Assyrian. The Çineköy inscription is a Hieroglyphic Luwian-Phoenician bilingual, uncovered from Çineköy, Adana Province, Turkey (ancient Cilicia), dating to the 8th century BC. Originally published by Tekoglu and Lemaire (2000), it was more recently the subject of a 2006 paper published in the Journal of Near Eastern Studies, in which the author, Robert Rollinger, lends strong support to the age-old debate of the name "Syria" being derived from "Assyria" (see Etymology of Syria).
	The examined section of the Luwian inscription reads:
§VI And then, the/an Assyrian king (su+ra/i-wa/i-ni-sa(URBS)) and the whole Assyrian "House" (su+ra/i-wa/i-za-ha(URBS)) were made a fa[ther and a mo]ther for me,"§VII "and Hiyawa and Assyria (su+ra/i-wa/i-ia-sa-ha(URBS)) were made a single “House.”
	The corresponding Phoenician inscription reads:
<poem>And the king [of Aššur and (?)]
	the whole “House” of Aššur (’ŠR) were for me a father [and a]
	mother, and the DNNYM and the Assyrians (’ŠRYM)</poem>
	The object on which the inscription is found is a monument belonging to Urikki, vassal king of Hiyawa (i.e. Cilicia), dating to the 8th century BC. In this monumental inscription, Urikki made reference to the relationship between his kingdom and his Assyrian overlords. The Luwian inscription reads "Sura/i" whereas the Phoenician translation reads "’ŠR" or "Ashur" which, according to Rollinger (2006), "settles the problem once and for all".
	Some scholars in the past rejected the theory of 'Syrian' being derived from 'Assyrian' as "naive" and based purely on onomastic similarity in Indo-European languages, until the inscription identified the origins of this derivation.
	In Classical Greek usage, "Syria" and "Assyria" were used almost interchangeably. Herodotus's distinctions between the two in the 5th century BC were a notable early exception, Randolph Helm emphasizes that Herodotus "never" applied the term Syria to Mesopotamia, which he always called "Assyria", and used "Syria" to refer to inhabitants of the coastal Levant. While himself maintaining a distinction, Herodotus also claimed that "those called "Syrians" by the Hellenes (Greeks) are called "Assyrians" by the barbarians (non-Greeks).
	In the first century prior to the dawn of Christianity, the geographer Strabo (64 BC–21 AD) writes that whom historians (most likely Greek ones) call Syrian were actually Assyrian;
	"When those who have written histories about the Syrian empire say that the Medes were overthrown by the Persians and the Syrians by the Medes, they mean by the Syrians no other people than those who built the royal palaces in Ninus (Nineveh); and of these Syrians, Ninus was the man who founded Ninus, in "Aturia" (Assyria) and his wife, Semiramis, was the woman who succeeded her husband... Now, the city of Ninus was wiped out immediately after the overthrow of the Syrians. It was much greater than Babylon, and was situated in the plain of Aturia." Although the mention of Ninus as having founded Assyria is inaccurate, as is the claim that Semiramis was his wife, the salient point in Strabo's statement is the recognition that the Greek term Syria historically meant Assyria. It was the Assyrian Empire, not the "Syrian Empire", that was overthrown by the Medes and built palaces in Ninevah. However, while this statement provides insight into how "Syrian" was used "by the Greeks" (supporting the "lost a" theory), claims that Syria and Assyria were considered synonymous "to non-Greeks", including Syrians themselves, as alleged by Herodotus, are cast in doubt considering his remark in "Geographika": “Poseidonius (a celebrated polymath and native of Apamea, Syria) conjectures that the names of these nations also are akin; for, says he, "the people whom we call Syrians are by the Syrians themselves called Arameans... for the people in Syria are Aramaeans"”.
	Flavius Josephus, Roman Jewish historian writing in the 1st century AD describes the inhabitants of the state of Osroene as Assyrians. Osroene was a Syriac-speaking state based around Edessa in Upper Mesopotamia, a key center of early Syriac Christianity. However, in "Antiquities of the Jews", he writes that "Aram had the Arameans, which the Greeks called Syrians."
	Justinus, the Roman historian wrote in 300 AD: "The "Assyrians", who are afterwards called "Syrians", held their empire thirteen hundred years".
	"Syria" and "Assyria" were not fully distinguished by Greeks until they became better acquainted with the Near East. Under Macedonian rule after Syria's conquest by Alexander the Great, "Syria" was restricted to the land west of the Euphrates. Likewise, the Romans clearly distinguished the Assyria and Syria.
	Unlike the Indo-European languages, the native Semitic name for Syria has always been distinct from Assyria. During the Akkadian Empire (2335–2154 BC), Neo-Sumerian Empire (2119–2004 BC) and Old Assyrian Empire (1975–1750 BC) the region which is now Syria was called "The Land of the Amurru" and "Mitanni", referring to the Amorites and the Hurrians. Beginning from the Middle Assyrian Empire (1365–1020 BC), and also in the Neo Assyrian Empire (935–605 BC) and the succeeding Neo-Babylonian Empire (605–539 BC) and Achaemenid Empire (539–323 BC), Syria was known as Aramea and later Eber Nari. The term "Syria" emerged only during the 9th century BC, and was only used by Indo-Anatolian and Greek speakers, and solely in reference to "Assyria".
	According to Tsereteli, the Georgian equivalent of "Assyrians" appears in ancient Georgian, Armenian and Russian documents, making the argument that the nations and peoples to the east and north of Mesopotamia knew the group as Assyrians, while to the West, beginning with Luwian, Hurrian and later Greek influence, the Assyrians were known as Syrians.
	Historically, the Syriac Christians have been referred to as "Syrian", "Aramean", "Chaldean", and "Assyrian".
	Purely theological terms such as Nestorian, "Jacobite" and Chaldean Catholic referred only to specific groups. "Nestorian" emerged after the Nestorian Schism that followed the First Council of Ephesus in 431 AD, "Jacobite" after the Council of Chalcedon in 451 AD, and "Chaldean Catholic" only in the late 18th century AD, subsequent to groups in northern Iraq breaking from the Church of the East. These three terms are solely denominational, and not ethnic in any sense, and were applied to Syriac Christians by Europeans.
	The historical English term for the group is "Syrians" (as in, e.g., Ephraim the Syrian). It is still in use, not only in India, where it is applied especially to the various groups of Saint Thomas Christians, but also generally, although, after the 1936 declaration of the Syrian Arab Republic, the term "Syrian" has come also to designate citizens of that state regardless of ethnicity, with Syriac-Arameans and Assyrians only being indigenous ethnic minorities within that nation. The designation "Assyrians" has also become current in "English" besides the traditional "Syrians" since the late 19th century and particularly after the Assyrian genocide and the resulting Assyrian independence movement.
	The adjective "Syriac" properly refers to the Syriac language (founded in 5th century BC Assyria) exclusively and is not a demonym. The OED explicitly still recognizes this usage alone:
	Etymologically, it is generally accepted that the term "Syrian" (and thus derivatives such as "Syriac") derive from "Assyrian". The 21st-century discovery of the Çineköy Inscription appears to conclusively prove the already largely prevailing position that the term "Syria" derives from the Assyrian term "Aššūrāyu". (see Etymology of Syria).
	The noun "Syriac" (plural "Syriacs") has nevertheless come into common use as a demonym following the declaration of the Syrian Arab Republic to avoid the ambiguity of "Syrians". Limited "de facto" use of "Syriacs" in the sense of "authors writing in the Syriac language" in the context of patristics can be found even before World War I. Many modern scholars similarly use "Aramaic" a linguistic term without prejudicing particular identities.
	Since the 1980s, a dispute between, on the one hand, the East Aramaic speaking Assyrians (aka Chaldo-Assyrians, who are indigenous Christians from northern Iraq, northwestern Iran, southeastern Turkey, northeastern Syria and the Caucasus, and derive their national identity from the Bronze and Iron Age Assyria. On the other hand, the now largely Arabic-speaking, but previously West Aramaic speaking Arameans, who are mainly from central, south, west and northwestern Syria, south-central Turkey, and Israel, emphasizing their descent from the Levantine Arameans instead) has become ever more pronounced. In the light of this dispute, the traditional English designation "Assyrians" has come to appear taking an Assyrianist position, for which reason some official sources in the 2000s have come to use emphatically neutral terminology, such as "Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac" in the US census, and "Assyrier/Syrianer" in the Swedish census.
	Another distinction can be made: unlike the Assyrians, who emphasize their non-Arab ethnicity and have historically sought a state of their own, some urban Chaldean Catholics are more likely to assimilate into Arab identity. Other Chaldeans, particularly in America, identify with the ancient Chaldeans of Chaldea rather than the Assyrians. In addition, while Assyrians self-define as a strictly Christian nation, Aramaic organizations generally accept that Islamic Arameans exist and that many Muslims in historic Aramea were converts (forced or voluntary) from Christianity to Islam. An exception to the near-extinction of Western Aramaic are the Lebanese Maronite speakers of Western Neo-Aramaic, however, they largely identify with the Phoenicians (the ancient people of Lebanon) and not Arameans. Some Muslim Lebanese nationalists espouse Phoenician identity as well.
	In the Aramaic language, the dispute boils down to the question of whether "Sūrāyē/Sūryāyē" ("Syrian") or "Āṯūrāyē" ("Assyrian") is the preferred use, or whether they are used synonymously, with Assyrians using them interchangeably.
	During the 2000 United States census, Syriac Orthodox Archbishops Cyril Aphrem Karim and Clemis Eugene Kaplan issued a declaration that their preferred English designation is "Syriacs". The official census avoids the question by listing the group as "Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac". Some Maronite Christians also joined this US census (as opposed to Lebanese American).
	In Sweden, this name dispute has its beginning when immigrants from Turkey, belonging to the Syriac Orthodox Church emigrated to Sweden during the 1960s and were applied with the ethnic designation "Assyrians" by the Swedish authorities. This caused many from outside Iraq who preferred the indigenous designation Suryoyo (who today go by the name Syrianer) to protest, which led to the Swedish authorities began using the double term assyrier/syrianer.
	An Assyrian identity is today maintained by followers of the Assyrian Church of the East, the Ancient Church of the East, the Chaldean Catholic Church, Assyrian Pentecostal Church, Assyrian Evangelical Church, and Eastern Aramaic speaking communities of the Syriac Orthodox Church (particularly in northern Iraq, north eastern Syria and south eastern Turkey) and to a much lesser degree the Syriac Catholic Church. Those identifying with Assyria, and with Mesopotamia in general, tend to be Mesopotamian Eastern Aramaic speaking Christians from northern Iraq, north eastern Syria, south eastern Turkey and north west Iran, together with communities that spread from these regions to neighbouring lands such as Armenia, Georgia, southern Russia, Azerbaijan and the "Western World".
	The Assyrianist movement originated in the 19th to early 20th centuries, in direct opposition to Pan-Arabism and in the context of Assyrian irredentism. It was exacerbated by the Assyrian Genocide and Assyrian War of Independence of World War I. The emphasis of Assyrian antiquity grew ever more pronounced in the decades following World War II, with an official Assyrian calendar introduced in the 1950s, taking as its era the year 4750 BC, the purported date of foundation of the city of Assur and the introduction of a new Assyrian flag in 1968. Assyrians tend to be from Iraq, Iran, southeast Turkey, northeast Syria, Armenia, Georgia, southern Russia and Azerbaijan, as well as in diaspora communities in the US, Canada, Australia, Great Britain, Sweden, Netherlands etc.
	Assyrian continuity, the idea that the modern Christians of Mesopotamia are descended from the Ancient Assyrians, is supported by Assyriologists H.W.F. Saggs, Robert D. Biggs, and Simo Parpola, Tom Holland and Iranologist Richard Nelson Frye. It is denied by historian John Joseph, himself a modern Assyrian, and Semitologist Aaron Michael Butts,
	Eastern Syriac Christians are on record, but only from the late nineteenth century, calling themselves "Aturaye", Assyrians, and the region now in Iraq, northeast Syria and southeast Turkey was still known as Assyria (Athura, Assuristan) until the 7th century AD.
	Writing in 1844, the year following the first press reports of the magnificent Assyrian palace reliefs discovered by Paul-Émile Botta and Austen Henry Layard, the first inklings of which had been made known to the West by Claudius Rich in 1836, Horatio Southgate commented that in 1841 he had found that Armenians referred to those whom he called "the Syrians" (the West Syriacs of the Syriac Orthodox Church, as distinct from the East Syriacs of the Church of the East, whom he called "Nestorians" or "Chaldeans", as distinct from those he called "Papal Chaldeans") as "Assouri", a name that Southgate associated with the ancient Assyrians: "I began to make inquiries for the Syrians. The people informed me that there were about one hundred families of them in the town of Kharpout, and a village inhabited by them on the plain. I observed that the Armenians did not know them under the name which I used, "Syriani"; but called them "Assouri", which struck me the more at the moment from its resemblance to our English name "Assyrians", from whom they claim their origin, being sons, as they say, of Assour, (Asshur,) who 'out of the land of Shinar went forth, and builded Nineveh, and the city Rehoboth, and Calah, and Resin between Nineveh and Calah: the same is a great city'." In reality, "Assouri" means simply Syrian, the Armenian word for "Assyrian" is "Asorestants’i". This shows that in the mid-nineteenth century Jacobite Syrian Christians, while not self-identifying as Assyrians, considered themselves of Assyrian descent, although systematic use of "Assyrians" to mean Syriac Christians appears for the first time in the context of an effort by the "Archbishop of Canterbury's Mission to the Assyrian Christians" to avoid using the term "Nestorian" for the members of the Church of the East not in communion with Rome.
	Southgate indicates elsewhere that, while he calls the West Syrian churches "Jacobite" and "Syrian Catholic" and uses the national term "Syrian" for both conjointly, the East Syrians are "Chaldeans" (their traditional national term) or "Nestorians". The Chaldeans, he says, consider that they themselves are descended from the Assyrians and that the Jacobites are descended "from the Syrians, whose chief city was Damascus".
	The term "Syriac" was historically taken mainly as a linguistic (Syriac language) and liturgical (Syriac rite) term, referring to Neo-Aramaic-speaking Christians from the Near East in general. In an ethnic sense, Syriac Christians identified as "Assyrian", "Aramean", or "Syrian", but in light of the use of the term "Syrian" as a demonym for residents of the Syrian Arab Republic, some Syriac Christians have also advocated the term "Syriac" as an ethnic identifier, particularly members of the Syriac Orthodox Church, the Syriac Catholic Church' and to a much lesser degree, the Maronite Church, in a way of preserving their historic endonym while distinguishing themselves from Arab Syrians. Those self-identifying as "Syriacs" tend to be from western, northwestern, southern, and central Syria, as well as south-central Turkey.
	In 2000, the Holy Synod of the Syriac Orthodox Church ruled that in English this church should be called "Syriac" after its official liturgical Syriac language (i.e. Syriac Orthodox Church).
	Organisations such as the Syriac Union Party in Lebanon and Syriac Union Party in Syria, as well as the European Syriac Union, espouse a Syriac identity. Syriac identity has become closely merged with the Aramean identity in some quarters, whilst being accepted by Assyrians also, due to the etymological origin of the term.
	What is now referred to as Biblical Aramaic was until recently called Chaldaic or Chaldee, and East Syrian Christians, whose liturgical language was and is a form of Aramaic, were called Chaldeans, as an ethnic, not a religious term. Hormuzd Rassam applied the term "Chaldeans" to the "Nestorians", those not in communion with Rome, no less than to the Catholics. He stated that "the present Chaldeans, with a few exceptions, speak the same dialect used in the Targum, and in some parts of Ezra and Daniel, which are called 'Chaldee'."
	Until at least the mid-nineteenth century, the name "Chaldean" was the ethnic name for all the area's Christians, whether in or out of communion with Rome. William Francis Ainsworth, whose visit was in 1840, spoke of the non-Catholics as "Chaldeans" and of the Catholics as "Roman-Catholic Chaldeans". For those Chaldeans "who retained their ancient faith", Ainsworth said, the name "Nestorian" was invented in 1681 to distinguish them from those in communion with Rome. A little later, Austen Henry Layard also used the term "Chaldean" even for those he also called Nestorians. The same term had earlier been used by Richard Simon in the seventeenth century, writing: "Among the several Christian sects in the Middle East that are called Chaldeans or Syrians, the most sizeable is that of the Nestorians". As indicated above, Horatio Southgate, who said that the members of the Syriac Orthodox Church (West Syrians) considered themselves descendants of Asshur, the second son of Shem, called the members of the divided Church of the East Chaldeans and Papal Chaldeans.
	"Chaldean" was the term used, much earlier, to speak of the Christians from northern Mesopotamia who entered an ephemeral union with the Catholic Church in Cyprus in the 15th century, and those who in their ancestral towns entered into communion with the Catholic Church between the 16th and 18th centuries.
	As indicated above, it was only towards the end of the 19th century that the term "Assyrian" became accepted, largely through the influence of the "Archbishop of Canterbury's Mission to the Assyrian Christians", at first as a replacement for the term "Nestorian", but later as an ethnic description. Today, even members of the Chaldean Catholic Church accept "Assyrian" as an indication of nationality, while "Chaldean" has for them become instead an indication of religious confession. Raphael Bidawid, patriarch of the Chaldean Catholic Church from 1989 to 2003 stated: "When a portion of the Church of the East became Catholic in the 17th Century, the name given was ‘Chaldean’ based on the Magi kings who were believed by some to have come from what once had been the land of the Chaldean, to Bethlehem. The name ‘Chaldean’ does not represent an ethnicity, just a church... We have to separate what is ethnicity and what is religion... I myself, my sect is Chaldean, but ethnically, I am Assyrian." Before becoming patriarch, he said in an interview with the "Assyrian Star" newspaper: "Before I became a priest I was an Assyrian, before I became a bishop I was an Assyrian, I am an Assyrian today, tomorrow, forever, and I am proud of it."
	That was a sea change from the earlier situation, when "Chaldean" was a self-description by prelates not in communion with Rome: "Nestorian patriarchs occasionally used 'Chaldean' in formal documents, claiming to be the 'real Patriarchs' of the whole 'Chaldean Church'."
	"Assyro-Chaldeans", a combination of the newer term "Assyrian" and the older "Chaldean", was used in the Treaty of Sèvres, which spoke of "full safeguards for the protection of the Assyro-Chaldeans and other racial or religious minorities".
	The Chaldean Syrian Church in India, which since the early 20th century is part of what since 1976 is officially called the Assyrian Church of the East, has kept the description as Chaldean.
	Hannibal Travis states that, in recent times, a small and mainly United States-based minority within the Chaldean Catholic Church have begun to espouse a separate Chaldean ethnic identity.
	Advocated by a number of Syriac Christians most notably members of the Syriac Orthodox Church and Syriac Catholic Church, modern Arameans claim to be the descendants of the ancient Arameans who emerged in the Levant during the Late Bronze Age, who following the Bronze Age collapse formed a number of small ancient Aramean kingdoms before they were conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire in the course of the 10th to late 7th centuries BC. They have maintained linguistic, Aramean and cultural independence despite centuries of Arabization, Islamization as well as Turkification, although Levantine Western Aramaic now has very few native speakers. They were among the first peoples to embrace Christianity during the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. During Horatio Southgate's travels through Mesopotamia, he encountered indigenous Christians and stated that the Jacobites in the region of Levant called themselves for Syrians "whose chief city was Damascus".
	Such an Aramean identity is mainly held by a number of Syriac Christians in southcentral Turkey, southeastern Turkey, western, central, northern and southern Syria and in the Aramean diaspora especially in Germany and Sweden.
	In English, they self-identify as "Syriac", sometimes expanded to "Syriac-Aramean" or "Aramean-Syriac". In Swedish, they call themselves "Syrianer", and in German, "" is a common self-designation.
	The Aramean Democratic Organization, based in Lebanon, is an advocate of the Aramean identity and an independent state in their ancient homeland of Aram.
	Self-identification of some Syriac Christians with Arameans is well documented in Syriac literature. Mentions by notable individuals include that of the poet-theologian Jacob of Serugh, (c. 451 – 29 November 521) who describes Venerated Father St. Ephrem the Syrian (c. 306 – 373) as "He who became a crown for the people of the Aramaeans [armāyūthā], (and) by him we have been brought close to spiritual beauty". Ephrem himself made references to Aramean origins, calling his country Aram-Nahrin and his language Aramaic, and describing Bar-Daisan (d. 222) of Edessa as "The Philosopher of the Arameans", who "made himself a laughing-stock among Arameans and Greeks.” Michael the Elder (d. 1199) writes of his race as that of "the Aramaeans, namely the descendants of Aram, who were called Syrians.” Bar Hebraeus (d. 1286) writes in his Book of Rays of the "Aramean-Syrian nation".
	However, references such as these to an Aramean identity are scarce after the early Middle Ages, until the development of Aramean nationalism in the late 20th century.
	In 2014, Israel has decided to recognize the Aramean community within its borders as a national minority, allowing most of the Syriac Christians in Israel (around 10,000) to be registered as "Aramean" instead of "Arab". This decision on part of the Israeli Interior Ministry highlights the growing awareness regarding the distinctness of the Aramean identity as well as their plight due to the historical Arabization of the region.
	Most of the Maronites identify with a Phoenician origin, as do much of the Lebanese population, and do not see themselves as Assyrian, Syriac or Aramean. This comes from the fact that present day Lebanon, the Mediterranean coast of Syria, and northern Israel is the area that roughly corresponds to ancient Phoenicia and as a result like the majority of the Lebanese people identify with the ancient Phoenician population of that region. Moreover, the cultural and linguistic heritage of the Lebanese people is a blend of both indigenous Phoenician elements and the foreign cultures that have come to rule the land and its people over the course of thousands of years. In a 2013 interview the lead investigator, Pierre Zalloua, pointed out that genetic variation preceded religious variation and divisions:"Lebanon already had well-differentiated communities with their own genetic peculiarities, but not significant differences, and religions came as layers of paint on top. There is no distinct pattern that shows that one community carries significantly more Phoenician than another."
	However, a small minority of Lebanese Maronites like the Lebanese author Walid Phares tend to see themselves to be ethnic Assyrians and not ethnic Phoenicians. Walid Phares, speaking at the 70th Assyrian Convention, on the topic of Assyrians in post-Saddam Iraq, began his talk by asking why he as a Lebanese Maronite ought to be speaking on the political future of Assyrians in Iraq, answering his own question with "because we are one people. We believe we are the Western Assyrians and you are the Eastern Assyrians."
	Another small minority of Lebanese Maronites like the Maronites in Israel tend to see themselves to be ethnic Arameans and not ethnic Phoenicians.
	However, other Maronite factions in Lebanon, such as Guardians of the Cedars, in their opposition to Arab nationalism, advocate the idea of a pure Phoenician racial heritage (see Phoenicianism). They point out that all Lebanese people are of pre-Arab and pre-Islamic origin, and as such are at least, in part, of the Phoenician-Canaanite stock.
	The Saint Thomas Christians of India, where they are known as Syrian Christians, though ethnically unrelated to the peoples known as Assyrian, Aramean or Syrian/Syriac, had strong cultural and religious links with Mesopotamia as a result of trade links and missionary activity by the Church of the East at the height of its influence. Following the 1653 Coonan Cross Oath, many Saint Thomas Christians passed to the Syriac Orthodox Church and later split into several distinct churches. The majority, remaining faithful to the East Syriac Rite, form the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, from which a small group, known as the Chaldean Syrian Church, seceded and in the early 20th century linked with what is now called the Assyrian Church of the East.
	"Syrian" is a national identity for a citizen of the Syrian Arab Republic, whether Christian or not.
	In India, "Syrian Christians", also known as Saint Thomas Christians, "are a distinct, endomagous ethnic group, in many ways similar to a caste. They have a history of close to two thousand years, and in language, religion, and ethnicity, they are related to Persian as well as West Syrian Christian traditions".
	Outside of India, Syrian Christians are all those Christians whose liturgies are in the Syriac language, even if they have been Arabized or live in other continents. A distinction is made between East and West Syrians in accordance with their use of the East Syriac Rite or the West Syriac Rite.
	Although inclusive of both Western and Eastern Syrian Christians, the term "Syrian Christians" is sometimes used in contexts where it refers more specifically to the Church of the East.
	Members of the Church of the East have been called Nestorians, since their church does not use "Mother of God" as a description of Mary, mother of Jesus, choosing instead to call her "Mother of Christ", and has therefore been accused of the Christological doctrine known as Nestorianism, which emphasizes the distinction between Christ's humanity and divinity to such an extent that its critics say it makes of him two distinct individuals. The justice of imputing this heresy to Nestorius, Patriarch of Constantinople from 428 to 431, whom the Assyrian Church of the East venerates as a saint, is disputed. David Wilmshurst states that for centuries "the word 'Nestorian' was used both as a term of abuse by those who disapproved of the traditional East Syrian theology, as a term of pride by many of its defenders [...] and as a neutral and convenient descriptive term by others. Nowadays it is generally felt that the term carries a stigma". Sebastian P. Brock says: "The association between the Church of the East and Nestorius is of a very tenuous nature, and to continue to call that Church 'Nestorian' is, from a historical point of view, totally misleading and incorrect – quite apart from being highly offensive and a breach of ecumenical good manners."
	Apart from its religious meaning, the word "Nestorian" has also been used in an ethnic sense, as shown by the phrase "Catholic Nestorians".
	Members of the Syriac Orthodox Church are sometimes called Jacobites, after Jacob Baradaeus, an appellation that leaders of that church have both deplored and accepted. They are sometimes also called Monophysites, a term they have always disputed, preferring to be referred to as Miaphysites.
	In Western media, Syriac Christians are often spoken of simply as Christians of their country or geographical region of residence: "Iraqi Christians", "Iranian Christians", "Syrian Christians", and "Turkish Christians". The "Assyrian International News Agency" interpreted this as "Arabist policy of denying Assyrian identity and claiming that Assyrians, including Chaldeans and Syriacs, are Arab Christian minorities". John Joseph states that, in Anglican writing, "'Assyrian Christians', which originally had only meant 'The Christians of geographical Assyria', soon became 'Christian Assyrians'", and cites J. F. Coakley, who remarked that, in the same context, "the link created between the modern 'Assyrians' and the ancient Assyrians of Nineveh known to readers of the Old Testament [...] has proved irresistible to the imagination".
	They are also spoken of as Arab Christians. This too the "Assyrian International News Agency" interpreted as "Arabist policy" and mentioned in particular the dedication by the "American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee" of a webpage to the Maronite Kahlil Gibran, who is "viewed in Arabic literature as an innovator, not dissimilar to someone like W. B. Yeats in the West". The vast majority of the Christians living in Israel self-identify as Arabs, but the Aramean community have wished to be recognized as a separate minority, neither Arab nor Palestinian but Aramean, while many others wish to be called Palestinian citizens of Israel rather than Arabs. The wish of the Aramean community in Israel was granted in September 2014, opening for some 200 families the possibility, if they can speak Aramaic, to register as Arameans. Other Christians in Israel criticized this move, seeing it as intended to divide the Christians and also to limit to Muslims the definition of "Arab".

= = = Mahmoud Salah = = =

	Mahmoud Salah (aged 23) was a Palestinian member of al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades, who was stopped by Israeli police in East Jerusalem on March 8, 2002 and shot dead some 30 minutes later.
	The circumstances surrounding his killing are disputed. The AFP news agency published eleven photographs taken by an amateur photographer through his window which depict the apprehension and shooting.
	Israeli police claim that Saleh had a large explosive device strapped to his waist, and that after being apprehended "attempted several times to detonate the bomb by rubbing his chest against the ground in the hope of activating the detonation switch." The police statement reported that "[i]n order to prevent the murder of the policemen and the bomb disposal officer, the suicide bomber was shot and killed by police" and "[t]he bomb was [then] dismantled with the aid of a bomb disposal robot."
	The BBC and other agencies claimed there are discrepancies between the police statement, the photographs and the "testimonies of more than 10 eyewitnesses, who said the man was shot half-an-hour after his arrest when he was completely subdued."
	The Urban Legends Reference Pages website concluded that "Without having all the photographs at hand, a guide to demonstrate their correct sequencing, and more non-partisan news reports or accounts of the incident, we can only state that these pictures are, as the BBC termed them, "graphic, but inconclusive."

= = = Bishop of Kilmore = = =

	The Bishop of Kilmore is an episcopal title which takes its name after the parish of Kilmore, County Cavan in Ireland. In the Roman Catholic Church it remains a separate title, but in the Church of Ireland it has been united with other bishoprics.
	The see of Kilmore was originally known as Breifne (Latin: "Tirbrunensis", "Tybruinensis" or "Triburnia"; Irish: "Tír mBriúin", meaning "the land of the descendants of Brian", one of the kings of Connaught) and took its name after the Kingdom of Breifne.
	The see became one of the dioceses approved by Cardinal Giovanni Paparoni at the synod of Kells in 1152, and has approximately the same boundaries as those of the ancient Kingdom of Breifne. In the Irish annals, the bishops were recorded of "Breifne", "Breifni", "Breifny", "Tir-Briuin", or "Ui-Briuin-Breifne".
	In the second half of the 12th century, it is likely the sees of Breifne and Kells were ruled together under one bishop. In 1172, Tuathal Ua Connachtaig took the oath of fealty to King Henry II of England as bishop of Kells. Soon after 1211 the see of Kells was incorporated into the diocese of Meath.
	In 1454, Pope Nicholas V gave permission for the then bishop, Aindrias Mac Brádaigh (Anglicised: Andrew McBrady), to have the ancient church at Kilmore, founded in the 6th century by Saint Felim (or Feithlimidh), to be the cathedral church of the diocese. This building passed into the hands of the Church of Ireland at the Reformation, and, following the construction of a new cathedral, is now used as a parochial hall.
	After the upheavals of the Reformation, there were parallel apostolic successions: one of the Church of Ireland and the other of the Roman Catholic Church.
	In the Church of Ireland, the title was intermittently held with Ardagh until they were finally united in 1839. In 1841, the sees of Kilmore and Ardagh were amalgamated with Elphin to form the united bishopric of Kilmore, Elphin and Ardagh. The current incumbent is The Right Reverend Samuel Ferran Glenfield M.A. M.Th. (Oxon.) M.Litt. He was elected, consecrated, and installed in 2013.
	In the Roman Catholic, the title continues as a separate bishopric. The most recent Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kilmore was the Most Reverend Philip Leo O'Reilly, who succeeded as the diocesan bishop on 16 October and installed at the Cathedral Church of Saints Patrick and Felim, Cavan on 15 November 1998. He had been appointed coadjutor bishop of Kilmore by the Holy See on 20 November 1996 and received episcopal ordination on 2 February 1997. He resigned on 31 December 2018 on health grounds.
	During the Reformation, Edmund Nugent and John MacBrady were at one time or another bishops of either the Church of Ireland or Roman Catholic succession. They were each appointed as Roman Catholic bishops, but later accepted or recognized as Anglican bishops.

= = = Saint Barnabas High School = = =

	Saint Barnabas High School is an all-girls, private, Roman Catholic high school located in the Woodlawn section of The Bronx, New York. It is part of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York.
	Founded in September 1924 and being at its current location since 1959, the school is located in the Woodlawn section of the borough of the Bronx. It also borders the southeastern section of the City of Yonkers in neighboring Westchester County. Since its inception, the school was founded and has been operated by the Sisters of Charity. As of September 1, 2015, Saint Barnabas High School become independent of the Saint Barnabas Parish. The Saint Barnabas High School Chapel was renovated sometime during the tenure of Msgr. Timothy S. Collins, which was from 1986 to 1994.
	Saint Barnabas High School follows the New York State Department of Education Curriculum. Some senior electives include Psychology and Personal Finance. The school is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools A majority of students going on to colleges or universities. The class of 2015 amassed nearly $7 million in college scholarships with a 100% graduation rate. As of 2016, the senior class earned over $10 million in scholarship and grants from a vast array of colleges and universities. Additionally, Saint Barnabas offers Mercy College (New York) credits for various courses.
	Saint Barnabas High School's Film Club was created in 2008. It had merged with the existing Drama Club the following year. Together, the Film and Drama Club have produced features and short films. Additionally, plays and musicals have been produced by its members.
	Saint Barnabas has a noteworthy choir, which consists of students from all over the St. Barnabas parish. In 2016, they were the only school in the archdiocese to be invited to sing for Pope Francis during the traditional date of the Epiphany (holiday), January 6.
	Saint Barnabas High School participates in six sports: basketball, soccer, softball, volleyball, track and field, and golf.
	Saint Barnabas High School has a variety of after school clubs and activities which include: Albanian Club, Cheerleading, Chess, Choir, Dance (Albanian African, Caribbean, Hip-Hop, Indian, Irish and Spanish), Film and Drama, Italian, La Casa Latina, Math, Art Club, Nubian Pride, Robotics Club, Shakespeare Competition, Student Ambassadors, Student Council, Student Newspaper, Track Yearbook and marching in the Yonkers St. Patrick's Day Parade.
	Saint Barnabas also has academic societies such as the National English Honors Society; Virginia Woolf Chapter, Hispanic National Honor Society; NY Luis Ponce DeLeon Chapter and a National Honor Society; Blanid Stewart Chapter.

= = = Joseph Buerger = = =

	John Joseph Buerger (September 19, 1870 – November 10, 1951) was an American rower who competed in the 1904 Summer Olympics.
	In 1904 he won the bronze medal in the coxless pairs.

= = = 8-cubic honeycomb = = =

	The 8-cubic honeycomb or octeractic honeycomb is the only regular space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 8-space.
	It is analogous to the square tiling of the plane and to the cubic honeycomb of 3-space, and the tesseractic honeycomb of 4-space.
	There are many different Wythoff constructions of this honeycomb. The most symmetric form is regular, with Schläfli symbol {4,3,4}. Another form has two alternating hypercube facets (like a checkerboard) with Schläfli symbol {4,3,3}. The lowest symmetry Wythoff construction has 256 types of facets around each vertex and a prismatic product Schläfli symbol {∞}.
	The [4,3,4], , Coxeter group generates 511 permutations of uniform tessellations, 271 with unique symmetry and 270 with unique geometry. The expanded 8-cubic honeycomb is geometrically identical to the 8-cubic honeycomb.
	The "8-cubic honeycomb" can be alternated into the 8-demicubic honeycomb, replacing the 8-cubes with 8-demicubes, and the alternated gaps are filled by 8-orthoplex facets.
	A quadrirectified 8-cubic honeycomb, , contains all trirectified 8-orthoplex facets and is the Voronoi tessellation of the D lattice. Facets can be identically colored from a doubled formula_1×2, <nowiki></nowiki>4,3,4 symmetry, alternately colored from formula_1, [4,3,4] symmetry, three colors from formula_3, [4,3,3] symmetry, and 4 colors from formula_4, [3,3,3] symmetry.

= = = 2007–08 American Indoor Soccer League season = = =

	The 2007–2008 American Indoor Soccer League season was the fifth and final season of the American Indoor Soccer League. The season kicked off on November 3, 2007, with the Rockford Rampage traveling to taking on the Cincinnati Excite, and the Massachusetts Twisters traveling to Waukegan, Illinois, to face the expansion Northern Illinois Rebels. The league ended on March 15, 2008, with the Rockford Rampage winning the AISL Championship.
	All teams played fourteen games (with two separate weeks off. This is excluding the Tulsa Revolution who only played four home and four away games (which kept them out of eligibility for the AISL playoffs).
	The league folded after this season.
	2007–08 regular season

= = = Salomon Koninck = = =

	Salomon (de) Koninck (1609 - buried 8 August 1656) was a Dutch painter of genre scenes and portraits, and an engraver.
	Koninck was born in Amsterdam, the son of a goldsmith, originally from Antwerp, and was a nephew of Philips de Koninck. Salomon became a pupil of Pieter Lastman, David Colijns, François Venants and Claes Corneliszoon Moeyaert. From 1630 he was a member of the Sint Lucasgilde. He moved in the circles of Rembrandt and the academy of Hendrick van Uylenburgh, making many copies of Rembrandt's compositions. His paintings have a warm colour palette and include many "philosophers" or scholars. Perhaps one of the better known of these is the "Philosopher with an Open Book" at the Louvre that was long attributed to Rembrandt and served as companion piece to Rembrandt's "Philosopher in Meditation".
	He married a daughter of Adriaen van Nieulandt and later a sister of Antonie van Stralen. He died in Amsterdam in 1656.
	"This article is a translation from the Dutch Wikipedia".

= = = Centegra Hospital - Woodstock = = =

	Centegra Hospital - Woodstock is a hospital in Woodstock, Illinois. Centegra Hospital - Woodstock is a division of Centegra Health System.
	In 1914, a group of physicians obtained a charter for a hospital in the home and office of Dr. Hyde West. The success of this hospital was such that a second hospital was built on South Street in the city. This hospital, which was named Woodstock Memorial Hospital, continues at present, as Centegra Hospital - Woodstock.

= = = Lisa Gladden = = =

	Lisa Adrienne Gladden (born October 6, 1964) is an American politician from Maryland and a member of the Democratic Party. She formerly served in the Maryland State Senate, representing Maryland's District 41 in Baltimore City. She resigned as Senator due Multiple Sclerosis on January 10, 2017
	Born in Baltimore, Maryland, Gladden attended Duke University and the University of Maryland School of Law before entering practice as an attorney in the Office of the Public Defender. She was active with the American Bar Association, the Alliance of Black Women Attorneys, and with the Democratic Party. Gladden, a Democrat, told The Baltimore Sun in 2010 that she had multiple sclerosis. She told the newspaper she was first diagnosed in 1995 but did not disclose it because she didn't want sympathy or to become a "poster child" for MS.
	Gladden was first elected to and served as a member of House of Delegates from January 13, 1999 to January 8, 2003. During that time she was a member of the Judiciary Committee and chaired its criminal justice subcommittee from 1999 to 2003. She was also a member of the Liaison Work Group in the Baltimore City Delegation from 1999 to 2003.
	Gladden was elected to the Maryland State Senate in 2002, and was re-elected in 2006. She had been heavily mentored and rose quickly through the ranks, achieving the position of Majority Whip. Gladden was also vice-chair of the Judicial Proceedings Committee, a member of the Maryland State Commission on Criminal Sentencing Policy and a member of the Legislative Black Caucus of Maryland.
	2012- Gladden was appointed by Maryland legislative leaders to a task force to study the impact of a Maryland Court of Appeals ruling regarding the liability of owners of pit bulls and landlords that rent to them.
	In December 2007, Gladden was chosen by the Obama for President campaign to appear on the ballot, in the Maryland democratic presidential primary, as a female delegate for Obama from Maryland's 7th congressional district. Gladden campaigned in Ohio, South Carolina, Pennsylvania and Maryland for Obama during the primary campaign. She finished first among the female delegates in the Maryland Democratic election and went to the 2008 Democratic National Convention, in Denver Colorado, as a delegate committed to Barack Obama. Along with Maryland Delegate Curt Anderson, Gladden served as co-chair of the Baltimore for Obama campaign in both the 2008 primary and general elections.

= = = Joseph McLoughlin (rower) = = =

	Joseph James McLoughlin (August 21, 1878 – December 1962) was an American rower who competed in the 1904 Summer Olympics.
	In 1904 he won the silver medal in the double sculls.

= = = Assyrian nationalism = = =

	Assyrian nationalism or Assyrianism increased in popularity in the late 19th century in a climate of increasing ethnic and religious persecution of the Assyrians of what is today central Iraq, south-east Turkey and north-west Iran. 
	Assyrian nationalism – the ideology of a united Assyrian people – is to a great degree based on a common and specific historic, ethnic, religious, linguistic, cultural and geographic background and heritage. It is espoused by almost all Mesopotamian East Aramaic-speaking Assyrians. They are exclusively Christians, with most Assyrians following the Assyrian Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic Church, Syriac Orthodox Church, Syriac Catholic Church, Ancient Church of the East and Protestant groups like the Assyrian Pentecostal Church and Assyrian Evangelical Church, as well as those that are irreligious.
	They are the indigenous peoples of Mesopotamia, whose ancestors established the Assyrian Empire in what is modern day Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey. The empire lasted from perhaps as early as the 25th century BC until its collapse around 7th century AD. Assyrian nationalism is also common in the diaspora communities that left these areas for Armenia, Georgia, Russia, Lebanon, Jordan and Azerbaijan and migrant Assyrians from all these lands now residing in the European Union, United States, Canada and Australia.
	The United Nations Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) recognises the modern Assyrians as an indigenous people of south-east Turkey, north-east Syria and the fringes of north-west Iran, as does the Political Dictionary of the Modern Middle East.
	The ideology of Assyrian nationalism advocates Assyrian independence or autonomy within the regions they inhabit, and is based on the political and national unification of ethnic Assyrian followers of a number of Syriac Christian Churches (mainly those originating in, or based in and around northern Mesopotamia) with classical Syriac as its cultural language and Eastern Aramaic dialects as spoken tongues. Its main proponents in the late 19th century and early 20th century were Naum Faiq, Freydun Atturaya, Ashur Yousif, Malik Khoshaba and Farid Nazha.
	Within the Syriac Christian population in the near east as a whole, Assyrianism is confined specifically by certain geographic, ethnic, linguistic and confessional boundaries.
	Geographically and linguistically an Assyrianist position is held by those who speak Eastern Aramaic dialects who live or descend from those who once lived in the northern half of Iraq, the north-east of Syria, south-eastern Turkey and north-western Iran.
	Theologically, the position is a little more complex. 
	Followers of the Assyrian Church of the East, Ancient Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic Church, Assyrian Pentecostal Church and Assyrian Evangelical Church usually adhere to an Assyrianist position, although sometimes the term Chaldo-Assyrian is used to avoid theological conflict between Assyrian followers of the original Church of the East and those who broke away between the late 17th and early 19th centuries and entered communion with the Roman Catholic Church, which named this new church the Chaldean Catholic Church in 1830. Chaldean Catholics should not be confused with ancient Chaldeans, a long extinct people with whom they share no links.
	Eastern Aramaic-speaking populations who follow the Syriac Orthodox Church and Syriac Catholic Church and live or descend from those who lived in northern Iraq, northeast Syria, southeast Turkey, northwest Iran and the southern Caucasus tend to regard themselves as Assyrian, whereas formerly Western Aramaic-speaking and now almost exclusively Arabic-speaking Levantine members of these churches from the rest of Syria, Lebanon and south-central Turkey often espouse an Aramean, Phoenician (more common among Maronite Christians) or even Greek heritage (see Arameanism and Phoenicianism.
	This is in part due to the term "Syriac" being generally accepted by the majority of scholars to be a 9th-century BC derivation of "Assyrian" which for many centuries was used in specific and sole relation to the Assyrians and Assyria, and in part because the majority of the Christian population of these areas are not geographically from what was Assyria or Mesopotamia, and thus do not identify with an Assyrian heritage in the way that the "pre-Arab", "pre-Islamic" Mesopotamian Assyrians from Iraq, north-east Syria, south-east Turkey, Iran and the Caucasus naturally do.
	According to Raif Toma, Assyrianism goes beyond mere Syriac patriotism, and ultimately aims at the unification of all "Mesopotamians", properly qualifying as "Pan-Mesopotamianism". This variant of Assyrianism is independent of Christian, ethno-religious identity and qualifies as a purely ethnic nationalism, in that it identifies the Assyrian people as the heirs of the Assyrian Empire, and as the indigenous population of Mesopotamia, as opposed to Arabism, which is identified as a chronologically later, non-indigenous, and foreign intrusive element. This is expressed for example in the Assyrian calendar introduced in the 1950s, which has as its era 4750 BC; then thought to be the approximate date of construction of the first (pre-historical, pre-Semitic) temple to Ashur.
	Organisations advocating Assyrianism are the Assyrian Democratic Organisation, Assyrian National Congress, Assyrian Universal Alliance (since 1968) and Shuraya (since 1978). The Assyrian flag was designed by the Assyrian Universal Alliance in 1968.
	Mordechai Nisan, the Israeli Orientalist, also supports the view that Assyrians should be named specifically as such in an ethnic and national sense, are the descendants of their ancient namesakes, and denied self-expression for political, ethnic and religious reasons.
	Dr. Arian Ishaya, a historian and anthropologist of UCLA, states that the confusion of names applied to the Assyrians, and a denial of Assyrian identity and continuity, is on one hand borne out of 19th- and early 20th-century imperialism and condescension on the part of the west, rather than by historical fact, and on the other hand by long-held Islamic, Arab, Kurdish, Turkish and Iranian policies, whose purpose is to divide the Assyrian people along false lines and deny their singular identity, with the aim of preventing the Assyrians having any chance of unity, self-expression and potential statehood.
	Naum Elias Yaqub Palakh (better known as Naum Faiq), a 19th-century advocate of Assyrian nationalism from the Syriac Orthodox Church community in Diyarbakir, encouraged Assyrians to unite regardless of tribal and theological differences.
	Ashur Yousif, an Assyrian Protestant from the same region of south-eastern Turkey as Faiq, also espoused Assyrian unity during the early 20th century, stating that the Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic and Syriac Orthodox Assyrians were one people, divided purely upon religious lines.
	Freydun Atturaya (Freydon Bet-Abram Atoraya) also advocated Assyrian unity and was a staunch supporter of Assyrian identity and nationalism and the formation of an ancestral Assyrian homeland in the wake of the Assyrian genocide.
	Farid Nazha, an influential Syrian-born Assyrian nationalist, was deeply critical of the leaders of the various churches adhered to by Assyrians, accusing the Syriac Orthodox Church, Assyrian Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic Church and Syriac Catholic Church of creating divisions among them, when their joint ethnic and national identity should be paramount.
	The ideology of Assyrian independence is a political movement that supports the re-creation of Assyria as a nation state corresponding to part of the original Assyrian homeland, in the Nineveh plains of northern Iraq. The issue of Assyrian independence has been brought up many times throughout the course of history from before World War I to the present-day Iraq War. The Assyrian-inhabited area of Iraq is located primarily but not exclusively in the Ninawa-Mosul region in northern Iraq where the ancient Assyrian capital of Nineveh was located. This area is known as the "Assyrian Triangle." Assyrians are generally found all over northern Iraq, including in and around the cities of Mosul, Erbil, Kirkuk, Dohuk, Amadia and Rawanduz, and there are a fair number of exclusively Assyrian towns, villages, hamlets and agricultural communities in the north, together with others that have significant Assyrian populations. Other communities exist over the borders in south-eastern Turkey (Mardin, Diyarbakir, Harran, Bohtan, Kültepe, Hakkari), north-eastern Syria (Al Hasakah, Qamlishi Khabur delta) region and north-western Iran (Urmia).
	In post-Ba'thist Iraq, the Assyrian Democratic Movement (or ADM) was one of the smaller political parties that emerged in the social chaos of the occupation. Its officials say that while Assyrian members of the ADM also took a full and active part in the liberation of the key oil cities of Kirkuk and Mosul in the north, the Assyrians were not invited to join the steering committee that was charged with defining Iraq's future.
	The continuity of Assyrian identity is endorsed and well supported by many non-Assyrian modern Assyriologists, Iranologists, orientalists, linguists, geneticists and historians, while others see the connection between ancient Assyria and the modern Assyrians as more complex. There was Assyrian resistance to Persian rule in Achaemenid Assyria. H. W. F. Saggs in his "The Might That Was Assyria" clearly supports cultural and historical continuity, as do Richard Nelson Frye, Simo Parpola, Robert D. Biggs and Patricia Crone among others.

= = = Sylvioidea = = =

	Sylvioidea is a superfamily of passerine birds, one of at least three major clades within the Passerida along with the Muscicapoidea and Passeroidea. It contains about 1300 species including the Old World warblers, Old World babblers, swallows, larks and bulbuls. Members of the clade are found worldwide, but fewer species are present in the Americas.
	The superfamily Sylvioidea was first proposed in 1990 in the Sibley–Ahlquist taxonomy of birds based on DNA–DNA hybridization experiments. More recent studies based on comparison of DNA sequences have failed to support the inclusion of some families such as Certhiidae (treecreepers), Sittidae (nuthatches), Paridae (tits and chickadees) and Regulidae (goldcrests and kinglets) but instead support the addition of Alaudidae (larks).
	Some of the families within the Sylvioidea have been greatly redefined. In particular, the Old World warbler family Sylviidae and Old World babbler family Timaliidae were used as wastebin taxa and included many species which have turned out not to be closely related. Several new families have been created and some species have been moved from one family to another.
	This list of 23 families is based on the molecular phylogenetic study published by Silke Fregin and colleagues in 2012. The number of species is from the online list of world birds maintained by Frank Gill and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee (IOC).

= = = John Hoben = = =

	John Grey Hoben (May 1884 – July 15, 1915), also known as Jack Hoben was an American rower who competed in the 1904 Summer Olympics, where he won the silver medal in the double sculls.
	He was born on May 1884 in Queens, New York. He competed in the 1904 Summer Olympics, where he won the silver medal in the double sculls. He died on July 15, 1915.

= = = Sisu-class motor torpedo boat = = =

	The "Sisu" class motor torpedo boats () was a series of two Italian M.A.S. type motor torpedo boats of the Finnish Navy. The vessels were constructed in 1916 by the Orlando shipyard in Livorno, Italy. "Sisu" and "Hurja" were purchased by the Finns in 1920, and saw service in World War II. When dashing forward at full speed, the vessels sprayed water high in the air, earning the nickname "the fountains" from Finnish sailors.
	On 1 October 1941 "Sisu", together with "Nuoli", was patrolling east of Gogland when it came across a large, stationary Soviet minesweeper of the "Fugas" class. "Sisu" missed with her first torpedo, having mistaken the foam painted on the minesweeper's bow for an indication that it was actually moving. A second torpedo hit the minesweeper amidship and sank her.

= = = List of guest stars with The Wiggles = = =

	The Wiggles are an Australian children's music group. Just as "Sesame Street" often has special guest stars, famous Australians and worldwide celebrities will appear and perform with The Wiggles. List does not include recurring actors and crew members (e.g. Wiggly dancers, child dancers, family members and friends) or acts in which The Wiggles were part of a larger entertainment group or event (e.g. Carols in the Domain).

= = = 8-demicubic honeycomb = = =

	The 8-demicubic honeycomb, or demiocteractic honeycomb is a uniform space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 8-space. It is constructed as an alternation of the regular 8-cubic honeycomb.
	It is composed of two different types of facets. The 8-cubes become alternated into 8-demicubes h{4,3,3,3,3,3,3} and the alternated vertices create 8-orthoplex {3,3,3,3,3,3,4} facets .
	The vertex arrangement of the 8-demicubic honeycomb is the D lattice. The 112 vertices of the rectified 8-orthoplex vertex figure of the "8-demicubic honeycomb" reflect the kissing number 112 of this lattice. The best known is 240, from the E lattice and the 5 honeycomb.
	formula_1 contains formula_2 as a subgroup of index 270. Both formula_1 and formula_2 can be seen as affine extensions of formula_5 from different nodes: 
	The D lattice (also called D) can be constructed by the union of two D8 lattices. This packing is only a lattice for even dimensions. The kissing number is 240. (2 for n<8, 240 for n=8, and 2n(n-1) for n>8). It is identical to the E8 lattice. At 8-dimensions, the 240 contacts contain both the 2=128 from lower dimension contact progression (2), and 16*7=112 from higher dimensions (2n(n-1)).
	The D lattice (also called D and C) can be constructed by the union of all four "D8 lattices": It is also the 7-dimensional body centered cubic, the union of two 7-cube honeycombs in dual positions.
	The kissing number of the D lattice is 16 ("2n" for n≥5). and its Voronoi tessellation is a quadrirectified 8-cubic honeycomb, , containing all trirectified 8-orthoplex Voronoi cell, .
	There are three uniform construction symmetries of this tessellation. Each symmetry can be represented by arrangements of different colors on the 256 8-demicube facets around each vertex.

= = = St. Catharine Academy = = =

	St. Catharine High School is an all-girls, private, Roman Catholic high school in the Bronx, New York. It is located within the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York.
	The Sisters of Mercy, founded by Mother Catherine McAuley in Dublin, Ireland, opened an academy in the Washington Heights section of New York City in September 1889. The classes included were grades 1 through 12. At that time, the first academy resembled the large estates which surrounded it. Toward the end of the 19th century as registration increased, the Sisters erected a new building across the street at 539 West 152nd Street. In 1900 the University of the State of New York granted a Regents charter to the school.
	The rapid growth of the area and the great increase in enrollment showed the inadequacy of the accommodations. The elementary grades in the academy were discontinued and these classrooms were used for high school students.
	Facilities were not sufficient even with this change, so it was necessary to build a much larger school. In the fall of 1953 the old building was sold and the academy moved to its present location at 2250 Williamsbridge Road. The school continues to undergo a series of renovations and improvements.
	The present enrollment of St. Catharine Academy is approximately 500 girls.
	St. Catharine Academy is a high school sponsored by the Sisters of Mercy of the Regional Community of New York.
	Annual tuition is approximately $10,000. There is also an annual general fee of $700, which covers calculators per student, paper supplies, report cards, student IDs, and other necessities.
	St. Catharine Academy is chartered by the Board of Regents of the State of New York and is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools, Mercy Secondary Education Association and the National Catholic Education Association. Programs for each student are planned to meet the requirements of the New York State Education Department.
	St Catharine is known for sports such as junior varsity and varsity volleyball, junior varsity and varsity basketball, varsity soccer, junior varsity and varsity cheerleading, and varsity softball. SCA's school colors are blue and gold.

= = = Kojčinovac = = =

	Kojčinovac (Cyrillic: Којчиновац) is a place located south of the city of Bijeljina in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. To the west of Kojčinovac is Modran.
	The main company in Gornji Kojčinovac is STECO CENTAR.
	The main football club is FK Polet Gornji Kojčinovac.

= = = Ulmus parvifolia 'Burnley Select' = = =

	The Chinese Elm cultivar Ulmus parvifolia 'Burnley Select' was grown from seed taken from a tree at the Burnley (horticultural) College, University of Melbourne and selected by Dr Peter May. 
	This budded elm is a narrow-spreading tree with good, upright branch attachment. The original tree in Kyneton, Victoria, is about 12 m tall by 6 m broad. Unlike many other upright selections of "Ulmus parvifolia", the tree is reputed to have little included bark. 
	The species and its cultivars are highly resistant, but not immune, to Dutch elm disease, and unaffected by the Elm Leaf Beetle "Xanthogaleruca luteola". 
'Burnley Select' is not known to be in cultivation beyond Australia.
	None known.

= = = Frank Greer = = =

	Frank Bartholomew Greer (February 26, 1879 – May 7, 1943) was an American rower who competed in the 1904 Summer Olympics.
	A native of East Boston, Greer was a member of the East Boston Amateur Athletic Boat Club. On July 30, 1904, he won an Olympic gold medal in the single sculls competition with a time of 10:08.5 at the age of 25. The final was held at Creve Coeur Lake in Maryland Heights, Missouri, where he beat out James Juvenal (silver) and Constance Titus (bronze).
	After his retirement, Greer coached at the Detroit Athletic Club and later in life became a sheriff at the Charles Street Jail in Boston.

= = = Makoto Kano (figure skater) = = =


= = = BuchGourmet = = =

	BuchGourmet (1987-2013) was an independent bookstore in Cologne, Germany, and during this time the oldest and biggest bookstore in Germany that focused solely on culinary media. 
	The owner, Dieter Eckel, opened a 45 square meter store in 1987 after being inspired by a "tiny" cookbook store in Amsterdam. After a one-third expansion in 2009, the business occupied 120 square meters on Hohenzollernring with five employees. It was Germany's oldest and largest purely cooking book retailer.
	BuchGourmet carried approximately 10,000 titles; Eckel orders between 500 and 1,000 new items a year, primarily from small and specialist presses, but at least one fifth of the stock consisted of used and antiquarian books. At least two fifths were in languages other than German. Eckel also maintained a search list of some 450 items. Almost three quarters of the store's sales were made online, approximately 60 percent to culinary professionals, including chefs, pastrycooks, and bartenders. It was called "a mecca for cooking fans, gourmets, foodies, cooking stars and cooking hobbyists".
	Eckel was one of the founders of the International Association of Cookbook Stores.

= = = Constance Titus = = =

	Constance Sutton Titus (August 14, 1873 – August 24, 1967) was an American rower who competed in the 1904 Summer Olympics.
	In 1904 he won the bronze medal in the single sculls.

= = = 13th legislature of the French Fifth Republic = = =

	The 13th legislature of the French Fifth Republic was the parliamentary cycle started in June 2007 and lasted until June 2012. It was created after the 2007 legislative election that took place on 10 and 17 June 2007. The parliamentary majority belonged to the conservative Union for a Popular Movement (UMP), and supported the François Fillon government.

= = = Delores G. Kelley = = =

	Delores Goodwin Kelley (born May 1, 1936) is an American politician from Maryland and a member of the Democratic Party. She is currently serving in her 4th term in the Maryland State Senate, representing Maryland's District 10 in Baltimore County.
	Born in Norfolk, Virginia on May 1, 1936, Kelley received a bachelor's degree from Virginia State College in 1956. She went on to earn three more degrees; an M.A. in education from New York University, an M.A. in speech communication from Purdue University, and a Ph.D. in American studies from the University of Maryland, College Park. A lifelong educator, Kelley has taught at Coppin State University since 1973. She volunteered or served with a number of organizations, most prominently the Democratic Party, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the Baltimore Urban League. Kelley is a member of the Union Baptist Church in Baltimore.
	Kelley was originally elected to the legislature as a member of the House of Delegates in 1991. Following redistricting and after only one term in the House, she successfully ran for a seat in the State Senate representing Baltimore County. Kelley serves both as the chair of the Executive Nominations Committee and as a member of the Finance Committee. She is also a member of the Maryland State Commission on Criminal Sentencing Policy and the Legislative Black Caucus of Maryland.

= = = KTHK = = =

	KTHK is a commercial radio station located in Idaho Falls, Idaho, broadcasting on 105.5 FM. KTHK airs a country music format branded as "The Hawk". The station is owned and operated by Riverbend Communications. 
	-Don Jarrett
	-Tommie Jo
	Don Jarrett "The Early Bird Show" 5:30-10am
	Tommie Jo 10am-2pm
	Justin Pierce 2-7pm

= = = Content assist = = =

	Content/Code assist is functionality provided by some IDEs, which helps the developer to write code faster and more efficiently. This is achieved by simplifying the task of coding to allow focus on the business task being coded. Based on the context of the code, content assist provides the developer with a list of accessible keywords according to a programming language specification, variable, methods, data types, ...
	Autocomplete allows quickly typing names in the context of the code. It can be further improved to assist the developer.
	For example, in an XML context, when the developer types an opening tag "<" he is offered a list of tags via autocomplete, contextualized following the DTD or XML schema of the document. As the developer types more letters, the offered choices are filtered to only retain the relevant completions. When the developer finally completes the tag, the editor automatically generates the closing tag.
	Other autocomplete techniques exist. For example, using the Eclipse IDE to code in Java, a developer can just type in the first letter if lowercase and the uppercase letters from a type/variable name then press Ctrl+space to be offered all the choices that match the entered letters that are valid for the current context (class name, interface name, variable or field names). 
	Code snippets allow the developer to add a complex coding structure by typing a minimal amount of text. Code snippets can only be used in a valid context (statements snippets are only offered when you can insert statements).
	For example, using the Eclipse IDE to code in Java, a developer can type in "instanceof" then press Ctrl+space which will replace "instanceof" by the following code snippet:
	This code snippet can be further customised by the developer, with the IDE placing the cursor:

= = = First Leisure Corporation = = =

	First Leisure Corporation plc was a leisure operator in the United Kingdom between the years 1981 and 2004.
	Originally based in Soho Square, London, and with other offices in Blackpool and Leicester, its operations included Blackpool Tower, the WinterGardens and all three of Blackpool's piers, as well as five other piers, health and fitness clubs, nightclubs and bars, tenpin bowling centres and other mainstream UK high street entertainment venues.
	In 2000 a management buyout (MBO) financed by 3i and PPM Holdings saw First Leisure shed all but its Nightclubs and Bars division, which retained the First Leisure brand and consisted of approximately fifty mainstream high street venues. The MBO saw the company de-listing from the stock exchange (whilst retaining its plc status) and moving its operations to Leicester.
	At that time, the Health and Fitness chain was spun off as Esporta.
	By 2004, the company had shrunk its operations from 50 to 25 nightclubs; in so doing, it had sold its premises leases to rival operators. A clause of such sales mandated that should those new operators be unable to meet their obligations under the leases that they would be automatically reassigned to First Leisure with little warning or ceremony.
	At the end of 2004, such an automatic reassignment took place following competitors' defaults on a number of previously sold leases. Unable to meet the dramatically increased month-to-month obligations brought about by this mandatory re-acquisition, the company was subject to a Winding Up Order by a trade creditor and hence placed into Compulsory Liquidation by the Official Receiver.
	A 'Phoenix' company, named The Nightclub Company, was formed virtually immediately by the incumbent management team. Such an operation was short-lived, however, and it too was placed into administration in 2005. The precise circumstances regarding the collapse of TNC are unclear.
	The remaining leases were sold, mostly to long-time rival Luminar Leisure.
	All that remains of the corporation as of 2007 is the Esporta health and fitness chain.

= = = Anthonie Verstraelen = = =

	Anthonie Verstraelen or Van Stralen (Gorkum, 1593/1594 - Amsterdam, 1641) was a Dutch landscape painter, best known (with Hendrik Avercamp and his nephew Barend Avercamp) for his winter scenes.
	Gillis van Stralen, Antonie's father, was a textile merchant. The family originated in Weert but moved between 1584-1590 to Gorkum, presumably because of Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma's armies marching through the area. 
	We don't hear much from Anthonie Verstraelen, until 1635 when he married Catalijntje van Oosten from Antwerp. The location of the wedding is unknown. The couple went to live in Oude Spiegelstraat, near Singel. In Amsterdam Antonie got into a dispute with the Sint Lucasgilde, for its laxness in allowing in too many non-citizen painters. 
	In 1641 he was buried in the Westerkerk. In 1644 his two children inherited two hundred guilder each from the sale of their father's paintings. The paintings must have been sold very cheap. His widow remarried their guardian Emmanuel Jacobszoon van Hoogerheijm, an unknown Leiden 'fijnschilder'. Three months later their first son became born, Jacob van Hogerheijm, who also became a forgotten painter. 
	"This article is a translation from the Dutch Wikipedia".

= = = St. Raymond Academy = = =

	St. Raymond Academy for Girls is a private, Roman Catholic high school for girls in Parkchester, Bronx, New York, United States. It was established in 1960 by the Sisters of Charity and located in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York.
	The school has been accredited by the NYS Board of Regents since 1965. The Commission on Secondary Schools of the Middle States Association first granted the academy accreditation effective 2003–2010. In 2009–2010, the academy completed the review for re-accreditation and received the renewal of certification. Accreditation has been renewed until December 2017.
	St. Raymond Academy was established in 1960 by the Sisters of Charity, a congregation of religious women in the Catholic Church whose primary missions are education and nursing. For nearly 200 years, the Sisters of Charity of New York have served the needs of the poor. The congregation's history began with its foundress, Elizabeth Ann Seton, who was later canonized as the first American-born saint. Since Saint Raymond Academy for Girls opened its doors, its motto has been "Commitment to Excellence".
	St. Raymond Academy for Girls began as a small, parish-based high school with an enrollment of 95 students. Msgr. John Corrigan, the pastor at the time, appointed Sr. Regina Angela, a Sister of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul of New York, as the first principal. The school occupied the third floor of the school building built in 1952 and through the years has prided itself on serving a relatively small school population. In order to better meet its educational goals, the school was recognized with a NYS Board of Regents Charter in 1965 and with an additional accreditation by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools in 2003, which was recently renewed.
	The Sisters of Charity were joined through the years by the Sisters of St. Dominic Blauvelt and Sparkill, the Sisters of Mercy, Sisters of the Holy Child, and lay women and men.
	The school's program of studies is primarily college-oriented, with business, computer and science electives included in upper years. In addition to preparing students for a New York State Regents Diploma with four-year programs in English, Social Studies, Mathematics, Spanish and Science, the school also offers Advanced Placement courses in English Literature and Composition, United States History and Government, and Spanish Literature and Language.

= = = Isku-class motor torpedo boat = = =

	The "Isku" class motor torpedo boat () was a Thornycroft type motor torpedo boat of the Finnish Navy. The vessel was constructed in 1926 by the "Borgå varv", in Porvoo, Finland, and she saw service in World War II. "Isku" differed from the original Thornycraft design through its torpedo launching method (they were released from the sides of the hull, in contrast to dropping them from the aft). However, she was not a successful design and she only participated in the Winter War and during the first months of the Continuation War. She was stricken from the navy lists in 1942, due to extensive wear damage on the hull. She was moored at Suomenlinna and was scrapped after the war.

= = = Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record = = =

	Entheogenic drugs have been used by various groups for thousands of years. There are numerous
	historical reports as well as modern, contemporary reports of indigenous groups using entheogens, chemical substances used in a religious, shamanic, or spiritual context.
	A Finnish study assayed psilocybin concentrations in old herbarium specimens, and concluded that although psilocybin concentration decreased linearly over time, it was relatively stable. They were able to detect the chemical in specimens that were 115 years old.
	The Maya, Olmecs, and Aztecs have well-documented entheogenic complexes. North American cultures also have a tradition of entheogens. In South America, especially in Peru, the archaeological study of cultures like Chavin, Cupisnique, Nasca and Moche, have demonstrated the use of entheogens through archaeobotanical, iconographic and paraphernalia.
	The Olmec (1200 BCE to 400 BCE) lived in Central America and are largely viewed by many as the mother culture of Aztecs and Maya. The Olmecs left no written works on their belief structures, so many interpretations on Olmec beliefs are largely based on interpretations of murals and artifacts. Archaeologists state three reasons for believing that the Olmecs used entheogens:
	The Maya (250 BCE to 900 CE) flourished in Central America and were prevalent even until the arrival of the Spanish. The Maya religious tradition was complex and well-developed. Unlike the Olmec, the Maya had religious texts that survived to this day. The Maya religion displayed characteristic Mesoamerican mythology, with a strong emphasis on an individual being a communicator between the physical world and the spiritual world. Mushroom stone effigies, dated to 1000 BCE, give evidence that mushrooms were at least revered in a religious way.
	The late Maya archaeologist, Dr Stephan F. de Borhegyi, published the first of several articles in which he proposed the existence of a Mesoamerican mushroom cult in the Guatemalan highlands as early as 1000 B.C This cult, which was associated from its beginnings with ritual human decapitation, a trophy head cult, warfare and the Mesoamerican ballgame, appears to have had its origins along the Pacific coastal piedmont. Borhegyi developed this proposition after finding a significant number of small, mushroom-shaped sculptures in the collections of the Guatemala National Museum and in numerous private collections in and around Guatemala City. While the majority of these small stone sculptures were of indeterminate provenance, a sufficient number had been found during the course of archaeological investigations as to permit him to determine approximate dates and to catalog them stylistically (Borhegyi de, S.F., 1957b, "Mushroom Stones of Middle America," in Mushrooms, Russia and History by Valentina P. Wasson and R. Gordon Wasson, eds. N.T.)
	Quoting archaeologist Stephan F. de Borhegyi: 
	"My assignment for the so-called mushroom cult, earliest 1,000 B.C., is based on the excavations of Kidder and Shook at the Verbena cemetery at Kaminaljuyu. The mushroom stone found in this Pre-Classic grave, discovered in Mound E-III-3, has a circular groove on the cap. There are also a number of yet unpublished mushroom stone specimens in the Guatemalan Museum from Highland Guatemala where the pottery association would indicate that they are Pre-Classic. In each case the mushroom stone fragments has a circular groove on the top. Mushroom stones found during the Classic and Post-Classic periods do not have circular grooves. This was the basis on which I prepared the chart on mushroom stones which was then subsequently published by the Wassons. Based on Carbon 14 dates and stratigraphy, some of these Pre-Classic finds can be dated as early as 1,000 B.C. The reference is in the following"...(see Shook, E.M. & Kidder, A.V., 1952. Mound E-III-3, Kaminaljuyu, Guatemala; Contributions to American Anthropology & History No. 53 from Publ. 596, Carnegie Institution of Washington, D.C. (letter from de Borhegyi to Dr. Robert Ravicz, MPM archives December 1st 1960 )
	The most direct evidence of Maya entheogen use comes from modern descendants of the Maya who use entheogenic drugs today.
	The Aztec entheogenic complex is extremely well documented. Through historical evidence, there is proof that the Aztecs used several forms of psychoactive drugs. These drugs include Ololiuqui (the seed of Rivea corymbosa), Teonanácatl (translated as “mushroom of the gods," a psilocybe mushroom) and sinicuichi (a flower added to drinks). The Xochipilli statue, according to R.G. Wasson, gives the identity of several entheogenic plants. Other evidence for entheogenic use of the Aztecs comes from the Florentine Codex, a series of 12 books vividly describing the Aztec culture and society, including the use of entheogenic drugs.
	There are several contemporary indigenous groups who use entheogens, most notably Native Americans of the southwest United States. Various tribes from California have been known to use strong alcoholic drinks as well as peyote to achieve visions and religious experiences.
	During the Paleolithic, there is ample evidence of drug use as seen by preserved botanical remains and coprolites. Some scholars had suggested that the "Flower Burial" in Shanidar Cave, a Paleolithic site in Iraq, was evidence of a shamanic death ritual, but more recent evidence and analysis has contradicted that claim. The most direct evidence we have from the Paleolithic in terms of art comes from Tassili, Algeria cave paintings depicting "Psilocybe mairei" mushrooms dated 7000 to 9000 years before present. From this region, there are several therianthropic images portraying the painter and the animals around him as one (an often cited effect of many psychedelic drugs, Ego death or unity). One image, in particular, shows a man who has formed into one common form with a mushroom.
	There are several Paleolithic sites that display therianthropic imagery. However, there is some debate as to whether or not sites like Lascaux or Chauvet were entheogenically inspired.
	A cave painting in Spain has been interpreted as depicting "Psilocybe hispanica".

= = = Santa Anita Golf Course = = =

	The Santa Anita Golf Course, located in the city of Arcadia, California, was operated by Santa Anita Associates for the Los Angeles County Department of Parks and Recreation from 1986-2016. New operators will take over beginning September 2016.
	The upon which the golf course was built has always been devoted to recreation in some form or another. The original architect was James Harrison Smith. Originally part of the "Lucky" Baldwin Ranch, Santa Anita's history dates back to the days when its broad oaks sheltered places where Indians camped. Across its broad acres traveled Mission Fathers from San Gabriel on their way up Little Santa Anita Canyon for lumber needed to build the Mission.
	From 1907 through 1909 horse racing was a feature on Lucky Baldwin's famed track. The clubhouse turn was right where No. 16 is now and when you're on the hill on the backside of No. 14, that's the turn where the horses turned for home.
	During World War I, Ross Field, Named after Lt. Cleo J. Ross of the U.S. Army Air Service, housed a United States Army balloon school. Ross was an observer with the 8th Balloon Company and was killed in action in France on September 26, 1918, the only U.S. Army balloonist to die in combat. The balloon school closed in the spring on 1919.
	Anita Baldwin sold the land to the County of Los Angeles for $92,000 in 1918. A sand green golf course appeared following the closure of the school and Arcadia citizens took it over and operated it as a highly successful club.
	In 1935, through an act of Congress, the United States Department of War deeded 185 acres to Los Angeles County with the provision that it be used as a park and recreation center. The redevelopment of Ross Field was a Works Progress Administration project that included not just the golf course but a swimming pool, tennis courts, two baseball fields, a children's playground, and a lawn bowling complex.
	The Santa Anita Golf course opened in two stages. Nine holes were opened in April 1938 and the complete 18 opened on October 12, 1938.
	1938 also saw the birth of the Santa Anita Open—held each year until 1955, in the middle of October, to celebrate the opening of the Golf Course and to start the official Winter Golf Tournament season in Southern California. Prize money that first year was $1,000. Frank Moninger personally underwrote the first two tournaments. The Santa Anita Golf Club with the help of a few individual golfers underwrote the next few events. The County donated the Golf Course for the Santa Anita Open. The Course Record established in the days of "The Open" is 62 - held by Ellsworth Vines. Lloyd Mangrum won the first and second Opens with 274 and 278. Par at that time was 70.
	In the 1960s the 9th hole was altered to make way for the construction of a baseball field at Arcadia Park. The original tee box was re-positioned to the South West of its original location and the hole was lengthened and turned into a par 5 thus changing par at the course to 71. The original dog leg left configuration and chute of trees has been lost and the hole now plays due east and relatively straight. Additionally significant changes were made to the short 281 yard par 4 17th hole where the large expanse of sand on the left side (south) was replaced with grass. The hole retains its name from the time (Desert) but has lost much character and altered the strategic challenge of its original configuration. Other changes from the era include the removal of several bunkers on the Par 5 Third hole and the sandy waste area between the 10th and 18th holes.
	As part of the change in management in 1986 commitments were made to increase secondary facilities (clubhouse and dining) as well as substantive changes to the course itself during 1990-1991. The first hole and the driving range were swapped for safety reasons as errant shots from the range threatened cars on Santa Anita Avenue. The original dog leg left 1st hole was shortened from 409 yards to the current 367 yards. The 18th Green was moved forward to make way for clubhouse construction but the total yardage remained the same as the tee box was lengthened. 
	During the 2000-2010 period small modifications were made to return a single bunker to the right of the 3rd hole (where the original design had three) and a large bunker in the center of the fairway of that same hole. Tee boxes on the 4th, 7th and 17th holes were modified. The detached tee boxes on 7th and 17th are seldom if ever used in open play though are occasionally used in tournament play.
	The current record is held by Blake Moore of Monrovia, California who shot a 9 under par 62 on Sunday, July 20, 2003. Moore is attributed with the current record as mentioned above several holes have been changed since "The Open" era and the course is now a par 71 rather than the original par 70.
	Scorecard for Santa Anita Golf Course circa 2010

= = = Čađavica, Bijeljina = = =

Čađavica (Cyrillic: Чађавица) is a name of three different subdivisions located west of the city of Bijeljina in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The three different subdivisions are Čađavica Donja, Čađavica Gornja, and Čađavica Srednja.

= = = Bossington = = =

	Bossington may refer to:

= = = Zlatko Ćosić = = =

	Zlatko Ćosić is a video artist born in Banja Luka, Yugoslavia. Ćosić’s work spans a number of disciplines, including short films, video installations, theater projections, and live audio-visual performances. His work relates to issues of identity, immigration, and the complexities of living in unfamiliar cultural environments. Ćosić’s artwork has been shown in over fifty countries, for which he has received a variety of recognition.
	Since 1997, he lives and works in Saint Louis.
Ćosić has received grants and fellowships including the Regional Arts Commission Artist Fellowship and a Kranzberg Grant for a video installation at Laumeier Sculpture Park. His video "Horizons" has been an official selection at film festivals in the United States, Australia, Denmark, France, Germany, and Poland and was a prize winner at the 2010 St. Louis Filmmakers Showcase, the 2010 Macon Film Festival, and the 2010 Sunscreen Film Festival. Ćosić's video "Elans" won the Pulitzer’s Film Competition in St. Louis and it was finalist at the Digital Graffiti festival in Florida. His video "Spaces" was screened in numerous film festivals in North America and Europe and won an award at the St. Louis International Film Festival. Ćosić's video Story 1: Scenes 1-9 won Best Experimental Film at the 2017 St. Louis Filmmakers Showcase. He collaborated with the "60x60 Project" creating 200 videos, which have been presented at the Spark Festival, TNA TV in France, EMM Festival, LOOP Videoart Festival, Printemps Musical d'Annecy, Kulturkiosken Gallery, Stimultania Art Gallery and at other venues in France, Spain, Sweden, Serbia and USA. Ćosić's solo exhibition "Still Adjusting" at Gallery 210 was reviewed in the June 2014 issue of "Art in America".
Ćosić's artwork has been exhibited at the Contemporary Art Museum, Kemper Art Museum, Regional Arts Commission, Gallery 210, Cecille R. Hunt Gallery, Sheldon Art Galleries, Des Lee Gallery, SOHA Gallery, Arcade Gallery, Bruno David Gallery and Laumeier Sculpture Park, all in St. Louis; UCM Gallery of Art & Design, Warrensburg, MO; Project 4 Gallery, Washington DC; Hunter Time Square Gallery, New York; Harold Golen Gallery, Miami; PUBLIC Gallery, Louisville; Kulturprojekte, Berlin; Kulturkiosken Gallery, Gävle, Sweden; Atelje 26, Students' City Cultural Center, Belgrade, Serbia; Pinnacles Gallery, Townsville, Australia; Academy of Fine Arts, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; JCIC Vilnius & Kedainiai Regional Museum, Lithuania; Patarei "The Battery" Prison, Tallinn, Estonia; Torrance Art Museum, Los Angeles; Stimultania Art Gallery, Strasbourg, France; HIEDRA Gallery, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and neo:gallery 23, Bolton, UK.
Ćosić's videos also have screened at The Pulitzer Foundation for Arts; Saint Louis Art Museum; Citygarden, St. Louis; USA Film Festival; Belgrade Alternative Film and Video Festival; Picture This Film Festival; Byron Bay International Film Festival; Herning International Short Film Festival; Festival Franco-Anglais De Poésie; Performance & Intermedia Festival, Poland; dokumentART Festival; Lightselect Teofilo, P4 Kuntshouse; PÖFF's Sleepwalkers Film Festival; Les Instants Vidéo Festival, Marseille; Torun Short Film Festival; CologneOFF: Latvia, Lebanon, Mexico and India; Atlanta Underground Film Festival; Vegas Independent Film Festival; Festival Internacional De Videoarte, Argentina; Espacio AVAart Gallery, Spain; Institut Für Alles Möglische, Berlin; XX.9.12 FABRIKArte, Venice; Zeta Gallery, Albania; East Art Gallery, Iran; Holdudvar Gallery, Hungary; Vizii Festival, National Historical and Architectural Museum, Ukraine; Crosstalk Video Art Festival, Hungary; VIDEOPLAY, Peras De Olmo - Ars Continua, Buenos Aires; Regional Museum of History of Colima, Mexico; Now&After, International Video Art Festival, Moscow Museum of Modern Art; The Format, Contemporary Culture Gallery, Italy; Greensboro Dance Film Festival; Dance Film Festival UK, London; Qorikancha Museum, Peru; Forever Now, Faux Mo, Australia; Dança em Foco, International Festival of Video and Dance, Brazil; Carnival of e-Creativity, India; La Casa Encendida, Spain; Octubre Centre de Cultura Contemporània, Spain; Palais de Glace, Argentina; Montana Film Festival; Lucca Film Festival, Italy; CINEMAMBIENTE, Italy; FIVAC, Cuba; Digital Image, Espacio Enter Canarias, Spain; Zentrum für Kunst und Medien Karlsruhe, Germany; Syracuse International Film and Media Festival, Italy; DesArts//DesCinés, Dance & Cinema Festival, France; Watch Out! Tetovo Film Festival, Macedonia; OtherMovie Lugano Film Festival, Switzerland; Artspace, Israel; Chaktomuk Short Film Festival, Cambodia; Viva Film Festival, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Addis Video Art Festival, Ethiopia; Quinzena de Dança de Almada, International Dance Festival, Portugal; Ţǎrii Crişurilor Museum, Romania; Sydney World Film Festival, Australia; STRANGLOSCOPE, Experimental Film, Audio & Performance Festival, Brazil; Noisefloor, Experimental Music and Moving Image Festival, UK; VIDEOMEDEJA, International Video Festival, Serbia; nodoCCS Video Art Festival, Venezuela; IBRIDA, Intermediate Arts Festival, Italy, and The Inaugural International Autonomous Biennale, The Research Pavilion, 57th Venice Biennale, Italy.

= = = Louise Germain = = =

	Louise Germain (1874–1939), née Louise Richier was a French painter.
	Although she was born in Gap, Hautes-Alpes, France, Louise Richier lived much of her childhood and adolescence in Algeria, returning to France by the time she was twenty. By 1894 she was studying in Marseille with the animal painter Walter Bildecombe. 
	She lived in Aix-en-Provence with her husband Eugene Germain and their two children, Émile and Sylvain. 
	At age 25, about 1899, she met Joseph Ravaisou and she took to painting. Reportedly, she also worked alongside Paul Cézanne, as did Ravaisou. In 1925, she watched over Joseph Ravaisou on his deathbed. 
	Germain died in her flat in Aix-en-Provence in 1939. She is buried in the Saint-Pierre cemetery in Aix-en-Provence.

= = = Squirrels (play) = = =

	Squirrels is a one-act play by David Mamet.
	The 1974 comedy is about Arthur, a middle-aged, egotistical hack writer who has been working on the opening line of a story involving a man's encounter with a squirrel for fifteen years, and Edmond, the young fledgling writer he has hired as a secretary/collaborator. They soon discover that Arthur's flamboyant redundancy clashes with Edmond's mediocre melodramatic style as they each develop increasingly ridiculous scenarios for the story. They are joined by Arthur's cleaning lady, also an aspiring writer, whose suggestions seem to be the most promising, but they too eventually bog down in banality.
	In October 1974 Mamet directed the first production of the play at the St. Nicholas Theater Company in Chicago, Illinois. "Squirrels" was produced by the Philadelphia Festival Theatre for New Plays, in January 1990, at the Harold Prince Theatre, Annenberg Center. The director was William H. Macy, who had performed in the Chicago production. 
	The British premiere was presented by The Mandrake Theatre Company at the Kings Head Theatre, London in 1993. Directed by Aaron Mullen. . 
	In more recent years it has been staged by the Philadelphia Fringe Festival , Upstairs at the Gatehouse in North London , and the Blue House Theatre Company and Criterion Theatre in Santa Monica . 
	The play was published in a paperback edition by Samuel French in 1982 () .

= = = George Reiffenstein = = =

	George Patten "Pat" Reiffenstein (later Carr, March 23, 1883 – June 9, 1932) was a Canadian rower who competed in the 1904 Summer Olympics.
	He was born in Carleton County, Ontario. In 1904 he was a member of Canadian boat, which won the silver medal in the men's eight. Only two teams, however, competed in the event. He changed his last name to Carr following World War I and died in Whitby, Ontario in 1932.

= = = João Henrique = = =

	João Henrique may refer to:

= = = WPEL (AM) = = =

	WPEL is a religious formatted radio station playing Southern gospel music in Montrose, Pennsylvania. It is a non-commercial, listener-supported radio station owned and operated by the Montrose Broadcasting Corporation, a non-profit organization founded by W. Douglas Roe. Mr. Roe was the original licensee and died in 1984.
	WPEL (AM) broadcasts on a frequency of 800 kHz AM with 1,000 watts of power daytime and 135 watts of power during nighttime hours; 800 AM is a clear-channel frequency, on which XEROK-AM is the dominant Class A station.
	WPEL has been on the air since May 30, 1953. The funding of the station came, in part from the Montrose Bible conference, of which W. Douglas Roe was the Executive Director.
	On October 17, 2007, WPEL (AM) changed frequencies from former 1250 kHz, which it had been transmitting on for over 50 years, to 800 kHz in an effort to be better heard in the area with its limited transmit power. In 2015, WPEL (AM) began rebroadcasting its programming on an FM translator at 95.5 in Endicott, New York.
	The station is sister to WPEL-FM, 96.5 MHz, also licensed to Montrose. WPEL-FM began broadcasting on June 5, 1961. 
	The Montrose Broadcasting Corporation also owns and operates radio stations WPGM-AM/FM in Danville, Pennsylvania and WBGM-FM in New Berlin, Pennsylvania. 
	Larry Souder served as president of the Montrose Broadcasting Corporation from 1984-2017, and WPGM since 1964. As of April 1, 2017, James Baker, the manager of WPEL, assumed the roles of President and CEO

= = = Ulmus parvifolia 'Yarralumla' = = =

	The Chinese Elm cultivar Ulmus parvifolia 'Yarralumla' is a cultivar raised by the Yarralumla Nursery in Canberra, Australia.
'Yarralumla' is distinguished by its broad, weeping habit and smooth decorative trunk. Growing to approximately 15 m by 15 m, its foliage in autumn is bright yellow.
	The species and its cultivars are highly resistant, but not immune, to Dutch elm disease, and they are unaffected by the elm leaf beetle "Xanthogaleruca luteola".
	The tree is not known to have been introduced to Europe or North America.

= = = Phil Boyd = = =

	Philip Ewing Boyd (June 5, 1876 – November 16, 1967) was an Olympic rower who won a silver medal for Canada in the 1904 Summer Olympics.

= = = Aleksandr Maksimov = = =

	Aleksandr Maksimov may refer to:

= = = German Football Manager of the Year = = =

	The title Football Manager of the Year (Trainer des Jahres) has been awarded in Germany since 2002. The award is determined by a poll of German football journalists from the Association of German Sports Journalists ("Verband der Deutschen Sportjournalisten") and the publication kicker.

= = = Color Splash = = =

	Color Splash is a television show on the U.S. cable network HGTV, hosted by David Bromstad and Rustle J Kuntz .
	The series was created for Bromstad after winning season one of "HGTV Design Star". It debuted March 19, 2007, on HGTV. The show focuses on transforming rooms by dramatic uses of color.
	The show also features color specialist and carpenter Danielle Hirsch, who debuted on "HGTV's Design Remix" starring Karen McAloon.
	"Color Splash" relocated from San Francisco to Miami in 2010.

= = = Islam: Beliefs and Teachings = = =

	Islam: Beliefs and Teachings is an internationally recognised book by Ghulam Sarwar of the Muslim Educational Trust. It was published by Sarwar as the first English textbook for madrasa students in Britain .
	Overseas editions: French, Norwegian, Romanian, Chinese and Bengali 
	Sarwar notes in the preface, that ""I feel humbled to note that 275,000 copies of my book 'Islam: Beliefs and Teachings' have been printed in England since 1980"".
	The Independent newspaper call it a ""popular school textbook"" 
	The Times newspaper say that it is a ""standard text for Muslim religious education"" 
	Ed Husain states that ""The first book I read about Islam in English was "Islam: Beliefs and Teachings" by Ghulam Sarwar"" and goes on to state that after only being taught about Islam orally by his family, Sarwars book ""filled a gap"".
	As he was taught that Islam and politics do not mix he says that ""one part of the book has stayed with me."" This being the chapter "Political System in Islam". He says that Sarwar said that Politics within Islam is fundamental.
	Husain goes on to say that ""What I did not know at school was that Sarwar was a business management lecturer, not a scholar of religion. And he was an activist in the organisations that he mentioned Muslim Brotherhood and Jamat-e-Islami. Sarwar's book was not the dispassionate educational treatise it purported to be."" and that ""He was also the brains behind the separation of Muslim children from school assemblies into what we called 'Muslim assembly', managed by the Muslim Educational Trust (MET) [of which Sarwar is the Director]. What seemed like an innocuous body was, in fact, an organisation with an agenda. In my school, a Jamat-e-Islami activist named Abdul Rabb represented the MET and awarded us trophies and medals for our performance in MET exams. Ostensibly it all seemed harmless, but the personnel all belonged to Jamat-e-Islami front organisations in Britain. Their key message was that Islam was not merely a religion but also an ideology that sought political power and was beginning to make headway."" 
	However, when Husain quotes Sarwar on page 21 of "The Islamist" regarding politics and Islam (page 169 of Sarwar's book), he does so but, although not wrong, he words the quoting very differently from what is actually written in Sarwar's book.
	Additionally, as discussed above, Husain mentions that ""What I did not know at school was that Sarwar was a business management lecturer, not a scholar of religion."" However, it says clearly in Sarwar's book that he ""obtained his first degree in Commerce and a masters in Business Management from the University of Dhaka, Bangkladesh"" and that ""For three years he taught Business Management to first-degree students in City College"".
	It must be also noted that the book was written in collaboration with Usamah K. Ward, Prof Dr. Muhammad Abdul Jabbar Beg, Dr. Faruq Nurul Arefin, Dr. Muhammad Qamarul Hasan and Nasreen Sarwar, Farhat Yasmeen Sarwar, Ruqaiyyah Waris Maqsood (Rosalyn Kendrick) (former head of Religious Studies) and Syed Dohan Nuh.
	Sarwar writes in the preface of the 8th Edition that:

= = = Tis Agapis Maheria = = =

	Tis Agapis Maheria (Love's piercing) (Greek: "Της Αγάπης Μαχαιριά") is a dramatic television series by Stratos Markidis and a screenplay Yvonne Metaxaki raised by ANT1. The series takes place in Crete and narrates the vendetta between two families,"Stamatakides" and "Leventogiannides". It first aired in January 16, 2006, the series had two seasons. The first season of 21 episodes and the second season of 42 episodes.
	Two families separated by deep hatred... A feud that rose a century ago. A vendetta that has lasted a century. Now, an unlawful daughter born twenty years ago from a forbidden love, returns in the midst of the incessant quarrel that has spilled much family blood on both sides. The news fall like a bomb in the village.
	In guest roles
	Leventogiannis Family
	Stamatakis Family 

= = = Norcot = = =

	Norcot is an area of the suburb of Tilehurst in the town of Reading, in the English county of Berkshire. It is also an electoral ward of the Borough of Reading.
	Norcot ward is the far eastern sector of the Reading borough portion of Tilehurst. As a commonly used suburban area, Norcot centres on Norcot Road and the upper Oxford Road on Norcot Hill. It is electorally partly in Norcot ward and partly in Kentwood to its west. All these areas form a mixture of suburban and urban parts of West Reading. The original hamlet was near the junction of Norcot Road and Romany Lane and was largely made up of Norcot Farm in the north-east of old Tilehurst parish. The name means 'North Cottage' and has a southern neighbour Southcote, below Tilehurst church and manor.
	The Norcot Water Tower, built at the end of the 19th century, is somewhat older than the more prominent Tilehurst Water Tower. It is 50ft high, a Grade II listed building and since 2002 has been converted into a luxury apartment. Norcot School was built in 1906. In its lifetime, it was both a senior and a junior school. It closed in 1989. Like much of Tilehurst, Norcot Hill was used for the extraction of clay for brickmaking. In the 1920s, S. E. Collier's transported the clay via overhead cables to their main site in the Dee Road area of Tilehurst. St George's Church, Reading was built on the north-eastern edge of Norcot in 1886, largely to service the soldiers of the nearby Brock Barracks. Norcot Mission Church was started in 1929 to serve the new Norcot council estate. It started in a hut on land rented from the Pulsometer Engineering Works. The church moved to a permanent building in Brockley Close in 1972. The post office is on the Oxford Road. 
	The ward of Norcot is west of the town centre and is bordered by Kentwood (the far western ward), Battle (the inner western ward), Southcote and Tilehurst wards.
	As with all wards, apart from smaller Mapledurham, it elects three councillors to Reading Borough Council. Elections since 2004 are held by thirds, with elections in three years out of four.
	In the 2011, 2012 and 2014 a Labour Party candidate won each election. 
	These Councillors are currently, in order of election: Graeme Hoskin, Jo Lovelock and Debs Absolom.

= = = George Strange = = =

	George M. Strange (November 9, 1880 – June 22, 1961) was a Canadian rower who competed in the 1904 Summer Olympics. He was born in Portage la Prairie, Manitoba to George William Strange and Elizabeth Johnson and died in Toronto in 1961. He is buried in Mount Pleasant Cemetery with wife Lillian Georgina Hall Tate. At the 1904 Summer Games, held in St. Louis, he was a member of Canadian rowing team that won the silver medal in the men's eight.

= = = Utah State Aggies = = =

	The Utah State Aggies are the athletic teams that represent Utah State University. The school fields 16 sports teams – seven men and nine women – and compete in the Mountain West Conference.
	The first intercollegiate athletic event in the school's history took place on November 25, 1892, when the Agriculturalists defeated the football team from the University of Utah, 12-0. The football program has a rich history (Merlin Olsen and Phil Olsen are alumni) throughout the mid-20th century, but has struggled lately, following two ill-fated stints as an independent program and two more years in the geographically distant Sun Belt Conference, after the Big West Conference, which had housed the Aggies since 1978, elected to stop sponsoring football in 2001. USU's other teams remained in that conference until the school was invited to join the Western Athletic Conference (WAC) in 2005. USU had lobbied to join its in-state rivals Utah and BYU in the WAC for many decades prior to 2005, but were only allowed in after the two other schools had left to form the Mountain West Conference. Subsequently both Utah and BYU departed the Mountain West Conference and USU was invited to join that conference, where they currently reside.
	Recently, the men's basketball team, under coach Stew Morrill, has become a nationally respected program, with several conference championships and trips to the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship. The basketball program has been one of the most successful programs in the country since 2000, winning at least 23 games in each season, many conference championships, and appearing in the NCAA tournament numerous times. In fact, many Aggie sports have been extremely successful for many years, though this is often overlooked due to the recent futility of the football team.
	Following the great heights of the 1960s and 70's, Aggie football has fallen upon hard times in recent decades, leading to a disproportionate lack of USU sports coverage in statewide and national media. Many of the Aggie faithful attribute the decline to administrators at both Utah and BYU freezing then-superior USU out of the newly formed WAC. However, other factors cited as leading to the decline include a failure to upgrade facilities until recently, a lack of donors to athletics, and the complacency of past athletics directors. The futility of the football program has had an extremely negative effect on the perception of the university as a whole, and it is something that the Aggies are only now recovering from. 2011 saw the first winning season in many years, a bowl game, and in May 2012, an invitation to the Mountain West Conference, which will give USU its first stable, promising conference home in a half-century.
	However, former athletic director Scott Barnes recently inked deals with TV stations, replaced the head football coach, raised funds, and accomplished numerous necessary reorganizations, despite the athletics department's dismal budget in comparison with other state and conference schools. In large part due to his efforts, USU Athletics was crowned the 2009 National Champion of the Excellence in Management Cup, which seeks to identify the university that wins the most championships with the lowest expenses. The Aggies brought in WAC championships in five sports during the 2008–09 academic year, tied for the most in school history.
	As of January 2016, Aggie football has an overall record of 547–533–31 (.506) 
	After many years of futility, the Aggies experienced a renaissance under head coach Gary Andersen, who replaced Brent Guy following the 2008 season. The 2011 campaign was the team's first winning season in many years, resulting in a postseason bowl berth. 2012 has brought the school's first-ever 10-win season and WAC championship (its first outright conference championship since 1936), and national Top 25 rankings in all three major polls. Andersen left USU after the 2012 season and has been replaced by his former offensive coordinator Matt Wells.
	The Aggies have played in eight bowl games in their history, winning three. The team's first victory came in the 1993 Las Vegas Bowl against . The team has made three consecutive bowl appearances, the Famous Idaho Potato Bowl, in 2011 and 2012, and the San Diego County Credit Union Poinsettia Bowl, in 2013. The team lost to Ohio in the 2011 edition and defeated Toledo 41–15 in the 2012 edition. In 2013 USU defeated Northern Illinois University in the San Diego County Credit Union Poinsettia Bowl.
	USU football is played at Maverik Stadium, which seats 25,100.
	The men's cross country team has been impressive in recent years, winning the WAC title for the past five years in a row—each year since joining the WAC. Members of the team have garnered numerous conference and regional awards, and have competed in the NCAA Championships. Likewise, the men's track and field team has long enjoyed success, with a bevy of All-American athletes from decades past. In recent years, the team has also won WAC championships in 2007, 2009, and 2010 (outdoor) and 2008 and 2010 (indoor).
	Golf has spent many years attempting to return to the heights achieved in the early 1980s by alum Jay Don Blake. As a member of the Aggie golf squad, Blake won the NCAA Championship in 1980 and was named NCAA Player of the Year in 1981. He turned pro that year, and in 1987 joined the PGA Tour, where he has one victory and several top-10 finishes, mostly in the early '90s. He has won three times on the Champions Tour.
	The tennis team has a difficult time attracting major recruits due to the lack of indoor on-campus facilities. The team trains and plays its home matches at an upscale local gym. Despite this deficiency, the team has produced a number of athletes who have won all-conference honors in recent years, drawing from both local and international talent pools.
	Of women's sports at USU, gymnastics has probably been most successful historically, heading to the postseason 26 times, including five trips to the national championships. The soccer team has been successful as of late, finishing the 2008 season with a perfect record in conference play, as well as a WAC title. Despite falling in the conference tournament in 2009, Aggie soccer landed three players on the All-WAC first team.
	Women's volleyball and softball are two of the sports at USU that boast of national championships in their history. In 1978 the Aggie volleyball team defeated UCLA to win the AIAW Large College volleyball national championship. The following year, the team fell to Hawaii in the championship match.
	The Aggie softball team has appeared in four Women's College World Series, in 1978, 1980, 1981 and 1984, winning the AIAW Division I softball national championship in 1980 and 1981.
	Neither team has returned to such heights in recent years, though each has been consistently good. The women's tennis team struggles with the same disadvantages as the men's.
	The women's basketball program began rebuilding in 2003 after a 16-year absence. At the time, USU was the only Division I school that did not have a women's basketball program besides the mostly male Virginia Military Institute and The Citadel. It took eight years for Utah State to post a winning record, finishing the 2010–11 season at 16–15 after reaching the second round of the WNIT. The 2011–12 team finished 21–10 for the first 20-win season in school history, exiting the WNIT in the first round. Following the season, Raegan Pebley, who had been head coach since the return of the sport, was hired away by Fresno State, with Jerry Finkbeiner being hired as her replacement.
	The most used sports venue is the Dee Glen Smith Spectrum, where basketball, volleyball, and gymnastics events are held. TV and radio announcers visiting the Smith Spectrum for the first time commonly state that the spectrum is one of the loudest basketball venues in the country with one of the most enthusiastic crowds in the country, rivaling Cameron Indoor Stadium at Duke University. It is a tradition that near the beginning of games the crowd chooses one player from the other team who commits a blatant foul, taunts the crowd, etc., and every time that player touches the ball the entire crowd boos loudly until he passes the ball. This pressure on opposing players created by this tradition has cut many outstanding players down to below average while at the Spectrum.
	The football team plays in Maverik Stadium, slightly north and west of the main campus. The stadium had natural grass until 2004, when artificial turf was installed. Romney Stadium is built on a hillside, and appears much smaller from outside than it actually is, as much of the seating and the field are below street level. In 2009, the field at Romney Stadium was named Merlin Olsen Field, in honor of the Hall of Fame alumnus.
	The name Aggies, short for Agriculturalists, is a fixture of many universities that began as land-grant and agricultural colleges. Early USU sports teams were sometimes simply referred to as the "Farmers" as well as the Aggies, though the former name was never official. Beginning in the 1930s, an image of a "bean-pole farmer" with a pitchfork in hand and hay stalk in mouth began to be used to represent the college, though this too was never made official, and disappeared following the transformation into a full-fledged university in 1957.
	During the late 1960s and early '70s, a movement began on campus to shed the Aggie name in favor of the Utah State Highlanders, but the movement met with widespread opposition and was abandoned. The name "Highlanders" was a nod to the university's historic ideological tie to Scotland, which came about very early on in the college's history, mostly due to the university's setting on a hill in a high mountain valley. In fact, for a brief period, USU's teams were indeed nicknamed the "Scotsmen" as well, and a remnant of this era lives on in the current and popular fight song "The Scotsman".
	A November 7, 1901 meeting decided that the college's official color would be blue. It originated as more of a royal blue, morphing fully into navy by the 1920s. The term "Big Blue" came about in the 1960s simply to refer to the uniform color, as opposed to any particular mascot. The image of a bull first appeared on a football game program in 1975, and the following year it was adopted as USU's mascot.
	For a few years, USU used an actual white bull, painted blue, which was brought to sporting events and corralled on the sidelines. However, when the Smith Spectrum was built, there were concerns with the bull ruining the floor. For a short time, the bull was outfitted with red rubber boots, which did not pan out and the bull was retired.
	In 1987 USU Student Athletics Vice President John Mortensen decided that Utah State should still have a mascot and spent $750 on a costume for Big Blue. The costume was somewhat of a disappointment because it was royal blue, not navy, had real animal horns, and was not easy to move around in.
	The costume has since undergone at least one redesign, but is now one of the most active and recognized college mascots in the region. Possibly Big Blue's most well-known antic was his tradition of rappelling from the JumboTron to kick off team introductions for men's basketball games. He also enjoys crowdsurfing. As of 2003, four of the six people who had played the Big Blue role had gone on to become mascots for professional sports teams.
	The HURD is the student section at Utah State University. The HURD started in 2006 and has grown every year since. Beginning as a club in the USU Student Association, the HURD moved to total inclusion of the entire USU student body in the summer of 2012. At capacity, the HURD fills 6,500 seats at Romney Stadium for USU Football and 4,000 seats in the Dee Glen Smith Spectrum for USU Basketball. The HURD helps organize major activities, with leadership and help from the HURD Committee, such as tailgates, camp outs, away game watch parties and more for the student body and community. Drawing from its motto "Be Seen. Be Loud. Be HURD!", the HURD ensures that the teams who visit Utah State University will experience the best atmosphere in the country for collegiate athletics by being known as one of the craziest student sections in the country.
	The Aggies' principal fight song is known as "Hail the Utah Aggies" as well as simply "Fight Song". It was composed in 1933 by Mickey Hart, with words by Darwin Jepsen and Mark Hart. The main verse is sung twice, with the chant once in between.
	The popular Scotsman song was composed by student Ebenezer J. Kirkham, class of 1918. At athletic events, "The Scotsman" is often sung immediately following "Hail the Utah Aggies". The words are sung twice through without a break, accompanied by synchronized arm gestures originally created by a small students in Section K of the Spectrum in the early 90s to represent milking of a cow by hand eventually spread to the entire student section. The motions are yet another example of USU students ingenuity creating longstanding traditions at sporting events. During the final words of the second "verse", the students' pitch often rises to a full-out yell.
<poem>
	Show me the Scotsman who doesn't love the thistle.
	Show me the Englishman who doesn't love the rose.
	Show me the true blooded Aggie from Utah
	Who doesn't love the spot . . .
	Where the sagebrush grows!
</poem>
	Listed here are the conference championships from the Big West era (beginning in 1978) to the present in the Mountain West Conference.
	Men
	Women
	Men's Basketball
	Football
	Golf
	Gymnastics
	Softball
	Men's Track and Field
	Women's Track and Field
	Men's Cross Country
	Volleyball

= = = Syöksy-class motor torpedo boat = = =

	The "Syöksy"-class motor torpedo boats () was a series of four British Thornycroft type motor torpedo boats of the Finnish Navy. The vessels were constructed in 1928 by the John Thornycroft & Co. shipyard in Woolton, UK. The vessels saw service in World War II. The Thornycroft type released its torpedoes by dropping them from rails in the aft. The ship then had to steer away from the torpedoes path, a manoeuvre that could be quite tricky in the close waters of the Gulf of Finland.
	In 1942, the vessels received individual identification symbols on their superstructures. "Nuoli" had the ace of hearts, "Vinha" the ace of clubs, "Syöksy" the ace of diamonds, and "Raju" the ace of spades.
	On 6 July 1941 "Syöksy" and "Vinha" sortied to intercept a convoy of three sailing ships headed for Hanko. In heavy seas the torpedoes did not function reliably and the boats could not hit their targets. Instead "Syöksy" dashed past the lead ship and dropped its depth charges in front of it which exploded and sank the sailing ship. Both Finnish motor torpedo boats escaped unharmed before escorting Soviet ships could respond.
	On the night of 19 and 20 July 1941 Finnish motor torpedo boats were patrolling of the coast of Estonia when a Soviet destroyer opened fire on them. "Vinha" was damaged and unable to move but Finns were able to tow it to safety while "Syöksy" made repeated torpedo runs towards the destroyer drawing its fire and distracting it.
	On 1 September 1941 "Syöksy" and "Vinha" were patrolling south of the Beryozovye Islands when they came across a pair of Soviet freighters. "Syöksy" torpedoed and sank the lead merchant (SS "Meero", 1,866 tons).
	On 22 September 1941 "Syöksy" sank the Soviet minehunter "T-41" ("Kirov") east of Gogland while it was patrolling near the island with "Vinha".
	On 1 October 1941 "Nuoli" participated in the sinking of a Soviet minehunter, though it was a torpedo from "Sisu" that sank the target.
	"Syöksy", "Vinha" and , as well as a minelaying KM boat participated in the attack on the harbour of Lavansaari on 18 November 1942. "Syöksy" managed to torpedo the (1,760 tons), which sank.

= = = Microsoft Network Monitor = = =

	Microsoft Network Monitor is a deprecated packet analyzer. It enables capturing, viewing, and analyzing network data and deciphering network protocols. It can be used to troubleshoot network problems and applications on the network. Microsoft Network Monitor 1.0 (codenamed "Bloodhound") was originally designed and developed by Raymond Patch, a transport protocol and network adapter device driver engineer on the Microsoft LAN Manager development team.
	Network Monitor was replaced by Microsoft Message Analyzer (MMA was discontinued in 2019).
	The LAN Manager development team had one shared hardware-based analyzer at the time. Netmon was conceived when the hardware analyzer was taken during a test to reproduce a networking bug, and the first Windows prototype was coded over the Christmas holiday. The first 4 bytes of the Netmon capture file format were used to validate the file. The values were 'RTSS' for Ray, Tom, Steve, and Steve - the first four members of the team. The code was originally written for OS/2 and had no user interface; a symbol was placed in the device driver where the packet buffers were kept so received data could be dumped in hex from within the kernel debugger.
	Netmon caused a bit of a stir for Microsoft IT since networks and e-mail were not encrypted at the time. Only a few software engineers had access to hardware analyzers due to their cost, but with Netmon many engineers around the company had access to network traffic for free. At the request of Microsoft IT, two simple identification features were added - a non-cryptographic password and an identification protocol named the Bloodhound-Oriented Network Entity (BONE) (created and named by Raymond Patch as a play on the codename "Bloodhound").
	Network Monitor 3 is a complete overhaul of the earlier Network Monitor 2.x version. Originally versions of Network Monitor were only available through other Microsoft products, such as Systems Management Server (SMS). But now the fully featured product with public parsers is available as a free download.
	Microsoft Network Monitor was superseded by Microsoft Message Analyzer 
	Some key features of Network Monitor 3.4 include the following:

= = = Clyde Mascoll = = =

	The Hon. Clyde Mascoll is a politician from Barbados. He is a former leader of the Democratic Labour Party (DLP). In 2003, Mascoll unsuccessfully led the party in an election against the ruling Barbados Labour Party (BLP). However, after internal disagreement within the DLP, Mascoll "crossed the floor" to become a member of the ruling BLP in 2006, becoming Minister of State in the Ministry of Finance.
	He was defeated in his St. Michael North West constituency by the DLP's Christopher Sinckler in the January 2008 general election, receiving 44% of the vote.

= = = Muslim Educational Trust = = =

	Muslim Educational Trust (also called MET) is an educational organization offering information, advice and publications about education and the educational needs of children to parents in particular. It is based in London.
	Starting in the 1970s, the Trust has been involved in a movement by British Muslims to include Muslim values in the educational system. A controversial aspect of this was the withdrawal of Muslim children, especially Muslim girls from integrated schools as secular single-sex schooling died out in England. Less controversial were efforts to encourage religious education in Britain to expand beyond the teaching of Islam. The Trust also began supporting efforts to open private Islamic schools in 1974, and by 1992, 23 Islamic schools were open, all supported by the Trust. Important leaders in this movement were Ibrahim Hewitt Yusuf Islam (formerly Cat Stevens), Afzal Rahman, and Gulam Sarwar. In 1991, Sarwar wrote a book, "British Muslims and Schools", which focuses on why such schools should exist and why they should receive public funding like other British schools.
	Human Rights Activist Nuzhat Abbas has criticized MET for supplying literature on sexual education that echos the anti-LGBT views of clerics like Sheikh Sarkawy, formerly of London Central Mosque. Some of this criticism stems from the Trust's publishing of an anti-LGBT views in a book introducing the teachings of the Qur'an by Ibrahim Hewitt entitled, "What Doe Islam Say?".

= = = PlayJam = = =

	PlayJam is an interactive casual games network, available across digital TV, mobile and online platforms. 
	PlayJam emerged during dawn of the digital TV era as a side project of London-based visual media company Static 2358. Static's artists, designers and programmers started producing casual games to work on set top boxes and PlayJam launched in 1999 on CanalSat in France and Sky Digital in the UK as one of the first ever interactive television broadcast channels. PlayJam soon became one of the most highly rated brands on digital TV, with its parent company delivering interactive television services for clients such as the BBC, Glaxo SmithKline, pop band Gorillaz, ITV and Channel 4.
	Static and PlayJam were sold to Open TV for $68 million in 2001. The interactive games platform has since appeared on millions of digital TV homes throughout the US, Europe, Asia and Africa.
	Founder Jasper Smith re-acquired Static from Open TV in 2008, believing the quantum shift to internet connected TVs would allow PlayJam to become one of the world's pre-eminent games networks. The company has recently secured distribution deals with Apple, Sony, Samsung, LG, Panasonic, Western Digital and online gaming platforms to add to its network of digital TV homes around the world and online. PlayJam aims to create a 'connected' games network over the next few years, delivering a more integrated and accessible user experience alongside a cross-platform reward scheme to fuel further frequent and loyal usage. During the last 5 years, PlayJam has generated over 8 billion downloads from its library of 550 free, play-to-play and skill-based titles. PlayJam's SDK enables other games developers to publish titles to this platform, most recently Relentless and Puzzler Media
	In January 2010, PlayJam became a founder member of the Connected TV Game Forum, alongside Accedo Broadband, Betfair, Rallypoint and Two Way Media. Aiming to galvanise a common approach to gaming requirements for connected TV devices including functionality, features and open standards, the forum's members view online games as a major driver in the multiplatform digital entertainment arena, attracting 38% of Internet users and generating billions of downloads via mobile and digital TV platforms. The Forum believes such games will act as '"a prime motivator for consumers to connect their TV's to the Internet.""
	In October 2011, PlayJam secured $5 million investment from GameStop Digital Ventures, Adobe Ventures, Endeavour Ventures and the Angel CoFund to fuel further growth and capitalise on the smart TV market. The company has recently partnered with a number of games developers including GameHouse, First Star Software, Relentless Software, Slingo and Puzzler to distribute popular titles across its network..

= = = Zamboanga del Sur National High School = = =

	Zamboanga del Sur National High School is a public school in Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines, which was established in 1968, is the largest (in terms of student population). It was originally named "Zamboanga del Sur Provincial High School", but was renamed in 1975.
	1st* Special Science Curriculum (DOST or STEP, SPST)
	2nd* Special Program in the Arts Curriculum (SPA)
	3rd* Basic Education Curriculum (BEC)
	4th* Special Program in Sports (SPS)
	ZSNHS Online The official website of the Zamboanga del Sur National High School

= = = João Amaral = = =

	João Amaral may refer to:

= = = Tejo Energia = = =

	Tejo Energia is an energy and utility company in Portugal, and one of the largest private sector Portuguese companies by asset value.
	It's headquartered in the Paço de Arcos civil parish of Oeiras, in the Lisbon District of Portugal. 
	Tejo Energia operates the Pego Power Station.

= = = Kasanje = = =

	Kasanje may refer to:

= = = White Lies (Paul van Dyk song) = = =

	"White Lies", released in July 2007, is the first single from Paul van Dyk's album "In Between". It features vocals from Jessica Sutta, former member of the Pussycat Dolls.
	"I had a lot of fun working with Jessica. Her lascivious voice and sexy attitude reflects the theme of the single perfectly." said Paul van Dyk via press release.
	Jessica also spoke about working with Paul Van Dyk:
	The single received positive reviews. 
	"Paul Van Dyk makes a grand return to the club scene with his new single "White Lies and Jessica Sutta also proves that Nicole Scherzinger isn't the only Pussycat Doll who can sing lead. The combination of these two results in a great song with some great remixes. While only one mix is what you'd expect from Paul Van Dyk, all of the mixes are excellent and worth checking out."
	"Paul Van Dyk and Alex M.O.R.P.H do the Berlin Mix" - It showcases all of the elements that make up a great trance mix. Synthesizers and pumped-up drums and beats zoom around frantically with the only vocals being that of Jessica singing the title of the song. It's a perfect choice for those late night punters who don't need a lot of singing with their music. 
	If you want to actually hear the vocals, go directly to the "L.A. Mix". This mix uses all of the vocals and is actually not as euphoric-sounding as the first mix. The beats are rougher and the trance element is essentially missing. It almost sounds like a Dave Aude remix. Perhaps his influence rubbed off on Van Dyk for this particular version. The added elements of flamenco guitar and punched up drums make this mix a stellar one. This sound is a refreshing change to what we are used to from him. 
	"The Dave Spoon Mix" continues in the same direction as the previous mix. The keyboards are the main attraction here, though during most of the mix they overpower Jessica's vocals. 
	Finally, the "Aural Float Remix" is a dreamy electronic mix, not at all good for dancing to but perfect for a chilled out evening at home. The song moves along lazily and feels very atmospheric, never attempting to do anything related to a dance floor.
	The video shows Sutta performing suggestive dances in burlesque outfits in two different locations: on a bed in a white outfit, being watched by people through the windows; and on stage dancing around a chair, in a black outfit while Van Dyk plays the DJ. 
	The video closely resembles Madonna's video for "Open Your Heart" as well as Bob Fosse's choreography for his "Mein Herr" routine from Cabaret. The video was directed by Steven Antin and produced by Looking Glass Films in Hollywood, California.
	The track has been a success on the American dance charts, peaking at #3 on Billboard's Hot Dance Airplay chart in August 2007, becoming Paul Van Dyk's highest charting single. On Billboard's Hot Dance Club Play chart, it debuted in the top 40 in late August 2007, since then it has also hit the #3 spot. It has reached #80 on the UK Singles Chart in August 2007.
	On Billboard's Hot Dance Singles Sales chart it has been #1 for four weeks. It has also reaching #38 in Germany's pop charts, #4 in Turkey's top 100, #14 in Finland and #8 in Canada's top 40 charts. 
	The album has reached #115 on The Billboard 200 and #2 on the Top Electronic Albums and Top Heatseekers charts.

= = = Oleg Gazmanov = = =

	Oleg Mikhaylovich Gazmanov (, born 22 July 1951 in Gusev) is a Russian pop singer, composer and poet, specializing in patriotic songs, as well as songs which cover more conventional pop/rock themes. Gazmanov is leader of pop group "Эскадрон" (Squadron). His songs have been covered by others in the chanson style, such as Mikhail Shufutinsky. He is also a Candidate for Master of Sport of the USSR in gymnastics and is well known for his acrobatics performed during live shows, especially at the beginning of his musical career in the early 1990s.
	In July 2014 Gazmanov was banned from entering Latvia because of alleged "through words and actions having contributed to the undermining of Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity". In August 2016, the Lithuanian government also denied his entry to Lithuania at Vilnius airport.
	His step son Nadavik Livyatnov got injured by an obsessive fan while trying to cut some of Oleg's hairs.
! colspan="3" style="background: cyan;" | World Music Awards

= = = Saint-Alexis-de-Matapédia, Quebec = = =

	Saint-Alexis-de-Matapédia is a village and municipality in the Gaspésie–Îles-de-la-Madeleine region of eastern Quebec, Canada.
	In addition to Saint-Alexis-de-Matapédia itself, the municipality also includes the communities of Léonard-de-Matapédia and Saint-Benoît-de-Matapédia.
	In 2003, the Parish Municipality of Saint-Alexis-de-Matapédia became the Municipality of Saint-Alexis-de-Matapédia.
<br>
<br>

= = = Dmitry Maksimov = = =

	Dmitry Maksimov may refer to:

= = = Matthias W. Day = = =

	Matthias W. Day (August 8, 1853 – September 12, 1927) was a career American army officer who received the Medal of Honor, the United States' highest military decoration, for his actions during the American Indian Wars in the latter half of the 19th century. Day was a longtime officer with the African-American 9th Cavalry Regiment, seeing action during the Apache Wars against the Apache leaders Victorio and Geronimo.
	Day later achieved fame as a marksman while participating in the U.S. Army's annual rifle marksmanship contest, and served in the Philippines during the Philippine–American War. He eventually rose to the rank of colonel and served as the commander of his old unit, the 9th Cavalry.
	Mathias Walter Day was the second of seven children of Mathias Day (the founder of Daytona Beach, Florida) and Mary Blymyer, both native Ohioans. He was accepted to the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1873. A graduate of the class of 1877 alongside Henry Ossian Flipper, the first African-American to graduate from West Point, Day was popular with his classmates, but was "ranked close enough to the bottom to be assigned to a black regiment".
	Day was not assigned to the 9th Cavalry Regiment until August 1878. The 9th Cavalry was one of four African-American regiments which became known as the "Buffalo Soldiers". Day was ordered to El Paso, Texas, where he assumed command of A Troop.
	In 1879, Day and his troop were transferred west to New Mexico where they joined the rest of the regiment. After the Apache chief Victorio launched two successful raids on 9th Cavalry outposts near the Warm Springs Reservation after he left the San Carlos Reservation on August 21, the rest of the regiment was mobilized to go after him, marking the beginning of the Victorio Campaign.
	On the morning of September 18, Day, along with Captain Byron Dawson and twenty-two men of Troops A and B together with three Navajo Scouts, were following Victorio's trail through Las Animas Canyon in New Mexico. Here, they fell into an ambush, with the Apache above them on three sides of the canyon pinning them down with rifle fire. They were subsequently reinforced by two companies led by Captain Charles Beyer, which made contact with them but were unable to drive the Apaches from their positions.
	By the end of the day, the trapped troopers were running low on ammunition. His own ammunition supply running short, Beyer ordered a withdrawal and had Dawson withdraw his men under covering fire to avoid encirclement. Day noticed two wounded men caught out in the open some distance from their position, exposed to enemy fire and unable to move. Assisted by Sergeant John Denny, who helped support one man, Day carried the other on his back through "a hail of bullets so thick it seemed 'no one could pass this open rocky space alive'" to safety.
	Despite his heroism, Captain Beyer was furious with Day for disobeying orders and his commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Nathan Dudley, wanted to court-martial him. However, Day was later cleared by a board of inquiry and subsequently received the Medal of Honor on May 7, 1890. John Denny and Second Lieutenant Robert Temple Emmet, who like Day had graduated from West Point in 1877, also received the Medal of Honor for their actions at Las Animas Canyon.
	Following Las Animas Canyon, the 9th Cavalry continued its pursuit of Victorio, but he was able to escape across the Mexican border. Taking a break from campaigning, Day was married on Thanksgiving Day, 1879, to Emilia Schultz, his wedding attended by Governor Lew Wallace. He resumed campaigning against Victorio in 1880, but apart from two actions in which he was involved in the early part of the year, served as a staff adjutant and later returned to command of A Troop, seeing little action. Victorio was later killed by Mexican forces in October.
	In late 1881, the 9th Cavalry was transferred to the Southern Plains. Day was promoted to first lieutenant in 1884 and assigned to I Troop, which was stationed at Fort Reno near present-day Oklahoma City. The troop was responsible for removing white settlers known as "Boomers" from the Unassigned Lands located in the middle of what is now the state of Oklahoma. During this time, Day became something of a celebrity through his skill as a marksman by winning the annual rifle marksmanship contest for the U.S. Army's Division of the Missouri. He also captained the team which represented the Division of the Missouri in competition against opposing teams from the Divisions of the Atlantic, Pacific, and artillery. The team won the long-distance target shooting competition and Day himself was acknowledged to be "'the best skirmisher'" when involved in a competition that involved "shooting at targets under conditions 'that were an approximation to actual service'".
	In early 1885, the 9th Cavalry was reposted to Wyoming and Nebraska. Day volunteered for service with the Apache scouts when he learned that the army was in need of officers with desert experience. He participated in a lengthy, strenuous pursuit of Geronimo later in the year that engaged the Apache leader twice and nearly captured him once. Day was eventually reassigned to the 9th Cavalry and served as its regimental quartermaster, a position that he held after the close of the Indian Wars in 1890.
	From 1891 to 1895, Day was professor of Military Science and Tactics at Mount Union College in Alliance, Ohio.
	After the United States declared war on Spain on April 21, 1898, Captain Day was commissioned a lieutenant colonel of volunteers and assigned to command the 1st Ohio Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, which had been reactivated after being mustered out at the end of the American Civil War. The 1st Ohio was a part of the Second Cavalry Brigade which included among its regiments the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry, better known as the Rough Riders.
	The 1st Ohio reported to Port Tampa, Florida on July 12, for transportation to Cuba, but its sailing was delayed due to a shortage of transports and as a result, the regiment did not see action in the Spanish–American War. Day however, later saw action in the Philippines against the Moros. After postings to various units, he served as the colonel of his old unit, the 9th Cavalry, for a year before retiring from the army in 1912.
	Day died on September 12, 1927, in Los Angeles, California. He is buried in the San Francisco National Cemetery.
	Rank and organization: Second Lieutenant, 9th U.S. Cavalry. Place and date: At Las Animas Canyon, N. Mex., September 18, 1879. Entered service at: Oberlin, Ohio. Birth: Mansfield, Ohio. Date of issue: May 7, 1890.
	Citation:
	Advanced alone into the enemy's lines and carried off a wounded soldier of his command under a hot fire and after he had been ordered to retreat.

= = = Ernesto Tornquist = = =

	Ernesto Carlos Tornquist (31 December 1842 – 17 June 1908) was an Argentinian entrepreneur and businessman, considered to be one of the most important entrepreneurs in Argentina at the end of the 19th century. The diversified business empire he created played a key role in helping to link Argentina with the trading and financial systems of the first world. Amongst many other achievements, he founded the Tornquist Bank, the Plaza Hotel in Buenos Aires, the partido of Tornquist and Tornquist its main city, in the south of Buenos Aires Province.
	Born in Buenos Aires in 1842, Ernesto Tornquist was the seventh son of Jorge Pedro Ernesto Tornquist (1801-1876), a Lutheran born in Baltimore, United States and whose parents came from a German family in the city of Hamburg with roots in Karlskrona in Sweden. The father was consul of the city of Bremen in Montevideo, Uruguay, and was an importer and property investor in Buenos Aires. His mother, Rosa Camusso Alsina, a Catholic, was born in Buenos Aires in 1805 and died there of yellow fever in 1871.
	Tornquist started his schooling at Escuela Evangélica Alemana and in 1856 was sent to study in Germany in the city of Krefeld for two years. On his return to Argentina he took up a job working for a company directed by his brother-in-law which exported wool and leather and imported agricultural machinery. In 1872 he married his niece, Rosa Altgelt Tornquist in Buenos Aires, and in 1874 took over the running of his brother-in-law’s company which was now renamed, "Ernesto Tornquist y Cia". With the help of Belgium capital the company diversified its activities to include investment in the sugar, meat-salting and cold-storage industries. The company also invested in railways and acquired land in the provinces of Santa Fe and Entre Rios, previously occupied by Indians. In the 1880s he set up a large sugar refinery, "Refineria Argentina", in Rosario. Other initiatives included founding the "Bieckert" brewery, the "Seeber" margarine manufacturer and the "Bianchetti" scale manufacturer.
	On 17 April 1883 he founded Tornquist, the main city of Tornquist Partido, in the south of Buenos Aires Province. From the beginning the town was organized as an agricultural colony for German and Volga German immigrants. After the economic crisis of 1890 he took charge of organizing the recovery of the company "Sansinena" and its cold-storage plant "La Negra" in Riachuelo and set up the plant "Cuartreros" in Bahía Blanca.
	Amongst other activities the Tornquist group organised the hunting of whales (not controversial in those days) around the South Georgia Islands through the "Compañía Argentina de Pesca", oil exploration in Mendoza, the exploitation of quebracho in Santiago del Estero and the construction of the Ferrocarril del Norte de Santa Fe with the help of Belgium capital.
	Ernesto Tornquist played a crucial role in helping to avoid a war between Argentina and Chile in 1902 by managing the British mediation in the border dispute, and by strongly opposing the bellicose Foreign Minister Estanislao Zeballos. He represented the German armaments group Krupp in Buenos Aires where he organised a strong lobby for the armaments industry, whilst on the other hand he helped to resolve a conflict with Brazil.
	In 1903 he built the estancia, "Sierra de la Ventana", in Tornquist, designed by the German immigrant architect Carlos Nordmann in Gothic style typical of German castles in the Rhine Valley. The grounds were designed by the French immigrant landscape architect, Carlos Thays.
	He maintained a close friendship with Argentine presidents Julio A. Roca and Carlos Pellegrini and tenaciously opposed the militaristic plans of the War Minister Estanislao Zeballos during the presidency of José Figueroa Alcorta (1906-1910).
	In 1909 he built the Plaza Hotel (today called the Marriott Plaza Hotel), designed by the German architect Alfredo Zucker, in Florida street, overlooking Plaza San Martin in Buenos Aires.
	He died in 1908 in Buenos Aires and since 1980 his remains are buried in the local church in the town of Tornquist.

= = = List of Hajime no Ippo manga volumes = = =

	The manga currently has more than 125 tankōbon volumes published in Japan by Kodansha. The first manga volume released on February 17, 1990 and the 125th on July 17, 2019.

= = = Francisco Mago Leccia = = =

	Francisco Mago Leccia (“Mago”) was born in Tumeremo, Bolívar State, Venezuela on May 21, 1931 and died in Puerto La Cruz, Anzoátegui State, Venezuela on February 27, 2004. Mago was a distinguished Venezuelan ichthyologist who specialized in electric fish of the rivers and lagoons of South America, particularly of Venezuela. His education was Docent in Biology and Chemistry graduate from the “Instituto Pedagógico de Caracas”, (today Universidad Pedagógica Experimental El Libertador), Master of Sciences (Marine Biology) from the University of Miami, Florida, U.S.A., Doctor in Sciences from Universidad Central de Venezuela. His Doctoral Thesis was entitled: “"Los peces Gymnotiformes de Venezuela: un estudio preliminar para la revisión del grupo en la América del Sur"” (The Gymnotiformes fish of Venezuela: a preliminary study for the revision of the group in South America).
	Francisco Mago was a founding member of the Instituto Oceanográfico de la Universidad de Oriente in Cumaná Sucre state Venezuela and a founding member of the Instituto de Zoologia Tropical (IZT) de la Universidad Central de Venezuela situated in Caracas Venezuela. He was a teacher of the chair of Animal Biology, Vertebrate Biology and Systematic Ichthyology at the Biology School of Sciences Faculty of the Universidad Central de Venezuela. He was director of the Museo de Biología de la Universidad Central de Venezuela (MBUCV) and Acuario Agustín Codazzi. He was editor of the Acta Biologica Venezuelica (ABV). In 1968 he founded the Mago Collection of MBUCV considered the largest ichthyological collection in Latin America. It is a mandatory study resource on tropical fish for experts who wish to know more about this area. Currently the Mago Collection has a heritage of 33,000 fishes thousand preserved in alcohol and skeletons. 

= = = Teixeira Duarte = = =

	Teixeira Duarte, S.A. is the company that leads a large conglomerate with more than 10,000 workers, present in 18 countries, in 6 activity sectors, achieving in 2016 a turnover of 1,115 million Euros.
	Teixeira Duarte, S.A. is listed at Euronext Lisbon since 1998, Being its shareholder majority of the Teixeira Duarte family. The Group's headquarters are located at Lagoas Park, in Oeiras.
	Teixeira Duarte was founded in 1921 by the engineer Ricardo Esquível Teixeira Duarte. In 1934 was incorporated as a limited liability company and, in 1987 was transformed in a joint-stock company. The company is has been listed on Euronext Lisbon since 1998.
	The sustained growth in construction over decades has enabled the Group to progressively develop other activity sectors due to the business opportunities it has encountered and fostered since the 1970s, such as concessions and services (since 1984), real estate (since 1973), hospitality (since 1992), distribution (since 1996), energy (since 1996) and automotive (since 1991). Although in 2016 it still operated in the energy sector – where it had operated since 1996 – Teixeira Duarte divested its stake in the entity through which it maintained its activity in this sector in the first quarter of 2017.
	With a consolidated process of internationalisation, Teixeira Duarte has long operated in other markets which are nowadays still important in its operations, such as Venezuela (since 1978), Angola (since 1979), Mozambique (since 1982), Spain (since 2003), Algeria (since 2005) and Brazil (since 2006), currently also added by France, Belgium, United Kingdom, the United States, Colombia, Peru, Morocco, South Africa, China, Qatar and Dubai.
	Notes:
	Representing the origin of the Teixeira Duarte Group, which started as a construction company, Construction is not only the core business of the Group as a whole, but also that of its biggest and most emblematic company: “Teixeira Duarte – Engenharia and Construções, S.A.” Operating in the fields of Geotechnical Engineering and Rehabilitation, Buildings, Infrastructures, Metalworking, Underground Works, Railway Works and Maritime Construction Works, “Teixeira Duarte – Engenharia and Construções, S.A.” relies on a Formwork and Pre-stressing Operations Centre; a large-scale Equipment Department; and a Materials Laboratory. It also receives support from the Teixeira Duarte Operations Centre located at Montijo.
	The Group also owns shareholdings in companies that operate in specific Construction areas, namely Underground, Railway and Maritime Construction Works. Moreover, the Group participates in Joint Ventures and partnerships formed in connection with specific projects, namely in the Infrastructures area.
	Main companies in this sector:
	The Teixeira Duarte Group began its operations in this area in 1984, in Macau, through a holding in CPM – Companhia de Parques de Macau, S.A. which it still owns and to which it has added, others in Portugal, Angola, Brazil, Spain and Mozambique. Currently, the Group's companies focus on different business areas, in particular facilities management, facilities services and the environment.
	Main companies in this sector:
	Teixeira Duarte Group started operating in the real-estate sector in the 1970s, and since then has expanded its real estate operations to several segments and countries. In addition to Portugal, the real-estate sector is currently present in Angola, Brazil, Mozambique, Spain and United States of America. In line with the business diversification strategy adopted by the Teixeira Duarte Group, the real-estate area, as a natural, logical extension of the parent company's core business, has been following a consistent, systematic land acquisition policy in the markets where the Group operates. Accordingly, the Group has purchased a large number of plots with a wide variety of uses, namely residential, corporate, trade and services and logistics.
	Main companies in this sector:
	After a first experience in 1974 in the Algarve, the Teixeira Duarte Group resumed its activity in the Hospitality sector in Sines in the 1990s, and currently operates eight, two of which are located in Portugal, three in Angola and three in Mozambique, covering a total of 2,500 beds and 1,250 rooms.
	Teixeira Duarte also develops business in the Fitness area, namely through two Health Clubs: LAGOAS Health Club at Lagoas Park, in Oeiras, and TRÓPICO Health Club at Hotel Trópico, in Luanda.
	Main companies in this sector:
	The Teixeira Duarte Group started operating in the Distribution sector in 1996, in Angola, through a food product distribution company.
	Having expanded and diversified its distribution business, the Group currently operates in several markets, namely Angola (through DCG and CND), Brazil (through TDD Brazil), Portugal (through TDD) and South Africa (through GND).
	CND, one of the companies operating in Angola, owns one of the best-known grocery store chains – "MAXI" and "bompreço" – as well as furniture and household goods brand "Dakaza" and more recently developed its area of health and wellness with "Farmácia Popular".
	The "MAXI" and "bompreço" chain features 15 shops in Luanda, Luanda Sul, Cacuaco, Viana, Mulemba, Zango, Benguela, Lobito, Porto Amboim and Sumbe. Launched in 2014, the "Dakaza" brand already boasts 5 shops in Luanda and Benguela. "Farmácia Popular" features 3 stores at Maxipark Cacuaco, Maxipark Rocha Pinto and Maxipark Morro Bento, all inside Luanda's metropolitan area.
	DCG, the other company operating in Angola, is the exclusive distributor of a wide range of brands.
	Main companies in this sector:
	Teixeira Duarte Group started operating in the Automotive sector in 1991, in Angola, currently operating also in Portugal.
	The Group develops its activity in Angola through a group of companies that represent several international brands in the following market segments:
	Currently, the Group operates in the country through a large distribution network which includes their own and external concessions, as well as specialized retail. In this segment, it shouldb by highlighted the recently launched PIWI insignia, with 2 stores in Luanda, which sells automobile accessories, motorcycles and generators. In some stores are also provided quick repair services.
	In Portugal, the Group Teixeira Duarte sells Suzuki brand since 2016 through its subsidiary SMotors, which represents in exclusive the Japanese brand in the district of Lisbon. The first dealer of SMotors, located at Avenida Marechal Gomes da Costa.
	Main brands in this sector:

= = = Juri Osada = = =

	Osada showed much promise as a young skater in her mid-teen years. Osada participated in her first international competition as an alternate for another skater, Megumi Aotani, at 1980 Enia Challenge Cup in the Netherlands at the age of 15. There, she landed three triples, a Salchow, a toe loop, and a loop in her free skate, which equaled or exceeded the difficulty of the top male skaters back then. Although her poor standings in compulsories caused her to place 6th overall, she received the special Rookie Award alongside Poland's 14-ear-old Grzegorz Filipowski. Then, in October 1982, Osada placed a close 2nd behind Midori Ito at All Japan Free Championships in Kobe, which was followed by a surprise 4th-place finish at the NHK Trophy in Tokyo, where she placed behind Katarina Witt, Rosalyn Sumners, and Tiffany Chin while finishing ahead of world medalists such as Claudia Leistner and Elizabeth Manley.
	After winning the All Japan Figure Skating Championships in January 1983, Osada was sent to the World Championships in Copenhagen in March, 1983. There, she made a series of errors in compulsories, in which she placed a disappointing 24th. In her short program, she missed the triple loop jump in her combination, which only allowed her to pull up to 21st after this segment of the competition. Due to the new rule instituted in the 1982–1983 season (which, incidentally, was abolished after that season), Osada was unable to skate her free program in "Group A," or the main competition consisting of those who placed 15th or above after short program. Instead, she was placed in "Group B" and won the free skate, which resulted in the 3rd-place finish in "Group B"--or 18th overall.
	Osada's placement there was noted in ISU's decision not to continue this dual-grouping policy, because her scores in free skating would have placed her 7th in "Group A" in that segment, which would have placed her significantly higher overall. However, she was never given the opportunity to place above 16th in free skate, due to her placement in "Group B." By contrast, many strong compulsory figure skaters who were poor free skaters ended up placing high in the end, because they were guaranteed at least a 15th-place finish in free skating, as long as they placed in the top 15 after short program.
	Given the way Osada skated in the 1982–1983 season, many expected her to continue to progress in the world ranks. However, she placed poorly in compulsories at 1983–1984 All Japan Championships, where she finished 4th, costing her the opportunity to compete at the Sarajevo Olympics in 1984. Around this time, Osada experienced a growth spurt, which made her triple jumps less consistent and less dynamic. Although she won a couple of bronze medals at NHK Trophy, she was never able to regain her national title, nor was she able to make the Japanese world or Olympics team. By 1986, she was no longer training seriously, as she shifted her focus to her studies at Hosei University. She retired quietly after the 1989 season.

= = = Arthur Gnohéré = = =

	David Arthur Gnohéré (born November 20, 1978) is a retired Ivorian-born French professional footballer. His brother, Harlem, is also a footballer.
	Gnohéré's first taste of English football came at Lancashire club Burnley. After a successful trial period at the club, he signed a contract to be a part of Stan Ternent's squad in 2001. 'King Arthur', as he was effectively nicknamed, became a firm fans' favourite at the club with his dominant displays and his excellent runs up the field from defence.
	His finest hour was in a local derby away at Preston North End. He stunned the Lilywhites with two goals, including one from a classy set up from Alan Moore. He was a constant fixture in the Burnley team during the 2001/2002 season, where Burnley looked likely to gain promotion to the Premier League.
	Gnohéré failed to live up to his early form at Burnley in the following seasons and was subsequently released when his contract expired. He joined Queens Park Rangers after an initial loan, but left the club at the end of the 2004/05 season. During his spell at QPR, he scored once in the Football League Trophy against Kidderminster Harriers.
	After a spell out of the game, Gnohéré signed for Oxford United in August 2007. However, after a string of poor performances for the U's and the return of regular defenders from injury, the club decided not to renew his month-to-month contract, and he was released on October 2007.

= = = BglII = = =

	"Bgl"II is a type II restriction endonuclease isolated from certain strains of "Bacillus globigii".
	The principal function of restriction enzymes is the protection of the host genome against foreign DNA, but they may also have some involvement in recombination and transposition.
	Like most type II restriction enzymes, "Bgl"II consists of two identical subunits that form a homodimer around the DNA double helix. Each monomer is 223 amino acids and symmetrically bind both sides of the unique palindromic nucleotide sequence AGATCT, cleaving the scissile phosphodiester bond between the first Adenine and Guanine nucleotides on both strands of the DNA molecule, creating sticky ends with 5' end overhangs.
	Being a type II restriction enzyme, "Bgl"II does not require ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for its enzymatic function, but only requires association with a divalent metal cation, most likely Mg. Unlike other restriction enzymes of its class, "Bgl"II has been shown to possess some unique structural characteristics, such as a β-sandwich subdomain, and appears to undergo a unique conformational change upon dimerization, but its overall structure and mechanism of catalysis remain consistent with other type II restriction enzymes.
	Restriction endonucleases play a very important role in modern molecular cloning techniques. Because of their unique recognition/cut sites, restriction enzymes can be used to precisely cut DNA at specific locations in a predictable manner. Once cut, the DNA (usually) possesses so-called "sticky ends", which can then allow the DNA fragment to hybridise into a DNA vector. Ligating enzymes are used to covalently link the desired fragment to the vector for subsequent DNA cloning.
	"Bgl"II catalyses phosphodiester bond cleavage at the DNA backbone through a phosphoryl transfer to water. Studies on the mechanism of restriction enzymes have revealed several general features that seem to be true in almost all cases, although the actual mechanism for each enzyme is most likely some variation of this general mechanism. This mechanism requires a base to generate the hydroxide ion from water, which will act as the nucleophile and attack the phosphorus in the phosphodiester bond. Also required is a Lewis acid to stabilize the extra negative charge of the pentacoordinated transition state phosphorus, as well as a general acid or metal ion that stabilizes the leaving group (3’-O).
	Although restriction endonucleases show little sequence similarity, crystal structures reveal that they all share a highly similar α/β core consisting of a six-stranded β-sheet flanked by five α-helices, two of which mediate dimerization. This core carries the active site (catalytic center) and the residues that contact DNA in the major groove. "Bgl"II is unique in that its α/β core is augmented by a β-sandwich subdomain that has several projections that extend outward to grip the DNA, allowing "Bgl"II to completely encircle the DNA molecule. This atypical feature of "Bgl"II suggests a unique hinge motion for DNA binding and release.
	Comparative structural studies of the free enzyme vs. the "Bgl"II-DNA complex showed that the enzyme opens by a dramatic scissor-like motion, accompanied by a complete rearrangement of the α-helices at the dimer interface. These structural studies also revealed that within each monomer a set of residues lowers or raises to alternatively sequester or expose the active site residues. These dramatic differences in structure in the free vs. bound enzyme have yet to be observed in any other restriction endonuclease and may possibly represent a novel mechanism for capturing DNA that may extend to other proteins that encircle DNA.
	Structural studies of endonucleases have revealed a similar architecture for the active site with the residues following the weak consensus sequence Glu/Asp-(X)-Glu/Asp/Ser-X-Lys/Glu. "Bgl"II's active site is similar to other endonucleases', following the sequence Asp-(X)-Glu-X-Gln. In its active site there sits a divalent metal cation, most likely Mg, that interacts with Asp-84, Val-94, a phosphoryl oxygen, and three water molecules. One of these water molecules, is able act as a nucleophile because of its proximity to the scissile phosphoryl (its orientation being fixed by a hydrogen bond with the side chain amide oxygen of Gln-95) and its contact with the metal cation (which lowers its pK, promoting the water's nucleophilicity).

= = = Do Amaral = = =

	do Amaral may refer to:

= = = Henrijeta Konarkowska-Sokolov = = =

	Henryka (Henrijeta) Konarkowska-Sokolov (born 14 December 1938, in Inowrocław, Poland) is a Polish–Serbian chess master.
	She was four times Women's Polish Champion (1958, 1960, 1963, and 1964) and two times Women's Yugoslav Champion (1967 and 1971).
	In 1961, Henryka Kornakowska took 11th in Vrnjačka Banja (Candidates Tournament, Nona Gaprindashvili won). In 1964, she tied for seventh/eighth place in Sukhumi (Candidates Tournament). In 1965, she married Vladimir Sokolov, and emigrated to Yugoslavia. In 1967, Henrijeta Konarkowska-Sokolov tied for eleventh/twelfth place in Subotica (Candidates Tournament, Alla Kushnir won).
	She played thrice in Women's Chess Olympiads (once for Poland and twice for Yugoslavia):
	She won two individual bronze medals (1969 and 1972).
	Konarkowska-Sokolov was awarded the Woman International Master (WIM) title in 1962 and the Woman Grandmaster (WGM) title in 1986.

= = = Vokrug sveta = = =

	Vokrug sveta (, literally: "Around the World") is a Russian geographic magazine. It is the longest running magazine in the Russian language. The first issue was printed in Saint Petersburg, in December 1861, almost thirty years before the establishment of the "National Geographic Magazine". Thus, it is one of the oldest popular science magazines in the world. Release of "Vokrug sveta" was suspended twice: from 1918 to 1927, during the Russian Revolution, and from 1941 to 1945, during World War II. Nevertheless, the magazine always resumed and continues to be published to this day.
	The magazine was conceived by a Warsaw-born entrepreneur, Boleslaw Wolf, who defined "Vokrug Sveta" as a lavishly illustrated yearly publication, dedicated to "physical geography, natural sciences, the most recent discoveries, inventions and observations". Its roster of authors included: Alfred Brehm, Camille Flammarion, Nikolai Przhevalsky and Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai.
	The Wolf edition was discontinued after 1868 for unclear reasons, but the project of a popular geographical journal was revived in 1885 by Ivan Sytin, a printer who directed his periodicals toward a wider audience. Sytin's "Vokrug sveta" was issued monthly and featured original translations of popular adventure fiction from such authors as Jules Verne, Rudyard Kipling and Arthur Conan Doyle. 
	The Russian Revolution brought this period of the magazine's history to an abrupt termination. Like many other periodicals of Imperial Russia, "Vokrug sveta" suspended publication for ten years. It was back in print under the auspices of the Young Communist League, specifically targeted toward the youth audience. Contributing editors included some of the finest Soviet science fiction authors, including Alexander Belayev, Vladimir Obruchev and Ivan Yefremov. In 1938, the magazine's headquarters relocated, from Leningrad to Moscow and its publication was altogether suspended during World War II.
	For Soviet readers, "Vokrug sveta" represented a rare source of authentic, fully illustrated information about foreign cultural attractions. This is despite the insistence of Soviet officials that the magazine should cover domestic tourist attractions, rather than those situated outside the USSR. In the 1960s and 1970s, the magazine continued to grow in popularity and increased the circulation to 2,300,000 copies by 1971. A television subsidiary was also popular, particularly in the early 1990s. As of 2007, "Vokrug sveta" ranks third among Russia's popular monthlies, with a circulation hovering around 250,000. The free archives of past issues (starting from 1970) are available on their website.

= = = Mehdi Chamran = = =

	Mehdi Chamran () is an Iranian architect and conservative politician who last held office as the chairman of City Council of Tehran.
	Chamran is the brother of Mostafa Chamran. They were both members of the "Red Shiism", a radical group that was founded by Mostafa in the US in 1965.
	Chamran served as the head of Iran's external intelligence. He was among those who contributed to the Iran's nuclear development program from the start. He was the chairman of the City Council of Tehran from 2003 to 2013. He received the most votes from the Tehrani electorate in three of the elections he was elected in, in 2003, 2006 and 2013.
	A major supporter of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad during his mayorship, Chamran turned towards Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf and his supporters during the 2006 elections, which resulted in a three-way split of the third Tehran council between the two conservative factions and reformist candidates. Comparatively, the second council only consisted of conservative members and the first council mostly of reformist members.

= = = All Over (song) = = =

	"All Over" is the debut solo single by So Solid Crew member Lisa Maffia, taken from her debut solo album, "First Lady". It was released on 21 April 2003. In the United Kingdom, it spent three weeks within the top ten of the UK Singles Chart, peaking at number two with a total of 11 weeks in the charts. It was the 85th best-selling single of 2003 in the UK. Outside the UK, "All Over" reached number 23 in New Zealand and peaked inside the top 50 in Australia and the Netherlands.

= = = Morning Call (TV program) = = =

	Morning Call is an American TV business program that aired on CNBC, from 10AM to 12 noon ET weekdays. The show premiered as "Midday Call" on February 4, 2002, offered a clear focus on real-time market coverage at the heart of the trading day. Previous programs shown in the same time slot were "The Money Wheel" with Ted David and Martha MacCallum (who later joined Fox News Channel) and "Market Watch". The program last aired August 8, 2007.
	On February 3, 2006, Ted David, who had co-anchored "Morning Call" with Liz Claman since 2003, left the program while being promoted to senior anchor at CNBC Business Radio. From 2006-02-06 to 2007-07-17, Claman was joined in the 10-11am hour by Mark Haines (who reported from the New York Stock Exchange), and in the 11am-noon hour by various anchors, including Dylan Ratigan (see anchor roster below).
	On July 20, 2007, CNBC replaced the first hour of the two-hour program with an expanded "Squawk on the Street", due in part to Claman's departure from the network (which she joined Fox News Channel's sister network financial unit three months later). Dylan Ratigan and Trish Regan served as interim anchors for the program, which was completely revamped on 2007-07-23. In addition to the aforementioned 2007-07-23 revamp, the anchors were joined on set by a guest contributor, very similar to "Squawk Box".
	On August 8, 2007, the show was renamed—and replaced—by "The Call". The name change to "The Call" with Dylan Ratigan (who left the show in late 2008 and was replaced by Larry Kudlow), Melissa Francis, and Trish Regan on that date was due in part to avoid confusion with the early-morning Bloomberg Television program of the same name.
	The following segments below were carried over to "The Call" as of 2007-08-08:
	The following segments below moved to the second hour of "Squawk on the Street" as of 2007-07-23:
	Occasionally, "Morning Call" was broadcast live on location, such as the NYMEX. One of these examples came on May 31, 2007, when this program was named "Morning Call", Liz Claman anchored the entire 2-hour program from the NYMEX (along with Haines at the NYSE for the first hour and Ratigan at CNBC Global Headquarters in Englewood Cliffs, NJ for the second hour). She was joined on location at the NYMEX by Sharon Epperson on the day the weekly crude oil, gasoline, distillate, and natural gas inventories report were released by the EIA.
	The second hour of "Morning Call" was not seen on CNBC Europe as the European network instead aired "European Closing Bell" at 1700 Central European Time. As of July 19, 2007, this program (which was later renamed "The Call", as mentioned above) is no longer broadcast on CNBC Europe apart from on European market holidays and during daylight saving time.
	Around CNBC's global branches, there were many variations of "Morning Call" around the world:

= = = Maksimović = = =

	Maksimović (, ) is a Serbian patronymic surname meaning "son of Maksim".

= = = All Saints Church, Narborough = = =

	All Saints' Church, Narborough is a parish church in the Church of England in Narborough, Leicestershire.
	The current church in Narborough dates from the 13th century, although it is highly probable an even earlier church dating back to the 10th century or before stood on or near the site. A Saxon hogback tombstone was found near the church and is on display at the Jewry Wall Museum in Leicester.
	The church was largely rebuilt in 1856-1883. There are two aisles, nave, chancel and north vestry with a west tower containing a ring of six bells. The large nave of six bays has fine piers and strong shafts. The chancel was rebuilt in 1883 by F. Bacon. There is also an Ascension window by Theodora Salusbury from 1929 (Carlton church has another fine window by the artist) in the north aisle. The stained window has two fish hidden in the folds of the robes. The ornate reredos behind the altar is very fine as is the whole of the chancel area. 
	The church includes a number of memorials/windows to the Everard family. 
	The original Norman south porch was rebuilt in 1860 at a cost of £60. The font which has moved three times dates from the 13th century, and has tracery panels of various kinds including one with two parallel tree trunks. There are also sedilia in the southern aisle and a piscina. The graveyard is closed to burials now as these have transferred to the cemetery next door. In the actual churchyard there is a gravestone to a Harry Baker who died aged 49 in 1901 after being "thrown from a trap".
	The parish is part of the benefice of Narborough and Huncote, within the Diocese of Leicester. The church has weekly Sunday services and other events, including a yearly Christmas Tree Festival. The church is normally locked, but regular events and open days are held.
	All Saints' Church itself is a Grade II* listed building.

= = = All Saints' Church, Normanton = = =

	All Saints' Church is the parish church in Normanton, West Yorkshire, England.
	The current church is believed to have existed since at least 1256, and thought to have been commissioned by Roger Le Peytevin of Altofts Hall. However, a prior church is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086. It is likely that the current church stands on the lines of the original.
	In 1256, Le Peytevin, a Norman Baron, granted the church to the Hospital of St. John, of the Knights Hospitallers, at Newland.
	The building is in the perpendicular style, being built mainly of coursed dressed sandstone blocks under a stone slate roof and consists of a three-bay chancel with a south chapel adjacent, a four-bay nave with north and south aisles and a clerestory. A tower was added to the western end in the 15th century. In the 19th century, clergy and choir vestries were added as well as an organ chamber. The building was granted Grade II* listing in 1965. The church was internally re-ordered in 1991 and again in 2019. The latest re-ordering has returned the church to an east-facing orientation.
	The church houses the Freeston Tomb, the burial place of Sir John Freeston of Altofts (d 1594), who by his will provided for an almshouse at Kirkthorpe and a grammar school for Normanton and Warmfield. His benefice still provides funding for the current secondary school in Normanton, the Freeston Business and Enterprise College.
	In 1906, a medieval altar slab bearing five incised crosses was found under the sanctuary floor, where it had probably lain since the reformation. It now stands in the Lady Chapel and is used for weekly Eucharist.
	There is low octagonal stone Font, now standing at the west end of the nave.
	The window at the east end of the Lady Chapel depicting the fall of the Walls of Jericho, is a war memorial to the fallen of the Great War.
	The window to the left of the porch was an addition in the late 1970s as a memorial to the explorer, Martin Frobisher of nearby Altofts.
	All Saints' possesses two ancient silver cups, now housed in a collection at York Minster. The oldest was made in London in 1655 and is inscribed "Normanton cupp 1674". The second is two-handled porringer inscribed "The Gift of Mrs Henry Favell of Pontefract to the Church of Normanton for ever 1699"
	In "Normanton, Past and Present," author Walter Hampson (1928) noted the monuments within the church: "The chapel is the burial place of the Bunnys of Newland, Torres of Snydale, Favells of Normanton, Smiths (now Bosworths) late of Newland and the Mallets and Levetts of Normanton. The Favells were an important Normanton family and were resident here in the early part of the 17th century. On the south chancel floor are memorial slabs of the Favells bearing the dates 1698, 1714, 1777 and others in the 18th century. Here also is a large altar tomb of the Malletts and Levetts. The Mallets it would seem were a very ancient family, as we are told their ancestors flourished here in the middle of the 13th century. The tomb on the top bears the arms of the Levetts together with the arms of the Mallets. On the wall above the tomb is an undated tablet recording that 'Mrs. Elizabeth Levett made benefaction for the poor of Normanton and Snydale, and for teaching poor children.' There also are tombs of the Torres mentioned under Snydale."
	The Mallets and the Levetts had lived in Normanton for centuries. (The first High Sheriff of Yorkshire in 1069 was William Malet; Speaker of the House of Commons, and High Sheriff of Yorkshire Sir Thomas Gargrave had married Elizabeth, daughter of William Levett of Normanton).
	There are several monuments in All Saints' Church to the Yorkshire antiquarian James Torre, who having graduated from the Inner Temple in London gave up the law, sold his properties and retired to do historical research at York, later purchasing the manor of Snydale. Torre died in 1699.
	There is list of incumbents engraved on an oak board above the door to the old clergy vestry on the north wall of the chancel dating back to Henry of Kyrkeby, clerk in 1252.

= = = Lothar Doering = = =

	Lothar Doering (born 23 October 1950 in Potsdam) is a former East German handball player who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics.
	He was a member of the East German handball team which won the gold medal. He played all six matches and scored twenty goals.

= = = USS Sheehan (DE-541) = = =

	USS "Sheehan" (DE-541) was a United States Navy "John C. Butler"-class destroyer escort launched during World War II but never completed.
	"Sheehan" was laid down at Boston Navy Yard at Boston, Massachusetts, on 8 November 1943 and launched on 17 December 1943, sponsored by Mrs. Catherine Sheehan, mother of Chief Quartermaster John Francis Sheehan, the ship namesake.
	Construction of "Sheehan" was suspended before she could be completed. On 30 August 1945, she was assigned to the Atlantic Inactive Fleet in an incomplete state. On 7 January 1946, the contract for her construction was cancelled, and the incomplete ship was sold on 2 July 1946 to the John J. Duane Company of Quincy, Massachusetts, for scrapping.

= = = State Religious Affairs Bureau Order No. 5 = = =

	State Religious Affairs Bureau Order No. 5 (), officially named Measures on the Management of the Reincarnation of Living Buddhas (), is an order from the State Administration for Religious Affairs, the People's Republic of China's agency charged with keeping religion under state control. Order No. 5 states that a Reincarnation Application must be filed by all Buddhist temples in that country before they are allowed to recognize individuals as tulkus (reincarnated teachers).
	Tibetan Buddhists believe lamas and other religious figures can consciously influence how they are reborn, and often are reborn many times so they can continue their religious pursuits. These tulkus are referred to in sources translated from Chinese as "living Buddhas". In 2007, the Chinese government passed a decree, based on the prior Religion Work for Some Questions《中共中央、国务院关于进一步做好宗教工作若干问题的通知》published in 1991, that reincarnated lamas must be approved by the Central Government.
	On August 3, 2007, China's State Administration for Religious Affairs issued a decree that all the reincarnations of tulkus of Tibetan Buddhism must get government approval, otherwise they are "illegal or invalid". The decree states, "It is an important move to institutionalize management on reincarnation of living Buddhas. The selection of reincarnates must preserve national unity and solidarity of all ethnic groups and the selection process cannot be influenced by any group or individual from outside the country." It also requires that temples which apply for reincarnation of a living Buddha must be "legally-registered venues for Tibetan Buddhism activities and are capable of fostering and offering proper means of support for the living Buddha."
	Reincarnation Applications have to be submitted to four governmental bodies for approval, specifically the religious affairs department of the provincial-level government, the provincial-level government, State Administration for Religious Affairs, and the State Council.
	The regulations are composed of 14 articles, including the principle, conditions, approval procedures, the duties and responsibilities of religious groups for reincarnation as well as punishment for those violating the regulations. They allegedly guarantee normal religious activities of Tibetan Buddhism and protect the religious belief of Tibetan Buddhism followers according to law.
	The State Administration for Religious Affairs said, "The government only administrate religious affairs related to state and the public interests and will not interfere in the pure internal religious affairs".
	The official Xinhua News Agency said the new rules are "an important move to institutionalise management of reincarnation of living Buddhas". Tulkus are indeed an important element in Tibetan Buddhism, forming a clergy of influential religious figures. It is believed they are continuously reincarnated to take up their positions anew. Often there is more than one candidate competing to be recognised as the actual reincarnation, and the authority to decide who is the true claimant carries significant power.
	The decree was implemented in response to clergy's protests about the reincarnation of living Buddhas "against religious ritual and historical convention", according to the Chinese government. The most high-profile dispute about living Buddhas happened between the Dalai Lama and the Chinese government about the selection of the 1995 Panchen Lama, whose influence in Tibetan Buddhism is second only to the Dalai Lama. Over 1,000 living Buddhas have been reincarnated through this legal channel in Tibet and other areas in China since 1991.
	The Golden Urn was established by the Qing Qianlong Emperor to allow the Qing dynasty Emperor of China to determine the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama in case of a dispute. There are two Golden Urns issued by the Qianlong Emperor. One is enshrined in Jokhang Temple in Lhasa for choosing Dalai and Panchen Lama reincarnations, the other is in Yonghe Temple in Beijing for choosing Mongolian Jebtsundamba Khutughtu reincarnations. The 7th Panchen Lama, Palden Tenpai Nyima, used the Golden Urn for the first time in 1822 to choose the 10th Dalai Lama, Tsultrim Gyatso.
	In 1936, Golden Urn was also institutionalized in the Method of Reincarnation of Lamas《喇嘛轉世辦法》 by Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission of the Central Government.
	Most recently, in November 1995 the Golden Urn was controversially used to name Qoigyijabu (Gyancain Norbu) as the 11th Panchen Lama. This action was approved by the Chinese government, but opposed by the Government of Tibet in Exile. In May of the same year, the 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso had named Gedhun Choekyi Nyima as the 11th Panchen Lama.
	The Khalkha Mongol nobles' power was deliberately undermined by Qianlong when he appointed the Tibetan Ishi-damba-nima of the Lithang royal family of the eastern Tibetans as the 3rd reincarnated Jebtsundamba Khutuktu Lama instead of the Khalkha Mongol which they wanted to be appointed. The decision was first protested against by the Outer Mongol Khalkha nobles and then the Khalkhas sought to have him placed at a distance from them at Dolonnor, but Qianlong snubbed both of their requests, sending the message that he was putting an end to Outer Mongolian autonomy. The decision to make Tibet the only place where the reincarnation came from was intentional by the Qing to curtail the Mongols.
	The 10th Panchen Lama Choekyi Gyaltsen was born Gonpo Tseten on 19 February 1938 in today's Xunhua Salar Autonomous County of Qinghai, to Gonpo Tseten and Sonam Drolma. When the Ninth Panchen Lama died in 1937, two simultaneous searches for the tenth Panchen Lama produced two competing candidates, with the government in Lhasa (who had selected a boy from Xikang) and the Ninth Panchen Lama's officials (who picked Tseten) in conflict. The Republic of China government, then embroiled in the Chinese Civil War, declared its support for Tseten on 3 June 1949. Guan Jiyu, the head of the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission, joined Kuomintang Governor of Qinghai Ma Bufang in presiding over Tseten's enthronement on 11 June as Choekyi Gyaltsen at Kumbum Monastery. The Dalai Lama's government in Lhasa still refused to recognize Gyaltsen.
	The Panchen Lama supported China's claim of sovereignty over Tibet, and China's reform policies for Tibet. Radio Beijing broadcast the religious leader's call for Tibet to be "liberated" into Tibet, which created pressure on the Lhasa government to negotiate with the People's Republic. In 1951, the Panchen Lama was invited to Beijing as the Tibetan delegation was signing the 17-Point Agreement and telegramming the Dalai Lama to implement the Agreement. He was recognized by the 14th Dalai Lama when they met in 1952.
	The 7th Dalai Lama Kelzang Gyatso was born in Lithang of Eastern Tibet, in the present-day Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of present-day Sichuan province. At that time, the Dalai Lama's throne in Lhasa was occupied by Ngawang Yeshey Gyatso, who had been installed by Lha-bzang Khan as "the real 6th Dalai Lama" in place of Tsangyang Gyatso. Ngawang Yeshey Gyatso still held this position (though most Tibetans did not consider him to be a legitimate Dalai Lama) when a monk at Litang monastery, spontaneously channeling the Nechung Oracle, identified Kelzang Gyatso as the reincarnation of Tsangyang Gyatso. Since this presented a contradiction of Lha-bzang Khan's Dalai Lama, it was a controversial matter and potentially dangerous to the child. Subsequently, the Tibetan leader of a delegation from Lhasa covertly confirmed that the child was Tsangyang Gyatso's reincarnation. The child was quietly taken into Litang monastery for protection and training. In 1715, the Kangxi Emperor sponsored Kelzang Gyatso's entrance into Kumbum Monastery. This entrance was marked by formal ceremonies due to a Dalai Lama and thus signified a public challenge to Lha-bzang Khan's Dalai Lama. He was ordained by Ngawang Lobsang Tenpai Gyaltsen. His reign started when he was 12.

= = = David Harvey (television) = = =

	David Harvey 
	is an Irish-based television presenter and media executive.
	In his native Ireland, he is well known as the presenter of "Crimeline" on Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ), Ireland's national broadcaster. He hosted the programme from 1992 to 2003. Earlier in his career, he worked as a producer and presenter with Irish radio stations Radio Nova and Century Radio.
	He was CEO of the Irish-based City Channel and was a founder of Star Broadcasting, the company that owns Sunshine 106.8. He also hosted the David Harvey Show on 4FM. 
	In 2013, Sharon Murphy lodged complaints on behalf of the Galway One World Centre with the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland (BAI) regarding racist remarks callers made on the David Harvey Show on January 16, 2013. The BAI ruled in October 2013 that Harvey and the station didn't go far enough to counter the racist remarks. 
	David Harvey served as President of the Blackrock College Union in 2011-12. Harvey chairs the Board of the People in Need Trust, and was chairman of the governing body of the Dún Laoghaire Institute of Art, Design and Technology (IADT). He is chairman of the National Library of Ireland.

= = = Günter Dreibrodt = = =

	Günter Dreibrodt (born 26 July 1951 in Roßlau) is a former East German handball player who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics.
	He was a member of the East German handball team which won the gold medal. He played all six matches and scored thirteen goals.

= = = Competitive Tax Plan = = =

	The Competitive Tax Plan is an approach to taxation, suggested in the United States, that would impose a 10–15% value added tax (VAT) and reduce personal and corporate income taxes. The plan was created by Michael J. Graetz, professor at Columbia Law School and a former Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Tax Policy. Graetz states that the plan would generate enough revenue so that families with $100,000 of annual income or less — almost 90% of all current filers — would not have to pay income taxes or file tax returns. The Competitive Tax Plan would provide a new payroll tax offset to replace the Earned Income Tax Credit and to protect low and moderate income workers from any tax increase under the new system. Under the initial proposal, households with an annual income of more than $100,000 would be taxed at a flat 25% rate and the corporate income tax rate would be reduced to 25%. Graetz argues that reducing the corporate tax rate "would make the United States an extremely attractive nation for corporate investments for both U.S. citizens and foreign investors". In 2013, Graetz presented an updated version of his plan for 2015.
	Michael J. Graetz is professor at Columbia Alumni of Tax Law. He was born at November 20, 1944, in Atlanta, Georgia. He is married and has five children. He is also a leading expert on national and international tax law. He has taught at University of Virginia Law School, University of Southern California, California Institute of Technology, and Yale Law School, and also worked as assistant to the secretary and special counsel for the Department of the Treasury. Graetz won the Daniel M. Holland Medal by the National Tax Association. He has written more than 80 articles on a wide range of tax, international taxation, health policy, and social insurance issues.
	In his work we can see that in comparison to OECD ( Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) , he call the U.S. as a "Low Tax Country" , meant as the total federal, state and local tax revenues as a percentage of GDP( Gross Domestic Product) are much lower than the one of OECD. What can be interesting is that the Income Tax in the U.S. in comparison to EU27 and OECD is equal or even higher. The U.S. has according to Graetz's data from 2010 low consumption taxas a percentage of total taxation. Further he mentions that the U.S. has been the only OECD country without a VAT in comparison to more than 160 countries all over the world that has already have a VAT. This needs to change according to his work. So he came with the so called " the five pieces of competitive tax plan" The steps are:
	There are some basic principles in the proposal for the goods and service tax:
	Proposed VAT is 12.9%.
	The next point in the competitive tax plan is to shrink the income tax. He proposed to limit the income tax only to high income earners in order to ensure federal tax progressivity. Another step is to provide a Family Allowance of $100,000 for married couples ($50,000 for singles, $75,000 for heads of households). This step will eliminate great part of income tax return( more than 120 million), and it also will resulted in fewer than 20 percent of all U.S. tax units will be required to file income tax returns. He stated specific levels of income tax rates. For example, for married couples it will be:
	The next step of the Proposal is to "Reduce and Reform the Corporate Income Tax". Proposed tax rate is 15 percent. This step should solve the problem with international income taxation as it reverse current law’s incentives to locate deductions here and income abroad. It will also repeal the Corporate Alternative Minimum Tax. It should simplify small businesses taxation.
	Another part of the plan is to protect low and middle income families in the way that delivering new child credits through debit cards that can be used at the cash register. All children qualify for $1,500 per child( but for married couples with more than $150,000 ($75,000 singles and heads of households), these credits phase-out at a rate of 5%*). For low and moderate income workers it will be even more.
	Next to protecting low and middle income families, the plan also speaks about protecting low and moderate income workers by providing a Payroll Tax Credit of 15.3 percent for wages up to $10,000 and $1,530 per worker for all workers with earnings between $10,000 and $40,000. This credit eliminates all payroll taxes for workers with $10,000 or less of earnings, also it eliminates at least the employees’ share (half) of payroll taxes for workers with earnings below $20,000. Above $40,000 this credit phases out at a rate of 7.65 percent.
	No formal bill for the Competitive Tax Plan itself is in Congress; however Senator Ben Cardin's Progressive Consumption Tax Act has many similar features.

= = = Coast Guard Air Station San Diego = = =

	U.S. Coast Guard Air Station San Diego (CGAS San Diego) is a Coast Guard Air Station based in San Diego, California, United States, across the street from San Diego International Airport. CGAS San Diego operates three MH-60T Jayhawk helicopters off the Coast Guard ramp.
	CGAS San Diego is also adjacent to Sector San Diego which houses two 41-foot Utility Boats, two USCG rigid hull inflatable boats (RHIB's), one RB-HS and three RB-S. Being implemented are two Special Purpose Craft-Law Enforcement (SPC-LE), which are USCG vessels used for maritime Law Enforcement. The SPC-LE's have three Mercury Marine engines along with some of the most advanced electronics systems in existence. Also at the station are two USCG Coastal Patrol Boats. The air station is physically separated from the rest of the airfield, such that USCG fixed-wing aircraft must cross a busy, 6-lane city street to reach the runway; street light activation opens the locked gates to the airfield and the air station, and also stops traffic while aircraft are traversing the street.
	Lindbergh Field opened on October 16, 1934 on the Pacific Highway. The San Diego International Airport East Terminal opened on March 6, 1967, and the West Terminal opened July 11, 1979. A new Commuter Terminal opened July 23, 1996. It is self-contained, full service facility with four gates used by seven commuter airlines to handle 25,000 passengers each day. Construction of the expansion of the West Terminal ended in November, 1997. Almost 14 million passengers travel through Lindbergh Field each year. The 27 passenger and cargo airlines operate more than 500 flights each day from the runways.
	On December 11, 1935 negotiations between the City of San Diego and the U.S. Government were concluded which provided of tideland for the construction of a Coast Guard Air Station adjacent to Lindbergh Field, the Municipal Airport. This project had the strong support of many people and agencies, and particularly the Harbor Commission and Department of San Diego and the Chamber of Commerce. The area for this station was deeded to the Coast Guard at no cost, after approval by citizens of San Diego, at a municipal election held in April 1935.
	Construction of the Air Station was undertaken in 1936 with funds provided by the Federal Public Works Administration. The M.H. Golden Co. was the contractor. The area had to be dredged from the bay and filled and brought up to grade level. Long piles were driven in the soil at the building sites for stabilization. The contract called for one hangar with lean-to, a mess hall, a barracks building, two aprons, a runway to the field, and a small wooden seaplane ramp. During and prior to this time a Coast Guard Air Detachment was maintained on Lindbergh Field in one-half of a commercial hangar. This detachment was led by Elmer F. Stone after May 21, 1935. Stone is one of Coast Guard Aviation's most colorful figures.
	In April 1937, the Air Station was commissioned. The first commanding officer was LT S.C. Linholm, who later became Commander of Eleventh Coast Guard District. There had, however, been an Air Patrol Detachment active in San Diego between 1934 and 1937. At the time this was the only Coast Guard air base in California.
	Coast Guard Air Station San Diego saw no radical changes as a result of the declaration of war in 1941. The unit continued to watch and report the activities of fishing boats in the area, to provide assistance in cases of distress, and to provide transportation by air for other government departments. Air Sea Rescue operations were given primary focus from October 1943 on. Between January 1 and December 1, 1944, a total of 124 aircraft went down in waters covered by this unit. Of the 201 pilots and crewmen involved, 137 were saved, 59 were killed outright by mid-air collisions or impact with the water, two are missing, and three who might have been saved were lost because of improper equipment or the failure to locate them promptly.
	In June 1972 a major rebuilding plan was proposed. On January 26, 1983, a ceremony was held signaling the completion of the project.
	In April 1997, the Port of San Diego began a master plan for San Diego International Airport. The goal of the plan is to provide incremental, cost-effective improvements to SDIA to meet the region's near-term demand for air service while a long-term regional air transportation strategy is developed in collaboration with the San Diego Association of Governments (SANDAG) and other transportation agencies.

= = = The Dub Room Special (soundtrack) = = =

	The Dub Room Special is an album by Frank Zappa, released in August 2007. It is a soundtrack for the film of the same name, and combines recordings from a TV-show performance on August 27, 1974, and from a concert in New York City on October 31, 1981. The album, originally prepared for vinyl release by Zappa, was first sold at Zappa Plays Zappa shows in the United States during August 2007. Shortly thereafter, it became available for mail order.
	Each copy of the CD contains a small souvenir piece of tape from Zappa's Utility Muffin Research Kitchen studio. The album has liner notes by John Frusciante.
	All songs written by Frank Zappa.

= = = Ernst Gerlach = = =

	Ernst Gerlach (born 19 March 1947 in Schönebeck) is a former East German handball player who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics.
	He was a member of the East German handball team which won the gold medal. He played one match and scored two goals.

= = = Gene Mako = = =

	Constantine "Gene" Mako ( ; January 24, 1916 – June 14, 2013) was an American tennis player and art gallery owner. He was born in Budapest, capital of Hungary. He won four Grand Slam doubles titles in the 1930s. Mako was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in Newport, Rhode Island, in 1973.
	His father, Bartholomew Mako (), graduated from the Budapest Academy of Fine Arts in 1914. He started to work as a draftsman for his mentor Viktor Madarász. He was an avid soccer player himself. He fought in World War I. After the war, he left Hungary with his wife, Georgina Elizabeth Farkas Mako () and only son, traveling first to Italy, then stopping for three years in Buenos Aires, Argentina, before settling in Los Angeles, California. There he created works for public places like churches, libraries and post offices. Gene attended to the Glendale High School and the University of Southern California although he was offered a Hungarian University Scholarship in the meantime. He quit before graduation.
	In 1934 he won the NCAA championships in singles and the doubles (with Phillip Caslin) while playing for the University of Southern California where he lettered at USC for three years (1934-36-37). He also won the boys' singles event at the U.S. National Championships in 1932 and 1934 and the boys' doubles in 1932, 1933 and 1934.
	Mako was especially successful as a doubles player with his partner and friend Don Budge. They competed in seven Grand Slam finals, four of which they won.
	In 1936 Gene Mako and Alice Marble won the finals at the US Mixed Doubles Championships against Sarah Palfrey and Don Budge (6:3 and 6:2). They won the Newport Casino Invitational Tournament three consecutive times, from 1936 to 1938.
	From 1935 to 1938 Mako was a member of the United States Davis Cup team and played in eight ties. The US team won the Davis Cup in 1937, defeating the United Kingdom in the final at Wimbledon, and again in 1938 in the final against Australia at the Germantown Cricket Club in Philadelphia. As a Davis Cup player he compiled a record of six wins and three losses.
	Mako was in the U.S. Top Ten in 1937 and 1938 (reaching as high as No. 3), and was ranked World No. 8 by A. Wallis Myers of The Daily Telegraph in 1938. That year he reached the U.S. final at Forest Hills versus his double partner, Don Budge, who was in pursuit of the first Grand Slam. Unseeded, Mako reached his only major singles final on victories over sixth-seed Frank Kovacs and the third and first foreign seeds, Franjo Punčec and John Bromwich.
	In 1939 he was suspended and banned from playing for breaching the amateur rules. He and Don Budge allegedly accepted a sum of 20A£ for an exhibition match in Australia, which was against amateurism. Afterwards he continued to play tennis at that time during the Second World War while serving in the Navy. He also played professional basketball while stationed in Norfolk, Virginia.
	In 1973 Mako was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame. In 1999 he was elected to the University of Southern California (USC) Athletic Hall of Fame.
	He possessed strong serve and powerful smashes but due to several injuries in his career, he had to give up his power game. He preferred a volleying style, which he perfected with quickness, good angle selection and pacing paired with strategy.
	Apart from being a sportsman, Mako composed music in his early 20s. He's the author of two songs, namely "Lovely as Spring" and "What Did You Dream Last Night?". He also starred in the 1938 musical "Happy Landing" and the 1941 war comedy "Caught in the Draft", although he remained uncredited in both movies. Mako married actress Laura Mae Church in Manhattan in 1941. A month later, World War II broke out, and he joined the United States Navy. After this, he worked in a broadcasting studio. After his retirement, he designed tennis courts. His wife worked as an interior designer. He was involved in wrestling and was hired as a coach at the California Institute of Technology while also coaching the basketball team. He owned Gene Mako Galleries in Los Angeles, California. He also published a book about his father titled "Bartholomew Mako: A Hungarian Master, 1890-1970". In the final decade of his life, he taught art to up-and-coming artists. He died in 2013 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, aged 97, of pneumonia.

= = = USS Oswald A. Powers (DE-542) = = =

	USS "Oswald A. Powers" (DE-542) was a United States Navy "John C. Butler"-class destroyer escort launched during World War II but never completed.
	The name "Oswald A. Powers" was assigned to DE–542 on 28 September 1943. "Oswald A. Powers" was laid down at the Boston Navy Yard at Boston, Massachusetts, on 18 November 1943 and launched on 17 December 1943, sponsored by Mrs. Ella M. Powers, mother of Ensign Oswald A. Powers, the ship namesake.
	Construction of "Oswald A. Powers" was suspended before she could be completed. On 30 August 1945, she was assigned to the Atlantic Inactive Fleet in an incomplete state. On 7 January 1946, the contract for her construction was cancelled, and the incomplete ship was sold on 17 June 1947 to the John J. Duane Company of Quincy, Massachusetts, for scrapping.

= = = The Land Before Time XIII: The Wisdom of Friends = = =

	The Land Before Time XIII: The Wisdom of Friends is a 2007 direct-to-video animated film and the thirteenth film in "The Land Before Time" series. 
	Littlefoot has been having nightmares of Grandma Longneck falling to her death, which almost occurred during an earthquake, but Grandma Longneck luckily saved herself before she fell. Grandma Longneck comforts and teaches Littlefoot important life lessons called "Wisdoms". Later on, Littlefoot, Cera, Ducky, Spike, and Petrie meet three yellow-bellied dinosaurs, Loofah, Doofah, and Foobie. They have lost their way while traveling to distant Berry Valley. Loofah, Doofah, and Foobie seem to be too unintelligent to find their way back, so Littlefoot and the others decide to help their new friends whilst sharing Wisdoms along the way. 
	During the trip, Littlefoot and his friends have been pursued by a quartet of Sharpteeth, led by a Sharptooth with a scar that goes around his head. They made it to a Watering Hole and meet other yellow bellies. Earlier, Loofah mentioned a so-called "wise one" among the Yellow Bellies but Littlefoot cannot find no sign of him. Littlefoot begins to lead the Yellow Bellies across the Mysterious Beyond to reach the Berry Valley, however, Littlefoot has never been to Berry Valley and worries that he might make unwise decisions while he came to teach the Yellow Bellies how to be wise. His friends reassure him that he should trust in his feelings to let him know what to listen to.
	As an intense storm occurs, Littlefoot leads the Yellow Bellies onto a plateau for shelter, but Doofah becomes separated from the group, going the wrong direction. Once the storm ends, Littlefoot and his friends were able to find her and she rejoins the group. The sharpteeth attack again, but they were able to defeat them when the Yellow Bellies bounced up and down. After the Sharpteeth were defeated, they finally made it to Berry Valley. Foobie is revealed to be the "Wise One" all along. Littlefoot and his friends reunite with their family and they return to the Great Valley.
	The music was composed by Michael Tavera and the new songs were written by Michele Brourman and Amanda McBroom.
	This was the third film in the series without James Horner's original score from the first film; the first two were "" and "", although Michael Tavera's older themes from previous sequels can still be heard.
	The film was revealed on the official "Land Before Time" website seen in a trailer.
	Almost every sequel is highlighted by a celebrity guest voice; in the case of this film, they are Academy Award winner Cuba Gooding Jr. and Sandra Oh of "Grey's Anatomy".
	The same production team remains, although this marks the debut of Jamie Mitchell, who replaces Charles Grosvenor as director. Therefore, Grosvenor is credited as a supervising director.
	The film was released on DVD on November 27, 2007 with the TV series's episode, "The Hidden Canyon", included as a bonus feature.
	"The Wisdom of Friends" received a nomination for "Beast Feature Film, Ages 5-8" at the 2008 Kids First! Film Festival, losing to "Barbie & the Diamond Castle".

= = = Roxborough, Manchester = = =

	Roxborough is a former estate and now a small community south of Mandeville in Manchester, Jamaica. It was the birthplace of Jamaican National Hero and politician Norman Washington Manley.
	The estate was originally called "Roxbro Castle". Over the years the great house became derelict until, despite renovation proposals, it was destroyed by fire in 1968. there are again proposals from the Jamaica National Heritage Trust to restore the building.
	The main economic activity is small-scale agriculture in which the principle crops are corn, bananas, sugarcane, ackee and marijuana.
	Notable people from Roxborough include:

= = = Finnish motor torpedo boats of World War II = = =

	The Finnish Navy used several different types of motor torpedo boats during World War II. Four Soviet motor torpedo boats were captured and commissioned by the Finnish Navy during the World War II. One of these was of larger D-3 class while three others belonged to G-5 class.
	Vasama: Ex-TK 52 in Soviet service. She was a Soviet D 3 type motor torpedo boat. She was found sunk at Borstö in October 1941, having run aground in a storm. She probably had tried to escape the German attack on Hiiumaa and Saaremaa. She was used as a torpedo boat in 1943, and changed into a patrol boat in 1943. Returned to Soviet Union after the Continuation War.
	All G-5 class motor torpedo boats were returned to Soviet Union after the Continuation War.

= = = Antonio Corbisiero = = =

	Antonio Giovanni Vincenzo Corbisiero (born 17 November 1984) is an English footballer who plays for Cymru North side Penrhyncoch. He previously played professionally for Swansea City and semi-professionally for Newport County, Aberystwyth Town and Llanelli. He is also currently a first-team coach at Aberystwyth Town.
	Born in Exmouth, Devon, Corbisiero, a right-footed midfielder of Irish-Italian parentage, began his career as a trainee with Swansea City, turning professional in August 2002. his league debut came on 30 August 2003 when he was a second-half substitute for Andy Robinson in Swansea's 4-1 win at home to Mansfield Town. He played four more times that season, starting just one game, a 3-2 defeat at home to Hull City, although Corbisiero was replaced by Leyton Maxwell at half-time.
	He was an awarded a new one-year contract in June 2004, but failed to appear in the Swansea first team the following season and had two loan spells with Newport County (in December 2004 and April 2005) before being released in May 2005 by Swansea manager Kenny Jackett. He joined subsequently joined Newport County in August 2005, but was released in September 2005 and joined Llanelli the following month.
	In January 2013, Llanelli entered financial difficulties and Corbisiero was allowed to join Aberystwyth Town. Corbisiero signed a contract until July 2014. During the summer of 2013, Aberystwyth Town appointed Corbisiero as 'First Team Coach' in addition to his academy coaching duties.

= = = Klaus Gruner = = =

	Klaus Gruner (born 22 August 1952 in Frankenhausen, Crimmitschau) is a former East German handball player who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics.
	He was a member of the East German handball team which won the gold medal. He played all six matches and scored three goals.

= = = Fullerton to Hurstbourne Line = = =

	The Fullerton Junction to Hurstbourne Line was a 6-mile railway line which ran between Fullerton Junction and Hurstbourne in Hampshire, UK. It was also known as the Longparish Branch and by the nickname of Nile Valley Railway.
	The passenger services was withdrawn on 6 July 1931. The line was then used for freight only between Hurstbourne to Longparish until 1934 and Longparish to Fullerton Junction until 28 May 1956.
	Nile Valley Railway was a nickname given to this line. It is believed the Victorians named it because of the anglers who visited the area to fish the River Test which has a reputation of being one of the finest trout rivers in the UK.
	This railway branch was completed as a double-track line in 1885. It was built by the London and South Western Railway in response to the planned Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway. The DN&SR, with the support of the L&SWR's rival the Great Western Railway, planned to build a main line route from the Midlands to Southampton in the heart of the L&SWR's territory, with its own terminus and an entirely separate line. The L&SWR was well aware that the DN&SR, like most start-up railway companies, was short of finances. It built 7.5-mile (12 km) Fullerton to Hurstbourne line to provide a complete line between Hurstbourne and Romsey. The L&SWR would offer the DN&SR the much cheaper alternative of building its line from Newbury to Hurstbourne, where its trains would then run on the new route along L&SWR track to the Southampton Terminus. The DN&SR would get its route to Southampton whilst the L&SWR would be able to exercise control over its competitor.
	Since the Fullerton to Hurstbourne Line was intended to handle heavy freight and express passenger traffic from the Midlands via the DN&SR it was built with double tracks and large stations at Longparish and Wherwell complete with extensive goods yards. Despite the line's short length it included some substantial engineering, including a 50-foot (15.2m) deep cutting near Longparish.
	In the event the DN&SR rejected the L&SWR's proposal and pushed on with its own independent route. Ironically construction of the line stalled for lack of funds at Winchester, but from there it was impossible to link with the Fullerton to Hurstbourne Line.
	The L&SWR opened the Fullerton to Hurstbourne Line under its own operation on 1 July 1885 with three passenger trains a day operated by a locomotive and a single carriage shuttling between Fullerton and Whitchurch (the DN&SR had its own station at the latter village). By the 1890s the service had increased to 5 trains a day but the line remained lightly used. An attempt to reduce costs was made by introducing railmotors on the line in 1910. The line did serve a useful role as a diversionary route between Eastleigh and Southampton for special trains or during engineering works on the main line. Queen Victoria, attracted by the scenery surrounding the line, had the Royal Train sent down the line on several occasions when travelling between Windsor Castle and Osbourne House. It is rumoured that she preferred this route on the way to and from Osborne House because it did not involve passing through any tunnels.
	By 1913 it was realised that the substantial investment put into building a line to main line standards would never be repaid on the light local traffic. The line was then reduced to a single-track line on 13 July 1913.
	A saw mill near Longparish station employed more than 100 men between 1914 and 1919 and up to 30 wagons a day carried goods from the mill.
	The passenger services was withdrawn on 6 July 1931.
	During the Second World War, an ammunition storage depot was built near Longparish and the line handled a considerable amount of military traffic. The stores remained in place until the early 1950s.
	The freight service last ran on 28 May 1956, but the track remained and was used to store condemned vans and wagons. The line was taken out of use in April 1960, although a short section at Fullerton remained until 1 June 1964.
	Midland and South Western Junction Railway
	Sprat and Winkle Line

= = = USS Groves (DE-543) = = =

	USS "Groves" (DE-543) was a proposed World War II United States Navy "John C. Butler"-class destroyer escort that was never completed.
	"Groves" was laid down at the Boston Navy Yard in Boston, Massachusetts. Her construction was cancelled on 5 September 1944 before she could be launched. The incomplete ship was scrapped.

= = = Public interest theory = = =

	The Public Interest Theory of regulation explains in general terms, that regulation seeks the protection and benefit of the public at large; public interest can be further described as the best possible allocation of scarce resources for individual and collective goods. Regulation means the employment of legal instruments for the implementation of socio-economic policy objectives, for example the government can establish economic and social regulations in order to realize goals like allocative efficiency, stabilization, or fair and just income distribution
	In modern economies, the allocation of scarce resources is mainly coordinated by the market. In theory, this allocation of resources is optimal, but these conditions are frequently not complied in practice. The allocation of resources is not optimal and there is need for methods for improving the allocation. One of the methods for achieving efficiency in the allocation of resources is government regulation.
	According to public interest theory, government regulation is the instrument for overcoming the disadvantages of imperfect competition, unbalanced market operation, missing markets and undesirable market results. Regulation can improve the allocation by facilitating, maintaining, or imitating market operation. The exchange of goods and production factors in markets assumes the definition, allocation and assertion of individual property rights and freedom to contract.
	Public Interest Theory is a part of welfare economics and emphasizes that regulation should maximize social welfare and that regulation is the result of a cost/benefit analysis done to determine if the cost to improve the operation of the market outweighs the amount of increased social welfare.
	The following costs can be distinguished in this:
	1. The costs of formulating and implementing regulation;
	2. The costs of maintaining regulation;
	3. The costs of compliance with the rules for industry;
	4. The dead weight costs resulting from distortive changes in connection with 1-3.
	Public interest theory is developed from classical conceptions of representative democracy and the role of government, and it has considerable confidence in the civil service, according to Max Weber civil servants are office carriers dedicated to carry out the duties that constitute their particular role or task within a strictly ordered and specialized hierarchy. The combination of merit and tenure with unambiguous norms of impartiality support rational decision making based on administrative decision making where individual decisions are attributed to either the subsumption under norms or the balancing of means and ends.
	In this conception, regulatory administration neither adds to nor subtracts from the policy decided by lawmakers. The public interest may be served, but it is served exactly as interpreted by lawmakers. Bureaucracy does not usurp the public interest, nor does it protect against its usurpation by particularistic interests seeing regulation as a vehicle for their own concerns. Contrary to the capture theory, it states that the ultimate goal of regulation is to pursue some conception of the general good
	The theory of public interest regulation prevailed up to the 1960s until public choice theory launched its critical attack on established theory. While there is no pointed origin or categorical articulation of this theory, its notions can be traced back to works of Arthur Cecil Pigou; related to his analysis of externalities and welfare economics. This theory was prevalent, especially during the New Deal progressive era, as stated above, starting the 1960s, economists of the Chicago school began critiquing the assumption of benevolent regulators, proposing counter theories, like the Public choice theory, which is based on personal-interests of agents.
	Regulation, according to Public interest theory however, is assumed initially to benefit society as a whole rather than particular vested interests. The regulatory body is considered to represent the interest of the society in which it operates rather than the private interests of the regulators.
	One example of the application of Public Interest Theory can be seen in an investigation in Sweden and the energy market:
	We test the public interest and regulatory capture hypotheses, in the context of the Swedish electricity market, by studying the factors influencing the Swedish Energy Agency’s decision to replace decision-makers it employs to hear customer complaints against utilities.We test if the regulator’s decision to retain, or replace, the decision-maker, following a sequence of decisions, can be explained by whether the customer or utility is being favored by the civil servant. Based on whether the regulator replaces the decision maker that it has the power to appoint, we draw inferences about what theory can best explain the behavior of the regulator. The regulator can choose to favor the customer. To do so would be consistent with the fact that the primary objective of the electricity market reform in 1996 was to put the onus on the Swedish Energy Agency to provide stronger consumer protection against market abuse by the electricity utilities. On the other hand, the regulator might be captured because the utilities have more financial and legal resources and they have a well-established lobby organization which the customers do not have. It is not clear, therefore, whether customers or utilities have benefited most during the post-reform regulation. 
	The most critiqued aspects of Public Interest Theory, are its ambiguity, and inability to determine when and if public interest has progressed.
	Two problems with public interest theory are:
	When the regulatory agency is established, during a period of regulatory reform, the agency is subject to close scrutiny from the government and the public alike and the regulatory agency faces strong pressure to protect consumers from market abuse. However, over time, the focus of government and public attention turn to other issues, removing the spotlight from the activities of the regulator. With this development, the regulator becomes more susceptible to regulatory capture.
	The competing hypothesis is that even when a regulatory body is established to protect consumers from monopolistic abuse, it will be captured by the firms that it is established to discipline.

= = = Daniel Costescu = = =

	Daniel Ştefan Costescu (born 14 July 1976) is a former Romanian footballer who usually played as a striker. He scored 44 goals in 222 matches in the Romanian First Division and 21 goals in 67 matches in the Romanian Second Division. His first match in Divizia A (Romanian First Division) was Olimpia Satu Mare - Petrolul Ploieşti 3-0 on 1 August 1998, while playing for Petrolul Ploieşti. He was selected once in the Romanian Divisionary National Team (comprising players playing only in the Romanian leagues).
	Born in Câmpina, Prahova county, Costescu began playing football with "Sterom Câmpina" in Divizia D (Romanian Fourth Division), and in 1996 he moved to the representative team of the same town, Poiana Câmpina, in Divizia B, the Romanian Second Division. He played 2 years for Poiana Câmpina, scoring 15 goals in 60 games, helping the team getting a top 10 finish in both seasons.
	He then attracted the interest of Petrolul Ploieşti in Divizia A, the best team from the Prahova county, three-time champions of Romania. At Petrolul Ploieşti he established himself as an important striker in the Romanian league, scoring 27 goals between 1999 and 2002. During his time at Petrolul Ploieşti he caught the eyes of Romanian greats Steaua Bucureşti and Dinamo Bucuresti.
	After his experience at Petrolul Ploieşti, he changed the team but not the city, signing for Astra Ploieşti, where he had a prolific season, scoring 10 goals in 26 games, helping them to a record-high 9th position in Divizia A.
	After his short spell at Astra Ploieşti, he returned to Petrolul Ploieşti, where he played for another 2 years, scoring 9 goals in 36 games.
	In 2004, he transferred to a well-established club in Romania, FC Argeş Piteşti, 2-time champions of Romania and the team that gave players like Nicolae Dobrin, Adrian Mutu, Adrian Neaga, Dănuţ Coman and Paul Codrea. But, unfortunately for him, his time at FC Argeş was not one of the best, managing to score just 2 goals in 1 season.
	He was transferred in 2006 by Divizia A newcomers Unirea Urziceni, who were in need of an experienced man upfront. Unirea proved to be a surprise-pack, finishing 10th in the league, and Daniel scored 2 goals for his new team.
	After his season at Unirea he transferred to Ceahlăul Piatra Neamţ.

= = = Walsh convention = = =

	Walsh is a convention used in the card game of bridge in response to an opening bid of 1. The convention has its origins in the Walsh System developed by Richard Walsh.
	In general, the Walsh convention is not used in four-card major systems such as Acol, but may be employed in some five-card major systems; especially those that use a prepared club, rather than better minor. The opening bid of 1 will therefore have shown either clubs or a balanced hand.
	When responder is too weak to force to game diamond suits are bypassed in favour of major suits, regardless of the length of the diamond suit. For example, holding , the response to the opening bid of 1 would be 1 rather than the normal 1.
	Continuations vary according to other details of the system being played. If Checkback Stayman is being played, then the auction 1 – 1; 1NT – 2 would show this hand and end the auction. If New minor forcing is being used, then 3 is used as the sign off bid instead.
	When the values to force to game are held, the procedure is abandoned, and suits are bid in the normal order. Responders reverse from diamonds into a major thus becomes game forcing. So, holding , the auction starts 1 – 1; 1NT – 2.
	The main purpose of the convention is to avoid missing major suit fits when opener has something akin to a weak notrump, and would rebid 1NT over the normal 1 response. The major suit fit is likely to provide a safer resting place when the hands are weak, as well as potentially scoring better (a concern perhaps only at matchpoints).
	It is a form of Canapé and thus the responses of 1 and 1 to a 1 opener are alertable in the UK under EBU regulations.

= = = Sa Coma = = =

	Sa Coma is a town on the eastern coast of the island of Majorca, Spain. It is close to the towns of Cala Millor and Cala Bona in the municipality of Sant Llorenç des Cardassar. To the south it merges with the small town of S'illot.
	The principal industry is tourism, based around its golden sandy beach, and a variety of bars and restaurants. Spanish, Irish , German and British visitors are catered for, and the resort has a relaxed atmosphere in contrast to the lively resort of Magaluf on the west coast of the island. Sa Coma is more family oriented, and evening entertainment centres on hotels, rather than in bars or clubs.
	Some of the shops in Sa Coma also cater for tourists, with many products in the supermarkets being imported from tourists' home countries. In addition to the duty-free and sport shops, there are 'Perfumerías' (perfume shops) and a Carrefour hypermarket within Sa Coma town (previously owned by Eroski).
	Sa Coma has some of the best hotels and Bars and Pubs. The beach is also very good with fine-grained sand and shallow water.
	Sa Coma caters for touring Rugby Union teams (15 a side) throughout the year.
	A 24km segregated cycle lane (cycle track) connects Sa Coma with Cala Millor and Cala Bona.

= = = Mobmov = = =

	Mobile Movie (aka "MobMov") is a worldwide network of guerrilla drive-ins using car-powered video projectors and FM transmitters. The MobMov represents over 150 independent guerrilla drive-ins, from United States to France, India, and Australia.
	Shows are free and are announced via mailing list and SMS. Patrons drive to the listed location, tune their radios, and watch a movie drive-in style. The coordinator uses a car or small generator to power the projector and FM transmitter.
	The MobMov was started by Bryan Kennedy in May, 2005. Kennedy's San Francisco-area MobMov has been defunct since late 2009 but other variations on the concept exist in the San Francisco Bay Area, and throughout the United States.

= = = Syrian (disambiguation) = = =

	A Syrian is a citizen of the Syrian Arab Republic. The name is also used for the native inhabitants of the historical regions of Syria, adherents of Syriac Christianity in Syria, and as a synonym for ethnic Assyrians and Arameans.
	Syrian may also refer to:

= = = Bad Girl (At Night) = = =

	"Bad Girl (At Night)" is a single from Dave Spoon and features Lisa Maffia on her 4th single. It was released as a download on August 27, 2007 and CD release followed on 1 September through Apollo Recordings. It also has a video of Maffia in a house set around people with hangovers. It reached the top 10 in 7 different countries.
	Source

= = = Rainer Höft = = =

	Rainer Höft (born 3 April 1956 in Berlin) is a former East German handball player who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics.
	He was a member of the East German handball team which won the gold medal. He played five matches and scored four goals.

= = = Partition (1987 film) = = =

	Partition is a film by award-winning director Ken McMullen. The film is set in the turmoil surrounding the transfer of political power in British India from British to Indian hands and the partition of the subcontinent into The Dominion of Pakistan and The Republic of India in 1947. Made in 1987, the film was released on DVD in 2007. Its screening has been voted Time Out Critics' choice No 1 after 20 years.
	Music composed by Barrie Guard

= = = Mary Harris Memorial Chapel of the Holy Trinity = = =

	The Mary Harris Memorial Chapel of the Holy Trinity is the Anglican Chaplaincy's chapel on the Streatham Campus of the University of Exeter. It is located at the heart of the campus, beneath Queen's Building and adjacent to the Old Library and the Roborough Building.
	The Chapel is served by the Lazenby Chaplain who is assisted in the chapel's worship life by a team of servers and the University Chapel Choir. 
	The Mary Harris Memorial Chapel of the Holy Trinity within the University of Exeter which was designed and presented to the University by Dr E. Vincent Harris, OBE, in memory of his mother, was consecrated by the Lord Bishop of Exeter on 26 June 1958. It was declared a Grade II Listed Building on 29 March 1988. The mural on the ceiling was painted by Sir Walter Thomas Monnington.
	Mary Harris Memorial Chapel of the Holy Trinity, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4PX.

= = = I nattens tystnad = = =

	I nattens tystnad is a novel by Margit Sandemo.

= = = Edward E. Hammer = = =

	Edward E. Hammer (December 27, 1931 – July 16, 2012) was an engineer who was at the forefront of fluorescent lighting research. His technological contributions in incandescent, fluorescent and HID light sources earned him over 35 patents.
	He received his bachelor's degree from Manhattan College in 1954.
	During the energy crisis of the 1970s, he led the development of General Electric’s pioneering energy-efficient lamp. He led the development of the Watt Miser (marketed as the F-40 Watt Miser), which was released in 1973. In 1976, he invented the first compact fluorescent lightbulb, but due to the difficulty of the manufacturing process for coating the interior of the spiral glass tube, GE did not manufacture or sell the device. Other companies began manufacturing and selling the device in 1995. The Smithsonian Institution houses Hammer's original CFL prototype.
	Hammer is an IEEE Fellow and the 2002 IEEE Edison Medal winner.

= = = Hans-Georg Jaunich = = =

	Hans-Georg Jaunich (born 18 October 1951 in Schwaan) is a former East German handball player who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics.
	He was a member of the East German handball team which won the gold medal. He played three matches and scored one goal.

= = = Northcote Road = = =

	Northcote Road is a shopping street In Battersea, south London, which stretches over half a mile. It is close to Clapham Junction station.
	It is the epicentre of the so-called 'Nappy Valley', named because of the young, affluent and productive demographic and also because the road lies over a culverted stream (the Falconbrook) giving it a low-lying position between the two commons of Wandsworth and Clapham (rising to the west and east respectively).
	As well as many cafes and shops, Northcote Road has an historic food market which dates back to the 1860s, as well as the indoor Northcote Road Antiques Market. However, as with the vast majority of street markets, Northcote Road is a mere shadow of itself, being much smaller size, and more specialised in what its stalls offer, reflecting the changing demographics of the local area.

= = = List of rail trails in West Virginia = = =

	This list of rail trails in West Virginia includes former railroad right-of-ways in West Virginia that have been converted to trails for public use and proposed rail trails.

= = = Pittsburgh Marathon = = =

	The Dick's Sporting Goods Pittsburgh Marathon, commonly referred to as the Pittsburgh Marathon, is an annual marathon footrace held on the first Sunday in May in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in the United States. The Marathon was first announced on October 3, 1984 with U.S. Steel and PNC Bank as sponsors. From 1985 to 2003, the race was held annually and named the UPMC/City of Pittsburgh Marathon, although serious financial difficulty within the City of Pittsburgh municipal budget and UPMC's withdraw from title sponsor led to suspension of the race from 2004 to 2008. In 2009, the event was revived with a new title sponsor, Dick's Sporting Goods, and renewed interest in the race.
	The 1988 and 2000 races were USA Olympic Trials for women and men, that were held separately from the regular event although both were held over the same course.
	Aside from the main marathon event, several races occur during the weekend of the marathon, including a half marathon, two to five person marathon relay, 5k race, and "kids marathon." All races except for the "kids marathon" and 5k utilize the same route and starting time as the marathon. Attendance and popularity of the events has risen greatly since the 2009 revival. The 2012 race had the largest field in the history of the race. Registration for 2012 closed with roughly 25,000 participants between all races, with 6,000 entrants in the full marathon, 13,000 entrants in the half marathon, and 800 teams in the marathon relay, with the remaining entrants distributed in the 5K. Additionally, an estimated 60,000 spectators lined the course, and 4,000 volunteers provided assistance. 2012 also marked the earliest sellout in the race's history with all events except the 5k selling out on or before March 6, 2012.
	Historically, the course has wound through the unique and hilly topography of the city. Crossing five different bridges, the course traverses all three rivers of Pittsburgh's at least once. The start and finish lines have changed many times, but have always been in either Downtown or North Shore. Previous finish lines have included Point State Park, David L. Lawrence Convention Center, and the 50 yard-line of Heinz Field. The current finish line is on the Boulevard of the Allies near Point State Park. Numerous other historic and well-known Pittsburgh neighborhoods are along the route, including the South Side, Oakland, Shadyside, East Liberty, Highland Park, Bloomfield, Lawrenceville, and the Strip District.
	Throughout the course, thousands of neighborhood residents show their support by lining the streets of the course and volunteering at aid stations. Neighborhood organizations are awarded financial grants for community-engaging celebrations along the route. Sixty bands, almost all of which are from the Greater Pittsburgh area, line the streets throughout the course, spanning a range of musical genres.
	The Pittsburgh Marathon hosted the United States Olympic Marathon Trials for men in 2000 and the US Olympic Trials for women in 1988. In addition, it has served as the site for the United States men's national championship three times, the National Wheelchair Championship in 1986, as well as the Olympic Marathon Trials for both Finland and Denmark in the 1980s.
	Key: 

= = = Hartmut Krüger = = =

	Hartmut Krüger (born 8 May 1953 in Güsen, Elbe-Parey) is a former East German handball player who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics.
	He was a member of the East German handball team which won the gold medal. He played all six matches and scored 22 goals.

= = = Tianzhong = = =

	Tianzhong Township is an urban township located at eastern Changhua County, Taiwan. Its former name () and current name () make reference to the origin of the town in the center of rice paddies.
	Tianzhong encompasses with a population of 42,133 as of January 2017. Most of the township is part of Changhua Plain, with the Bagua Mountain Range to the east.
	The township comprises 22 villages: Beilu, Bifeng, Dalun, Dashe, Dingtan, Fuxing, Longtan, Meizhou, Nanlu, Pinghe, Sanan, Sanguang, Sanmin, Shalun, Tunglu, Tungyuan, Xiangshan, Xilu, Xinmin, Xinzhuang, Zhonglu and Zhongtan.

= = = Dietmar Schmidt = = =

	Dietmar Schmidt (born 29 April 1952 in Zwickau) is a former East German handball player who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics.
	He was a member of the East German handball team which won the gold medal. He played all six matches and scored two goals.

= = = Minor Metals Trade Association = = =

	The Minor Metals Trade Association (MMTA) is a world-wide industry association whose members are involved in over 49 metals that are not traded on exchanges. The MMTA membership includes around 150 companies from 30 different countries that trade in excess of US$10 billion of minor metals annually.
	The MMTA serves to benefit and promote the interests of the international minor metals industry and the MMTA membership, comprising companies actively involved in all aspects of the international trade of these metals in all their various forms. The MMTA does not host a marketplace for minor metals or publish price information.
	The Association was established by London-based metals traders including Peter Robbins in 1973. It is based in Central London on Whitehall Court. The MMTA was established to provide clear trading rules for minor metals and to guide and inform the nascent industry.

= = = Abdumuqit Vohidov = = =

	Abdumuqit Vohidov is a citizen of Tajikistan who was held in extrajudicial detention, for five years, in the United States' Guantanamo Bay detention camps, in Cuba. His Guantanamo Internment Serial Number was 90. Vohidov was returned to his native Tajikistan on 28 February 2007.
	Vohidov was one of nine former Taliban prisoners the "Associated Press" pointed out had gone from Taliban custody to American custody.
	The Taliban had accused Vohidov of spying for Russia, and imprisoned him for nearly three years. At Kandahar Airfield, he complained to Cpt. Danner that he had been housed in a more humane prison by the Taliban, where he had been given a radio, fresh fruit and proper toilet facilities.
	Vohidov and Rukniddin Sharipov were to stand trial in Tajikistan.
	They were charged with 
	Vohidov and Sharopov received sentences of 17 years on 18 August 2007. The two men were convicted of serving as mercenaries.
	Carol Rosenberg, writing in the "Miami Herald" on 7 July 2009, reported that Umar Abdulayev, the sole remaining Tajikistani, reported that a delegation of Tajikistani security officials threatened to retaliate against him Sharipov and Vohidov, unless they agreed to pretend to be militant jihadists, and report on real militant jihadists, following their repatriations.
	On 15 June 2008, the McClatchy News Service published articles based on interviews with 66 former Guantanamo captives. McClatchy reporters interviewed Airat Vakhitov by telephone. Vohidov told his interviewers he was suffering ongoing mental problems, and that he was worried that if interviewers visited him in person he would be punished by Russian security officials.
	Vohidov had been an imam in Tatarstan, who was imprisoned following a general round-up when Russian officials were cracking down on Chechens. He was temporarily freed, and fled Russia when he learned that security officials were looking for him. He said he was kidnapped by the forces of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, and eventually transported to Afghanistan, against his will.
	Bridget McCormack, a candidate for a seat on the Michigan Supreme Court, helped defend Vohitov, and in 2012, the Judicial Crisis Network broadcast an advertisement which criticized her for "freeing a terrorist." Andrew Rosenthal, of "The New York Times" criticized the Judicial Crisis Network ad, which contained footage of Teri Johnson, the mother of Joseph Johnson, a GI who was killed in Afghanistan, who says: Rosenthal pointed out that Vohitov was freed through the non-judicial review, through the Office for the Administrative Review of Detained Enemy Combatants in 2007.
	In 2016, reports emerged that Vohidov had volunteered to fight in Iraq.
	On 29 June 2016, Secretary of State John Kerry, citing Executive Order 13224, classed Vohidov as a Specially Designated Global Terrorist.

= = = Clive Carter = = =

	Clive Carter is a British actor and singer, best known for his role of "Claude Elliott and others" in the original London cast of Come From Away, for which he received an Olivier Award nomination.
	Carter studied at London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. His West End theatre credits include "Someone Like You" with Petula Clark, "A Man for All Seasons" with Martin Shaw, "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof" with Brendan Fraser and Ned Beatty, "We Rock You", "I Love You, You're Perfect, Now Change", "Les Misérables", "The Phantom of the Opera", "A Midsummer Night's Dream", "The Taming of the Shrew", "Always" at the Victoria Palace with Shani Wallis and "Side by Side by Sondheim". He was nominated for a Laurence Olivier Award for his performance as the Prince/Wolf in "Into the Woods".
	Other UK stage credits include a national tour of "Oklahoma!"; "Putting It Together" at the Old Fire Station Theatre in Oxford; "Macbeth", "As You Like It", "Henry V", and "'Tis Pity She's a Whore" at Northcott, Exeter; "A Little Night Music" and "Mrs. Warren's Profession" at the Nottingham Playhouse; and "Godspell" at the Leicester Haymarket. He starred as Frank-N-Furter in a European tour of "The Rocky Horror Show".
	On UK television Carter has appeared in "Rep", "EastEnders", and "Dalziel and Pascoe". He had a small role in the feature film "The Da Vinci Code".
	He played the role of the Wonderful Wizard of Oz in the West End production of the musical "Wicked". He replaced Sam Kelly from Monday 29 March 2010, starring opposite Rachel Tucker and Louise Dearman. He was highly acclaimed in the role, and exited the show alongside Dearman and many other of his co-stars on Saturday 10 December 2011, after almost two years in the role. Desmond Barrit returned to the company, replacing Carter.
	In October 2011, he appeared in a concert of the new musical Soho Cinders at the Queen's Theatre, London. He originated the role of Mr Salt in "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory the Musical" at the Drury Lane Theatre.

= = = Feed My Lambs = = =

	Feed My Lambs, Inc. is a non-profit ministry located in Marietta, Georgia, which operates tuition-free Christian preschools and grade schools for children living in impoverished areas of metro Atlanta, GA.
	Feed My Lambs opened its first school in Marietta in 1990, gaining its legal status as a non-profit organization in April 1992 and is overseen by a board of directors with 8 members.
	The mission of Feed My Lambs is to impact children by opening preschools of excellence in high-risk communities in order to educate children and their families about the love of Christ. The schools are funded solely by donations from individuals, foundations, churches and businesses. Feed My Lambs transforms lives by nourishing children's minds, bodies, and spirits.
	Currently Feed My Lambs, Inc. (FML) is operating 4 schools in the Metro-Atlanta Area serving approximately 200 children. 
	Feed My Lambs currently operates four tuition-free Christian preschools in the Atlanta area. Three of these schools—located in Austell and Marietta—serve children ages 3 through 5. The fourth school, on the City of Refuge campus on Atlanta's Westside, serves children from 6 weeks to 5 years of age, including children from families in the City of Refuge's Eden Village homeless services program as well as children from surrounding neighborhoods. 

= = = Fawwaz T. Ulaby = = =

	Fawwaz T. Ulaby () is Arthur F. Thurnau Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and formerly the Founding Provost and Executive Vice President of the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) and R. Jamieson and Betty Williams Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Michigan.
	Ulaby was born in Damascus, Syria, and grew up in Lebanon. He attended the American University of Beirut, from which he received a B.S. degree in physics in 1964. He later received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Texas at Austin in 1968.
	After teaching at the University of Kansas he moved to the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor in the mid 1980s. He served as the R. Jamieson and Betty Williams Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and has also served as the Vice President for Research.
	Ulaby has done extensive work outside of academia as well, giving testimony to the House Science Committee of the US congress and serving on the board of directors for The Arab Community Center for Economic and Social Services (ACCESS).
	In March 2008, Ulaby was named Founding Provost of the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST). His daughter, Neda Ulaby, is a reporter at the NPR culture desk.
	He is most famous for the development of micro-electronics for a suite of circuits and antennae for THz sensors and communication systems. Today, THz technology is an enabling technology in various types of industrial sensor applications.
	Professor Ulaby is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering, Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), and Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).

= = = Ingolf Wiegert = = =

	Ingolf Wiegert (born 3 November 1957 in Magdeburg) is a former East German handball player who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics.
	He was a member of the East German handball team which won the gold medal. He played all six matches and scored ten goals.

= = = Murder of Gary Matson and Winfield Mowder = = =

	Gary Matson (1949 - July 1, 1999) and Winfield Mowder (1959 - July 1, 1999) were a gay couple from Redding, California, who were murdered by white supremacist brothers Benjamin Matthew Williams and James Tyler Williams. The Williams brothers confessed to killing the couple because they were gay.
	Gary Matson and Winfield Mowder were together as a couple for 14 years. They lived in Happy Valley, California, just outside Redding.
	Matson, 50, earned a Master of Science degree in environmental horticulture from UC Davis in 1984. Afterwards, he and Mowder founded Matson Horticulture and Florabundance Nursery in Redding. Matson helped found a community garden to help feed the hungry (called the Redding Farmers Market), the Carter House Natural Science Museum (for children), and the Redding Arboretum.
	He was divorced from his wife, Marcia Howe, who was also responsible for the founding of Carter House Natural Science Museum, which eventually evolved into Turtle Bay Exploration Park, and with whom he had a daughter, Clea.
	Mowder, 40, held a Bachelor of Science degree in anthropology and worked part-time as an associate in Orchard Hardware Supply's Garden Department, while also attending Chico State University. He frequently spoke at local high schools, serving as a source of knowledge and support for both gay and straight teens.
	Together in 1997, Matson and Mowder founded Plantstogo.com, an online nursery specializing in plants for hot climates.